The viscous flow and heat transfer characteristics of a long semi-circular bluff body (or a semi-circular cylinder) not only have many practical applications like electronic cooling, pin type heat exchange systems, thermal processing of foodstuffs, papers, fibrous suspensions and others, but also offer space economy in terms of the specific heat transfer area. Also, under suitable settings of flow and heat transfer, most multiphase mixtures (foams, paper pulp suspensions, emulsions, fiber reinforced resin processing, etc.) and high molecular weight polymeric systems (solutions, blends, melts, etc.) exhibit shear-thinning and or shear-thickening behaviors [1] [2] [3] . Extensive literature suggests that many researchers have investigated numerically and or experimentally the nonNewtonian flow and heat transfer around bluff bodies like circular and square, but only a few corresponding details are available on momentum and heat transfer over a semi-circular cylinder in spite of its many engineering applications. The present work is concerned with the confined flow and heat transfer of power-law fluids around a semi-circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers (Re) for the Prandtl number (Pr) of 50. The value of the Prandtl number of the order of 50 or so is very frequent in chemical, petroleum and oil related engineering applications and selected based on the widespread literature [4] [5] [6] . At the outset, it is appropriate to briefly review the relevant studies.

Also, under suitable settings of flow and heat transfer, most multiphase mixtures (foams, paper pulp suspensions, emulsions, fiber reinforced resin processing, etc.) and high molecular weight polymeric systems (solutions, blends, melts, etc.) exhibit shear-thinning and or shear-thickening behaviors.

The value of the Prandtl number of the order of 50 or so is very frequent in chemical, petroleum and oil related engineering applications and selected based on the widespread literature.


Some authors have suggested that differences in the emotional regulation process between men and women form the basis of the higher prevalence in women of emotional problems and the use of ineffective coping strategies, such as rumination (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003; Thayer et al., 2003) . The results obtained show how such differences begin establishing themselves over the course of adolescence, mainly in its final stages. Should such findings be confirmed in longitudinal studies, they could be extremely useful in the development of programs for the prevention of emotional problems or for the improvement of socioemotional skills, by indicating the specific needs of males and females with a view to strengthening their emotional regulation abilities.

Some authors have suggested that differences in the emotional regulation process between men and women form the basis of the higher prevalence in women of emotional problems and the use of ineffective coping strategies, such as rumination.


As for the differences in the TMMS dimensions according to age and sex, the analyses carried out have revealed some interesting findings. Some researchers have shown how, in adult populations, women present a greater tendency to attend to their emotions and lower clarity and repair in comparison with men (Fernández-Berrocal & Extremera, 2008; Thayer et al., 2003) . Our data indicate that some of these differences begin to emerge in adolescence, so that girls score higher in Attention than boys; moreover, this difference becomes more pronounced as the adolescents get older.

Some researchers have shown how, in adult populations, women present a greater tendency to attend to their emotions and lower clarity and repair in comparison with men.


Savings and Loan program in Rwanda demonstrated that engaging men as women's partners could prepare families for economic transitions, increase cooperation, and change men's attitudes regarding caregiving responsibilities (Slegh et al., 2013) . This study, however, did not demonstrate significant changes in respect to gender equality beliefs, decision-making power, and physical violence. During the qualitative interviews, women shared that sometimes they had to show that money were coming from their husbands, to maintain the husband's status and respect in the family (CERFODES, 2016) . In Burkina Faso, the role of provider is considered a man's principal virtue, while a woman's subservience is considered hers. It would be poorly perceived for a woman to appear within her community, to be overshadowing her husband in this role as the provider. Hence, women who are more economically active than their husbands, own more assets and are able to contribute more to cover the needs of their household, willfully attempt to maintain the perception that their and their children's' improved well-being results from their husbands' efforts and ability to provide. Socially, this paints a more respectable picture of their family than would be the case if she were to imply publicly that her increased income and assets are the main contributors to her household's improved status. These cultural nuances of household power dynamics are not captured by existing brief scales measuring gender norms and decisions making power, which could potentially explain the lack of significant changes for these outcomes. Additionally, the family coaching component tested in this study was not specifically designed to address domestic violence. Instead, it primarily targeted issues related to the well-being of children, including equal treatment and opportunities for girl children and a wife's participation in decision-making since women were the recipients of the economic intervention.

Savings and Loan program in Rwanda demonstrated that engaging men as women's partners could prepare families for economic transitions, increase cooperation, and change men's attitudes regarding caregiving responsibilities.

During the qualitative interviews, women shared that sometimes they had to show that money were coming from their husbands, to maintain the husband's status and respect in the family.


Numerical simulations are essential for studying the fate of contaminants in aquifers and are a first step towards the determination of upscaling rules. Also, risk assessment and resources management rely on numerical simulations at large scale [2] , [41] . Chemical reactions must be coupled with advection and dispersion when modeling the contamination of aquifers. Reactive transport models face a real challenge in simulating accurately sharp fronts and their evolution in space and time. These numerical difficulties require adaptive discrete schemes and advanced computational tools. On the physical side, the transport model of mobile species includes the advection, diffusion and dispersion processes. On the chemical side, models handle kinetic reactions and thermodynamic equilibrium, including fluidrock interactions and reactions in solution. Transport and chemistry models are coupled through the immobile species, inducing a reactive transport model which is a global system of nonlinear Partial Differential Algebraic Equations (PDAE).

Also, risk assessment and resources management rely on numerical simulations at large scale.


The criteria for defining second primary cancers have evolved over time and sometimes differ among studies. Using rules, registries are able to discriminate between new cancer cases and metastases of an existing malignancy. For international comparisons a unified definition of second primary cancers would be helpful. In our study we strictly followed the definition of the International Association of Cancer Registries (IACR) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as it is used widely [1] . The IARC/IACR rules are more exclusive; only one tumour is registered for an organ, irrespective of time, unless there are histological differences [1] .

In our study we strictly followed the definition of the International Association of Cancer Registries (IACR) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as it is used widely.

The IARC/IACR rules are more exclusive; only one tumour is registered for an organ, irrespective of time, unless there are histological differences.


Before going into any particulars, let us make a few general comments about the structure of our action. An issue of paramount importance is whether the presence of quartic terms in the spinors can result in shifting the standard fermionic vacuum θ = 0 to a non-zero value. We may expect that in certain situations, the spinor fields may develop a condensate, much like, for example, in the Gross-Neveu model [13] . Assuming that this is the case, we can easily see that the dynamics of the bosonic fields x m describing the embedding of the closed string in the given background can change dramatically. The fermionic pieces of the action would indirectly play the role of sources to the V a j field in the worldsheet theory. Through such a mechanism, RR fields can affect even the leading classical propagation (i.e. the "ground state") of a closed string which is probing a D-brane geometry.

We may expect that in certain situations, the spinor fields may develop a condensate, much like, for example, in the Gross-Neveu model.


Recursive queries have been introduced into the SQL languages according to ANSI SQL-99 standard in order to facilitate the access of hierarchical data, leading to more elegant and better performing applications [21] . This can be implemented by defining either a Recursive Common Table Expression (RCTE) or a Recursive View. For instance, given an initial table "flight" containing direct flight information, the following recursive query uses recursive common table expression "destinations" and returns all the destinations reachable from "Marcopolo (VCE)" along with the number of connections (including the direct ones from "flight") and total cost to arrive at that final destination: Observe that the anchor member of the query is an initialization full-select that seeds the recursion, whereas the recursive member is an iterative full-select that contains a direct reference to itself in the FROM clause. Examples of some applications where recursive queries play important roles, are bill-of-material, reservation, trip planner, networking planning system, etc.

Recursive queries have been introduced into the SQL languages according to ANSI SQL-99 standard in order to facilitate the access of hierarchical data, leading to more elegant and better performing applications.


Experimental results also had shown that the far zone beyond the tangent point is an important gaze target area during steady-state cornering [24] . This model is in line with the future-path steering model, but is difficult to reconcile with any pure tangent-point steering model. Researches advocating this model had concluded that the tangent-point steering models do not provide a general explanation of eye movements and steering during a curve-driving sequence and cannot be considered uncritically as the default interpretation when the distribution of gaze point is observed to gather in the region of the curve apex.

Experimental results also had shown that the far zone beyond the tangent point is an important gaze target area during steady-state cornering.


Horizontal curves have long been recognized as road sections on which traffic accidents are likely to happen. Statistical analysis had shown that the accident rate and severity are highest on moderate curves, at 55% and 58%, respectively [1] . Much attention is therefore paid in the literature to investigating factors that influence accident occurrence and the characteristics of driving behavior.

Statistical analysis had shown that the accident rate and severity are highest on moderate curves, at 55% and 58%, respectively.


Some researchers had found that the driver's gaze target is not the tangent point exactly, but a point near this particular geometric position [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . Researchers holding this opinion had argued that drivers fixate on a target point along their future path, that is, a point they wish to pass through, which is near the tangent point but not necessarily equal to the tangent point. The driver observes the visual angle between the vehicle's true heading and the target point, estimates the vehicle's speed and the distance to the point, and adjusts the steering and speed.

Some researchers had found that the driver's gaze target is not the tangent point exactly, but a point near this particular geometric position.


