The emergency of dietary compounds with health benefits offers an excellent opportunity to improve public health (Chen, Remondetto, & Subirade, 2006) . Despite the dynamics of nutraceutical substances in physiological functions is not yet fully understood, their addition in food matrices is acknowledged as holding high potential to decrease disease risk. Accordingly, the scientific community should provide the necessary bases to develop innovative functional foods with the potential to produce physiological benefits or reduce the long-term risk of diseases onset (Elliott & Ong, 2002) .

The emergency of dietary compounds with health benefits offers an excellent opportunity to improve public health.

Accordingly, the scientific community should provide the necessary bases to develop innovative functional foods with the potential to produce physiological benefits or reduce the long-term risk of diseases onset.


From the literatures, multi-agent system is considered as a problem solving system that consists of specific and nearly modular agents specialized at solving a particular problem. In multi-agent system, agents can be rather diverse; they can be cells in a lattice representing pieces of land or representations of human behavior [1] . Nowadays, many complex systems can be studied, solved, managed and controlled by using the multi-agent systems [2] . As multi-agent system is gaining more importance for the software developers to execute tasks in complex and dynamic environments, and the environments where the agents will execute the tasks change, the agent has to adapt with the current situation in order to accomplish the preprogrammed tasks. One of the problems in big cities is population growth that consequently increases the number of vehicles to transport goods and people. This causes congestion in urban transportation networks and the costs of continuous design and construction of new streets need time are expensive. The main challenge in route guidance system is to direct the vehicles to their destination in a dynamic traffic situation, with the aim of reducing travel times and efficient use of available network capacity. To avoid congestion and traveling easier, drivers need traffic direction services. This leads to traffic flows in all transport networks, resulting in reduced pollution and low fuel consumption. The aim of this study is to present a novel approach for solving the route guidance system problems, which can perform better than many of the previous methods in terms of accuracy and speed. The results obtained from the approach will be compared with Dijkstra's algorithm. Dijkstra's algorithm is a search graph for solving routing problems and producing the shortest path in a graph [3] . This algorithm finds the shortest path (i.e., lowest cost) between origin and destination nodes in a directed graph. For example, Dijkstra's algorithm can find the shortest path (or lowest cost) between one points of the city to another points of a city in a trip. The applications of the shortest path problem include vehicle routing in transportation systems and traffic routing in communication route guidance systems [4] . The shortest path problem has been investigated extensively and many modern algorithms have been proposed to solve this problem. Yet, many of the existing algorithms fail to meet some of the requirements of the solutions applicable in the real world. Therefore, the agent should be able to model a new process and reinforcement learning, and interact with other agents. However, this paper proposes a method to solve the shortest path problem in route guidance systems in terms of accuracy and speed. The results obtained from the approach have been compared with the Dijkstra's algorithm [3] .

In multi-agent system, agents can be rather diverse; they can be cells in a lattice representing pieces of land or representations of human behavior.

Nowadays, many complex systems can be studied, solved, managed and controlled by using the multi-agent systems.

Dijkstra's algorithm is a search graph for solving routing problems and producing the shortest path in a graph.

The applications of the shortest path problem include vehicle routing in transportation systems and traffic routing in communication route guidance systems.

The results obtained from the approach have been compared with the Dijkstra's algorithm.


Current developments in the manufacturing and automotive engineering field have led to renewed interest in the use of non-contact sensors to measure the surface roughness. With the advent of newly developed tidy non-contact sensors play a vital role in quality inspection of surfaces and process monitoring [1] . Current techniques of surface measurement use the profiling or stylus instruments and area averaging techniques using a sensor to estimate the nature of the surfaces. The major disadvantage of using a stylus instrument for such measurements is that it requires direct physical contact with the surface, which limits the measuring speed and scratches the surface. In addition, the instrument readings are based on a limited number of line samplings, which may not represent the real characteristics of the surface under investigation. It is also limited to a sampling length which may not represent the overall surface. Due to these drawbacks, contact-type instruments are not suitable for high-speed automated inspections. Area averaging techniques such as optical, ultrasonic, machine vision and laser scanning methods are useful alternatives compared to the more traditional profiling methods for specifying the surface parameter. These techniques mostly use the non-contact type sensing methodologies to measure the roughness parameter of the surface. Generally, area averaging techniques yield a single parameter that is representative of the statistical properties of the surface roughness/undulations, sampled over the entire area of the probe rather than profile on a single line of cross section.

With the advent of newly developed tidy non-contact sensors play a vital role in quality inspection of surfaces and process monitoring.


Fisher advocated doubling the 1-sided p-value in his letter to Finney in 1946 (Yates, 1984, p.444) . This doubled p-value is denoted by P F . Fisher's motivation was an equal prior weight of departure in either direction. Other arguments for doubling include invariance under transformation of the distribution to a normal scale, and ease of approximation by the chi-square distribution (Yates, 1984) . One of the evident drawbacks of the doubling rule is that it may result in a p-value greater than 1. The doubled p-value is used in the majority of statistical software in the case of continuously distributed statistics and often in the discrete case.

Other arguments for doubling include invariance under transformation of the distribution to a normal scale, and ease of approximation by the chi-square distribution.


This complexity of its flow processes has led designers of hydrocyclones to rely on empirical equations to predict the equipment's performance. These empirical relationships are derived from an analysis of experimental data and include the effect of operating and geometric variables (Lynch and Rao, 1975; Plitt, 1976) . However, these models suffer from the same inherent deficiency as any other empirical models -the model can only be used within the extremes of the experimental data from which the model parameters were determined. In view of this shortcoming, mathematical models based on fluid mechanics are highly desirable (Vieira et al, 2007) .

These empirical relationships are derived from an analysis of experimental data and include the effect of operating and geometric variables.

In view of this shortcoming, mathematical models based on fluid mechanics are highly desirable.


The operation of a filtering hydrocyclone is analogous to that of conventional separators, but in addition to the volumetric feed flow rate, underflow and overflow streams, there is another stream of fluid resulting from the filtrate produced in the porous cone (Vieira et al., 2005) . A scheme of the filtering hydrocyclone is shown in Figure 1 . Despite the simple construction, the internal flow in filtering or conventional hydrocyclones is highly complex and of difficult mathematical calculation. The internal flow in these devices is totally turbulent and presents high vorticity preservation, vortex breakdown, flow inversion, air core etc.

The operation of a filtering hydrocyclone is analogous to that of conventional separators, but in addition to the volumetric feed flow rate, underflow and overflow streams, there is another stream of fluid resulting from the filtrate produced in the porous cone.


An ensemble has a vital need for diversity, that is if an ensemble of classifiers is to be good as a plural classification, they should be diverse as enough as to cover each others' errors. Therefore, while constructing an ensemble, we need a mechanism to guarantee the diversity of the ensemble. Sometimes this mechanism is in a way that a subset of construct basic classifiers are selected and removed to maintain the diversity of the ensemble. In ensemble-based learning it is possible that the data is fractioned to smaller parts and simple and quick models are created for each part and final ensemble model is performed in a way without significant time overhead [20] . To learn any problem, many classifiers have been introduced so far [3] . Each of the proposed classifiers has a lot of strengths and weaknesses that makes them suitable for specific problem. But there is no strong solution for what is best classifier. Fortunately ensemble-based learning is a powerful approach to provide an optimal classification system for each problem. The most challenging issue in constructing an ensemble based classification system how constructing a proper ensemble of base classifiers [20] . In this paper, we tend to analyze the effect of bagging and boosting classification methods by clustering classifiers method and improve the accuracy. In previous approaches from every cluster only one classifier was selected; one of the other aims of this study is to determine whether it is possible don't select any classifier from a cluster and have a better ensemble. To justify such an action, it has to be mentioned that in clustering of a typical dataset, some of clusters are created for a null data (include a null data practically) or Include some noise data. So the effect of removing these clusters and also the effect of training data sampling rate on the efficiency of classifiers clustering approach were analyzed. It has to be mentioned that in order to reach the diversity needed among primary classifiers, every one of them were trained on random sampling of training data which is sampling b% of total training samples. In the second section of the article previously used approaches and their weaknesses is analyzed. Proposed approach is discussed in the third section and experimental results of applying it to standard datasets is discussed in the fourth section. The fifth part includes conclusion and future works.

In ensemble-based learning it is possible that the data is fractioned to smaller parts and simple and quick models are created for each part and final ensemble model is performed in a way without significant time overhead.

To learn any problem, many classifiers have been introduced so far.

The most challenging issue in constructing an ensemble based classification system how constructing a proper ensemble of base classifiers.


Motion-based methods are mostly used for ad-hoc applications, e.g., activity analysis and gesture recognition. They segment foreground hands from background by motion and appearance cues [12] [13] [14] . Hands can usually be tracked easily and it does not require a strong appearance model in most cases. However, motion-based methods are often not suitable for moving cameras which produce images with lots of background motion.

They segment foreground hands from background by motion and appearance cues.


A cough is normally initiated with an inspiration of a variable volume of air, followed by closure of the glottis, and contraction of the expiratory muscles that compresses the gas in the lungs. These events occur immediately before the sudden reopening of the glottis and rapid expulsion of air from the lungs. When flow limitation is reached during coughs that begin at the same lung volume, the airflow and acoustic properties are repeatable and unique for a given subject [6] .

When flow limitation is reached during coughs that begin at the same lung volume, the airflow and acoustic properties are repeatable and unique for a given subject.


