A FUO case series including more than 100 patients has been published since 1961 [1, 7, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . It is remarkable that with the advances in imaging and culture studies, the proportion of cancers in the FUO cases decreased, whereas the proportion of rheumatological diseases showed an increase in these cases [3] [4] [5] [6] . The low rate of cancers (14%) determined in our study and the presence of only one case of endocarditis and intra-abdominal abscess are supportive of this notion. However, the ratio of CVD's was higher in this study compared to that of the other series and TB, ASD and lymphoma diagnoses were the most prominent diagnoses in the groups of ID, CVD and ND, respectively. In our previous series published in 2003, the etiology was ID, CVD, ND and MD in 34%, 23%, 19% and 10% of the patients, respectively. In 14% of the cases, the etiology could not be found [13] . In the current study, however, the ratio of CVD's was increased from 23% to 38%, the ID's ratio decreased from 34% to 26% and 20% of the patients remained undiagnosed.

A FUO case series including more than 100 patients has been published since 1961.

It is remarkable that with the advances in imaging and culture studies, the proportion of cancers in the FUO cases decreased, whereas the proportion of rheumatological diseases showed an increase in these cases.

In 14% of the cases, the etiology could not be found.


There are several limitations to this research. First, it would be interesting to investigate the cumulative effects of the HQLP appeal over time. If retailers adopt this appeal consistently over a period of time, then consumers' responses might be changed. Expert consumers are known to process information differently [36] . Therefore, knowledgeable consumers may have different attitudes toward the HQLP appeal. A comparative analysis between high-knowledge and low-knowledge consumers may produce new findings. Second, our subject pool consisted of a homogeneous student sample. Although we selected a product category after carefully considering the participants of our studies, the fact remains that shopping experiences, income levels, and interests differ. Analyses including adult and fully employed members of society are needed to confirm the general applicability of our findings. Finally, further research is necessary to examine actual purchasing behavior. The present study design does not replicate the real world in all aspects; therefore, field experiments are necessary to confirm the results.

Expert consumers are known to process information differently.


To maintain long-term maximum SusEI, there is a need to increase the capacity of digestion and absorption in the digestive system while increasing energy consumption in the digestive system, leading to the increasing of RMR (Hammond and Diamond 1992) . Many studies showed that the correlation of SusEI and RMR is mainly affected by the mass of the gastrointestinal tract (Garton et al. 1994) . But other researches suggested that this relationship was not affected by the mass of the digestive tract (Selman et al. 2001) . Therefore, the relationship between RMR and digestive tract function is still not clear.

To maintain long-term maximum SusEI, there is a need to increase the capacity of digestion and absorption in the digestive system while increasing energy consumption in the digestive system, leading to the increasing of RMR.

Many studies showed that the correlation of SusEI and RMR is mainly affected by the mass of the gastrointestinal tract.

But other researches suggested that this relationship was not affected by the mass of the digestive tract.


The role of science in the development of a nation cannot be over emphasized. Throughout history, the development of new technology has been vital for human survival and progress (Malik, 2010) . The third world countries need this most hence the efforts by many of them to embrace science and technology. Technology is the primary vehicle through which humanity progresses and it will serve to eliminate hunger, poverty and lack of access to education in the future. This accounts for the current developments in science and technology which have so greatly affected the lives of humans. The importance of technology lies in the benefits of technology to society (Oak, 2011) . Of the science subjects, chemistry stands out as the subject upon which the bulk of the present technological break-through is built (Gongden, 1998) . It is an important subject which is seen as hope for individuals and the society.

Throughout history, the development of new technology has been vital for human survival and progress.

The importance of technology lies in the benefits of technology to society.

Of the science subjects, chemistry stands out as the subject upon which the bulk of the present technological break-through is built.


The ACTS-GC trial demonstrated the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 for patients with pStage II/III gastric cancer, but found unsatisfactory 5-year survival rates for those with pStage IIIA and IIIB, of 67.1% and 50.2%, respectively, according to the thirteenth edition of the Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma, highlighting the need for improvement [5, 6] . Accordingly, the efficacy of intensified postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with a doublet regimen was investigated and the JACCRO GC-07 confirmed the superiority of S-1 plus docetaxel over S-1 monotherapy [28] . Consequently, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with doublet regimens became standard treatments for pStage III gastric cancer.

The ACTS-GC trial demonstrated the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 for patients with pStage II/III gastric cancer, but found unsatisfactory 5-year survival rates for those with pStage IIIA and IIIB, of 67.1% and 50.2%, respectively, according to the thirteenth edition of the Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma, highlighting the need for improvement.

Accordingly, the efficacy of intensified postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with a doublet regimen was investigated and the JACCRO GC-07 confirmed the superiority of S-1 plus docetaxel over S-1 monotherapy.


The identification of Protoperidinium and Peridinium species in light microscopy is mainly based upon the observation of the cell size and shape, the presence of horns or spines, the shape of apical plate 1′, intercalary plates, the apical pore complex (APC), ornamentation of thecal plates, the displacement of the cingulum, and the number of cingular and sulcal plates. In plankton from brackish areas, where both of these genera can occur mixed in abundant plankton, a correct identification can be tedious when cells are small, rounded and without a characteristic outline shape and antapical appendages. Hence, the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can greatly help to ensure a correct identification. For better results, this requires an isolation of cells and several dehydration steps prior to the observation (Couté, 2002) .

For better results, this requires an isolation of cells and several dehydration steps prior to the observation.


Power utilities are interested in ways to improve distribution system reliability. As sensitive loads have increased in recent times, a highly reliable electrical energy supply is required. Upgrading distribution systems and adding electrical equipment are possible solutions to improve this reliability. However, these conventional solutions require additional investment in the distribution system. Optimal distribution system reconfiguration is a very effective and efficient way to enhance the distribution system reliability, improve the voltage profile, and reduce distribution system loss [1] .

Optimal distribution system reconfiguration is a very effective and efficient way to enhance the distribution system reliability, improve the voltage profile, and reduce distribution system loss.


The data clearly reveals the presence of various vibrational modes corresponding to phosphate and hydroxyl groups. For all the samples, the presence of strong OH vibration peak could be noticed. The peak observed at 634 cm −1 is attributed to the characteristic stretching and vibrational modes of structural OH groups [33] . The band at 1630 cm Complementary information can be obtained from Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra of Ag:HAp from 1200 cm −1 to 400 cm −1 is shown in Figure 6 . The OH − vibrational bands expected in the region of 630 cm −1 are not clearly detected. This behavior is in good accord with the previous studies [39] .

The peak observed at 634 cm −1 is attributed to the characteristic stretching and vibrational modes of structural OH groups.

This behavior is in good accord with the previous studies.


The morphology and particle size of nanopowders were determined by TEM observation. Figure 2 shows TEM images of Ag:HAp ( Ag = 0). As shown in Figure 1 , Ag:HAp nanoparticles exhibited an ellipsoidal morphology which is consistent with the SEM results [13] . These results are well consistent with the XRD results revealing that the doping components have little influence on the surface morphology of the samples. The morphology identifications indicated that the nanoparticles with good crystal structure could be made by coprecipitation method at low temperature.

As shown in Figure 1 , Ag:HAp nanoparticles exhibited an ellipsoidal morphology which is consistent with the SEM results.


FT-IR spectroscopy was performed in order to investigate the functional groups present in nanohydroxyapatite, Ca 10− Ag (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , ( Ag = 0, Ag = 0.02, Ag = 0.05, Ag = 0.07, and Ag = 0.1) synthesized at 100 ∘ C by coprecipitation method. Figure 5 shows the FT-IR results obtained from Ag:HAp-NPs when the Ag increases from 0.05 to 0.3. The absorption peak in the region of 1600-1700 cm −1 ascribed to O-H bending mode is evidence of the presence of absorbed water in the synthesized products [31, 32] .

The absorption peak in the region of 1600-1700 cm −1 ascribed to O-H bending mode is evidence of the presence of absorbed water in the synthesized products.


To address this substantial challenge, we developed Phase-Mapper, a comprehensive AI platform that tightly integrates XRD experimentation, AI problem solving, and human intelligence for the phase mapping problem (See Figure 1) . In this platform, within minutes, AI solvers give approximate results for the phase mapping problem, which then are examined and further refined by materials scientists interactively and in real time. In addition, the results of Phase-Mapper can be used to further inform future experimental designs. The demixing algorithm is a cornerstone of the Phase-Mapper platform, and we have developed a novel solver called AgileFD, based on Convolutive Non-negative Matrix Factorization (cNMF), a method that has been applied to blind source separation of audio signals and speech recognition (Smaragdis 2004; Mørup and Schmidt 2006) .

The demixing algorithm is a cornerstone of the Phase-Mapper platform, and we have developed a novel solver called AgileFD, based on Convolutive Non-negative Matrix Factorization (cNMF), a method that has been applied to blind source separation of audio signals and speech recognition.


The estrus distribution was affected by PMSG doses and ewe genotype. Compared with the administration of 140 IU of PMSG, the application of 280 IU of PMSG led to earlier onset of estrus and grouped within the first 24 h after sponge removal. Those results were attributed to a greater follicular development with the PMSG dose of 280 IU, which provoked a greater estradiol production (Kermani et al., 2012) . This is in agreement with other studies demonstrating that as PMSG doses increased, the estrus interval was shorter and better predictable, and the onset of estrus and ovulation was more precise (Quintero-Elisea et al., 2010 , 2011 Kermani et al., 2012) .