Plants are the best source of a wide variety of chemical molecules with many biological activities. Data suggested that more than 200,000 high-value natural products (NPs) have been recognized, which have been utilized as drugs such as codeine, morphine, and paclitaxel [1] . Other NPs are used as food flavouring and colouring agents such as anthocyanins, saffron, and spearmint. For the management of pest and disease management, some NPs are commonly used such as nicotine, strychnine, and azadirachtin, while lavender, rosemary, and aloe vera are used for the cosmetics and fragrance products [2] .

Data suggested that more than 200,000 high-value natural products (NPs) have been recognized, which have been utilized as drugs such as codeine, morphine, and paclitaxel.

For the management of pest and disease management, some NPs are commonly used such as nicotine, strychnine, and azadirachtin, while lavender, rosemary, and aloe vera are used for the cosmetics and fragrance products.


Whether the domain is stock market data, scientific measurements, or the distribution of sales, visualization is becoming an increasingly popular technique for data exploration. When presented with visual depictions of the data, humans can often easily detect interesting patterns as well as outliers, which may be more difficult to identify and rate as relevant with automated techniques [22] . Interactive visual navigation tools play an important role in aiding users to find their way through such large data sets. By presenting information visually and allowing dynamic user interaction through direct manipulation paradigms, it is possible to traverse larger information spaces in a shorter time and to discern relevant knowledge effectively. Significant effort has thus been spent on developing effective methods to display and visually explore information [1, 21, 17, 10, 11] .

When presented with visual depictions of the data, humans can often easily detect interesting patterns as well as outliers, which may be more difficult to identify and rate as relevant with automated techniques.

Significant effort has thus been spent on developing effective methods to display and visually explore information.


Activating mutations in FGFR3 may cause short limb bud formation, which can result in disorders like achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia due to impaired chondrogenesis [10, 11] . In this study, we investigated the effect of specific mutations on periosteal cell dynamics. This was carried out by analysing metabolic activity, affected signalling pathways and in vivo ectopic bone formation.

Activating mutations in FGFR3 may cause short limb bud formation, which can result in disorders like achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia due to impaired chondrogenesis.


Bacterial order Rhodobacterales (Alphaproteobacteria) embraces a large group of species differing significantly in their metabolic properties and ecology. A characteristic feature of Rhodobacterales is the presence of many species performing anoxygenic photosynthesis (Koblížek et al. 2013) . These species harvest light using type-2 reaction centers (RCs) containing bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a (Selyanin et al. 2016) . Phototrophic Rhodobacterales are found in many environments including fresh water bodies, soda lakes, marine waters, sediments, and soils. These organisms frequently display a large flexibility in their oxygen or salinity tolerance. Members of the Rhodobacter (Rba.) and Rhodovulum genera represent classical examples of purple nonsulfur bacteria which synthesize pigments and perform photosynthesis under anaerobic or semiaerobic conditions. On the other hand, there exist many marine species belonging to the so called Roseobacter group, which grow and express their photosynthetic complexes in the presence of oxygen (Brinkhoff et al. 2008) . These aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria are typical photoheterotrophs, they do not fix inorganic carbon and use light energy as a supplement for their mostly heterotrophic metabolism.

A characteristic feature of Rhodobacterales is the presence of many species performing anoxygenic photosynthesis.

These species harvest light using type-2 reaction centers (RCs) containing bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a.

On the other hand, there exist many marine species belonging to the so called Roseobacter group, which grow and express their photosynthetic complexes in the presence of oxygen.


Although still controversial, some literature data suggest that E7 could act as a trigger of the complex framework of events leading to actin cytoskeleton reorganization, contributing to increase motility and metastatic spreading of cancer cells [29] . In line with this view, our results carve out a central role for E7 in determining cancer cell features, strictly related with malignancy grade and metastatic potential. In this context, our work points out the possibility that GSN could be a key factor in this cell behavior and that its physical association with E7 could increase cell movements, migration and invasiveness in HPV-related cancers. The fact that the transfection of E7 alone in HPV-null CC cells was able to elicit migration, invasion and possibly trigger a pro-metastatic behavior, similar to that of HPV16 DNA expressing cells, seems to reinforce this hypothesis and appears suggestive for a central role of E7 in cytoskeleton remodeling. In few words, although to be investigated in near future in animal models, our results strongly suggest that hindering of this interaction could significantly contribute to lower aggressiveness and metastatic potential in HPV16-related human cancers.

Although still controversial, some literature data suggest that E7 could act as a trigger of the complex framework of events leading to actin cytoskeleton reorganization, contributing to increase motility and metastatic spreading of cancer cells.


The literature shows that if a proper reduction of the set of equations is executed, the decoupled or normal form of a saddle-node may be obtained [7] . This kind of decomposition has not been derived for power systems, so far. On the other hand, it is possible to observe a saddle-node without the reduction of the set of equations to the normal form.

The literature shows that if a proper reduction of the set of equations is executed, the decoupled or normal form of a saddle-node may be obtained.


The study of saddle-node in power systems has increased in recent years. Such investigations help in understanding how a system may become unstable as a consequence of successive small parameter variations. This problem is known as voltage collapse, and deserves special attention from engineers and operators around the world [1] . Identifying the point of bifurcation plays a crucial role on power system analysis, since it may help the operator to avoid instability problems. For this purpose, continuation methods may be accurate and useful, since they identify the saddle-node point and trace the bifurcation diagram.

This problem is known as voltage collapse, and deserves special attention from engineers and operators around the world.


Most animals, including birds, are thought to perceive the chromatic (hue and saturation) and achromatic (brightness) components of colour separately, and the information in these different channels may be used in different contexts by the signal receiver (Giurfa et al. 1997; Osorio et al. 1999) . Chromatic stimuli are useful for comparison among disparate objects, as the chromatic properties do not change much under different illumination conditions. Achromatic signals are strongly affected by illumination, but are useful for detecting local changes in spectral properties, such as at the border between two colour patches (Osorio et al. 1999) . From this, we predict two possible ways in which spectral properties could be used by an observer to discriminate between models and mimics. The absolute values of chromatic stimuli could be important, as birds have been shown to learn and recognise particular colour combinations in potential prey (Svádová et al. 2009; Aronsson and Gamberale-Stille 2012; Kazemi et al. 2014) . For achromatic stimuli, the absolute values are less likely to be relevant, since they are difficult to compare for samples that are separated in space and time (Osorio et al. 1999) . However, the achromatic contrast between colour patches within a single pattern will be easier to detect, and could form an important signal (Aronsson and Gamberale-Stille 2013) .

Most animals, including birds, are thought to perceive the chromatic (hue and saturation) and achromatic (brightness) components of colour separately, and the information in these different channels may be used in different contexts by the signal receiver.

Achromatic signals are strongly affected by illumination, but are useful for detecting local changes in spectral properties, such as at the border between two colour patches.

The absolute values of chromatic stimuli could be important, as birds have been shown to learn and recognise particular colour combinations in potential prey.

For achromatic stimuli, the absolute values are less likely to be relevant, since they are difficult to compare for samples that are separated in space and time.

However, the achromatic contrast between colour patches within a single pattern will be easier to detect, and could form an important signal.


A standard reference for subsystems of second-order arithmetic and their use in reverse mathematics is Simpson [14] . Formal definitions and properties of the basic subsystems RCA 0 , WKL 0 , and ACA 0 can be found there. Due to the highly combinatorial nature of our subject matter, we will make use of several conventions throughout this paper. The goal of these conventions is to minimize the amount of arithmetical coding in the statement and proofs of our results.

A standard reference for subsystems of second-order arithmetic and their use in reverse mathematics is Simpson.


The head teachers of the schools as well as the teachers and parents/guardians of the children were asked for permission to collect the information. Before giving the scale to the definitive sample, the complete set was first administered to a separate pilot sample comprised of 60 participants (Osterlind, 1989) . It was observed that some images and words still caused understanding problems. These were corrected and finally the definitive scale was produced, which was administered to the final sample in the study. In the final administration, the participants were told how to fill in the questionnaire. The presentation and application of the scale was performed individually by the main researcher, who showed the sheet with the three drawing answer options to each child, so that after the question had been asked and the three answer options accompanying each drawing had been read, the children could point out which option was most like themselves. The time required to fill in the scale was approximately 10 minutes, varying slightly depending on the participant's age.

Before giving the scale to the definitive sample, the complete set was first administered to a separate pilot sample comprised of 60 participants.


On the other hand, it is possible that lower perceived water competence at the youngest age may be the cause of reciprocal motivation problems and emotional difficulties regarding water activities. Such a phenomenon is seen in children with developmental motor coordination problems (Causgrove-Dunn & Watkinson, 1994; Ruiz, 2005) . The relationships among perceived motor competence, selfesteem, and healthy psychosocial functioning are some things that researchers are constantly concerned about. Preschool swimming teachers potentially could use our proposed APCPS to discover their pupils' aquatic perceptions as a prerequisite for planning, designing, and selecting the most developmentally appropriate tasks for promoting student-centered learning. Checking the levels of perception of a child's water competence could help the teacher find an optimum path so that children will participate more in water activities. Generally, the perceived competence research shows that higher levels of perceived competence actually lead to higher levels of intrinsic motivation (Bandura & Cervone, 1983; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Harter & Jackson, 1992; Losier & Vallerand, 1994) . In short, the study has served to support the two dimensional nature of perceived water competence among young preschool children, as well as to facilitate an initial analysis of both the factor structure and the internal consistency of the scale in a Spanish context. Future research performed with different sized samples within similar environmental contexts is necessary to actually confirm the factor structure shown in our current research study. One of the study's limitations arises because as children grow from three and six years old, their notions about their own skill competency change fairly dramatically (Suls & Sanders, 1982) . Initially they are incapable of defining and expressing specific tasks conceptually. Although the cognitive conceptual understanding of their own skillfulness increases during this period, the cognitive concept is probably not the best measure or indicator of their actual perceptions. Understanding conceptual information during early childhood largely depends upon the importance given to the information concerning both successes and failures experienced during water activities. There is a need to perform confirmatory factor analyses in future studies because we did not conduct them in our study and we recognize this as another limitation of our research.

