This shows that the broken symmetry of crenels fulfils the objective to perturb the favourable and straight passage of pre-deformed cells. However, compliant cells do not block at constriction entrances but still enter very fast. Indeed, just before constriction entry, the orientation of a cell changes rapidly to present the smallest section to the constriction entry, which corresponds to a favourable orientation for fast entry. This effect implies a rapid cell rotation either opposite to the cell rotation at the constriction exit and the cell enters then head-first in the constriction (Figure 3(B) ), or a complete 180° rotation and the cell enters then tail-first in the constriction (Figure 3(C) ). In both cases, the cell transit is perturbed by the asymmetry of channels but the global transit times are hardly affected when compared with transit in symmetric crenels. The situation is completely different with rigid cells. In this case, the trajectory and orientation is also strongly perturbed at the exit of each constriction and the entry in the next constriction can be problematic. When cells present their largest section at the approach of a constriction entry, they are temporarily stopped. A strong and time-consuming deformation of the cell is necessary before the cell can travel through the constriction. Hence, for rigid cells, the asymmetry of multiple constrictions channels leads to a great increase in the global transit time. We have then compared the behaviour of cells incubated in sera of ARDS patient in symmetric and asymmetric crenels. With similar driving pressures, cells travel fast along a median pathway in symmetric channels whereas arrests are observed in asymmetric crenels, which corresponds to the behaviour observed with rigid cells. This result suggests that asymmetry in multiple constrictions in series can favour longer cell transit times and sequestration with ARDS patients as observed in vivo. However, further investigations are necessary to determine whether asymmetry plays a significant role in vivo. Indeed, the entries of blood capillaries do not have right angle shapes like our crenelled channels. It is known that the smooth capillary entrance, i.e., larger radii of curvatures facilitates the entrance of cells in constriction [50] . Moreover, a smooth entrance is also expected to guide the movement of pre-deformed cells towards a favourable orientation in the approach of a constriction. Smooth entry effects favouring fast entry can counter-balance potential asymmetry effects favouring longer transit times.

It is known that the smooth capillary entrance, i.e., larger radii of curvatures facilitates the entrance of cells in constriction.


Here, a method that objectively evaluates an aesthetic curve based on a logarithm distribution diagram of curvature, developed in the field of the industrial design, has been proposed [6] , [7] . In the field of the industrial design, objective evaluation of curves is performed by classifying them into five typical patterns. Accordingly, the proposed method is able to classify curves into the five patterns. Our idea lies in that a trajectory of body part motion in Taijiquan is regarded as an aesthetic curve and then objective evaluation of the skill level is obtained through the classification of the curve into the five patterns.

Here, a method that objectively evaluates an aesthetic curve based on a logarithm distribution diagram of curvature, developed in the field of the industrial design, has been proposed.


The number of elders who start learning Taijiquan to improve their health is increasing with the aging of society. In order to continue learning Taijiquan, it is necessary to evaluate objectively how much his skill level goes up. It is known that his passion for learning will be maintained when one can have a method to evaluate the skill level by oneself without depending upon the evaluation from an instructor [1] , [2] . Furthermore, obtaining an objective index of the skill level is conductive to find motion to be corrected, and leads to an improvement of learning efficiency.

It is known that his passion for learning will be maintained when one can have a method to evaluate the skill level by oneself without depending upon the evaluation from an instructor.


In contrast, freeze casting is an ice-templating technique that enables creating porous scaffolds with a wide range of properties [3, 5, 17, 18] . Freeze casting comprises a four-step process by which porous engineered materials are synthesized through directional freezing of a colloidal slurry containing micro/nano-particles of almost any material [5] . First, a colloidal slurry is prepared that contains solid micro/nano-particles, a liquid freezing agent (e.g., water), polymeric binders, and a dispersant. Second, a freeze front directionally solidifies the colloidal slurry, during which the growth of ice crystals arranges the micro/nano-particles into a porous structure. Third, after freezing, sublimation removes the ice while the solid particles retain their structure, held together by the polymeric binders, resulting in a "green" (i.e., un-sintered) scaffold. Fourth, sintering densifies the green scaffold. After sintering, it is possible to create two-phase composite materials by e.g., infiltrating a two-part epoxy resin into the scaffold. Freeze casting allows tuning several process parameters, and researchers have documented methods to control the pore size, aspect ratio, and lamellar wall thickness of freeze cast scaffolds [4, 17, 19] .

In contrast, freeze casting is an ice-templating technique that enables creating porous scaffolds with a wide range of properties.

Freeze casting comprises a four-step process by which porous engineered materials are synthesized through directional freezing of a colloidal slurry containing micro/nano-particles of almost any material.

Freeze casting allows tuning several process parameters, and researchers have documented methods to control the pore size, aspect ratio, and lamellar wall thickness of freeze cast scaffolds.


Thus, the objective of this work is to implement and characterize a fabrication process for macroscale porous engineered material samples with a user-specified microstructure, by combining traditional freeze casting, which allows manufacturing macroscale porous materials samples, with ultrasound DSA, which allows controlling the microstructure of the macroscale porous materials. We refer to this process as "ultrasound freeze casting (UFC)," and employ it to fabricate bioinspired materials that mimic the concentric rings of natural materials such as osteons and Liesegang rings. The standing ultrasound wave field drives micro/nano-particles dispersed in a colloidal slurry into a concentric ring pattern, while the colloidal slurry freezes and fixates the particles into place. After sublimation and sintering, this fabrication process results in a porous material with a user-specified concentric ring microstructure, showing alternating regions of high and low porosity. Thus, using ultrasound DSA in conjunction with the traditional freeze casting process enables materials designers to conveniently implement new materials designs with location specific properties, within a single fabrication process. Fig. 2(a) shows the ultrasound freeze casting setup. It consists of a cylindrical piezoelectric (specifically a PZT piezoelectric) ultrasound transducer with a resonant frequency of 1.03 MHz, inner diameter d i = 22 mm and height h = 20 mm (APC International, Ltd., Mill Hall, PA, USA), which is used simultaneously as a mold to contain and freeze the colloidal slurry, and to establish an ultrasound standing wave field within the colloidal slurry to assemble the concentric pattern of micro/nano-particles. The cylindrical ultrasound transducer sits on the top surface of a copper cold finger, which is submerged in a reservoir of liquid nitrogen, and creates the temperature gradient and freezing front to solidify the colloidal slurry. A PID temperature controller with a thermocouple and resistive heater regulates the freezing rate of the slurry to 10°C/min, which was chosen based on past reports that describe creating highly porous, but structurally stable freeze cast materials [17, 25] . A 2 mm thick polymer spacer electrically isolates the ultrasound transducer from the copper cold finger and resistive heater to avoid electrical short circuits between the power feeding the ultrasound transducer and the freeze casting device, respectively. A function generator (Siglent SDG1025, Siglent Technologies, Solon, OH, USA) and a 45 dB ENI 440LA radio frequency (RF) amplifier drive the ultrasound transducer, causing the micro/nano-particles dispersed in the colloidal slurry to agglomerate at user specific locations, as schematically illustrated in Fig. 2(b) .

A PID temperature controller with a thermocouple and resistive heater regulates the freezing rate of the slurry to 10°C/min, which was chosen based on past reports that describe creating highly porous, but structurally stable freeze cast materials.


Since we consider the relations which classify compacta, our main objects are the inverse sequences of compact ANR's [8] . The smallest building material for a morphism is a 1-ladder, which imitates a mapping of inverse sequences restricted to a finite piece. By fitting together finitely many of them one obtains an n-ladder, n ∈ N. The infinite case n = ω is also allowed. A countable collection of such n-ladders, subjected to some conditions, is called an n-hyperladder. The n-hyperladders are organized into a category L(n) (on the inverse sequences). Such a category admits a natural equivalence (homotopy) relation , which yields the quotient category S(n). These categories S(n), n ∈ N ∪ {ω}, and the sequence category S(N) form the mentioned "graded" family of categories having inverse sequences as objects. Clearly, there also exists the corresponding "graded" family of categories S(n), S(N) on compacta. The appropriate functors arise almost naturally. We also consider some of the useful subcategories and the corresponding functors.

Since we consider the relations which classify compacta, our main objects are the inverse sequences of compact ANR's.


In this work, we extend the classical SIRV epidemic model from a deterministic framework to a model with historical eects. To consider long-time historical eects, we choose a power-law function as kernel with respect to time such that distant past events have far less eect on present, compared to near past events. This kernel guarantees existence of scaling feature as it is an intrinsic nature of most phenomena [23, 29] . Applying fractional calculus produces a system of fractional-order nonlinear dierential equations (FDEs). We investigate the inuences of memory on diseases outbreak in the model. We also solve the nonlinear fractional system by using the multi-step generalized dierential transform method (MSGDTM) which is a modied version of GDTM [27] . It is shown that the approximate solutions obtained by MSGDTM algorithm are more accurate than GDTM during a longer time [26, 14] .

This kernel guarantees existence of scaling feature as it is an intrinsic nature of most phenomena.

We also solve the nonlinear fractional system by using the multi-step generalized dierential transform method (MSGDTM) which is a modied version of GDTM.

It is shown that the approximate solutions obtained by MSGDTM algorithm are more accurate than GDTM during a longer time.