Those results were attributed to a greater follicular development with the PMSG dose of 280 IU, which provoked a greater estradiol production.

This is in agreement with other studies demonstrating that as PMSG doses increased, the estrus interval was shorter and better predictable, and the onset of estrus and ovulation was more precise.


Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in cereal production worldwide is as low as 33 % (Raun and Johnson 1999) . Much of the nitrogen (N) fertilizer applied to crops is lost to surface runoff and leaching. This results in environmental damage such as the contamination of groundwater supplies or eutrophication of surface waters.

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in cereal production worldwide is as low as 33 %.


The increasing trend towards massive data collection in educational settings has raised new ethical concerns in the learning analytics (LA) research community. On the one hand, there is a need to identify students across platforms and retrieve as much data as possible in order to obtain informed analysis about the learning processes. On the other hand, other aspects influence the adoption and acceptability of learning analytics approaches, such as data ownership and openness, potential abuse and the need for new key competences to interpret and act on learning analytics results (Greller & Drachsler, 2012) . These and other aspects are part of the ethical concerns that the field of learning analytics must face in order to grow as a mature discipline.

On the other hand, other aspects influence the adoption and acceptability of learning analytics approaches, such as data ownership and openness, potential abuse and the need for new key competences to interpret and act on learning analytics results.


In the past decade, efforts have been made on applying a variety of microfabrication processes to realize HWAs [2] [3] [4] [5] . However, those micormachined HWAs are almost "flushmounted" to the surface of the substrate. The sensing elements reside on the substrate surface instead of being out-of-plane. Consequentially, insufficient thermal isolation becomes inevitable, that directly degrades the frequency response to dynamic measurements. Besides, the flush-mounted sensing elements are only capable of measuring shear stress of flow along solid surface (boundary); they lack the ability to provide rich information beyond the surface limits their applications.

In the past decade, efforts have been made on applying a variety of microfabrication processes to realize HWAs.


Hot-wire anemometry is a well-established technique for fluid flow sensing [1] . Conventional HWA sensors have been widely employed for aerodynamics and fluid mechanics studies, but their use is limited by several major drawbacks. First, the fabrication and assembly processes are delicate and do not guarantee uniformity of performance. Secondly, it is prohibitively difficult to form large and dense arrays of HWA for flow field imaging. Furthermore, they are mainly used in laboratory research, and the transition to commercial practice and field use is difficult.

Hot-wire anemometry is a well-established technique for fluid flow sensing.


To overcome the issues mentioned above, we developed a new type of micromachined HWA sensor array [6] . It was based on surface micromachining technique in conjunction with a unique three-dimensional assembly method. The resulting sensor array is capable of flow field imaging with high spatial-temporal resolution. This differs from laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV), which permits high temporal resolution for only pointwise flow measurements, and also differs from particle image velocimetry (PIV), which allows flow field measurements but with low temporal resolution. In addition, with integrated on-chip constant-temperature feedback circuits, the sensor array can be easily applied to different platforms, such as to Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) for flight control, and to Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) and submarines for collision avoidance and stealth tracking.

To overcome the issues mentioned above, we developed a new type of micromachined HWA sensor array.


A combination of transition conditions A and B, so that A is used to detect start of contact and B is used to detect end of contact, should be sufficient in many applications. To be more specific, it is suffcient if the compression of the contact force element is zero before impact and if the behaviour of the contact force element itself is of no relevance after loss of contact. This is, for example, usually the case when simulating the dynamics of compactor machines [13, 14] . As the machine is moving horizontally at the same time as part of it performs vertical impact, this impacting part will hit 'new' soil, or the same combination of new and compacted soil, in each impact. And, of course, a solution where the impacting part would not pass above the level of uncompacted soil before the next impact could be ruled out as non-feasible for this application.

This is, for example, usually the case when simulating the dynamics of compactor machines.


The treatment of individuals with DSD requires the attention of many professionals. Although the medical-surgical treatment is highly important, quality of life also largely depends on the psychosocial management [19] . There is little data concerning the clinical course of people with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism and, in particular, psychosocial development has not been adequately investigated [20, 21] .

Although the medical-surgical treatment is highly important, quality of life also largely depends on the psychosocial management.

There is little data concerning the clinical course of people with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism and, in particular, psychosocial development has not been adequately investigated.


For the young adults quality of life was investigated by means of the WHOQOL questionnaire. There is a lack of consensus concerning conceptualization, operational definition and measurement of quality of life since it is actually an umbrella term covering various aspects such as functioning, health status, perceptions, life conditions, behavior, happiness, lifestyle and symptoms [41] . The WHOQOL questionnaire investigates quality of life from a broad perspective including: physical domain, psychological domain, level of independence, social relationships, environment and spirituality/religion/personal beliefs [23, 24, 25] .

There is a lack of consensus concerning conceptualization, operational definition and measurement of quality of life since it is actually an umbrella term covering various aspects such as functioning, health status, perceptions, life conditions, behavior, happiness, lifestyle and symptoms.

The WHOQOL questionnaire investigates quality of life from a broad perspective including: physical domain, psychological domain, level of independence, social relationships, environment and spirituality/religion/personal beliefs.


In children the limitations of our study were incomplete growth and pubertal development. In this age group strong identification with the assigned sex was observed, which was even stronger in those who had surgically reconstructed genitalia. Previous studies underline that gender identification in DSD appears to be less problematic during the early and middle stages of childhood than during adolescence and adulthood [39] .

Previous studies underline that gender identification in DSD appears to be less problematic during the early and middle stages of childhood than during adolescence and adulthood.


For both sexes it was observed that some specific items reached insufficient scores, especially sexual activity and body image for the male (31.25%). This last observation is in line with a previous study which found that boys with DSD showed impairment concerning body image: they had a more negative body image of the primary sexual characteristics compared with male controls [43] . It is important to remember regarding body image that the male subject had a reduced adult height suggesting that the possibility of growth hormone therapy should be carefully considered due to the strong effect of being short on body image perception.

This last observation is in line with a previous study which found that boys with DSD showed impairment concerning body image: they had a more negative body image of the primary sexual characteristics compared with male controls.


In the cases of the two young female adults (subject 2 and 3) the clinical scores were not balanced with quality of life scores: in fact they had similar clinical (60% in both) and different quality of life scores (87.5 % in subject 2 and 68.75% in subject 3). Additional variables regarding individual traits and social-familial context should be investigated in order to explain these differences. These variables are neither predictable nor easily editable [42] . Health related quality of life describes a person's satisfaction by integrating current life circumstances as well as the ability to cope and adjust to adversity: it is a complex construct that is strongly associated to family life, parents' responses and well-being, the quality of the social environment and other important factors [42] . Quality of life depends on subjective appraisal rather than objective measurements [41] . It is preferable to assess overall quality of life rather than health-related quality of life and it should be defined and measured in terms of life satisfaction [41] .

These variables are neither predictable nor easily editable.

Health related quality of life describes a person's satisfaction by integrating current life circumstances as well as the ability to cope and adjust to adversity: it is a complex construct that is strongly associated to family life, parents' responses and well-being, the quality of the social environment and other important factors.

Quality of life depends on subjective appraisal rather than objective measurements.

It is preferable to assess overall quality of life rather than health-related quality of life and it should be defined and measured in terms of life satisfaction.


The Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children data show that the four-year-old male child with normal genital phenotype (subject 10) had a gender identity score of 87.2%, while the other children with genital anomalies had higher identity scores. In our opinion in subject 10, stereotypic male behavior, typical of mid childhood, was not so evident considering his age, while in the others, it was amplified to confirm the belonging to male gender. Nevertheless it is important to note that during childhood the correlation between gender identity and phenotypic appearance can be incomplete. Therefore it is essential to follow up the evolution of gender identity in these children especially at pubertal age, which is a critical phase for psychosexual development [40] .

Therefore it is essential to follow up the evolution of gender identity in these children especially at pubertal age, which is a critical phase for psychosexual development.


The idea of optomechanics, the use of light forces to control and manipulate the quantum properties of mechanical oscillators, can be realized for the case of BECs in a cavity [4] [5] [6] 10] . Here, typically, the motion of the condensate is employed as a mechanical device that is coupled to the cavity light field. In the case of a BEC, the oscillator is already in the ground state and there is no need for additional cooling. Optomechanics addresses the fundamental interest of oscillators operating in the quantum regime and is promising for highly sensitive measurements of weak forces at the quantum limit.

The idea of optomechanics, the use of light forces to control and manipulate the quantum properties of mechanical oscillators, can be realized for the case of BECs in a cavity.


