The term superconcentration was introduced by S. Chatterjee to describe a situation when the size of typical fluctuations of a function on a probability space is much smaller than the bound provided by "classical" concentration inequalities [4] . In this note, we are concerned with applications of the superconcentration phenomenon in asymptotic geometric analysis; specifically, in the problem of finding large (1 + ε)-Euclidean sections of convex bodies. On the probabilistic level, we derive a concentration inequality for convex positively homogeneous functions in the Gauss space satisfying some additional assumptions. On the geometric level, we show that John's position may be a "bad" choice as far as dependence of dimension on ε is concerned in the randomized Dvoretzky's theorem, and, at least for unit balls of normed spaces with a 1-unconditional basis, the ℓ-position allows a substantially better bound on the dimension.

The term superconcentration was introduced by S. Chatterjee to describe a situation when the size of typical fluctuations of a function on a probability space is much smaller than the bound provided by "classical" concentration inequalities.


However, aerodynamic forces and wave influence on the structure are different. Hence, the wind turbine and platform endure unbalanced loads all the way [2] . IPC which has excellent performance in wind turbine control can be used to alleviate the wind turbine fatigue loads caused mainly by wind and waves [3] .

Hence, the wind turbine and platform endure unbalanced loads all the way.

IPC which has excellent performance in wind turbine control can be used to alleviate the wind turbine fatigue loads caused mainly by wind and waves.


Microstrip antennas are quite an obvious choice for the wireless devices because of their properties as low-profile, light weight, low cost and easy fabrication. As far as the size is concerned, the patch length should be around half a wavelength for the structure to work as a good radiator [1] . Defected ground structure is realized by etching off a simple shape (defect) from the ground plane. Depending on the shape and dimensions of the defect, the shielded current distribution in the ground plane is disturbed, resulting in a controlled excitation and propagation of the electromagnetic waves through the substrate layer. The shape of the defect may be changed from a simple shape to a complicated one for a better performance [2] .

As far as the size is concerned, the patch length should be around half a wavelength for the structure to work as a good radiator.

The shape of the defect may be changed from a simple shape to a complicated one for a better performance.


H. Ching-Hsiang, H. Chun Ying and C. Kuan-Ta introduce a new feature based on measurement of response time of the domain [29] . A characteristic feature is applicable in real time and does not require significant resources for memory and processing power. There is a problem with legitimate domains, which have no needs to achieve fast response in local segments where it is installed. For example, a local significant portal response time achieved from a distant geographical location.

H. Ching-Hsiang, H. Chun Ying and C. Kuan-Ta introduce a new feature based on measurement of response time of the domain.


To detect Fast-flux and Domain-flux techniques and thus the existence of a bot in a local network a passive or active analysis of the DNS traffic has to be executed. It can be assumed that in the monitored traffic, some of the users are infected with malicious content and that some malware components will be running on monitored systems. These components are likely to contact malicious domains. Malicious domains can be distinguished by studying public malware domain lists and spam blacklists. The goal is to detect patterns in DNS traffic that can be redirected to Intrusion Detection System or Intrusion Prevention System to detect and disable bots in local networks [18] .

The goal is to detect patterns in DNS traffic that can be redirected to Intrusion Detection System or Intrusion Prevention System to detect and disable bots in local networks.


The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, clients, or any resource connected to the Internet. It provides a critical Internet service of mapping between two principal name spaces on the Internet: DNS tree and Internet protocol logical address space. DNS system is one of the unavoidable components of the critical infrastructure of the Internet as it makes possible to assign humanfriendly names into logical Internet protocol addresses [1] . Maintaining consistency in handling names is one of the most important tasks in increasingly frequent changes of IP addresses due to widespread usage of dynamic DNS techniques.

DNS system is one of the unavoidable components of the critical infrastructure of the Internet as it makes possible to assign humanfriendly names into logical Internet protocol addresses.


Taken together, the participants' social responses toward the target person appeared to differ as a function of the type of behavior pattern and of the type of social response. Participants appeared to recognize the different behavior patterns since they showed differential cognitive social responses toward the targets, i.e., a more negative evaluation of pessimistic targets. However, these differences were not translated into differential affective social responses, such as a lower attraction to pessimistic targets and a lower willingness to provide them with social support. The finding that pessimists and optimists were perceived as equally socially attractive, and that they elicited a comparable amount of social support, clearly contradicts previous findings showing that pessimists were less socially accepted than optimists (Carver et al., 1994; Helweg-Larsen et al., 2002; Silver et al., 1990) .

The finding that pessimists and optimists were perceived as equally socially attractive, and that they elicited a comparable amount of social support, clearly contradicts previous findings showing that pessimists were less socially accepted than optimists.


Defining a descriptive and effective language to describe composite services is the core in the field of Web service composition. IBM, Microsoft and BEA are cooperating to define BPEL4WS (Business Process Execution Language for Web Services) [3] . BPEL4WS, currently at version 1.1, allows modelling the behaviour of Web services in a business process interaction. It can be used to describe both executable processes and abstract processes and support for long running transactions. A BPEL4WS process, when running on an engine, has an interface to the outside world like any normal Web services. And it is supposed to be run by a centralised engine. Some extra operations to partition it into a decentralised workflow are needed for it to be deployed on a p2p or Grid network.

IBM, Microsoft and BEA are cooperating to define BPEL4WS (Business Process Execution Language for Web Services).


On the other hand, for the second criterion of local instability, as was shown in the above, the local instability is determined by a sectional curvature of a 2-dimensional plane spanned by the velocity and deviation vector of the orbit. In this case, the local instability is determined not only by the position of a particle in configuration space but also by its velocity. It seems to be a better criterion to determine chaotic behavior. In fact, it is known that in the case that sectional curvatures of the particle orbit in a compact region are all negative, the geodesic becomes chaotic [10] . If a configuration space is two dimensional, because the sectional curvature is always equal to the scalar curvature, a negative scalar curvature always leads to chaos.

In fact, it is known that in the case that sectional curvatures of the particle orbit in a compact region are all negative, the geodesic becomes chaotic.


In this paper we identify, analogously to the four-dimensional case, an instanton which interpolates between the near-horizon AdS 7 × S 4 geometry of the M5 brane and the "near-horizon" 2 two-centred AdS 7 ×S 4 geometry of the two-centred M5 brane. The standard procedure, which we follow, is to use the Euclidean path integral approach to quantum gravity [3] . We will be interested in contributions to the zero-temperature vacuum amplitude, given by the path integral Z = D[φ]e −I [φ] (1.1) over all fields φ which are real on the Euclidean section and with boundary conditions appropriate to the zero-temperature vacuum, and where I is the Euclidean action.

The standard procedure, which we follow, is to use the Euclidean path integral approach to quantum gravity.


Since the volume of anti-de Sitter space is infinite, the action (1.2) evaluated on an asymptotically AdS p+2 × S D−p−2 space generally diverges. A common solution to this problem is to first regularise the action by imposing cut-offs, and then subtract the action I 0 of a background which acts as a "zero-point" and contains the same infrared divergences [6, 7] . This zero-point action must be written as a surface integral and corresponds exactly to the term I 0 [h] in (1.2) above. However this background subtraction technique is not in general well-defined. If for a particular geometry there exists a reference background with the same intrinsic metric on the boundary, the process works. Unfortunately, one cannot always find such a reference background. This is indeed the case for the multi-centred AdS p+2 × S D−p−2 spacetimes.

A common solution to this problem is to first regularise the action by imposing cut-offs, and then subtract the action I 0 of a background which acts as a "zero-point" and contains the same infrared divergences.


For the ordered case, lower bounds on set intersection are also lower bounds for merging both sets. However, the converse is not true, as in set intersection we do not need to find the actual position of each element in the union of both sets, just if one element is in the other set or not. Although there has been a lot of work on minimum comparison merging in the worst case, almost no research has been done on the average case because it does not make much of a difference. However, this is not true for multiple search, and hence for set intersection [3] .

However, this is not true for multiple search, and hence for set intersection.


Since the initiation of the "reform and opening-up" policy in 1978, China has made great achievements in social and economic development, and undergone unprecedented urbanization [1] . This urbanization has caused the phenomena of a monumental flow of rural-to-urban migration and dramatic spatial expansion in the scale of urban land in China [2, 3] . Urbanization has made a significant impact on the man-land relationship between urban and rural areas in China while contributing to sustained social and economic development. The study of the change of the man-land relationship triggered by the rapid urbanization in China has emerged as a hot topic worldwide [4] .

Since the initiation of the "reform and opening-up" policy in 1978, China has made great achievements in social and economic development, and undergone unprecedented urbanization.

This urbanization has caused the phenomena of a monumental flow of rural-to-urban migration and dramatic spatial expansion in the scale of urban land in China.

The study of the change of the man-land relationship triggered by the rapid urbanization in China has emerged as a hot topic worldwide.


The AMIC (autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis) procedure uses a porcine collagen type I/III membrane to cover the microfractured defect that has been filled with fibrin glue and autologous serum or PRP [13] [14] [15] . Recently, chitosan-based BST-CarGel that is mixed with autologous whole blood and applied to microfractured cartilage lesions has been shown to result in greater defect filling and superior repair tissue quality after one year, compared to microfracture alone. However, the clinical outcome as assessed by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) was significantly improved in both groups compared to baseline, but showed no differences between the treatment groups [16] .

The AMIC (autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis) procedure uses a porcine collagen type I/III membrane to cover the microfractured defect that has been filled with fibrin glue and autologous serum or PRP.

However, the clinical outcome as assessed by Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) was significantly improved in both groups compared to baseline, but showed no differences between the treatment groups.