In this paper, we generalized the classical SIRV model to a model with historical eects using fractional calculus. We determined the basic reproduction R0 and proved that if R0 < 1, the disease-free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable. In standard SIRV model, it is numerically shown that R0 must be further reduced to be less than a threshold-value in order to ensure that the disease exterminate [6] . But this value has not been obtained exactly. Here, we analytically calculated the threshold-value of R0, denoted by RC . Using the values of R0 and RC , we expressed the existence conditions of the endemic equilibrium points in Theorem 3.2. Using stability analysis, we proved Theorem 3.3 for the stability and α-stability of the endemic equilibrium points. Theorem 3.3 shows that the stability of the endemic equilibrium points can be controlled by modifying the value of α. In the fact, the fractional SIRV model can be achieved in the steady state by controlling the parameters that aect α. For the parameters values of Table 1 are related to pertussis disease, we numerically studied results of Theorem 3.2 in Table2.

In standard SIRV model, it is numerically shown that R0 must be further reduced to be less than a threshold-value in order to ensure that the disease exterminate.


The principal aim of this presentation is to depict an innovative concept for the algorithmization of the CLS movement. The main underlying idea is to sequentialize each move of the CLS. This concept enables us to modelamong others -the propagation of the tension through the whole CLS structure. Our approach significantly reduces the search space consisting of the allowed (acceptable by Nature) states. Thus, in our opinion it is obvious that the resulting algorithm is faster than those that have been presented so far in literature [2, 6, 10, 14] . Due to increased efficiency, the new algorithm also enables the researcher to take into account various additional features of the CLS. In this paper we use the proposed algorithm in simulation studies of the interactions between a number of algorithm parameters which are used to model numerous movement characteristics of the CLS. These characteristics are primarily related to the elastic properties of the chain.

Thus, in our opinion it is obvious that the resulting algorithm is faster than those that have been presented so far in literature.


Chain-like structures (CLS) are common in Nature, and thus they are widely encountered in biological, physical and technological processes. An important example of such processes involves a polymer transfer through a cell's membrane which is vital to virtually all living organisms [7] . From the physical point of view polymers are complex systems that can be studied by Monte Carlo simulation [11, 9] . However, the complexity of possible polymer's behaviour along with the variety of the environment space futures form a real challenge for any algorithm used for this kind of studies.

An important example of such processes involves a polymer transfer through a cell's membrane which is vital to virtually all living organisms.

From the physical point of view polymers are complex systems that can be studied by Monte Carlo simulation.


In this section, we analyze IEEE 802.11 DCF protocols under UDP transmission scenarios by extending a twodimensional Markov chain model first proposed by Bianchi [5] . Our analytical model can be used to evaluate the statistical performance of DCF in realistic WLAN environments since it takes more factors into account including the finite retransmission limit, the probability that the backoff counter is frozen when the channel is sensed busy, error-prone channels, and multiple data rates. Furthermore, we provide performance analyses for both throughput and packet delay.

In this section, we analyze IEEE 802.11 DCF protocols under UDP transmission scenarios by extending a twodimensional Markov chain model first proposed by Bianchi.


The results contradict clinical reports and folklore that suggest a strong association of self-destructive reactions with therapist vacations by patients with borderline personality disorder. In this sample of 41 inpatients observed for an average of 272.65 days each, only 410 SDAs were recorded-an average of 10 per patient for the total period. Perhaps SDA is more prevalent as a separation response when it is not so rigorously restricted as it was here in the inpatient setting. Or perhaps it is rare in any setting (although less rare among patients with borderline personality disorder than among other groups) and receives emphasis simply because when it does occur it is dramatic and distressing to therapists and other health professionals. This interpretation is consistent with the literature on perception of risks that shows that people overestimate the relative frequency of risks that are particularly vivid or dramatic (Nisbett & Ross, 1980) . In any case, these results suggest reconsideration of the clinical wisdom that links SDAs and acting up as aspects of the same phenomenon.

This interpretation is consistent with the literature on perception of risks that shows that people overestimate the relative frequency of risks that are particularly vivid or dramatic.


Results of this experiment show that the efficacy of lick-dependent delays to serve as punishers of schedule-induced drinking depends upon the duration of the interfood interval. Adjunctive drinking induced by a FT 60-s schedule was punished by signaled 9-or 18-s delays in food delivery, thus confirming previous results from our laboratory (Lamas & Pell6n, 1995a; Pell6n & Blackman, 1987) . The drinking induced by the FT 18-s schedule was punished by shorter signaled delays, 3 or 6 s in the present study. This is the first demonstration of the punishment of schedule-induced drinking by such short lick-dependent delays.

Adjunctive drinking induced by a FT 60-s schedule was punished by signaled 9-or 18-s delays in food delivery, thus confirming previous results from our laboratory.


A major aim of the simulation of mould filling processes is to predict the trajectories of fluid particles including the development of the flow front. This flow front is a moving free surface, of which the position is to be determined as part of the solution procedure. The contact lines of the free surface at the mould walls are also moving, giving rise to extra complications, such as a stress singularity at the contact line in case of a no-slip boundary condition for the filling fluid [1] .

The contact lines of the free surface at the mould walls are also moving, giving rise to extra complications, such as a stress singularity at the contact line in case of a no-slip boundary condition for the filling fluid.


In traditional teaching practices, architecture students are typically encouraged to conduct site visits and walkthrough the built environment in order to observe different phenomena. Unfortunately however, research indicates that these visits and exercises are simply casual and are not structured in any form of investigation or inquiry. As a result, students do not realize what to see and what to look for in the built environment. The case would be worse when educators attempt to offer students ready made interpretations about the physical world in lectures and seminar classes, leading to students' inability to think critically or develop their intellectual skills. This handicaps their abilities to gather, analyse, synthesise, and process different types of information. Traditional teaching practices have contributed to the view of architecture as an art-based profession oversimplifying other critical views of it as a knowledge-based or research based educational discipline and profession (Salama, 2005) . In response, current discourses have heavily emphasised the value of knowledge acquisition and of the introduction of research based pedagogy (Fisher, 2004; Groat, 2000) .

Traditional teaching practices have contributed to the view of architecture as an art-based profession oversimplifying other critical views of it as a knowledge-based or research based educational discipline and profession.

In response, current discourses have heavily emphasised the value of knowledge acquisition and of the introduction of research based pedagogy.


Wettability is defined as the tendency of one fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids [5] . Talking from the view of a solid, it can be defined as the relative preference of a solid surface to be coated by a certain fluid in a system [3] . Additionally, it is the measure of the degree of contact between two immiscible fluids and a solid surface, resulting from the mutual intermolecular interactions between the fluids and the solid [6] .

Wettability is defined as the tendency of one fluid to spread on or adhere to a solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids.

Talking from the view of a solid, it can be defined as the relative preference of a solid surface to be coated by a certain fluid in a system.

Additionally, it is the measure of the degree of contact between two immiscible fluids and a solid surface, resulting from the mutual intermolecular interactions between the fluids and the solid.


Oil has been a major source of energy for ages. Nevertheless, heavy fractions of crude oil, especially asphaltenes, have been an area of concern since then. Asphaltenes are the most polar petroleum macromolecules [1] . Moreover, asphaltenes, retaining their unique ambiguous identity, tend to coagulate and are held responsible for many phenomena in the petroleum industry such as well bore plugging and pipeline deposition, stabilization of water/oil emulsions, sedimentation and plugging during crude oil storage, adsorption on refining equipment, and coke formation [1] . A main characteristic to be considered, while analyzing such problems, is the wettability of reservoir rock. Several researchers over the past seventy years have been studying the wettability effect on oil production and recovery [2] . However, all the current wettability measuring techniques present in the industry lack in providing much information regarding the wettability alteration in situ on a microscopic level [3, 4] .

Asphaltenes are the most polar petroleum macromolecules.

Moreover, asphaltenes, retaining their unique ambiguous identity, tend to coagulate and are held responsible for many phenomena in the petroleum industry such as well bore plugging and pipeline deposition, stabilization of water/oil emulsions, sedimentation and plugging during crude oil storage, adsorption on refining equipment, and coke formation.

Several researchers over the past seventy years have been studying the wettability effect on oil production and recovery.

However, all the current wettability measuring techniques present in the industry lack in providing much information regarding the wettability alteration in situ on a microscopic level.


Here we demonstrate a simplified, and practical, OAM-to-time mapping scheme, which achieved a record high extinction ratio among five OAM states at an operation speed of 80 MHz. Since OAM is mapped to time, the same apparatus can be used to measure an arbitrary number of unique OAM states. We note that a similar scheme was also adopted in a recent experiment on time-division multiplexing of OAM, although the fidelity and repetition rate were orders of magnitude lower than reported here [16] . We also note that, without employing a quantum Zeno investigator, time-division schemes are not suitable for improving channel capacity in communication.

We note that a similar scheme was also adopted in a recent experiment on time-division multiplexing of OAM, although the fidelity and repetition rate were orders of magnitude lower than reported here.


A lot of definitions have been made to explain discipline. It can be observed that some notions are emphasized in those definitions. These notions are undesirable behaviours, student's self-control, implementation of the rules, forming the learning environment, attending the appropriate learning activities, teachers' reactions to the undesirable behaviours, expanding the learning time, and teaching responsibility (Ayd n, 2002) .

These notions are undesirable behaviours, student's self-control, implementation of the rules, forming the learning environment, attending the appropriate learning activities, teachers' reactions to the undesirable behaviours, expanding the learning time, and teaching responsibility.


To teach self control and responsibility to the students is the most important role of a teacher. These skills are important not only in schools, but also in democratic society. We should take to teach our students how to become autonomous, independent, and fruitful individuals in society (McLeod, 2003) .

We should take to teach our students how to become autonomous, independent, and fruitful individuals in society.