Food Balance Sheets (FBSs) are the only data source available to describe global, nationallevel spatial and temporal trends in energy and micronutrient availability. FBSs provide estimates of food availability, not consumption, though for this study we assumed they are equivalent. They also do not account for household food waste, small-scale agricultural production, and consumption of wild plants and animals. Studies have shown that FBS food supply estimates overestimate individual food intake (as measured by 24-hour recall) in high income countries, though the discrepancy varies considerably by food group [58, 59] . In contrast, FBSs are more likely to underestimate intake in low-and middle-income countries due to the high prevalence of unrecorded subsistence and wild harvest foods, as well as weaker statistical institutions [60] . Additionally, there are uncertainties in food composition data, including variation in nutrient amounts between repeated samples, preparation methods, and varieties, and knowledge about what proportion each individual food item should contribute within larger food group categories in the FAO data. Uncertainties are also present in estimated intake distributions and requirement data, as this varies within and between countries over time, and may not be normally or log-normally distributed. Lastly, we used novel methods to account for the bioavailability of iron and calcium in foods supplies, and while we believe they are an improvement over making no adjustment for bioavailability, these methods have not been validated through prior studies. Nevertheless, we believe our novel method for estimating aggregate micronutrient supplies provides a metric for monitoring dietary quality in populations over time, assuming many sources of error hold relatively constant within countries. Additionally, both the PIMII and MDI may find utility in assessing the effects of adverse events (famines, droughts, conflict) or interventions (agricultural programs, food assistance) on nutritional status.

Studies have shown that FBS food supply estimates overestimate individual food intake (as measured by 24-hour recall) in high income countries, though the discrepancy varies considerably by food group.

In contrast, FBSs are more likely to underestimate intake in low-and middle-income countries due to the high prevalence of unrecorded subsistence and wild harvest foods, as well as weaker statistical institutions.


As a fluid flows past a stationary cylindrical body, vortices are shed alternately from its upper and lower parts. The cylinder is consequently subjected to cross-flow (lift) forces at the vortex shedding frequency, and in-line forces that are characterized by a mean and a harmonic component at twice the shedding frequency. If the cylinder is free to move, amplifications of its response may occur when the shedding frequency approaches and subsequently locks onto the cylinder's natural frequency. This amplification of the vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) has been investigated since the second half of the 20 th century, and reports on several experimental works can be found in literature [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Based on the presented results, some simple models for the prediction of the flow-induced response of cylinders have been constructed.

This amplification of the vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) has been investigated since the second half of the 20 th century, and reports on several experimental works can be found in literature.


During the third type of experiments, namely free vibration experiments, the amplitudes and frequencies of the cylinder's motion are recorded and subsequently used to tune empirical models that simulate the fluidstructure interaction, such as the wake-oscillator model [11, 12] . No assumptions are made about the frequency of the response, but the characteristics of the measured vibrations are dependent on parameters such as the mass of the cylinder and the damping in the supports. Hence, the usability of a given set of results is limited to conditions similar to those in the experimental scenario.

During the third type of experiments, namely free vibration experiments, the amplitudes and frequencies of the cylinder's motion are recorded and subsequently used to tune empirical models that simulate the fluidstructure interaction, such as the wake-oscillator model.


In the past few centuries, cancer has been one of the most serious threats to human health. Cancer patients have a sort survival expectation and poor life quality [1] . Although significant progress has been made in medical technology for cancer therapies, the mortality from cancers is still higher than expected and cancer treatment requires further research. Current cancer therapies mainly include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. While surgery on many occasions is unable to completely remove all cancer cells in the human body, both chemotherapy and radiotherapy have severe toxic side effects on normal cells and poor specificities for cancer cells. For instance, doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most common chemotherapeutic agents, can induce apoptosis of rapidly dividing cells, but it can also result in apoptosis of numerous normal cells dividing rapidly.

Cancer patients have a sort survival expectation and poor life quality.


Most water temperature reconstructions based on biogenic carbonates are based on δ 18 O records. For instance, for the common blue mussel (Mytilus edulis; the species studied in this paper) it has been shown that temperature reconstructions from shell δ 18 O records can achieve an excellent accuracy of 0.57 • C in Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) (Wanamaker et al., 2007) . However, this paleothermometer equation requires that the δ 18 O value of the ambient water be known. This is obviously not possible for archeological specimens and given that the δ 18 O value of the ambient water strongly depends on salinity (a salinity variation of one can incorrectly be interpreted as a change of 1 • C in water temperature), a proxy or model which is less sensitive to salinity variations may therefore significantly improve paleotemperature reconstructions (Faure, 1986) .

For instance, for the common blue mussel (Mytilus edulis; the species studied in this paper) it has been shown that temperature reconstructions from shell δ 18 O records can achieve an excellent accuracy of 0.57 • C in Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE).

This is obviously not possible for archeological specimens and given that the δ 18 O value of the ambient water strongly depends on salinity (a salinity variation of one can incorrectly be interpreted as a change of 1 • C in water temperature), a proxy or model which is less sensitive to salinity variations may therefore significantly improve paleotemperature reconstructions.


Developing high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is among the most promising solutions to address the drastic increase in global demand of energy [1] . LIBs were introduced to the market in the 1990s by Sony and soon attracted a strong research interest due to their high energy density, stability, and no memory effect, as compared to other alternatives [2] . However, commercial LIBs mostly use graphite as the anode material, which possesses a relatively low theoretical specific capacity of ~372 mAh g -1 . This low capacity severely hampers the wide usage of LIBs in the surging consumer electronic devices and the large-scale energy applications such as hybrid electric vehicles, renewable power plants, and load levelling [3] [4] [5] . To accommodate the high-level requirements of these advanced applications, it is imperative to explore new electrode materials and novel designs for higher energy density, lower cost, flexibility, non-toxicity, and better stability.

Developing high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is among the most promising solutions to address the drastic increase in global demand of energy.

LIBs were introduced to the market in the 1990s by Sony and soon attracted a strong research interest due to their high energy density, stability, and no memory effect, as compared to other alternatives.

This low capacity severely hampers the wide usage of LIBs in the surging consumer electronic devices and the large-scale energy applications such as hybrid electric vehicles, renewable power plants, and load levelling.


Issue (i) can be partially mitigated by coating the MnO 2 nanostructures with highlyconductive carbonaceous materials, such as single-and multi-walled CNTs, graphene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and mesoporous carbons [23, 24] . However, issue (ii) remains largely unresolved as it is associated with the fundamental charge storage mechanism and the inherent structural properties of MnO 2 nanoparticles. Indeed, the available MnO 2 -based LIBs often experience poor cycling performance, low stability, and even cracking, delamination, and crumbling of the anode material [17, 25, 26] .

Issue (i) can be partially mitigated by coating the MnO 2 nanostructures with highlyconductive carbonaceous materials, such as single-and multi-walled CNTs, graphene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and mesoporous carbons.

Indeed, the available MnO 2 -based LIBs often experience poor cycling performance, low stability, and even cracking, delamination, and crumbling of the anode material.


It is well known that the dark mode exhibits extremely high sensitivity to the incident light, where small variations in its wavelength can change far-field forward and backward scattering spectra differently [20, 21] . Figure 2(c) shows the calculated far-field backward and forward scattering profiles for Types I, II and III pentamers, respectively which can be explained by using the Mie solution [22] . The spectra were calculated at precisely 0 and 180 degrees with respect to the wave vector which is perpendicular to the substrate. After applying the offset of the central disk position, the backward far-field scattering is amplified while the forward far-field scattering does not experience a big difference. This trend can be observed clearly in the far-field scattering spectrum from 580 nm to 650 nm, where the symmetry breaking leads to an additional interference between the forward and the backward scattering [20, 21] . The effect of the offset induces a small change in the forward and backward scattering spectra at the wavelength of 580 nm for Type II pentamer and subsequently more obvious for Type III pentamer where, upon to the symmetry breaking, new sub-radiant mode gives rise to the second Fano interference at ~580 nm. Keeping in mind that symmetry breaking in pentamers leads to the emergence of the second FR only with x-polarized light and the optical properties of asymmetric pentamers are polarization-dependent unlike the symmetric pentamers which are polarization-independent [11] .

It is well known that the dark mode exhibits extremely high sensitivity to the incident light, where small variations in its wavelength can change far-field forward and backward scattering spectra differently.

Figure 2(c) shows the calculated far-field backward and forward scattering profiles for Types I, II and III pentamers, respectively which can be explained by using the Mie solution.

This trend can be observed clearly in the far-field scattering spectrum from 580 nm to 650 nm, where the symmetry breaking leads to an additional interference between the forward and the backward scattering.

Keeping in mind that symmetry breaking in pentamers leads to the emergence of the second FR only with x-polarized light and the optical properties of asymmetric pentamers are polarization-dependent unlike the symmetric pentamers which are polarization-independent.


Gender and maturity were determined by examination of the gonads. Males were classified as immature if testes were opaque and threadlike or mature if they were large and milky white. Females were classified as immature if the ovaries were small, granular, and translucent or mature if they contained large, welldeveloped eggs that filled much of the abdominal cavity (Strange 1996) . Eggs were counted from 89 mature females across all years.

Females were classified as immature if the ovaries were small, granular, and translucent or mature if they contained large, welldeveloped eggs that filled much of the abdominal cavity.


Recent advances in the strength and damage tolerance characteristics of available materials offer opportunities for increased stiffened panel working and limit stresses, for example with next generation Aluminium-Lithium alloys [1] . To design to these higher working stresses it is on occasion desirable to increase the local panel plate element stability without increasing the volume of material at the cost of increased manufacturing complexity. Such improvement in local plate buckling performance is plausible by introducing plate element sub-stiffening [2] . The concept of plate sub-stiffening relies on the introduction of local plate element structural features which transform the plate into a panel and which if design correctly will result in increased stability.