D-Xylose metabolism in pentose-fermenting yeasts proceeds initially through a D-xylose-inducible enzyme pathway (Webb & Lee, 1990) . D-Xylose undergoes a twostep isomerization where it is first reduced by NAD(P)H-dependent xylose reductase to xylitol, which is oxidized by NAD+-dependent xylitol dehydrogenase to D-xyluloSe. D-XylUlOSe is then phosphorylated by xylulose kinase to ~-xylulose-5-phosphate which enters the pentose phosphate, Embden-Meyerhof or phosphoketolase pathways (Evans & Ratledge, 1984; Skoog & Hahn-Hagerdal, 1988) . Xylose reductase, the first enzyme in the pathway, has been shown to control the rate of D-xylose utilization (Hagedorn & Ciriacy, 1989; Schneider et al., 1989) . In addition, the ability of some pentose-fermenting yeasts such as Pichia stipitis to ferment D-xylose anaerobically is linked to the NADPH or NADH cofactor requirement of their xylose reductases (Bruinenberg et al., 1984) .

D-Xylose metabolism in pentose-fermenting yeasts proceeds initially through a D-xylose-inducible enzyme pathway.

D-XylUlOSe is then phosphorylated by xylulose kinase to ~-xylulose-5-phosphate which enters the pentose phosphate, Embden-Meyerhof or phosphoketolase pathways.

Xylose reductase, the first enzyme in the pathway, has been shown to control the rate of D-xylose utilization.

In addition, the ability of some pentose-fermenting yeasts such as Pichia stipitis to ferment D-xylose anaerobically is linked to the NADPH or NADH cofactor requirement of their xylose reductases.


To develop an empirical taxonomy of SME financing patterns in Europe, we perform a hierarchical cluster analysis. Cluster analysis is a group of multivariate methods with the purpose to classify objects into groups according to their occurrences (Hair et al. 2010) . It is used for data reduction to develop a more understandable description of observations with minimal losses of information (Hair et al. 2010) . Thus, cluster analysis is an appropriate method for our research objective, as it organises the observed data about the utilization of financing instruments by European SMEs into taxonomies and facilitates a comparison of the different groups (Hair et al. 2010; Özari et al. 2013; Sørensen and Gutiérrez 2006) .

Cluster analysis is a group of multivariate methods with the purpose to classify objects into groups according to their occurrences.

It is used for data reduction to develop a more understandable description of observations with minimal losses of information.

Thus, cluster analysis is an appropriate method for our research objective, as it organises the observed data about the utilization of financing instruments by European SMEs into taxonomies and facilitates a comparison of the different groups.


In a remote service set-up for industrial robots, information such as events and measurements are sent to a remote database for hundreds of robots (Blanc (2009) ). This information is further processed to prepare advisory reports that assist field engineers. The value of a remote service support can be enhanced by improving the capability of predicting and detecting failures across multiple robots.

In a remote service set-up for industrial robots, information such as events and measurements are sent to a remote database for hundreds of robots).


The oscillatory nature of changes in pH and reaction heat during the palladiumcatalyzed phenylacetylene oxidative carbonylation (PCPOC) reaction has opened this reaction up to new areas of study and possible applications [4, 5] . One of the interesting observations made during previous investigations of the PCPOC reaction at temperatures from 0 to 40°C was the effect adding methanol to the reaction mixture had on the period and amplitude of the pH oscillations. Without exception, the addition of methanol caused the period and amplitude of the pH oscillations to increase and even appeared to restart oscillations when they had previously ceased [6, 7] . Perturbation studies by Mukherjee found that the addition of HPLC grade methanol to the reaction system when large sustained oscillations were present caused a slight increase in the period of the oscillations, however, when anhydrous methanol was used as both reactant and solvent the reaction did not exhibit any meaningful pH oscillations [8] . As the methanol was in huge excess relative to the other reactants, it is unlikely to be responsible for these observations. The most likely cause is the trace water found in the HPLC methanol (stated as \ 0.03% by Sigma-Aldrich) used in the experiments. Water has been shown to affect the behavior of the catalytic system used in the PCPOC reaction and is therefore proposed to be involved in the processes in the reaction mechanism that produce the pH oscillations [9, 10] . Water also reacts in a similar manner to methanol (Scheme 1) leading to the isomeric diacids [(2Z)-2-phenyl-2-butenedioic acid and (2E)-2-phenyl-2-butenedioic acid] and phenylmaleic anhydride [11] .

The oscillatory nature of changes in pH and reaction heat during the palladiumcatalyzed phenylacetylene oxidative carbonylation (PCPOC) reaction has opened this reaction up to new areas of study and possible applications.

Without exception, the addition of methanol caused the period and amplitude of the pH oscillations to increase and even appeared to restart oscillations when they had previously ceased.

Perturbation studies by Mukherjee found that the addition of HPLC grade methanol to the reaction system when large sustained oscillations were present caused a slight increase in the period of the oscillations, however, when anhydrous methanol was used as both reactant and solvent the reaction did not exhibit any meaningful pH oscillations.

Water has been shown to affect the behavior of the catalytic system used in the PCPOC reaction and is therefore proposed to be involved in the processes in the reaction mechanism that produce the pH oscillations.

Water also reacts in a similar manner to methanol (Scheme 1) leading to the isomeric diacids [(2Z)-2-phenyl-2-butenedioic acid and (2E)-2-phenyl-2-butenedioic acid] and phenylmaleic anhydride.


Alternatively, a lacunary hyperbolic group G can be described algebraically as a direct limit of δ k -hyperbolic groups G k with epimorphisms G k → G injective on a ball of radius R k , so that the ratio R k /δ k goes to infinity [13] . This implies in particular that every finitely presented lacunary hyperbolic group is actually hyperbolic. However the class of lacunary hyperbolic groups is much larger: it is an uncountable family of finitely generated groups which are quite diverse and contains some rather exotic infinite groups. It contains some infinite torsion groups, some non-abelian groups whose proper subgroups are all cyclic, some elementary amenable groups having at least two non-homeomorphic asymptotic cones, and many groups that served as counterexamples to various questions.

Alternatively, a lacunary hyperbolic group G can be described algebraically as a direct limit of δ k -hyperbolic groups G k with epimorphisms G k → G injective on a ball of radius R k , so that the ratio R k /δ k goes to infinity.


The other part of this work deals with endomorphisms, and specifically with the Hopf and coHopf properties. Recall that a group G is Hopfian if every surjective endomorphism of G is an isomorphism. Z. Sela proved that every torsion-free hyperbolic group is Hopfian [16] . This result was extended by C. Reinfeldt and R. Weidmann to any hyperbolic group [15] .

Z. Sela proved that every torsion-free hyperbolic group is Hopfian.

This result was extended by C. Reinfeldt and R. Weidmann to any hyperbolic group.


In this paper we study endomorphisms and automorphisms of lacunary hyperbolic groups. Although the class of lacunary hyperbolic groups is very large and wild, we manage to bring to light some general properties of their outer automorphism groups. If G is a hyperbolic group such that Out(G) is infinite, then the Bestvina-Paulin construction provides a non-trivial action of G on an R-tree [14] . Conversely, this says that if a hyperbolic group G has property (FR) (i.e. every action of G on an R-tree has a fixed point), then Out(G) is finite. This does not hold for general lacunary hyperbolic groups (see below). However, the following result is reminiscent from this fact.

If G is a hyperbolic group such that Out(G) is infinite, then the Bestvina-Paulin construction provides a non-trivial action of G on an R-tree.


Currently, there are also SERS measurement technology that target specific biomarkers, most notably ctDNA and VEGF [25] , [26] . These technologies may even help drug delivery or treatment of cancer [9] , [27] - [30] . However, these methods often need labels that target the biomarkers, such as aptamers, and methods for producing aptamers are often complicated.

Currently, there are also SERS measurement technology that target specific biomarkers, most notably ctDNA and VEGF.

These technologies may even help drug delivery or treatment of cancer.


Similarly, environmental issues are beginning to catch the interest of policy makers and Malaysian society. The government has urged private sectors to include their environmental management activities in annual reports and take a leadership stance in driving the environmental movement forward. As suggested earlier, the role of business and the public are intrinsically linked in terms of environmental issues. The public plays a vital role in environmentally responsible consumption decisions that address environmental problems and issues. Past studies in Western cultures have found gender differences in environment perceptions, values and actions (Agarwal 2000) .

Past studies in Western cultures have found gender differences in environment perceptions, values and actions.


We considered the month of March (Spring Season; February to April) of Quetta (Pakistan), while the results of the remaining months of the years 1985 to 2004 are mentioned elsewhere (Jafri, 2008) . Table 4 shows the unpredicted six hundred hourly averaged values of wind data of March, 1985 March, to 2004 (data read column-wise). Table 5 shows the predicted , 1985 to 2004 (x(t+6) is read column wise) (Jafri, 2008; Jafri et al., 2012) . Tables 6 and 7 are the corresponding values of the singleton consequent membership functions, f s (x k ) (read column wise) and the non-singleton consequent membership functions, f ns (x k ) (read column wise) for BP designed type-1 FLS forecasters, respectively for the month of March, 1985 March, to 2004 Values for other months of the year 1985 to 2004 are not shown in this paper. NaN in singleton type-1 FLS for values of consequent membership functions, that is, Table 6 shows that fuzzifiers are not working. One may ascribe this 'anomaly' to non-existence of centroid of the consequent set or height defuzzifier for all the corresponding four Gaussian antecedent membership functions; and indeed for sixteen rules in a BP design. Defuzzification produces a crisp output for FLS, from the fuzzy sets that appear at the output. Therefore, one can conjecture that NaN is producing an empty or null set, as an output. An empty or null set is also a subset of a set; therefore, NaN is a subcrisp output which needs further handling on a fuzzy rule.

We considered the month of March (Spring Season; February to April) of Quetta (Pakistan), while the results of the remaining months of the years 1985 to 2004 are mentioned elsewhere.