Such a phenomenon is seen in children with developmental motor coordination problems.

Generally, the perceived competence research shows that higher levels of perceived competence actually lead to higher levels of intrinsic motivation.

One of the study's limitations arises because as children grow from three and six years old, their notions about their own skill competency change fairly dramatically.


Up to now, studies on the reproduction of C. gigas and its regulation by environmental parameters in controlled conditions were restricted in time and mainly focused on studying the maturation phase (Muranaka and Lannan, 1984; Robinson, 1992; Chavez-Villalba et al., 2002b) . Data on complete reproductive cycle of C. gigas were only available in natural environment. These studies were very useful to analyze the environment-dependent strategy of C. gigas, but did not specify the importance of each environmental parameter. This study analyzed the effect of temperature coupled with photoperiod on reproduction during a complete annual cycle in controlled environment. This long-time conditioning constituted a really new approach. The large scale of this experimental plan prevented us from testing independently the effect of temperature and photoperiod. Nevertheless, any effect of photoperiod on C. gigas reproductive process has never been put in evidence.

Up to now, studies on the reproduction of C. gigas and its regulation by environmental parameters in controlled conditions were restricted in time and mainly focused on studying the maturation phase.


Features of a Reverse Mortgage: Reverse mortgage (RM) loans can be taken as a lump sum payment, as a fixed periodic annuitized set of payments, as a line of credit, or as a combination of any of these three types of distributions [10] . In contrast to home equity loans, reverse mortgage participants do not have to pay interest on the loans they borrow. The amount of reverse mortgage loan that a homeowner can receive depends on the prevailing interest rates, and thus the amount of RM that is available to an individual is inversely proportional to the prevailing interest rate. Therefore, homeowners can borrow more when interest rates fall, and can borrow less when interest rates rise. The amount of RM loan available to a borrower also depends on the borrower's age and the value of the house. The largest and most popular type of reverse mortgage, known as a Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM), is administered by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). HECM reverse mortgage loans account for more than 90% of all reverse mortgage loans originating in the American markets [11] . HECM mortgages are available only to homeowners age 62 or older who live in their houses. The HECM applicants have to go through a mandatory HUD-approved homebuyer counseling session to be eligible for HECM loans.

Features of a Reverse Mortgage: Reverse mortgage (RM) loans can be taken as a lump sum payment, as a fixed periodic annuitized set of payments, as a line of credit, or as a combination of any of these three types of distributions.

HECM reverse mortgage loans account for more than 90% of all reverse mortgage loans originating in the American markets.


We thank B. Bowditch for stimulating discussions and for asking the question on the bound on the complexity of presentations. We learned, while finishing this article, that he very simultaneously obtained a similar result, by different methods, using actions on R-trees [5] . The first author thanks T. Delzant for interesting and stimulating related discussions. Both authors want to thank the referee for constructive remarks. The second author gratefully acknowledges the Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse and support from CNRS. This work was partially done while he was visiting the institute.

We learned, while finishing this article, that he very simultaneously obtained a similar result, by different methods, using actions on R-trees.


We found two applications of (3.2) in this paper. One is that the butterfly velocity can now be expressed universally as (1.2). In other words, it is related to the volume density of the quantity T S, which is precisely the contribution to the action growth from the Gibbons-Hawking surface term evaluated on the horizon [22] . By utilizing the Smarr and generalized Smarr relations, the butterfly velocities can also be expressed in terms of conserved quantities including mass, charges and their chemical potentials, etc. We derived our results for isotropic solutions. For anisotropic ones, it is reasonable to believe that (1.2) may be still valid, whilst the generalized Smarr relation will alter if it still exists.

In other words, it is related to the volume density of the quantity T S, which is precisely the contribution to the action growth from the Gibbons-Hawking surface term evaluated on the horizon.


Recently label propagation has been used for lexicon induction (Tamura et al., 2012) . They used a graph based on context similarity as well as cooccurrence graph in propagation process. Similar to our approach they used unlabeled nodes in label propagation process. However, they use a seed lexicon to define labels and comparable corpora to construct graphs unlike our approach.

Recently label propagation has been used for lexicon induction.


The potential for IPT to prevent malaria and anaemia in children over the age of one year has been evaluated in a limited number of trials carried out mainly in West Africa. Results from these trials have indicated that IPT in children aged one to five years (IPTc) provided between 40% to 86% protection against clinical attacks of malaria [9] [10] [11] . These results suggest that IPTc has potential as an affordable malaria and anaemia control measure.

Results from these trials have indicated that IPT in children aged one to five years (IPTc) provided between 40% to 86% protection against clinical attacks of malaria.


While differences in SOC storage across the aspen-conifer gradient were not always clearcut, potentially due to the high variability in abiotic factors (e.g., soil parent material, texture or landscape position), our results nevertheless suggest that aspen stores more SOC in association with silt and clay, increasing the pool of longer residence time SOC. In conifer-dominated stands, on the other hand, SOC is more susceptible to losses through microbial decomposition. This suggests that conifer encroachment may lead to an increase in less-protected SOC, which may turn over faster, depending on environmental conditions (e.g., soil temperature, soil moisture), accelerate decomposition of existing SOC (so-called priming effect) and result in a progressive decline in total SOC storage. Nevertheless, SOC in the mineral-associated fraction may be less affected by conifer encroachment in sites with high silt and clay content. Management strategies pursuing C sequestration in forest ecosystems should therefore not seek to simply increase SOC content, but rather enlarge SOC pools with a longer residence time, i.e., stabilized through adsorption to the mineral surfaces, as they are less sensitive to disturbances or changes in environmental conditions [64] .

Management strategies pursuing C sequestration in forest ecosystems should therefore not seek to simply increase SOC content, but rather enlarge SOC pools with a longer residence time, i.e., stabilized through adsorption to the mineral surfaces, as they are less sensitive to disturbances or changes in environmental conditions.


Besides determining proper window lengths and proper number of effective singular values, we can also perform SVD segmentally to obtain better denoising results. In the past, researchers performed SVD on a whole signal, making it difficult to obtain satisfactory denoising results. Then, in order to improve the denoising effect and reducing the requirements of computation and memory, SVD was performed on segmented signals. In the image processing field, block-based SVD was developed [31, 32] . In other fields, performing SVD segmentally was also proved to be effective in processing large data [33, 34] .

In the image processing field, block-based SVD was developed.

In other fields, performing SVD segmentally was also proved to be effective in processing large data.


Partial discharge (PD) detection has been widely employed to insulation condition monitoring of high-voltage equipment on-site. However, the denoising of PD signals is always difficult because the PD signal is weak, and noise is severe under operating conditions [1] . Noise in PD detection can be mainly divided into three kinds-white noise, periodic narrowband interference, and pulse interference. White noise is a common source of interference in PD signal detection and difficult to suppress. Therefore, the suppression of white noise is important for extracting PD pulses. Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate effective methods for white noise suppression.

However, the denoising of PD signals is always difficult because the PD signal is weak, and noise is severe under operating conditions.


The second procedure of the moving frame tracking method is to formulate the dynamic error equations of the whole tracking process. In this procedure a quite unusual tracking process is presented. We no longer need to care about the individual shape of the target curve [13, 14] . That is to say, whether the target curve is a straight line, a circle, or an arc is unimportant. Instead, the moving frame of the curve with its tangent vector, principal normal vector, and secondary normal vector is the objectives to follow. Some knowledge of the theoretical mechanics about the motions of rigid bodies is necessary. In essence, the objective dynamic error equations are the result of a series of coordinate transformations and vector operations [15, 16] . In this procedure, the final aim is to obtain the kinematics errors in the moving frame of the target curve rather than the inertial coordinate frame.

We no longer need to care about the individual shape of the target curve.

In essence, the objective dynamic error equations are the result of a series of coordinate transformations and vector operations.


The first procedure of the moving frame tracking method is to form a moving frame of the given target curve. A moving frame is a moving coordinate axis system with its three axes being the curve's tangent vector, principal normal vector, and secondary normal vector. There are many ways to obtain a moving frame of a given curve [7, 8] . The Bishop frame which is also called the parallel frame is the most famous one [9, 10] . In recent years, papers tend to concentrate on the improvements of the Bishop frame [11, 12] . In this paper by comparisons of the Frenet frame and the type 1 Bishop frames, we can see some insights of forming a moving frame and find out the reason why the Bishop frame is suitable for solving a UAV trajectory problem.

There are many ways to obtain a moving frame of a given curve.

The Bishop frame which is also called the parallel frame is the most famous one.

In recent years, papers tend to concentrate on the improvements of the Bishop frame.