Recent advances in the strength and damage tolerance characteristics of available materials offer opportunities for increased stiffened panel working and limit stresses, for example with next generation Aluminium-Lithium alloys.

Such improvement in local plate buckling performance is plausible by introducing plate element sub-stiffening.


AC microgrids (ACMGs) are feasible with all types DGs. They are gaining popularity due to the involving in many areas of applications such as in remote areas, commercial buildings and as backups for power supply and improve the power system infrastructure efficiency and reliability. DC microgrids (DCMGs) based on DG units produce the DC power which would be easily connected to the DC bus line. In this case, the AC DG units need an AC/DC power converter for their connection to the common DC bus line and DC/AC for their connection to the main AC grid (on grid mode) [6] .

In this case, the AC DG units need an AC/DC power converter for their connection to the common DC bus line and DC/AC for their connection to the main AC grid (on grid mode).


The results of a multiple regression analysis revealed the characteristics of Japanese style food. The staple food in Japan is rice, and the major nutrient of rice that is relevant to changes in BP is niacin, which is deeply involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates as an energy source. A previous study indicated that a high carbohydrate intake (70% of energy) was associated with lower intakes of energy, protein, fat, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin [33] . Furthermore, men and women with a high carbohydrate intake had higher SPB values than those with a lower carbohydrate intake [33] . In our study, the intake of carbohydrate increased at 4 months after ceasing the intervention and that of niacin also increased, but participants' BP values hardly changed. This led to the hypothesis that Japanese who consume a lot of carbohydrates tend to also consume a lot of niacin, and this high niacin intake represents a secondary means of preventing hypertension.

A previous study indicated that a high carbohydrate intake (70% of energy) was associated with lower intakes of energy, protein, fat, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin.

Furthermore, men and women with a high carbohydrate intake had higher SPB values than those with a lower carbohydrate intake.


Melcher, Hu & Raman also reported that the inclusion of a sizable mass on the end of a cantilever beam did not significantly change either the shape of the first mode nor its effective stiffness [33] . The second mode shape is affected by the tip, and the second measured mode shape agrees well with that predicted by theory for m r = 0.1, which is near the SEM estimated mass ratio of 0.103. On the other hand, the measured 3 rd and 4 th mode shapes deviate from the model over much of the probe and the frequency ratios of the cantilever are different than those predicted analytically for the experimentally estimated mass ratio.

Melcher, Hu & Raman also reported that the inclusion of a sizable mass on the end of a cantilever beam did not significantly change either the shape of the first mode nor its effective stiffness.


Until recently, climate scientists have mostly dominated the discussions on climate change. The initiatives, such as IPCC, have introduced an interdisciplinary perception of the problem by including scientists from other disciplines and different regions. However, the success of these attempts has been questionable due to the limited and insufficient number of experts focused on developing both theory and practice. Consequently, there is also a growing need to provide more efficient education guidelines for the future engineers, targeting both the general level and adjacent fields-such as urban planning, geography, transport and energy [1] .

Consequently, there is also a growing need to provide more efficient education guidelines for the future engineers, targeting both the general level and adjacent fields-such as urban planning, geography, transport and energy.


In the present work, an actual pilot plant built to simulate the micro-clime found in neonate incubators is discussed. This plant contains actuators to change the internal temperature and humidity and sensors for monitoring the relevant signals. Two properties of this hygrothermal process can be associated with hybrid systems, in particular with the MLD -Mixed Logical Dynamical System [Bemporad and Morari, 1999] . They are: the input signal values belonging to a discrete set, and the system dynamic is characterized by piece-wise linear models.

Two properties of this hygrothermal process can be associated with hybrid systems, in particular with the MLD -Mixed Logical Dynamical System.


Notwithstanding the potential for large-scale biogas systems in Africa, its development is still emergent. Potential target users of large-scale biogas technology in Africa could be; crop and livestock farmers, small to medium and large food processing industries, wastewater and excreta management (sanitation) institutions and municipalities, and solid waste management municipalities [28] . The list also includes schools, universities, hospitals and commercial buildings. Other countries have used commercial biogas facilities for many years and gained much experience in the sector. There is an opportunity for African countries to learn from these countries in order to adopt large-scale biogas technology [11] .

Potential target users of large-scale biogas technology in Africa could be; crop and livestock farmers, small to medium and large food processing industries, wastewater and excreta management (sanitation) institutions and municipalities, and solid waste management municipalities.

There is an opportunity for African countries to learn from these countries in order to adopt large-scale biogas technology.


Measurements of retinal CMT showed an increase in retinal thickness, peaking at the 2nd month (statistically significant) and decreasing thereafter. The changes can be attributed to a transient subclinical macular inflammatory response to the cataract procedure and not to the TASS itself. Such changes following cataract surgery have been previously demonstrated in the literature [18, 24, 25] . Two patients developed CME during follow-up. In both cases, CME was not evident at the 2nd month follow-up and appeared later. Therefore, it did not seem to be a major contributor to the peak CMT change seen at month 2. No significant change in NFL thickness was observed.

Such changes following cataract surgery have been previously demonstrated in the literature.


A client puzzle is non-parallelizable if the solution to the puzzle cannot be computed in parallel. Non-parallelizable client puzzles can be used to defend against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, where a single adversary can control a large group of compromised machines. This adversary could distribute puzzles to other compromised machines to obtain puzzle solutions faster than the time expected by the server. This kind of attack is identified as strong attacks [8] .

This kind of attack is identified as strong attacks.


Film formation in waterborne coating systems is a complex, diffusion controlled process. The process involves two stages: Evaporation of water and cosolvents with coalescence of binder particles and chemical reaction (cross-linking) between the reactants [24] . When a coating system based on dispersed resin particles is applied, the resin particles merge or coalesce during the drying process and form a homogeneous polymer film [25] . The process of particle coalescence is influenced by numerous factors such as the particle size in the dispersed phase, the temperature and relative humidity (RH), the solvent content and the type of a polymer. For ambient-cured, two-component, waterborne epoxy systems, coalescence is complicated due to the ongoing reaction of the epoxy resin and the curing agent. Therefore, coalescence is further affected by the time (introduction period) between the mixing of components and the actual application of the coating, the reaction kinetics, the type of epoxy resin and curing agent system, and the rate of diffusion of the curing agent from the aqueous phase into dispersed resin. In general, the lower the viscosity and reactivity of the epoxy/curing agent, the more consistent the coating characteristics will be, which is a direct result of a more homogeneous cross-linked structure.

The process involves two stages: Evaporation of water and cosolvents with coalescence of binder particles and chemical reaction (cross-linking) between the reactants.

When a coating system based on dispersed resin particles is applied, the resin particles merge or coalesce during the drying process and form a homogeneous polymer film.


One of the methods that has been found particularly useful for investigation of various coating properties in our case is electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . EIS is a nondestructive and relatively fast in situ method that may give important information about selected coating properties, such as concentration of water and diffusion coefficient of ions in a coating, as well as porosity and delamination. Based on this information one may try to predict the long-term performance of selected coating which, ultimately, may lead to a fast and useful ranking of various coating formulations according to their anti-corrosive protection properties.

One of the methods that has been found particularly useful for investigation of various coating properties in our case is electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).


An interesting approach towards optimization of a coating is changing the composition of solid particles. In this respect one of the most important parameters that determines the quality of a coating is the pigment volume concentration (PVC), i.e., the percent by volume of a pigment in the total volume of solid material in a paint. PVC affects the coating's mechanical properties, water permeability, anticorrosion properties of the coating's film, physical ageing and glass transition temperature (T g ). In this paper, however, we are particularly interested in how PVC affects the formation process of a coating film. In this context, the limiting value of PVC known as critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) is of the utmost importance. CPVC represents the value of PVC corresponding to "the random tightest possible packing pigment particles and the minimum amount of binder necessary to fill the interstices between particles" [2] . Most importantly, at this level of pigmentation practically all coating properties change drastically. Below CPVC the coating film is continuous and made only of binder and pigments. Above CPVC the coating film is discontinuous due to the presence of air pockets around pigment particles that replace the binder. The ratio PVC:CPVC is often referred to as the "reduced pigment volume concentration" and denoted as Λ (see Experimental Section).

CPVC represents the value of PVC corresponding to "the random tightest possible packing pigment particles and the minimum amount of binder necessary to fill the interstices between particles".


The results obtained for the proposed method for the electrical system is presented in this section. Every simulation is executed with a PC Intel Core 2 Duo 1.9 GHz, 2 GB of RAM memory and operational system Windows 7 Ultimate 32 bits. The algorithm is developed in MATLAB [23] .

The algorithm is developed in MATLAB.


Derived from the Greek orthos (proper) and orexia (appetite), orthorexia nervosa (ON) describes a set of eatingrelated behaviors that include a fixation to eat healthy, biologically-pure foods and an inflated expectation about the personal benefits of healthy eating. Orthorexic individuals typically avoid food that has been treated with herbicides, pesticides, or artificial substances, and they worry excessively about the techniques and materials used in food preparation. This cautious eating style leads to omission of food groups and eventually to nutritional deficiencies; the intense fixation on diet results in a loss of social relationships and impoverished quality of life [1] . To date, research has focused on the emotional and physical outcomes of ON, with little attention to cognitive mechanisms. There is a reason to expect cognitive correlates of ON, however, as ON resembles two other psychiatric conditions, anorexia nervosa (AN) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

This cautious eating style leads to omission of food groups and eventually to nutritional deficiencies; the intense fixation on diet results in a loss of social relationships and impoverished quality of life.


