Recently several researchers have paid more attention on biomarker and geochemical investigation of the Mongolian crude oil. Composition of the hydrocarbons and structure of the heteroatom compounds with high molecular weight from the Zuunbayan, Tsagaan els and 19-3, 19-12, 19-13, 19-14, 19-17 wells of Tamsagbulag oilfields have been studied by Khongorzul. Based on the results, the author has estimated product properties of crude oil fractions and proposed it's suitable applicaton and as well as refinery process [12] . Another investigation has been done on Toson Uul and Zuunbayan oil fields, specially it is focused on the effect of depths for the properties and geochemical study of crude oil and sedimentary rock [13] . The structure and compositions of the hydrocarbons from the Tamsagbulag and Zuunbayan oilfields are studied by Sainbayar [14] . The author has focused on the compositions of the light fractions, especially on normal and isoparapynic hydrocarbons and tried to characterize the geochemical classification.

Based on the results, the author has estimated product properties of crude oil fractions and proposed it's suitable applicaton and as well as refinery process.

Another investigation has been done on Toson Uul and Zuunbayan oil fields, specially it is focused on the effect of depths for the properties and geochemical study of crude oil and sedimentary rock.

The structure and compositions of the hydrocarbons from the Tamsagbulag and Zuunbayan oilfields are studied by Sainbayar.


The two classes of biomaker, pentacyclic triterpanes and steranes were identified under the chosen MS condition. Together with steranes, terpanes, triterpanes belong to the most important petroleum hydrocarbons that retained the characteristic structure of the original biological compounds [2] . Tricyclics, tetracyclics, hopanes, and other compounds contribute to the sterane and terpane fingerprint mass chromatogram (m/z = 217 and 191) commonly used to relate oils and source rocks. GC-MS chromatograms of the crude oil from Tamsagbulag oilfield are shown in Figures 1-2 , the assignments of the peaks are summarized in Tables 1-2 .

Together with steranes, terpanes, triterpanes belong to the most important petroleum hydrocarbons that retained the characteristic structure of the original biological compounds.


It's never ending for specialists to find out an easy tool for osteoporosis risk evaluation. The Chinese Medical Association recommended that all women aged 65 and older or postmenopausal women with one or more risk factors should have BMD measurements [9] . But it is not possible for all women satisfied with the conditions mentioned above to receive DXA measurements in China, because of little physicians' and patients' awareness, little public heath policy support, and so on. Therefore, we want to find out patients in high risk of osteoporosis using simple tools such as OSTA, which had been validated well in classifying the osteoporotic risk among postmenopausal women.

The Chinese Medical Association recommended that all women aged 65 and older or postmenopausal women with one or more risk factors should have BMD measurements.


Issues related to environmental protection are increasingly important with the industrial advance [1] . Photocatalysis by semiconductor oxides is a significant way to degrade organic and inorganic pollutants [2, 3] . One of the most famous photocatalysts is TiO 2 [4] . It has showed excellent photocatalytic effect as reported [5] . It is generally accepted that surface defects of TiO 2 play an essential part in photocatalysis [6, 7] . In fact, one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials such as NFs can perform better photocatalysis for their high specific surface area. Electrospinning has been proved to be an effective technique to prepare NFs with the merits of mass production and high continuity [8, 9] . During electrospinning and subsequent annealing, the volatile solvents which containing polymer could experience rapid phase separation and decomposition. So the final NFs usually have rough and defective morphology. Producing NFs by electrospinning can be a practical way to improve the photocatalytic efficiency. In this trend, many researches on the photocatalysis of NFs obtained by electrospinning were carried out [10, 11] . However, famous photocatalysts such as TiO 2 and ZnO were still the main objects in these researches, while many other important compounds received few attentions.

Issues related to environmental protection are increasingly important with the industrial advance.

Photocatalysis by semiconductor oxides is a significant way to degrade organic and inorganic pollutants.

One of the most famous photocatalysts is TiO 2.

It has showed excellent photocatalytic effect as reported.

It is generally accepted that surface defects of TiO 2 play an essential part in photocatalysis.

Electrospinning has been proved to be an effective technique to prepare NFs with the merits of mass production and high continuity.

In this trend, many researches on the photocatalysis of NFs obtained by electrospinning were carried out.


At the same time, a strong contrast between the photocatalytic activities of BYT NFs and BYT ceramics powders was also obvious in Figure 3 . BYT NFs synthesized by electrospinning show almost as high photocatalytic efficiency as P25, while BYT ceramics powders show a little effect. We ascribe this to the modified surface of NFs in electrospinning. As discussed above, the excited state conduction-band electrons and valence-band holes were trapped in metastable surface states in the reaction. Catalysts with surface defects are suitable scavengers to trap the electrons or holes in photocatalysis. It indicates that specific surface plays an important role. In fact, surface defects were pointed as the direct reason in photocatalysis. Oxygen vacancy defects on the surface are not only the oxidizing reagents but also the electron scavengers which ultimately drive surface photooxidation processes experience longer lifetimes due to reducing their recombination rate with electrons [6] . So the most effective way to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of doped semiconductor must be conducted directly on the surface areas.

Oxygen vacancy defects on the surface are not only the oxidizing reagents but also the electron scavengers which ultimately drive surface photooxidation processes experience longer lifetimes due to reducing their recombination rate with electrons.


We propose to address these challenges by employing a crude, compact, robust, mathematically rigorous, finitely presented description of dynamics that allows for a combinatorial representation of parameter space. As a consequence, given a regulatory network RN, we are able to build the associated Database of Dynamic Signatures which codifies the global dynamics over all of parameter space. The underlying theoretical ideas have already been exploited to study to study a variety of mathematical and biological models [4, 7, 8, 6] . However, to effectively use these ideas in the context of moderately sized gene regulatory networks where completeness and authentication are in question, we require order of magnitudes greater efficiency for approximating the dynamics and the ability to work with much higher dimensional parameter spaces. This paper describes and justifies a revised approach that achieves the desired efficiency and provides a natural decomposition of parameter space.

The underlying theoretical ideas have already been exploited to study to study a variety of mathematical and biological models.


The North and Baltic Sea regions are areas of high anthropogenic activity giving rise to the emission of various air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ) and primary particulate matter, which lead to the formation of nitric acid (HNO 3 ), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and secondary particulate matter. The condensation of HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 and NH 3 onto sea salt affects their atmospheric lifetimes and deposition patterns. The latter are important for quantifying the input of pollutants and nutrients into water bodies, e.g., for studying eutrophication. Additionally, the condensation of H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 leads to a release of HCl into the atmosphere (chlorine displacement/depletion). Hence, sea salt plays an important role in affecting the composition of particulate matter as well as the deposition and heterogeneous chemistry of relevant pollutants in this air pollution regime (Chen et al., 2016; Neumann et al., 2016; Crisp et al., 2014; Im, 2013; Kelly et al., 2010; Athanasopoulou et al., 2008) . Therefore, when modeling air pollution in northwestern Europe, sea salt emissions must be adequately parameterized.

Hence, sea salt plays an important role in affecting the composition of particulate matter as well as the deposition and heterogeneous chemistry of relevant pollutants in this air pollution regime.


System-on-a-chip (SOC) is a design style that integrates various functions into a high-complexity high-value product [1] . It is a promising trend for future IC design, since there are ever-growing demands for more powerful ICs from markets of automobiles, audio and video players, wireless communications, etc. Furthermore, current stateof-the-art technologies with a continuously shrinking feature size allow high level integration on a small piece of silicon.

System-on-a-chip (SOC) is a design style that integrates various functions into a high-complexity high-value product.


Critics of the current OAB definition claim that it may not indicate a single disease, but rather a collection of symptoms indirectly or accidently linked to one another [23] . The imprecision of the OAB definition will result in a varying interpretation of the case definition that consequently makes cross-comparability among studies problematic. Nevertheless, the condition is extensively studied and relevant to our study objective. The prevalence of OAB in the control group (13.6 %) was comparable to earlier large-scale prevalence estimates (11.8 %-16.5 %) [24] [25] [26] . The prevalence was higher in the Giardia exposed group, but further analyses revealed that there was no association with Giardia exposure for participants without other functional disorders. This finding suggests that OAB is not a specific post-infectious complication, but part of a cluster of functional disorders that may be triggered by infectious diseases.

Critics of the current OAB definition claim that it may not indicate a single disease, but rather a collection of symptoms indirectly or accidently linked to one another.

The prevalence of OAB in the control group (13.6 %) was comparable to earlier large-scale prevalence estimates (11.8 %-16.5 %).


Annotations are a useful form of writing down information using pen and paper and can be associated to other media types like text and images, in a process that combines reading and critical thinking usually called active reading [3] . Nevertheless, annotations can also be applied to digital platforms and documents [3, 4] . More recently, digital video became a popular type of digital document and a medium of communication worldwide. Video can be considered one of the most complete and complex medium. Besides the pictorial and verbal (written text or speech) attributes, video includes motion and time characteristics. A process analogous to the active reading, called active watching, can associate annotations to video content [5] .

Annotations are a useful form of writing down information using pen and paper and can be associated to other media types like text and images, in a process that combines reading and critical thinking usually called active reading.

Nevertheless, annotations can also be applied to digital platforms and documents.

A process analogous to the active reading, called active watching, can associate annotations to video content.


In 1979, S. Mori proved that projective manifolds with ample tangent bundles are projective spaces [23] . Since then, several authors have considered how to generalize Mori's result to the case where manifolds in question satisfy weaker positivity conditions. For example, N. Mok proved that all compact Kähler manifolds of semipositive holomorphic bisectional curvature areétale quotients of symmetric spaces [21] .