In an ideal setting, environmental taxation is the most efficient way of incentivising firms to increase factor productivity, i.e. improving energy efficiency, lowering resource use, and reducing carbon emissions, by modernising production processes and infrastructure, and investing in other efficiency enhancing measures (Requate, 1998) . In short, firms are expected to implement exactly those measures, which reduce social costs and environmental impacts. In addition, there is evidence for a double dividend from externality taxes, as tax revenues can be used to reduce other distortionary taxes (e.g. on labour) and mitigate associated economic inefficiencies (Bovenberg, 1999; Goulder, 2013) . In theory, this makes externality taxes preferable to command & control instruments (such as efficiency standards) -and yet the political challenges of raising externality taxes have meant that energy or fuel efficiency standards (or even inaction) remain attractive alternatives (Parry et al., 2014) .

In an ideal setting, environmental taxation is the most efficient way of incentivising firms to increase factor productivity, i.e. improving energy efficiency, lowering resource use, and reducing carbon emissions, by modernising production processes and infrastructure, and investing in other efficiency enhancing measures.

In addition, there is evidence for a double dividend from externality taxes, as tax revenues can be used to reduce other distortionary taxes (e.g. on labour) and mitigate associated economic inefficiencies.

In theory, this makes externality taxes preferable to command & control instruments (such as efficiency standards) -and yet the political challenges of raising externality taxes have meant that energy or fuel efficiency standards (or even inaction) remain attractive alternatives.


We will first discuss the phase shifts associated with RR interference by considering only single (or zero)-velocity group atoms, and compare them with the analytic results described in Section 2. Figure 2 shows the phase shift measured using ρ 33 as a function of the average laser frequency detuning δ. We have also verified that no difference is observed by measuring the phase shift either from ρ 33 , representing fluorescence, or from Imρ 13 ρ 23 , representing total absorption of the Raman beams. This is consistent with our analytical result described in Section 2. The result shown in Fig. 2 is obtained by using different average Rabi frequencies (or intensities) of the CPT pulse, and by considering equal intensities for the Raman beams in the CPT pulse. The following pulse parameters were used: τ c 200 μs, T 1 ms, and τ q 100 ns. An initial ground-state population difference corresponding to ρ 0 0.2 has been used. The result illustrates reduction in phase/light shift due to pulse saturation (i.e., Ωτ c ≫ 1) for higher light intensities. The result also shows the comparison between the computational results (solid line) and the analytic results obtained using adiabatic approximation (dashed line). The computational results estimate RR light shift more accurately than those obtained using the adiabatic approximation. RR light shift gets adequately suppressed for Ω ≥ Γ∕20 over a range of δ close to −Γ ≤ δ ≤ Γ. Light shift in the unsaturated region is found to oscillate (between positive and negative values), exhibiting nonlinear dependence on δ. These oscillations can be physically explained by the spiraling of the Bloch vector around its steady-state value in a Bloch vector model [19, 21] . The results in Fig. 2 also provide information regarding the long-term frequency stability of a RR clock limited by the variation in δ, which can be potentially caused by sources such as laser drift, jitter, and linewidth broadening.

These oscillations can be physically explained by the spiraling of the Bloch vector around its steady-state value in a Bloch vector model.


The sensitivity of light shift to the laser parameters also depends on the type of excitation used in the clock. In many situations, it can be accurately calculated for predicting the performance of the clock. For example, in the case of an optically pumped atomic clock, light shift-related frequency instabilities can be comprehensively modeled by investigating laser interaction with a two-level atomic system [11, 13] . Similarly, light shift in a CPT clock can also be modeled using a three-level system interacting with the continuous bichromatic laser fields [12, [14] [15] [16] [17] . The complexity of this model can increase for a real atomic system, which generally involves multiple levels (e.g., hyperfine states and Zeeman sublevels) interacting with the bichromatic laser fields. Additionally, multiple sideband frequencies may need to be considered if a frequency-modulation technique is used to generate the beams in a CPT clock.

For example, in the case of an optically pumped atomic clock, light shift-related frequency instabilities can be comprehensively modeled by investigating laser interaction with a two-level atomic system.

Similarly, light shift in a CPT clock can also be modeled using a three-level system interacting with the continuous bichromatic laser fields.


Note that for the binomial distribution, it is a special case of this paper. A related result for calculating the confidence coefficients of confidence intervals for a binomial proportion is referred to Wang [10] . The techniques used for the binomial distribution cannot be directly applied to the multinomial distribution with k > 2 because there is only one variable and one unknown parameter p 1 involved. For the multinomial distribution case with k > 2, there are at least two dependent variables involved which causes that the derivation for the confidence coefficients of simultaneous confidence intervals for the multinomial distribution is much more difficult than that for the binomial distribution.

A related result for calculating the confidence coefficients of confidence intervals for a binomial proportion is referred to Wang.


A key problem with conventional approaches to fisheries management has been its focus on production from a single target species. That single-species preoccupation has made this management approach inadequate because it did not consider the impact of fishing on non-target species and marine habitats, and neglected the human factors (social, economic, cultural and institutional) that affect fisheries management [1] [2] [3] . Recognition of the significant direct and collateral impacts that fishing imposes on marine ecosystems has encouraged adoption of ecosystem-based management (EBM, also referred to as the ecosystem approach to fisheries, EAF). This integrated approach considers the entire ecosystem, including humans, and has as a main goal maintaining an ecosystem in a healthy, productive and resilient condition so that it can provide the services humans want and need [4, 5] .

That single-species preoccupation has made this management approach inadequate because it did not consider the impact of fishing on non-target species and marine habitats, and neglected the human factors (social, economic, cultural and institutional) that affect fisheries management.

This integrated approach considers the entire ecosystem, including humans, and has as a main goal maintaining an ecosystem in a healthy, productive and resilient condition so that it can provide the services humans want and need.


For the first time, a transistor-based biosensor with short and highly stable nanobodies (VHH) as biological receptors is reported. The size of GFP specific VHH is only ~2 × 4 nm and the binding site of the GFP is located on the longer side of the nanobody [8] . Despite the very short Debye length of approximately 1 nm in 100 mM ionic strength, a small signal due to GFP binding was still observed even in high ionic strength buffers ( Figure 1E,F) . This behavior is attributed to the small size and the random orientation of the receptors on the sensor surface which can favor the binding of GFP at a distance within the Debye length.

The size of GFP specific VHH is only ~2 × 4 nm and the binding site of the GFP is located on the longer side of the nanobody.


In a US pilot study, 12 depressed pregnant women were offered eight weekly sessions of brief IPT followed by monthly maintenance sessions up to 24 weeks postpartum [73] . Nine participants completed the study with post-treatment data showing significant improvements in maternal mood, anxiety, and social functions. In another US pilot study, 13 depressed pregnant women were offered 16 weekly sessions of IPT [74] . Depression ratings decreased significantly throughout the treatment program and of the 10 women available for the 12-week post-treatment assessment, none reported depressive symptomatology using an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score >12. Building upon this pilot work, a 16-week randomized controlled trial was conducted with 50 low-income, Hispanic pregnant women who met DSM-IV criteria for depression; the mothers were randomly assigned to receive either IPT (n = 25) or a didactic parenting education program (n = 25) [75] . Thirty-eight (76 %) women were included in the data analysis. Depressed mood was measured with several instruments including the EPDS. The IPT group showed significant improvement compared to the parenting education control program on all measures of mood at post-treatment. Recovery criteria were met in 60 % of the women treated with IPT. These studies suggest IPT may be a promising intervention for antenatal depression.

In a US pilot study, 12 depressed pregnant women were offered eight weekly sessions of brief IPT followed by monthly maintenance sessions up to 24 weeks postpartum.

In another US pilot study, 13 depressed pregnant women were offered 16 weekly sessions of IPT.

Building upon this pilot work, a 16-week randomized controlled trial was conducted with 50 low-income, Hispanic pregnant women who met DSM-IV criteria for depression; the mothers were randomly assigned to receive either IPT (n = 25) or a didactic parenting education program (n = 25).


Alloxan has cytotoxicity against pancreatic-cells and, thus, causes type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Although detailed mechanisms of the cytotoxicity are not yet clearly understood, alloxan causes apoptotic cell death with the release of Cyt c [7] . We previously demonstrated that in mitochondria, which were previously incubated with alloxan, enhanced MPT was clearly observed after addition of succinate [8] . The characteristics of MPT in the present study agreed with our previous report [8] . The inhibitors of mitochondrial function, such as CCCP, STG, and KCN, significantly inhibited MPT but did not inhibit the release of Cyt c (Figure 3(b) and Table 1 ). These findings suggest that the release of Cyt c from mitochondria is not parallel with MPT induced by alloxan-Ca 2+ and may be initiated independently of energy status. The present study demonstrates that mitochondrial swelling directly correlates with Cyt c release from mitochondria treated with high concentrations of Ca 2+ alone or alloxan-Ca 2+ . There are several lines of evidence to support that overexpression of calmodulin in mice results in insulin secretion defects, loss of pancreatic-cells and diabetes [41, 42] . The elevation of cytosolic Ca 2+ concentrations by free fatty acid induces-cells apoptosis [43] . Several quinones, which have similar structures to alloxan, reduce the threshold of Ca 2+ concentrations to induce mitochondrial swelling [26] . These findings lead us to speculate that alloxan may reduce the threshold of Ca 2+ concentration to induce MPT accompanied by swelling and that the subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from Cyt c release may be a cause of pancreatic-cell death.