Discipline doesn't mean punishment. In Latin, it means "to educate", and it is generally used to teach the young how to know and control him/herself, and how to implement the rules with affection and clear principles (Thompson, 1996) . Discipline is to teach the desired behaviours and habits, and to realize the moral development all of which yield self-control (Yavuzer, 1998) .

Discipline doesn't mean punishment.

In Latin, it means "to educate", and it is generally used to teach the young how to know and control him/herself, and how to implement the rules with affection and clear principles.

Discipline is to teach the desired behaviours and habits, and to realize the moral development all of which yield self-control.


Our classes are expected to fulfill the expectations (innovation, individuality, initiative, self-control) of the new century. In the information age, education is different for our students. It should be build upon the principle of mutual respect and interest, and focus on teaching students self-discipline and responsibility (McLeod, 2003) .

It should be build upon the principle of mutual respect and interest, and focus on teaching students self-discipline and responsibility.


In this paper we have found the BPS string solutions in the β-deformed SasakiEinstein backgrounds. These strings live in the submanifold where the two U(1) circles shrink to zero. In the corresponding T 3 fibration over a rational polyhedron description, this is equivalent of saying that the strings live on the edges of the polyhedron where the T 3 fibration degenerates to T 1 . This result is in analogy with the dual giant gravitons examined in the same backgrounds [25] . For example, there it has been found that the BPS D3 dual giant graviton live on the edges of the polyhedron and as expected rotates along the Reeb vector.

This result is in analogy with the dual giant gravitons examined in the same backgrounds.


The modeling of the solar atmosphere cannot be done exclusively with the use of highresolution MHD numerical codes. The small scale discontinuities easily give rise to kinetic instabilities and anomalous resistivity, which play a very important role, they dramatically change the evolution of even the large scale structures. On the other hand, numerical codes following the evolution of charged particles in idealized, non-evolving, large-scale currentsheets also fail to capture the spatio-temporal evolution of the magnetic energy dissipation. The extraordinary efficiency of particle acceleration during solar flares questions the use of ideal MHD for the description of flares, since it misses kinetic plasma effects, which yet play a major role in the energy dissipation process and for the local state of the plasma. The coupling of the large scale and the small scale is extremely difficult to handle, not only in solar physics but in physics in general, and it is the main reason for not having resolved the solar flare problem for so many years (Cargill 2002) .

The coupling of the large scale and the small scale is extremely difficult to handle, not only in solar physics but in physics in general, and it is the main reason for not having resolved the solar flare problem for so many years.


Two hundred and seventy-two and 239 men from Douala and Yaoundé respectively were recruited into the study. Overall, the median age was 24 years (range 18-51, interquartile range (IQR) 21-28). In both cities, the majority had completed secondary education (66.7%; 341/511), and identified their relationship status as single (84.2%; 425/ 505). Sixty-two percent of men chose "bisexual" (425/511) to describe their sexual orientation, whereas 28.6% chose "gay or homosexual" (144/511), 8.0% chose "MSM" (41/ 511) and 1.8% chose "other" (9/511). In Douala, median number of waves per seed was six (range 1-8). In Yaoundé, median number of waves per seed was five (range 1-9). A detailed description of the demographic and sampling characteristics has been published previously [5] . The current analysis was restricted to participants who completed questions on HIV testing (n = 268 in Douala; n = 238 in Yaoundé).

A detailed description of the demographic and sampling characteristics has been published previously.


The findings also show that both the students and the mentors entered their respective roles having assumptions and expectations about teaching and mentoring. However, the students' encounter with the reality of teaching and the role hierarchy of mentor-student has an impact on their previously held perceptions. Some students relinquish their own views about teaching practices out of respect to the mentor's knowledge and experience. This is also shown in some of students' assertions that they "would do things differently when they become teachers". What is worrying is the fact that they identify dissonance, but they choose not to challenge it. They rather accommodate to the mentor's style of teaching and maintain a relationship of agreement (Rajuan, Beijaard, & Verloop, 2010) .

They rather accommodate to the mentor's style of teaching and maintain a relationship of agreement.


Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable dispersions of two or more immiscible liquids that are stabilized by an adsorbed surfactant film at the liquid-liquid interface. They are an effective method to prepare nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanorods [23] . Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that ILs could substitute water or conventional organic solvents to form novel microemulsion systems in the presence of surfactant, and these novel microemulsions incorporate the advantages of ILs and microemulsion [24] [25] [26] . Our research group has successfully prepared PANI nanoparticles in IL/water emulsion systems [27, 28] .

They are an effective method to prepare nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanorods.

Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that ILs could substitute water or conventional organic solvents to form novel microemulsion systems in the presence of surfactant, and these novel microemulsions incorporate the advantages of ILs and microemulsion.

Our research group has successfully prepared PANI nanoparticles in IL/water emulsion systems.


To evaluate or score different explanations or models of some data, it is necessary to evaluate their evidence; namely, the probability of sampling some data under a particular model. This involves integrating or marginalising over unknown model parameters, to evaluate the model evidence (also known as the integrated or marginal likelihood). Generally speaking this is an intractable analytic problem that, in many instances, is resolved by maximising a variational (free energy) bound on log evidence [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . This variational free energy is known in machine learning as an evidence lower bound (ELBO). The associated optimisation is known variously as approximate Bayesian inference, variational Bayes and variational ensemble learning, with many special cases such as exact Bayesian inference, variational Laplace, Bayesian (e.g., Kalman) filtering, expectation maximisation, variational message passing, belief propagation, and so on [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . In brief, nearly every (variational) approach to Bayesian model inversion and comparison can be expressed as optimising a variational free energy functional of some data and an approximate posterior distribution or density (denoted herein as Q). The question we focus on is how this variational free energy can be computed quickly and efficiently, under a change of priors -or when adding hierarchical constraints to evaluate a deep or hierarchical model of some data.

Generally speaking this is an intractable analytic problem that, in many instances, is resolved by maximising a variational (free energy) bound on log evidence.

The associated optimisation is known variously as approximate Bayesian inference, variational Bayes and variational ensemble learning, with many special cases such as exact Bayesian inference, variational Laplace, Bayesian (e.g., Kalman) filtering, expectation maximisation, variational message passing, belief propagation, and so on.


Here,  denotes a softmax function or normalised exponential and Q\i denotes the Markov blanket of the i-th subset [18] . Notice also that we have expressed free energy [ ( )] F P  as a functional of some prior beliefs in Eq. 1. This notation reflects the fact that for any given model or prior belief, a free energy functional of the (approximate) posterior is well defined.

Here,  denotes a softmax function or normalised exponential and Q\i denotes the Markov blanket of the i-th subset.


In addition to the fundamental strings also D-branes can become relevant in geometries with vanishing cycles [29] . In particular, D1 instantons can wrap the small cycles and correct the metric of the R-R axions. Such contributions appear with the exponential of the D1 instanton action which depends on the R-R two-form axions themselves. In contrast to the string world-sheet action the D-instanton action also contains a factor of the inverse string coupling. This implies that for small string coupling and finite volume or B-field of the vanishing cycles the D1 instanton corrections are subleading in the axion metric. However, correction due to D-branes will be the leading contributions in the scalar potential and can induce the desired potential for the R-R axions.

In addition to the fundamental strings also D-branes can become relevant in geometries with vanishing cycles.


In recent years, N = 1 type IIB compactifications with all volumes stabilized at scales much larger than string scale have been investigated intensively [30] . For vacua in this regime of the field space, stringy corrections, such as wrapping stings and D-branes, play a sub-leading role in the derivation of the kinetic terms of the axions. Non-perturbative D-brane effects can induce a potential exponentially suppressed by the large volume of the cycles times the inverse of a small string coupling. We have argued that such scenarios are not suitable for axion inflation. They naturally admit very small axion decay constants which become even smaller if the number of axions increases. Moreover, due to the strong exponential suppression, the scale of inflation is typically too low for semi-realistic scenarios. This conclusion lead us to the consideration of manifolds with small or vanishing cycles.

In recent years, N = 1 type IIB compactifications with all volumes stabilized at scales much larger than string scale have been investigated intensively.


Heterogeneity of WSN appears both in hardware and software. Heterogeneity, which appears in the underlying hardware, changeable acquisition protocols, changeable user application requirements, scalability and prolonging life of WSNs are the main problems that SWSNs face. The existing solutions typically focus single aspect of the problem [24] .

The existing solutions typically focus single aspect of the problem.


When the reference was incandescent, the average color difference was E avg = 2.5. While only eight samples had a color differences of one JND or less, hue shifts were very small ( H < 0.01) and colorfulness differences were in the −2.9 < dM < 1.8 range. Energy consumption values under optimized SPDs were from 39% to 62%, with an average E C avg = 49% . The reduction in energy consumption and the increase in color shifts, relative to equal-energy radiator optimization, are consistent with the previously-established inverse relationship between color quality and energy efficiency [8] , [23] , [28] .

The reduction in energy consumption and the increase in color shifts, relative to equal-energy radiator optimization, are consistent with the previously-established inverse relationship between color quality and energy efficiency.


Light is necessary to illuminate objects. However, light contributes to visibility only when it is reflected from the surface of an object. Absorbed light turns into heat and can be considered to be lost for illumination purposes. Since the spectral output of solid-state lighting (SSL) devices can be tuned, it is possible to envision a lighting system that detects the surface reflectance characteristics of objects and emits spectrally optimized lighting to each part of the object. Such a lighting system can reduce the energy consumed by lighting without causing shifts in color appearance. The implementation of an absorption-minimizing lighting system is beyond the scope of this paper. However, studies have addressed some of the fundamental engineering issues of absorption-minimization lighting systems, such as the estimation of surface reflectance functions and point-by-point light projection [1] , [5] .

