The mechanical properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength and flexural toughness, etc., of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HyFRC) have been investigated by different investigators. Positive synergy between the large size steel and small size polypropylene fibers was reported with regard to load bearing capacity of concrete by Qian and Stroeven [2] . Influence of fiber type and combinations on the crack growth resistance of steel and polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete was reported in an investigation conducted by Banthia and Nandakumar [3] .

Positive synergy between the large size steel and small size polypropylene fibers was reported with regard to load bearing capacity of concrete by Qian and Stroeven.

Influence of fiber type and combinations on the crack growth resistance of steel and polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete was reported in an investigation conducted by Banthia and Nandakumar.


This paper introduces a set of affine invariant features (AIFs) for sequence data. The AIFs capture the relative information of sequence data and can be calculated directly. We apply AIFs to speech recognition. Because the VTL difference can be approximated by affine transformations on cepstrum features, the AIFs of cepstrum sequence yield robust features to VTL variations. We experimentally showed that AIFs have higher invariance to speaker difference than MFCC, mel-cepstrum and cepstrum for speech signals. We also found the combination of AIFs with MFCC or MFCC+Δ can lead to better recognition rates than using MFCC or MFCC+Δ only through a Japanese isolated word classification task. In the mismatched experiments, the combination of AIFs with MFCC or MFCC+Δ can reduce the error rates about 30%. The AIFs proposed have very general invariance, which is expected to have other applications. However, the too general invariance of AIFs may cause loss of useful information and affect the final performance of AIFs. Now we are developing techniques to deal with this strong invariance. We are also considering conducting experiments on a larger database and making comparison with speaker normalization and adaption techniques [14, 13] . The experimental results of this paper are preliminary. We are also going to apply AIFs for continuous speech recognition.

We apply AIFs to speech recognition.

We are also considering conducting experiments on a larger database and making comparison with speaker normalization and adaption techniques.


In the present work, grain boundaries are assumed impenetrable to dislocations as a simplifying view of the dislocation absorption, emission and transmission that has been observed at grain boundaries in experiments [51, 52, 53] . This is achieved by prescribing a zero flux of dislocations across the grain boundaries. Dislocation migration across grain boundaries can, however, be incorporated in the present model and will be the subject of forthcoming studies.

In the present work, grain boundaries are assumed impenetrable to dislocations as a simplifying view of the dislocation absorption, emission and transmission that has been observed at grain boundaries in experiments.


The dislocation storage at grain boundaries increases as the area fraction of grain boundaries increase, i.e. as the average grain size decreases. This is the mechanism behind the well-established Hall-Petch effect, suggesting a proportionality between the macroscopic yield stress and the inverse of the square root of the average grain size [7, 8] . The Hall-Petch effect has been verified experimentally and its validity holds over a wide range of grain sizes, reaching down to the sub-micron scale [9] . However, at very fine grain sizes, the Hall-Petch relation is less applicable since grain boundary effects become appreciable throughout the grains.

This is the mechanism behind the well-established Hall-Petch effect, suggesting a proportionality between the macroscopic yield stress and the inverse of the square root of the average grain size.

The Hall-Petch effect has been verified experimentally and its validity holds over a wide range of grain sizes, reaching down to the sub-micron scale.


Our work also relates to research efforts in the area of program characterization through dynamic analysis [1, 7, 8, 9, 15, 21] . These efforts provide approaches for inferring program properties based on the analysis of program runs. These approaches, however, target more traditional programs or their byproducts (e.g., traces) while our target is web application interfaces. Targeting web applications implies that the set of properties of interest to us are different and that we are making inferences on the program interface instead of on the program internals. Recent approaches also attempt to combine dynamic inference with input generation [12, 20] . These approaches use dynamic inference techniques to classify the behavior of the program under generated inputs to determine the usefulness of these inputs for finding faults. Our approach differs in that we want to avoid executing new inputs that will not help our characterization due to the high cost of execution and the large number of potential requests.

Our work also relates to research efforts in the area of program characterization through dynamic analysis.

Recent approaches also attempt to combine dynamic inference with input generation.


Multicomponent flows appear in many applications including sedimentation, dialysis, electrolysis, and ion transport [22] . These flows may be described by Euler or EulerKorteweg equations for the various species, coupled through interaction forces proportional to the difference of the partial velocities. The equations can be simplified when the interaction is strong, leading in the zeroth-order limit to the Euler equations for the partial particle densities and the common velocity and in the first-order correction to diffusive systems of Maxwell-Stefan type coupled with the momentum balance equation for the barycentric velocity. While such relaxation and high-friction limits are widely explored in mono-species situations, there are no results for multicomponent Euler-Korteweg flows. The aim of this paper is to compute the Chapman-Enskog expansion and to justify the expansion via a relative entropy approach, extending results for the mono-species case to fluid mixtures [10, 15, 16] .

Multicomponent flows appear in many applications including sedimentation, dialysis, electrolysis, and ion transport.

The aim of this paper is to compute the Chapman-Enskog expansion and to justify the expansion via a relative entropy approach, extending results for the mono-species case to fluid mixtures.


The side-slip angle is estimated using sensors such as accelerometers, rate gyroscopes and GPS [7] , [8] . The main disadvantages of the estimation methods are that they rely on high dynamic situations such as high speed manoeuvres where sensor excitations are large in comparison to sensor noise. Additionally when considering off-road terrain the additional ground excitation may become too large rendering these methods unsuitable.

The side-slip angle is estimated using sensors such as accelerometers, rate gyroscopes and GPS.


Normalization is done to prevent from penalizing vehicles with high registrations. The fatalities in the subject vehicles are only taken for two vehicle crashes, where both vehicles are either a car or an LTV. Using this method and the evaluating statistics, it was found out that the LTVs are twice more aggressive than the passenger cars and absorb less crash energy than the other vehicle contributed in a crash [2] .

Using this method and the evaluating statistics, it was found out that the LTVs are twice more aggressive than the passenger cars and absorb less crash energy than the other vehicle contributed in a crash.


The aggressivity metric for different vehicle crashes is shown in Figure 1 (a) for combined impact modes; i.e., frontal, rear, and side impact [8] . It shows that the large van is the most aggressive vehicle and the subcompact car is the least aggressive vehicle. AM for some vehicle crashes in frontal impact is shown in Figure 1(b) , in which it can be interpreted that large pickup category vehicles have the AM of 0.069 which is more than that of mid-size cars with the AM of 0.011.

The aggressivity metric for different vehicle crashes is shown in Figure 1 (a) for combined impact modes; i.e., frontal, rear, and side impact.


Compatibility of a vehicle is a combination of its crash worthiness and aggressivity with other on-road vehicles. Crashworthiness is capability of a vehicle to protect its occupants involved in a crash where as aggressivity is a measure of how dangerous a vehicle can be in injuring occupants of the other vehicle involved in a collision. It is known that the ideal compatibility scenario is achieved only when the crash energy is shared equally between two cars involved in an accident [2, 4] . This is only possible between two vehicles where they have identical load paths, stiffness and mass. These similarities result in lower cabin intrusions and identical decelerations and subsequently low injury potential to the occupants of each vehicle. An incompatible collision leads to a quite high injury potential to the occupant in relatively smaller vehicle.

It is known that the ideal compatibility scenario is achieved only when the crash energy is shared equally between two cars involved in an accident.


Light trucks and vans (LTVs) account for one-third of all passenger cars in United States. Over 50% of vehicle accidents occur between LTVs and cars, out of which 81% of fatal injuries are in passenger cars [1] . This is due to the fact that LTVs and passenger cars are incompatible in road accidents, and LTVs are more aggressive compared to passenger cars [1] [2] [3] .

Over 50% of vehicle accidents occur between LTVs and cars, out of which 81% of fatal injuries are in passenger cars.

This is due to the fact that LTVs and passenger cars are incompatible in road accidents, and LTVs are more aggressive compared to passenger cars.


Aggressivity metrics are based on vehicle categories and depend on statistics, when one vehicle impacts any other vehicle in a specific impact mode. It is often desirable to have aggressivity metric for specific vehicle category-to-category which will assist in understanding the compatibility issues between specific vehicle categories. The aggressivity metric when calculated for specific vehicle category-to-category has not produced reliable data. Instead, NHTSA introduced the driver fatality ratio (DFR) based on statistics reported by FARS for specific vehicle category-to-category for different impact modes [8] . DFR values have been quite reliable and were only calculated for vehicles manufactured after 1990. In calculating the driver fatality ratio, driver age has also been taken into consideration; drivers with age less than 25 and greater than 55 were eliminated in calculation. Figure 2 shows the DFR against passenger car in frontal impact configuration [8] .

Instead, NHTSA introduced the driver fatality ratio (DFR) based on statistics reported by FARS for specific vehicle category-to-category for different impact modes.

Figure 2 shows the DFR against passenger car in frontal impact configuration.


There are several candidates for dark matter. One possible categorization tells us that dark matter can be either baryonic or non-baryonic. The baryonic sector is made of baryons (protons and neutrons) that make up stars, interstellar matter and planets. The main baryonic candidates are the massive astronomical compact halo objects (MACHOs) that include brown dwarf stars and black holes. The non-baryonic candidates are basically elementary particles that have non-standard properties. Among the non-baryonic candidates, one can point to the axions, which are considered as a solution to the strong-CP problem. However, the largest class is that of the weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP), which can be various types of unknown particles [10] . The most popular of these WIMPs is the neutralino from supersymmetry. The WIMP interaction cross-section with the normal baryonic matter is extremely small, but non-zero; thus, their direct detection is a weak possibility. Heavy neutrinos may also be considered as possible candidates for dark matter [10] .

However, the largest class is that of the weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP), which can be various types of unknown particles.