Although detailed mechanisms of the cytotoxicity are not yet clearly understood, alloxan causes apoptotic cell death with the release of Cyt c.

We previously demonstrated that in mitochondria, which were previously incubated with alloxan, enhanced MPT was clearly observed after addition of succinate.

The characteristics of MPT in the present study agreed with our previous report.

There are several lines of evidence to support that overexpression of calmodulin in mice results in insulin secretion defects, loss of pancreatic-cells and diabetes.

The elevation of cytosolic Ca 2+ concentrations by free fatty acid induces-cells apoptosis.

Several quinones, which have similar structures to alloxan, reduce the threshold of Ca 2+ concentrations to induce mitochondrial swelling.


The present study shows that the addition of MPT inducers, such as high concentrations of Ca 2+ alone or alloxan-Ca 2+ , to mitochondrial suspension causes mitochondrial swelling and then Cyt c release from mitochondria isolated from rat livers. The release of Cyt c, which is bound to the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, into the cytosol has an important role in an early event in apoptosis [4, 5, 7] . CsA, a representative MPT inhibitor, significantly attenuated the extent of MPT induced by Ca 2+ alone or alloxan-Ca 2+ , whereas Cyt c release from mitochondria was still observed ( Figure 2 and Table 1) .

The release of Cyt c, which is bound to the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, into the cytosol has an important role in an early event in apoptosis.


A concern with any transposon-based technique is the potential for deleterious interruption of target genes leading to cell death and, consequently, false negatives. Previous experiments in diploid yeast found that calling cards are deposited into promoters of essential and non-essential genes at comparable frequencies [34] . Since mammalian genomes have much larger intergenic regions than yeast, human and mice genomes are likely also able to tolerate calling card transpositions. Indeed, that we were able to deposit SRTs in the developing mouse brain into enhancers and super-enhancers suggests a small mutagenic burden.

Previous experiments in diploid yeast found that calling cards are deposited into promoters of essential and non-essential genes at comparable frequencies.


While program goals vary across states and funding sources, it is widely recognized that to be considered a success, NFT programs must identify residents unable to transition in the absence of assistance, rather than assisting those who would have otherwise returned to the community without outside help [1] . Section Q of the National Resident Assessment Instrument/Minimum Data Set (MDS) 2.0 contains two items that record a resident's interest in returning to the community (Q1a) and whether family members were supportive of this preference (Q1b). Despite efforts by CMS to make this information more readily accessible, early NFT programs often struggled to identify appropriate transition candidates [2, 3] . State goals generally remain modest: among the first 31 MFP programs funded by the federal government, less than 1% of the total institutional population was targeted for transition, and several states have reduced their initial goals as they encountered a variety of program implementation roadblocks [4] . These problems have not diminished after the October 2010 debut of the new MDS 3.0.

While program goals vary across states and funding sources, it is widely recognized that to be considered a success, NFT programs must identify residents unable to transition in the absence of assistance, rather than assisting those who would have otherwise returned to the community without outside help.

Despite efforts by CMS to make this information more readily accessible, early NFT programs often struggled to identify appropriate transition candidates.

State goals generally remain modest: among the first 31 MFP programs funded by the federal government, less than 1% of the total institutional population was targeted for transition, and several states have reduced their initial goals as they encountered a variety of program implementation roadblocks.


Many tasks -including pattern recognition and fault diagnosis -can be viewed as classification, as each requires identifying the class labels for instances, each typically described by a set of attributes. Learning accurate classifiers is an active research topic in machine learning and data mining. An increasing number of projects are using Bayesian belief net (BN) classifiers, whose wide use was motivated by the simplicity and accuracy of the naïve Bayes (NB) classifier [3] . While these NB learners find parameters that work well for a fixed structure, it is desirable to optimize structure as well as parameters, towards achieving an accurate Bayesian network classifier.

An increasing number of projects are using Bayesian belief net (BN) classifiers, whose wide use was motivated by the simplicity and accuracy of the naïve Bayes (NB) classifier.


The inorganic coagulants (aluminum and iron salts) are not produced in developing countries which import them and have consequently a high cost on the countries development process. Within the framework of sustainable development, it would be interesting to develop local resources. Natural macromolecular coagulants are the object of several researches because of their abundant source, low price, innocuous nature, multifunction and biodegradability [5] . All those properties justify the actual growing interest for natural coagulant. For example, coagulating properties were found for natural macromolecules from the aqueous extracts of dry seeds of Moringa oleifera [6] [7] [8] .

Natural macromolecular coagulants are the object of several researches because of their abundant source, low price, innocuous nature, multifunction and biodegradability.

For example, coagulating properties were found for natural macromolecules from the aqueous extracts of dry seeds of Moringa oleifera.


The coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is abundant in most tropical countries. We have shown during our previous work that a casein extracted from the coconut cream has flocculating properties [9] . The aim of the present study is to suggest a technology of water treatment for the destabilization and the flocculation of kaolinite suspensions using coconut cream casein. The structure of the collected and freeze-dried sediments is analyzed to appreciate the flocculation process of kaolinite particles by coconut cream casein.

We have shown during our previous work that a casein extracted from the coconut cream has flocculating properties.


Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with an estimated number of 464,000 cases in Europe in 2012 [1] . Due to its burden and related impact on healthcare services, quality of care assessment in breast cancer has become a central issue for policy makers and clinicians, to ensure that patients receive the highest standards of care [2] [3] [4] . Therefore quality targets and accreditation requirements for hospitals and breast units have been identified [5] [6] [7] .

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with an estimated number of 464,000 cases in Europe in 2012.

Due to its burden and related impact on healthcare services, quality of care assessment in breast cancer has become a central issue for policy makers and clinicians, to ensure that patients receive the highest standards of care.

Therefore quality targets and accreditation requirements for hospitals and breast units have been identified.


Poor thymic selection via unique MHC molecules likely contributes significantly to the selection of autoreactive T cells. However, a compromised ability of such T cells to fully differentiate and engage the proper regulatory mechanisms in at-risk individuals may also contribute significantly to the chronic inflammation and postadolescent onset that characterizes many autoimmune diseases. Poor peripheral regulation could result in the formation of a repository of autoreactive T cells that have a threshold for activation lower than that of naïve cells-γ c-deficient mice show an agedependent accumulation of activated T cells in the spleen and CD4−/− T cells have been shown to survive repeated antigenic challenge and activation-induced apoptosis [51] . Chronic inflammation could arise in mice where T cells poorly express CD4, but have specificity for target antigens that persist in vivo. This chronic response may not be observed with foreign antigens since the stimulating epitope would be lost once the antigen depot is cleared-barring molecular mimicry. Thus, new considerations must be exercised when developing therapeutics since correcting immune dysregulation in autoimmune-prone individuals may be more challenging than that observed in normal healthy individuals, such that paradigms for tolerance induction developed in healthy mice may not be directly applicable to autoimmune-prone individuals.

Poor peripheral regulation could result in the formation of a repository of autoreactive T cells that have a threshold for activation lower than that of naïve cells-γ c-deficient mice show an agedependent accumulation of activated T cells in the spleen and CD4−/− T cells have been shown to survive repeated antigenic challenge and activation-induced apoptosis.


The development of sustainable agroecosystems, which replace inorganic with organic fertilizers have the ability to sustain greater earthworm populations and biomass (Whalen et al., 1998) . This was confi rmed in the present study with coffee cultivation in comparison to conventional practices. The adoption of organic agricultural production systems that reduce environmental impacts and stimulate the appearance and development of earthworms, and other benefi cial soil organisms should be encouraged, due to the positive effects and "environmental services" of these animals to soil, plants and other organisms (Lavelle et al., 2006) . This biodiversity enhances nutrient recycling and provides greater biological control, by reducing the pressure of harmful pests, thereby reducing production costs.

The development of sustainable agroecosystems, which replace inorganic with organic fertilizers have the ability to sustain greater earthworm populations and biomass.

The adoption of organic agricultural production systems that reduce environmental impacts and stimulate the appearance and development of earthworms, and other benefi cial soil organisms should be encouraged, due to the positive effects and "environmental services" of these animals to soil, plants and other organisms.


In previous research, heat fluxes were only measured at the centreline above the opening using commercial heat flux gauge (i.e. Gardon Gauge). To map the heat flux distribution on a façade, new and inexpensive heat flux gauges were designed and installed at several locations in the façade. A Steel plate apparatus, which is reliable, robust and much less expensive compared with commercial gauge, has been previously employed to measure total heat flux on enclosure walls or ceiling [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . However, some uncertainties related to the conduction losses from the steel plate to surrounding insulation still exist [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . To overcome these uncertainties, a modified steel plate was designed and calibrated by comparing steel plate heat fluxes with that measured by the Gardon gauge.

A Steel plate apparatus, which is reliable, robust and much less expensive compared with commercial gauge, has been previously employed to measure total heat flux on enclosure walls or ceiling.

However, some uncertainties related to the conduction losses from the steel plate to surrounding insulation still exist.