Multiple access schemes in LTE system network have attracted an increasing interest in the last years [9] . The main performance targets are to improve the spectral efficiency 2 to 4 times compared to HSDPA Release 6 in which peak rates can reach 100Mbps on downlink using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and 50Mbps on uplink using Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). These techniques provide orthogonality between the users, reduce interference and improve the network's Quality of Service (QoS). In addition, to make the network design process time-efficient, Self-Organizing Network (SON) functionalities added within LTE architecture by incorporating automated optimization, can significantly reduce deployment and maintenance costs (CAPEX and OPEX for CAPital EXpenditure and OPerating EXpenditure respectively).

Multiple access schemes in LTE system network have attracted an increasing interest in the last years.


Therefore, a PhD study was conducted in late 2013 and early 2014 to investigate influential factors of GS implementation in six Vietnamese universities of different institutional contexts. One of the main findings of the study was that extra-curricular activities under the Youth Union and its associates (YUA) -a social-political organisation led by the Communist Party and installed in all universities and schools in Vietnam -were involved as an integral component to the institutional strategy for executing the MOET's GS policy. These activities were reported to have significantly contributed to developing GS for students. This finding differed from current practice in many Western universities that appraises the effectiveness of developing GS via curriculum-based activities, and often treats extra-curricular activities as secondary (Barrie et al., 2009) . This paper will report types of extra-curricular activities that the YUA organised to develop GS for students in Vietnamese universities, analyse reasons why these activities were involved, and identify factors influencing the effectiveness of executing GS policy via these activities. The paper argues that extra-curricular activities have the potential to aid in the execution of GS policy; therefore, instead of disregarding them, university leaders should acknowledge, support and involve these activities in the institutional strategy for implementing GS policy, which will contribute to enhancing students' employment outcomes.

This finding differed from current practice in many Western universities that appraises the effectiveness of developing GS via curriculum-based activities, and often treats extra-curricular activities as secondary.


The regions of interest are selected within the corpus callosum and derived from the expert-annotated Mori tract atlas [23] . Experiments were performed with in-house software and with the vIST/e software framework 3 . With geodesic tractography two seed points are placed in each voxel, and we assign four random orientations to each seed point from an elliptic cone around the main eigenvector [26] . In all tracking experiments the algorithms terminate once the fractional anisotropy gets below 0.1.

The regions of interest are selected within the corpus callosum and derived from the expert-annotated Mori tract atlas.

With geodesic tractography two seed points are placed in each voxel, and we assign four random orientations to each seed point from an elliptic cone around the main eigenvector.


Monte Carlo method that closely follows Carey [16] . An advantage of this method is that it avoids any assumptions about parametric forms. Many currently and frequently used risk management systems/models need to impose a correlation structure. A very common solution is to employ a common factor model to capture default correlations between assets. Due to a lack of data, many of the (parametric) loss correlation assumptions that are incorporated in these models remain untested. Due to the size of the dataset and the non-parametric estimation method, this paper keeps clear of such conjectures.

Monte Carlo method that closely follows Carey.


To add a new family member of contextual information extraction, mathematical morphology-based approaches such as morphological profiles (MPs), extended morphological profiles (EMPs), attribute profiles (APs) and morphological profiles with partial reconstruction (MPPR) have demonstrated the benefits of using geometrical information from HR and VHR images in many urban applications (Benediktsson, Palmason, & Sveinsson, 2005; Dalla Mura, Villa, Benediktsson, Chanussot, & Bruzzone, 2011; Liao et al., 2017) . However, being connected filters, these approaches have limitations such as the following: (1) structural elements (SEs) with user-specified shape and size are highly constrained when modeling concepts of the characteristics of size, shape and homogeneity information; (2) attribute filters (AFs) based on geodesic reconciling still suffer from the problem of leakage, which is also referred to as an over-reconstruction problem; and (3) most importantly, a sequence of SEs with predefined sizes and shapes cannot perfectly match all sizes and shapes of objects in a certain image, specifically at a single SE for the entire image at each operation case. To this end, we introduce superpixel guide morphological profiles (SPMPs). All superpixels are used as SEs in opening by reconstruction (OBR) and closing by reconstruction (CBR) operations. To avoid possible side effects from unusual maximum and minimum values within superpixels, the mean pixel value of superpixels, namely, the SPMPsM, is further adopted.

To add a new family member of contextual information extraction, mathematical morphology-based approaches such as morphological profiles (MPs), extended morphological profiles (EMPs), attribute profiles (APs) and morphological profiles with partial reconstruction (MPPR) have demonstrated the benefits of using geometrical information from HR and VHR images in many urban applications.


In recent years, airborne and spaceborne multi-/hyperspectral remote sensors have advanced in terms of spectral and spatial resolution, which makes the analysis of small spatial structures possible with unprecedented spatial details. Hyperspectral sensors can provide detailed spectral information with hundreds of spectral wavelengths and increase the ability to accurately discriminate the materials of interest. However, the high dimensionality of hyperspectral images may lead to the Hughes phenomenon, which is related to the curse of dimensionality in classification tasks (Camps-Valls, Tuia, Bruzzone, & Benediktsson, 2014) . Additionally, while high resolution (HR) and very high resolution (VHR) data solve the problem of "seeing" structural objects and elements, they do not help in focusing on the extraction procedure (Gamba, Dell'Acqua, Stasolla, Trianni, & Lisini, 2011) . Two major challenges, namely, the necessity of spectral dimensionality reduction and the need for specific spectral-spatial classifiers, have been identified by the HR and VHR multi-/hyperspectral remote sensing (RS) image processing community (Fauvel, Tarabalka, Benediktsson, Chanussot, & Tilton, 2013; Plaza et al., 2009) .

However, the high dimensionality of hyperspectral images may lead to the Hughes phenomenon, which is related to the curse of dimensionality in classification tasks.

Additionally, while high resolution (HR) and very high resolution (VHR) data solve the problem of "seeing" structural objects and elements, they do not help in focusing on the extraction procedure.

Two major challenges, namely, the necessity of spectral dimensionality reduction and the need for specific spectral-spatial classifiers, have been identified by the HR and VHR multi-/hyperspectral remote sensing (RS) image processing community.


For any specific purpose of image classification, the processing framework should be designed to operate with a robust classifier and suitable input data with high-quality features that carry statistical discrimination descriptions of corresponding classes. Numerous studies have been conducted by the HR/ VHR multi-/hyperspectral image processing community to develop accurate spectral-spatial classifiers. In most cases, spatial contextual information has been incorporated into advanced machine learning (ML) methods, including supervised and semi-supervised, parametric and nonparametric classifiers (Chan & Paelinckx, 2008; Fauvel, Benediktsson, Chanussot, & Sveinsson, 2008; Kavzoglu, Colkesen, & Yomralioglu, 2015 Li, Bioucas-Dias, & Plaza, 2013 Samat, Du, Liu, Li, & Cheng, 2014; Samat et al., 2016) . Among those, decision tree (DT)-based ensemble classifiers such as bagging, boosting, random subspace, random forest (RaF), rotation forest (RoF) and decision-tree-based gradient boosting (DTGB) have attracted increasing interest due to their higher accuracy and robustness to noise than that of single classifiers (Belgiu & Drăguţ, 2016; Du, Samat, Waske, Liu, & Li, 2015; Godinho, Guiomar, & Gil, 2016; Xia, Du, He, & Chanussot, 2014) .

In most cases, spatial contextual information has been incorporated into advanced machine learning (ML) methods, including supervised and semi-supervised, parametric and nonparametric classifiers.

Among those, decision tree (DT)-based ensemble classifiers such as bagging, boosting, random subspace, random forest (RaF), rotation forest (RoF) and decision-tree-based gradient boosting (DTGB) have attracted increasing interest due to their higher accuracy and robustness to noise than that of single classifiers.


Among the efforts of addressing the abovementioned challenges, the value of adding contextual information for revealing relationships and dependencies among image objects has become one of the most important challenges for the successful analysis of HR and VHR RS images. Principally motivated by the ability of texture features to provide a quantitative description of image properties, including smoothness, roughness, symmetry and regularity, many texture extraction methods, such as statistical (gray-level co-occurrence matrix, GLCM), geometrical and structural approaches; Markov random field (MRF)-and conditional random field (CRF)-model-based approaches; and signal processing (Gabor filter) approaches, have been examined for urban landcover mapping (Kasetkasem, Arora, & Varshney, 2005; Ma et al., 2017; Rajadell, García-Sevilla, & Pla, 2013; Zhang, Wang, Gong, & Shi, 2003) . However, statistical textures (e.g. GLCM) are typically computed in a moving window with a specified size along certain direction, thereby imposing a crisp and not common for each pixel in the image. Additionally, pixel-based graph models, including MRF and CRF, often suffer from "salt and pepper" noise and cannot capture contextual information about objects. Instead of pixel-by-pixel classification, object-based image analysis (OBIA) and geographic OBIA (GEOBIA) techniques have been widely used to divide images into homogeneous segments and assign semantic labels according to the properties of image segments in HR and VHR image classification tasks. However, due to the complexity and heterogeneity of HR and VHR images, the segmentation process is challenging because this process typically relies on parameters that are highly dependent on the image at hand and the specific tasks (Blaschke et al., 2014; Costa, Foody, & Boyd, 2017; Gu et al., 2017; Ma, Cheng, Li, Liu, & Ma, 2015) . For instance, objects and geographic objects often have their own optimal segmentation scales, even within the same class (Zhao, Du, Wang, & Emery, 2017) . Accordingly, multiresolution segmentation (MRS) methods have been proposed to segment HR and VHR images at multiple scales. Specifically, the MRS methods aim to partition HR and VHR images into image objects by minimizing the heterogeneity within objects and maximizing the differences across objects. Although MRS-based approaches can produce multi-scale segments by employing various parameters, these approaches still require prior knowledge about the inherent scales of each geographic class, which depend strongly on the spatial and spectral features but also the semantic class.