In 1979, S. Mori proved that projective manifolds with ample tangent bundles are projective spaces.

For example, N. Mok proved that all compact Kähler manifolds of semipositive holomorphic bisectional curvature areétale quotients of symmetric spaces.


We used synthetic databases generated by the standard tool from the IBM-quest data mining group [3] . We generated three synthetic databases -T5.I2, T10.I4 and T20.I6 -where the number after T is the average transaction length and the number after I is the average pattern length. The combined size of each of the three databases is 10,000,000 transactions. Other than the number of transactions the change we made from the defaults was reducing the number of patterns. This was reduced so as to increase the proportion of correct rules from one in ten-thousands to one in a hundred candidates. Because our algorithm performs better for false rules than for correct ones this change does not impair out the validity of the results.

We used synthetic databases generated by the standard tool from the IBM-quest data mining group.


As for the ERP issues, there is some work related to the advanced technologies such as mobile solution in ERP [19, 20] . These solutions are related to defining new business processes rather than business process re-engineering. The authors will focus on BPR in this paper.

As for the ERP issues, there is some work related to the advanced technologies such as mobile solution in ERP.


Decision-making in the innovation process does not only concern the economic aspect. One also has to consider the role of the innovation recipient (market acceptance) and the organization level of the enterprise implementing the innovation. The knowledge about the possibility of accepting the proposed innovative solutions by the client is important. In acquiring this knowledge the contact with the potential recipient is helpful as well as proper tactics in the field of market actions that lower the risk connected with the market acceptance [7] . From the point of view of the implementer of the innovation, the enterprise organization level is essential. It includes the level of resources and technological capabilities. Implementing innovations which are close to the current technology has greater chance of success than implementing completely new technologies. Apart from realizing one's capabilities of implementing innovations, it is also necessary to take into account the environment which is usually connected to the competitiveness estimate level on the market. High competition among enterprises increases the possibility of implementing the innovation [8] .

In acquiring this knowledge the contact with the potential recipient is helpful as well as proper tactics in the field of market actions that lower the risk connected with the market acceptance.

High competition among enterprises increases the possibility of implementing the innovation.


It was observed that the enterprises mainly implement innovations of incremental character, which are subtle changes in products. This method of innovation actions allows for implementing innovations with shorter time periods and which are less budget consuming. The innovation processes are easier to plan and execute. The raised frequency of the incremental innovations is well perceived by recipients due to high-frequency of implementing new products on the market. This approach was observed in Polish firms and reflects the global tendency [9] . Radical innovations are rare. They require long lead times, a complex and expensive process, and are characterized by high levels of risk and uncertainty which result in difficulties in decision-making. One of the advantages of such innovations is the opportunity to gain substantial competitive advantage and create immense value for an enterprise [10] . Such innovations require, however, substantial amounts of capital and well organized processes in the R&D field. Polish enterprises are usually relatively new and do not have such possibilities.

This approach was observed in Polish firms and reflects the global tendency.

Radical innovations are rare.

One of the advantages of such innovations is the opportunity to gain substantial competitive advantage and create immense value for an enterprise.


The decision of implementing the innovation depends on the estimated profit, specifically its economic availability. Therefore, from the economic point of view, the decision-making process in innovation is reduced to the intended, conscious and rational processes which are mostly driven by the objective factors. Enterprises implement innovations when the acquired data allows to confirm that the potential profits exceed the risk [5] . Otherwise, they will need additional information before making the decision or they will not implement the innovations due to low estimated profits [6] . Gathering sufficient information to estimate profits is difficult due to high uncertainty accompanying innovation processes. Nevertheless, it is recommended to achieve the reliable cost estimate in the best way possible as an element of the main criterion in the decision-making process.

Enterprises implement innovations when the acquired data allows to confirm that the potential profits exceed the risk.

Otherwise, they will need additional information before making the decision or they will not implement the innovations due to low estimated profits.


It was also observed that the decisions in many cases were made intuitively. Such actions were a consequence of lack of information or unreliable information and excessive belief in knowledge and experience. Even though intuition is considered as an important feature and there are known intuitive methods in making decisions, still using it in decision-making is highly controversial due to the fact that intuition is perceived as the opposite to the analytical modes of thinking [11] .

Even though intuition is considered as an important feature and there are known intuitive methods in making decisions, still using it in decision-making is highly controversial due to the fact that intuition is perceived as the opposite to the analytical modes of thinking.


We assume that inferences stem from a linear regression model once the experiment has been performed, and we deal with the missing data using the complete cases. Complete case analysis is a widely used strategy. In the context of regression analysis, complete case analysis can be appropriate when the missing mechanism is MAR (Little (1992) ). Under NMAR there are obvious problems that can occur and these will be noted and mitigated is our optimal design framework.

In the context of regression analysis, complete case analysis can be appropriate when the missing mechanism is MAR).


Post-harvest diseases of apple and pear result in significant economic losses during storage. Multiple fungicide treatments before harvest are common to reduce the risk of post-harvest diseases (Palm & Kruse, 2012) . There is a growing market demand for fruit with a restricted number of various residues and low total residue levels, as well as for residue-free fruit (Ott, 1990; Boccaletti & Nardella, 2000; Magnusson & Cranfield, 2005) . In this situation it is expected that risks of losses by post-harvest diseases will further increase, and that more pathogen species may occur.

Multiple fungicide treatments before harvest are common to reduce the risk of post-harvest diseases.

There is a growing market demand for fruit with a restricted number of various residues and low total residue levels, as well as for residue-free fruit.


ACO is a multi-agent system inspired by the foraging behavior of some ant species. These ants deposit pheromone on the ground in order to mark a favorable path that can be followed by other members of the colony. The shortest path will eventually be taken by most ants through which food can be transported from the food source to the nest efficiently. In ACO, a number of artificial ants build solutions to the considered optimization problem and exchange information on quality of these solutions via a communication scheme similar to that adopted by real ants [3, 12] .

In ACO, a number of artificial ants build solutions to the considered optimization problem and exchange information on quality of these solutions via a communication scheme similar to that adopted by real ants.


An interesting incidental finding on necropsy in this case was the presence of a moderate endometrial hyperplasia, which usually occurs in the presence of excess estrogen production [14] . In additional to secreting ADH, ACTH, and TSH, the pituitary gland also has an important role in regulating estrogen secretion via its production of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone [14] . Since the calf was pre-pubertal, this finding is unusual and further supports a dysfunction of hormone secretion at the level of the pituitary gland associated with the pituitary abscess. In conclusion, this case demonstrates the unique presentation of a heifer calf with pituitary abscess syndrome. As discussed, this pathology could be a sequela of multiple hormone dysfunctions which would each need to be ruled out individually to determine if treatment could be attempted. However, as antibiotic penetration would be limited due to the abscess location, euthanasia would be the most practical option.

An interesting incidental finding on necropsy in this case was the presence of a moderate endometrial hyperplasia, which usually occurs in the presence of excess estrogen production.

In additional to secreting ADH, ACTH, and TSH, the pituitary gland also has an important role in regulating estrogen secretion via its production of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.


People spend their time not only within places, but also moving from one place to another. As Charles Montgomery says in his book, Happy City: "City life is as much about moving through landscapes as it is about being in them" [1] . Some trips are crucial in people's lives, such as the trip from home to work, and vice versa. This recurrent activity, called commuting, has several effects in quality of life, both, positive and negative [2, 3] . For instance, for some people it is the least liked daily activity [4] . Therefore, an understanding of commuting patterns would provide opportunities to improve quality of life at scale in a city. Moreover, by understanding commuting, it would be possible to inform public-policy design, the planning of transportation networks, and correlate commuting to factors such as health, social habits, exposure to pollution, stress, among others.

As Charles Montgomery says in his book, Happy City: "City life is as much about moving through landscapes as it is about being in them".

This recurrent activity, called commuting, has several effects in quality of life, both, positive and negative.

For instance, for some people it is the least liked daily activity.


The Bayer process can be summarized as the digestion of bauxite with caustic liquor and the subsequent precipitation of hydrated alumina [1] . Most bauxite contains organic matter in various amounts. The major source of organic matter introduced within the Bayer liquor comes from the bauxite in the form of humic substances. During the digestion, the organic matter is dissolved, degraded and oxidized with the results that the liquors darken, and notable amounts of oxalate and carbonate are formed.

The Bayer process can be summarized as the digestion of bauxite with caustic liquor and the subsequent precipitation of hydrated alumina.


On the other hand, it is known that ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength range of 280 to 320 nm, which is referred to as UVB, is harmful to the human skin. It causes sunburn, stains, or even skin cancer [5] . UVA, of wavelength range of 320-400 nm is harmful as well, causing skin aging and wrinkling (photoaging). It also causes photocarcinogenesis due to its ability to penetrate the dermal layers, unlike UVB which is absorbed by the epidermis [6] . The science and technology of protecting people against the harmful effects of UV radiation had received increasing interests most especially to countries with tropical climate wherein incidences of heat wave occurs [7] . Tinted glass windows are commonly used in buildings and vehicles to protect people from UV rays. However, the use of tints which are too dark is prohibited by law enforcement agencies since the use of such tints have been increasingly used in criminal activities [8] [9] [10] [11] . It is therefore important to develop glass that is not tinted but is able to allow enough visible light to pass through. In this study, tin oxide-silver (SnO 2 -Ag) composite nanomaterials were fabricated. Toxicity of the nanomaterials to E. coli bacteria was tested. The nanomaterials were mixed with laminating fluid. The mixtures were then coated on glass slides and allowed to dry. The ability of the coated glass slides to block UVA was monitored.