To compare the average global composition of the core of the fibers Mg-1 and Mg-0.1, number of counts for P, MgO, Ge and ErO were extracted from several 4µm×4µm SIMS zoomed images of the part of the fiber core containing the nanoparticles. More specifically, the data reported in figure 2 are the number of counts (×100) for a specific element extracted from the whole image normalized to the number of counts of all elements, i.e N p +N MgO +N ErO +N Ge . It is well known that the number of counts for a specific ion obtained in SIMS strongly depends on its chemical environment, its electron affinity and many other parameters. Then, we only compare the qualitative information relative to an element in both fibers. Conclusions regarding the relative elemental composition within one fiber are not possible from the present SIMS data. This type of study would require the use of various standards of known concentrations for P, Mg, Er and Ge [16] . The results reported on Fig. 2 clearly indicate that the signal for P, Ge and Er are of the same magnitude for both fibers. However, the Mg signal is ten times lower in Mg-0.1 than in Mg-1. This result is not surprising since both fibers were fabricated with the same recipe, except for Mg whose concentration in the doping solution is ten times lower in Mg-0.1 than in Mg-1. The fiber compositions were also estimated from EPMA (Electron Probe MicroAnalyser) measurements and the results are in good agreement with that obtained from the SIMS analysis Indeed, it was found that P 2 O 5 , GeO 2 and Er 2 O 3 concentrations of approximately 0.35 mol%, 0.8 mol% and 200 ppm respectively are similar in both fibers. In the case of MgO, the concentration in Mg-0.1 and Mg-1 are estimated to be 0.1 mol% and 1.4 mol%, respectively. These results obtained from 2 different techniques show that the overall compositions of the fibers are the same, except for the Mg content. Fig 3 shows the 4µm×4µm zoomed SIMS images of the part of the core fiber containing the nanoparticles for the Si, P, MgO, ErO and Ge elements. Images are obtained from the sum of 11 and 21 acquisition planes for Mg-0.1 and Mg-1, respectively. P, Mg and Er elements are clearly partitioned into the phase-separated region whereas Germanium seems to be present at the same concentration, inside or outside the particles, for both fibers.

This type of study would require the use of various standards of known concentrations for P, Mg, Er and Ge.


In Theorem 2.2 we give an explicit bound on the rate of convergence. For example, when d = 2, the area of the symmetric difference (1) is O(n −1/6 log n). We also prove this result in the more general setting of arbitrary rotor stacks of bounded "discrepancy;" see section 2 for details. Here we should emphasize that much work remains to be done if one hopes to explain the almost perfect circularity found in Figure 1 . The form of convergence in Theorem 1.1 is not as strong as the convergence in the shape theorems for internal DLA [10, 11] . In particular, Theorem 1.1 does not preclude the formation of long tendrils, or of "holes" close to the origin, provided that the volume of these features is negligible compared to n.

The form of convergence in Theorem 1.1 is not as strong as the convergence in the shape theorems for internal DLA.


Crystallization is the last step in the production of almost all active pharmaceutical ingredients or API [1] . As such, it is an integral part of the complete API production scheme consisting of all necessary chemical reactions and unit operations. It is therefore necessary that, next to other unit operations such as solvent exchanges, liquid-liquid reactions and others, valid crystallization alternatives exist that can be readily incorporated into flow chemistry streams [1, 2] . Albeit not a chemical transformation operation, continuous crystallization must be regarded as a full and integral part in the flow chemistry domain. Continuous crystallization from solution of small molecular weight organic molecules has known an increased interest following a trend to convert chemical production processes of these molecules from batch conditions to continuous flow operations [1, 3, 4] . Different approaches exist to achieve continuous crystal output such as Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal (MSMPR), oscillatory baffled crystallizers (OBC), as well as tubular reactors [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .

Crystallization is the last step in the production of almost all active pharmaceutical ingredients or API.

It is therefore necessary that, next to other unit operations such as solvent exchanges, liquid-liquid reactions and others, valid crystallization alternatives exist that can be readily incorporated into flow chemistry streams.

Continuous crystallization from solution of small molecular weight organic molecules has known an increased interest following a trend to convert chemical production processes of these molecules from batch conditions to continuous flow operations.

Different approaches exist to achieve continuous crystal output such as Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal (MSMPR), oscillatory baffled crystallizers (OBC), as well as tubular reactors.


This paper proposes an OpenCL implementation of the second order tensor field computation of massive point datasets. Compared with an existing KD-Tree parallel approach which uses OpenMP, our approach is 24× faster on an Intel i7-2600K. Since OpenCL supports heterogeneous devices, we investigated the performance of our implementation on a set of heterogeneous architectures, showing a remarkable reduction of the execution time. Furthermore, aware of the heterogeneous computing trend, we investigated different scheduling policies on two heterogeneous machines. The obtained results validate the success of the proposed SimpleHS heuristic, which shows comparable performance to more complex static heuristics, only using information available at scheduling time. In the future, we plan to extend our work to distributed environment using the libWater library [10, 9] .

In the future, we plan to extend our work to distributed environment using the libWater library.


Yield for Clurius fuscus in our system was 9.8 kg/m3 per 90 days. Comparing our production with a commercial Clurius batruchus system in Thailand indicated that overall yield for the Thai system was much higher for Clarias butruthus (25.4 kg/m3 per 90 days), due to more rapid growth (90.2 vs. 57.7 g) and better survival (79.5 vs. 40%) (Tarnchalanukit et al., 1983) . While these authors did not indicate water temperature, their tanks were likely between 25 and 30°C. Warmer temperatures in this range could promote faster growth than found in our experiment. The Thai research found no density effects on growth, although survival was variable among densities.

Comparing our production with a commercial Clurius batruchus system in Thailand indicated that overall yield for the Thai system was much higher for Clarias butruthus (25.4 kg/m3 per 90 days), due to more rapid growth (90.2 vs. 57.7 g) and better survival (79.5 vs. 40%).


The input cost of production medium formulation was identified, early on, as a critical factor determining economic viability of the algal biotechnology enterprise (Oswald, 1995) . This stricture contributes in part, at least, to the relatively low number of microalgal species production systems that have emerged as commercially viable mass culture operations, notwithstanding a period of intensive research over several decades. Media cost remains an important driver in the currently renewed focus on the feasibility and profitability potential of algal biomass in biofuels production (Chisti, 2007; Harun et al., 2010) . The particular sensitivity of this factor in production profitability analysis has refocused interest in the use of wastes as possible sources of nutrients and, where possible, the linkage of waste treatment and algal production to achieve reductions in both operational and capital costs (Christensen and Sims, 2011) . Use of waste nutrients may also mitigate the problem of negative energy yields in biofuels production.

The input cost of production medium formulation was identified, early on, as a critical factor determining economic viability of the algal biotechnology enterprise.

Media cost remains an important driver in the currently renewed focus on the feasibility and profitability potential of algal biomass in biofuels production.

The particular sensitivity of this factor in production profitability analysis has refocused interest in the use of wastes as possible sources of nutrients and, where possible, the linkage of waste treatment and algal production to achieve reductions in both operational and capital costs.


The global economic crisis and the ensuing euro area crisis have highlighted the salience and the redistributive consequences of monetary integration. As a consequence, citizens have become increasingly aware of the interdependence of European economies and the importance of European Union (EU) institutions in determining the future of individual national economies. Institutional responses to the crisis have also brought about reforms to deepen integration in the EU and resulted in calls for greater democracy and enhanced legitimacy. The euro area crisis thus represents the clearest example to date of Europe-wide politicization of the integration issue, understood in Schmitter's sense as a 'widening of the audience or clientele interested and active in integration ' (1969: 166) . This can thus be seen as a critical step in the ongoing process leading away from the 'permissive consensus' of the early period of integration, where insulated leaders could make decisions without public consultation, towards a 'constraining dissensus' where public opinion is both more critical and more decisive (Hooghe and Marks 2009) . With a proliferation of referendums on EU matters, politicization of EU issues in national elections and increased powers of the European Parliament, future reforms to deepen European integration hinge more than ever upon public support.

This can thus be seen as a critical step in the ongoing process leading away from the 'permissive consensus' of the early period of integration, where insulated leaders could make decisions without public consultation, towards a 'constraining dissensus' where public opinion is both more critical and more decisive.


Human Robot interaction traditionally been done through teach pendants but that required trained operator. Other methods includes wearables like gloves. But these types of wearable technologies are not flexible enough in working environment as it needs frequently wearing and removing [10] . This can cause damage to the wearable and can potentially increase the amount of maintenance.

But these types of wearable technologies are not flexible enough in working environment as it needs frequently wearing and removing.


The study reported here illustrates one approach that can contribute to the development of a theory of instruction (Hilgard, 1964) . This is not to suggest that the OU procedure represents a final solution to the problem of optimal item selection. The model upon which this strategy is based ignores several important factors, such as interitem relationships, motivation, and short-term memory effects (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968, p. 190) . Undoubtedly, strategies based on learning models that take these variables into account would yield superior procedures.

The study reported here illustrates one approach that can contribute to the development of a theory of instruction.


Although the task considered in this article deals with a limited form of instruction, there are at least two practical reasons for studying it. First, this type of task occurs in numerous learning situations; no matter what the pedagogical orientation, any initial reading program or foreign-language course involves some form of list learning. In this regard it should be noted that a modified version of the OU strategy has been used successfully in the Stanford computer-assisted instruction program in initial reading (Atkinson & Fletcher, 1972) . Second, the study of simple tasks that can be understood in detail provides prototypes for analyzing more complex optimization problems. At present, analyses comparable to those reported here cannot be made for many instructional procedures of central interest to educators, but examples of this sort help to clarify the steps involved in devising and testing optimal strategies.