Principally motivated by the ability of texture features to provide a quantitative description of image properties, including smoothness, roughness, symmetry and regularity, many texture extraction methods, such as statistical (gray-level co-occurrence matrix, GLCM), geometrical and structural approaches; Markov random field (MRF)-and conditional random field (CRF)-model-based approaches; and signal processing (Gabor filter) approaches, have been examined for urban landcover mapping.

However, due to the complexity and heterogeneity of HR and VHR images, the segmentation process is challenging because this process typically relies on parameters that are highly dependent on the image at hand and the specific tasks.

For instance, objects and geographic objects often have their own optimal segmentation scales, even within the same class.


There are limitations to this study. We only included a relatively small sample of non-Indigenous participants, and within this sub-group we were only able to recruit a small number of smokers. This means that we were not able to provide a more nuanced comparison across ethnic groups but instead have focused our analysis on the major themes arising for Indigenous youth and the significant similarities and differences between the two ethnic groups. We found few marked differences in the perceptions and reported experiences of smoking by gender, although female participants appeared to be more strongly influenced by peer smoking than boys [42] . However, if we had conducted separate group interviews for females and males as planned, we may have uncovered more subtle gender differences in smoking behaviours, as has been reported elsewhere in the literature [66] . Additionally, our findings are more representative of the perspectives of youth in school or employment, which restricted our ability to explore indepth differences across socioeconomic status, and therefore limit the generalisability of the findings. Finally, the qualitative nature of the study means we must caution against inferring causality between suggested determinants and smoking behaviour of participating youth. Social desirability may have biased participants' responses and led them to self-censor their actual views. In addition, participants were volunteers who may have different smoking-related attitudes and experiences than Indigenous and non-Indigenous youth in the community.

There are limitations to this study.

We found few marked differences in the perceptions and reported experiences of smoking by gender, although female participants appeared to be more strongly influenced by peer smoking than boys.

However, if we had conducted separate group interviews for females and males as planned, we may have uncovered more subtle gender differences in smoking behaviours, as has been reported elsewhere in the literature.


Sample surveys are widely used to obtain information about the totals, means, medians, and other parameters of finite populations. In many applications, the same information is desired for subpopulations such as individuals in specific geographic areas or in socio-demographic groups. The estimation of finite subpopulation parameters is referred to as the small area estimation problem (Rao 2003) . While the geographic areas may not be small, there may be a shortage of direct information from individual areas.

The estimation of finite subpopulation parameters is referred to as the small area estimation problem.


Among other parameters, these studies have demonstrated the strong dependence of the physical properties of such complexes on the structural features of the hyperbranched hosts and on factors associated with the relevant thermodynamic environment [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Due to the rather broad parameter space characterizing the actual systems, coarse-grained models have been widely utilized for the theoretical description and the computer modeling of such complexes [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] . These studies aimed at the elucidation of the generic behavior related to their conformational characteristics and to phenomena of key importance regarding their action as complexation agents and delivery vehicles, such as overcharging [27, 31, 33, 34] .

Among other parameters, these studies have demonstrated the strong dependence of the physical properties of such complexes on the structural features of the hyperbranched hosts and on factors associated with the relevant thermodynamic environment.

Due to the rather broad parameter space characterizing the actual systems, coarse-grained models have been widely utilized for the theoretical description and the computer modeling of such complexes.

These studies aimed at the elucidation of the generic behavior related to their conformational characteristics and to phenomena of key importance regarding their action as complexation agents and delivery vehicles, such as overcharging.


In this work we have examined the effects of the HBP topology in non-stoichiometric complexes consisting of two terminally charged G4MAX hyperbranched polymers and an oppositely charged linear chain, by comparing relevant conformational properties to those characterizing similar stoichiometric systems or analogous models comprised by dendrimer components with the same number of charged monomers. It was found that the higher degree of deformability of the peripherally branched HBPs (see Figure 1) , drastically affected the conformational properties of both components of the complex, with respect to those of the stoichiometric counterparts or those in complexes formed by the densely branched dendrimer molecules. The step-wise changes to properties, like the shape and the average size which characterized the HBP component of the G4MAX stoichiometric models, have been smeared out (Figures 4 and 5) , while LPE conformational changes that have been observed in non-stoichiometric G3 complexes, were not present ( Figure 6 ). The latter effect could be accounted for by the absence of the corresponding non-monotonic dependence of the "linker" conformation of the LPE on its length in the examined G4MAX complexes (Figure 8 ). This observation is consistent with a weak dependence of the average separation between the two G4MAX HBPs on the LPE length ( Figure 9 ). Such a behavior can be rationalized by the higher degree of deformation of the hyperbranched components so that the number of the energetically favorable contacts between the charged LPE and HBP monomers remains at the same levels as in their stoichiometric analogues ( Figure 10 ). The above findings, which differentiate the behavior of the examined systems with respect to their stoichiometric counterparts and their dendrimer-based analogues, are expected to arise mainly by entropic factors which should be taken into account in future amendments of the correlation theory [21, 27, 35, 52] .

The above findings, which differentiate the behavior of the examined systems with respect to their stoichiometric counterparts and their dendrimer-based analogues, are expected to arise mainly by entropic factors which should be taken into account in future amendments of the correlation theory.


Hyperbranched polymers have emerged in the last few years as a new promising category of non-viral vehicles for drug and gene delivery applications [1] [2] [3] . The advantages related to their use as complexation and delivery agents, such as their structural features, their multifunctionality and their favorable transport and thermodynamic properties, have surged the scientific as well as the industrial interest towards an effort for a better control of their physicochemical behavior [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . To this end, a large number of theoretical and experimental studies have been devoted to the elucidation of the structure/properties relation of complexes comprised by hyperbranched molecules (HBP) and linear polyelectrolytes (LPE), with complexes including nucleic acids being the most characteristic examples [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

Hyperbranched polymers have emerged in the last few years as a new promising category of non-viral vehicles for drug and gene delivery applications.

The advantages related to their use as complexation and delivery agents, such as their structural features, their multifunctionality and their favorable transport and thermodynamic properties, have surged the scientific as well as the industrial interest towards an effort for a better control of their physicochemical behavior.

To this end, a large number of theoretical and experimental studies have been devoted to the elucidation of the structure/properties relation of complexes comprised by hyperbranched molecules (HBP) and linear polyelectrolytes (LPE), with complexes including nucleic acids being the most characteristic examples.


The molecular structure of cresyl violet and cresyl violet perchlorate in solution were planar in the ground state and twisted in the first excited state with exception of amino groups. The delocalization degree is smaller than that of the double bonds in the molecule. Its fluorescence quantum yield appears to be independent of the nature of the solvent, except in water. Its fluorescence quantum yield was determined using conventional colorimetry as well as thermal lens spectrometry and found to be ϕ F = 0.54 ± 0.03. The value for ϕ F was reported to be independent of concentration [9] . Therefore, cresyl violet was used as fluorescence standard for the concentrations of 10 −2 to 10 −3 M. In the present study, we tested the concentrations from 10 −3 to 10 −7 M and found that due to the intramolecular energy hopping of cresyl violet in solution the fluorescence quantum yield was measured as 0.75 ± 0.01 by actinometric measurements. The excitation wavelength was 587 nm, obtained from high-intensity mercury light source. Prompt fluorescence observed at 570-770 nm band with the peak location at 620 nm. Neither Stokes nor anti-Stokes scattering was observed at room temperature experiments. Unfortunately, our experimental setup does not permit us to carry out the same experiments above room temperature, to carry out kinetic measurements. The determined fluorescence lifetime, which is the reorientation time of cresyl violet in ethanol in the S 1 state, was 4.60 ± 0.1 nsec. The magic-angle fluorescence decay curves fit to single-exponential decays.

The value for ϕ F was reported to be independent of concentration.


The photophysical and chemical behaviors of cresyl violet are strongly influenced by electrostatic, hydrogenbond, and acid-base interactions in solution, as well as by its hydrophobicity [1] . The rotational relaxation of a solute molecule depends on its environment, especially for the case of ionic and polar solute species embedded in electrolyte solutions [2] [3] [4] [5] . In such cases, solute-solvent electrostatic interactions can significantly influence the behavior of the solute. Dramatic changes in the local solvent structure and the solute dynamics occur for ionic solute molecules. Laser dyes are organic compounds that relax radiatively after optical excitation, emitting in the UV-visible or IR range [6] . Today a large variety of luminescent dyes have been optimized for use in circulating liquid lasers. These dyes have a range of practical applications when rigidized in a polymer host. One area that may be revolutionized by the use of organic luminophores in plastics is the flat-screen monitor industry. Organic emitters doped in a polymer layer offer an inexpensive, malleable, and easy-toproduce alternative. Organic dyes are also of interest for sensors, optical amplifiers, and fiber optics. Unfortunately, upon repeated absorption the laser dye molecules begin to photooxidize and cresyl violet becomes an emitter at four different wavelengths. It is stable under ambient conditions with minimal light power saturation even at peak intensities as high as 100 MW/cm 2 where its molecular weight is 361.74 g/moL.