To apply MPC it is required to develop a moderately complex non-linear model that can capture the key dynamical properties over a wide operating range. There are three types of models that have been used for calculating the predicted outputs in MPC implementations: First principles models (white-box), Input-output models (black-box), and hybrid first principles empirical model (gray-box). The advantage of first-principle models is that they are globally valid. Therefore, these models are expected to provide better extrapolation accuracy than empirical models, and can be used to predict the process dynamic over a wide range of operations [6] .

Therefore, these models are expected to provide better extrapolation accuracy than empirical models, and can be used to predict the process dynamic over a wide range of operations.


In power plant applications model based predictive controllers (MPC) are usually implemented using the supervisory control strategy. The application of this strategy to control CCPP has been widely presented and discussed in literature, [4] , [5] . In this strategy the MPC provides the regulatory level optimum set-points, based on the objective function dynamic optimisation.

The application of this strategy to control CCPP has been widely presented and discussed in literature.


Sexual dissatisfaction is significant factors in martial dissatisfaction, which lead to poor relationships. People with negative body image experience lower level of sexual satisfaction [10] [11] [12] . Women were found to have more concern about different parts of body satisfaction as compare to overall body image, for example satisfaction with chest, thighs and hips. Another study Finding suggested that there are significant relationship between body image and romantic relationship and different aspects of body image were found to be predictors for self esteem and peer relationship [13, 14] .

People with negative body image experience lower level of sexual satisfaction.

Another study Finding suggested that there are significant relationship between body image and romantic relationship and different aspects of body image were found to be predictors for self esteem and peer relationship.


The findings of the present study also suggest that people concerned more about their fitness and body weight because overweight/underweight and low physical fitness lead to marital dissatisfaction. The association between satisfied marital relationship and body image running in both directions; that people have a more satisfied marital relationship would have less dissatisfaction with their bodies or have better body image would predict more satisfied relationship. It can be explained like that satisfied relationship may provide a psychological buffer against sociocultural pressure to attain an ideal body image. Marriage can serve as either a risk or protective factor for an individual physical and mental health. As Social norms theory suggested that people who failed to achieve the ideal body weight and shape experience high level of marital satisfaction while marital exchange theory concluded the opposite; according to this theory overweight people know that their value is low in the marriage market that is why they maintain good relationship and happy with their current partner [18] .

As Social norms theory suggested that people who failed to achieve the ideal body weight and shape experience high level of marital satisfaction while marital exchange theory concluded the opposite; according to this theory overweight people know that their value is low in the marriage market that is why they maintain good relationship and happy with their current partner.


Perception, evaluation and comments of a partner about one's weight and body image have significant effects on a person's marital satisfaction and dissatisfaction [19] . There is a relationship between marital satisfaction and body image; however, women's body image affect more in romantic relationship than men and moreover, when women perceived that their partners are satisfied with their body weight and shape so they develop a more positive body image. Sometime people do not have overall body dissatisfaction, but have a negative evaluation of specific body parts which affect negatively their marital relationship. Same results found in the present study where males and females both were found to have more concerned about body parts satisfaction as compare to other variables of body image which suggested that people feel dissatisfied from specific parts of the body which negatively affect their overall self-concept [20, 21] .

Perception, evaluation and comments of a partner about one's weight and body image have significant effects on a person's marital satisfaction and dissatisfaction.

Same results found in the present study where males and females both were found to have more concerned about body parts satisfaction as compare to other variables of body image which suggested that people feel dissatisfied from specific parts of the body which negatively affect their overall self-concept.


The Perception of a person's about his/her body acts as a significant function in the growth of interpersonal relationships. Body image is a concept which received substantial attention in modern discussion and research [1] . Objective body appearance affects social interactions while subjective view about one's body also affects his/her emotion, thinking and behaviors. Subjective perception is more powerful impact than actual physical appearance. Person's Subjective view about his/her body is actually a person's body image [2] . Body image is a complex and multidimensional concept of the self consisting of the perception and experience of our bodies visually, mentally, emotionally and physically [3] . But literature indicates that little focused was on the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and interpersonal relationships in past researches. In every culture, both western and eastern people place great value on physical appearance, especially in context of relationships. When there is too much importance given to physical attractiveness by people and culture, and so it is not surprising that there will be a high rate of people with negative body image [3, 4] .

Body image is a concept which received substantial attention in modern discussion and research.

Person's Subjective view about his/her body is actually a person's body image.

Body image is a complex and multidimensional concept of the self consisting of the perception and experience of our bodies visually, mentally, emotionally and physically.

When there is too much importance given to physical attractiveness by people and culture, and so it is not surprising that there will be a high rate of people with negative body image.


Marital satisfaction is a mental state that reflects the perceived benefits and costs of marriage to a finicky individual. The high the person perceived the cost the less satisfied with marriage and marital partner. Same the greater the perceived benefits, the higher the satisfaction with marital partner and marriage. Physical appearance is a significant attribute to draw in another person or take a partner for marriage and romantic relationship. In the past few decades, the weight concerns and the importance of body shapes are becoming the norm and great emphases are placed on body image by both genders but risk is higher for adult females. Physical appearance and ideal body weight and shape have an important role in spousal relationships [5] [6] [7] . After marriage usually people gain weight and their physical appearance change, but the importance people give to physical attractiveness do not change after marriage, therefore with the passage of time partners feel dissatisfaction with their own bodyshape and with their partner's body which lead to marital dissatisfaction. Perceived partner dissatisfaction with one's body lead to low level of satisfaction with romantic relationships [8] . Negative correlation found between body image dissatisfaction and romantic relationship. Furthermore, negative body image leads to fear of intimacy, anxiety and poor psychological health which in turn had a negative effect on romantic relationships [9] .

Physical appearance and ideal body weight and shape have an important role in spousal relationships.

Perceived partner dissatisfaction with one's body lead to low level of satisfaction with romantic relationships.

Furthermore, negative body image leads to fear of intimacy, anxiety and poor psychological health which in turn had a negative effect on romantic relationships.


The purpose of the present study was to explore the relation between body image and marital satisfaction in married adults. The results from this study suggest that marital satisfaction is linked in important ways with body image, but that are related to psychological processes operate differently for males and females. Furthermore an analysis of different variables of body image found that fitness evaluation and body area satisfaction were positively correlated with marital satisfaction while appearance evaluation and subjective weight were negatively correlated; which suggested that people hardly evaluate their appearance when they are more satisfied with their marital relationship. In line with this another study concluded that lower satisfaction of body image lead to increase the quality of interpersonal relationship [17] .

In line with this another study concluded that lower satisfaction of body image lead to increase the quality of interpersonal relationship.


The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated the frequency band from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz for applications in UWB short-range wireless communication [1] . UWB systems have many advantages such as high speed data rate, extremely low emission power, low complexity and resistance to the multipath phenomenon. One of the critical issues for UWB systems is the design of UWB antenna which requires good return loss across a wide bandwidth (3.1-10.6 GHz), stable radiation patterns, compact size and low fabrication cost. In addition, the antenna is required to reject two narrow frequency bands, i.e., 5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz, for avoiding the interference with existing wireless local area network (WLAN) (IEEE802.11a and HIPERLAN/2) [2] .

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has allocated the frequency band from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz for applications in UWB short-range wireless communication.

In addition, the antenna is required to reject two narrow frequency bands, i.e., 5.15-5.35 GHz and 5.725-5.825 GHz, for avoiding the interference with existing wireless local area network (WLAN) (IEEE802.11a and HIPERLAN/2).


The use of the effective aperture of a sparse multistatic array reduces the number of required transmitters (T x ) and receivers (R x ) and preservers the array's imaging quality (Lockwood et al., 1996) . Hence, this approach is widely spread in the fields of radar and ultrasonic imaging (Wiesbeck and Sit, 2014; Thomenius, 1996) . The principle idea of the effective aperture concept is to illuminate the target object with an array of transmitters (T x -array) and record backscattered radiation using an array of receivers (R x -array).

The use of the effective aperture of a sparse multistatic array reduces the number of required transmitters (T x ) and receivers (R x ) and preservers the array's imaging quality.

Hence, this approach is widely spread in the fields of radar and ultrasonic imaging.