In this regard it should be noted that a modified version of the OU strategy has been used successfully in the Stanford computer-assisted instruction program in initial reading.


The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) has recently measured a very small magnetic field (B≤5 nT) below the ionospheric peak, indicating that any global-scale magnetic field of planetary origin is less than an equatorial field strength of about 5 nT (Acuña et al., 1998) . At the top of the ionosphere the magnetic field is of the order of 15 to 20 nT. This shows that Mars has no significant intrinsic magnetic field but a solar wind induced ionospheric magnetic field. But MGS also detected fairly strong (B≤1600 nT) magnetic anomalies of small spatial scale, mainly in the southern hemisphere, which are considered to be of crustal origin. It is likely that the ionosphere of Mars, at least in the southern hemisphere, is also significantly affected by the crustal magnetic field.

The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) has recently measured a very small magnetic field (B≤5 nT) below the ionospheric peak, indicating that any global-scale magnetic field of planetary origin is less than an equatorial field strength of about 5 nT.


The abatement of such emissions therefore becomes indispensable from an environmental and economic viewpoint as the gaseous fuel is inadvertently lost, which contributes to the greenhouse gas effect. Until recently, no technology has been offered for satisfactorily treating the lean methane below 1%-v [4] . In addition, the emission of methane has typical characteristics such as ambient temperature and dynamic concentration. Treatment of low-temperature lean methane emission using a catalytic fixed bed reactor with one-through operation usually requires a preheater to achieve the reaction temperature due to its low adiabatic temperature rise. As a consequence, its dynamic concentration may induce reactor instability to some extent. Therefore, a proper operation method for reduction of methane emission is highly required.

Until recently, no technology has been offered for satisfactorily treating the lean methane below 1%-v.


In the second part of the article we study the locus of real general forms for which the real rank equals the complex rank. In general, the complex rank is known by AlexanderHrischowitz theorem [1] . It follows that there exists a Zariski dense semialgebraic set R n,d of real forms with such real rank. The real rank boundary ∂ alg R n,d is defined as the Zariski closure of the topological boundary of R n,d .

In general, the complex rank is known by AlexanderHrischowitz theorem.


Government involvement in multiple peril crop insurance began in the late-1930s in the United States. Federal crop insurance was first authorized in Title V of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 (Benedict 1953; Kramer 1983) . The program was offered on a pilot basis and initially covered only wheat; in 1939, about 165,000 wheat policies were issued on approximately 7 million acres in 31 states (Rowe and Smith 1940) . For its first 40 years, federal crop insurance was offered for a limited number of crops and in a limited number of counties. County crop programs were often withdrawn if heavy losses were experienced and coverage levels were adjusted to limit loss exposure. By 1980, only about half of the nation's counties and 26 crops were eligible for insurance coverage (Chite 1988) .

Federal crop insurance was first authorized in Title V of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938.

The program was offered on a pilot basis and initially covered only wheat; in 1939, about 165,000 wheat policies were issued on approximately 7 million acres in 31 states.

By 1980, only about half of the nation's counties and 26 crops were eligible for insurance coverage.


In 2008, the World Bank surveyed a number of developed and developing countries on their use of crop and livestock insurance (Mahul and Stutley 2010) . Table 1 includes data from that survey on the availability of crop and livestock insurance for selected developed countries. Of the 21 high income countries who responded to the survey, seven provided no subsidies to insurance programs. In these countries, privately offered named peril products such as crop-hail or livestock mortality insurance were common, but multiple peril crop insurance was offered in only one country. However, 10 of the 14 subsidizing countries offered multiple peril crop insurance (MPCI) policies. In 2008, revenue products were offered in only three countries (Sweden, Canada and the United States).

In 2008, the World Bank surveyed a number of developed and developing countries on their use of crop and livestock insurance.


Furthermore, plasmonics generally offers the opportunity to develop ultra-sensitive bioassays for the analysis of various complex biomedical and environmental samples including body fluids, food and soil [22, 23] . One of the biggest challenges is rapid detection at low concentrations of proteins, DNA structures and microbes. The coupling nanoprobe emission response with plasmonic and hybrid plasmonic/photonic excitations in complex environments such as hybrid photonic plasmonic structures offers a pathway to develop such critically needed technologies.

Furthermore, plasmonics generally offers the opportunity to develop ultra-sensitive bioassays for the analysis of various complex biomedical and environmental samples including body fluids, food and soil.


In this paper, we first explore the trade-off between delaying an access (no speculation) and issuing it as a Ghost load. We then explore the performance implications of Ghost loads, and how they can be improved, achieving high security with low-performance cost. We compare both the non-speculative solutions and the Ghost loads with the current state-of-the-art solution, InvisiSpec [39] . We show that, even though Ghost loads take a similar approach to InvisiSpec, such a detailed performance evaluation is critical, as the added complexity introduced by InvisiSpec is not supported by the performance achieved. In fact, we will show that similar performance can be achieved simply by delaying all speculative accesses, without the need for any modifications to the memory hierarchy and the cache coherence protocol.

We compare both the non-speculative solutions and the Ghost loads with the current state-of-the-art solution, InvisiSpec.


Some floating car system researches aimed at dealing with the urban traffic congestion were completed by the domestic traffic experts and scholars in recent years. The transportation research center of Beijing has built the road network traffic intelligent analysis system based on the 7,000 floating cars, which integrated the map matching and travel time estimation for road network state judgment and dynamic traffic information release through the real time position platform [7] . Based on the 15,000 floating cars, Transport Commission of Guangzhou city built the intelligent navigation and location information service system for the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games [8] . Similarity, Hangzhou city have installed the GPS for the 10,000 taxis to schedule the vehicle and road network state judgment, which also integrated the microwave detector data of road segment [9] .

The transportation research center of Beijing has built the road network traffic intelligent analysis system based on the 7,000 floating cars, which integrated the map matching and travel time estimation for road network state judgment and dynamic traffic information release through the real time position platform.

Based on the 15,000 floating cars, Transport Commission of Guangzhou city built the intelligent navigation and location information service system for the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games.

Similarity, Hangzhou city have installed the GPS for the 10,000 taxis to schedule the vehicle and road network state judgment, which also integrated the microwave detector data of road segment.


Infectious aortitis is an inflammatory process within the arterial wall caused by microorganisms. As a complication, microbial arteritis with aneurysm can develop. Possible mechanisms are septic emboli to the vasa vasorum, continuous infection from a focus extending to the arterial wall, direct bacterial inoculation and bacterial seeding in an existing intimal injury or an atherosclerotic plaque [1] . Typical risk factors are male gender, age over 50 years, diabetes, and pathological alterations of the aortic wall (most commonly atherosclerosis) [1] . The most frequently isolated pathogens are Salmonella and staphylococcal species [8, 9] .

Possible mechanisms are septic emboli to the vasa vasorum, continuous infection from a focus extending to the arterial wall, direct bacterial inoculation and bacterial seeding in an existing intimal injury or an atherosclerotic plaque.

Typical risk factors are male gender, age over 50 years, diabetes, and pathological alterations of the aortic wall (most commonly atherosclerosis).

The most frequently isolated pathogens are Salmonella and staphylococcal species.


In this paper, we propose a novel method to obtain shape, texture, surface roughness, and illumination distribution from a single view in one integrated framework, with different approach from Rahmann's method [12] . The threedimensional shape of the target object is obtained by computing the surface normal from polarization data. The texture is calculated from the diffuse only reflection component, after separating the reflection components of the images based on color. The illumination directions are determined from the position of the brightest intensity in the specular component. Finally, the surface roughness of the object is computed by using the estimated illumination distribution.

In this paper, we propose a novel method to obtain shape, texture, surface roughness, and illumination distribution from a single view in one integrated framework, with different approach from Rahmann's method.


The serine/threonine protein kinase Akt which is downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 K), is an important intracellular signaling pathway downstream of many growth factor receptor. This pathway is able to activate proliferation and survival pathways in cancer [23] . Our result showed that RM flower extract could decrease the phosphorylation of Akt in A431 cells. These results correspond with previous studies that reported down-regulation of ERK/Akt induced apoptosis in cancer cells [24] [25] [26] .

This pathway is able to activate proliferation and survival pathways in cancer.

These results correspond with previous studies that reported down-regulation of ERK/Akt induced apoptosis in cancer cells.


However, BeiDou-3e satellites are based on two different satellite platforms developed by CAST and the China Academy of Science (CAS). The CAS platform weighs only approximately 848 kg. Similar to Galileo-IOV/FOC satellites, it has an elongated shape along X-axis instead of a cubic one, and the elongated face with the normal direction along Z axis points to the earth's center. In addition, a star camera instead of sun and earth sensors is used to determine attitude and stabilize the satellite's orientation. On the other hand, the CAST platform has a cubic shape and weighs 2800 kg. Other improved technologies have also been used for both platforms. For example, the intersatellite link manages communication and distance measurement between the BeiDou-3e satellites to enable autonomous navigation, and improves independency and stability of BDS. With intersatellite ranging measurements, precise orbits can be determined (Yang et al. 2017) . The primary frequency standards of the BeiDou-2 navigation payload are based on Chinese rubidium clocks, while European clocks serve as backup units. However, passive hydrogen masers (PHMs) developed by Shanghai Astronomical Observatory and Beijing Institute of Radio Metrology and Measurement have been used to provide the primary frequency standard for BeiDou-3 satellites. The improved Chinese rubidium atomic frequency standards (RAFSs) serve as the backup.