The photophysical and chemical behaviors of cresyl violet are strongly influenced by electrostatic, hydrogenbond, and acid-base interactions in solution, as well as by its hydrophobicity.

The rotational relaxation of a solute molecule depends on its environment, especially for the case of ionic and polar solute species embedded in electrolyte solutions.

Laser dyes are organic compounds that relax radiatively after optical excitation, emitting in the UV-visible or IR range.


Our experiment consisted of irradiating cresyl violet in solution which was doped in thin solid slabs of polymethylmethacrylate with progressively higher intensities of light tuned to an absorption peak of cresyl violet molecule for photobleaching experiments. The calculated wavenumbers of the normal modes are in good agreement with our experimental values. Some of the characteristic vibrational modes of cresyl violet were given [7] . The correlation between effective dipole moments change of the guest molecule and the hole-burning efficiencies of the host matrices illustrates the sensitivity of the dipole moment change as a direct measure of guest-host interactions. The effective dipole moment change of cresyl-violet-perchlorate ranges from 0.14 to 0.59 Debye [8] [9] [10] .

Some of the characteristic vibrational modes of cresyl violet were given.

The effective dipole moment change of cresyl-violet-perchlorate ranges from 0.14 to 0.59 Debye.


In this paper we focus on small-scale shallow katabatic flow for which the Coriolis effect is assumed to be negligible. The flow is induced by a negatively buoyant strip of finite width. We present a dimensionless analytical solution in which the slope angle and the (dimensionless) width of the negatively buoyant strip are governing parameters. The effects of the strip width L c and the slope angle α are investigated. The negative buoyancy diffuses from the strip primarily outward. The outward diffusion is smaller for broader strips and larger slope angles. At the centre of the strip, the maximum (positive) buoyancy increases for broad strips and large slope angles. A limit for the maximum buoyancy is given by the Prandtl model. It is interesting to note that observations of glacier winds hardly show any positive buoyancy values [27] . Compared to the Prandtl model, the reduced positive buoyancy predicted by our model is thus in better qualitative agreement with observations. This suggests that secondary lateral circulations, which are likely to occur in a katabatic flow of finite width, may be important for the katabatic flow dynamics.

It is interesting to note that observations of glacier winds hardly show any positive buoyancy values.


In this article we focus on katabatic winds over glaciers, often called glacier winds. They are characterized by wind profiles exhibiting persisting wind maxima of the order of several meters per second. The wind maximum is normally located a couple of metres to tens of metres above the surface. Turbulence in the katabatic layer is produced by wind shear. It is responsible for the vertical mixing of momentum and heat in the lowest part of the boundary layer, and effectively transports heat from the boundary layer to the surface. In the ablation zone of glaciers, warming of the surface causes melting. On a regional scale, glaciers supply melt water for hydropower reservoirs and for irrigation systems [1] .

On a regional scale, glaciers supply melt water for hydropower reservoirs and for irrigation systems.


In addition to inhomogeneous surface buoyancy fields, katabatic winds in mountainous terrain are affected by the ubiquitously changing orography. The downslope flow over a valley glacier may be, for instance, influenced by a narrowing/widening of the valley and changes in the valley direction. The valley walls form (ice-free) impenetrable boundaries for the glacier wind. When they are heated, the temperature difference between the walls and the centre of the valley generates a cross-slope circulation [2] . The characteristics of katabatic flows are further influenced by a variety of factors such as ambient winds, the slope angle, and the stability of the environmental air.

When they are heated, the temperature difference between the walls and the centre of the valley generates a cross-slope circulation.


The proportion of LUTS-presenting patients with a small PV was larger than physicians expected; in our institution, 51.8% of patients (444/857) presenting with LUTS had a small PV (Fig. 1) . Many physicians have been interested in the cause of LUTS in patients with small PV, because a small PV suggests BPO is unlikely. Generally, other factors such as bladder problems, including detrusor hypoactivity, hyperactivity, hypersensitivity, and other problems, are emphasized. The potential role of the prostate has been overlooked in the pathophysiology of LUTS with small PV. Nonetheless, a higher bladder neck in men without lateral or median lobe enlargement can be seen by cystourethroscopy; many urologists believe that a higher bladder neck might be a causal factor of bladder outlet obstruction and LUTS. Increased PUA on TRUS corresponds to a high bladder neck on cysto-urethroscopy. While the pathophysiologic links between PUA and urinary symptoms/Qmax still remain uncertain, several explanations are possible. Previously, the PUA was proposed as a theoretical factor in LUTS; because the prostatic urethra is a bent tube, energy loss proportional to the PUA could occur during micturition and decrease urine velocity [14, 15] .

Previously, the PUA was proposed as a theoretical factor in LUTS; because the prostatic urethra is a bent tube, energy loss proportional to the PUA could occur during micturition and decrease urine velocity.


The major reason behind the need for handling big data is to be able to gain value from data analysis. Analytic techniques and methods need to be further researched to develop techniques that can be able to process large and growing data sets. Simplification of the analysis process of big data towards an automated approach is a major goal behind big data (Bryant, 2008) .

Simplification of the analysis process of big data towards an automated approach is a major goal behind big data.


There are several factors that need to be mitigated in order for data management in the cloud to be an adequate solution. These factors are spread across the different types of existing systems. For Key-Value stores these would include enhancing the available feature set with ad-hoc querying as well as providing some consistency guarantees. With regards to relational systems, there exists the challenge of making the systems scalable such that the cloud resources can be used efficiently with attention given to the load balancing across the cloud. Finally, a major challenge has to be considered is the engineering of systems that provide both security and privacy for the data that resides in the cloud (Agrawal, 2011) .

Finally, a major challenge has to be considered is the engineering of systems that provide both security and privacy for the data that resides in the cloud.


Wound dressings have several functions: they are used to protect the wound from external microbes, allow the release of excess exudate from the wound area, recover the look of the wound area, and occasionally speed up the therapeutic process. For these purposes, a wound bandage should deliver a substantial physical block to a wound, but should also be permeable to humidity and oxygen. Synthesized nanofiber mat by created by electrospinning is an excellent wound covering and dressing due to the presence of an extremely permeable network structure and good uniform holes. These characteristics are mostly significant for removing liquid from the wound. The minor pores and very large definite surface area not only prevent external microbial attacks, but also contribute in the control of fluid drainage. Moreover, the electrospinning procedure is comprised of a simple technique to enhance the incorporation of active ingredients into the nanofibers for any promising medicinal application and antiseptic determination [10] .

Moreover, the electrospinning procedure is comprised of a simple technique to enhance the incorporation of active ingredients into the nanofibers for any promising medicinal application and antiseptic determination.


Electrospinning is a unique nanofiber formation procedure in which nanofibers are molded by the application of electrical forces with a high voltage to yield nanofibers of different sizes, ranging from nano to a number of micrometers [1] . There are many factors that influence the synthesis of nanofibers by electrospinning. These include the practical voltage, the distance between the tip and the collector, the pumping rate of the polymeric solution, the polymer concentration, and the type of solvent used during the synthesis [2] [3] [4] . These nanofibers have many properties such as high porosity, large surface area, and the ability to facilitate gaseous exchange. These properties make them promising materials for different uses such as tissue engineering scaffolding, nanocatalysis, filtration, in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields, and many other applications [5] .

Electrospinning is a unique nanofiber formation procedure in which nanofibers are molded by the application of electrical forces with a high voltage to yield nanofibers of different sizes, ranging from nano to a number of micrometers.

These include the practical voltage, the distance between the tip and the collector, the pumping rate of the polymeric solution, the polymer concentration, and the type of solvent used during the synthesis.

These properties make them promising materials for different uses such as tissue engineering scaffolding, nanocatalysis, filtration, in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields, and many other applications.


Furthermore, biodegradable polymers have attained significant consideration as biomaterials, which have medical applications in therapeutic and biomedical engineering uses [6, 7] . Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is a domestic material of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters that has gained substantial use as a biomaterial. As a marketable material, the main attractive qualities of PCL are (i) the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use in human applications; (ii) biodegradability; (iii) compatibility with an extensive series of several polymers; (iv) good processability which allows the production of a variety of structures and forms; (v) ease of melt processing due to high thermal stability; and (vi) a relatively low cost [8, 9] .

Furthermore, biodegradable polymers have attained significant consideration as biomaterials, which have medical applications in therapeutic and biomedical engineering uses.

As a marketable material, the main attractive qualities of PCL are (i) the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use in human applications; (ii) biodegradability; (iii) compatibility with an extensive series of several polymers; (iv) good processability which allows the production of a variety of structures and forms; (v) ease of melt processing due to high thermal stability; and (vi) a relatively low cost.


Over the past 20 years, electric and electronics equipment (EEE) production has become a fast growing industry, maximizing the benefits of technological innovation and scientific process [1] . The usage life of many kinds of EEE has been substantially shortened due to electronics industry advancements, attractive consumer designs, and intense marketing [2] . The combination of rapid industry growth and shorter use cycles has led to a significant increase in waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE), and WEEE is considered the fastest-growing component of solid waste in the wide world [3, 4] .

Over the past 20 years, electric and electronics equipment (EEE) production has become a fast growing industry, maximizing the benefits of technological innovation and scientific process.

The usage life of many kinds of EEE has been substantially shortened due to electronics industry advancements, attractive consumer designs, and intense marketing.