Table 5 shows the predicted , 1985 to 2004 (x(t+6) is read column wise).


The rules of a non singleton-type-1 FLS are the same as those for a singleton type-1 FLS (Mendel, 2001) . The difference is of the fuzzifier, which treats the inputs, as type-1 fuzzy sets, and the effect of this on the inference block. The output of the inference block will again be a type-1 fuzzy set. So, the defuzzifiers that are described for a singleton type-1 FLS apply as well to a nonsingleton type-1 FLS (Mendel, 2001) .

The rules of a non singleton-type-1 FLS are the same as those for a singleton type-1 FLS.

So, the defuzzifiers that are described for a singleton type-1 FLS apply as well to a nonsingleton type-1 FLS.


The forecasting of time-series following the rule-based FLSs designing employ only two methods, that is, one pass (OP) and BP methods, respectively. The OP design constructs 500 rules for each antecedent consequent membership functions. We set the value of the standard deviation equal to 0.1 for all Gaussian in a pre-defined OP design. But, the OP is exhaustive as compared to BP designing in FLSs. On the contrary, the BP constructs only 16 rules for each antecedent and consequent membership functions. The initial values of the standard deviation of Gaussian membership function are all set equal to 0.5240 in a pre-defined BP design. The BP designing, in many respects, is better than OP (Mendel, 2001) . The predefined values of all four antecedent membership functions and for the centers of the consequent membership functions ( l y -height defuzzifier) for each corresponding 16 rules in a BP design for FLSs are used in the form of a matrix as an input. We use the height defuzzifier ( l y or centers of the consequent membership functions) to be a random number from the interval (0, 1). After training and using BP design, the FLS forecaster was fixed.

The BP designing, in many respects, is better than OP.


In this study, we explored options involving nanofiber technology. Nanotechnology has been developing rapidly in many fields. In general, the term nanofiber refers to a nanosized fiber and is defined as a fibrous material with a diameter of about 1-100 nm and a length more than 100 times the diameter. A fiber that has a surface and inner structure controlled at the nanoscale is called a nanostructured fiber [7] . This is true even for fibers that have diameters exceeding 100 nm.

A fiber that has a surface and inner structure controlled at the nanoscale is called a nanostructured fiber.


There are many types of nanofibers. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF), particularly, has received attention in numerous fields worldwide. Over a trillion tons of CNF exist worldwide. CNF is known to have better physical and mechanical properties than most other fibers [8] . Developing new materials that incorporate CNF is a high priority [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . Moreover, lingo-cellulose nanofiber (LCNF), which is pulverized from wood, is also expected to be applicable in many fields. However, the use of CNF technology in wood-based materials has not been reported.

There are many types of nanofibers.

CNF is known to have better physical and mechanical properties than most other fibers.

Developing new materials that incorporate CNF is a high priority.


In the international ornamental ¢sh market, the Indian tiger barb Puntius ¢lamentosus is very popular, known by di¡erent names such as Filament barb, DMK ¢sh, Long ¢n barb, Feather ¢n barb, etc. The export ¢gures reveal that the contribution of Indian tiger barb to the total ornamental ¢sh export from India is increasing (Pramod, Mini & Ramachandran 2002) . In this study, we compared the e⁄cacy of the anaesthetics, MS-222 (tricaine methanesulphonate) and benzocaine (ethyl aminobenzoate), in P. ¢lamen-tosus, to alleviate stress during a simulated transportation experiment. Biochemical stress indices such as plasma cortisol level and glucose levels were used to assess the e¡ect of the anaesthetics.

The export ¢gures reveal that the contribution of Indian tiger barb to the total ornamental ¢sh export from India is increasing.


In seismic exploration, recovering material properties such as attenuation in the subsurface can be as important as recovering the reflectivity of a discontinuity. Reliable estimates of attenuation properties in the earth are significant for improved understanding of lithology, physical state, and the degree of saturation of subsurface rocks. In addition, attenuation propagation may be relevant to the study of "bright spots" in hydrocarbon exploration (Sheriff, 1975) .

In addition, attenuation propagation may be relevant to the study of "bright spots" in hydrocarbon exploration.


We test this method on synthetic examples with surface-tosurface geometry. We attempt to recover two thin attenuating layers embedded in a homogeneous viscoelastic medium by inverting synthetic seismograms computed with the reflectivity method (Fuchs and Muller, 1971) . We also perform an inversion with noisy data to analyze the robustness of the method. Finally, we evaluate the parameter uncertainties for the recovered model due to uncertainties in the data misfits using the statistical bootstrapping method.

We attempt to recover two thin attenuating layers embedded in a homogeneous viscoelastic medium by inverting synthetic seismograms computed with the reflectivity method.


An alternative to tackle the planning of the collection routes is to determine which containers should be collected. Note that the recyclable waste collection process represents 70% of the operational cost in waste treatment [4] . Thus a reduction in the number of unnecessary visits to semi-empty containers will save money! We aim to provide an alternative to predict if a container should be collected or not. Particularly, we propose to predict the filling level of the waste containers (all the containers involved in the operation at once) using a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN).

Note that the recyclable waste collection process represents 70% of the operational cost in waste treatment.


From as early as the second half of the 19 th century, the provision of urban greenspaces in the form of municipal city parks has been seen as a means to alleviate the unhealthy attributes of city dwellers and factory workers Nicholson-Lord [1] . The open areas for physical exercise provided the additional benefit of being a place to socialise with friends and escape from the mental, as well as physical, confines of the work environment. Today, we have a much greater recognition of the benefits that urban greenspaces can offer and a realisation that they are not solely anthropomorphic (social, cultural, economic, planning, landscape) but also encompass environmental and ecological dimensions. The diverse range of benefits that urban greenspaces present is recognised in a UK government primary objective to "create safe and healthy local environments with well-designed public greenspace through a programme of brownfield land regeneration and community woodland establishment in the urban environment" ODPM [2] . Inherent in this objective is the consideration that brownfield redevelopment is de facto sustainable and, as such, has been presented as a UK government headline sustainability indicator DETR [3] .

From as early as the second half of the 19 th century, the provision of urban greenspaces in the form of municipal city parks has been seen as a means to alleviate the unhealthy attributes of city dwellers and factory workers Nicholson-Lord.

The diverse range of benefits that urban greenspaces present is recognised in a UK government primary objective to "create safe and healthy local environments with well-designed public greenspace through a programme of brownfield land regeneration and community woodland establishment in the urban environment" ODPM.

Inherent in this objective is the consideration that brownfield redevelopment is de facto sustainable and, as such, has been presented as a UK government headline sustainability indicator DETR.


Whatever the mechanism of its induction, apoptotic elimination of MBPspecific T lymphocytes in the CNS may play an important role in the subsidence of inflammation in acute MBP-EAE. Our findings are consistent with the conclusion of others that effector T cells in EAE 'turn themselves off' [38] . An acute elimination of T cells within the CNS would not be expected to produce longstanding tolerance, since precursors in the lymphoid organs (see reference 7) could expand to produce new effector T cells; however, an ongoing low level of T-cell apoptosis in the CNS could contribute to the tolerant state that develops after an attack of acute MBP-EAE [7] . We hypothesize that T-cell apoptosis in the target organ may be a protective mechanism that also occurs in other self-limited, T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.

Our findings are consistent with the conclusion of others that effector T cells in EAE 'turn themselves off'.

An acute elimination of T cells within the CNS would not be expected to produce longstanding tolerance, since precursors in the lymphoid organs (see reference 7) could expand to produce new effector T cells; however, an ongoing low level of T-cell apoptosis in the CNS could contribute to the tolerant state that develops after an attack of acute MBP-EAE.


Organisations adopt new technologies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of various work processes. Unfortunately, many technology-based products and services never reach their full potential, and some are simply rejected (Burton-Jones & Hubona, 2006) . Failed investments in technology may not only cause financial losses, but also lead to dissatisfaction among employees (Venkatesh, 2000) . Hence, explaining and predicting user adoption of new technology is important.

Unfortunately, many technology-based products and services never reach their full potential, and some are simply rejected.

Failed investments in technology may not only cause financial losses, but also lead to dissatisfaction among employees.


Although many species showed different amounts of digging on the two substrates, these differences do not appear to be correlated with ecological dif-ferences. P. polionotus, for example, is typically found on sandy substrates, and O. /eucogaster is often found on sandy soil (Burt & Grossenheider, 1976) . However, both of these species dug more on peat than on sand. Textural cues associated with the substrates may be important.

P. polionotus, for example, is typically found on sandy substrates, and O. /eucogaster is often found on sandy soil.


A sound understanding of mechanical behavior requires a thorough understanding of the evolution of deformation with time. Traditionally, the study of material structure has been limited by two dimensional (2D) analyses. This approach is often inaccurate or inadequate for solving many cutting-edge problems. In addition, it is often laborious and time-consuming. We can now use three dimensional (3D) tools and analyses to resolve time-dependent (4D) evolution of a variety of important phenomena [1] [2] [3] [4] .

We can now use three dimensional (3D) tools and analyses to resolve time-dependent (4D) evolution of a variety of important phenomena.


Collective advances in the areas of materials science and micro/nanoscale engineering have provided a robust toolbox for rational design of a variety of complex structures that exhibit appropriate combination of physical, chemical, and biological properties for regeneration of functional tissues. For example, biodegradable polyphosphazenes comprising an inorganic backbone of alternating phosphorous and nitrogen atoms constitute a unique class of biomaterials offering flexibility to fine-tune polymer properties by modulating side group chemistry [13] . On the other hand, advancements in nanotechnology have made it possible to investigate different material cues on the complex cellular processes at the nanoscale and fabricate structures mimicking those of the natural tissues [1, 14] .