Heavy neutrinos may also be considered as possible candidates for dark matter.


On a local scale, the outcome of competition between Spartina and Puccinellia will clearly depend on the balance between increased CO 2 concentration and temperature, and on the rates at which these change. Whilst an average global warming of 1 to 3.5°C over the next century may be predicted as a result of an increase in greenhouse gases, this is likely to vary spatially and is predicted to be higher in northern latitudes in winter (Houghton 1996) . In general, we may expect Spartina to extend its range northwards from 57°N, in the lowest zones of saltmarsh, as temperatures and CO 2 levels rise. In those parts of its elevational niche where factors related to tidal submergence prevent the establishment and growth of Puccinellia, the increased biomass, and especially the increase in below-ground root and rhizome production, should allow Spartina to expand northwards wherever suitable sedimentary environments occur. However, we predict that the competitively superior Puccinellia will continue to replace it at appropriate elevations. Further, the additive effect of elevated temperature and CO 2 enrichment on Puccinellia performance, coupled with the unexpectedly small increase in Spartina growth in such conditions, suggests that Puccinellia may invade Spartina swards at an earlier successional stage in these northern marshes. The increased competitive superiority of Puccinellia under the new regime of both higher temperatures and CO 2 enrichment will also enable it to extend its elevational limits further downshore in existing marshes at latitudes below 57°N.

Whilst an average global warming of 1 to 3.5°C over the next century may be predicted as a result of an increase in greenhouse gases, this is likely to vary spatially and is predicted to be higher in northern latitudes in winter.


The sun is one of the primary sources of energy for most of the natural processes such as heat, wind, and rain. The most effective conversion of sunlight into chemical energy can be seen in photosynthesis procedure. Currently human kind is using fossil fuels as their primary energy source but the fossil fuels are not an appropriate source of energy. This leads to the usage of sunlight as a renewable source of energy to produce electricity, called solar power. Moreover, solar energy is green energy and it is environmentally friendly. Photovoltaic panel and solar thermal are the main sources for electricity generation from solar energy. The prediction of power generation from solar energy is gaining considerable attention due to the increment of power generation from solar energy [1] . Numerical models have been developed to forecast weather and solar power; however, they require a powerful computing system [2, 3] .

The prediction of power generation from solar energy is gaining considerable attention due to the increment of power generation from solar energy.

Numerical models have been developed to forecast weather and solar power; however, they require a powerful computing system.


If the universe began with the big bang singularity, then it seems essential to find a "theory of initial conditions". One approach to understanding the theory of initial conditions is to assume the existence of the universe before the big bang. It was shown that it is necessary to have a contracting phase for the universe to be past-eternal [1] . Hawking and Penrose showed that a globally hyperbolic contracting space admitting a closed trapped surface will collapse into a singularity, unless an energy condition is violated [2] . This result imposes severe restrictions on a smooth transition from a contracting phase to an expanding phase.

It was shown that it is necessary to have a contracting phase for the universe to be past-eternal.

Hawking and Penrose showed that a globally hyperbolic contracting space admitting a closed trapped surface will collapse into a singularity, unless an energy condition is violated.


The XRD traces of the coupons, Fig. 3 , showing CoBlasted PTFE samples (A50P and A50P) exhibit intense PTFE peaks indicating good coating coverage/thickness, while the SP trace exhibits a weak PTFE peak indicating poor coating coverage/thickness. The coated samples exhibited peaks associated with NiTi which are present due to the underlying NiTi substrate due to the thin PTFE layer deposited (\10 lm). The coated samples also exhibit peaks associated with deformation-induced martensite formed due to severe plastic deformation of the NiTi. This appears to be the B19 0 monoclinic martensite phase as it exhibits the characteristic (001) reflection at 19°2h. The trace also displays strong (002) and (020) reflections at 39.2°2h and 43.9°2h respectively. The (012) reflection at 45.1°2h is very weak, however this should be most pronounced, this demonstrates that there is significant texturing of the matrix [23] . The blasting process has a stabilising effect on martensite, introducing dislocations and vacancies that increase the frictional resistance to austenite/martensite phase boundary movement inhibiting the reverse transformation and increasing the temperature at which martensite is stable [28] . The martensite phase becomes unstable above 300°C when there is sufficient thermal energy to allow dislocation movement and annihilation allowing the back transformation of martensite to austensite to occur, Fig. 4 .

The (012) reflection at 45.1°2h is very weak, however this should be most pronounced, this demonstrates that there is significant texturing of the matrix.

The blasting process has a stabilising effect on martensite, introducing dislocations and vacancies that increase the frictional resistance to austenite/martensite phase boundary movement inhibiting the reverse transformation and increasing the temperature at which martensite is stable.


There are only 42 reported cases of SFTs originating from the liver, but it should be differentiated from some other tumours originating from the liver. Among the primary neoplasms of the liver that can be confuse with SFTs are Leiomyoma, Hepatic metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), Hepatic angiomyolipoma (AML), Sarcoma hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of the liver. Leiomyoma of liver is a very rare tumor in liver. It consists of intersecting bundles of smooth muscle cells with cigarshaped nuclei that express MSA and SMA but not CD34 [14] . Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have a plentiful histomorphometric, and liver is the most common metastatic part. Most hepatic metastatic GISTs is composed of spindle and/or predominantly epithelioid cells with round to oval-shaped nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm. We even can see that the tumor cells proliferated in a diffuse or sheetlike pattern with focal myxoid stroma and microcystic change. About 95% are positive for KIT (CD117), 60-70% for CD34, 30-40% for smooth muscle actin, while cytokeratins and EMA are negative [41] . Angiomyolipoma is commonly seen in the kidneys, but infrequently in liver. These tumours are characterized by co-expression of smooth muscle and melanocytic markers. Microscopically, the tumours are composed of admixture of adipose tissue, smooth muscle and blood vessels, The histological patterns described include lipomatous, myomatous, angiomatous, trabecular, pelioid, inflammatory and mixed pattern, and the cells were positive for HMB-45. Sarcoma hepatocellular carcinoma can be easily distinguished from SFT by trabecular hepatocellular and sarcoma composition, Immunohistochemistry demonstrates positivity for CK. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of the liver consists of compact spindle cells (myofibroblasts, fibroblasts) intermingled with inflammatory cells, predominantly plasma cells, lymphocytes, as well as eosinophils. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells demonstrate positivity for vimentin, MSA, SMA and cytokeratin [42] .

It consists of intersecting bundles of smooth muscle cells with cigarshaped nuclei that express MSA and SMA but not CD34.

About 95% are positive for KIT (CD117), 60-70% for CD34, 30-40% for smooth muscle actin, while cytokeratins and EMA are negative.

Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells demonstrate positivity for vimentin, MSA, SMA and cytokeratin.


Although imaging examination will certainly help for SFTs, but diagnosis of SFTs mostly depend on postoperative pathological histological features and immunohistochemical evaluation. General histological observation can find that bland spindle cells arranged in a "patternless" pattern, with alternating hypocellular and hypercellular areas, interspersed with thick, "keloidal" collagen bundles. A haemangiopericytoma-like vascular pattern is a common feature. Typical indicators of immunohistochemical revealed that CD34 and vimentin are strongly positive, So is Bcl-2, which differentiate from other tumors [14] .

Typical indicators of immunohistochemical revealed that CD34 and vimentin are strongly positive, So is Bcl-2, which differentiate from other tumors.


In addition to rice, wheat (Triticum aestivum) is an important food crop, cultivated by 40% of the population throughout the world and provides humans with 20% of total calories and protein requirement (Gupta et al. 2008) . Thus, fortification of wheat is a highly desirable approach to overcome iron deficiency in humans. After cloning, sickle alfalfa (Medicago falcata L.) ferritin, driven by the promoter of the seed-storage protein glutelin GluB-1 gene, was transformed into wheat, grain Fe and Zn concentration of transgenic wheat increased by 73% and 44% compared with non-transformed wheat, respectively. This work may contribute to alleviating iron-deficiency anemia and serve to improve public health.

In addition to rice, wheat (Triticum aestivum) is an important food crop, cultivated by 40% of the population throughout the world and provides humans with 20% of total calories and protein requirement.


In recent years, there has been a progressive increase in the price of mineral fertilisers (Nix, 2012) . This trend is likely to continue driven by the projected increase in fertiliser demand and the cost of energy with special regards to mineral nitrogen fertilisers (Heffer and Prud'homme, 2010) . For example, the price of straight nitrogen fertilisers increased from approximately GBP0.25 to 0.60 per kg of N between 1994 and 2010 but it reached GBP1.05 per kg of N in 2008 (Nix, 2012) . Enhanced organic-based fertiliser materials can provide an opportunity to improve crop profit margins by means of reduced input costs of fertilisers while delivering some of the environmental benefits associated with recycling.

In recent years, there has been a progressive increase in the price of mineral fertilisers.

This trend is likely to continue driven by the projected increase in fertiliser demand and the cost of energy with special regards to mineral nitrogen fertilisers.

For example, the price of straight nitrogen fertilisers increased from approximately GBP0.25 to 0.60 per kg of N between 1994 and 2010 but it reached GBP1.05 per kg of N in 2008.


However, a Czerny-Turner monochromator has no strict stigmatic imaging of slit height to position on the ICCD array, thus the spectra along the laser path are approximately related to the position. With 1:2 imaging, and a pixel resolution of 13.6 µm, the discernable plasma size in the cell amounts to~3 mm. The figure illustrates that the CN band heads of the ∆v = 0 sequence are well-developed, and it also displays an atomic line near 386.2 nm that is the carbon C I 193.09-nm atomic line, recorded in second order [16] .