However, studies have addressed some of the fundamental engineering issues of absorption-minimization lighting systems, such as the estimation of surface reflectance functions and point-by-point light projection.


SPDs optimized for achromatic color samples (plain type reflectance) yielded lower energy consumption, light absorption, and color differences than the other sample types when the reference was an equal-energy radiator. Plateau and peak+incline reflectance types had lower A values than peak reflectance types, although their EC values were quite similar, as shown in Table 4. TABLE 2 Characteristics of theoretical test SPDs optimized in comparison to the incandescent. On average, moderate color differences ( E avg = 2.5) and reduced energy consumption (E C avg = 49% ) and light absorption (A avg = 57% ) were found When the reference illuminant was incandescent, peak type reflectance resulted in the lowest EC and A values. The plateau reflectance types had the highest energy consumption and light absorption values, due to the high emission of power by incandescent lamps in longer wavelengths. Plain type reflectance was the only group that showed color shifts less than one JND, as shown in Table 5 . Peak and peak+incline type reflectance resulted in higher color differences, E avg,p eak = 4.2 and E avg,p eak+i ncli ne = 3.5 respectively. Test samples with plateau type reflectance resulted in higher light absorption and energy consumption compared to other reflectance types. The plateau type test samples showed a similar trend in a previous study [19] .

The plateau type test samples showed a similar trend in a previous study.


Redistributive institutions (such as income redistribution and public education) may have the potential to play an important role in determining inequality and mobility (Checchi, Ichino and Rustichini, 1999; Iyigun, 1999; Hassler, Rodriguez Mora and Zeira, 2007; Ichino, Karabarbounis and Moretti, 2008) . For example, income redistribution from the rich to the poor can expand the resources of the poor available for educational investment, which may in turn increase upward mobility and reduce inequality in the economy. However, income redistribution has a negative income effect on the rich, which may result in a trade-off between the rich and the poor in terms of welfare. Therefore, the following questions arise. How do redistributive institutions affect inequality, mobility and welfare? Under what conditions does redistribution improve the equality, mobility and welfare of each type of individual?

Redistributive institutions (such as income redistribution and public education) may have the potential to play an important role in determining inequality and mobility.


The analysis and results of this paper provide possible explanations for the following two empirical findings. First, as mentioned above, Nordic countries are characterized by high redistributive tax rates, low inequality and high mobility, while Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States are characterized by low redistributive tax rates, high inequality and low mobility. This evidence can be explained by the model prediction that a country with a higher redistributive tax rate is characterized by lower inequality and higher mobility when poor individuals are financially constrained. Therefore, income redistribution from the rich to the poor is a key to explaining the negative correlation between inequality and mobility among a sample of OECD countries. Second, when the focus is on a group of countries with low mobility and high inequality, the negative correlation between inequality and mobility does not necessarily hold: Italy, compared with the United States, displays less income inequality and less intergenerational mobility (Checchi, Ichino and Rustichini, 1999) . This puzzling evidence can be explained when the difference in wage inequality is considered together with the difference in the size of the redistribution. In the current framework, a country with lower wage inequality and a higher redistributive tax rate, such as Italy, attains lower inequality and lower mobility than the United States.

Second, when the focus is on a group of countries with low mobility and high inequality, the negative correlation between inequality and mobility does not necessarily hold: Italy, compared with the United States, displays less income inequality and less intergenerational mobility.


Cellular planned systems are usually used to deliver integrated multimedia services such as Video on Demand (VoD), High-speed Internet Access, Digital Telephony, Video Conference, High Definition Television (HDTV), Tele-medicine, Tele-education, etc. They are termed as Broadband Fixed Wireless Access (BFWA) or Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) and are a promising wireless solution to connect fixed users to the backbone network instead of broadband wired networks (Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Cable TV (CATV), Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC), Fiber To The Curb (FTTC), Fiber To The Home (FTTH)) due to their cost efficiency, easy and fast installation, and re-configurability. They are designed to deliver broadband services from a central transmitter (Base Station) to individual subscribers within its cell size, thus employing a Point to Multi-Point (PMP) transmission technique on the downlink while on the uplink, Point-To-Point (PTP) is employed [1] .

They are designed to deliver broadband services from a central transmitter (Base Station) to individual subscribers within its cell size, thus employing a Point to Multi-Point (PMP) transmission technique on the downlink while on the uplink, Point-To-Point (PTP) is employed.


For the wireless broadband link operating at frequencies higher than 10 GHz, rain-induced degradations are significant [5, 6] . The severity of rain impairment increases with frequency and varies with regional locations [7] . Hence rain study is very important for frequencies as low as about 7 GHz especially for tropical and equatorial countries that experience high rainfall rate throughout the year such as in Malaysia [8, 9] . Major degradations caused by rain that affect the reliability and availability of terrestrial links are rain attenuation [10] . Besides attenuation, rain fade is another major factor affecting the performance of microwave links. Rain fade is the dynamic fluctuation of receive signal due to in homogeneities of the signal path, ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes. Rain fade provides additional information on understanding the characteristics of rain-induced degradations. Therefore, it is very vital for communication engineers to know link performance factors to design microwave links that meet performance expectations such as system availability and reliability in the given environment [11] . Link budget calculations are used to determine the placement of network elements. Link budget is the difference between transmit power and receiver sensitivity and indicates the amount of attenuation while still supporting communication. Fade margin is a design cushion allowance for fluctuations of the received signal's strength.

For the wireless broadband link operating at frequencies higher than 10 GHz, rain-induced degradations are significant.

The severity of rain impairment increases with frequency and varies with regional locations.

Hence rain study is very important for frequencies as low as about 7 GHz especially for tropical and equatorial countries that experience high rainfall rate throughout the year such as in Malaysia.

Major degradations caused by rain that affect the reliability and availability of terrestrial links are rain attenuation.

Therefore, it is very vital for communication engineers to know link performance factors to design microwave links that meet performance expectations such as system availability and reliability in the given environment.


Although many children have healthy and active lifestyles, there seems to be a group of children with a very low PA level, low fitness level, and obesity: factors which influence one another, leading to a vicious cycle (Pietilainen et al., 2008) . This is especially worrying because it is known that, as with being overweight, PA level often tracks from childhood into adulthood (Jones et al., 2013; Biddle et al., 2010) . The Framingham Children's Study showed that less physically active children gained more body fat mass than more active children, and that higher levels of PA in early childhood decreased the amount of body fat mass gained in early adolescence (Moore et al., 2003) . Given that children's PA levels track from early childhood into adulthood and that overweight is difficult to treat once it has developed, increasing these children's PA levels and reducing sedentary time early on may alter their activity trajectory. Thereby increasing the likelihood that they will be physically active and physically fit during the rest of their childhood and into youth and adulthood (Hallal et al., 2006) .

Although many children have healthy and active lifestyles, there seems to be a group of children with a very low PA level, low fitness level, and obesity: factors which influence one another, leading to a vicious cycle.

This is especially worrying because it is known that, as with being overweight, PA level often tracks from childhood into adulthood.

The Framingham Children's Study showed that less physically active children gained more body fat mass than more active children, and that higher levels of PA in early childhood decreased the amount of body fat mass gained in early adolescence.

Thereby increasing the likelihood that they will be physically active and physically fit during the rest of their childhood and into youth and adulthood.


The second main result is a systematic construction of generating functions F N k MHV n which package the MHV vertex expansion of all N k MHV n-point amplitudes. The generating functions F N k MHV n depend on Grassmann-valued bookkeeping variables, and the states of N = 4 SYM are in 1 : 1 correspondence with Grassmann differential operators involving these variables [19] . The MHV vertex expansion of any desired amplitude is then obtained by applying the differential operators associated with the external states to F N k MHV n . This builds on, and extends, the work [20, 21] . The process of computing specific amplitudes is easily automated in combined symbolic and numerical computer codes. We use these codes in extensive checks of our construction.

The generating functions F N k MHV n depend on Grassmann-valued bookkeeping variables, and the states of N = 4 SYM are in 1 : 1 correspondence with Grassmann differential operators involving these variables.

This builds on, and extends, the work.


On-shell n-point amplitudes A n of N = 4 SYM can be classified within sectors denoted by N k MHV. For fixed k and n each sector contains the amplitudes with k +2 negative and n−k −2 positive helicity gluons together with all other amplitudes related to these by SUSY Ward identities [15] [16] [17] . MHV amplitudes are particularly simple since SUSY fixes them completely in terms of the MHV gluon amplitude A n (− − + · · · +), which is given by the Parke-Taylor formula [18] .

For fixed k and n each sector contains the amplitudes with k +2 negative and n−k −2 positive helicity gluons together with all other amplitudes related to these by SUSY Ward identities.

MHV amplitudes are particularly simple since SUSY fixes them completely in terms of the MHV gluon amplitude A n (− − + · · · +), which is given by the Parke-Taylor formula.


There has been recent progress in off-shell approaches to MHV expansions [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] . The idea is to construct Lagrangians in which every interaction vertex is MHV. The on-shell and off-shell MHV methods lead to very similar diagrammatic expansions. A more detailed comparison of the results would be interesting.

There has been recent progress in off-shell approaches to MHV expansions.


Nowadays it is commonly believed that neutrinos possess nonzero masses and mixing between different flavor eigenstates [1] . These properties of neutrinos result in transitions between neutrino flavors, which are called neutrino flavor oscillations [2] . Neutrino flavor oscillations are known to happen even in vacuum, i.e., at the absence of external fields.

Nowadays it is commonly believed that neutrinos possess nonzero masses and mixing between different flavor eigenstates.