For example, biodegradable polyphosphazenes comprising an inorganic backbone of alternating phosphorous and nitrogen atoms constitute a unique class of biomaterials offering flexibility to fine-tune polymer properties by modulating side group chemistry.

On the other hand, advancements in nanotechnology have made it possible to investigate different material cues on the complex cellular processes at the nanoscale and fabricate structures mimicking those of the natural tissues.


Nowadays, testing radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) transceivers is a challenging task due to the circuit complexity and the number of critical blocks embedded in a single silicon die. A conventional production test approach is to perform system-level functional testing by measuring the bit error rate (BER) or the constellation error vector magnitude (EVM) [1] . These approaches give a pass/fail result, but do not provide information about the performances of the individual blocks that constitute the transceiver chain. Knowing the performances of these individual blocks provides information that can be used to reduce test time and complexity of test equipment, to debug the IC during failure analysis, or to optimize post-production performance and extend product lifetime with periodic self-checks and block-level calibrations. Furthermore, analog circuits fail to meet specifications not only due to catastrophic defects (such as bridges or opens), but increasingly due to parametric shifts from process-voltagetemperature (PVT) variations [2] . In this last scenario, tuning strategies can be employed to recover deficient blocks in order to pass system-level performance criteria despite PVT variations, which enhance production yields.

A conventional production test approach is to perform system-level functional testing by measuring the bit error rate (BER) or the constellation error vector magnitude (EVM).

Furthermore, analog circuits fail to meet specifications not only due to catastrophic defects (such as bridges or opens), but increasingly due to parametric shifts from process-voltagetemperature (PVT) variations.


A part of our analysis deals with the particular situation in which extremals are unique (a case that occurs, for instance, when the spaces X 0 and X 1 are uniformly convex) and thus the derivation map Ω θ is unique and it makes sense to study "exact" stability of properties (instead of "up to a bounded" or "up to a bounded plus linear" perturbation). To adequately treat this case we need to work with the alternative description of the complex interpolation method provided by Daher [23] . We show that exact stability is related to isometric characterizations of X 0 and X 1 instead of isomorphic ones. In particular, we prove (see Proposition 4.13) that, under some technical restrictions, Ω θ = 0 for some θ if and only if X 0 = X 1 isometrically. Also, Theorem 4.14 provides a complete and explicit characterization of pairs (X 0 , X 1 ) of spaces for which Ω θ is linear: X 0 and X 1 must be isometric via the (properly defined) map x → e −Ω θ x (this somehow extends Proposition 3.16 relative to Köthe spaces) which implies that if additionally Ω θ is bounded, then X 0 = X 1 , up to equivalence of norms. In turn, these results imply stability results for the families considered in Theorem 2.4. Namely, if Ω θ is linear for some θ = w(η) with w ′ (η) = 0 then Φ = Φ α(η) is linear and thus X 0 and X 1 are isometric via e −Φ .

To adequately treat this case we need to work with the alternative description of the complex interpolation method provided by Daher.


The strategic effectiveness of a firm depends on the existence of fit, which is the compatibility of structures and processes both within the firm and with the environment in which it operates (Miller, 1992) . Configuration models, with their multidimensional approach to studying several organizational phenomena simultaneously, are suited to addressing questions of fit (Bozarth and McDermott, 1998) . In this paper, we use a configuration scheme of business strategies derived from previous research and a clustering technique to divide our sample of manufacturing firms into three groups. We then use our classification to gain insights into linkages between predominant business strategies of these three groups and their manufacturing investment decisions. While the configurations show the business strategy gestalts followed by the firms in our sample, subsequent analyses of their manufacturing investment decisions make explicit the linkages between their business strategies and manufacturing decisions.

The strategic effectiveness of a firm depends on the existence of fit, which is the compatibility of structures and processes both within the firm and with the environment in which it operates.

Configuration models, with their multidimensional approach to studying several organizational phenomena simultaneously, are suited to addressing questions of fit.


The objective of the present study was to investigate principals' emotionally manipulative behaviours. First, we examined the prevalence of principals' negative and positive manipulative behaviours. Second, we investigated whether the two types of principals' manipulative behaviours were indeed associated with different affective outcomes among the targets of manipulation (i.e., teachers). Third, we examined whether principals who frequently use negative and positive manipulative behaviours differ in their controlling tendencies (as reported by the principals themselves), as these are associated with manipulative behaviours (Buss, 1987) .

Third, we examined whether principals who frequently use negative and positive manipulative behaviours differ in their controlling tendencies (as reported by the principals themselves), as these are associated with manipulative behaviours.


The beginning of research on the emotional aspects of educational leadership can be traced to the early 1990s, when emotions become a legitimate object of research (Zembylas, 2015) . Despite the progress made since, our knowledge about principals' behaviours that affect teachers' emotional state is still limited (Berkovich and Eyal, 2015) . A large part of what is known about this topic is related to the construct of principals' mistreatment of teachers. The research on principals' mistreatment focuses on abusive behaviours that "teachers experienced as seriously harmful when repeated over the long run" (Blase and Blase, 2003: 367) . These behaviours have considerable psychological/emotional effects on teachers' wellbeing. Some of these behaviours often appear to be intended as emotional abuse (Blase and Blase, 2007) . This portrayal, however, seems to be of extreme manifestations that are less likely to be relevant for most normative school leaders. As an alternative focus, we suggest to explore principals' emotionally manipulative behaviours.

The beginning of research on the emotional aspects of educational leadership can be traced to the early 1990s, when emotions become a legitimate object of research.

Despite the progress made since, our knowledge about principals' behaviours that affect teachers' emotional state is still limited.

Some of these behaviours often appear to be intended as emotional abuse.


In the previous study, we showed that CnP reproduced the effect of activin A on differentiation of AR42J cells [22] . CnP is as potent as activin A in inducing differentiation but it had little apoptosisinducing activity [21] . On the other hand, BTC-δ4 reproduced the action of BTC whereas BTC-δ4 was weak in blocking apoptosis [23] . In fact, when BTC-δ4 and activin A were added to AR42J cells, these cells differentiated into insulin-producing cells but most of them died by apoptosis due to the apoptosis-inducing activity of activin A [23] . It is thus expected that a combination of CnP and BTC-δ4 would be as effective as a combination of activin A and BTC.

In the previous study, we showed that CnP reproduced the effect of activin A on differentiation of AR42J cells.

CnP is as potent as activin A in inducing differentiation but it had little apoptosisinducing activity.

On the other hand, BTC-δ4 reproduced the action of BTC whereas BTC-δ4 was weak in blocking apoptosis.

In fact, when BTC-δ4 and activin A were added to AR42J cells, these cells differentiated into insulin-producing cells but most of them died by apoptosis due to the apoptosis-inducing activity of activin A.


A vector field is irrotational if it has integrable orthogonal distribution. It is well known that a manifold furnished with an irrotational and killing vector field can be decomposed as a static manifold, at least locally. Due to this, such a vector field is called static and when it gives rise to a global decomposition, it is called standard static, [7] . Obviously, the existence of two different static decompositions is equivalent to the existence of two standard static vector fields linearly independent at some point. Anti De Sitter and Minkowski spaces provide us good examples of manifolds with different decompositions, since they are symmetric and static, but there are many other manifolds which can be also decomposed as a static manifold in different ways .

Due to this, such a vector field is called static and when it gives rise to a global decomposition, it is called standard static.


The extreme N = 2 black holes have AdS 2 × S 2 near-horizon geometries and exhibit the attractor mechanism [43] . Considering a spherical world-sheet with large number of disks cut out, i.e. a large number of boundary states on the disk, corresponds to a planar large N limit. In this limit the insertions of boundary states should be equivalent to a new string theory on a world-sheet with no boundaries but living in the near-horizon geometry where the internal Calabi-Yau manifold is determined by the fixed point moduli of the attractor equations. It would be very interesting to explore whether it is possible to connect the attractor equations with a flow in the CFT induced by the insertion of boundaries.

The extreme N = 2 black holes have AdS 2 × S 2 near-horizon geometries and exhibit the attractor mechanism.


The wrapping of Dp-branes on p-dimensional supersymmetric cycles leads to BPS saturated non-perturbative objects. From the point of view of the four-dimensional noncompacct space these objects are D0-branes, i.e. particle like states. For type IIB on a CY, D3-branes can wrap 3-cycles and for type IIA on a CY, D0,D2,D4 and D6 branes can wrap 0,2,4 and 6 cycles respectively. Note that the NS five-brane which is present in both IIA and IIB cannot give any particle like states in four dimensions. The NS five-brane will however lead to non-perturbative corrections to the hypermultiplet geometry via euclidean wrapping on the whole CY [5] [6] .

The NS five-brane will however lead to non-perturbative corrections to the hypermultiplet geometry via euclidean wrapping on the whole CY.


The spin states of near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are of particular interest. Asteroids' spin states are coupled to their orbits and shapes through the Yarkovsky and YORP effects. The Yarkovsky effect refers to the net effect of the radiation pressure produced by an object's thermal emission and is the largest single source of uncertainty in trajectory prediction of <2-km diameter asteroids that have been observed with radar (Ostro and Giorgini, 2004) . The direction and magnitude of the Yarkovsky acceleration are determined by the object's surface temperature distribution, which is in turn determined by the orbit, pole direction, size, shape, albedo, and near-surface thermal inertia. Orbital integrations and direct measurements predict Yarkovsky-induced position offsets of millions of kilometers on timescales of decades to centuries when coupled with close planetary encounters (Giorgini et al., , 2008 Chesley et al., 2003) . Similarly, the YORP effect changes asteroid spin states on timescales of 10-100 kyr, with the radiation-pressure torque determined by the current orbit, shape, and spin state (Bottke et al., 2006) . On timescales of >100 kyr, YORP can drive the fragmentation, orbital evolution, and coalescence of binary objects (Cuk and Burns, 2005; Scheeres, 2007; Walsh et al., 2008; Cuk and Nesvorny, 2010) .