The figure illustrates that the CN band heads of the ∆v = 0 sequence are well-developed, and it also displays an atomic line near 386.2 nm that is the carbon C I 193.09-nm atomic line, recorded in second order.


In summary, PCT may be a more reliable indicator of periprosthetic infection given the substantial proportion of patients with unexplained high CRP levels preoperatively. Also, because the surgery doesn't cause PCT to rise indicates that it could be used to monitor high risk patients in the immediate post-operative period. This is further supported by its rapid elevation in infection, and the fact that the CRP, ESR and WCC are still elevated during this period. This would further imply that PCT would be useful in monitoring patients after their revision surgery for periprosthetic infection when it is often difficult to know if the infection has been eradicated [4, 7] . A large multicentre study involving patients undergoing revision surgery for infection needs to be performed to validate these findings and assumptions.

This would further imply that PCT would be useful in monitoring patients after their revision surgery for periprosthetic infection when it is often difficult to know if the infection has been eradicated.


It is estimated that abdominal gastric tube construction and final removal of excess gastric tube need at least 4-5 linear stapler cartridges, according to previously described methods published in 2012-2013 [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . Our approach used 2.4 ± 0.5 staple cartridges. Compared with gastric tube construction in the abdominal cavity, our method used fewer cartridges and the procedures are simplified.

It is estimated that abdominal gastric tube construction and final removal of excess gastric tube need at least 4-5 linear stapler cartridges, according to previously described methods published in 2012-2013.


Previous studies provide evidence that Mexican immigrants are less likely to access and utilize healthcare than US-born Mexican-Americans, non-Mexican Latinos and non-Latino Whites [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The same is true for healthcare access and utilization among children of Mexican immigrants [9] [10] [11] . The literature has also documented geographical differences and positive community effects on access to care among Mexican immigrants [12, 13] . Most of this work, however, focuses on the role of English proficiency, time in the US, and socio-demographic factors to explain poor access and utilization. Less is known about the effects of legal status due to measurement challenges. Most studies focused on undocumented immigrants have used small samples, have had inadequate measures of access and utilization of healthcare services, and have typically grouped all Latinos together to analyze the effect of documentation status on access and utilization [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] .

Previous studies provide evidence that Mexican immigrants are less likely to access and utilize healthcare than US-born Mexican-Americans, non-Mexican Latinos and non-Latino Whites.

The same is true for healthcare access and utilization among children of Mexican immigrants.

The literature has also documented geographical differences and positive community effects on access to care among Mexican immigrants.

Most studies focused on undocumented immigrants have used small samples, have had inadequate measures of access and utilization of healthcare services, and have typically grouped all Latinos together to analyze the effect of documentation status on access and utilization.


Pyrite is a common sulfide mineral associated with galena, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. In the selective flotation of PbZn sulfide ores, pyrite is usually depressed at alkaline pH [1] [2] [3] . It has been confirmed that pyrite presents poor flotation performance at alkaline pH because of formation of iron hydroxyl on pyrite surfaces [4] [5] [6] . CuSO 4 are usually used as an activator for flotation of sulfide mineral [7] . The activation of pyrite is achieved by the formation of CuS-like species on pyrite surface, which improves the surface hydrophobicity of pyrite. Weisener has suggested that activation of pyrite with CuSO 4 follows a single fast step involving Cu(II) adsorption onto the reactive sulfur sites only on the surface with no migration into the bulk pyrite [8, 9] .

In the selective flotation of PbZn sulfide ores, pyrite is usually depressed at alkaline pH.

It has been confirmed that pyrite presents poor flotation performance at alkaline pH because of formation of iron hydroxyl on pyrite surfaces.

CuSO 4 are usually used as an activator for flotation of sulfide mineral.

Weisener has suggested that activation of pyrite with CuSO 4 follows a single fast step involving Cu(II) adsorption onto the reactive sulfur sites only on the surface with no migration into the bulk pyrite.


In some ore-processing plants, the flotation of pyrite is carried out at neutral pH or slight acid conditions, such as Dongguashan copper ores-dressing plant in Anhui, China. Besides, CuSO 4 is often used as an activator for the activation of pyrite [10, 11] . In other cases, due to the association of pyrite with sphalerite in ores, the CuSO 4 used in activation of sphalerite may also influence the flotation of pyrite. However, unlike sphalerite, pyrite responds well to thiol collector at acidic or neutral pH in the absence of activation. However, the Cu activation of pyrite has been recognized for many years, and many studies focused only on the activation role of CuSO 4 at alkaline pH and considered that pyrite can be activated over the entire pH range [12, 13] . The purpose of this paper is to investigate the different effect of CuSO 4 on pyrite flotation by comparing the adsorption difference of Cu species on pyrite surface at different pH.

Besides, CuSO 4 is often used as an activator for the activation of pyrite.

However, the Cu activation of pyrite has been recognized for many years, and many studies focused only on the activation role of CuSO 4 at alkaline pH and considered that pyrite can be activated over the entire pH range.


This is the first study to demonstrate the successful long-term treatment of PD and ET tremor over 96 weeks using BoNT-A (incobotulinumtoxinA). This longitudinal result after the initial reported 38 weeks shows continuous improvement in arm function in tremor patients with minimal risk of debilitating muscle weakness [14, 15] . Using kinematic results to guide longterm optimization of BoNT-A dosing parameters for each patient, the outcome measures showed BoNT-A maintained a low and well-tolerated side effect profile in PD and ET participants and demonstrated significantly improved quality of life in ET participants. Kinematics enabled the ability to tailor BoNT-A to muscles that contribute to the overall tremor action at each arm joint. Objective measures of tremor following each serial treatment allowed optimization of BoNT-A therapy; adding/removing muscles and/or modifying dosages to ultimately improve outcomes and minimize any unwanted weakness or finger drop that could impair function. Long-term efficacy using BoNT-A is well known for disorders such as dystonia but not demonstrated in tremor therapy. This report shows that individualized, kinematicallyguided BoNT-A treatment of ET and PD is safe and efficacious in the long-term as well as improved quality of life for ET patients [25, 26] .

This longitudinal result after the initial reported 38 weeks shows continuous improvement in arm function in tremor patients with minimal risk of debilitating muscle weakness.

This report shows that individualized, kinematicallyguided BoNT-A treatment of ET and PD is safe and efficacious in the long-term as well as improved quality of life for ET patients.


The results above also provide some hints as to where one might focus policy, in terms of reducing parental stress and thereby avoiding a negative intergenerational cycle whereby parental distress is transmitted to the child who has lower levels of LS as a result, which then in turn feeds back on the father's distress levels. For example, parental modeling approach does not necessarily attribute causality to these relationships, the existing literature has highlighted the potentially causal impact of, for example, unemployment on parental distress (Clark and Oswald, 1994) . Our evidence therefore confirms the importance of these factors as either influences on mental health of the parents or as potential indicators to screen parents (and by implication their children) at risk of mental distress and low perception of quality of life as a whole.

For example, parental modeling approach does not necessarily attribute causality to these relationships, the existing literature has highlighted the potentially causal impact of, for example, unemployment on parental distress.


Three different strategies were formulated to provide a fair comparison between the two methods. Strategy 1 allowed us to compare the group differences in the voxel z-scores and use the features in classification which were common in the two methods, with only the actual z-scores being different in the networks. Strategy 2 allowed for a feature selection and classification pipeline which was independent in the two methods. Strategy 3 considered the common positive activation (z-scores) in both methods; the subsequent step was independent. Note that only positive activation in voxels was considered and compared because voxels with positive activation represent more meaningful maps compared to the negative maps because the estimated components from ICA were converted to have positive kurtosis (Du et al., 2017a) . The permutation tests on individual voxel group difference showed that for every strategy, t-stats computed based on GIG-ICA estimated networks in both > Yuhui Du 29 and < masks are significantly greater in majority of the 47 networks compared to STR.. Based on these results we conclude that more GIG-ICA-estimated networks, compared to STR, can indicate greater group difference.

Note that only positive activation in voxels was considered and compared because voxels with positive activation represent more meaningful maps compared to the negative maps because the estimated components from ICA were converted to have positive kurtosis.


The challenges of creating an accurate machine-learning-based CRA system stem from the variety of ways in which a student can express a given concept. In addition to lexical and syntactic variety, students often compose ill-formed text replete with ungrammatical phrasings and misspellings, which significantly complicate analysis. The task of automated grading also becomes increasingly difficult as the material graded comes from questions and domains more and more distant from that of human graded responses on which the system is trained, leading to interest in domain-independent CRA systems designed to deal with this challenge (Dzikovska et al., 2013) .

The task of automated grading also becomes increasingly difficult as the material graded comes from questions and domains more and more distant from that of human graded responses on which the system is trained, leading to interest in domain-independent CRA systems designed to deal with this challenge.


An important family of short answer questions is the constructed response question. A constructed response question is designed to elicit a response of no more than a few sentences and features a relatively clear distinction between incorrect, partially correct, and correct answers. Ideally, a system designed for constructed response analysis (CRA) would be machinelearned from examples that include both graded student answers and expert-constructed "reference" answers (Dzikovska, Nielsen, & Brew, 2012) .

Ideally, a system designed for constructed response analysis (CRA) would be machinelearned from examples that include both graded student answers and expert-constructed "reference" answers.


Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders for which no in vitam diagnostic tests or effective treatments are currently available. Prion diseases can be inherited, sporadic or transmissible, but in spite of their diverse origins, all forms seem caused by the structural conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPc) into its pathologic isoform (PrPSc), which is linked to infectivity [1] . PrPc is normally GPI-anchored to specialized cholesterol-rich domains of the plasma membrane, termed lipid rafts or caveolae [2, 3] . These membrane domains are detergent-insoluble regions characterized by the presence of free cholesterol (FC), saturated phospholipids and raft-resident proteins [4] . Increasing evidence indicates that subtle intracellular cholesterol changes affect the intracellular processing/ trafficking, function and/or activation of raft-resident proteins, including PrPc [2, [5] [6] [7] . Therefore, a role for cholesterol in the metabolism of PrPc and its conversion into PrPSc has been proposed [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Prion diseases can be inherited, sporadic or transmissible, but in spite of their diverse origins, all forms seem caused by the structural conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPc) into its pathologic isoform (PrPSc), which is linked to infectivity.