These properties of neutrinos result in transitions between neutrino flavors, which are called neutrino flavor oscillations.


As constituents of the standard model, neutrinos can interact with other fermions, which a background matter is made of, by exchanging virtual W and Z bosons. This kind of interaction, although it is quite weak, can significantly influence the process of neutrino flavor oscillations resulting in the resonance enhancement of the transition probability, known as the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) effect [3] . The MSW effect is believed to be the most plausible solution to the solar neutrino problem [4] .

This kind of interaction, although it is quite weak, can significantly influence the process of neutrino flavor oscillations resulting in the resonance enhancement of the transition probability, known as the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) effect.

The MSW effect is believed to be the most plausible solution to the solar neutrino problem.


There are few studies concerning China's regional price differences, but the research on this problem has important significance (Liu, 2013; Wang, 2012) . First, since the 1990s, although China's market economy has experienced high-speed development, China is a typical socialist country, and to a large extent, regional economic development is subject to administrative supervision and intervention. This means that the planned economy makes competition between regions very difficult for the free market to manage. Second, China's local protectionism is serious, and the local government blockade and monopoly prevent the formation of a unified national market. If the price levels between regions do not accord with the LOP, then it is evident that the flow of production factors and the configuration mechanism between regions may be the inhibited by local protectionism. Third, China presents a unique and significant opportunity to analyse regional inequality and is also a nation in the process of evolving, noticeably altering its institutions and economy at a rapid pace but with undeniable and observable differences across its provinces (Candelaria, Daly, & Hale, 2010) . The development of an internal market was fostered by a series of mechanisms that were intended to reduce the scope of state intervention. A key element of the strategy was the progressive lifting of price controls (Fan & Wei, 2006) . This policy has great significance in understanding, from the perspective of macroeconomic transformation, whether China's economy has realised interregional competition.

There are few studies concerning China's regional price differences, but the research on this problem has important significance.

Third, China presents a unique and significant opportunity to analyse regional inequality and is also a nation in the process of evolving, noticeably altering its institutions and economy at a rapid pace but with undeniable and observable differences across its provinces.

A key element of the strategy was the progressive lifting of price controls.


The issue of price convergence between countries belonging to a common currency or trade area or between regions in the same country has attracted considerable interest in recent years (Busetti, Fabiani, & Harvey, 2006) . Given that the barriers to trade and the distortions within a country are typically smaller than those between countries, there is a better chance that the Law of One Price (LOP) will hold in an intra-national rather than an international context (Dayanandan & Ralhan, 2005) . The economic reforms initiated by Chinese authorities in the late 1970s promoted spatial domestic market incorporation alongside the state withdrawal, economic advancement and international exploration. The scale of regional incorporation in China and the conversion of the country into a united, KEYWORDS sequential panel selection method (sPsm); Law of one Price (LoP); consumer price index (cPi) just, and regulated market as it has joined the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has a substantial weight, since China's international opening can only be effective if unbound access and the free movement of goods are granted between provinces (Poncet, 2005) . Analysing the consumer price index (CPI) convergence and the regional transmission mechanism for national macroeconomic regulation and control is of great significance.

The issue of price convergence between countries belonging to a common currency or trade area or between regions in the same country has attracted considerable interest in recent years.

Given that the barriers to trade and the distortions within a country are typically smaller than those between countries, there is a better chance that the Law of One Price (LOP) will hold in an intra-national rather than an international context.

The scale of regional incorporation in China and the conversion of the country into a united, KEYWORDS sequential panel selection method (sPsm); Law of one Price (LoP); consumer price index (cPi) just, and regulated market as it has joined the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has a substantial weight, since China's international opening can only be effective if unbound access and the free movement of goods are granted between provinces.


The increasing interest in dry-AD based plants can generally be explained by the advantages of the dry-AD processes over the wet-AD processes. More specifically, due to the increase in TS content in the dry-AD, this process requires a smaller reactor volume, which consequently reduces the material cost and the energy required for heating. Moreover, the digestate can easily be subjected to composting and then used as soil conditioner or fertilizer as no or minimal dewatering is needed. Furthermore, problems related to the wet-AD, such as floating of scum layer can be avoided (Chanakya et al., 1993; Nordberg and Edström, 1997) .

Furthermore, problems related to the wet-AD, such as floating of scum layer can be avoided.


Wool is mainly composed of a recalcitrant protein, keratin, (≈ 97%) and lipids (≈ 1%) (Heine and Höcker, 1995) . Due to its high protein content, it can be used as an alternative renewable biomass source for the production of value-added products, via chemical, physicochemical, and microbial processes. One novel approach is the application of biological degradation of wool-based textiles for biogas production.

Wool is mainly composed of a recalcitrant protein, keratin, (≈ 97%) and lipids (≈ 1%).


On the other hand, among the large amounts of different lignocellulosic biomass produced within the EU, straw generation is projected to be approximately 127 million tonnes in the year 2020. This is equal to 49.3 Mtoe (million tonnes oil equivalent) (Kretschmer et al., 2012) . This high potential as well as the availability of straw and its high carbon content make it a promising substrate for biofuel production.

This is equal to 49.3 Mtoe (million tonnes oil equivalent).


In general, our results coincide with those of a previous study on spiders (Schmidt et al., 2005) . Moreover, several studies have indicated that the response of predatory ground beetles to tillage practices differs among species, and the effects of tillage practices depend on species-specific characteristics and lifecycles (Hance et al., 1990; Cárcamo et al., 1995; Clark et al., 1997) . Thus, further investigations of lifecycles, responses to prey, and the migratory activity of each spider species are warranted to understand the mechanisms resulting in the augmentation and organization of spider assemblages in untilled rice paddy fields.

In general, our results coincide with those of a previous study on spiders.

Moreover, several studies have indicated that the response of predatory ground beetles to tillage practices differs among species, and the effects of tillage practices depend on species-specific characteristics and lifecycles.


Although no difference was found in the abundance of spiders in both treatments in early to midsummer, the biomass of spiders in untilled plots tended to be greater than that in tilled plots. This was mainly reflected with the larger biomass of lycosid and salticid spiders in untilled plots. Our previous study showed that populations of lycosid spiders were established earlier in untilled plots (Ishijima et al., 2004) . Additionally, the abundance of salticid spiders was slightly greater in untilled plots than in tilled plots in early to mid-summer, thus the population of salticid spiders could be established earlier in untilled plots than in tilled plots.

Our previous study showed that populations of lycosid spiders were established earlier in untilled plots.


Free amino acids are transported from the lumen of the intestine into the extracellular space by various transport systems that are characterized by differences in structure, substrate specificity, site of expression and regulation. Several distinct transport systems, including system y + , have been identified based on their ion dependence (i.e. Na + and/or Cl -dependence) as well as by their profile of amino acid acceptance (Palacin et al., 1998) . Five transport systems that mediate the uptake of cationic amino acids (CAA) are known: the Na + dependent system B 0,+ , Na + independent system b + , system y + , system y + L and system b 0,+ (Van Winkle et al., 1985; Van Winkle et al., 1988; Deves et al., 1992) . Only transporters of system b + , found in preimplantation mouse blastocysts, seem to be specific for CAA, whereas the other systems accept neutral amino acids also.

Several distinct transport systems, including system y + , have been identified based on their ion dependence (i.e. Na + and/or Cl -dependence) as well as by their profile of amino acid acceptance.

Five transport systems that mediate the uptake of cationic amino acids (CAA) are known: the Na + dependent system B 0,+ , Na + independent system b + , system y + , system y + L and system b 0,+.


UCLA-9: Our method obtains 98.05% and 98.35% classification rate with DT-AlexNet and DT-GoogleNet respectively, close to the state of the art (99.6%) [40] . The confusion matrix obtained with DT-AlexNet is shown in Table 5 for which one should keep in mind that the number of sequences per class varies. One can notice that the number of training samples of a class largely influences the recognition rate of the test samples of that same class. The "smoke" class contains only four samples and obtains the lowest 75% classification. These results confirm that our method performs best on large datasets with a high number of training samples per class due to the deep learning scheme. UCLA-8: Our approach achieves a classification rate of 98.48% with DT-AlexNet and 99.02% with DTGoogleNet, close to the state of the art on this sub-dataset of 99.4% [40] . The confusion matrix in Table 6 shows that the few confusions with DT-AlexNet mainly occur for classes exhibiting high similarities in the spatial appearance and/or dynamics ("sea", "smoke", "water" and "waterfalls").

UCLA-9: Our method obtains 98.05% and 98.35% classification rate with DT-AlexNet and DT-GoogleNet respectively, close to the state of the art (99.6%).

UCLA-8: Our approach achieves a classification rate of 98.48% with DT-AlexNet and 99.02% with DTGoogleNet, close to the state of the art on this sub-dataset of 99.4%.


An argument to justify the approach based on the use of eq. (1.1) in the low-scale leptogenesis is that the sphaleron rate drops exponentially with temperature [7, 8] . This implies that sphalerons are not fast enough to maintain equilibrium only in a short transition region. Nevertheless, the rate of asymmetry generation might be large in this transition region. Therefore, it is not clear in advance how accurate the usual approach is. This motivates us to study the dynamics of the B freeze-out in detail. To this end, we include a separate kinetic equation for B(T ) into the system of kinetic equations describing the production of lepton asymmetry in oscillations of right-handed neutrinos (heavy neutral leptons in terminology of the Particle Data Group, HNLs for short).

An argument to justify the approach based on the use of eq. (1.1) in the low-scale leptogenesis is that the sphaleron rate drops exponentially with temperature.