The Yarkovsky effect refers to the net effect of the radiation pressure produced by an object's thermal emission and is the largest single source of uncertainty in trajectory prediction of <2-km diameter asteroids that have been observed with radar.

Orbital integrations and direct measurements predict Yarkovsky-induced position offsets of millions of kilometers on timescales of decades to centuries when coupled with close planetary encounters.

Similarly, the YORP effect changes asteroid spin states on timescales of 10-100 kyr, with the radiation-pressure torque determined by the current orbit, shape, and spin state.

On timescales of >100 kyr, YORP can drive the fragmentation, orbital evolution, and coalescence of binary objects.


It is fair to say that object-oriented programming (OOP) has gained much interest while it is becoming a common programming paradigm. This is partly because it is similar to our view of the real world. However, it has been difficult to introduce OOP to novice programmers [1] [2] [3] [4] . The instructional methods, tools and the programming languages constitute the intrinsic or external factors for learning programming and they may greatly determine the complexity of this paradigm [5, 6] . Consequently, teaching and learning OOP have been sources of many studies since they are challenging not only for students, but also for instructors. The studies are continually evolving in the hope of finding better tools, methods or innovative strategies. The literature review of teaching OOP suggests that the research studies conducted on teaching OOP can be broadly divided into three categories, as 1) Programming or educational tools for OOP learners; 2) Instructional approaches to teaching OOP; and 3) Learners' characteristics, conceptions and attitudes to OOP.

However, it has been difficult to introduce OOP to novice programmers.

The instructional methods, tools and the programming languages constitute the intrinsic or external factors for learning programming and they may greatly determine the complexity of this paradigm.


A bi-directional convolutional LSTM (BDC-LSTM) and an FCN model are combined to view slices as a time series [4] . BDC-LSTM is trained to exploit the 3D contexts by applying a series of 2D convolutions on the xy plane in a recurrent fashion to interpret 3D contexts while propagating contextual information in the z-direction. The FCN model is used for extracting the initial 2D feature maps which are used as the inputs to BDC-LSTM. The final output is obtained from the BDC-LSTM model with a softmax layer. Though the idea of fusing the 2D features to maintain the between-slice consistency is similar to our proposed method, we believe this can be achieved with stacked anisotropic convolution blocks, which are easier to train and to generalize than the convolutional LSTM.

A bi-directional convolutional LSTM (BDC-LSTM) and an FCN model are combined to view slices as a time series.


The extent of relative changes of the phase morphology of CECs has further been explored through examination of their average roughness (a r , nm). Cured epoxy shows average roughness (a r , nm) of 6.93 at an indenter height (nm) of 139.46 (Fig.  2a) . With increasing concentration of MWCNTs, a gradual increase in the a r of the respective CECs has been observed. CECs synthesized at a MWCNT concentration of 0.1 shows an a r of 14.93 at an indenter height of 302.35 (Fig. 2b ). An increase in a r to 22.52 was observed at an indenter height of 288.32 for CECs synthesized at a MWCNT concentration of 0.2 (Fig. 2c) . CECs synthesized at a MWCNT concentration of 0.3 showed an increase in a r to 30.95 at an indenter height of 348.45 [29, 35, 36] .

CECs synthesized at a MWCNT concentration of 0.3 showed an increase in a r to 30.95 at an indenter height of 348.45.


SCC assisted dispersion of MWCNTs into epoxy has been further substantiated by the increase in their DC electrical conductivity (σ DC , S/cm) with the concentration of MWCNTs. With increasing concentration of MWCNTs up to 0.2, the σ DC of CECs was increased by five orders of magnitude. The σ DC of CECs with the well dispersed MWCNTs is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the CECs with poorly dispersed MWCNTs. For this reason it is easier for the well dispersed MWCNTs to form conductive paths due to their relatively homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles compared to the case of aggregated MWCNTs [23] . It was confirmed that the percolation threshold for CECs was close to a MWCNT concentration of 0.2 [32, 35, 36] . The spectral, microstructure, and σ DC data reveal the capability of SCC to provide well dispersed MWCNT/epoxy formulations up AFM images may be attributed to the greater force experienced by the cantilever tip during contact with MWCNTs, whereas dark areas of the image correspond to amorphous phases due to the epoxy matrix. Cured epoxy (Fig. 2a) shows relatively more dark areas due to its brittle nature, and these areas become been brighter with higher concentrations of MWCNTs (Figs. 2b and  d) . CECs synthesized up to a MWCNT concentration of 0.2 do not show significant aggregates of MWCNTs, indicating that the interaction between MWCNTs and the epoxy resin helps reduce the possibility of large agglomerations. CECs synthesized at a MWCNT concentration of 0.3 reveal the presence of organized bundles in the epoxy matrix (Fig. 2d) .

For this reason it is easier for the well dispersed MWCNTs to form conductive paths due to their relatively homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles compared to the case of aggregated MWCNTs.

It was confirmed that the percolation threshold for CECs was close to a MWCNT concentration of 0.2.


Solubility behavior of oxirane functional molecules under tuned conditions of pressure, density, and temperature in SCC has been well documented but has not been reported in the context of dispersing carbon nanomaterials in SCC [34] . In the present investigation, the dispersion behavior of different concentrations (phr) of MWCNTs ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 into epoxy resin (0.1 /dL mole) has been investigated under the pressure of SCC ranging from 1200 to 1800, at 90°C, and 1500 rpm over 1 h. All the processes involved in dispersion of MWCNTs into epoxy http://carbonlett.org tions, a slight increase in the tendency of agglomeration of MWCNTs in the epoxy matrix was observed due to their entanglement in the matrix (Fig. 3c) . At a MWCNT concentration of 0.3, networks of clusters connected by individual MWCNTs with size (μm) ranging from 1.54 to 3.65 have been formed (Fig. 3d) due to their high degree of entanglement in the epoxy matrix, which likely is responsible for their characteristic reagglomeration in the epoxy matrix [17] .

Solubility behavior of oxirane functional molecules under tuned conditions of pressure, density, and temperature in SCC has been well documented but has not been reported in the context of dispersing carbon nanomaterials in SCC.

At a MWCNT concentration of 0.3, networks of clusters connected by individual MWCNTs with size (μm) ranging from 1.54 to 3.65 have been formed (Fig. 3d) due to their high degree of entanglement in the epoxy matrix, which likely is responsible for their characteristic reagglomeration in the epoxy matrix.


Figs. 3e and f show different zones of the fractured surface of CECs synthesized at MWCNT concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3. SEM reveals the presence of stress concentration in the matrix of fractured epoxy due to agglomeration of MWCNTs. With increasing concentration of MWCNTs, modification of the roughness of the fractured surface was observed mainly in the areas of the CECs where the crack propagation initiated, which is common in brittle epoxy resin fractures [31, 35, 36] . The spectral, microstructure, and electrical conductivity data reveal the capability of SCC to provide well dispersed MWCNT/epoxy formulations up to a filler concentration of 0.2 at applied supercritical processing conditions within 1h without sonication [18, 29, 31] .

With increasing concentration of MWCNTs, modification of the roughness of the fractured surface was observed mainly in the areas of the CECs where the crack propagation initiated, which is common in brittle epoxy resin fractures.

The spectral, microstructure, and electrical conductivity data reveal the capability of SCC to provide well dispersed MWCNT/epoxy formulations up to a filler concentration of 0.2 at applied supercritical processing conditions within 1h without sonication.


Another study addressing molecular markers and histologic features of DCIS in relation to age showed a trend toward higher HER2 expression in younger patients with DCIS. They also showed a correlation of HER2 expression with high-grade lesions, ER and PR negativity, and increased Ki-67. However, due to a small number of patients examined, the study was unable to show a statistically significant difference in the presentation of these aggressive features in DCIS in younger patients [15] . Again, this study failed to conclusively tie currently used molecular markers to lesions that are more aggressive, i.e., DCIS in younger patients. Our study demonstrated a significant correlation between increased SIAH expression in normal breast tissue adjacent to DCIS lesions and younger patient age suggesting an overall difference in breast tissue biology in younger and older patient populations which may predispose younger patients to the development of more aggressive DCIS.

However, due to a small number of patients examined, the study was unable to show a statistically significant difference in the presentation of these aggressive features in DCIS in younger patients.


The recycling of solid wastes such as paper, glass, plastic, and so on, turns wastes into resources and contributes significantly in sustainable environment (Zaman 2010; Chen et al. 2010) . Recyclable waste paper as a fundamental ingredient of municipal solid wastes is indeed an ''urban ore''. Waste papers are considered as the solid recovered fuel (SRF) which is recovered from municipal solid waste (MSW). Information technology is widely integrated with the waste management industry into its operations such as recycling, reuse, segregating based on categories and so on . The advancement in sensor technology has facilitated the diverse application of various sensors in the real world. Such applications include the detection of environmental, biological, and chemical parameters. Different sensorbased recyclable waste paper sorting systems are reviewed in this article. The review covers the detailed literature on sensor-based waste paper sorting systems, state-of-the-art technology in the paper industry, and on the overall performance of sensor-based recyclable waste paper sorting systems. The remainder of this article is organized as follows: firstly, the next section briefly describes the life cycle of paper. Secondly, introduces the reasons for waste paper sorting. Thirdly, describes the advancement in sensor-based waste paper sorting based on both the literature and the paper industry. Fourthly, discusses the overall performance of different sensor-based waste paper sorting systems, and finally, presents the conclusions.

The recycling of solid wastes such as paper, glass, plastic, and so on, turns wastes into resources and contributes significantly in sustainable environment.