It causes sunburn, stains, or even skin cancer.

It also causes photocarcinogenesis due to its ability to penetrate the dermal layers, unlike UVB which is absorbed by the epidermis.

The science and technology of protecting people against the harmful effects of UV radiation had received increasing interests most especially to countries with tropical climate wherein incidences of heat wave occurs.

However, the use of tints which are too dark is prohibited by law enforcement agencies since the use of such tints have been increasingly used in criminal activities.


If a topological space (X, τ ) is hereditarily compact, then under some additional assumptions either X or τ might become finite (or countable). For example, if (X, τ ) is a second countable hereditarily compact space, then τ is finite. Hence, if (X, τ ) is a second countable hereditarily compact T 0 -space, then X must be countable. Moreover, it is well-known that every maximally hereditarily compact space and every hereditarily compact Hausdorff (even kc-) space is finite. For more information about hereditarily compact spaces we refer the reader to A.H. Stone's paper [15] .

For more information about hereditarily compact spaces we refer the reader to A.H. Stone's paper.


Until now, little work has yet been reported on the synthesis of high pure Ti 3 Al nanoparticles [12] . In the present work, we have developed a novel method for the synthesis of high pure Ti 3 Al nanoparticles with the production rate of about 3 g/h in a continuous manner, by using flow-levitation (FL) method. The morphology and structure of the Ti 3 Al nanoparticles were investigated. The surface compositions of the samples were also studied.

Until now, little work has yet been reported on the synthesis of high pure Ti 3 Al nanoparticles.


The viscosity of the biodiesel is higher than that of diesel fuel. High viscosity of biodiesel affects atomization by increasing the mean droplet size which increases the spray tip penetration. As a result, the mixture formation and combustion worsen when biodiesel is used instead of diesel fuel. This problem can be resolved by blending diesel with biodiesel which will reduce the viscosity. The other way to improve atomization is to inject biodiesel at higher pressures which increase the atomization process by increasing dispersion of biodiesel spray [18, 19] .

The other way to improve atomization is to inject biodiesel at higher pressures which increase the atomization process by increasing dispersion of biodiesel spray.


Most cities of developing countries are characterised by two distinct set-ups, namely the formally built 'cement areas' and the nearly rural types of neighbourhoods, the so-called peri-urban settlements, of metropolitan areas. The latter are usually slums, lacking every form of urban planning, where the majority of the urban poor lives. The development of this type of settlements is often not included in the official plans for urban development of the main cities, a fact that often causes difficulties in terms of planning, implementation, provision and maintenance of public services (Bolay and Rabinovich, 2004) . To access potable water supplies, most residents of such neighbourhoods rely on alternative service providers such as small-scale independent providers (SSIPs), often acting as investors, developers and/or managers of water kiosks and small-scale piped water systems.

The development of this type of settlements is often not included in the official plans for urban development of the main cities, a fact that often causes difficulties in terms of planning, implementation, provision and maintenance of public services.


There are a number of papers that describe algorithms for finding the coarsest invariant partitions for a single matrix [6, 8, 9] . These algorithms were developed for algebraic graph theory and are often described in graph theoretic terminology (e.g., vertex degree). For example, this is used for the graph isomorphism problem in Nauty [32] .

There are a number of papers that describe algorithms for finding the coarsest invariant partitions for a single matrix.

For example, this is used for the graph isomorphism problem in Nauty.


Invariant subspaces of matrices play an important role in many areas of mathematics [24] . We study a special type of invariant subspace, the invariant synchrony subspace where certain components are equal, and further generalize this notion by considering invariance with respect to more than one matrix. These invariant synchrony subspaces come from certain partitions of the components, which we call invariant partitions. Invariant partitions have a surprisingly large number of applications and have been studied, often in different form, in graph theory, network theory, mathematical biology, and other areas of mathematics. For example, they relate to almost equitable partitions, coupled cell networks, dynamical systems, network controllability, and differential equations. Our own interest in the subject initiated from needing to understand all possible bifurcations for a given family of semilinear elliptic PDE, including cases where symmetry did not fully describe the invariant spaces. In that research it became apparent that what we called anomalous invariant subspaces can occur quite frequently, and must be understood in order to robustly and efficiently find and follow new branches of solutions with local symmetry. Thus, it is desirable to be able to find all invariant partitions, which form a lattice. Our main contribution is the split and cir algorithm that finds this lattice relatively well, by which we mean it has some efficiencies that allow a modestly large calculation, and for multiple matrices. A secondary goal of this article is to provide a common framework that brings together different areas of research so that we can better share results.

Invariant subspaces of matrices play an important role in many areas of mathematics.


Much of the impetus for excitement connected with plasmon−related optical phenomena is driven by the disco− very and development of surface enhanced Raman scatte− ring (SERS) technique [23] [24] [25] . For example, gold nano− spheres are used as enhancing surfaces and can provide enhancement up to 10 14 intensity magnitude [10] [11] [12] [13] 26] . These large enhancements are attributed to highly concen− trated electromagnetic fields associated with strong loca− lized surface plasmon (SP) resonances.

Much of the impetus for excitement connected with plasmon−related optical phenomena is driven by the disco− very and development of surface enhanced Raman scatte− ring (SERS) technique.

For example, gold nano− spheres are used as enhancing surfaces and can provide enhancement up to 10 14 intensity magnitude.


Bladed disks are among key components in an aeroengine. They belong to a class of structures called periodic structures consisting of spatially repetitive substructures that are identical in the ideal situation [1] . However, in reality, there are always small and random deviations in blade properties, owing to factors such as manufacturing, material tolerances, and in-operation wear. These blade-to-blade discrepancies are called mistuning, which is typically small, but can lead to concentrated vibration in a small region of the structure. This phenomenon is known as vibration localization. As a result, certain blades in the mistuned system can have larger forced response levels than the ideal tuned design and will lead to an increase in vibration stress and premature high cycle fatigue (HCF) of the blades. HCF is a major cost, safety, and reliability issue for an aeroengine [2] . Therefore, it is important to suppress the amplification of the response induced by mistuning. The dry-friction damping has been the most common approach toward vibration mitigation since a long time [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . However, this method is not favourable owing to the absence of contact interfaces in the integral bladed disk ("blisk" for short in the following text) in modern aeroengines. These issues drive researchers to find alternative damping techniques, particularly for the vibration suppression of a mistuned blisk with low structural damping.

They belong to a class of structures called periodic structures consisting of spatially repetitive substructures that are identical in the ideal situation.

HCF is a major cost, safety, and reliability issue for an aeroengine.

The dry-friction damping has been the most common approach toward vibration mitigation since a long time.


These studies show that the SSD technique can suppress the vibration of multiple modes of structures, and there is no need for precise tuning of the electrical parameters. These characteristics are important to solve the vibration problems of the blisks in modern aeroengines, which generally have low structural damping and are excited over a wide frequency range. However, most of the existing studies on SSD are based on simple structures such as piezoelectric beams or plates, mainly used for experimental purposes. Research on the dynamic characteristics of the more complex systems such as the blisk with SSD is rare, and few results pertaining to the forced response of this type of system can be found because of the nonlinearity of the SSD. Considering the complexity and cost of experimental research on the blisk in aeroengines, it is meaningful and necessary to find an efficient method to predict the dynamic behaviours of the blisk with SSD. For these reasons, we investigated the dynamic characteristics of the blisk with the SSDNC using the multiharmonic balance method combined with the procedure of alternating frequency/time domain (MHBM-AFT) [34] . With this method, we performed complex modal analysis and calculated the forced response of the nonlinear electromechanical system. The method was verified to have high calculation efficiency. However, these studies are aimed at the deterministic system (tuned blisk or blisk with a deterministic mistuning). In reality, the mistuning of the blisk is usually random and unpredictable. Therefore, a statistical analysis is necessary for the mistuned blisks to ensure suppression vibration. For this type of analysis, the main challenge is the high computing cost (memory consumption and computation time). Although the MHBM-AFT method used in our previous study can reduce the computation time significantly, it is still a challenge to carry out a Monte Carlo simulation with hundreds of random mistuning samples.

For these reasons, we investigated the dynamic characteristics of the blisk with the SSDNC using the multiharmonic balance method combined with the procedure of alternating frequency/time domain (MHBM-AFT).


MT defenses have been successfully employed to protect computer systems at different levels. For example, address randomization is a MT defense that changes the location of certain portions of a program's memory [4, 9] . While widely implemented, this application-level defense only mitigates a certain type of attack. Another MT strategy alters network configurations to limit the usefulness of an attacker's reconnaissance [1, 14] . This MT defense operates at the infrastructure level and is somewhat effective, but it requires coordination of several resources to protect legitimate users, which is difficult. Host-level MT defenses operate at the system level and change the computer's appearance over time; however, current implementations simply cloak the system which is essentially security through obscurity.

For example, address randomization is a MT defense that changes the location of certain portions of a program's memory.

Another MT strategy alters network configurations to limit the usefulness of an attacker's reconnaissance.