Case Report Form (CRF) is the primary instrument for data collection in clinical trials [9] . CRF has a free document format, consisting of one or more sections, and each section consists of a group of questions that are logically related. Questions are the atomic elements of CRFs.

Case Report Form (CRF) is the primary instrument for data collection in clinical trials.


It is natural to assume that DM may have some kind of (its own) gauge symmetries [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] . And then there could be other extra dark fields (such as dark Higgs or dark gauge fields) which might be not that heavy and so we may have to include them in our simplified models. This part will be highly model dependent, and we make a simple assumption they are all heavy enough so that we can ignore them in our simplified model.

It is natural to assume that DM may have some kind of (its own) gauge symmetries.


During the TMP-LG industrial galvanising schedule, a further decomposition of the RA takes place; as evidenced by the low volume fractions of RA in both steels (Table 2) . While both steels recorded an increase in yield strength between the TMP-L and TMP-LG conditions, the UTS, UE and TE values were reduced. Since a larger volume fraction of RA pre-existed in the TMP-L Nb-Ti steel, the degradation in its mechanical properties after the TMP-LG schedule is more severe than that in the base steel. In addition, while carbon segregates to dislocations and grain boundaries, it also forms carbides in the PF and BF phases after the TMP-L and TMP-LG treatments (Fig. 7b-h ). In particular, carbon segregation could take place in the areas of high dislocation density surrounding the martensite crystals that are newly formed upon quenching from the coiling temperature [43] . The small amount of martensite formed on cooling will also undergo a typical tempering process, with the formation of intermediate carbides or cementite during the TMP-LG schedule [44, 45] . Thus, all these changes will contribute to the interaction of dislocations with carbon atoms and with precipitates during tensile testing such that they will result in an increase in YS and a reduction in ductility values.

In particular, carbon segregation could take place in the areas of high dislocation density surrounding the martensite crystals that are newly formed upon quenching from the coiling temperature.

The small amount of martensite formed on cooling will also undergo a typical tempering process, with the formation of intermediate carbides or cementite during the TMP-LG schedule.


In Stage 1, the rate of dislocation accumulation is strongly linked to the ferrite grain size. In this regard, the influence of the finer ferrite grain size leads to the smallest m 1 values being recorded after the IA-G schedule in both steels. Previous reports have also claimed that high m 1 values are related to the larger volume fraction of martensite present in the initial microstructure [29] . However, the influence of this factor is not clear from the present study as the highest the m 1 values were returned after the TMP-L and TMP-LG schedules for the base and Nb-Ti steels, respectively (Table 3) .

Previous reports have also claimed that high m 1 values are related to the larger volume fraction of martensite present in the initial microstructure.


The production of TRIP steels by controlled thermomechanical processing (TMP) has distinct advantages over cold rolled and intercritically annealed methodologies as it reduces the number of processing stages and accordingly, decreases the cost of production while simultaneously boosting productivity. Initial attempts to produce thermomechanically processed TRIP steels have resulted in very good mechanical property combinations [20] [21] [22] . In the case of high-Si steels, it has been shown that 25 % thickness reduction in the austenite recrystallisation region followed by 47 % thickness reduction in the nonrecrystallisation region above A r3 results in the highest amount of the RA with optimum stability leading to an enhancement of mechanical strength and ductility [22] .

Initial attempts to produce thermomechanically processed TRIP steels have resulted in very good mechanical property combinations.

In the case of high-Si steels, it has been shown that 25 % thickness reduction in the austenite recrystallisation region followed by 47 % thickness reduction in the nonrecrystallisation region above A r3 results in the highest amount of the RA with optimum stability leading to an enhancement of mechanical strength and ductility.


As reported previously, new dislocations are generated in the ferrite phase either: (i) upon cooling after isothermal holding at 470°C due to the volume change associated with the phase transformation of the unstable austenite to martensite or (ii) during tensile testing when soft ferrite regions are adjacent to hard martensite or austenite crystals [43, 46] . Since the Nb-Ti steel consistently returns higher volume fractions of RA than the base steel for corresponding conditions (Table 2) , it could be expected that a higher number of mobile dislocations are generated in this steel as a result of the austenite to martensite transformation during straining. This could be one of the contributing factors to the pronounced yield point phenomena observed in the Nb-Ti steel after TMP-L and TMP-LG processing.

As reported previously, new dislocations are generated in the ferrite phase either: (i) upon cooling after isothermal holding at 470°C due to the volume change associated with the phase transformation of the unstable austenite to martensite or (ii) during tensile testing when soft ferrite regions are adjacent to hard martensite or austenite crystals.


To this end, the work hardening behaviour of the steels was analysed using the modified C-J analysis [28, 29] . Representative ln(dr/de) versus ln(r) plots are shown in Fig. 9 with the results from fitting presented in Table 3 . Since the modified C-J analysis was unable to fit the flow curve over the entire uniform strain range region, the work hardening curves were divided into a maximum of three stages and different m values were determined for each work hardening stage (Fig. 9 ).

To this end, the work hardening behaviour of the steels was analysed using the modified C-J analysis.


In addition, the difference in the yielding behaviours between the base and Nb-Ti steel can be further explained by considering the interaction of carbon with dislocations and the ability of the Nb, Ti and Fe atoms to form carbides. In the base steel, the interaction of carbon atoms with dislocations would be preferred mechanism as the binding energy between dislocations and carbon is 0.75 eV, which in turn, is higher than the 0.5 eV binding energy between the Fe and C atoms to form Fe 3 C [47] . On the other hand, and to serve as an example, the binding energy between the Nb and C atoms to form NbC is 2.3 eV [42] . Thus, it could be speculated that the amount of C available in the base steel is sufficient to form saturated Cottrell atmospheres at dislocations. Contrarily, in the Nb-Ti steel, some of the carbon would be used up to form Nb-Ti carbides; thus leading to the formation of much weaker Cottrell atmospheres that are more easily unlocked on loading.

In the base steel, the interaction of carbon atoms with dislocations would be preferred mechanism as the binding energy between dislocations and carbon is 0.75 eV, which in turn, is higher than the 0.5 eV binding energy between the Fe and C atoms to form Fe 3 C.

On the other hand, and to serve as an example, the binding energy between the Nb and C atoms to form NbC is 2.3 eV.


During the longer coiling times, the formation of bainite is accompanied by the carbon enrichment of the RA which is located in-between BF laths or plates. If bainite transformation is completed with the steel remaining at a high temperature, the next stage of phase transformation is initiated wherein: (i) the carbon-enriched austenite starts to decompose with the formation of the ferrite phase and carbides and (ii) in the remainder BF which is supersaturated with carbon, the segregation of carbon to dislocations and/or the formation of fine carbides takes place. The latter observations were noted previously during the bake hardening of high-Si TRIP steels [43] .

The latter observations were noted previously during the bake hardening of high-Si TRIP steels.


Practical implications: assessing and developing a leader's emotional and social skills Common sense and some research evidence suggest that highly developed emotional and social skills should give leaders a decided advantage. To this end, we have conducted workshops and other training programs to assess and develop individuals' emotional and social skills. Initially, this work was done with the "general population," such as groups of students and workers (Riggio, 1987; Taylor, 2002) . Our research has also explored the role of these skills in psychopathology/social adjustment using the general population and clinical groups (Perez et al., 2007) . As suggested here, however, we have in the past decade applied general emotional and social skill training to leaders and followers. While rigorous evaluation of these training efforts is yet unpublished, it is clear that the majority of leaders/managers who have undergone these training programs find it a valuable learning experience. Indeed, we offer it as a concrete, skill-based alternative to workshops designed to improve emotional intelligence (and more recently, social intelligence). We will here explain the rationale behind our emotional and social skill training programs and the general processes involved.

Initially, this work was done with the "general population," such as groups of students and workers.

Our research has also explored the role of these skills in psychopathology/social adjustment using the general population and clinical groups.


However, this paper's contribution is not to make UDP completely reliable but to provide reliability for prioritized video data. That is it provides a type of a semi-reliability. This occurs through a selective negative acknowledgment (NACK) facility. In the proposed scheme, a NACK is only sent once per lost packet in order to avoid introducing excessive delay, which would impact upon live IPTV channels. Selective NACK is used in conjunction with the Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extension of the H.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) codec [10] . This allows only base-layer or selected quality enhancement layer packets to be acknowledged for retransmission. Taking UDP transport of a video stream as the baseline, the proposed scheme can result in over 1.5 dB improvement in video quality (PSNR), depending on WiMAX channel conditions. This is not as much an improvement in quality as unselective NACKs, again with only single retransmission. However, in compensation, selective NACKs trade quality against reduced delay.

Selective NACK is used in conjunction with the Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extension of the H.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) codec.


The survival of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has substantially improved since the introduction of rituximab, with an approximate 20% increase in 5-year overall survival (OS) in randomized controlled trials (RCT) [1] . This improvement in OS is also shown in an unselected DLBCL patient population from a large Dutch population-based cohort study [2] . In the rituximab-era, clinical prognostic factors that are incorporated in the International Prognostic Index (IPI) score are still valid to determine outcome of patients [3] .

The survival of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has substantially improved since the introduction of rituximab, with an approximate 20% increase in 5-year overall survival (OS) in randomized controlled trials (RCT).

This improvement in OS is also shown in an unselected DLBCL patient population from a large Dutch population-based cohort study.

In the rituximab-era, clinical prognostic factors that are incorporated in the International Prognostic Index (IPI) score are still valid to determine outcome of patients.