Signal synchronization is a general problem that applies to other wireless technologies, e.g., WiFi and cellular. However, synchronization in these technologies is simpler because the noise level in the received signals is much lower than in GPS. For example, WiFi receivers can lock on the signal simply by detecting an increase in the received power [16] . This is not possible in GPS since the signal is received at 20 dB below the noise floor [31] . Cellular systems also operate at much higher SNRs than GPS, which allows them to synchronize with relatively low overhead [21] .

For example, WiFi receivers can lock on the signal simply by detecting an increase in the received power.

This is not possible in GPS since the signal is received at 20 dB below the noise floor.

Cellular systems also operate at much higher SNRs than GPS, which allows them to synchronize with relatively low overhead.


Demographic changes, economic and intellectual growth and technological revolution in health service field, have changed the demand as well as the running costs of health services. The new challenges that are forming due the continuous dynamic environment have often urged the health organizations and health services systems to go into radical changes in inputs, so their outflow (patient satisfaction) to be in high levels. Human factor seem to play a key role in the effort of improvement. Well-motivated and appropriately qualified personnel are significant to the success of the health care which is provided. Nevertheless, now days have been widely recognized that policies of human resources management should be in the core of any sustainable solution of health system performance [43] . It is commonly accepted that the human resources is what determines the success or failure of any transformation in healthcare.

Nevertheless, now days have been widely recognized that policies of human resources management should be in the core of any sustainable solution of health system performance.


The performance of modulators using free carrier plasma dispersion is determined by the speed and efficiency of carrier density modulation in the region of the traveling optical mode. Various device configurations have so far been proposed to achieve carrier density modulation in silicon. The first and most extensively investigated device configuration is the forward biased p-i-n diode modulator [34] . In this device, the free carrier density change in silicon is achieved through current injection and is primarily governed by minority carrier dynamics. The forward biased p-i-n diode approach in a resonant ring structure implementation has been demonstrated to give high modulation efficiency and, in turn, compact device sizes of ∼12 μm [35] . However, modulation speed in these devices is usually limited by the slow carrier generation and/or recombination processes, unless the carrier lifetime can be significantly reduced [36] . It is to be noted that a reduction in the carrier lifetime also results in a reduction in current injection as well as phase modulation and these tradeoffs need to be considered based on specific applications.

The first and most extensively investigated device configuration is the forward biased p-i-n diode modulator.

The forward biased p-i-n diode approach in a resonant ring structure implementation has been demonstrated to give high modulation efficiency and, in turn, compact device sizes of ∼12 μm.

However, modulation speed in these devices is usually limited by the slow carrier generation and/or recombination processes, unless the carrier lifetime can be significantly reduced.


From the 44% of house warming and air-conditioning, 8% is for house warming and 36% is for air-conditioning. But not all houses in Mexico have systems of air conditioning; from all electricity consumed in the house sector in Mexico at 2006, 17% correspond to airconditioning [11] . Therefore, the energy consumption in household sector in Mexico at 2006 was 44 452 408 MWh [12] then.

But not all houses in Mexico have systems of air conditioning; from all electricity consumed in the house sector in Mexico at 2006, 17% correspond to airconditioning.

Therefore, the energy consumption in household sector in Mexico at 2006 was 44 452 408 MWh then.


Another reason for the discrepancy in the results is the mutual coupling between different patch elements that is not taken into account in the design process. In the fabricated reflectarray, the side length of nearby patches are not identical. Hence, as discussed in Section 3.2, the interelement coupling becomes slightly different from that in the uniform patch array employed in the design process [26, 27] . The influence of the coupling will introduce inaccuracies in the phase response and therefore in the progressive phase change of the reflectarray elements. These inaccuracies eventually affect the deflection angle and also cause a difference in the results for the TE-and TM-polarized waves.

Hence, as discussed in Section 3.2, the interelement coupling becomes slightly different from that in the uniform patch array employed in the design process.


We documented 104 suspected dengue-related deaths in Puerto Rico for the 5-year period from 1992 through 1996. Laboratory test results were positive in 23 (22%) of the cases, negative in 31 (30%), and indeterminate in 31 (30%), and no sample was submitted in 19 (18%). The case-fatality ratio over the 5-year period was 1.6 deaths per 1000 cases with laboratory test results positive for dengue (23 deaths among 14,478 cases). The patients with positive laboratory test results included 13 female subjects and 10 male subjects with a median age of 21 years (range, 7 months to 80 years). The cause of death given on the death certificate was stated as dengue for 1 patient and DHF for 10 patients (i.e., 11 deaths were attributed to dengue). Nondengue diagnoses were given for 12 patients, of which only 2 involved specific etiologies (meningococcemia and staphylococcal bacteremia); the rest of the diagnoses were clinical syndromes, including hepatic or respiratory failure, sepsis, or cerebral infarction. The cases of 10 (43%) of the patients who died who had laboratory test results positive for dengue were documented during the 1994-1995 epidemic [3] . Eight dengueattributed deaths with negative laboratory test results were identified (4 in female subjects and 4 in male subjects). The median age among these 8 patients was 44 years (range, 21-77 years), and all had dengue (5 patients) or DHF (3) listed as a cause of death on the death certificate. Eight (35%) of the 23 patients with positive test results and 2 (25%) of the 8 patients with negative test results underwent autopsy. In all autopsies, gross findings were consistent with the clinical diagnoses given on the death certificate (e.g., pulmonary hemorrhage) without providing etiologic diagnosis (except for the bacterial culture results noted below).

The cases of 10 (43%) of the patients who died who had laboratory test results positive for dengue were documented during the 1994-1995 epidemic.


Characterized by changes in migration and invasion capacity, as well as the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers, epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a crucial process in cancer initiation and development [14, 15] . It has been documented that tobacco smoke promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, resulting in loss of cellular polarity, down-regulation of epithelial cadherin, the acquisition of mesenchymal features, and increased mobility of cells [16] [17] [18] . Consistent with previous reports, we found that long-term exposure to tobacco smoke induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the stomach of mice. Tobacco smoke altered the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, including decreased epithelial markers E-cadherin, ZO-1, and CK5, and increased mesenchymal markers Snail-1, Vimentin, and N-cadherin. These results revealed that long-term tobacco smoke exposure triggered gastric epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vivo.

Characterized by changes in migration and invasion capacity, as well as the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers, epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a crucial process in cancer initiation and development.

It has been documented that tobacco smoke promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, resulting in loss of cellular polarity, down-regulation of epithelial cadherin, the acquisition of mesenchymal features, and increased mobility of cells.


This study provides an overview of the effect of several environmental factors such as hay and nitrate-containing fertilizer on the abundance of NR and DN bacteria in these soils. In fact, hay and fertilizer were shown to improve soil fertility while increasing the rate of salt leaching from the soil (Harris et al., 2005) . However, the excessive use of fertilizer may increase salinity in arable soils (Quantin et al., 2008) . We showed that in some cases, hay only, fertilizer only, or the interaction between hay and fertilizer were associated with lower abundance of NR and DN bacteria. This suggests that the carbon source provided (e.g. hay) may have increased the abundance of other groups of bacteria and/or fungi which, as a result of competition, decreased the relative abundance of NR and DN bacteria. Since the amendments (e.g. hay and/or fertilizer) were associated with a greater abundance of NR and DN bacteria in some cases and lower in other cases, there was no conclusion about the effect of these amendments on the abundance of NR and DN bacteria. However, our results showed that sites that were contaminated 5-10 years previously by crude oil and/or brine did not have a lower abundance of NR and DN bacteria, therefore, the biological potential for denitrification was present despite residual contamination.

In fact, hay and fertilizer were shown to improve soil fertility while increasing the rate of salt leaching from the soil.

However, the excessive use of fertilizer may increase salinity in arable soils.


High levels of carbon, nitrate, and soil moisture (e.g. low oxygen concentration) are associated with higher denitrification rates when these environmental conditions occurred simultaneously (Groffman et al., 1993) . In fact, it is not known whether these conditions favorable for denitrification persisted in formerly oil-contaminated sites and produced a greater abundance of NR and DN bacteria. However, it has been shown that denitrifying bacteria are not uniformly distributed in soils where the spatial heterogeneity of denitrification is influenced by spatial heterogeneity of carbon and N substrates in soils, and that denitrifying populations from select sites can be much greater than that indicated by MPN procedures of bulk soil (Murray et al., 1995; Martin et al., 1988; Harms et al., 2009) .

High levels of carbon, nitrate, and soil moisture (e.g. low oxygen concentration) are associated with higher denitrification rates when these environmental conditions occurred simultaneously.

However, it has been shown that denitrifying bacteria are not uniformly distributed in soils where the spatial heterogeneity of denitrification is influenced by spatial heterogeneity of carbon and N substrates in soils, and that denitrifying populations from select sites can be much greater than that indicated by MPN procedures of bulk soil.


Given partial 3D information about structures presented in each CLSM sub-volume, we extracted centroid trajectories of volumetric segments for registration purposes. In the past, the use of similar trajectories fusion could be found in motion tracking problems from video sequences that were approached by the computer vision community [8] . In the case of video, trajectory fusion is performed by using all available spatio-temporal information [9] . Our work with 3D volumes differs in two aspects. First, trajectories are extracted from 2+z dimensional data sets as opposed 2+t dimensional data sets. Second, the primary objective in motion tracking from video is to estimate each object motion from a trajectory, while the main objective in 3D volume reconstruction is to estimate a global registration transformation from all trajectories. Our trajectory-based approach to 3D volume reconstruction has not been explored for subvolume alignment problem in the past. The paper is organized as followings: Section 2 describes the material preparation for test data and the process of 3D volume reconstruction using two different trajectory fusion methods defined by two evaluation methods. In Section 3, we present experimental results for different (a) trajectory fusion method, (b) physical gaps between adjacent subvolumes, and (c) polynomial model complexity.