In this work we study the NJL model with dimensional regularization in the treatment of Krewald and Nakayama ‡ in the next-to-leading order of the mean-field expansion. To formulate the mean-field expansion (Section 1) we have used an iteration scheme of solution of Schwinger-Dyson equation with fermion bilocal source, which has been developed in the literature [13] . Analytical regularization of the NJL model is discussed in Section 2. A purpose of our calculation is to study meson contributions to quark chiral condensate, which is a principal order parameter in models of DCSB. As our calculations ‡ To avoid unnecessary associations with the usual treatment of dimensional regularization we shall in what follows, refer to this regularization as analytical regularization of NJL model demonstrate (Section 3), the pion contribution to chiral condensate is expressed in the analytical regularization by a very simple formula (29)-a ratio of pion contribution to leading approximation condensate is inversely proportional to the regularization parameter and does not depend on other parameters of the model. The pion contribution is rather significant, and tends to infinity at a bound of admissible values of the parameter , i.e., the model is unstable with respect to quantum fluctuations near this bound. The sigma-meson contribution is small for admissible values of the parameter. In Section 4 the results of Sections 2 and 3, which were obtained for the classical variant of the NJL model with U(1)-symmetry, are generalized for a physically interesting model with two flavors and n c colors (SU(2)-model).

To formulate the mean-field expansion (Section 1) we have used an iteration scheme of solution of Schwinger-Dyson equation with fermion bilocal source, which has been developed in the literature.


Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents. The neurobiology of ADHD is not clearly known. However, claims have been made that diet is associated with ADHD and infantile malnutrition causes longlasting attention problems [1] . However, there is no scientific evidence showing that diet causes ADHD.

However, claims have been made that diet is associated with ADHD and infantile malnutrition causes longlasting attention problems.


Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model is the most suitable model than global regression model where spatial heterogeneity of data is present (Brunsdon et al., 1998) . The main goal of this study was set to analyze dengue incidence distribution pattern by developing a geostatistical dengue risk model that can identify risk areas. Rainfall data, population density of districts of Sri Lanka and dengue incidence data were selected as input data for the study. The outcome of this study has a practical importance for authorities dealing with dengue epidemic.

Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model is the most suitable model than global regression model where spatial heterogeneity of data is present.


During debugging, developers often have a "correct" oracle execution in mind with which they compare a failing execution to identify faulty state and then understand the failure. We have proposed an automated debugging technique that mimics such a procedure [1] . Our technique computes the causal path of a failure, a subsequence of the failing run that explains the failure. It first searches for a dynamic patch for the failing run. The patch mutates the values of certain variables or control flow at runtime to produce the desired output. If such a patch can be found, which is true in most cases, the technique aligns the failing run and the patched run by establishing a mapping between instruction instances in the two runs. The states at aligned points are compared to identify faulty variables, and causality testing is performed to isolate subsets of faulty variables that are essential. The sequence of essential faulty states explains the failure.

We have proposed an automated debugging technique that mimics such a procedure.


Classification problem with class imbalance where one class is rare compared to the other is a common yet important problem in supervised learning. It arises in many applications, ranging from medical diagnosis and text retrieval to credit risk prediction and fraud detection [1] [2] [3] [4] . Due to its practical importance, it has been identified as one of the ten most challenging problems in data mining research [5] . For reasons of simplicity and with no loss in generality, only binary classification problems under class imbalance are considered in this paper. However, it is important to keep in mind that the class imbalance problem is pervasive in other areas as well such as multiclass classification and association rule mining.

It arises in many applications, ranging from medical diagnosis and text retrieval to credit risk prediction and fraud detection.

Due to its practical importance, it has been identified as one of the ten most challenging problems in data mining research.


Electronic noses are defined as an array of sensors and a pattern recognition (PARC) system [1] . Over the past years these systems have been applied to many different applications with a considerable success. One of the aspects gaining in importance in the electronic nose field is feature extraction [2] . The importance of this stage for the PARC system lies in the need to enhance those features that have more importance for classification. In fact, this method is quite similar to the way the brain processes the information in the olfactory bulb, giving more importance to those signals coming from the nose that are useful to identify the target odor. However, most of the work developed about feature extraction is done using the filter approach, that is, the data are transformed independently of the learning machine employed. This approach is straightforward but it is not as coherent as the wrapper approach, which makes the data transformation depending on the result of the classification machine.

Electronic noses are defined as an array of sensors and a pattern recognition (PARC) system.

One of the aspects gaining in importance in the electronic nose field is feature extraction.


If one is interested in interpreting the long-term trends using GPS height coordinates due to postglacial rebound, sea-level rise, the build up of tectonic strain or even real trends in OBP due to: (1) increasing or decreasing freshwater fluxes; (2) trends in the atmospheric forcing; and (3) real long-term variations in the large-scale circulation, the noise introduced into a time series by short-period environmental mass loading can be significant. The error bar on a trend derived from GPS coordinate time series is a function of the data sampling, length of the time series, and the noise processes that characterize the data (Williams 2003) . One way to reduce the uncertainty in the trend is with longer observation times. Reducing the noise on the data used for determining the long-term trend by removing loading signals allows one to determine a reliable trend with fewer observations. Short-period changes in ocean bottom pressure loading is one such signal that can add unwanted noise, particularly at annual frequencies, to a GPS height coordinate time series.

The error bar on a trend derived from GPS coordinate time series is a function of the data sampling, length of the time series, and the noise processes that characterize the data.


Up to recently the respiratory disturbances were considered a risk factor for hypertension, but there was no suggestion of a role in metabolic disorders. The existence of a connection between respiration and function of the metabolic machinery has been discovered in the last few decades. Both the patency of the upper respiratory airways and the metabolic functions are critical to survival and thus is no surprise that they may go hand in hand. The nasopharyngeal obstruction can occur at different anatomical levels and can be caused by many pathological processes. The most common are allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, turbinates hypertrophy, severe septal deviation, nasal polyposis, adenoid/tonsillar hypertrophy and oral anatomic alterations. The obvious and dramatic consequences are heavy snoring and the dangerous Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). Fortunately topical, surgical and pharmacological interventions on nasal pathology are available to reverse symptoms and signs of both snoring and OSAS [1] [2] [3] [4] .

Fortunately topical, surgical and pharmacological interventions on nasal pathology are available to reverse symptoms and signs of both snoring and OSAS.


Commercially available 16-bromohexadecanoic acid 1 was allowed to react with 4-substituted benzyl alcohols 2a-d in dry diethyl ether using the DCC/DMAP (4-dimethylaminopyridine) reaction conditions [19, 20, 21] . It was necessary to carefully optimize the reaction conditions, since formation of substantial amounts of the byproduct 4 was observed. The optimization of the conditions for the preparation of 3a-d was achieved by using the reaction of 1 and 2a as shown in Table 1 .

Commercially available 16-bromohexadecanoic acid 1 was allowed to react with 4-substituted benzyl alcohols 2a-d in dry diethyl ether using the DCC/DMAP (4-dimethylaminopyridine) reaction conditions.


TiO 2 has a wide band gap (3.2 eV), which limits its photoactivity to the ultraviolet (UV) region. Doping extends the wavelength absorption of TiO 2 , and one of the best options for achieving this goal is replacing lattice O with anionic dopants such as N [2, 3, 6] . Doping induces energy levels creation within the band gap, which increases the electron-hole pair yield under irradiation with visible light, because the delocalized s/p states at the band gap edges improve the charge mobility. The increased charge mobility increases the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 .

Doping extends the wavelength absorption of TiO 2 , and one of the best options for achieving this goal is replacing lattice O with anionic dopants such as N.


Hydroxyl radicals produced by photon excitation with photocatalysts are widely used in the remediation of organic pollutants and similar processes. This heterogeneous catalytic process, also known as the advanced oxidative process, is based on the incident photon at the photocatalyst surface, generally TiO 2 , ZnO, CdS, or SrTiO 3 , producing charge separation if the photon energy is above the semiconductor band gap. Reductive and oxidant sites are then created to complete this process [1] . TiO 2 is a good photocatalyst for these purposes and has been extensively studied [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

Reductive and oxidant sites are then created to complete this process.

TiO 2 is a good photocatalyst for these purposes and has been extensively studied.


Several authors have reported better visible light photocatalytic activity for TiO 2 :N particles with lower N contents [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . However, few authors have investigated the mechanism involved in Rhod-B degradation, that is, the dye-sensitizing mechanism [7] . The degradation mechanism of colored materials involves electron promotion from the dye to the semiconductor bands, inducing an increase in the photocatalytic degradation. However, under visible light, electron and hole photoexcitation in the semiconductor energetic bands can also occur, depending on the band gap value; the main radical responsible for degradation is OH * . To understand the photocatalytic results better, the amount of OH radicals was determined.

Several authors have reported better visible light photocatalytic activity for TiO 2 :N particles with lower N contents.

However, few authors have investigated the mechanism involved in Rhod-B degradation, that is, the dye-sensitizing mechanism.


The behavior of SAM 02 is clearly different from those of the other samples, and a major peak at around 500 nm and another peak at around 620 nm (fluorescence quenching) are observed, indicating transitional behavior between those of the pristine and higher-doped samples. The SAM 02 behavior is attributed to a mixture of V O and N impurities. However, N impurities occupy the interstitial sites, forming a coulombic shield that transfers the radiation to nearby atoms [17] . This results in a continuous emission from the blue region to the yellow region (450-650 nm) as a result of radiative recombination between the donors associated with V O and acceptors related to the original defects.

However, N impurities occupy the interstitial sites, forming a coulombic shield that transfers the radiation to nearby atoms.