With intersatellite ranging measurements, precise orbits can be determined.


In questioning the understanding of human ± computer interaction as an exchange of data or information based on the goal-driven execution of actions we will apply a systemic perspective of cognitive engineering, nam ely rethinking human ± com puter interaction as a mutually modulation of system s. Interaction is considered to be a mutual m odulation in¯uencing the respective (knowledge / representation) system so that a certain task can be achieved. Intentions becom e behaviors and activities on the human side, computation results are prepared as output on the machine side. W hat is referred to as human ± computer interaction, is a multi-level, multi-channel, and multi-modal interaction process between two representation system s. Figure  2 illustrates the result from that shift, nam ely from exp licitly goal-driven to representational systems matching behavior param eters along task accomplishm ent instead of matching developer and user goals explicitly. In applying this perspective hum an ± computer interaction becomes the m utual adaptation of two systems involved : the com puter system and the cognitive system of the user. In modeling the user this way, cognitive modeling will not have to address an externalized and internal mental model of end users any more. The transition between explicit and tacit m ental representations will be resolved by unifying both perspectives through sub-symbolic representations and behavior patterns. Cognitive m odeling partially becomes behavioristicÐ this paradigm has been termed neo-behavioristic (Stary et al. 1995) .

Cognitive m odeling partially becomes behavioristicÐ this paradigm has been termed neo-behavioristic.


In the absence of an S-matrix one is left to study correlation functions. While these are not physical, they surely encode measurable information. To address the question of how to access this information, Georgi proposed a model with two sectors that are very weakly coupled through irrelevant operators [2] . The first sector, call it the 'SM' sector, is by itself non-scale-invariant. An example of such a sector is the standard model of electroweak and strong interactions. The second sector, call it the 'SI' sector, is, considered in its own right, a scale-invariant theory (SIT). In this construction an observer made up of SM stuff can conduct experiments that excite and probe the SI sector. For one example, scattering of SM particles into SI stuff appears like the scattering into invisible particles with possibly fractional dimensions of phase space. And for another, exclusive scattering processes of SM to SM particles can present unusual patterns of SM-SI interference [3] . Georgi dubbed this construction 'unparticle physics' because of the apparent fractional dimension of the phase space in 'unparticle' production.

To address the question of how to access this information, Georgi proposed a model with two sectors that are very weakly coupled through irrelevant operators.

And for another, exclusive scattering processes of SM to SM particles can present unusual patterns of SM-SI interference.


The physical consequences of a quantum field theory can all be obtained from its S-matrix, provided the S-matrix is well defined. Of course, the S-matrix directly encodes information on scattering cross sections and hence on widths and masses of resonances too. The computation of some other quantities, such as static properties of stable particles like the gyromagnetic ratio of the electron or the neutron, is only slightly less direct. But even quantities such as the thermodynamic potential of a system in a thermal bath, something that would appear quite unrelated to the S-matrix, can be obtained form it [1] . However, the S-matrix does not exist in theories with scale invariance.

But even quantities such as the thermodynamic potential of a system in a thermal bath, something that would appear quite unrelated to the S-matrix, can be obtained form it.


The context and environment surrounding the water utility sector is complex and dynamic. Continuing evolution of the chemical/pharmaceutical industry, diversity of stakeholders, the continuous changes in the political context, and economic fluctuation represent just some of the key drivers. Additionally, there is a growing public awareness of environmental issues, leading to a perceived need for a fair apportionment of liability within the water industry, which in turn has led to the costs of both the generation and storage of data over the last decade, which in turn has led to the creation, and growing ease of access to substantive datasets [13] .

Additionally, there is a growing public awareness of environmental issues, leading to a perceived need for a fair apportionment of liability within the water industry, which in turn has led to the costs of both the generation and storage of data over the last decade, which in turn has led to the creation, and growing ease of access to substantive datasets.


Several studies have reported that the amount of alcohol consumption decreases to some extent in the older compared to younger people [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Other studies have indicated that because the peak blood ethanol concentration of older people was higher than that of younger people, the prevalence of alcohol sensitivity may be increased in older people [9] [10] [11] . Older people may thus be particularly vulnerable to harmful effects of alcohol consumption [12, 13] .

Several studies have reported that the amount of alcohol consumption decreases to some extent in the older compared to younger people.

Other studies have indicated that because the peak blood ethanol concentration of older people was higher than that of younger people, the prevalence of alcohol sensitivity may be increased in older people.

Older people may thus be particularly vulnerable to harmful effects of alcohol consumption.


Three species food web models are fundamental building blocks of large scale ecosystems. To clarify the local or global and short-term or long-term behavior of ecosystems, it is essential to understand the interacting dynamics of three species food web models. A monotone ecosystem whose interactions among n-species are all cooperative or competitive (n = 2) have been well studied in the past three decades thanks to the theory of monotone dynamical systems [9] . However, for a non-monotone system whose interactions are blended at least with one consumption (i.e. herbivory, predation or parasitism), most known results are constrained on two species cases since the classical Poincaré-Bendixson Theorem can be applied. Hence recently attentions have been attracted to the dynamics of a non-monotone ecosystem with at least 3-species.

A monotone ecosystem whose interactions among n-species are all cooperative or competitive (n = 2) have been well studied in the past three decades thanks to the theory of monotone dynamical systems.


The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is used to investigate the relationship between environmental degradation (measured by CO 2 emissions per capita in general) and economic growth. According to the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, environmental degradation increases as a country grows economically. This situation continues until the country reaches a high level of income. When the country reaches a certain level of income (approximately uppermiddle income level), CO 2 emissions decline. The main goal of countries at the first stage of economic development is to increase their development level, that is, to increase their output level and to create new job opportunities. In this process, environmental quality has a Bsecondary importance ( Onafowora and Owoye, 2014) . In addition, achieving a certain (high income) level does not necessarily mean that CO 2 emissions in a country will decrease. In other words, policy makers should take the necessary implications into account in reducing environmental degradation.

In this process, environmental quality has a Bsecondary importance.


With the increasing shortage of coal resources in shallow depth, the mining depth of coal mine in China is increasing at a speed of 10-25 m per year. Currently, China has 47 coal mines more than 1000 m deep [1] [2] [3] . Deep coal mining at 1000 m in other countries like Poland, Germany, Britain, and Japan is also common [4] . Compared with shallow mining, deep coal mining is confronted with some complicated problems such as large deformation, rockbursts, and water hazards [5] [6] [7] [8] . Among them, the large deformation and failure of deep roadways threaten seriously mining production and safety [9] .

Currently, China has 47 coal mines more than 1000 m deep.

Deep coal mining at 1000 m in other countries like Poland, Germany, Britain, and Japan is also common.

Compared with shallow mining, deep coal mining is confronted with some complicated problems such as large deformation, rockbursts, and water hazards.

Among them, the large deformation and failure of deep roadways threaten seriously mining production and safety.


The information-theoretic picture is universal, general, conceptually transparent and can be post hoc imbued with the specific constraints of particular models. On the informational level, scenarios with differing computational models can be directly compared with each other. At the same time, the informational treatment allows one to incorporate limits in the information processing capacity that are fundamental properties of a particular agent-environment system. This is especially attractive in that it seems to apply to biologically relevant scenarios to some extent; details of this view are increasingly discussed (Taylor et al. 2007; Polani 2009) . Under this perspective, in essence, one considers e.g. the informational cost of handling a given task. Vice versa, one can ask how well one can actually handle a task if constraints on the computational power are imposed (here in the form of limited informational bandwidth).

This is especially attractive in that it seems to apply to biologically relevant scenarios to some extent; details of this view are increasingly discussed.


Such projects are expected to help schools generate additional resources, cut down operational costs, and finance other activities at the school level. It was also expected to reduce the burden of education financing on the part of parents, by enabling schools to finance part of their operational costs from self-generated funds without necessarily passing the burden to parents (Kogolla, 2006) . In this regard, the idea of school-based IGAs has been promoted in various forums, including annual conferences of secondary school heads. Whereas some schools have initiated IGA projects, others are still planning to do so. What is not clear is the financial performance of schools that have initiated IGA projects; are they better off that schools that are yet starting such projects? In other words, do such projects add any value to the financial performance of schools? What challenges are experienced by schools in managing such projects? These are the key concerns that inspired the planning and conduct of this study.

It was also expected to reduce the burden of education financing on the part of parents, by enabling schools to finance part of their operational costs from self-generated funds without necessarily passing the burden to parents.


On their side, school principals have had to operate in a difficult environment of resource constraints and unfavourable macro-economic conditions. As a result, schools have had to contend with high debts in fees arrears, which are often transferred to suppliers of goods and services. By October 2006, secondary schools in the republic were owed a total of KES 12 billion in fees arrears. In view of this, suppliers and contractors were owed equally huge sums of money forcing some of them to pull out of contracts and press charges for damages. Indebtedness affects the management of schools because a large proportion of income goes to debt servicing, with little or nothing left for development needs. This compels school boards to raise fees very often to adjust to macro-economic conditions, which disadvantages students from poor families (Onsomu et al., 2006) .

This compels school boards to raise fees very often to adjust to macro-economic conditions, which disadvantages students from poor families.