In the past, the use of similar trajectories fusion could be found in motion tracking problems from video sequences that were approached by the computer vision community.

In the case of video, trajectory fusion is performed by using all available spatio-temporal information.


Sol-gel coating on textiles has been used to provide textiles with new properties, e.g. colouration, UV protection and medical applications [7] . A well-adherent surface of titanium oxide nanoparticles was produced on cellulose fibres at low temperature from an aqueous titania sol that was obtained via hydrolysis and condensation reactions of titanium isopropoxide in water [8] . An aqueous dispersion of nano-TiO 2 was prepared and mixed with silicone softener to establish a finishing bath. Cotton fabrics were treated with this finishing bath as per a paddry-cure process. The so finished fabric was when exposed to UV irradiation; the UV/TiO 2 process has been considered a promising technique for the decomposition of various contaminants [9] .

Sol-gel coating on textiles has been used to provide textiles with new properties, e.g. colouration, UV protection and medical applications.

A well-adherent surface of titanium oxide nanoparticles was produced on cellulose fibres at low temperature from an aqueous titania sol that was obtained via hydrolysis and condensation reactions of titanium isopropoxide in water.

The so finished fabric was when exposed to UV irradiation; the UV/TiO 2 process has been considered a promising technique for the decomposition of various contaminants.


Preparing nano-crystalline TiO 2 and nano-crystalline anatase by sol-gel techniques to use them for coating the textiles was studied [1] . TiO 2 colloidal solution was prepared by using an isopropanol-based sol-gel process, followed by hydrothermal treatment at 100˚C for 16 h and finally used to coat textiles. The long treatment time is not feasible in an industrial textile application and the use of organic solvents is not desired because it makes the whole chemical approach not environmentally friendly. More recently, self-cleaning cotton is prepared by coating it with single-phase anatase sols. These sols were synthesized by using a sol-gel process at low temperatures. The fibers coated with the anatase sol prepared at 60°C showed the highest photo catalytic activities. Anatase sol is also applied to functionalize textile fibers [10] [11] [12] .

Preparing nano-crystalline TiO 2 and nano-crystalline anatase by sol-gel techniques to use them for coating the textiles was studied.

Anatase sol is also applied to functionalize textile fibers.


Self-cleaning is a unique textile property which caught imagination of the consumer. Nanotechnology provides a new concept for production of self-cleaning textiles particularly by incorporation of TiO 2 nanoparticles in the textile structure [1] . Nowadays, global commercial market of textile witness growing demand towards possessing extra functionalities for the fibres such as self-cleaning, antibacterial, environmental friendly and antipollution abilities [2] .

Nanotechnology provides a new concept for production of self-cleaning textiles particularly by incorporation of TiO 2 nanoparticles in the textile structure.

Nowadays, global commercial market of textile witness growing demand towards possessing extra functionalities for the fibres such as self-cleaning, antibacterial, environmental friendly and antipollution abilities.


It is anticipated that self-cleaning of fibrous materials such as cellulose acetate (CA) fabrics are important for their value added. To impart durable self-cleaning property to CA by applying TiO 2 nanoparticles, it is a must to improve the adhesion between TiO 2 and CA through alteration of the physical and chemical characteristics of CA surface. Laser irradiation pretreatment of CA surface is one technique to improve the bond-ability of TiO 2 on CA fibers [3] . The surface pretreatment only modifies the outermost surface layers of the polymer without affecting the bulk properties. The UV absorption of titania-coated textiles is significant enough to promote excellent UV protection. No photo degradation of the molecular chains of textile fibres by the titania layers can be observed as demonstrated by a comparison study of the tearing strength of coated fabrics before and after light irradiation [4] [5] [6] .

Laser irradiation pretreatment of CA surface is one technique to improve the bond-ability of TiO 2 on CA fibers.

No photo degradation of the molecular chains of textile fibres by the titania layers can be observed as demonstrated by a comparison study of the tearing strength of coated fabrics before and after light irradiation.


Road and traf ic accidents are the major causes of fatality and disability in Coimbatore. A RTA not only causes property damage but it may lead to partial or full disability and sometimes can be fatal for human being. Increasing ratio of RTA is not a good sign for the transportation safety. The analysis of traf ic accident data provides solution to identify different causes of road accidents and undertaking preventive measures. Various types of research have been done on road accident data from different countries. Signi icant help in this situation represents an identi ication of the key factors causing road traf ic accidents [1] . Application of suitable data mining methods on the collected datasets representing different situations on the roads and occurred accidents can help understand the most signi icant factors or of-ten repeating patterns. The success of such analysis depends strongly on the quality of the data available for the experiments. An interesting source of data in this domain is continually created by Department of Police, Coimbatore. All available data iles provide detailed road safety data about the circumstances of personal injury road accidents involved and the consequential casualties. The statistics relate only to the accidents that are occurred on public roads, and are reported to the police and subsequently recorded using the RADMS (Road Accident Database Management System) accident reporting form (completed by police).

Signi icant help in this situation represents an identi ication of the key factors causing road traf ic accidents.


The online peer assessment model employed in this study promoted students' performance on the lesson plan project, which coincides with the previous research that well designed and implemented peer assessment may foster student learning (Li 2012; Li, Liu, and Steckelberg 2010) . Among the critical features of effective peer assessment captured in the model, the researchers would like to highlight two attributes that have not been sufficiently covered and discussed by previous studies. The first one is clearly defined aims and expectations. This study had the instructor explain the purpose of the activity and explicate the expectations for the students before they were engaged in peer assessment. Students are often reluctant to participate in peer assessment and show little willingness to rate peers. They may question if the learning benefits from peer assessment would outweigh the time and effort they devote to the process (Hanrahan and Isaacs 2001; Topping et al. 2000) . The unwillingness and uncertainty may create some issues: assessors are not willing to spend time to review peers' work, and assessees do not take feedback seriously (Hanrahan and Isaacs 2001) .

The online peer assessment model employed in this study promoted students' performance on the lesson plan project, which coincides with the previous research that well designed and implemented peer assessment may foster student learning.

They may question if the learning benefits from peer assessment would outweigh the time and effort they devote to the process.

The unwillingness and uncertainty may create some issues: assessors are not willing to spend time to review peers' work, and assessees do not take feedback seriously.


Besides, Europe has opted for the liberalisation of its energy markets at the turn of the millennium [16] . The underlying privatisations and splitting of integrated public companies have brought many new actors in the electricity markets. More actors and more rules have led to a much higher degree of complexity. Moreover, each party intends to reap the benefits to itself leading at times to divergent objectives. It can be witnessed that in many cases the focus is brought upon optimising benefits microscopically. Numerous timely solutions (e.g. microgrids, individual storage, ancillary services) aim too often at maximising revenues or minimising expenses of a few ones at the cost of the global welfare and the solution of the global equation. This reality is aggravated by the current context of gloomy perspectives for the western economy. Limited public investments are consented and private actors require quick return on investments, thus creating a growing gap between public and private interests.

Besides, Europe has opted for the liberalisation of its energy markets at the turn of the millennium.


While a DSM technique based on a global and centralised optimisation would be utopian and subject to other controversies (e.g. privacy, individual freedom), the introduction of cooperative mechanisms can enhance a more rational use of the energy. By modifying slightly individual objectives, it can be shown that the global cost of a system can be reduced, hence promoting renewable energy sources policies and strengthening social welfare. Energy Consumption Scheduling (ECS) is a type of LM in which flexible loads (e.g. dishwasher, electric vehicle, washing machine) are programmed in order to answer to an objective function [17, 18] . One approach uses this technique in a game theoretic framework using an autonomous and decentralised algorithm among users [19] . The players of the ECS game are the users of a utility company, and their respective strategies are the daily schedules of their household appliance. In that approach, the utility company applies Time-of-Use tariffs that differentiate the energy usage in time and level for the aggregated load. It shows that the obtained optimum in terms of minimising the energy cost is also the unique Nash equilibrium of the ECS game. Among the benefits, users can maintain their privacy as they do not need to reveal the details of their consumptions schedules to other parties, and furthermore, the peak-to-average (PAR) ratio and electricity charges are reduced.

Energy Consumption Scheduling (ECS) is a type of LM in which flexible loads (e.g. dishwasher, electric vehicle, washing machine) are programmed in order to answer to an objective function.

One approach uses this technique in a game theoretic framework using an autonomous and decentralised algorithm among users.


The drill string consists of several drill pipes, drill collars, stabilizers, and connections (crossover sub), subjected to some heavy and complex dynamic loadings caused by different sources, such as bit and drill string interactions with the formations, torque exerted by the rotary table or top drive, buckling, and misalignment. By producing different states of stress, these loads might result in excess vibrations and lead to failure of the drilling tools. Moreover, rotation of the rotary table or top drive on the surface might be transformed into a turbulent movement in the downhole. Three forms of vibrations that have been identified for the drill string are axial, torsional, and lateral vibrations, as shown in Figure 1 [1] .

Three forms of vibrations that have been identified for the drill string are axial, torsional, and lateral vibrations, as shown in Figure 1.


In consideration of the problems mentioned above, a model called "A 2 R" is proposed in this paper. This new model is created on the basis of a continuum-based macroscopic model called AR [2] . We expect our approach not only uses much less simulation time than microscopic methods in large-scale, real-world networks of traffic, but also takes the effectiveness of drivers' prediction into consideration.

This new model is created on the basis of a continuum-based macroscopic model called AR.