The combination of rapid industry growth and shorter use cycles has led to a significant increase in waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE), and WEEE is considered the fastest-growing component of solid waste in the wide world.


A rapid, powerful high-throughput technology allowing analysis of several thousand cells per second and providing quantitative and statistically significant data is the flow cytometry (FC) (Shapiro, 2001) . Bacterial cells are incubated with cephalosporins (ceftazidime or cefotaxime) in the presence and absence of clavulanic acid; subsequently, cells are stained with the fluorescent dye Bis-(1, 3-dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol [DiBAC4 (3)] which is able to diffuse across depolarized membranes. Susceptible isolates display increased fluorescence after 1 h of incubation; conversely, the increase of the depolarized population was only observed after incubation with clavulanic acid associated with ceftazidime or cefotaxime in ESBL producers (Ramos et al., 2012) .

A rapid, powerful high-throughput technology allowing analysis of several thousand cells per second and providing quantitative and statistically significant data is the flow cytometry (FC).

Susceptible isolates display increased fluorescence after 1 h of incubation; conversely, the increase of the depolarized population was only observed after incubation with clavulanic acid associated with ceftazidime or cefotaxime in ESBL producers.


Monthly, seasonal, annual and inter-annual climatic predictions became the next targets of the frontier research of atmospheric sciences since the successful implementation of short-term weather forecasts. However, with the discovery of chaos, it is well known that the climate system is a complex nonlinear system, and climate prediction is a great challenge to researchers. Moreover, inherent defects of statistical methods and dynamical methods result in significant uncertainties of their applications in climate prediction. Statistical methods are mainly used to search prediction clues from historical observational data, based on the historical behavior and statistical regularities of the climate system. The results of statistical model are sometimes satisfactory, but such statistical regularities and the prediction models derived from such statistical methods are often unstable due to the effects of nonlinearity of the climate system (Gu, 1958) .

The results of statistical model are sometimes satisfactory, but such statistical regularities and the prediction models derived from such statistical methods are often unstable due to the effects of nonlinearity of the climate system.


Sand dust aerosol, originated from arid and semiarid region of China, is the main component of aerosol in troposphere atmosphere of East Asia, which produces extensive influence on the ecosystem, atmosphere environment, and atmosphere chemistry through intensive sand dust storm weather process [1] . In order to study quantitatively the influence of aerosol on atmosphere physics and chemistry process, researchers have to analyze physics and chemistry characters of atmospheric aerosol in detail, including the number concentration, phase state, size distribution, and chemistry component. Therefore the observation of sand dust aerosol of typical region is very important for us to study the physics and chemistry properties of aerosol [2] .

Sand dust aerosol, originated from arid and semiarid region of China, is the main component of aerosol in troposphere atmosphere of East Asia, which produces extensive influence on the ecosystem, atmosphere environment, and atmosphere chemistry through intensive sand dust storm weather process.

Therefore the observation of sand dust aerosol of typical region is very important for us to study the physics and chemistry properties of aerosol.


The plan of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, we derive the hydrodynamical structure and the local conservation laws of the short-wave-long-wave equations (1.1), (1.2) . The formal dispersive limit is also discussed. We employ the modified Madelung transformation to represent the water wave interaction equations as a perturbation of a quasilinear symmetric hyperbolic system in Section 3. For suitable initial data in the Sobolev space H s (R) with s sufficiently large, the classical solutions of (1.1)-(1.4) exist for a time T independent of ε and converge pointwise together with some number of derivatives to a classical solution of the compressible Euler equation with nonlocal potential. In Section 4, we study the zero-dispersion limit of (1.1), (1.2) directly motivated by the defocussing cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation [5, 25] . In the case when there are no vortices (uniform bounded energy as ε → 0), we show that the limit of the wave functions solve the wave map equations and the associated phase functions satisfy a linear wave equation which is the same as the defocussing cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation. This concludes that the long wave plays no role in the zero-dispersion limit.

The plan of the paper is as follows.

In Section 4, we study the zero-dispersion limit of (1.1), (1.2) directly motivated by the defocussing cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation.


In recent years, customers have become an important source of information, due to increasing competition, power of choice and available information (Thomke & Hippel, 2002) . The marketing literature points to the existence of practices in which the customer is increasingly being asked to provide opinions and information, based on focus groups, case studies, customer advice or large surveys that attempt to measure the perception and buying behaviors. However, when information is obtained from customers, there is no agreed-upon definition. Therefore, the present paper proposes customer intelligence to refer to the phenomenon.

In recent years, customers have become an important source of information, due to increasing competition, power of choice and available information.


We know that two binaural cues, interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD), and one monaural cue, spectral cue (SC), are the major cues for sound localization [1] . We also know that temporal variation of these cues provided by head movement greatly contributes to sound localization [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Since temporal variation of ITD, ILD and SC are available, head movement during sound localization decreases front-back confusions and improves the accuracy of sound localization both in horizontal and median-plane sound localization. In addition, head movement diminishes the strict acoustic constraints required for the binaural reproduction system and headrelated transfer functions (HRTFs).

We know that two binaural cues, interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD), and one monaural cue, spectral cue (SC), are the major cues for sound localization.

We also know that temporal variation of these cues provided by head movement greatly contributes to sound localization.


With the advent of endoscopy, multiple modalities may be used for treatment and since 1986 this has become the mainstay for treating these lesions. The endoscopist may choose to band the lesion, use an endoscopic clip, as we had in this patient, use thermocoagulation or inject epinephrine into the lesion. If endoscopy fails to diagnose the lesion, angiography may be employed and the lesion may be embolized. If minimally invasive approaches fail, surgical intervention may be warranted if the patient continues in extremis. Surgery is reserved as a last resort when the location of the lesion is known and previously attempted therapies have failed. Intraoperatively, the lesion may be amendable to oversewing or a wide local excision may be performed, which is preferable given that simple oversewing has shown to be associated with a greater incidence of recurrent bleeding [6] .

Intraoperatively, the lesion may be amendable to oversewing or a wide local excision may be performed, which is preferable given that simple oversewing has shown to be associated with a greater incidence of recurrent bleeding.


Although orally active histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are used for the treatment of hematological malignancies, HDACis may have therapeutic potential in several noncancer diseases [1] . HDACis reduce the production of cytokines in vitro and in vivo and exert antiinflammatory properties at nanomolar concentrations, which is considerably less than the concentrations targeting neoplastic cells [1, 2] . Excess inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population, and among persons with HIV in particular. Thus, even in virologically suppressed HIV patients, there is increased risk of non-AIDS morbidity, particularly CVD [3] . This is likely due to HIV-associated chronic inflammation, as evidenced by elevated levels of biomarkers of inflammation and coagulation [4] . Indeed, these biomarkers are predictive of the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in persons with HIV [5] . Therefore, reducing HIV-associated chronic inflammation and cardiovascular risk is a therapeutic target.

Although orally active histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are used for the treatment of hematological malignancies, HDACis may have therapeutic potential in several noncancer diseases.

HDACis reduce the production of cytokines in vitro and in vivo and exert antiinflammatory properties at nanomolar concentrations, which is considerably less than the concentrations targeting neoplastic cells.

Thus, even in virologically suppressed HIV patients, there is increased risk of non-AIDS morbidity, particularly CVD.

This is likely due to HIV-associated chronic inflammation, as evidenced by elevated levels of biomarkers of inflammation and coagulation.

Indeed, these biomarkers are predictive of the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in persons with HIV.


Soluble biomarkers are frequently used to assess cardiovascular risk and, therefore, their predictive value in this regard is well characterized [13] . Specifically, elevated biomarkers such as CRP, IL-6 and D-dimer are strongly associated with cardiovascular risk and all-cause mortality in persons with HIV [5, 14, 15] . Therefore, the prominent and simultaneous decrease in these indicators of cardiovascular risk during and after panobinostat treatment is of considerable interest. Notably, panobinostat suppressed hsCRP levels below 1 mg/l, which is the recommended cut-off for distinguishing low versus average cardiovascular risk [13] .

Soluble biomarkers are frequently used to assess cardiovascular risk and, therefore, their predictive value in this regard is well characterized.

Specifically, elevated biomarkers such as CRP, IL-6 and D-dimer are strongly associated with cardiovascular risk and all-cause mortality in persons with HIV.

Notably, panobinostat suppressed hsCRP levels below 1 mg/l, which is the recommended cut-off for distinguishing low versus average cardiovascular risk.


The primary mechanism for inelasticity in CMCs at low stresses is matrix microcracking. In notched panels of CMCs with stiff matrices (e.g. SiC/SiC, SiC/CAS), microcracking occurs first directly ahead of the notch tip and then spreads across the net section in a spatially distributed manner [10, 1, 5] . In contrast, microcracking in CMCs with compliant matrices (e.g. SiC/C, C/C) is manifested in shear damage bands that initiate at the notch tip and extend parallel to the axis of applied load [10, 3] . The former type of composite has been termed 'Class II' and the latter type 'Class III' [11] . For both classes, fiber fracture becomes important at higher stresses, providing an additional mechanism of inelastic deformation and ultimately leading to macroscopic rupture.

In notched panels of CMCs with stiff matrices (e.g. SiC/SiC, SiC/CAS), microcracking occurs first directly ahead of the notch tip and then spreads across the net section in a spatially distributed manner.

In contrast, microcracking in CMCs with compliant matrices (e.g. SiC/C, C/C) is manifested in shear damage bands that initiate at the notch tip and extend parallel to the axis of applied load.