PrPc is normally GPI-anchored to specialized cholesterol-rich domains of the plasma membrane, termed lipid rafts or caveolae.

These membrane domains are detergent-insoluble regions characterized by the presence of free cholesterol (FC), saturated phospholipids and raft-resident proteins.

Increasing evidence indicates that subtle intracellular cholesterol changes affect the intracellular processing/ trafficking, function and/or activation of raft-resident proteins, including PrPc.

Therefore, a role for cholesterol in the metabolism of PrPc and its conversion into PrPSc has been proposed.


These insights should be considered in the light of the study limitations. As with single methodological approaches using a qualitative approach, the goal is to reach representative credibility [26] . While these results are internally valid to this study, triangulation of using mixed-method approaches are needed to enhance our knowledge about how to measure unmet healthcare needs across groups who speak English as a second language. Notably, the use of two distinct cultural and linguistic groups allowed us to identify themes applicable to both groups. Using focus groups may not have allowed for the depth of discussion that occurs with individual interviews. However, interactions with other participants can trigger memories and broadens the scope of experience that can be explored. A quantitative psychometric analysis could begin teasing apart whether the single unmet healthcare need question works differently across language groups or ethnicity. Finally, we examined the concept of unmet healthcare needs among those people who had access and had visited their primary healthcare provider at least two times in the past two years. More work is needed in understanding unmet health care needs from those who do not have a usual source of care or have not accessed primary healthcare services recently.

As with single methodological approaches using a qualitative approach, the goal is to reach representative credibility.


We also used the SMART system in a disaster drill [8] . We set up at BWH and monitored seven healthy individuals who were acting as patients. The SMART system and the SMART Operator freed other hospital staff from having to monitor these patients.

We also used the SMART system in a disaster drill.


The original stimuli in our experiment held the embedded NP (the object of the relative clause verb) constant within an item, and balanced the determiner type of the NP across items. Data loss led to some imbalance, however, and speakers did not consistently reproduce the determiner of the embedded NP exactly as they heard in the input ( Table 4 ). For that reason we conducted an additional analysis that included the actual determiner of the embedded NP as a control variable. For this, we used Helmert coding, contrasting bare vs. indefi nite determiners, and defi nite determines vs. the average of bare and indefi nite determiners produced. No random slopes were included for this variable because it was not a design variable (Barr, Levy, Scheepers, & Tily, 2013 ) . The model was otherwise identical to the second analysis reported above.

No random slopes were included for this variable because it was not a design variable.


A defi nitional property of any semiotic system is that signals map on to meanings. In the case of human language, this mapping is not always isomorphic: signals that are formally distinct can be near meaning-equivalent. A speaker of English may, with equal veridicality, announce either that she gave some money to a charity , or that she gave a charity some money (Bresnan, Cueni, Nikitina, & Baayen, 2007 ) . Whether she expresses her intention to help the neighbor to shift the boxes , or to help the neighbor shift the boxes , her intention is arguably the same (Mair, 2002 ; Rohdenburg, 2006 ) . Consequently, in the process of transforming a prelinguistic message into words, speakers must frequently select between alternate ways of expressing the same idea. Such 'choice points' have been of particular interest in language production research, because identifying the factors governing a speaker's preference for one alternant over another can shed light on the linguistic encoding processes involved in speaking.

A speaker of English may, with equal veridicality, announce either that she gave some money to a charity , or that she gave a charity some money.

Whether she expresses her intention to help the neighbor to shift the boxes , or to help the neighbor shift the boxes , her intention is arguably the same.


The rapidly growing global demand for energy and industrial raw materials from crude oil and the consequent depletion of crude oil reserves in addition to adverse environmental concerns and unstable nature of the international market make imperative the need to explore alternative sources of fuel and industrial raw materials. There has been an increase in the world production of oil seeds over the last 30 years. This would appear to be related to the increasing demand for oil seed products and by-products. Most seeds are cultivated primarily for their oil and meal. The oil from most seeds can be used for edible purposes (example is fluted pumpkin seed oil, soya bean seed oil) and about 80 % of the world production of vegetable oil is for human consumption while the remaining 20 % is shared between animals and chemical process industries [1] . As a result of the extensive demand of oil for consumption and industrial uses, analysis of many oils has been carried out. Most vegetable seed oils find wide applications in the production of soaps, paints, varnishes, lacquers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, printing inks, dyes, pesticides, and insecticides [2] [3] [4] [5] . Also, with increase in petroleum prices and uncertainties surrounding petroleum availability, vegetable oil can be employed as an alternative fuel and for biodiesel production which aims to overcome energy crisis problem [6] . Due to the increasing applications of vegetable oils, a number of seed oils have been characterized but the vast majority have not been adequately evaluated and this is particularly valid for gmelina, which falls into this group of under-utilized species of plant. The ability of a particular oil seed to fit into the growing industry depends on its utilization potential, rate of production, and availability of processing technology [7] .

The oil from most seeds can be used for edible purposes (example is fluted pumpkin seed oil, soya bean seed oil) and about 80 % of the world production of vegetable oil is for human consumption while the remaining 20 % is shared between animals and chemical process industries.

Most vegetable seed oils find wide applications in the production of soaps, paints, varnishes, lacquers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, printing inks, dyes, pesticides, and insecticides.

Also, with increase in petroleum prices and uncertainties surrounding petroleum availability, vegetable oil can be employed as an alternative fuel and for biodiesel production which aims to overcome energy crisis problem.

The ability of a particular oil seed to fit into the growing industry depends on its utilization potential, rate of production, and availability of processing technology.


Picking up from where others have left off, this paper analyses the technology development, innovation and wealth creation approaches (strategies) being adopted by Indian pharmaceutical firms in the wake of a rapidly changing technology and policy environment. The terms 'innovation' and 'knowledge' in this paper are not restricted to technology alone, but encompass other business and management processes as well. In practice also, the R&D function in business firms has shifted focus to the strategic integration of the R&D effort with the overall business goal (Madanmohan and Krishnan, 2003; Sakakibara and Dodgson, 2003; Bower and Sulej, 2005) . These shifts reflect the increasing complexity and maturity in which companies are tackling the management of their technology, products and markets. The paper analyses the key elements of the strategic trajectories of leading Indian pharmaceutical firms which have been demonstrably successful in the domestic as well as western markets in the past and are currently aggressively expanding their activities to build innovation competencies for tomorrow.

In practice also, the R&D function in business firms has shifted focus to the strategic integration of the R&D effort with the overall business goal.


This article attempts to clarify the links between the most commonly used methods among the above-mentioned ones. First, we introduce a simple formal semantics for floating point numbers with errors which is expressive enough to be formally compared to the other methods. This semantics is a special instance of a familly of semantics introduced recently [22] . Next, we define formal semantics for interval, stochastic, automatic differentiation and error series methods which are usually expressed in other, less semantical, settings. This enables us to compare the properties calculated by each semantics to our reference semantics and to oversee how different methods could be coupled to obtain more accurate results.

This semantics is a special instance of a familly of semantics introduced recently.


Commercially available elastomer (or "flexible") photoresins such as Formlabs flexible and Spot-E Elastic exhibit limited elongations ranging from 90% to 100% [18] . It was previously demonstrated that incorporation of GO into commercial PIC 100 resin (EnvisionTec), which is used to 3D print rigid plastics, can result in increased tensile strength as well as increased elongation at break [1] . The objective of this particular work was to study the effects of GO addition into a commercially available SLA elastomer resin to fabricate GO/elastomer nanocomposites via readily accessible, consumer oriented SLA printer in a userfriendly manner. It was demonstrated that the dispersion of GO in the resin played an important role on mechanical and thermal properties of the 3D printed products.

Commercially available elastomer (or "flexible") photoresins such as Formlabs flexible and Spot-E Elastic exhibit limited elongations ranging from 90% to 100%.

It was previously demonstrated that incorporation of GO into commercial PIC 100 resin (EnvisionTec), which is used to 3D print rigid plastics, can result in increased tensile strength as well as increased elongation at break.