As mentioned, a recent sail design possesses a characteristic acceleration of 0.58 mm/s 2 [34] . JAXA's IKAROS is the first mission to have flown using a sail as its only propulsive device, and NASA recently deployed the NanoSail-D2. Both of these sailcraft are relatively small (200 m 2 and 10 m 2 , resp.) and are designed to demonstrate in-space deployment of the sail. Designs for larger sailcraft exist, and future solar sail spacecraft are likely to be hybridized with other propulsion devices [45] . However, it is instructive to demonstrate the FDMs with characteristic accelerations for sail spacecraft that may be available with near-future technological improvements. An assessment of the technology level (i.e., characteristic acceleration) is required for a sail-only LSP mission. The focus of this analysis is not to demonstrate that a sailonly LSP mission is feasible based on current technology. Instead, the results of this investigation demonstrate the use of finite-difference methods for the sample application of an LSP mission. Therefore, a high characteristic acceleration, that is, 1.70 mm/s 2 , is used to generate example orbits.

As mentioned, a recent sail design possesses a characteristic acceleration of 0.58 mm/s 2.

Designs for larger sailcraft exist, and future solar sail spacecraft are likely to be hybridized with other propulsion devices.


A description of the dynamical model in the EarthMoon CR3B system is followed by an algorithm using the augmented FDMs for generating trajectories. The strategies are based on minimizing the difference between accelerations from the equations of motion (as well as the velocities as another alternative) and the corresponding values numerically derived from positions along a discretized trajectory. An error analysis is also included. A separate study uses these FDMs for surveying the solution space and assessing the required solar sail and spacecraft characteristics necessary for the lunar south pole (LSP) coverage problem [32] .

An error analysis is also included.

A separate study uses these FDMs for surveying the solution space and assessing the required solar sail and spacecraft characteristics necessary for the lunar south pole (LSP) coverage problem.


When a permanent outpost on the Moon to support extended human expeditions is eventually established, the astronauts at the facility will require a continual communications link with the Earth. A leading candidate location for the lunar base is at the south pole, which is not always in view of either antennas on the Earth or space-based transceivers, such as the TDRSS satellites, in geosynchronous orbit. Therefore, at least two spacecraft in traditional polar orbits about the Moon are required for an Earth-Moon link [1] .

Therefore, at least two spacecraft in traditional polar orbits about the Moon are required for an Earth-Moon link.


Our earlier investigations focused on the synthesis of porous carbons based on polyolefine wax, furfural and mixtures of tar from carbonization of agricultural by-products and furfural [8] [9] [10] . We have observed that the chemical composition of the precursor strongly influences the structure and properties of the obtained adsorbent. For instance, the carbonizate -before activation -obtained from pyrolysis of a specific raw material containing dominantly aromatic compounds (such as biomass-derived tar), is characterized by a dense structure and weak reactivity towards steam activation. On the contrary, when furfural is used as precursor, the final carbon material is less dense and more reactive, due to the insertion of oxygen in the carbon skeleton that favors the formation of pores during the activation process. In contrast, when mixtures of coal tar pitch and furfural in different proportions are used as precursors, the synthesized carbons displayed physicochemical and nanoporous features that can be tailored by an adequate composition of the precursor mixture [11] .

Our earlier investigations focused on the synthesis of porous carbons based on polyolefine wax, furfural and mixtures of tar from carbonization of agricultural by-products and furfural.

In contrast, when mixtures of coal tar pitch and furfural in different proportions are used as precursors, the synthesized carbons displayed physicochemical and nanoporous features that can be tailored by an adequate composition of the precursor mixture.


The previous concentration-based approach, still spread worldwide and only able to determine whether drinking water complied with quality standards, has been overcome with the risk-based approach of the WSP strategy. Indeed, this latter approach can be considered proactive, since it is able to prevent drinking water contamination by means of the identification of all possible hazardous events, other hazards, and the evaluation of the risks related to the drinking water contamination. On the contrary, the previous concentration-based approach is characterised not by its preventative strategy; indeed, within this approach, water contamination is only detected, but not prevented or avoided. Moreover, the new approach takes into account parameters such as the level and duration of exposure to contaminants, their toxicity, and the severity of the diseases they produce in assessing the need for mitigation [3] .

Moreover, the new approach takes into account parameters such as the level and duration of exposure to contaminants, their toxicity, and the severity of the diseases they produce in assessing the need for mitigation.


The worst situation is highlighted to be in the sub-Saharan Africa. Indeed, only 68% of the population has access to improved drinking water sources, with a strong disparity between urban (87%) and rural (56%) areas. Even worse the access to improved sanitation facilities reaches only 30% of the people: The percentage increases up to 40% in urban areas, whilst it decreases to 23% in rural areas [1] .

Even worse the access to improved sanitation facilities reaches only 30% of the people: The percentage increases up to 40% in urban areas, whilst it decreases to 23% in rural areas.


For these reasons, the enactment of the Water Safety Plan (WSP) methodology should be considered in order to prevent (or at least minimise) drinking water contamination, without excluding the enhancement of proper hygiene and sanitation practices. The WSP approach, proposed in the third edition of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (GDWQ) in 2004, in fact, entails the comprehensive assessment of both the risk to health and risk management. This assessment should encompass all stages of the water supply system, from the catchment to the consumer, considering hazards within the system by means of a multi-barrier framework [2] .

This assessment should encompass all stages of the water supply system, from the catchment to the consumer, considering hazards within the system by means of a multi-barrier framework.


In this paper, we present a machine-checked version of this mathematical result. In addition, we establish a machine-checked connection between this result and the code shown in Figure 1 . Our proofs are available online [8] .

Our proofs are available online.


Further research into the long-term, sublethal and landscapescale effects of fipronil and Metarhizium applications on native reptiles will better inform managers about the hazards that locustcontrol methods pose to arid-zone fauna. However, the lack of clear treatment effects in our study suggests that current locustcontrol treatments for these two control agents are a relatively insignificant hazard to native reptiles at our site. As in other areas globally, and particularly in arid regions, climate and vegetation change are likely to be the major drivers of reptile abundance and community structure (Jellinek et al. 2004; Read and Cunningham 2010; Pianka and Goodyear 2012) . Similar to resident and migratory bird populations that benefit from feeding on abundant locusts in the African Sahel, reptiles may also rely on an occasional year of abundant prey to provide a pulse of recruitment or increase the success of individual dispersal attempts (Sánchez-Zapata et al. 2007) . By following the response of reptile populations to high locust abundance in treated and untreated areas, important insight into the possible costs of removing this resource pulse could be gained. Only then can the full impacts of locust-control operations on reptile populations be quantified.

As in other areas globally, and particularly in arid regions, climate and vegetation change are likely to be the major drivers of reptile abundance and community structure.

Similar to resident and migratory bird populations that benefit from feeding on abundant locusts in the African Sahel, reptiles may also rely on an occasional year of abundant prey to provide a pulse of recruitment or increase the success of individual dispersal attempts.


In addition, house environment with low economic status is often associated with stress. Logically, the pressure faced by parents living in poverty is more severe and harmful if unwell controlled rather than those who live in the house environment with a high economic status. This high pressure indirectly affected both parent and children physically and mentally. Thus, this clearly shows that the in conducive house environment can lead to the occurrence of psychological problems and contribute to the physical child abuse (Grzywacs et al., 2004; Almeida et al., 2005; Gallo et al., 2006) .

Thus, this clearly shows that the in conducive house environment can lead to the occurrence of psychological problems and contribute to the physical child abuse.


In this paper, we used a double ridged waveguide shown in Fig. 1 to implement the SE of the resistive sensor. In comparison with a standard rectangular waveguide the double ridge waveguide more than twice widens the frequency range where the sensor can be used. The output characteristic of the sensor has been measured and compared with the calculated one using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method [4] .

The output characteristic of the sensor has been measured and compared with the calculated one using a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.


In the present investigation, although a considerable mould contamination was detected but mycotoxins contamination was detected only in 14.03% powdered samples suggesting good storage conditions of herbal powder samples. This is because the mould presence itself does not imply that the stored material is also contaminated with mycotoxins. Certain mycotoxin-producing fungi can be present without mycotoxins being present itself (Brodnik et al., 1977; Stojanovic et al., 1977) . But, the prolong storage of these herbal drugs with isolated toxigenic fungal population may contaminate with mycotoxins. Therefore, these powdered herbal drugs should be carefully stored and the growth of naturally found toxic fungi should be inhibited. Besides that, these herbal drugs must be tested for mycotoxins presence prior to their use.

Certain mycotoxin-producing fungi can be present without mycotoxins being present itself.


RF radiations that penetrate through human body from mobile phone are measured in terms of SAR. SAR denotes power absorbed by human from handset over certain volume of body tissue [24] [25] [26] [27] . SAR is directly proportional to body conductivity and inversely proportional to body permittivity [28] . SAR is influenced by dielectric values of human body, and these values are very much dependent on the orientation, human-body and frequency exposure. The conductivity, σ, and relative permittivity, ε, of human tissues are the determining factors for both optimal RF communication and dosimetry [29] [30] [31] [32] . Human body tissue with higher water content is more susceptible to absorbing radiation or so called power radiated from handset. Higher water content shows that the particular body tissue is greater in conductivity which increases SAR values. The permittivity and conductivity are frequency dependent [2, 33] . The peak of spatial SAR in a child and adult head models is exposed to 900 MHz mobile telephone using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and it is found that variation of the 1 g or 10 g average spatial SAR peak with different dielectric properties is within 10% [33, 34] . The average SAR values are always inversely proportional with variations of body permittivity. There is also some estimation of the dependence of SAR values on the variability in dielectric values which should be determined.

SAR denotes power absorbed by human from handset over certain volume of body tissue.

SAR is directly proportional to body conductivity and inversely proportional to body permittivity.

The conductivity, σ, and relative permittivity, ε, of human tissues are the determining factors for both optimal RF communication and dosimetry.

The permittivity and conductivity are frequency dependent.

The peak of spatial SAR in a child and adult head models is exposed to 900 MHz mobile telephone using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and it is found that variation of the 1 g or 10 g average spatial SAR peak with different dielectric properties is within 10%.