Under visible light, the Rhod-B degradation rate constant profiles have a sinusoidal component (Figures 8(a) and  8(b) ). This is probably because N doping increases the TiO 2 nanoparticle photocatalytic activity [2, 3] . The effect on the activity is clearer for lower N contents (lower than 2% molar), and it also depends on the synthetic method. However, the photocatalytic activity of SAM 02, which has a low N content, is lower than that of SAM 01. Furthermore, SAM 03, which has a higher N content, did not improve the Rhod-B degradation efficiency under visible light. The effect of N doping at this N content does not promote photocatalytic degradation under visible light; it does so only under UVC illumination. The N doping diminished the band gap value, probably causing an increase in the recombination rate of photocharge.

This is probably because N doping increases the TiO 2 nanoparticle photocatalytic activity.


Photocatalytic studies were performed to analyze radical attack to dye for degradation occurs, mainly by OH radicals, in TA solution under UV and visible light. The fluorescence emission spectra (excitation at 315 nm) of the solutions were measured during UV illumination (Figure 9(a) ) and visible illumination (Figure 9(b) ). As shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b) , a gradual increase in the fluorescence intensity at 425 nm was observed under both illumination conditions. The behavior was similar for all samples. The fluorescence intensity is related to the fluorescent products formed during photocatalysis, especially to those of the reaction between OH radicals and TA [22] . The OH radical formation efficiency can be estimated by comparing the absolute quantum yields for each sample at each measurement time, as shown in Figure 9 (a) for UV illumination and Figure 9 (b) for visible illumination. The slopes of the sample reaction plots were obtained as described previously for photocatalytic degradation and were correlated with OH radical formation.

The fluorescence intensity is related to the fluorescent products formed during photocatalysis, especially to those of the reaction between OH radicals and TA.


There is also a need for devices that can be tailored to different cultures and languages. Numerous difficulties arise when entering text in a non-alphabetic language, such as Chinese. Pinyin, an official Chinese phonetic alphabet based on Roman characters, is used by 97% of computer users in China for daily input (Wang, et al., 2001) . The system of software accompanying the OHAI is based on pinyin, but it addresses one of the bottleneck problems associated with the pinyin system and conventional keyboards. Because most Chinese characters are homophonic with many others, after typing the pinyin for a character, the user must choose and select a character by typing an identifying number, e.g. "2". This requires removing the hands from the "home row" and an accompanying shift of visual attention, as only a little over 30 percent of computer users claim to be able to touch type on the numeric keys; both of which contribute to slower typing rates (Wang, 2001) . Because the hands are never fully removed from the OHAI device, this time cost is eliminated.

Pinyin, an official Chinese phonetic alphabet based on Roman characters, is used by 97% of computer users in China for daily input.

This requires removing the hands from the "home row" and an accompanying shift of visual attention, as only a little over 30 percent of computer users claim to be able to touch type on the numeric keys; both of which contribute to slower typing rates.


The natural decay processes were found to be affected by environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, solar radiation, algae, substrates and nutrient concentrations (Frijns and Lexmond, 1991) . In the literature often no distinction is made between the effects of environmental conditions on light mediated and on light independent decay processes. This distinction is however important to understand the FC decay in stabilization ponds, because each pond is divided in an upper layer that receives solar radiation, and a lower layer that remains dark. The thickness of the radiated zone is determined by the light attenuation by algae and other particles. It is generally 10-30 cm deep (Pearson et al., 1987) .

The natural decay processes were found to be affected by environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, solar radiation, algae, substrates and nutrient concentrations.

It is generally 10-30 cm deep.


Age-related cutaneous changes, such as wrinkles and skin laxity, are especially prominent on the facial skin, so several studies have used this site to evaluate the efficacy of cosmetic products (Takema et al., 1994; Sommerfeld, 2007) . On the other hand, the ventral forearm, which has limited exposure to sunlight and is an easier site for measurements, has also been used to evaluate changes characterizing chronological aging (Sumino et al., 2004) . In this study, both regions were used to evaluate the effects of formulations with acetyl hexapeptide-3.

Age-related cutaneous changes, such as wrinkles and skin laxity, are especially prominent on the facial skin, so several studies have used this site to evaluate the efficacy of cosmetic products.

On the other hand, the ventral forearm, which has limited exposure to sunlight and is an easier site for measurements, has also been used to evaluate changes characterizing chronological aging.


In recent decades, cosmetic formulations have been developed and employed in the treatment or prevention of skin changes resulting from aging, such as loss of elasticity, dryness, formation of wrinkles and spots, thus, possible delaying invasive procedures such as plastic surgery. In this context, substances with anti-aging action have been proposed to delay the appearance of wrinkles or leaving them less visible. However, due to the high turnover in the cosmetic area, active substances and their cosmetic products are constantly available to commercial purposes without basic studies on the action mechanisms supporting their benefits (Hermanns-Lê et al., 2001) .

However, due to the high turnover in the cosmetic area, active substances and their cosmetic products are constantly available to commercial purposes without basic studies on the action mechanisms supporting their benefits.


Acetyl hexapeptide-3 has been used in anti-aging topical formulations due to its effects in improving the skin appearance (Blanes-Mira et al., 2002; Zhang, Falla, 2009) . However there are few basic studies about its effects on skin, as well as, about its mechanism of action. In the present investigation, the efficacy of dermocosmetic formulations containing acetyl hexapeptide-3 was evaluated using biophysical techniques and the capacity of two instruments, the Cutometer  SEM 575 and Reviscometer  RV600, to identify skin changes was compared.

Acetyl hexapeptide-3 has been used in anti-aging topical formulations due to its effects in improving the skin appearance.


Several bioactive compounds in fruits having antioxidant properties are carotenoid, polyphenolic, anthocyanin and vitamin (Dillard and German, 2000) . There are strong relationships between vitamin C and total phenolic content with antioxidant capacity in fruit juices that determined by the FRAP assay (Gardner et al., 2000) . Pummelo has the highest antioxidant content and function as an anti-cancer agent. High antioxidant activity is also good for diet (Gorinstein et al., 2004) . Red pummelo juice has higher total phenolic and carotenoid content than white pummelo juice thus become a good source of antioxidants and is more efficient at capturing variety forms of free radicals (Tsai et al., 2007) .

Several bioactive compounds in fruits having antioxidant properties are carotenoid, polyphenolic, anthocyanin and vitamin.

There are strong relationships between vitamin C and total phenolic content with antioxidant capacity in fruit juices that determined by the FRAP assay.

High antioxidant activity is also good for diet.

Red pummelo juice has higher total phenolic and carotenoid content than white pummelo juice thus become a good source of antioxidants and is more efficient at capturing variety forms of free radicals.


Crossing interfaces form an area of recent interest for pen interaction [1, 2] . Pigtail suggests self-crossing of a gesture as a new design element for pen interfaces. Although our experiment focuses on lasso selection, we designed all four of our delimiter techniques to be general methods that are applicable to other methods of indicating scope. For example, Fig. 4 illustrates crossing and tapping scopes.

Crossing interfaces form an area of recent interest for pen interaction.


Studies from targeted knockout mutations or other naturally occurring mutations have identified at least 24 gene loci to regulate osteoclast differentiation and activation [7, 8] . However, recent advance have underscored the importance of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor (TNFR)/TNF-like proteins: (a) osteoprotegerin (OPG), (b) receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-ĸB (RANK) and (c) RANK ligand (RANKL) to regulate osteoclast function. It is now known that RANKL or TNF-α combined with macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF) alone is sufficient to induce osteoclastogenesis from bone marrow macrophage cells in vitro [9] . However, deeper understanding of how diverse physiological and pathological signals modulate the RANKL or TNF-α pathway and osteoclast functions would allow intervening therapeutics to regulate bone erosion.

Studies from targeted knockout mutations or other naturally occurring mutations have identified at least 24 gene loci to regulate osteoclast differentiation and activation.

It is now known that RANKL or TNF-α combined with macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF) alone is sufficient to induce osteoclastogenesis from bone marrow macrophage cells in vitro.


Both heat treatment (HT) techniques, TM and HWE, induce a great variety of thermal degradation reactions within the wood cell wall depending on the process conditions applied. Among the cell wall components, hemicelluloses and non-crystalline cellulose are particularly sensitive to HT. Their degradation starts with the hydrolytic cleavage of the glycosidic bonds and proceeds with the dehydration of the sugars to furan-type derivatives, i.e. furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from pentoses and hexoses, respectively (Garrote et al. 1999) . Hemicellulose degradation products are removed from the wood by either diffusing into the process water during HWE, or by vaporization during TM. This causes a loss in wood dry mass and an accumulation of crystalline cellulose and lignin in the wood residue. Simultaneous to such compositional changes and covalent bond cleavage, re-polymerization reactions involving residual cell wall polymers and formed degradation products (e.g. furfural and HMF) result in the formation of additional covalent bonds and cross-links within the cell wall of heat-treated wood (Tjeerdsma et al. 1998; Garrote et al. 1999) . These degradation reactions are interrelated and occur simultaneously. Therefore, the assignment of wood property changes to specific, heat-induced cell wall changes is difficult.

Their degradation starts with the hydrolytic cleavage of the glycosidic bonds and proceeds with the dehydration of the sugars to furan-type derivatives, i.e. furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from pentoses and hexoses, respectively.

Simultaneous to such compositional changes and covalent bond cleavage, re-polymerization reactions involving residual cell wall polymers and formed degradation products (e.g. furfural and HMF) result in the formation of additional covalent bonds and cross-links within the cell wall of heat-treated wood.