The digital image of the 3D printed blocks prepared with the flexible resin, with different GO content (0-0.3 wt-%), is shown in Fig. 1 . We observed that the blank flexible polymers had a semi-transparent color in appearance no matter whether the raw resin was treated with chloroform or not. In comparison to the blank products, in the GOmodified SLA printed flexible polymer nanocomposites, the color of the products was changed from semitransparent to dark green after the raw GO was mixed with the resin. It was similar to the appearance of SLA fabricated GO nanocomposites, when other photopolymer resin formulation was used as reported elsewhere [1] . The appearance of the resulting structure became darker when the amount of GO added to the resin increased from 0.1 to 0.3 wt-%. For the nanocomposite formulation synthesis, resin quality check to determine the degree of GO nanosheets dispersion in the resin gel was an important factor for the SLA process involving the use of GO as nanofiller material. TEM images presented in Figs. 2 and  3(a,b) represent 0.1 wt-% GO/Formlabs flexible resin and raw GO dispersed in chloroform respectively. From Fig. 2(d) it can be observed that GO nanosheet flakes tend to agglomerate in the Formlabs' flexible resin, even after ultrasonication and mechanical stirring steps. The extent of agglomeration ranges from 10 to 200 nm, for instance Figs. 2(a-c) , illustrate a~200 nm GO agglomerate in the SLA resin. As a comparison, Figs. 3(c,d) show the TEM and SEM images of the raw GO after dispersing in chloroform and water respectively, which demonstrates a clear nanosheet structure without denaturing. The average size of the GO nanosheets in raw GO according to Fig. 3(d) was approximately 0.57-5.3 mm in size. Such finding showed that the aggregation of the GO nanosheets does not take place in the chloroform throughout the dispersion step, but aggregation is clearly present after GO nanosheets incorporation into photopolymer resin formulation (Fig. 2) when compared to the SEM image of raw GO nanosheets (Figs. 3(c,d) ) and optical microscope image of GO in the 0.2 wt-% GO/flexible polymer composite (Fig. S1 , cf. Electronic Supplementary Material). It showed that raw GO nanosheet showed clear sheet structure, but the high degree of aggregation was observed in all 3D printed GO composites, particularly in the 0.2 wt-% sample as illustrated in Fig. S1 . Poor affinity between GO and the resin results in aggregation of GO. Increase in GO loading might lead to excessive interplatelet interaction, as opposed to GO-resin hydrogen bonding, which in turn decreases GO-resin interaction leading to aggregation. Such phenomenon can result in poor homogeneity even after the mechanical mixing, ultrasonication, sheer mixing or combination of thereof had been applied. GO agglomeration was also indirectly confirmed in mechanical studies analysis of SLA printed GO nanocomposites, which will be further discussed in more detail.

It was similar to the appearance of SLA fabricated GO nanocomposites, when other photopolymer resin formulation was used as reported elsewhere.

Electronic Supplementary Material).


The demands of the processing, reformulation and culinary sectors of the food industry have contributed to a marked increase in the worldwide production of edible oils in the last 30 years [1] . For example, oils derived from plants are used in the formulation of cooking oils, ready meals, salad dressings, shortenings, spreads and bakery products. A desirable attribute of plant oils is good oxidative stability (OS). Oxidation is a major cause of deterioration of oils, leading to a decrease in product shelf life and increased economic losses [2] . The formation of oxidised products in the oils can also potentially adversely affect the health of the consumer [3] . OS is dependent in part on the presence of compounds with electron or hydrogen atom donating ability inhibiting the process of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation [4] .

The demands of the processing, reformulation and culinary sectors of the food industry have contributed to a marked increase in the worldwide production of edible oils in the last 30 years.

Oxidation is a major cause of deterioration of oils, leading to a decrease in product shelf life and increased economic losses.

The formation of oxidised products in the oils can also potentially adversely affect the health of the consumer.

OS is dependent in part on the presence of compounds with electron or hydrogen atom donating ability inhibiting the process of free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation.


It is intriguing to underline that glucose metabolic rate and uptake did not correlate with GLUT3 expression but with cell proliferation. In fact, GLUT3 did not significantly change, switching from high (3,15g/L) to restricted (0.25g/L) glucose. In response to glucose reduction, GSCs utilize their glycogen storage to support metabolic and survival pathways in stressful conditions [43] [44] . Moreover, GSCs grown in restricted nutrients decreased their LD content and increased their cholesterol content to sustain the high cell proliferation rate. We suggest that, since the uptake of fatty acids was not influenced by the different glucose concentrations, the upregulation of PPARα in the restricted glucose condition may also lead to the induction of the β-oxidation of fatty acids producing acetyl-CoA to be utilized for the synthesis of cholesterol. In this condition GW6471 induces, similarly to what observed in high glucose condition, an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and on glycogen, LDs and cholesterol content.

In response to glucose reduction, GSCs utilize their glycogen storage to support metabolic and survival pathways in stressful conditions.


No interactions with medication adherence were detected. That is, adherence effects are constant across demographic and medical strata defined by age, gender, ethnicity, insulin use and medical co-morbidity. Lack of interaction with distress furthermore suggests that the longitudinal effects of adherence are not concentrated among patients with either diabetes-related distress or depressive symptoms, despite recent findings that depression-glycaemia associations are concentrated among insulin users [26, 27] . In other words, the clinical usefulness of Morisky scores seems to generalize across numerous patient characteristics.

Lack of interaction with distress furthermore suggests that the longitudinal effects of adherence are not concentrated among patients with either diabetes-related distress or depressive symptoms, despite recent findings that depression-glycaemia associations are concentrated among insulin users.


The bulk TIM thermal conductivity depends on the composition of the TIM mixture. The conductivity of the filler particles, the matrix, and the particle to matrix resistance affects the bulk conductivity. Furthermore, the concentration or fraction of the filler particles will lead to different regimes of conduction. At low particle fraction the filler particles improve the conductivity through Maxwell's model for conduction through spherical included domains [11] . As the particle fraction increases, the particles may generate a percolation path for heat transfer, which will increase the conductivity over the Maxwell model [12] . As the fraction is further increased multiple conduction paths are established but the 1 packing of the filler particles becomes an issue. An excellent review of the different phenomena is given in Prasher [3] .

At low particle fraction the filler particles improve the conductivity through Maxwell's model for conduction through spherical included domains.

As the particle fraction increases, the particles may generate a percolation path for heat transfer, which will increase the conductivity over the Maxwell model.

An excellent review of the different phenomena is given in Prasher.


In this research, HCl at high concentration was investigated in synthesis of PANI nanofibers using a rapid mixing polymerization method at room temperature. The effects of oxidant (APS) and monomer (Ani) concentrations ratio on PANI morphologies are also discussed. was adopted for preparing PANI nanofibers [16] . A 4 mmol (0.36 mL) Ani and 1.0 mmol (0.23 g) APS were dissolved in two glass vials containing 10.0 mL of HCl at room temperature (25.0 ∘ C). The solutions were poured rapidly into a 30.0 mL glass vial and shaken vigorously for about ∼15 s. The mixture was left unagitated for a day. In a 30.0 mL glass vial, the HCl concentration and APS/Ani molar ratio were varied from 0.5 to 3.0 M and 1/4 to 4/1, respectively, to investigate the effects of PANI nanofibers formation. The crude product was purified by dialysis against deionized water for 3 days using tube with a 12000-14000 MW cutoff (Fisher Scientific) to remove excess acid and by-products.

The effects of oxidant (APS) and monomer (Ani) concentrations ratio on PANI morphologies are also discussed. was adopted for preparing PANI nanofibers.


In order to study the effects of HCl concentration, the morphology of PANI nanofibers was observed at fixed APS/Ani molar ratio, 1/4. As shown in Figure 2 , it is observed that the PANI nanofibers are present in all HCl concentrations. From 0.5 to 3.0 M of HCl concentrations, the average diameters of PANI nanofibers are ∼60, ∼70, ∼130, ∼150, ∼170, and ∼190 nm, respectively. The SEM images show that acid concentration played an important role in PANI formation. With the increasing of the acid concentration, the large diameters and higher yields of nanofibers were obtained [12] . With further increasing of the acid concentration, the nanofibers would initiate aggregation. As illustrated in Figure 3 , the precipitate of PANI nanofibers that were observed increases with increasing HCl concentration due to the heterogeneous nucleation in the polymerization process. PANI molecules grows on the nanofibers leading to the formation of thicker and agglomerated particles [17] .

With the increasing of the acid concentration, the large diameters and higher yields of nanofibers were obtained.

PANI molecules grows on the nanofibers leading to the formation of thicker and agglomerated particles.


The conventional PANI synthesis tends to produce agglomerate and irregular particulate products due to a secondary growth or overgrowth of irregular particles during polymerization. To prevent this from happening, a new method discovered by Huang and Kaner that utilizes a rapid mixing reaction was adopted [12] . Basically, the reaction is performed in an acidic solution with oxidant and monomer mixed rapidly together. Figure 1 showed the synthesis of PANI nanofibers in 1.0 M of HCl concentration at room temperature. After the two reactants (concentration of APS and Ani) were mixed, the solution turned into pink colour. The colour change signified that the reaction had commenced. The colour of the solution continued to change to clear, sky blue, dark blue, and finally green indicating that the reaction had completed. The effect of polymerization time in various HCl concentrations and APS/Ani molar ratios is shown in Table found that the time of colour changes was dependant on the HCl concentration and the APS/Ani molar ratio. Thus, the polymerization time of PANI nanofibers should be faster at higher acid and oxidant concentrations.

To prevent this from happening, a new method discovered by Huang and Kaner that utilizes a rapid mixing reaction was adopted.


In the past decades, conducting polymers had been considered an important organic material for various fields of research due to their wide range of applications. Among conducting polymers, PANI has been extensively studied due to its excellent conductivity, ease of synthesis, environmental stability, low cost, and highly reversible redox properties. These properties are beneficial for many applications such as rechargeable batteries, sensors, anticorrosion coatings, photovoltaic cells, and light emitting diodes (LED) [1] [2] [3] .

These properties are beneficial for many applications such as rechargeable batteries, sensors, anticorrosion coatings, photovoltaic cells, and light emitting diodes (LED).


The study population included women selected from the Pithagore6 trial population [24] . This cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted between December 2004 and November 2006 in 106 French maternity units of three French regions representing 17% of all French maternity units and covering 20% of deliveries nationwide. Its main objective was to evaluate a multifaceted intervention for reducing the rate of severe PPH. No significant difference in the rate of severe PPH was found between the group of units who received the intervention and the reference group of units where no intervention was conducted (see reference for full description of the original study [24] .

The study population included women selected from the Pithagore6 trial population.

No significant difference in the rate of severe PPH was found between the group of units who received the intervention and the reference group of units where no intervention was conducted (see reference for full description of the original study.