Performance, emission and combustion characteristics were evaluated at varying compression ratios with 50% load for diesel and WCO Biodiesel where the results showed that exhaust gas Temperature increased with higher compression ratios. The mechanical efficiency gradually decreased with increasing Compression ratio. The brake thermal efficiency increased and brake specific fuel consumption reduced on increasing CR. The Peak cylinder pressure also increased with increase of CR. Heat release rate reduced with increase of Compression ratio and the Heat release rate of standard diesel was found higher than the blends [14, 15] . Experimental investigations were carried out on a variable speed engine at varying compression ratios operated with diesel and biodiesel blends which revealed the increase of engine torque with increasing compression ratio at all speeds. At full load conditions, an increase in torque was about 15% and reduction of brake specific fuel consumption was about 17.3% when compression ratio was increased from 14 to 18 for standard diesel. The brake thermal efficiency increased for diesel and other blends on increasing the compression ratio. The average increase of cylinder pressure was about 8.4% on increasing the compression ratio and this was observed at all speeds. The delay period reduced with increasing compression ratio which was also observed at all speeds. Significant reduction was observed in the delay period which could be due to early combustion on increasing compression ratios [16] . The effect of compression ratios on performance, combustion and emission characteristics was studied on a dual fuel engine operated on raw biogas. Compression ratios were reduced from 18 to 16 for varying loads at spill setting of 23°bTDC. The brake thermal efficiency in dual mode improved for increasing compression ratios which could be due to complete combustion of biogas and the exhaust gas Temperature reduced for increasing compression ratio at all loads. The volumetric efficiency also exhibited a gradual reduction on reduction of compression ratio at all loads. The peak cylinder pressure reduced with reduction of compression ratio and moved closer to TDC. The heat release also increased on increasing the compression ratio. The ignition delay reduced with increasing compression ratio for all loads. Maximum ignition delay occurred for lowest compression ratio at minimum load [5] .

Heat release rate reduced with increase of Compression ratio and the Heat release rate of standard diesel was found higher than the blends.

Significant reduction was observed in the delay period which could be due to early combustion on increasing compression ratios.

Maximum ignition delay occurred for lowest compression ratio at minimum load.


Medical ultrasound based visualization systems require a vast amount of data bandwidth and computational power for real-time execution of the signal analysis and imaging algorithms. Thus so far the front-end processing is realized using hardware solutions. However, hardware based processing become a barrier for implementation of more and more complex imaging algorithms e.g. based on synthetic aperture imaging. In recent years, a dynamic development of parallel processing technology, especially multi-core processors (CPU) and general purpose graphics processing units (GPGPU) enabled migration of hardware based signal processing to more flexible software based signal processing. This trend is clearly visible in literature, where numerous studies are devoted to GPGPU applications in ultrasound signal processing [1] [2] [3] [4] . However, acquisition and communication architecture of the system are equally important.

This trend is clearly visible in literature, where numerous studies are devoted to GPGPU applications in ultrasound signal processing.


A real-time implementation of the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) imaging methods is a big engineering challenge due to the required extremely high data bandwidth and performance of data processing [5] [6] [7] [8] . Nowadays, only a complex field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) and GPGPUs offer a processing power sufficient to implement such tasks. Still, care must be taken to ensure balanced resource utilization and communication bandwidth.

A real-time implementation of the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) imaging methods is a big engineering challenge due to the required extremely high data bandwidth and performance of data processing.


Heat waves, known as the ''silent killer,'' have caused more fatalities in Australia than tropical cyclones, bushfires, earthquakes, and floods combined (Hughes et al. 2016) . A heat wave can be defined as three or more days of extremely high temperatures, often with no relief at night (Perkins and Alexander 2013) . If people are exposed to heat waves, heat stroke and hyperthermia can sometimes occur, resulting in death. During heat waves, excess deaths and ambulance callouts are often significantly higher for unusually warm minimum temperatures than for maximum temperatures, as health problems occur when people cannot cool down at night (Williams et al. 2012) . To predict the effects of heat waves on human health, a human thermal stress index is often used (Goldie et al. 2017) . This is because factors such as temperature, solar radiation, wind, and humidity can often alter the human body thermoregulation and thus how much stress a person can feel (Anderson et al. 2013) .

Heat waves, known as the ''silent killer,'' have caused more fatalities in Australia than tropical cyclones, bushfires, earthquakes, and floods combined.

A heat wave can be defined as three or more days of extremely high temperatures, often with no relief at night.

During heat waves, excess deaths and ambulance callouts are often significantly higher for unusually warm minimum temperatures than for maximum temperatures, as health problems occur when people cannot cool down at night.

To predict the effects of heat waves on human health, a human thermal stress index is often used.

This is because factors such as temperature, solar radiation, wind, and humidity can often alter the human body thermoregulation and thus how much stress a person can feel.


This study shows that, across the city of Melbourne, there are regional differences in the efficacy of the mitigation strategies investigated during heat waves. The western suburbs of Melbourne are climatologically drier, have less vegetation, and, as a result, can experience warmer daytime temperatures than the eastern suburbs because of higher sensible heating. In WRF the western suburbs are also represented with drier soils types, meaning that an increase in vegetation does not lead to an overly humid near-surface environment. Therefore, the western suburbs have a larger cooling potential from increased vegetation when compared with cool roofs, where the added humidity does not negatively affect human thermal comfort. Citizens in Melbourne's west have a high vulnerability index to heat-related illness because of their higher proportion of elderly residents and immigrants (Loughnan et al. 2013) . To confront this issue regional governments and other sectors have created the Greening the West initiative (http://greeningthewest.org.au/). Their strategy is that increased parks and green spaces in the western suburbs will benefit the environment, the economy, and the health and well-being of residents. Our results confirm the potential health benefits of this initiative in the western suburbs. In contrast, the eastern suburbs of Melbourne experience greater reductions in temperature from cool roofs than does the rest of Melbourne because of their higher urban density. Hence, cool roofs as a heat-mitigation measure would provide more tangible cooling in the eastern suburbs than increased vegetation.

Citizens in Melbourne's west have a high vulnerability index to heat-related illness because of their higher proportion of elderly residents and immigrants.


The voltage distortion is one of the most frequent disturbances in electrical systems. The cause of appearance of voltage harmonics is the massive integration of electronic equipment (rectifiers, inverters, uninterruptible power supply, etc.) to the industry. The voltage harmonics have effects on losses, efficiency, torque, power pulsations, temperature rise, rated horsepower and life time of bearing of SCIM [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] . Preliminary studies seem to indicate that when fed with distorted voltages the EEIM (IE3, IE4) have a greater impact on efficiency than standard induction motors (IE1) [13] , [14] . Therefore, the problem of the impact of power quality on the performance of high efficiency electric motors is an issue that must be treated with great care and attention.

The voltage harmonics have effects on losses, efficiency, torque, power pulsations, temperature rise, rated horsepower and life time of bearing of SCIM.

Preliminary studies seem to indicate that when fed with distorted voltages the EEIM (IE3, IE4) have a greater impact on efficiency than standard induction motors (IE1).


We found that α can either increase or decrease as the vortex decays, and our relationship (2.9) shows that the dependence of α on N c is specially sensitive when N c is at the order ofN , as it is for meddies and Jovian vortices (Aubert et al. 2012) . Our simulations showed that N c was determined by the secondary circulations within a vortex and that those circulations are controlled by the dissipation. In a future paper we shall report on the details of how dissipation determines the secondary flows and the temporal evolution of N c , both of which are important in planetary atmospheres, oceanic vortices, accretion disk flows, and planet formation (Barranco & Marcus 2005) .

We found that α can either increase or decrease as the vortex decays, and our relationship (2.9) shows that the dependence of α on N c is specially sensitive when N c is at the order ofN , as it is for meddies and Jovian vortices.

In a future paper we shall report on the details of how dissipation determines the secondary flows and the temporal evolution of N c , both of which are important in planetary atmospheres, oceanic vortices, accretion disk flows, and planet formation.


The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a common, cosmopolitan pest of cereal mills. It has been widely used as a host for rearing of parasitoids for biological control (Tavares et al., 1989) . Adult moths do not need to feed before laying eggs but larvae of moths produce webbing particles, feed and make food inconsumable (Cox et al., 1991) .

It has been widely used as a host for rearing of parasitoids for biological control.

Adult moths do not need to feed before laying eggs but larvae of moths produce webbing particles, feed and make food inconsumable.


The third instar larvae of E. kuehniella were exposed to a lethal dose of P. ferulacea essential oil. The concentration of essential oil was adjusted according to our previous study (Ercan et al., 2013) . Control and treated larvae were used for DNA extraction for RAPD analysis. After amplification, DNA changes were compared. Polymorphic bands were divided into four types: 1) appearance of extra bands, 2) disappearance of normal bands, 3) decreasing of band intensity, and 4) increasing of band intensity (Table 2) .

The concentration of essential oil was adjusted according to our previous study.


We would prefer if the WOs could self-organize into a graph exhibiting small-world properties without first creating a regular or random graph as a starting point. Smallworld graphs are interesting because they occur frequently in a variety of different fields. They have been found in cellular metabolism, Hollywood actor relationships, Internet routers, protein regulatory networks, research collaborations, sexual relations and World Wide Web page linkages [3] . Furthermore, current methods for small-world graph creation are based on an outside view of the network and an omnipresent/omnipotent view of the graph structure.

They have been found in cellular metabolism, Hollywood actor relationships, Internet routers, protein regulatory networks, research collaborations, sexual relations and World Wide Web page linkages.


Hence, the need to develop new approaches becomes persistent. Researchers proposed new systems that are not based on LMS but still they need to store a vector of symbols to perform beamformation [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . One of the interesting approaches uses the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to accelerate the beamforming algorithm training by maximizing a suitable fitness function to find the required phase weights to steer the main beam [28] [29] [30] . Various versions of the PSO were developed to increase the speed, reduce the required memory, and maximize SINR to accommodate the requirements of real-time applications [31] [32] [33] .

Researchers proposed new systems that are not based on LMS but still they need to store a vector of symbols to perform beamformation.