In this study, the effect of TM and HWE on the decay by R. placenta was compared to investigate the modes of action in increasing the decay resistance of Scots pine sapwood by heat exposure. In a previous study, it has been demonstrated that HWE at mild temperatures (≤ 170 °C) removes similar amounts of hemicelluloses to TM at elevated temperatures (≥ 180 °C), but differs greatly in the ability to reduce MC and swelling of the wood (Altgen et al. 2018b) . It is hypothesized that, at the same amount of hemicellulose removal, a lower reduction in MC and an increased swelling of HWE-wood results in a lower decay resistance compared to TM-wood.

In a previous study, it has been demonstrated that HWE at mild temperatures (≤ 170 °C) removes similar amounts of hemicelluloses to TM at elevated temperatures (≥ 180 °C), but differs greatly in the ability to reduce MC and swelling of the wood.


Chronic therapy with selective b3AR agonist [BRL37344 (n = 4) or mirabegron (n = 6)] was associated with improved RV performance on CMR evaluation as compared with placebo (n = 10). Two weeks after treatment, there were significant differences in the change in RV systolic volume and RV ejection fraction (Table 4 ). In addition, a significant increase in average pulmonary artery velocity in the b3AR-treated group was observed, a surrogate non-invasive measurement of PVR [13] .

In addition, a significant increase in average pulmonary artery velocity in the b3AR-treated group was observed, a surrogate non-invasive measurement of PVR.


Our goal is recognition of phrases which represent names of places in Japan. Each of the phrases consists of a few words. Each of the words is a sequence of three or four Japanese characters in general. Because Japanese words are short, we devised a method to recognize a phrase as one character string. The developed character-string recognition method has three sub-functions: pre-segmentation, word matching and selection of candidate words ( Fig. 4 ). Presegmentation is a technique commonly used in the conventional segmentation based methods [2] [3] . In the pre-segmentation, a character string is cut into candidate patterns so that correctly segmented patterns are included in the candidates. Word matching is the body of this method. It is a process to search for a sequence of candidate patterns that fits a word in the lexicon. The selection of a candidate pattern is a sub-function of word matching. It selects candidate pattern(s) that can follow the previous one in the sequence. The character classification is also a sub-function of the word matching. It evaluates how candidate patterns fit characters in words. The word matching process outputs the result in terms of a search tree. Then the best candidate word is selected from the search tree. Note that the segmentation process is divided into the pre-segmentation and the selection of the candidate pattern. In the explanation of concept of the lexical search approach, the whole segmentation is done under the control of linguistic processing. However, to reduce processing time, we adopted the pre-segmentation method in this implementation.

Presegmentation is a technique commonly used in the conventional segmentation based methods.


Thus, firms prefer to invest fewer resources in internal R&D when faced with resource constraints or when there are attractive external sources of innovation. Compared to internal R&D, external sourcing allows a firm to obtain knowledge and technology beyond its current capability and routines (Mitchell and Singh, 1996) . The combination of external technology sourcing and internal R&D can allow firms to benefit from research complementarities through involvement in multiple technological trajectories, research directions that cannot be developed simultaneously (at sufficient speed) in-house, and the use of outside skills that can exploit in-house research more effectively.

Compared to internal R&D, external sourcing allows a firm to obtain knowledge and technology beyond its current capability and routines.


In this paper we presented important aspects of modeling wireless links for the evaluation of transport protocols. For delay variation, bandwidth on demand and intersystem handovers we compared simulation models with measurement results. As an accompaniment to this paper, we have included a suite of simulation scenarios in ns-2 that could help in evaluating transport protocol performance over wireless links [30] .

As an accompaniment to this paper, we have included a suite of simulation scenarios in ns-2 that could help in evaluating transport protocol performance over wireless links.


There is a clear benefit of using the same protocol stack for fixed and wireless links [40] . It enables interoperability between users with an adjacent wireless link and the rest of the Internet. Therefore, existing and new transport protocols should be designed for good performance over both wireless and fixed links. At the same time, wireless links should be designed to minimize negative effects on transport protocols [43] .

There is a clear benefit of using the same protocol stack for fixed and wireless links.

At the same time, wireless links should be designed to minimize negative effects on transport protocols.


This research focuses on intersecting landsat lineament and aeromagnetic lineament for regional groundwater prospect evaluation. Lineament intersections represent nodal point for two or more lineament lines (Bayowa et al., 2014) . The nodes of intersections are the point of interest which indicate site for appreciable groundwater accumulation.

Lineament intersections represent nodal point for two or more lineament lines.


The term 'cultivar decline' has been applied to an internationally observed phenomenon of the sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) or kumara crop (Clark et al. 2002) . In this syndrome the yield and/or quality of a sweetpotato cultivar gradually declines in a broadly accumulative manner over succeeding years. This paper examines the significance of sweetpotato cultivar decline to production under New Zealand's crop management systems and biophysical environment.

The term 'cultivar decline' has been applied to an internationally observed phenomenon of the sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) or kumara crop.


Generally clonal material is defined as having strict genetic fidelity to its source, but the level of natural somatic mutation in sweetpotato necessitates annual selection to maintain cultivar consistency (Edmond & Ammerman 1971; Huett 1982) . Adventitious sprouts and roots, produced from tissues containing somatic mutations, tend to preserve the mutation in subsequent plants, an occurrence that is promoted by the current commercial propagation system. However, there is evidence that propagation from preexisting meristematic regions, such as leaf nodes, produces more genetically uniform plants than those derived from normal adventitious origins (Villordon & La Bonte 1996) .

Generally clonal material is defined as having strict genetic fidelity to its source, but the level of natural somatic mutation in sweetpotato necessitates annual selection to maintain cultivar consistency.

However, there is evidence that propagation from preexisting meristematic regions, such as leaf nodes, produces more genetically uniform plants than those derived from normal adventitious origins.


In the present study, a probe was designed for Saccharothrix spp. The DOPE-FISH technique has been used because of a low signal intensity, using single-labeled probe, for some microorganisms (Stoecker et al. 2010) . This probe and the DOPE-FISH tool have allowed to visualize the early colonization process of S. algeriensis NRRL B-24137 on and inside roots of grapevine plants. Since Fig. 1 Microphotographies of the grapevine root colonization by S. algeriensis NRRL B-24137 by DOPE-FISH microscopy showing (arrows) spores or germinated spores (a), hyphae (b), a pack (or pellet) of hyphae (c-d) colonizing root hairs and some rhizodermal cells not filled (e) or completely filled (f) at the root hair level as well as hyphae at root emergence sites (g-h). RHZ root hair zone, RH root hair, SeR secondary root was isolated from a harsh environment, it could not be expected that it could colonize grapevine plants under climatic chamber conditions. However, it was shown in this study that the bacterium could colonize the rhizoplane of the root system of grapevine plants.

The DOPE-FISH technique has been used because of a low signal intensity, using single-labeled probe, for some microorganisms.


Our data show that while various measures of speed of clearance of bacilli are predictors of clinical outcome, the ability of each marker to actually discriminate between favourable and unfavourable status is poor. Time to culture negative status on LJ and in MGIT, time to smear negative status and the daily rate of change of log 10 (TTP) in MGIT over 56 days tended to have higher discrimination as predictors than a culture or smear result at a single visit. Adjusting only for the baseline covariates, with no on-treatment information, AUCs ranged from 0.67 to 0.70 showing that each of these intermediate markers only modestly improved the prediction of an unfavourable outcome when important risk factors are known, including HIV status, presence of cavities, BMI and smoking history. In comparison, a recent study in 35 patients assessed various positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging biomarkers with AUC ROC upwards of 0.9, although the authors acknowledge that this was a preliminary, hypothesis-generating analysis with small patient numbers [21] .

In comparison, a recent study in 35 patients assessed various positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging biomarkers with AUC ROC upwards of 0.9, although the authors acknowledge that this was a preliminary, hypothesis-generating analysis with small patient numbers.


Limited informations are available in literature to date concerning R/C beam-column sub-assemblages reinforced with smooth bars. Many researchers have been carried out experimental tests on typical beam-column joints of existing R/C structures and have developed relevant behavioural models [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . However, the majority of these sub-assemblages are referred to structures that are significantly different from the built existing structures with smooth reinforcing bars until the '70s in the Mediterranean area and particularly in Italy.

Many researchers have been carried out experimental tests on typical beam-column joints of existing R/C structures and have developed relevant behavioural models.


The distinction between DPC and APC has not been examined yet in Peru. The case of Peru is interesting because, as in other Latin American countries, familism is a key feature of the cultural climate. Familism refers to familial obligations such as instrumental and emotional support for family members, family loyalty, and a commitment to the family even over individual needs (Coohey 2001) . Most research shows that familism can be considered a protective factor because it is associated positively with mental health in adolescents (Marsiglia et al. 2009; Zeiders et al. 2013) . However, other aspects of familism (i.e., family obligations) may be detrimental to mental health because people may choose behaviors that harm their individual well-being in favor of the family (Perez and Cruessa 2014) .

Familism refers to familial obligations such as instrumental and emotional support for family members, family loyalty, and a commitment to the family even over individual needs.

Most research shows that familism can be considered a protective factor because it is associated positively with mental health in adolescents.

However, other aspects of familism (i.e., family obligations) may be detrimental to mental health because people may choose behaviors that harm their individual well-being in favor of the family.


Research on effects of psychological control in Latin America is scarce (Halgunseth et al. 2006) . To understand the consequences of psychologically controlling parenting in Latin America, more research is needed. This is important because it might be argued that in Latin America dynamics of psychologically controlling parenting are different than in Western countries, such that it serves to emphasize the importance of close family bonds (i.e., familism). It could be argued that DPC in particular might be less detrimental or even beneficial in Latin America because it may be one way of promoting familism.

Research on effects of psychological control in Latin America is scarce.