In recent years, waste biomass has become a very important alternative in energy production. Its utilization includes a wide range of potential thermochemical, physicochemical, and bio-chemical processes. The use of biofuels has also its disadvantages, for example, high humidity, high costs, and complicated logistics during biomass transport (Hamelinck et al., 2005) .

The use of biofuels has also its disadvantages, for example, high humidity, high costs, and complicated logistics during biomass transport.


Pomace consists of 8% of seeds, 10% of foot-stalks and fractions of the stem, 25% of skins of pressed grapes, and 57% of marrow berries (Burg et al., 2014) . The amount and quality of produced pomace is influenced by various factors. Not only the species of wine, way of harvesting and manufacture, but also the chosen way of pressing can make a big difference (Bird, 2012; Hardie et al., 1996) . Solving the important questions concerning this alternative energy source has frequently become a subject of discussion lately.

Pomace consists of 8% of seeds, 10% of foot-stalks and fractions of the stem, 25% of skins of pressed grapes, and 57% of marrow berries.

Not only the species of wine, way of harvesting and manufacture, but also the chosen way of pressing can make a big difference.


The decline in fertility and fecundity was clearly observed in the RS group. Age-related deterioration of egg quality is widely believed to be a principal driving force behind poor pregnancy success rates in aging females. In addition, it is believed that altered ovarian steroidogenesis associated with aging brings about significant changes in uterine functions affecting implantation and a reduced capability to sustain pregnancy [41] .

In addition, it is believed that altered ovarian steroidogenesis associated with aging brings about significant changes in uterine functions affecting implantation and a reduced capability to sustain pregnancy.


In photosynthetic plants, two forms of activated oxygen are formed from superoxide anion. These are hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. Activated oxygen is often formed as a component of metabolism to enable "complex" chemical reactions such as the oxidation of xenobiotics or the polymerisation of lignin [1] . It is also formed by the dysfunctioning of enzymes or electron transport systems as a result of perturbations in the meta-bolism caused by chemical or environmental stress [1] . Activated oxygen species are produced in various sites in plants. These include the chloroplast, peroxisomes and mitochondria [2] - [4] . Various Fe-S proteins and NADH dehydrogenase have also been implicated as possible sites of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation [1] . The activated oxygen species generated either during normal metabolic activity or during metabolism of xenobiotics, when produced more than the body can accommodate leads to lipid peroxidation.

Activated oxygen is often formed as a component of metabolism to enable "complex" chemical reactions such as the oxidation of xenobiotics or the polymerisation of lignin.

It is also formed by the dysfunctioning of enzymes or electron transport systems as a result of perturbations in the meta-bolism caused by chemical or environmental stress.

These include the chloroplast, peroxisomes and mitochondria.

Various Fe-S proteins and NADH dehydrogenase have also been implicated as possible sites of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation.


This study shows that refined petroleum products (Kerosene, diesel, and petrol and engine oil) could induce lipid peroxidation in exposed plants (Figure 1 and Figure 2 ). This is because refined petroleum toxicity could result in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); which in turn can cause membrane damage. The relationship between lipid peroxidation and ROS has been reported [25] [26] . The process of lipid peroxidation was more pronounced in cowpea seedlings compared to maize seedlings (Figure 1 and Figure 2) , which also lends further credence to the report that monocotyledonus seeds are less affected by toxicants than dicotyledonous seeds.

The relationship between lipid peroxidation and ROS has been reported.


Catalase is another important enzyme that protect living system against oxidative stress, being able to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, which is the major product produced by superoxide dismutase [45] . The inhibition of catalase activity as concentration of petroleum product increases after four, eight days and twelve days of germination (Figure 6 ) corroborates the effect of petroleum hydrocarbon on superoxide dismutase activity in the leaves of both cowpea and maize seedlings. The similarity of catalase to superoxide dismutase is not suprising because the two enzymes have been reported to act in tandem [5] [46] . However, there is no marked difference in the activity of catalase in the leaves of both cowpea and maize seedlings at each of the concentration tested (Figure 6) .

Catalase is another important enzyme that protect living system against oxidative stress, being able to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, which is the major product produced by superoxide dismutase.

The similarity of catalase to superoxide dismutase is not suprising because the two enzymes have been reported to act in tandem.


The body thermoregulation system may be described as a feedback system due to its wide range response to the environmental impact. The external temperature sources and many physical factors can induce temperature changes, which are detected by thermoreceptors. In consequence the temperature noise descended from environment can be classified as an error signal, which induces the thermogenesis or thermolysis reactions. However, the thermoregulation system of the human body is very complicated and it is related to systems of receptors, neurological structures and the cardiovascular system [11] . The main point of the thermoregulation system is the hypothalamus, which is a part of the brain. All information about temperature changes are transferred to the hypothalamus where the temperature regulation impulse is created [12, 13] . The body core and skin sensors are connected with the metabolic skin blood flow and sweating effectors [14] . The thermoreceptors have the main influence for all thermoregulation processes. Specific nerve fibers can be divided into intero-and exteroreceptors. As mentioned above, the thermo-interoreceptors are responsible for receiving stimuli from the body core, i.e., from organs, muscles. The thermo-exteroreceptors are sensitive to external impulses [11, 14] .

However, the thermoregulation system of the human body is very complicated and it is related to systems of receptors, neurological structures and the cardiovascular system.

All information about temperature changes are transferred to the hypothalamus where the temperature regulation impulse is created.

The body core and skin sensors are connected with the metabolic skin blood flow and sweating effectors.

The thermo-exteroreceptors are sensitive to external impulses.


In this case study, a single semiprofessional cyclist (mass: 71.9 ± 2.0 kg, height: 1.80 m, body fat: 13.9 ± 0.9%; BMI: 22.2 ± 0.8 kg/m 2 ) was evaluated with the six different tops, and without any top, performing the same training during the same regeneration period of the cyclist. The measurements were taken over 3 months in order to find the repeating conditions in cyclist training plan. Researchers carried out each test in the middle of a regeneration micro-period (1 week), which means that subject was studied 2-3 days after a one-day competition and was completely healthy with good physical conditions. The measurement recurrence was intended to keep similar conditions for athlete in every measure. All measurements were taken at the morning, and prior to training cyclist had a standard hydration protocol, and the amount of intake fluids was no higher than 0.5 L from the time of waking up. The breakfast was standardized and it was always pasta and fruit. And, in order not to upset the stomach, the previous evening dinner was also light. In order to keep the cyclists thermoregulation mechanisms at the same conditions, every measurement started with a 20-min acclimation to the test room (temperature: 20.0 ± 1.0°C; humidity: 42.0 ± 5.0% [22] .

In order to keep the cyclists thermoregulation mechanisms at the same conditions, every measurement started with a 20-min acclimation to the test room (temperature: 20.0 ± 1.0°C; humidity: 42.0 ± 5.0%.


It is generally known that the human body core temperature is kept on some basic level due to the thermoregulation mechanisms, which is supporting our thermal homeostasis and all living processes. So far in the literature one can see that the basic level of body temperature is 37.0 ± 1.0°C [8] . However, some publications provide the basic value of body core temperature as 36.8 0 ± 0.5°C or as a temperature range 36.5-37.5°C with normal day changes by 0.5°C [9, 10] . In fact, body core temperature is not easy to define. The variety of human physiology changes of body temperature due to gender and many environmental disorders may have a significant influence on results.

So far in the literature one can see that the basic level of body temperature is 37.0 ± 1.0°C.

However, some publications provide the basic value of body core temperature as 36.8 0 ± 0.5°C or as a temperature range 36.5-37.5°C with normal day changes by 0.5°C.


That is why the type of clothing may have strong impact on heat dissipation for sportsmen. Generally, clothing is a barrier for heat transfer from the body [17] . Nowadays the thermo-active layers support the body from overheating and allow for the regulation of heat exchange [19, 20] . Thermo-active clothes are most often used as a bottom layer of appropriate clothes, or used instead of normal clothes in heat. That is why these layers are called base layers, as a basic layer of sporting clothes.

Generally, clothing is a barrier for heat transfer from the body.

Nowadays the thermo-active layers support the body from overheating and allow for the regulation of heat exchange.


Thermal imaging is often used in clinical medicine applications (e.g., stomatology, dermatology, orthopedics, oncology or rehabilitation) [1] [2] [3] [4] . There are increasing numbers of its applications in sports medicine [5] [6] [7] . Infrared thermography (IRT) may be used to measure the superficial temperature of any body characterized by higher than zero absolute (0 K).

Thermal imaging is often used in clinical medicine applications (e.g., stomatology, dermatology, orthopedics, oncology or rehabilitation).

There are increasing numbers of its applications in sports medicine.


Regulations regarding the thermal insulation of buildings utilize the calculation method stated in the TS 825 (Turkish standard) compulsory. A balance must be determined between the insulation thickness, cost, and the savings obtained. It is also changing dramatically due to various data (areas) for all buildings. Thermal insulation in buildings reduces energy consumption and provides fuel saving as well as other benefits such as eliminating condensation and mold formation on interior surfaces of walls. Thermal conductivity and first cost are important parameters in selecting an insulation material. Insulation materials are not independent energy production or conservation systems but are one of the complex structural elements that form a building's shell. In this sense, they cannot be evaluated in the same way that energy producing systems such as solar thermal systems or photovoltaic systems can; they must be evaluated as an integral part of a building's design and construction. Thirty years after the introduction of compulsory thermal insulation in most European countries, insulation materials still comprise the major means for improving a building's energy behavior. The use of insulation materials has increased, both in terms of the number of buildings being insulated and in terms of the minimum amount of insulation required by the national regulations [1] . In this study, the geometries of all of the buildings in each city of Turkey were examined. These buildings were classified for each climatic region, and model buildings were created. For the model buildings, heat losses, insulation thicknesses, and optimum insulation thicknesses were determined. The energy savings that would be achieved from modifications to all of these buildings were calculated. Effects of different insulation thicknesses on fuel consumption and thereby on emissions of pollutants such as CO 2 are evaluated.