The former type of composite has been termed 'Class II' and the latter type 'Class III'.


Unsurprisingly, existing constitutive models for CMC laminates under general multiaxial loading are largely phenomenological (not micromechanical) in nature [16] . By 'phenomenological', we mean that the models take as inputs macroscopic quantities such as stress-strain curves into a framework that relates stresses to strains. Two classes of models exist.

Unsurprisingly, existing constitutive models for CMC laminates under general multiaxial loading are largely phenomenological (not micromechanical) in nature.

Two classes of models exist.


Micromechanical models developed over the past three decades have provided great insights into the mechanics of matrix cracking. The onset of matrix cracking in unidirectionally-reinforced materials loaded in uniaxial tension along the fiber direction is particularly well-understood [12, 13] . But such models are difficult to extend in a generic manner to laminates with other architectures and to the macro-scale. There are two reasons for this. First, principal stresses are generally oriented at an arbitrary angle with respect to the fiber axes; existing micromechanical models of even unidirectional CMCs have yet to be extended to general multiaxial in-plane loadings. Second, the mechanisms of cracking in multidirectional laminates and the associated mechanics are significantly more complex than those of the constituent unidirectional plies. Several additional damage mechanisms can arise, including crack tunneling in transverse plies, growth of partially unbridged cracks into axial plies, and delamination between plies [14, 15] . It would appear that deriving macro-scale constitutive models (at scales )1 mm) directly from micromechanical models (at scales of 1 lm to 100 lm) is not currently feasible.

The onset of matrix cracking in unidirectionally-reinforced materials loaded in uniaxial tension along the fiber direction is particularly well-understood.

There are two reasons for this.

Several additional damage mechanisms can arise, including crack tunneling in transverse plies, growth of partially unbridged cracks into axial plies, and delamination between plies.


Service identification is considered as a precondition for a successful implementation and governance of SOA [7] . It has a direct impact on the composability of loosely-coupled services and the reusability of individual services in different contexts [17] . Anyway, several comparisons highlight that the issue of identifying services using an appropriate granularity has not been satisfactorily addressed yet [7] , [12] , [19] .

Service identification is considered as a precondition for a successful implementation and governance of SOA.

It has a direct impact on the composability of loosely-coupled services and the reusability of individual services in different contexts.

Anyway, several comparisons highlight that the issue of identifying services using an appropriate granularity has not been satisfactorily addressed yet.


Ideally, preservice teachers integrate their knowledge to become able to use their knowledge flexibly in authentic teaching situations (Davis, 2004; Linn & Hsi, 2000) . We hope that the preservice teachers with whom we work do not come away with isolated knowledge and abilities related to each of the goals, but rather that they are able to tie them together in a meaningful way. This ability to connect ideas would allow them to develop flexibility (Spiro et al., 1991) . We see this integration as a hallmark of a well-started beginner.

Ideally, preservice teachers integrate their knowledge to become able to use their knowledge flexibly in authentic teaching situations.

This ability to connect ideas would allow them to develop flexibility.


Students are generally considered the primary customers of a university, even in countries where they do not pay tuition fees (Douglas et al., 2006) . Although the tuition fees charged at international branch campuses can be substantially lower than the fees charged at home campuses, in many cases the fees charged at branch campuses are still very substantial. For example, in 2011, the tuition (and other mandatory) fees for a four-year undergraduate programme at New York Abu Dhabi totalled $165,120, while Middlesex University's (UK) three-year programme in Dubai cost $37,602 (compared to $47,520 paid by non-European Union international students at Middlesex's London campus).

Students are generally considered the primary customers of a university, even in countries where they do not pay tuition fees.


Students with an internal locus of control believe that outcomes in his/her life are controlled by his/her own actions, and are likely therefore to engage in behaviours consistent with greater achievement. Also, expectancy theory suggests that when students perceive they are able to do well on a course they are more likely to put in greater effort, thereby increasing the likelihood of greater achievement and satisfaction (Vroom, 1964; Garger et al., 2010) . In contrast, a student who struggles to study in the English language -as many UAE students do -might more easily 'give up', leading to lower achievement and satisfaction. The descriptive statistics also revealed that postgraduate students had higher levels of satisfaction than undergraduate students. Institution managers should conduct further research to identify the reasons why certain categories of student tend to have higher or lower levels of satisfaction, so that they can address the issues and improve the satisfaction of all students.

Also, expectancy theory suggests that when students perceive they are able to do well on a course they are more likely to put in greater effort, thereby increasing the likelihood of greater achievement and satisfaction.


Since the turn of the century, the establishment of international branch campuses has accounted for most of the growth in transnational higher education. The term 'transnational education' refers to programmes in which learners are located in a country other than the one in which the awarding institution is based (McBurnie and Ziguras, 2007, p. 21) , and an international branch campus is an educational facility where students receive face-to-face instruction in a country different to that of the parent institution. There are two features that distinguish branch campuses from other forms of transnational education that also adopt a physical 'bricks and mortar' approach: first, a branch campus operates under the same name as its parent institution, and second, the qualifications that the students gain bear the name of the parent institution (Wilkins, 2010) .

There are two features that distinguish branch campuses from other forms of transnational education that also adopt a physical 'bricks and mortar' approach: first, a branch campus operates under the same name as its parent institution, and second, the qualifications that the students gain bear the name of the parent institution.


In this study we sought to use latent class analysis to examine patterns of drug and alcohol use in a sample of sexually active AA MSM and to examine whether the patterns were associated with sexual risk behavior. Three distinct classes were derived lending support to other Fig. 1 Results of the latent class analysis: probability of substance use and class assignment studies that have demonstrated heterogeneity of substance use within populations [24, 25] . By recognizing that there are different patterns of use, research can be more precise in identifying sub-groups who may be more vulnerable to poor health or treatment outcomes or at risk of transitioning to more severe/problematic use. The second aim of this study was to examine whether sexual risk varied by substance use class. We were surprised that the number of total male sex partners and main male sex partners was not associated with substance use class. The majority of the men reported at least two partners in the prior 90 days. In part, this may be due to the inclusion criteria for Unity in Diversity (sex with at least two people, one of which must be a male) and therefore this may not be generalizable to all substance using AA MSM populations. However, unprotected anal sex rates were high for the entire sample for both main partner and non-main partner types. The literature is inconsistent on whether substance use is associated with having multiple sex partners and unprotected anal intercourse [24, [26] [27] [28] [29] .

Three distinct classes were derived lending support to other Fig. 1 Results of the latent class analysis: probability of substance use and class assignment studies that have demonstrated heterogeneity of substance use within populations.

The literature is inconsistent on whether substance use is associated with having multiple sex partners and unprotected anal intercourse.


The light emission process for organic scintillators is caused by the valence electrons in the organic molecules transitioning into higher singlet and triplet states upon the absorption of ionising radiation, and then decaying back into the ground state, emitting photons. The singlet transitions emit scintillation photons very quickly (within nanoseconds), while the triplet transitions are much slower, due to the necessity of a transition from the lowest triplet state to an excited singlet state for photon emission [1] . Inorganic scintillators emit photons via radiation interactions with a crystal electron band structure. Electron-hole pairs are generated between the valence and conduction bands. Direct recombination results in the slow component of scintillation light being emitted, while excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) recombine at impurity sites generating the fast scintillation component [1] .

The singlet transitions emit scintillation photons very quickly (within nanoseconds), while the triplet transitions are much slower, due to the necessity of a transition from the lowest triplet state to an excited singlet state for photon emission.

Direct recombination results in the slow component of scintillation light being emitted, while excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) recombine at impurity sites generating the fast scintillation component.


Discovered by Pavel Cherenkov in 1934, Cherenkov radiation is a phenomenon whereby optical light is radiated by charged particles moving though a medium faster than the speed of light in that medium [2] . The Cherenkov radiation is generated in a cone, whose axis is along the direction of the particle's velocity, with angle defined by 1/ , where is the refractive index of the medium and is the ratio of the particle speed to that of light. The intensity of the Cherenkov radiation is proportional to and hence dominates in the bluer wavelengths.

Discovered by Pavel Cherenkov in 1934, Cherenkov radiation is a phenomenon whereby optical light is radiated by charged particles moving though a medium faster than the speed of light in that medium.


In this work we present the development of high spatial resolution scintillator based photonic dosimeters, and their applications to clinical external radiation beam therapies: specifically high energy linear accelerator (LINAC) photon beams and low energy synchrotron photon beams. LINAC beams have macroscopic field sizes of square centimeters, and do not require a very high spatial resolution for accurate dosimetry. The challenging regions to measure dose in are the edges of the field (the penumbra). Ionisation chambers are the standard for this type of dosimetry, which provide very accurate dose measurements, but require sensitive calibrations to temperature and pressure. Plastic scintillator dosimeters have been demonstrated to have a very low temperature dependence and no pressure dependence [7] .

Plastic scintillator dosimeters have been demonstrated to have a very low temperature dependence and no pressure dependence.