To the extent that future research using stronger (longitudinal and multi-informant) designs and clinical samples corroborates our findings, the model tested herein may have implications for clinical practice. In addition to directly targeting individuals' personality vulnerability (e.g., by challenging the cognitions associated with selfcriticism), treatment of depression could also involve a discussion of individuals' representations of their parents. Increasing awareness of how an individual views one's parents and how this view affects and maintains one's personal cognitive-affective representations may be an important additional step in realizing sustained reduction of personality vulnerability. In addition, therapists could learn adolescents to cope with controlling parental behavior in relatively adaptive ways (e.g., through negotiation) and to avoid coping with such behavior in more maladaptive ways (e.g., through oppositional defiance and compulsive compliance) (Soenens et al. 2015) .

In addition, therapists could learn adolescents to cope with controlling parental behavior in relatively adaptive ways (e.g., through negotiation) and to avoid coping with such behavior in more maladaptive ways (e.g., through oppositional defiance and compulsive compliance).


In Malaysia, the development of the broadcasting system along with the line of social development audience. As early as the development, the role played by television in particular to modernize its society seems very large impact (Karthigesu, 1994) . This includes the process considerably impact social (social institutionalizing) that lead to changes in media creation through new forms of communication such as changes in the conventional media to new media, Internet (Stober, 2004) . World broadcasting in this country not only limited to television broadcasting alone but has expanded to publication through the website or portal, better known as television stations.

As early as the development, the role played by television in particular to modernize its society seems very large impact.

This includes the process considerably impact social (social institutionalizing) that lead to changes in media creation through new forms of communication such as changes in the conventional media to new media, Internet.


A total of 2822 adults participated in the survey, 97% of 2912 targeted sample size. Among them, 62% were female, 69% were residing in rural areas, 63% had no formal education, 57% were from the poorest income level, and 55% were self-employed. The detailed socio-demographic characteristics are described in Table 2 . Table 3 presents the prevalence of five modifiable behavioral risk factors. Ninety-nine per cent of the survey participants had high salt intake; the mean salt consumption was 9 g per person per day (standard deviation, 2.01). Unhealthy diet and tobacco use were reported by 67 and 25% respectively. A fraction of 7% of adult Bhutanese consumes above 40 g (for men) and above 20 g (for women) of pure alcohol per occasion. The prevalence of behavioral risk factors did not vary vastly between the different socio-demographic sub-groups, except for low physical activity: 10% of females reported less than 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per week, or equivalent, compared to 4% of males. Tobacco use, varied significantly only between males and females (34% vs. 14%, p < 0.05) [17] .

Tobacco use, varied significantly only between males and females (34% vs. 14%, p < 0.05).


Western Lake Erie was found to exhibit a diverse phytoplankton community even during the cyanoHAB growing season. Despite the increased concentration of cyanobacteria during the bloom season, they only accounted for N50% of total chlorophyll-a in the surface layer in 17% of the samplings during bloom season. The mean cyanobacteria contribution during the bloom season was 34.8%, similar to what was reported in 2005 and greater than what was seen in 2003 and 2004 (Millie et al., 2009) . Seasonal trends observed in the FP data were also compared to previously reported trends. Diatoms were the dominant algal group from the start of sampling until late July and again in the fall as the cyanobacteria died down, agreeing well with the findings of 6 . Temporal and spatial variability of cyanobacteria center of mass for all stations from July 22 through October 18 in 2015 and 2016, with data split by surface layer cyanobacteria concentration. High concentration represents casts where the surface layer cyanobacteria concentration was greater than the mean (3.76 μg/L) and low concentration represents casts where the surface layer concentration was below the mean. A) cyanobacteria center of mass plotted against the sampling date, B) cyanobacteria center of mass plotted against the station depth. Regression lines in panel B were calculated using the full un-binned dataset and were derived using the Theil-Sen Estimator, both showing a significant decline in center of mass as depth increased (p b 0.01). For each date and station depth bin, the dot represents the mean optical depth and the bars represent one standard deviation.

The mean cyanobacteria contribution during the bloom season was 34.8%, similar to what was reported in 2005 and greater than what was seen in 2003 and 2004.


Wellbeing is a multifaceted and multi-dimensional construct and enhancing our understanding of it during the emerging adulthood period plays an important role in the health of young people. Moreover, university-attending young adults in the United States not only think about life satisfaction and happiness frequently, they also rate them as very important, even more important than money (Diener & Oishi, 2000) . Our findings support existing literature, that personality traits are primary predictors of subjective wellbeing. In addition, we extended previous research showing that health behaviors are important contributors of subjective wellbeing beyond the effects of personality. One particular domain of health behavior, physical activity, was found to be more strongly related with subjective wellbeing than either substance use or dietary intake. This pattern of results was consistent across positive affect, self-rated health, and quality of life. Consistent with previous findings, extraversion was associated with higher scores on positive affect, and neuroticism was negatively associated with positive affect. Interestingly, regular physical activity of strengthening and toning exercises was most strongly related to positive affect. Affect and personality traits demonstrated substantial variability, with positive affect more strongly associated with psychological factors than with behavioral determinants. Indeed, the literature suggests that long-term subjective wellbeing is determined by personality traits, and personality has biological components that, in turn, affect wellbeing through shared common physical underpinnings (Depue & Collins, 1999; Schnika, Busch, & Robichaux-Keene, 2004) .

Moreover, university-attending young adults in the United States not only think about life satisfaction and happiness frequently, they also rate them as very important, even more important than money.

Indeed, the literature suggests that long-term subjective wellbeing is determined by personality traits, and personality has biological components that, in turn, affect wellbeing through shared common physical underpinnings.


There are several limitations with this study that may impact the interpretation of our findings. First, our sample consisted of only college students between the ages of 18 and 25 and thus may not generalize to older students or non-college students. We purposely limited our sample to this age group because emerging adulthood is a developmentally unique and important stage that is qualitatively different from adolescence and young adulthood (Nelson et al., 2008) . Thus, this limitation is also a strength of our study because many studies combine all college students in one group regardless of age or consider only certain class standings (e.g., freshmen). Second, causal inferences cannot be made, as the results are based on cross-sectional data. While our multivariate approach using hierarchical regression analyses afforded us the ability to make predictions while controlling for the effects of various covariates, it is possible that high subjective wellbeing influences substance use and health behaviors. It is also possible that personality and health behaviors both acted in a synergistic manner on subjective wellbeing. We tested for possible effects of personality x health behavior interactions, and the results were not significant. Third, self-reports are susceptible to reporting bias, possibly affected by social desirability or misreporting of alcohol and tobacco use. In addition, using online surveys to collect daily food intake recall may also pose potential reporting issues, including response bias and authenticity of the person answering the questions. We attempted to reduce bias by ensuring confidentiality during data collection and in food recall with a 30-minute orientation and training with participants on how to estimate portion size using the images provided in the survey; we also sent text reminders and provided a hardcopy survey as backup. Lastly, while an investigation of all aspects of personality would be ideal, our study evaluated only two of the Big Five personality traits within the limitations of the available measures, thus limiting our ability to interpret how other facets of personality traits correlate with health behaviors and subjective wellbeing. However, the significant results we found relating to extraversion and neuroticism along with behavioral determinants to wellbeing can build a foundation for the investigation of the other personality traits.

We purposely limited our sample to this age group because emerging adulthood is a developmentally unique and important stage that is qualitatively different from adolescence and young adulthood.


There are two possibilities to explain the current results within the framework of phonological inference. First of all, the listeners may have used a strategy of phonological recoding, at least to some degree, which resulted in the context effect for some pairs. The 4I-oddity task appears to discourage a phonological-recoding strategy for ''short" stimuli, such as a single vowel or a stop-vowel syllable (Gerrits & Schouten, 2004; Schouten et al., 2003) . Our stimuli are, however, much longer than that, leading to a longer trial time, which may promote a strategy of phonological recoding in order to reduce memory load. Moreover, the reactions in a discrimination task-and most other behavioral tasksare relatively late with respect to the early perceptual processes at the focus of this study. This may leave ample time for phonological recoding to influence these overt responses.

The 4I-oddity task appears to discourage a phonological-recoding strategy for ''short" stimuli, such as a single vowel or a stop-vowel syllable.


The experiment was run on a standard PC with the NESU package (Wittenburg, Nagengast, & Baumann, 1998) . Participants were wearing headphones and looked at a computer screen with a two-button response box in front of them. They were asked to press the right button if the target word contained a [t] and the left button if this word did not contain a [t] .

The experiment was run on a standard PC with the NESU package.


The analysis starts around 1992, when the 74 th CAA was enacted to bring about administrative and political decentralization in the urban context in general and in urban water institutions in particular (Ruet and Lama-Rewal 2012) . In examining the attributes of the urban water regime, through detailed document analysis, I first traced institutional change in terms of organizational reforms, policy change, and legislative change and identified the particulars of the water governance arrangements. I then reviewed policy documents on water resources and urban development ministries, as well as regional and local government reports (MoWR 2002 , JNNURM 2005 , National Water Commission 2005 , GHMC 2006 , JNNURM 2006 , MoWR 2012b . Furthermore, I traced developments in the water sector and combined an analysis of other document types, such as memoranda, minutes of meetings, press releases, program proposals, and articles in scientific journals.

The analysis starts around 1992, when the 74 th CAA was enacted to bring about administrative and political decentralization in the urban context in general and in urban water institutions in particular.