The use of insulation materials has increased, both in terms of the number of buildings being insulated and in terms of the minimum amount of insulation required by the national regulations.


Rice is starch-rich chief food source of world. It is also used for making alcoholic beverages, and as a source of starch and rice flour. Rice starch has wide industrial potential in cosmetic industry as thickener in calico printing, in the finish of textiles and for making dextrins glucose and adhesive. Rice flour is used as confectionary, ice-creams, pudding and pastry. Perl millet a staple food grain in many parts of India, especially in Gujarat and Rajasthan. Its nutritive value is comparable to that of rice and wheat. Grains are ground in to flour for making breads. It is also used for porridge or eaten after perching. Maize is an important cereal crop of the world. In term of area under cultivation and production, its ranks only next to wheat and rice. Corn is extensive used as food forage feed for livestock and as a raw material for many industrial products. The grains are nutritious with high percentage of easily digestible carbohydrates, fats and proteins [26] .

The grains are nutritious with high percentage of easily digestible carbohydrates, fats and proteins.


For hierarchical low-voltage power networks, one main mechanical circuit breaker (MCB) works together with several molded-case circuit breakers (MCCB). The main MCB should continue its service in a certain degree of downstream fault condition with current-limiting (CL) behavior and wait for the MCCB to clear the fault. With short-circuit faults the particular MCCB must disconnect as soon as possible to avoid the effects of failure to do so [2] .

With short-circuit faults the particular MCCB must disconnect as soon as possible to avoid the effects of failure to do so.


Several algorithms have been proposed to optimize the size and the placement of DGs in a network as reviewed in the aforementioned studies. However, none considered or reported how the type of DG technologies affects the optimization problem. Different DG technologies have different reactive power characteristics which can have different effect on the power loss and voltage profile of a power system [22] . It is therefore intuitive to think that selection of appropriate DG technology alongside the optimal placement and sizing of the DG may further reduce the loss experienced in a network. This paper therefore includes DG technology as part of the optimization objective function in addition to its size and location using genetic algorithm.

Different DG technologies have different reactive power characteristics which can have different effect on the power loss and voltage profile of a power system.


For our experiments, we use the NEGRA corpus (Skut et al., 1997) . It consists of German newspaper texts (Frankfurter Rundschau) that are annotated with predicate-argument structures. We extracted all structures for NPs, PPs, APs, AVPs (i.e., we mainly excluded sentences, VPs and coordinations). The version of the corpus used contains 17,000 sentences (300,000 tokens).

For our experiments, we use the NEGRA corpus.


The present study has underscored the significance of using the WhatsApp tool to improve the writing proficiency of university students enrolled in a Rhetoric class and to increase their motivation for learning. The easy access to WhatsApp tool along with the low cost and the affordability of this tool make the tool more useful and more efficient than other tools employed by the educational system (Church & de Oliveira, 2013) . The WhatsApp tool could be utilized as a discussion forum that would enable instructors and students to initiate discussions that would improve learning and increase motivation. Furthermore, the WhatsApp tool helps to create an anxiety red uced atmosphere that increases the students' sense of belonging. In light of the finding of the current study, it is recommended to utilize more mobile applications to increase learners' motivation in learning English writing. As such, it will be vital making mobiles a part of the instruction process. The instructors can communicate with their learners through mobile applications. Likewise, the WhatsApp may be utilized as further means for setting home assignment. Furthermore, using WhatsApp application in teaching listening and speaking might be significant through exchanging files between learners and teachers. As such, the WhatsApp tool could be leveraged to expedite collaboration among learners on one hand and between learners and instructors on the other hand, Furthermore, the WhatsApp tool could optimize students' learning and increase their motivation for learning. Further research should be conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the WhatsApp tool in exchanging ideas, suggestions and experience among instructors so that instructors could broaden their perspectives of how to improve pedagogical practices and achieve objectives.

The easy access to WhatsApp tool along with the low cost and the affordability of this tool make the tool more useful and more efficient than other tools employed by the educational system.


The ICT tools in general and mobile tools in particular increase the social interactions, cooperation and collaboration among online students (Barhoumi & Rossi, 2013) . Mobile educational technologies provide online learners with opportunities to communicate and exchange knowledge (Nelson, Christopher, & Mims, 2009) . Some mobile tools help learners construct their learning through the tremendous mobile programs that can be easily installed (Pence, 2007) . As such, the learner-centered learning forms the theoretical framework of Mobile learning since it allows learners to adjust the transfer and the access to knowledge to construct their skills and knowledge and to fulfill their educational objectives (Sharples, Lonsdale, Meek, Rudman, & Vavoula, 2007) .

The ICT tools in general and mobile tools in particular increase the social interactions, cooperation and collaboration among online students.

Mobile educational technologies provide online learners with opportunities to communicate and exchange knowledge.

Some mobile tools help learners construct their learning through the tremendous mobile programs that can be easily installed.

As such, the learner-centered learning forms the theoretical framework of Mobile learning since it allows learners to adjust the transfer and the access to knowledge to construct their skills and knowledge and to fulfill their educational objectives.


We also investigated whether the differences in the power of the EP and Council could be explained in terms of bargaining advantages. Although our evidence refers to proposals adopted at all stages of the codecision procedure, our findings are broadly in line with previous research that focused specifically on conciliation committee negotiations (König et al 2007) . The results show that the relative bargaining success of the two institutions is influenced by relative proximity to the status quo and by internal division in EP. In line with the first hypothesis, the Council has a bargaining advantage when it is closer to the status quo than is the EP, as is very often the case. So the Council's conservatism or the EP's radicalism partly explains the fact that the Council has more power, as defined here. In line with the second hypothesis, divisions within the EP weakened the EP's power. However, divisions within the Council do not weaken the Council. The presence of an effect of internal divisions in the EP and absence of such an effect in the Council reflects Schelling's insights regarding the importance of expectations about the room for manoeuvre available to each collective actor (Schelling 1960) . When the EP is internally divided, this is public information since committee meetings and votes are public. Therefore, member states are aware that there is a range of possible outcomes that may find support in the Parliament. By contrast, Council deliberations are held in private, despite the Council's lip service to the principle of transparency and informal information flows between the Council and EP, or individual governments and MEPs. Structurally, the Council has an information advantage over the EP. This contributes to conditions in which the EP is in a structurally weaker position than the Council despite the formal parity between the institutions in what is now the ordinary legislative procedure.

Although our evidence refers to proposals adopted at all stages of the codecision procedure, our findings are broadly in line with previous research that focused specifically on conciliation committee negotiations.

The presence of an effect of internal divisions in the EP and absence of such an effect in the Council reflects Schelling's insights regarding the importance of expectations about the room for manoeuvre available to each collective actor.


EVs are receiving attention as a promising alternative to the fossil fuel-based vehicles that are one of the major causes of the greenhouse effect [2] . However, since EVs consume a very high amount of electricity during the charging period, the power system will be exposed to considerable stress when EVs become widespread [3] . It has been shown that simple electricity price rates such as time-of-use (TOU) pricing induce a new rebound peak in the off-peak hours because most EVs are mainly charged during that period [4] .

EVs are receiving attention as a promising alternative to the fossil fuel-based vehicles that are one of the major causes of the greenhouse effect.

However, since EVs consume a very high amount of electricity during the charging period, the power system will be exposed to considerable stress when EVs become widespread.

It has been shown that simple electricity price rates such as time-of-use (TOU) pricing induce a new rebound peak in the off-peak hours because most EVs are mainly charged during that period.


Data analysis and useful information extraction, also known as data mining, is what allows the automated decision making, an interesting feature of CPS. By extracting knowledge from large volume of data, we ease the process of finding solutions to complex problems, we enhance system performance, and we allow the creation of new applications and services [8] . To be able to realise all these benefits, one or a combination of different approaches can be taken to facilitate data mining, such as features selection, dimensionality reduction, knowledge discovery in databases, computer vision, information visualisation, classification/clustering, and real-time analysis, among others.

By extracting knowledge from large volume of data, we ease the process of finding solutions to complex problems, we enhance system performance, and we allow the creation of new applications and services.


ANCA-associated vasculitis is now recognized as one of the popular diseases in elderly patients [7] . The effectiveness of novel therapeutics, such as retuximab, on elderly patients with this disease has been shown [8] . A positive outcome would be expected if the patient could receive such a promising treatment.

ANCA-associated vasculitis is now recognized as one of the popular diseases in elderly patients.

The effectiveness of novel therapeutics, such as retuximab, on elderly patients with this disease has been shown.


Deflector plates were used to improve the coefficient of power of Savonius turbine and the effect of interaction 2 International Journal of Rotating Machinery of Savonius turbine with side by side, triangular, and inline arrangement was also studied to obtain maximum coefficients of power [6, 7] . The Darrieus turbine has some disadvantages. One of them is that it is not self-starting at the low speed. To overcome it, the variable-pitch turbine was constructed but the shaking force is still important [8] .

Deflector plates were used to improve the coefficient of power of Savonius turbine and the effect of interaction 2 International Journal of Rotating Machinery of Savonius turbine with side by side, triangular, and inline arrangement was also studied to obtain maximum coefficients of power.

To overcome it, the variable-pitch turbine was constructed but the shaking force is still important.