One of the interesting approaches uses the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to accelerate the beamforming algorithm training by maximizing a suitable fitness function to find the required phase weights to steer the main beam.

Various versions of the PSO were developed to increase the speed, reduce the required memory, and maximize SINR to accommodate the requirements of real-time applications.


One of the reasons which reduce or neglect the therapeutic effect of radiotherapy is hypoxia in solid tumors. Hypoxia is a common feature in solid tumors and implicated in resistance to ionizing radiation and chemotherapy through multiple mechanisms caused by genetic or metabolic alterations in cancer cells [3] . Hypoxic tumor cells are significantly less responsive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy than well-oxygenated counterparts because of reduction or absence of the oxygen-derived free radicals that are needed to enhance DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation and nonproliferative hypoxic cells. The effect of these resistances brings increased invasiveness and metastatic potential, loss of apoptosis, and chaotic angiogenesis [4] .

Hypoxia is a common feature in solid tumors and implicated in resistance to ionizing radiation and chemotherapy through multiple mechanisms caused by genetic or metabolic alterations in cancer cells.

The effect of these resistances brings increased invasiveness and metastatic potential, loss of apoptosis, and chaotic angiogenesis.


The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we introduce and motivate the model as well as the choice of some parameters. In section 3 we discuss the choice of spin-ordering configuration ansätze. In section 4 we discuss the charge-ordered states . This choice of parameters leads to a minimum at the nodal (±π/2, ±π/2) points in agreement with ARPES experiments on the extremely underdoped cuprate [47] .

This choice of parameters leads to a minimum at the nodal (±π/2, ±π/2) points in agreement with ARPES experiments on the extremely underdoped cuprate.


An earlier study discussed experimental and numerical estimation of strength and deformability of steel plates affected by various degrees of pitting intensity [7] . Using previously proposed probability models, corroded specimens were simulated both numerically and experimentally, and validated against empirical data. A periodic array of conical pits was simulated. Of particular interest is the study of various samples at different 'degrees of pitting' (ratio of the pitted surface area to whole/plate surface area). It was found that strength decreases moderately with increase in pit size, while deformability decreases considerably. Deformability was found to have a better correlation with surface roughness rather than maximum pit depth.

An earlier study discussed experimental and numerical estimation of strength and deformability of steel plates affected by various degrees of pitting intensity.


Initial microstructure of HEA [28] . The microstructure of the CrFe 2 NiMnV 0.25 C 0.075 HEA revealed similar regularities, but the volume fraction of carbides was slightly lower (not shown). The annealed sample after cold-rolling shows a coarsegrained microstructure represented in Fig. 1c, d with a grain size of * 10-40 lm with carbides distributed in the matrix. Close inspection of Fig. 1d reveals that the size of carbides is * 1 lm and some of them have been detached from the matrix due to their weak interfaces with the matrix during sample preparation for microstructural investigations. A comparison of the carbide size in as-cast and after cold-rolling followed by annealing indicates the crushing of carbides during hot forging and cold-rolling.

Initial microstructure of HEA.


Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can obtain high resolution images of illuminated scene under all weather circumstances, and it has been widely used in both civil remote sensing and military surveillance [1] . However, there exist various kinds of interferences, such as radio-frequency interference (RFI) and artificial interference [2, 3] . The RFI mainly comes from communication and television networks, while the artificial interference is generated by a military jammer. Also, these interferences are classified into two categories: 1) noncoherent interference; 2) coherent interference [4] . The noncoherent interference raises the noise level of SAR image to bury the targets of interest. In coherent interference, military jammer simulates target echoes or retransmits intercepted signals to cover the true target, then generates false targets in the scene, which affect the enemy commander's ability to judge the situation of the battlefield. Since the existence of these interferences would seriously degrade the quality of SAR imagery, SAR should embed the ability to detect and suppress the interferences.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can obtain high resolution images of illuminated scene under all weather circumstances, and it has been widely used in both civil remote sensing and military surveillance.

However, there exist various kinds of interferences, such as radio-frequency interference (RFI) and artificial interference.

Also, these interferences are classified into two categories: 1) noncoherent interference; 2) coherent interference.


Energy on tent was given by multiplying the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents in grams by their heats of combustion (4.0, 9.0, and 4.0 kcal, respectively) [20] . The Tukey test analyzed the data at a significance level of 5%. Table 1 shows the proximate compositions of the fruits. In general, the study fruits presented high moisture content, and the moisture contents of bacuri and mapati were similar (p < 0.05). The moisture content of mapati (89.88%) was similar to the 92.10% reported by Aguiar [7] . Carambola presented the highest moisture content at 91.09%, higher than the moisture reported by the Brazilian Food Composition Table [21] .

Energy on tent was given by multiplying the protein, lipid, and carbohydrate contents in grams by their heats of combustion (4.0, 9.0, and 4.0 kcal, respectively).

The moisture content of mapati (89.88%) was similar to the 92.10% reported by Aguiar.

Carambola presented the highest moisture content at 91.09%, higher than the moisture reported by the Brazilian Food Composition Table.


The study fruits can be considered low calorie because of their low energy contents, reflecting their high moisture and low fat contents [7] . Ingá-cipó had the highest energy content (83.80 kcal), followed by abiu (71.82 kcal), which differs from the 62 kcal reported by TACO [21] . The energy content of carambola (25.17 kcal) was similar to the 33 kcal reported by Phillippi [25] . Table 2 shows the fiber content of the fruits in detail. The soluble fiber content of these fruits was generally low. Taperebá had the highest soluble fiber content at 1.51 g, significantly higher than those of the other study fruits (p < 0.05). All study fruits had higher insoluble fiber content than soluble fiber content. Taperebá and mapati had the highest (3.14 g) and lowest (0.65 g) insoluble fiber contents, respectively.

The study fruits can be considered low calorie because of their low energy contents, reflecting their high moisture and low fat contents.

Ingá-cipó had the highest energy content (83.80 kcal), followed by abiu (71.82 kcal), which differs from the 62 kcal reported by TACO.

The energy content of carambola (25.17 kcal) was similar to the 33 kcal reported by Phillippi.


Mapati is native to the western area of Amazonas state (upper Rio Negro and Solimões rivers). It is widely cultivated by indigenous and nonindigenous peoples in the region, especially at the borders of Peru and Colombia; it abounds near Iquitos [16] . Mapatis are very similar to the common grape; even the bunch is similar, although mapatis are not as delicate. The fruits are eaten in a similar manner: by sucking the pulp and discarding the peels and seeds [3] .

It is widely cultivated by indigenous and nonindigenous peoples in the region, especially at the borders of Peru and Colombia; it abounds near Iquitos.

The fruits are eaten in a similar manner: by sucking the pulp and discarding the peels and seeds.


The abiu tree, Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pavon), is a plant from the Family Sapotaceae, considered native to the Brazilian, Colombian, Peruvian, and Venezuelan Amazon region [8] . Although its fruit is very popular, it is sometimes underappreciated because its peel contains white and viscous fluid that sticks to the lips. To this day the fruits are only consumed fresh [3] .

The abiu tree, Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pavon), is a plant from the Family Sapotaceae, considered native to the Brazilian, Colombian, Peruvian, and Venezuelan Amazon region.

To this day the fruits are only consumed fresh.


Taperebá belongs to the Family Anacardiaceae and is native to tropical America. It is found in all Brazilian regions and has many other popular names, such as cajazeiro, cajazeira, cajá, cajá-mirim, cajazeiro-miúdo, acajá, acajaíba, imbuzeiro, andsour cajá [3] [17] . The fruit is eaten fresh or used in juices, refreshments, ice cream, wine, and liqueurs.

It is found in all Brazilian regions and has many other popular names, such as cajazeiro, cajazeira, cajá, cajá-mirim, cajazeiro-miúdo, acajá, acajaíba, imbuzeiro, andsour cajá.


Except for abiu (0.49 g), the study fruits had very low and similar lipid contents, confirming their low energy density. Therefore, they are indicated for people who desire a low-fat diet. The lipid content of bacuri (0.11 g) ( Table 1 ) was very different from the 2% reported by Franco [22] .

The lipid content of bacuri (0.11 g) ( Table 1 ) was very different from the 2% reported by Franco.


The CMR-derived MA sweep volume was found here to effectively characterize global diastolic function. Prior echocardiography studies have demonstrated that MA excursion volume plays an important role in LV function [17, 38] . In addition, reports have long recognized the relationship between LV long-axis function and MA displacement [39] . For example, the longitudinal MA excursion in diastole envelops and effectively transfers blood from the atrium to the ventricle, separately from the flow of blood across the location of the MA. This can occur even while the blood remains relatively stationary in relation to the apex. Similarly, in atrial systole, the MA is pulled away from the apex by the atrial pectinate muscles, "over" the blood, to facilitate further ventricular filling (and also increasing the ventricular pre-stretch, thus augmenting contractility). As a result, MA excursion is a central component of diastole, along with the transmitral pressure gradient.

Prior echocardiography studies have demonstrated that MA excursion volume plays an important role in LV function.

In addition, reports have long recognized the relationship between LV long-axis function and MA displacement.