Renewable energy sources (RES) have recently raised great interest among the scientific circles. This is because of the increased concern for the environmental impact of conventional fossil fuel sources and also due to the energy crises in the early and late 70's that caused dramatic increase at the price of conventional sources [1] . Consequently, discussion is being done between governments around the world and this has led to long-term targets regarding the energy use of countries. Specifically, Europe, which is among the continents with the greatest interest in the energy sector, has set the so-called '20-20-20' European Union climate and energy package [2] . This corresponds to 20% decrease of gas greenhouse emissions and also 20% of Europe's energy use coming from RES by the end of 2020. Another evenly important reason for the high growth of RES is the fact that the peak demand of the developing countries increases every year, as electricity constitutes the main component for the promotion of social welfare [1] .

This is because of the increased concern for the environmental impact of conventional fossil fuel sources and also due to the energy crises in the early and late 70's that caused dramatic increase at the price of conventional sources.

Specifically, Europe, which is among the continents with the greatest interest in the energy sector, has set the so-called '20-20-20' European Union climate and energy package.

Another evenly important reason for the high growth of RES is the fact that the peak demand of the developing countries increases every year, as electricity constitutes the main component for the promotion of social welfare.


Nuclear fusion power is rapidly developing through recent advances in high temperature superconductors and the development of compact spherical fusion tokamaks [1] . Because of the smaller scale of these devices, there is an increasing emphasis on enhancing the efficiency of shielding materials, which must resist a wide variety of thermal and irradiation damage that may be experienced over a typical duty cycle. One such condition, which is the focus of this paper, is a loss-of-coolant event whereby materials may be exposed to oxygen at high temperatures. The oxide layer formed in this scenario must be stable so as not to release any potentially hazardous materials into the environment.

Nuclear fusion power is rapidly developing through recent advances in high temperature superconductors and the development of compact spherical fusion tokamaks.


Much attention has been paid to wireless body area networks (WBANs) by a large number of scientists and many studies have been performed in this area as technology has increased. WBANs refer to local area networks of miniaturized embedded systems inside or outside the human body. Currently, this area is receiving much attention and activity from scientists [1] . To collect data about the human body in the past, there were only two methods. The first involved connecting an individual to equipment that is operated in a wired manner. The second involved dispatching a person to check the data at the place where the equipment is present. Due to the development of wireless communication technologies, it is possible to collect not only sensing data in a target area environment but also the human body data [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

Currently, this area is receiving much attention and activity from scientists.

Due to the development of wireless communication technologies, it is possible to collect not only sensing data in a target area environment but also the human body data.


Because of the above characteristic, topic models also provide an efficient representation for documents or user queries via topic mixing proportions. Compared to the traditional vector space representation with weights such as tf-idf on terms (words or stems), topic mixing representation is significantly shorter (the number of terms vs the number of topics) while still preserving essential statistical relationships [3] . Even more, with some further extension, as we will show later on in this study, topic models could be used for modeling the relevance of predefined topics, which is key in a wide class of applications such as text classification, topic-specific keyword finding, topic relationship mining, and relevance feedback for information retrieval. This research * begins by identifying two key limitations in current topic models. The first limitation pertains to scalability which is indicated by the fact that most previous works use topic models for representing documents in medium-size corpora (less than 2GB) [3, 5, 7, 10, 19, 21, 23, 24] . The challenge is that the inference algorithms for the models require many scans over a corpus. When the corpus cannot fit into internal memory, the algorithms require many external memory operations (e.g. disk accesses), which are extremely costly, per scan. This limits the scalability of topic models with increasing corpus size.

Compared to the traditional vector space representation with weights such as tf-idf on terms (words or stems), topic mixing representation is significantly shorter (the number of terms vs the number of topics) while still preserving essential statistical relationships.

The first limitation pertains to scalability which is indicated by the fact that most previous works use topic models for representing documents in medium-size corpora (less than 2GB).


The isolation between the two feeding ports is less than 40 dB across an input impedance bandwidth of 23.25%, which is much better than [11] (14%). It is still worth pointing out that, although the proposed design has a very simple antenna structure, the other parameters such as cross polarization and gain are even better than [11] . As both feeding ports are operating at around 2.4 GHz with a wide impedance bandwidth, the proposed antenna structure is suitable for WLAN application or mobile wireless base stations. Details of the design consideration are described and discussed along with the analyses of surface current distributions and radiation characteristics.

The isolation between the two feeding ports is less than 40 dB across an input impedance bandwidth of 23.25%, which is much better than(14%).

It is still worth pointing out that, although the proposed design has a very simple antenna structure, the other parameters such as cross polarization and gain are even better than.


In this paper, we use a circular patch as the dual-polarized radiator. The dual-orthogonal linear polarizations are generated by an L-shaped coupling probe and an H-shaped coupling aperture. As the L-shaped coupling probe provides additional capacitance between the probe and circular patch to compensate the large inductance associated with the probe feed [11] . It also increases the distance between the circular patch and ground, and reduces the value of radiation quality factor Q. Simultaneity, the H-shaped aperture has high resonant impedance implying large coupling, hence a smaller aperture can be used which will reduce the spurious back radiation through the aperture [12] . By further using a pair of L-shaped coupling probe feeds placed along the same resonant direction and at symmetric positions with respect to the patch center, some unwanted higher order modes that contribute to polarization impurity can be suppressed. The probe radiation can be further reduced if the straight probe is replaced by L-probe. By properly arranging the feed-lines, H-shaped aperture and L-probe, the radiation characteristics of wide band, high isolation can be achieved.

As the L-shaped coupling probe provides additional capacitance between the probe and circular patch to compensate the large inductance associated with the probe feed.

It also increases the distance between the circular patch and ground, and reduces the value of radiation quality factor Q. Simultaneity, the H-shaped aperture has high resonant impedance implying large coupling, hence a smaller aperture can be used which will reduce the spurious back radiation through the aperture.


The use of ethanol as killing agent lured insects that are not necessarily attracted by lights. Inferred preference class 3, which consists of species attracted to almost all traps with equal probability, probably captured the dynamics of these species. In fact, the only species that was assigned to this behavior with high probability is a species of Cryptophagidae, and several less abundant species of Scolytinae also show a trend in this direction. Both taxa are known to be attracted to ethanol (Bouget et al., 2009; Flechtmann et al., 1999) . These species are also probably responsible for the phylogenetic clustering in the Control trap when species abundances are considered. In this trap, over 51% of the individuals belong to Cryptophagidae and Scolytinae (against 31% in Na F, 22% in Na and 13% in Hg).

Both taxa are known to be attracted to ethanol.


The link between perceptions of trust in government and citizen compliance has also been confirmed by research (Alm and Torgler, 2004; Levi and Stoker, 2000; Scholz and Lubell, 1998) . The taxpayer's behavior depends not only on the behavior, motivations, and intentions of other individuals, but also of the government itself. If citizens believe that the government will act in their interests, that its procedures are fair, and that their trust in the state and others is reciprocated, then people are more likely to become -contingent consenters‖ who cooperate in paying taxes even when their short-term material interest would make evasion the best option .

The link between perceptions of trust in government and citizen compliance has also been confirmed by research.


There are a number of sites within the limbic reward system in which cocaine and opioids could produce additive or synergistic interactions. The dopaminergic projection neurons from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the NAc and ventral pallidum (VP) are thought to be essential for cocaine's reinforcing effects. Injection of opioid antagonists into the VP blocks the conditioned place preference to cocaine and the self-administration of heroin (Hubner and Koob, 1990; Skoubis and Maidment, 2003) . GABAergic neurons in the NAc project to the VP and both GABAergic neurons and DAergic terminals within the VP contain opioid receptors (Napier and Mitrovic, 1999) . Both presynaptic inputs and postsynaptic output neurons within the VP contain mu-opioid receptors, whereas delta-opioid receptors are located exclusively on postsynaptic neurons within this structure that project to the ventral striatum (Olive et al, 1997) . GABA levels in microdialysates taken from the VP are decreased during heroin self-administration, suggesting that GABAergic neurons are modulated at doses of heroin that maintain self-administration (Caille and Parsons, 2004) . It is not known whether the actions of opioids within the VP are necessary for the effects of heroin on cocaine self-administration, or if such interactions occur elsewhere in the limbic system such as the NAc or VTA. The present experiment was initiated to determine if the interaction between heroin and cocaine in a self-administration paradigm requires mu-opioid receptors in the NAc or the predominant targets of GABAergic projection medium spiny neurons in the VP or VTA. This was accomplished by training animals to self-administer cocaine, heroin, or cocaine/heroin combinations and assessing the effects of opioid mu-receptor alkylation with the administration of beta-funaltrexamine (b-FNA) into the NAc, VP, or VTA on drug intake.

Injection of opioid antagonists into the VP blocks the conditioned place preference to cocaine and the self-administration of heroin.

GABAergic neurons in the NAc project to the VP and both GABAergic neurons and DAergic terminals within the VP contain opioid receptors.

Both presynaptic inputs and postsynaptic output neurons within the VP contain mu-opioid receptors, whereas delta-opioid receptors are located exclusively on postsynaptic neurons within this structure that project to the ventral striatum.

GABA levels in microdialysates taken from the VP are decreased during heroin self-administration, suggesting that GABAergic neurons are modulated at doses of heroin that maintain self-administration.