This study proposes new, fully integrated, 3D magnetic tweezers for manipulating single DNA molecules in the entropic and elastic region. This apparatus can extend the DNA molecule in excess of the contour length with low power consumption. The essential platform technologies include localized DNA immobilization, micro-electromagnet fabrication and microfluidic channels, integrated to form a micromachine-based DNA manipulation platform. A novel DNA immobilization approach that employs the streptavidin to biotin and thiol to gold affinity binding systems is developed to enhance a highly efficient and specific anchoring. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the 3D magnetic tweezers comprising six micro-electromagnets, a ring trapper, a fluidic channel, and a gold-patterned surface. The extremities of a single DNA molecule are first attached to two magnetic beads, respectively. The extremity with the thiol-modified bead can then be moved to the centre of the ring trapper, on which the gold is deposited. In this approach a tethered-DNA magnetic bead can be immobilized onto a localized gold pattern via a highly specific and strong Au-S covalent bond. Subsequently, a series of micro-electromagnets are used to manipulate the DNA molecule. A tethered-DNA magnetic bead can be moved around under the magnetic field generated by the micro-electromagnets. Six micro-electromagnets are designed in hexagonal geometry for linear and angular movements of a magnetic bead. A ring trapper is utilized to handle the vertical movement of the magnetic bead. Thus, a 3D DNA manipulator can be realized. Six micro-electromagnets and a ring trapper have been first fabricated using standard lithography, electroplating, and planarization processes [14] . The SEM pictures are shown in figures 2(a)-(d). Notably, a micro-electromagnet comprised of 3D coils wrapped with 30 turns, wound around a bar core of high-permeability permalloy (Ni 80 Fe 20 ). The width, spacing and thickness of the coils are 80, 100 and 25 µm, respectively. A magnetic core has a size of 5.3 mm × 300 µm × 15 µm. Significantly, the fabricated permalloy is easy to magnetize and demagnetize, and hence requires a low magnetic field strength. Thus, the permalloy can be applied to microelectromagnets involving repeated cycles of magnetization and demagnetization, and enhances the magnetic flux density.

Six micro-electromagnets and a ring trapper have been first fabricated using standard lithography, electroplating, and planarization processes.


For magnetic bead micromanipulation on a chip, many existing methods using MEMS technologies have been reported [14, [19] [20] [21] [22] . For example, a ring matrix made up of Au wires, adopting planar conductor fabrication techniques to trap and move magnetic nano-particles, has been demonstrated [22] . However, magnetic tweezers based on microcoils have high coil resistance, generating undesirable Joule heating when applying high current [14] . Thus, a DNA molecule cannot be stretched to its full contour length, implying that it is difficult to study DNA structure transitions from B-form to S-form.

For magnetic bead micromanipulation on a chip, many existing methods using MEMS technologies have been reported.

For example, a ring matrix made up of Au wires, adopting planar conductor fabrication techniques to trap and move magnetic nano-particles, has been demonstrated.

However, magnetic tweezers based on microcoils have high coil resistance, generating undesirable Joule heating when applying high current.


This study is not meant as a comprehensive assessment of climate change in the Altai region, but only a first step towards this aim. To fully investigate the influence of climate change on environmental conditions in the region, an ensemble approach to climate simulations following different scenarios and with different dynamical cores and physical parameterizations would be required (Schoelzel and Hense 2011) . Such an approach would quantify the amplitude of uncertainty associated with the simulations and encompass natural climate variability.

To fully investigate the influence of climate change on environmental conditions in the region, an ensemble approach to climate simulations following different scenarios and with different dynamical cores and physical parameterizations would be required.


The Sino-Mongolian Altai region in Central Asia, where western Mongolia borders China, is characterized by highly continental climatic conditions resulting in high intra-annual and diurnal temperature variations. The summer is rather short and hot; the major atmospheric circulation systems influencing Central and South-Eastern Asia barely touch and never dominate the region (Pederson et al. 2000) . Winter is often dominated by long-lasting low temperatures, clear skies, and extremely low precipitation due to the Siberian anticyclone. Accordingly, monthly precipitation sums rarely exceed 10 mm in winter, as demonstrated by observations of two climate stations for the time period between 1979 and 2012, as shown in Fig. 1 . The largest monthly precipitation amounts occur during summer with a peak in July reaching up to 60 mm. Precipitation sums are larger at elevated locations due to the orographic influence on convection. As the Sino-Mongolian Altai extends roughly from North to South, it represents an orographic barrier for westerlies. Air masses crossing the Altai are transformed in different ways, which lead to a large variety in the mesoclimate and regional Responsible Editor: A. P. Dimri.

The summer is rather short and hot; the major atmospheric circulation systems influencing Central and South-Eastern Asia barely touch and never dominate the region.


Over time, following demonstrated residents' collaboration and demand for their solution, both the OPP and the Indian Alliance were successful in securing the kinds of political support required to scale up these efforts. In neither case was this support immediately forthcoming. In both cases coproduction developed incrementally and iteratively as initial explorations convinced doubters and helped to secure and consolidate support among both politicians and officials. This resulted in the deepening and widening of the initiative. Senior figures acknowledge the importance of the political momentum that developed, and the way it engaged both elites and local politicians. In terms of the scaling of these initiatives beyond the city in which they developed, there are varied experiences. In India, lower densities enable more options and have led to alternative solutions being developed for other urban centers. In Pakistan, initial attempts at replication struggled in part due to the difficulties of establishing initiatives in context that lacked the gradient of Orangi. These have been overcome with time with further technical innovations and supported by the evident success achieved by the approach in Karachi, and the approach has now been accepted in national policy (Pervaiz et al., 2008) .

These have been overcome with time with further technical innovations and supported by the evident success achieved by the approach in Karachi, and the approach has now been accepted in national policy.


The MUCIA project for ATS instructors (MUCIA, n.d.) provided for workshops offered to ATS instructors in Upper Egypt. Workshop leaders from the MUCIA team prepared the workshop materials and activities and then delivered the workshop to university faculty. Those faculty, in turn, taught the ATS instructors throughout the region. In order to provide evaluation feedback to the funding agency and to identify changes to be made in subsequent workshops, workshops should be evaluated (Ayers, 1989) . Workshop evaluations should provide guidance to develop short-term learning experiences for the participants, encourage and utilize active learning, and meet the needs of the learners (Myers & Roberts, 2004) .

In order to provide evaluation feedback to the funding agency and to identify changes to be made in subsequent workshops, workshops should be evaluated.

Workshop evaluations should provide guidance to develop short-term learning experiences for the participants, encourage and utilize active learning, and meet the needs of the learners.


This paper reports on the first combined SOC/SOH estimator for electrochemical battery models. The adaptive observer utilizes concepts from PDE estimation and adaptive control theory to generate various new concepts for battery systems and control. These are summarized by four key ideas: First, a backstepping PDE state estimator is designed in previous work [20] . Second, a Padé approximation of the transfer function for lithium diffusion is used to identify the diffusion coefficient. Third, parameter sensitivity analysis is applied to elucidate the linear dependence between physically meaningful parameters related to capacity and power fade. Fourth, an adaptive output function inversion technique enables linear state estimation designs. Finally, we present simulations which demonstrate how the adaptive observer successfully identifies the states and parameters from measurements of voltage and current, only. The composition of these unique ideas provides a combined SOC/SOH estimation algorithm for battery systems using electrochemical models.

These are summarized by four key ideas: First, a backstepping PDE state estimator is designed in previous work.


Monitoring battery SOC and SOH is particularly challenging for several technical reasons. First, directly measuring Li concentration or physical examination of cell components is impractical outside specialized laboratory environments [3, 4] . Second, the dynamics are governed by partial differential algebraic equations derived from electrochemical principles [5] . The only measurable quantities (voltage and current) are related to the states through boundary values. Finally, the model's parameters vary widely with electrode chemistry, packaging, and time. In this paper we directly address these technical challenges. Namely, we design an adaptive observer using a reduced-form PDE model based upon electrochemical principles. As such, the algorithm estimates physical variables directly related SOC and SOH, a first to the authors' knowledge.

First, directly measuring Li concentration or physical examination of cell components is impractical outside specialized laboratory environments.

Second, the dynamics are governed by partial differential algebraic equations derived from electrochemical principles.


Accurate battery SOC estimation algorithms are currently of extreme importance due to their applications in electrified transportation and energy storage systems for renewable sources. The relevancy of this topic is further underscored by the 27.2 billion USD federal government investment in energy efficiency and renewable energy research, including advanced batteries, under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. As such, battery management systems within these advanced transportation and energy infrastructures must have accurate knowledge of internal battery energy levels [1] . Such knowledge enables them to efficiently route energy while satisfying power demands and device-level operating constraints [2] .

As such, battery management systems within these advanced transportation and energy infrastructures must have accurate knowledge of internal battery energy levels.

Such knowledge enables them to efficiently route energy while satisfying power demands and device-level operating constraints.


Today, fuels derived from crude oil such as alcohols and biodiesel have been the major source of the world's energy as well as transportation sector due to environmental and energy concerns [1] [2] [3] [4] . The fuel properties of biodiesel may be changed when different feedstocks are used. If the fuel properties of biodiesel are compared to petroleum diesel fuel, it can be seen that biodiesel has higher viscosity, density, pour point, flash point and cetane number, near-zero aromatic compound, and no sulphur link [5] . Biodiesel fuel has many effects on diesel engine performance. There has been a lot of research on the regulated performance characteristics of diesel engines with biodiesel/diesel blends.

Today, fuels derived from crude oil such as alcohols and biodiesel have been the major source of the world's energy as well as transportation sector due to environmental and energy concerns.

If the fuel properties of biodiesel are compared to petroleum diesel fuel, it can be seen that biodiesel has higher viscosity, density, pour point, flash point and cetane number, near-zero aromatic compound, and no sulphur link.