Our results in 4d are unsurprising. We find that the only solution is the near-horizon limit of the extremal Kerr black hole. In fact, in the context of isolated horizons the same result has been established [42] . Observe that uniqueness of Kerr has only been proved for non-extremal black holes; therefore our result can be viewed as a first step towards proving uniqueness of extremal Kerr among asymptotically flat black holes with degenerate horizons. Pleasingly, our method in 4d worked just as easily with a negative cosmological constant showing that the only regular solution is the near-horizon geometry of extremal Kerr-AdS 4 . It should be noted that there are no known uniqueness theorems for asymptotically AdS black holes even in 4d; perhaps our result will be useful in proving uniqueness of extremal Kerr-AdS 4 .

Our results in 4d are unsurprising.

In fact, in the context of isolated horizons the same result has been established.


One of the main motivations for this work was to investigate the existence of asymptotically AdS black rings. Unfortunately, we were not able to solve the vacuum near-horizon equations in the presence of a negative cosmological constant in general, even with the assumption of two rotational symmetries. This is in contrast to 4d where using the assumption of axisymmetry it was possible for us to do so. However, we did reduce the problem to solving a single 6th order ODE of one function. We found one set of solutions to this equation which correspond to the near-horizon geometry of the known, topologically S 3 , extremal rotating AdS 5 black hole [36] . It would be interesting to find a solution which gives rise to the near-horizon geometry of an extremal AdS 5 black ring. By perturbing the near-horizon geometry of the asymptotically flat black ring we were able to construct an approximate near-horizon geometry corresponding to the near-horizon limit of a small (i.e. the size of the S 1 and S 2 are small compared to the AdS length scale) extremal black ring in AdS. The fact that the perturbation can always be made regular and preserves the S 1 × S 2 topology appears to be non-trivial; perhaps this provides some evidence for the existence of, at least a small, extremal vacuum black ring in AdS 5 .

We found one set of solutions to this equation which correspond to the near-horizon geometry of the known, topologically S 3 , extremal rotating AdS 5 black hole.


As a result of the periodic mechanical deformation between the PVDF-PCNTs films and the electrode, electrostatic charges are oppositely generated and distributed on each surface of the insulating polymeric materials. The produced charges will not be conducted away or neutralized due to the insulating nature of polymer films, resulting in the accumulation of charges on the surface of composite films. Then, the charges will be conducted across the external load between the two electrodes to minimize the energy created by the triboelectric potential. Simultaneously, mechanical compression between the two layers of polymers leads to a 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 12 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 reduction of the interplanar distance. According to the literature, we need to consider the relationship between the surface morphology and the triboelectric effect in order to enhance the triboelectric device performance because the surface triboelectric charges are the direct driving force for transport of induced electrons between electrodes in a triboelectric device [12] [13] [14] 19] . Firstly, the change in the capacitance is largely improved during the mechanical deformation due to the presence of the air void (low dielectric constant, ∼1). Secondly, the triboelectric effect with a structured surface is largely enhanced due to the increased interface with the air corresponding to the unstructured surface followed by generating more surface charges during the friction. Lastly, the triboelectric charges are more easily separated due to their fast charge saturation on the structured surface. However, in our device using PVDF-PCNTs nanocomposite films, the roughness is not largely changed compared to the pure PVDF films. Lastly, we now consider the charge transfer between the PVDF-PCNTs nanocomposite dielectric layers and electrodes. In our device, the unequal effective work function of two electrodes was adopted such as Al and Cu. Generally, the electrons will flow from the lower work function of materials into the higher work function of materials. As illustrated in Figures 5(b) and 5(c), we adopted the two different work function electrodes, aluminum (4.2 eV) and copper (4.7 eV). Moreover, PVDF has an energy level with an effective work function of around 5.0 eV. When it comes to the charge transfer, electrons flow from the Fermi level of aluminum to the PVDF due to its lower work function during the friction followed by making the PVDF surface negatively charged. Then, the electric field is developed, followed by the decrease of the potential difference between aluminum and PVDF, and the charge transfer will stop until the saturation of electrons. The center of the positive charges does not coincide in every molecule of PVDF in its polar -phase, but the bond charge is zero when forms naturally because of the random arrangement of dipoles. As a result, an enhanced charge density of triboelectric effect can be expected. The surface charge density thus determines the amount of induced electrons that flow to screen electric field from the triboelectric charges.

According to the literature, we need to consider the relationship between the surface morphology and the triboelectric effect in order to enhance the triboelectric device performance because the surface triboelectric charges are the direct driving force for transport of induced electrons between electrodes in a triboelectric device.


Mechanical energy harvesting technology has been investigated in lightweight and biocompatible devices as a wireless power source by employing piezoelectric materials [1] [2] [3] . Among all of the available piezoelectric materials, polyvinylidene (PVDF) and its derivatives have been singled out in flexible nanogenerators due to their high dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties [4] [5] [6] . The -phase of PVDF with the all-trans conformation of fluorine atoms leads to high values of electric polarization to the unit cell [7, 8] . Generally, the -phase of the crystalline structure of PVDF can be enhanced by either mechanical deformation in the uniaxial or biaxial directions or application of a highly intense electric field to the PVDF film above its glass transition temperature [9] [10] [11] . As a new energy harvesting technology, contact-electrification based energy conversion devices, that is, triboelectric nanogenerators, have been developed in such a way that they can achieve high efficiency for producing large output power as well as easy fabrication [12] [13] [14] . In addition, triboelectric performance can be enhanced by regulating the surface morphology. Regarding the PVDF composites, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in PVDF composites can produce inductive charges on the surface during electrospinning, wherein the -phase of PVDF crystallizes on the surface of the MWCNTs, resulting in the transformation of local amorphous regions into the -phase crystalline structures [11, 15, 16] .

Mechanical energy harvesting technology has been investigated in lightweight and biocompatible devices as a wireless power source by employing piezoelectric materials.

Among all of the available piezoelectric materials, polyvinylidene (PVDF) and its derivatives have been singled out in flexible nanogenerators due to their high dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties.

The -phase of PVDF with the all-trans conformation of fluorine atoms leads to high values of electric polarization to the unit cell.

Generally, the -phase of the crystalline structure of PVDF can be enhanced by either mechanical deformation in the uniaxial or biaxial directions or application of a highly intense electric field to the PVDF film above its glass transition temperature.

As a new energy harvesting technology, contact-electrification based energy conversion devices, that is, triboelectric nanogenerators, have been developed in such a way that they can achieve high efficiency for producing large output power as well as easy fabrication.

Regarding the PVDF composites, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in PVDF composites can produce inductive charges on the surface during electrospinning, wherein the -phase of PVDF crystallizes on the surface of the MWCNTs, resulting in the transformation of local amorphous regions into the -phase crystalline structures.


Aspect of resource skills showed that all aspects (manages time, manages money, manages materials and resources, manages human resource and manage risk) has high mean score from 4.21 to 4.46. The pressure on industry to grow and find new markets is leading to the identification of this area of skill as critical to employability. The industries recognize that they need to continually provide new services and products in order to extend current markets or secure new markets. The role of employees is developing these new service and products is seen crucial. The employers suggested that employees must no longer relied on managers to take initiatives in developing the business or identifying new approaches. The identification of initiatives and enterprise skills as critical employability skills reflects new perspective from employers. Students in the financial management and business studies need to be expose to business and industrial world in order to understand more (Godfrey, 1997) .

Students in the financial management and business studies need to be expose to business and industrial world in order to understand more.


Result by employer's shows that employers placed great importance on communication skills (reading, speaking, writing and listening) with mean score over 4.05-4.35. The skills ware also the most frequently mentioned by employers as being crucial across all employees and positions. Employers placed different emphasis on the different forms of communication. Sometimes verbal communication (speaking) was emphasized, at others written communication was emphasized. Having empathy and listening to customers was sometimes mentioned as the key aspect of communication skills. Many employers said that employees who could not read and write but also be able to explain complex in a manner easily understood and who could listen and consider the implication of what was being said to them (McLeish, 2002) .

Many employers said that employees who could not read and write but also be able to explain complex in a manner easily understood and who could listen and consider the implication of what was being said to them.


In addition to the 2158C signatures, some cases exhibited F DP enhancements at higher temperatures. These could be from fallout of dendrites not aggregated, or columnar crystals produced locally at higher temperatures (.288C), possibly related to secondary production and riming. This was observed in both KOKX and KBOX data from 24 to 25 January (Figs. 7 and 8) and is consistent with other studies indicating secondary ice production . QVPs can reveal such small K DP values that may not otherwise be observable using traditional data interrogation techniques like PPI scans in which random noise makes K DP estimation difficult. We speculate that high-frequency radar observations may reveal more prominent examples of such F DP enhancements associated with nonspherical crystals. Aircraft in situ data are needed to determine habit types associated with these polarimetric signatures. This study also showed abrupt transitions in precipitation type at low levels inferred from sudden excursions of the melting layer. Surface precipitationtype transitions revealed in mPING observations confirm these radar-based inferences (e.g., the 5-6 March 2015 case). Regions of ascent were found to slope upward or downward in time, passing through different temperature levels and subsequently leading to various crystal habits at the surface. Coupled with thermodynamic information, such radar-based inferences of mesoscale ascent could substantially improve real-time estimates of SLRs (Roebber et al. 2003) .

Coupled with thermodynamic information, such radar-based inferences of mesoscale ascent could substantially improve real-time estimates of SLRs.