Electrophysiological evidence indicates that mu-opioid receptor activation within the VP diminishes GABAergic and DAergic inhibitory responses while enhancing glutamatergic excitatory responses. Electrical stimulation of the VTA resulted in DA release in the VP that was attenuated by microiontophoretic application of DAMGO into the VP (Mitrovic and Napier, 2002) . The predominant effect of VTA stimulation was to decrease neuronal firing within the VP (Mitrovic and Napier, 2002) . Electrical stimulation of the NAc resulted in GABAergic-mediated inhibition of neuronal firing within the VP, and this inhibition was reduced by microiontophoretic application of DAMGO into the VP (Napier and Mitrovic, 1999) . Administration of DAMGO into the VP potentiated the ability of glutamate to elicit excitatory post-synaptic potentials in projection neurons, but did not appear to influence glutamate release from glutamatergic fibers from the amygdala or medial prefrontal cortex (Mitrovic and Napier, 1998) . The present data would seem to indicate that at least some of these neurochemical alterations by mu-opioid receptor stimulation in the VP and VTA are relevant to the ability of heroin to modify the brain processes that underlie cocaine self-administration.

Electrical stimulation of the VTA resulted in DA release in the VP that was attenuated by microiontophoretic application of DAMGO into the VP.

The predominant effect of VTA stimulation was to decrease neuronal firing within the VP.

Electrical stimulation of the NAc resulted in GABAergic-mediated inhibition of neuronal firing within the VP, and this inhibition was reduced by microiontophoretic application of DAMGO into the VP.

Administration of DAMGO into the VP potentiated the ability of glutamate to elicit excitatory post-synaptic potentials in projection neurons, but did not appear to influence glutamate release from glutamatergic fibers from the amygdala or medial prefrontal cortex.


In conclusion, mu-opioid receptors in the VP or VTA appear to be necessary for the ability of heroin to alter cocaine self-administration. We hypothesize that heroin alters cocaine reinforcement with co-self-administration by inhibiting GABAergic projection neurons from the NAc to the VP through mu-opioid receptors in the VP and local GABAergic interneurons in the VTA. Previous findings indicating that diminished mu-opioid receptor activation in the VP is correlated with a negative affective state strengthens the notion that this receptor population is pertinent for the study of reinforcement mechanisms (Zubieta et al, 2003) . Future studies using DAergic, GABAergic, or glutamatergic antagonists or assessment of these neurotransmitter levels in the VP or VTA by microdialysis during cocaine/heroin selfadministration could assist in understanding the relevant mechanisms related to mu-opioid receptor activation in these regions and reinforcement resulting from cocaine/heroin combinations.

Previous findings indicating that diminished mu-opioid receptor activation in the VP is correlated with a negative affective state strengthens the notion that this receptor population is pertinent for the study of reinforcement mechanisms.


Within the VTA, mu-opioid receptors are located predominantly on non-dopaminergic neurons . Recently, the electrophysiological properties of GABAergic interneurons and their response to locally applied mu-agonist or systemic heroin verified that muopioid receptors decrease firing on dendrites, and that these processes form tight gap junctions with DAergic projection neurons within the VTA (Steffensen et al, 2006) . Mu-opioid receptors have also been localized to distal dendrites of projection neurons arising from the VTA and extending to the medial prefrontal cortex (Svingos et al, 2001) . As cocaine inhibits the reuptake of DA released from VTA projection neurons, it is likely that inhibition of GABAergic interneurons within the VTA is a mechanism by which coself-administered heroin alters the reinforcing properties of cocaine. It is hypothesized that the effects of b-FNA injected into the VTA on cocaine/heroin self-administration is therefore due to release of these GABAergic interneurons from heroin's inhibitory effects through irreversible blockade of mu-opioid receptors. This mechanism seems more likely to play a role rather than presynaptic inhibition of projection neurons from the VTA to prefrontal cortex; however, the involvement of these neurons cannot be discounted from the present data.

Recently, the electrophysiological properties of GABAergic interneurons and their response to locally applied mu-agonist or systemic heroin verified that muopioid receptors decrease firing on dendrites, and that these processes form tight gap junctions with DAergic projection neurons within the VTA.

Mu-opioid receptors have also been localized to distal dendrites of projection neurons arising from the VTA and extending to the medial prefrontal cortex.


The most important findings reported here indicate that heroin alters the rate of cocaine intake when selfadministered concurrently through mu-opioid receptors within the VP and VTA, but not the NAc. Mu-opioid receptors are contained on the medium spiny GABAergic afferents projecting from the NAc to the VP, and presumably decrease GABAergic feedback inhibition from the NAc. It is hypothesized that heroin decreases the release of GABA from the medium spiny projection neurons presynaptically in the VP through mu-opioid receptors, thereby decreasing feedback inhibition of the VP that in turn sends dopaminergic fibers to the NAc. It is further hypothesized that the mu-opioid receptors inhibit GABAergic interneurons locally in the VTA, such that heroin decreases GABAergic tone in the VTA thereby increasing DAergic tone in the NAc. The effect of b-FNA administered into the VTA would therefore be explained by decreasing the inhibitory effects of heroin on GABA in the VTA (ie, increasing GABA release in the VTA during heroin/cocaine relative to saline injected animals). The rate of cocaine/ heroin intake in combination is hypothesized to become similar to that of cocaine alone when the inhibition of GABAergic nerve endings in the VP or of local interneurons in the VTA by heroin is prevented by b-FNA treatment, thereby removing the modulatory influence of co-selfadministered heroin on cocaine intake. The brain processes that underlie the self-administration of low doses of cocaine is enhanced by the addition of small amounts of heroin, and isobolographic analysis indicates an additive interaction for this combination at or near the threshold for maintaining self-administration for these two drugs (Smith et al, 2006) . The research reported here indicates that mu-opioid receptors in the VP and VTA are necessary for the effects of heroin on cocaine selfadministration. The dose-effect curve for the self-administration of the cocaine/heroin combination at the doses studied was similar to that maintained by heroin alone (Figures 2 and 3) . However, alkylation of mu-opioid receptors within the VP or VTA shifted the dose-effect curve for the cocaine/heroin combinations to resemble that of cocaine alone and this effect occurred over several days. The variable time course of the effect of b-FNA on the self-administration of cocaine/heroin combinations could result from acquisition of a response to a novel-reinforcing stimulus. Heroin likely produces subjective effects by acting on several brain regions in addition to the VP or VTA, and these effects potentially modify the stimulus properties of cocaine, which could include reinforcement. The recovery from the effects of b-FNA was slower for the selfadministration of the cocaine/heroin combinations than for heroin, suggesting that perhaps reacquisition of the original reinforcing stimulus occurred upon replenishment of mu-opioid receptors. It has been suggested that concurrent self-administration of cocaine and heroin produces distinct stimuli from those associated with cocaine or heroin alone (Negus et al, 1998) . These data indicate that activation of mu-opioid receptors within the VP and/or VTA are necessary for heroin to alter the doseeffect curve for self-administration of low doses of cocaine in combination in rats.

The brain processes that underlie the self-administration of low doses of cocaine is enhanced by the addition of small amounts of heroin, and isobolographic analysis indicates an additive interaction for this combination at or near the threshold for maintaining self-administration for these two drugs.

It has been suggested that concurrent self-administration of cocaine and heroin produces distinct stimuli from those associated with cocaine or heroin alone.


Financial openness is achieved by removing impediments to cross-border flow of capital and financial services; by broadening and deepening of cross border financial ties and by removing less favorable treatment to foreign investors and foreign capital (Herrero and Wooldridge, 2007) . The cross border financial asset holdings that were less than half of world GDP by 1970s has reached to over 3 times of the world GDP by mid-2000s. Financial openness, according to standard economic theory, is assumed to provide lower cost of financing, efficient allocation of resources, international risk sharing, increase in investments, financial development and growth. The emerging market economies (EMEs) started to open their capital accounts after mid-1980s with the main aim of attracting capital to grow, following the globalization trend prevalent in the developed world.

Financial openness is achieved by removing impediments to cross-border flow of capital and financial services; by broadening and deepening of cross border financial ties and by removing less favorable treatment to foreign investors and foreign capital.


The ingredients being fortified include super, special, sifted and unsifted maize meal and wheat flour with an ash content of more than 0.6% on a moisture-free basis. Within the population at risk, special maize meal is utilised by 42%, and sifted maize meal by 52% of the community as staple food intake (Amuli, 2005) . The adjustment in the nutritive content of sifted maize meal and brown bread, as the staples consumed by most of the target population, are reported in Table 1 . The purpose of this article is to determine the influence of fortification of maize meal and bread flour, as the staple foods most consumed by the target population, on the formulation of a cereal grain and legume-based dry premixed food product optimised for nutritive content and affordability for very low-income households. The identification of the food product formulation constraints, apart from meeting the dietary inadequacy of the population at risk, will not be discussed in this article. The methods, results and discussion, as well as the conclusions, will however be presented.

Within the population at risk, special maize meal is utilised by 42%, and sifted maize meal by 52% of the community as staple food intake.


We have observed that if the interaction energies are supposed to be independent of temperature, i.e. . It is found that the pairwise interaction energies to considerably dependent on temperature. It is found the analysis that the heat of mixing is negativ centration. Our theoretical calculation shows that t inimum value of the heat of mixing is -18.02 kJ·m at 0 ters on te d S M be from e at all con he m ol -1 Na x = 0.6. The observed minimum value is also at Na x = 0.6 [1] . The calculated values are in reasonable agreement with the observed values (Figure 2) . The concentration dependence of asymmetry in H is well explained.

The observed minimum value is also at Na x = 0.6.