A striking feature of the general theory of relativity is the prediction of black holes from which nothing can escape. Further development of this subject shows that there is a close resemblance between black hole physics and thermodynamics [5, 6] . In fact it has been established that the entropy of a black hole is proportional to the area of the event horizon. This is connected with the holographic principle where information of a certain amount of space resides on its boundary.

Further development of this subject shows that there is a close resemblance between black hole physics and thermodynamics.


In this article we show that the formulation of classical mechanics can be stated in a manner which is quite similar to the reasoning of thermodynamics [11] . We can interpret the results of Newtonian mechanics as theorems analogous to the theorems given by Carnot and Clausius. The study shows that mass of an object is similar to the inverse of temperature and force is similar to entropy. These similarity motivates us to interpret force as entropy (multiplied by appropriate constants) instead of entropy gradient. Subsequently we derive Newtonian gravity as well as Einstein's gravity from this point of view.

In this article we show that the formulation of classical mechanics can be stated in a manner which is quite similar to the reasoning of thermodynamics.


The LCOS can modulate the wavefront of an incident light using pixels arranged in two dimensions, and so the switch connection states can be altered by controlling the diffraction angle [1] . In WSSs based on LCOS, WDM signals from an input port are demultiplexed by the dispersion elements in the dispersion axis, and each wavelength channel is focused at a different position on the LCOS [see Fig. 2(a) ]. The wavefront of each wavelength beam entering the LCOS is modulated, and such incident beams are reflected and diffracted. After the beams are multiplexed by the dispersion elements, they are connected to one of the output ports, which are vertically aligned along the dispersion axis or switching axis [see Fig. 2(b) ]. The diffraction angle of the beam changes according to the period of the phase modulation pattern, such as a blaze pattern, along the switching axis. Therefore, the focal point on a line with output ports can be controlled by the spatial period of such patterns to provide port switching.

The LCOS can modulate the wavefront of an incident light using pixels arranged in two dimensions, and so the switch connection states can be altered by controlling the diffraction angle.


The material considered in this work consists mainly of one electronic grade polycrystalline CVD (pcCVD) synthetic diamond sample purchased from Element Six Ltd whose dimensions are 10.0 mm x 10.0 mm x 0.3 mm with polished surfaces. Prior deposition of the electrodes, the sample was thoroughly cleaned in acetone, isopropanol and then washed in de-ionized water. Next it was mounted in a shadow mask in order to fabricate four circular electrodes of 3 mm in diameter on each of its sides. One side of the sample was covered with four Al contacts 70 nm thick followed by 30 nm of Au to prevent oxidisation of the Al layer. Deposition was performed by an Edwards K575XD Turbo Pumped High Resolution Sputter Coater. Figure 1 (Left) reports a schematic of the PLD system used to fabricate the amorphous carbon electrodes. A graphite target is installed 6 cm apart from the diamond sample in a vacuum chamber kept at the working pressure of 10 -6 Torr. A 25 ns pulsed KrF excimer laser (Lambda -Physik LPX 210i) operating at 248 nm is focused through a quartz window onto the graphite target which rotates at a speed of 40 rpm. The laser interacts with the target creating a plasma plume rich of highly energetic ions and carbon clusters which then deposit on the surface of the sample leading to the formation of an amorphous film that is more diamond-like in nature [7] .

The laser interacts with the target creating a plasma plume rich of highly energetic ions and carbon clusters which then deposit on the surface of the sample leading to the formation of an amorphous film that is more diamond-like in nature.


In this survey, we discuss the variety of topics in the context of parallelism and distribution in deep learning, spanning from vectorization to efficient use of supercomputers. In particular, we present parallelism strategies for DNN evaluation and implementations thereof, as well as extensions to training algorithms and systems targeted at supporting distributed environments. To provide comparative measures on the approaches, we analyze their concurrency and average parallelism using the Work-Depth model [21] .

To provide comparative measures on the approaches, we analyze their concurrency and average parallelism using the Work-Depth model.


The largest asteroid, Ceres, will be rendez-vous'd by the Dawn spacecraft in 2015. During the nominal mission, the asteroid will be mapped with high-resolution imaging in the visual and infra-red wavelengths (VIR instrument), and its gravity field will be determined to the tenth degree and order (McCord et al. 2011) . A major goal of the Dawn Mission is to constrain the internal structure of Ceres, and especially quantify the extent of differentiation, and thus of internal evolution, achieved by this dwarf planet (Russell et al. 2007; McCord et al. 2011) .

During the nominal mission, the asteroid will be mapped with high-resolution imaging in the visual and infra-red wavelengths (VIR instrument), and its gravity field will be determined to the tenth degree and order.

A major goal of the Dawn Mission is to constrain the internal structure of Ceres, and especially quantify the extent of differentiation, and thus of internal evolution, achieved by this dwarf planet.


We already mentioned the victim cache, which retains data evicted from the cache in a small associative "victim" cache, typically containing 8 to 64 entries [2] . Victim caches are typically employed alongside direct-mapped L1 caches, and are used to combat the brittleness of having a directmapped cache by providing associativity for very localized cache conflict regions. For example, when a small loop is processing two arrays back-to-back that happen to have the same cache mapping, a victim cache would effectively expand the direct-mapped L1 cache to have a few extra associative entries for that mapping. However, as the applications expected to run on embedded systems become more complex and data-intensive, these cache conflicts are distributed and quite numerous, and a single associative location is quickly polluted and rendered ineffective.

We already mentioned the victim cache, which retains data evicted from the cache in a small associative "victim" cache, typically containing 8 to 64 entries.


Terrestrial TV broadcasting is used in network-RTK systems using FKP (Flächen-Korrektur-Parameter) [7] . Corrections are disseminated via TV audio subcarrier channel (ASC) at 9.6 kbps rate. The developed system uses a PC and special software developed by Geo ++ to receive raw data from the rover station and FKP corrections from the ASC receiver to calculate corrected positions.

Terrestrial TV broadcasting is used in network-RTK systems using FKP (Flächen-Korrektur-Parameter).


Ultrasound (US) is widely used to distinguish malignant from benign breast lesions (Raza and Baum 1997) . Compared with other early detection methodologies, US provides several advantages in breast cancer, including high spatial resolution, real-time imaging and low cost. The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) for US has served as the standardized terminology for the assessment of breast lesions. Although US has high accuracy in the detection of breast lesions, it does not perform as well in differentiating malignant from benign lesions because its diagnostic specificity is relatively low.

Ultrasound (US) is widely used to distinguish malignant from benign breast lesions.


Different techniques can be applied to manage organic waste. Recent study applied different techniques for composting, co-ensiling, co-composting, and anaerobic co-digestion, to manage crop residuals. This study compared three different techniques for composting in terms of soil mineralization after application in soil and concluded that application of silages in soil resulted high C mineralization rates, while compost and digestate application led to lower C mineralization rate and microbial biomass C in soil. Especially, composting had an effect on lowering mineralization of C, decreasing risk of N leaching, and helping to increase top soil C [15] .

Especially, composting had an effect on lowering mineralization of C, decreasing risk of N leaching, and helping to increase top soil C.


For the second compost cycle, the temperature profiles differed from those of the first cycle (Fig. 2 B, D) . Temperature increase in the second cycle was faster than that of the first cycle, and the thermophilic state was observed at 3-5 days after beginning of the second composting compared to 4-10 days for the first cycle. Much shorter mesophilic and thermophilic states, but longer cooling and maturation states, were observed. Because no organic substrates were mixed in the second cycle, it can be assumed that the lignin content was much lower than in the first cycle, resulting in much shorter mesophilic and thermophilic states in the second cycle [14] .

Because no organic substrates were mixed in the second cycle, it can be assumed that the lignin content was much lower than in the first cycle, resulting in much shorter mesophilic and thermophilic states in the second cycle.


Rastall gravity is inspired by the idea that conservation laws based on spacetime symmetries has been probed only in the flat or weak field regime of gravity [1] . Within this approach, the covariant derivate of the energy-momentum tensor does not need to vanish, but can be a function of the derivative of some scalar curvature. One interesting result of this model is that all electrovacuum solutions of general relativity are also solutions of Rastall gravity, but as long as (non-vanishing trace) matter is introduced in the theory, the spacetime becomes dependent of the Rastall parameter.

Rastall gravity is inspired by the idea that conservation laws based on spacetime symmetries has been probed only in the flat or weak field regime of gravity.


The study of quasinormal modes has received a great deal of attention over the last years due to both experimental and theoretical reasons: The most obvious one is related to the detection of gravitational waves emitted by compact objects, such as black holes and neutron stars [20] . Also as a theoretical tool, we can mention the so-called gauge/gravity dualities, where the quasinormal modes is related to the poles of a propagator in the dual field theory. Being just a mere theoretical framework for the study of strong coupled gauge theories, or a realistic description of a hypothetical holographic universe, the gauge/gravity dualities has attained a great deal of attention over the last years.

The study of quasinormal modes has received a great deal of attention over the last years due to both experimental and theoretical reasons: The most obvious one is related to the detection of gravitational waves emitted by compact objects, such as black holes and neutron stars.


A system state is said to be consistent if it contains no orphan message, i.e., a message whose receive event is recorded in the state of the destination process, but its send event is lost [10] , [22] . In order to record a consistent global checkpoint on stable storage, processes must synchronize their checkpointing activities. When a process takes a checkpoint, it asks (by sending checkpoint requests to) all relevant processes to take checkpoints. Therefore, coordinated checkpointing suffers from high overhead associated with the checkpointing process.

A system state is said to be consistent if it contains no orphan message, i.e., a message whose receive event is recorded in the state of the destination process, but its send event is lost.