Future work will include incorporating DM and WFS camera code into the Simulink model to drive the experimental system from Simulink. Additionally, the adaptive algorithms will be compared in the presence of a thick aberrator provided by the two-SLM system and while moving the second SLM in and out of pupil as described in Section 3. Comparisons will be made both in simulation and experiment to the performance of UCLA's multichannel lattice filter. In addition, the LMS algorithm will be compared to the Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm. RLS is similar to LMS, but includes past data in the cost function by introducing a forgetting factor, which weights the most recent data the most heavily. This method converges faster than the LMS method and leads to smaller steady state error, but is more computationally intensive [10] .

This method converges faster than the LMS method and leads to smaller steady state error, but is more computationally intensive.


The accumulation of IC and knowledge creation is closely related (Rezgui, 2007; Lin et al., 2008) . IC is generated via systematic integration of knowledge. It is particularly so for the banks, because the knowledge required for banking operations is more complex than in most industries. The elements of highly regulated, risky, volatile, and market sensitive are inherent in banking operations. Such knowledge is known for their diversity and abstractness. From the selection of the management team, the development of professional skills of employees, nurturing of the creativity of employees, accumulation of innovative and creative capabilities, screening of customer groups, management of customers' loyalty, and the management of trademarks and brands to develop and manage strategic partners, all sources of enterprise value through the creation and management of corporate knowledge. This paper examines the empirical studies on knowledge creation and IC to generalize the important factors concerning knowledge creation and IC of banks. The major purpose is to explore the relationship between knowledge creation and IC through the construction of the correlation patterns between these two elements. In addition, this paper also aims to examine the relationships between human capital, structural capital, and customer capital. With the deployment of the correlation patterns between knowledge creation and IC, this paper hopes to provide practical suggestions for the reference of the management of domestic banks.

The accumulation of IC and knowledge creation is closely related.


Non-protein bound iron (NPBI) in the reduced form is a powerful promoter of free radical damage and highly toxic to biological systems, resulting in oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA [1] . Iron toxicity is prevented because iron is tightly bound to circulating and intracellular proteins. Most of the body's iron is found intracellularly bound to ferritin, capable of storing up to 4500 iron (FeIII) atoms/ferritin molecule, haemosiderin or haem, and extracellularly attached to high-tissues for normal metabolic activities [2,2a] . Its strong reducing potential makes vitamin C an efficient free radical scavenger; however, because it can also reduce and then activate iron, it can act as a double-edge sword. Oxidation of vitamin C produces dehydroascorbic acid which, however, can be recycled back to reduced vitamin C (ascorbic acid) via dehydroascorbate reductase. Binding of iron to transport proteins can only occur when the iron is in the oxidized (ferric, Fe 3+ ) form, whereas reduced (ferrous, Fe 2+ ) iron is a highly reactive ion which catalyses the formation of the hydroxyl radical from H 2 O 2 [2, 3] .

Non-protein bound iron (NPBI) in the reduced form is a powerful promoter of free radical damage and highly toxic to biological systems, resulting in oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA.

Binding of iron to transport proteins can only occur when the iron is in the oxidized (ferric, Fe 3+ ) form, whereas reduced (ferrous, Fe 2+ ) iron is a highly reactive ion which catalyses the formation of the hydroxyl radical from H 2 O 2.


Recent work on compilers for dataflow-like architectures is similar to TRIPS [6, 7, 11] . The most closely related is the CASH compiler that targets a substrate called ASH, for application-specific hardware. Like the TRIPS compiler, CASH's Pegasus intermediate representation targets a predicated hyperblock form translated into an internal SSA representation, compiling small C and FORTRAN programs. Many of the instruction-level transformations, using Pegasus, are applicable to TRIPS blocks. Two major differences between the TRIPS and CASH compilers are the hardware targets and the block restrictions. The CASH compiler targets a hardware synthesis tool flow, whereas the TRIPS compiler targets a specified ISA running on a fixed microarchitecture. Therefore, the CASH compiler can produce mostly unconstrained blocks, except for chip area constraints. The difference between unbounded graphs for a co-designed substrate (Pegasus/ASH) versus limited graphs for a fixed substrate (EDGE ISAs) dramatically changes the compilation problem.

Recent work on compilers for dataflow-like architectures is similar to TRIPS.


The work on TRIPS blocks builds on previous work on compiling predicated hyperblocks for VLIW machines [22, 23, 27] . VLIW architectures build hyperblocks to maximize exposure of independent instructions for long-word packing. When forming hyperblocks, VLIW compilers scrutinize dependence height in less-frequently-accessed basic blocks, since that height puts a lower bound on the VLIW schedule. TRIPS blocks differ in two ways: first, the four block restrictions limit the hyperblocks that can legally be formed; second, while both classes of architectures want hyperblocks to be full of many useful, independent instructions, dependence height is a non-issue for TRIPS blocks, since blocks can be committed and deallocated as soon as all of their outputs are received, regardless of what is happening down other predicate paths in the block.

The work on TRIPS blocks builds on previous work on compiling predicated hyperblocks for VLIW machines.


FGM/C is mainly performed in 28 countries in subSaharan Africa and in parts of the Middle East and Asia. However, FGM/C is also found in Europe, Australia, and the USA, to where migrants brought their culture. The origin of FGM/C is unclear, but this practice has been surrounded with a complex symbolic meaning. In many societies, FGM/C has become the physical proof that confirms that a girl has been initiated through a rite of passage to adulthood, confirming her femininity and ensuring that she has received all the necessary teachings to be worthy to belong in the community. Those who defend FGM/C perpetuation argue that it is critical to preserve ethnic and gender identity, protect femininity, ensure purity and virginity, guarantee the "family's honour", assure marriageability, and maintain cleanliness and health [9, 10] . FGM/C is considered as a critical component of the process of socialisation and essential in the distinction between sexes as necessary opposites in the community, and it is linked with the two fundamental values that shape African life: sense of community and sex complementarity [11] .

Those who defend FGM/C perpetuation argue that it is critical to preserve ethnic and gender identity, protect femininity, ensure purity and virginity, guarantee the "family's honour", assure marriageability, and maintain cleanliness and health.

FGM/C is considered as a critical component of the process of socialisation and essential in the distinction between sexes as necessary opposites in the community, and it is linked with the two fundamental values that shape African life: sense of community and sex complementarity.


The sensors are the basic instruments of the structural health monitoring system, while the measurements of sensors are the necessary information for estimating the structural safety. However, the operation duration of a sensor is limited and the sensor measurements may be abnormal because of sensor failure or environmental influences [1] . The technique for reconstructing the sensor information should be developed as a result, which can ensure saving the complete monitoring information for structural safety estimation. The monitoring information is diverse in the different measured locations and the different types of structural responses, which are correlated with each other to some extent [2] . That is to say, it is necessary to reconstruct the information for the failure sensor using the effective correlation model between the failure sensor and the other normal sensors.

However, the operation duration of a sensor is limited and the sensor measurements may be abnormal because of sensor failure or environmental influences.

The monitoring information is diverse in the different measured locations and the different types of structural responses, which are correlated with each other to some extent.


It is known that there exists a hierarchy in the class of homogeneous cosmological models dictated by the dimensionality of isometry groups acting on constant time hypersurfaces [15, 16] . This was in fact the strongest argument supporting the claim that mixmaster models represent a generic dynamical regime near the cosmological singularity [2, 16] . We shall explore in this paper how this structure is reflected in the property of algebraic integrability in the class of homogeneous anisotropic cosmological models.

It is known that there exists a hierarchy in the class of homogeneous cosmological models dictated by the dimensionality of isometry groups acting on constant time hypersurfaces.

This was in fact the strongest argument supporting the claim that mixmaster models represent a generic dynamical regime near the cosmological singularity.


The education sector has been an early adopter in the world, continually pushing the capabilities of the network and its applications. Internet has grown from an exclusive environment populated by technophiles and a typical communication tool and information delivery. Internet became a suitable tool to support various activities of universities, ranging from research on teaching of routine administrative tasks (Bell, 2000) . In a recent study, "The digital divide: views of Hispanic college students on the educational use of Internet", authors expressed concern about the emergence of a digital divide between majority and minority groups. The researchers surveyed 226 students of first year Hispanic college students enrolled in an intensive course of doctrinal in the southwest, to ask questions about their attitude towards the use of Internet and technology applications. Statistically differences are found between the attitudes of men and women. The differences in attitude are also experimental in terms of their original language. That's one of those who speak English and Spanish at home, the difference found between the first generation and not first-generation college students (Fornell & Larcker, 1987) . Almost all students at various levels have certain experiences of using the Internet. With the wide application of teaching Internet-based learning, these students may have more and richer learning environments based on Internet. However, studies on the fundamental nature of student use of Internet have not kept pace with their Internet use (Metzger et al., 2003) . Good performance of university students using the Internet in education encourages students to contact teachers, encourage cooperation among students, encourages active learning, gives feedback of time, emphasizes time on task, expectations of positive communication and respects diverse talents and ways of learning (Applebome, 1999) .

Internet became a suitable tool to support various activities of universities, ranging from research on teaching of routine administrative tasks.

That's one of those who speak English and Spanish at home, the difference found between the first generation and not first-generation college students.

However, studies on the fundamental nature of student use of Internet have not kept pace with their Internet use.

Good performance of university students using the Internet in education encourages students to contact teachers, encourage cooperation among students, encourages active learning, gives feedback of time, emphasizes time on task, expectations of positive communication and respects diverse talents and ways of learning.