The behaviour of the Poynting vectors in photonic nanojets for dielectric microspheres of diameter d = 5 µm is shown in figure 1 . The red coloured lines indicate high electric intensity and the blue coloured lines indicate low electric intensity. Dielectric microspheres with two different refractive indices of n 1 = 1.46 and n 1 = 2.20 are embedded in media with n 2 = 1.0 (vacuum) and n 2 = 1.33 (water) with incident plane waves of wavelength λ 2 = 400 nm. The optical field structures of near-field transformations that contain optical whirlpools are observed in the area of low electric intensity in the near and near-external field of the microsphere. The near-field transformations can be generated by interference between the evanescent and the propagating waves [20] . In figure 1(a), the dielectric microsphere with d = 5 µm and refractive index n 1 = 1.46 in vacuum (n 2 = 1.0) can clearly generate the transformation of optical whirlpools without significant diffraction in the near and near-external fields of the microsphere. Furthermore, it was experimentally confirmed to have super-resolution imaging through microsphere optical nanoscopy [4] . The interactions between the evanescent and the propagating waves can encourage photonic nanojets. This interference may provide a theoretical explanation of super-resolution imaging by transforming the evanescent waves from a near-field to a far-field propagating wave. Moreover, the resonance effect can be improved in the near field of the microsphere by this interference relationship [25] . In figure 1(b) with water (n 2 = 1.33), the focal position is located far from the microsphere and optical whirlpools are not generated in the near field of the microsphere. The microsphere of n 1 = 2.20 refractive index in vacuum (n 2 = 1.0) has the photonic nanojet focal point inside the microsphere, as shown in figure 1(c). Optical interference around the microsphere is generated so that a second focal position is observed near the top boundary of the microsphere. The second focal position can divert the energy of optical resonances so that the transformations of optical whirlpools may not obviously be generated. Moreover, the resonances surrounding a microsphere can decrease the backscattering enhancement of the photonic nanojets [6] . Thus, super-resolution imaging might be interrupted by the interference of the second focal position. In figure 1(d) with water (n 2 = 1.33), the photonic nanojet is formed on the boundary of the microsphere. The optical whirlpools that are partially generated might not be sufficient for the near-field evanescent wave to propagate wave transformations.

The near-field transformations can be generated by interference between the evanescent and the propagating waves.

Furthermore, it was experimentally confirmed to have super-resolution imaging through microsphere optical nanoscopy.

Moreover, the resonance effect can be improved in the near field of the microsphere by this interference relationship.

Moreover, the resonances surrounding a microsphere can decrease the backscattering enhancement of the photonic nanojets.


The paper is organised as follows. In Section 2, we give the definitions and notation needed to understand this paper. In Section 3, we explain what are rank four universal locally toroidal hypertopes. In Section 4, we study locally toroidal regular and chiral polytopes of type {6, 3, 6}. In Section 5, we study locally toroidal regular and chiral polytopes of type {3, 6, 3}. In Section 6, we give examples of hexagonal extensions of toroidal hypermaps of type (3, 3, 3) . In Section 7, we give examples of nonlinear hexagonal extensions of the tetrahedron and, among these examples, a new infinite family of finite regular hypertopes arises. In Section 8, we give examples of 4-circuits with hexagonal residues. Finally, we conclude the paper in Section 9 by stating some conjectures and open problems.

The paper is organised as follows.

In Section 4, we study locally toroidal regular and chiral polytopes of type {6, 3, 6}. In Section 5, we study locally toroidal regular and chiral polytopes of type {3, 6, 3}. In Section 6, we give examples of hexagonal extensions of toroidal hypermaps of type.


Flow separation control with periodic excitation is widely established as a successful actuation technique in many flow systems (Greenblatt and Wygnanski 2000) . This active flow control technology has the potential to substantially decrease the manufacturing cost, weight and parasitic drag associated with many passive control systems that rely purely on geometric modifications to the aerodynamic surface (McLean et al. 1999) . Practical active flow control systems should incorporate feedback for robust operation in the presence of uncertainties, and successful implementations have been demonstrated in various aerodynamic systems (Becker et al. 2007; Patel et al. 2007; Pinier et al. 2007; Samimy et al. 2007; Benard et al. 2010b; Poggie et al. 2010; Sinha et al. 2010) .

Flow separation control with periodic excitation is widely established as a successful actuation technique in many flow systems.

This active flow control technology has the potential to substantially decrease the manufacturing cost, weight and parasitic drag associated with many passive control systems that rely purely on geometric modifications to the aerodynamic surface.

Practical active flow control systems should incorporate feedback for robust operation in the presence of uncertainties, and successful implementations have been demonstrated in various aerodynamic systems.


We hypothesized that the fulfillment of personal needs uniquely provides symbolic outcomes, which are those derived from diagnostic situations in which the actor's motivation can be deduced (Kelley et al., 2003) . Symbolic outcomes rest on the broader implications of the interaction, and provide information regarding a partner's willingness to sacrifice on behalf of the individual . As such, we expected that personal need fulfillment would highly impact an individual's decisions regarding the future of the relationship. We expected, and found evidence, that because personal need fulfillment provides the opportunity for symbolic outcomes, partners would consider their partners' help with personal need fulfillment when making decisions regarding the future of the relationship.

We hypothesized that the fulfillment of personal needs uniquely provides symbolic outcomes, which are those derived from diagnostic situations in which the actor's motivation can be deduced.


We believed the association between commitment and relationship persistence would be clarified by considering that the fulfillment of only some needs is diagnostic, and perhaps only diagnostic need fulfillment exerts its impact on stay-leave behavior through its impact on commitment. Commitment has been described in previous work as a vulnerable state, as becoming committed to a partner is functionally similar to depending on them for the fulfillment of important needs (Drigotas, Rusbult, & Verette, 1999; Murray et al., 2006) . As the symbolic outcomes associated with personal need fulfillment provide information relevant to whether a partner can be relied upon for the fulfillment of important needs in the future, we predicted that fulfillment of these needs would lead an individual to feel safe to become committed to his or her partner, which in turn would lead to relationship persistence. Indeed, results indicated that the impact of fulfillment (or lack thereof) of personal needs on relationship persistence is mediated by commitment level. Fulfillment of relational needs, on the other hand, does not provide information that would necessarily influence commitment, as it does not occur in situations in which a partner's motivations for the behavior can be deduced. Rather, it provides concrete outcomes that contribute more broadly to the relationship. Thus, we expected, and our results corroborated, that relational need fulfillment exerts a direct effect on relationship persistence, unmediated by commitment.

Commitment has been described in previous work as a vulnerable state, as becoming committed to a partner is functionally similar to depending on them for the fulfillment of important needs.


We began this work with the goal of determining how need fulfillment within relationships contributes to relationship persistence. In past work, the association has been unclear; in some instances commitment subsumes the impact of need fulfillment on stay-leave behavior, but in other instances need fulfillment exerts a direct effect on stay-leave behavior (Drigotas & Rusbult, 1992) . We sought to better understand the impact of need fulfillment, in an Need Fulfillment and Stay-Leave Behavior 18 attempt to clarify its role in stay-leave behavior. To begin, we sought to organize the myriad needs deemed important to relationship functioning and found evidence that distinguishing the needs that are personal in nature from those that are relational was not only empirically supported, but provided insight into how need fulfillment contributes to relationship persistence.

In past work, the association has been unclear; in some instances commitment subsumes the impact of need fulfillment on stay-leave behavior, but in other instances need fulfillment exerts a direct effect on stay-leave behavior.


By emphasizing the unique qualities of symbolic outcomes, we do not mean to minimize the importance of concrete outcomes to relationship functioning. As summarized in the introduction, the fulfillment of all types of needs has been shown in past work to be associated with numerous positive relationship outcomes (Le & Agnew, 2001; Simpson, 1990) . Our results are consistent with this notion as well: Both personal and relational need fulfillment yielded concrete outcomes in our sample. We examined satisfaction as a concrete outcome, but we do Need Fulfillment and Stay-Leave Behavior 19 not assume this is the only outcome that need fulfillment yields. As past work has found, we would expect a host of positive outcomes for both the individual whose partner contributes to his or her need fulfillment, as well as for the relationship.

As summarized in the introduction, the fulfillment of all types of needs has been shown in past work to be associated with numerous positive relationship outcomes.


With regard to the moderating effect of support for creativity, we found that age was negatively related to creativity under conditions of low support for creativity. Under conditions of high support for creativity, age was unrelated to creativity. Therefore, experiencing low support for creativity from coworkers and supervisors seems to be particularly detrimental for older employees' creativity at work. When older employees get little or no support for developing a creative idea they might be discouraged to develop creative ideas and experience lower creative self-efficacy (Tierney and Farmer, 2002) . Therefore, under low support for creativity older employees seem to stick to the routine way of solving problems and develop ideas that are less creative.

When older employees get little or no support for developing a creative idea they might be discouraged to develop creative ideas and experience lower creative self-efficacy.


Further, our study solicits participants' responses to emotional stimuli generally rather than to discrete categories of stimuli such as disgust or fear or anxiety (Inbar, Pizarro, and Bloom 2009; Feldman and Stenner 1997; Valentino et al 2011; and Marcus, Neuman, and MacKuen 2000) . We refer to this concept as broad physiological responsiveness and suggest that research on discrete emotions may be enhanced by taking into consideration an individual's general responsiveness. In other words, work on response to discrete categories of stimuli could yeild better results if adjustments are made for each individual's general proclivity to respond to stimuli. We also encourage research on intermediate categories. For example, it would be useful to know if some people are more oriented to negative (including the specific categories of disgust, fear, disappointment, etc.) rather than to positive stimuli (satisfaction, happiness, contentment, etc.) and if this variation correlates with political activity. Future research should begin with the assumption that all methods of organizing stimuli are in play, from the broadest to the narrowest. . Perhaps future research in this area will want to be alert for the presence of nonlinear relationships but the larger point is that it is clearly not the case that physiological responsiveness to environmental stimuli is merely a stand-in for overall good health-and apparently it is not merely a stand-in for general socioeconomic status (since income and education are controlled in our multivariate analyses and EDA responsiveness still registers an independent effect).

Further, our study solicits participants' responses to emotional stimuli generally rather than to discrete categories of stimuli such as disgust or fear or anxiety.