Recently, another numerical method is developed to retrieve the polarizability tensors of general bianisotropic particles [12] . It directly calculates the induced dipole moments of an excited scatterer and does not require complicated calculations and harmonic expansions. In this method, one probes the scattered far-fields of an excited particle and relates them to the radiation effects of a pair of electric and magnetic dipole moments. This method is based on the assumption of predominantly dipolar resonances and neglecting higher order multipoles. Therefore, if higher order multipoles of the scatterer are comparable to its dipolar terms, this method gives wrong results.

Recently, another numerical method is developed to retrieve the polarizability tensors of general bianisotropic particles.


The electromagnetic response of composite materials, including metamaterials, mainly depends on two important factors: 1) the properties of their "constituent elements" † and 2) the manner in which these elements are arranged together. The latter determines the interaction effects between the elements while the former demonstrates the general response of elements. Indeed, the electromagnetic behaviour of the constituent elements may be described by the polarizability tensors [1] . Polarizability tensors determine the relation between the induced dipole moments and the external electromagnetic field excitation for a particle with linear response to the fields [2] . We may sufficiently explain the electromagnetic behaviour of many small particles by their dipolar moments or equivalently their polarizability tensors. Therefore, various analytical and numerical approaches have been employed to calculate the polarizability tensors of different particles [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .

Indeed, the electromagnetic behaviour of the constituent elements may be described by the polarizability tensors.

Polarizability tensors determine the relation between the induced dipole moments and the external electromagnetic field excitation for a particle with linear response to the fields.

Therefore, various analytical and numerical approaches have been employed to calculate the polarizability tensors of different particles.


We have implemented some elementary ideas leading to various existence results for the Cauchy problem for all s and y, as a replacement for the typical Lipschitz requirement to have existence of solutions. This variational approach also allows for a direct treatment of the numerical approximation of solutions. Its flexibility in accommodating additional constraints on the numerical schemes is most remarkable. We have found that procedures with prescribed qualitative properties can be directly implemented. For example, bounded, positive, monotone, convex, periodic schemes can be examined from this perspective. We plan to do so in a forthcoming work. Variable step size algorithms can be constructed as well. In some cases, classical implicit Runge-Kutta schemes can be recovered [5] .

We plan to do so in a forthcoming work.

In some cases, classical implicit Runge-Kutta schemes can be recovered.


Larvae at this developmental stage typically show avoidance behavior of conspecifics. Larvae at 7 dpf have no social preference for being near each other [14] [15] . Shoaling behaviors develop later [16] . We know that older zebrafish (i.e. juveniles and adults) spend most of their time in cohesive groups (or shoals). Shoaling does not imply that there is a synchronization of swimming directions, only that there is aggregation of individuals.

Larvae at 7 dpf have no social preference for being near each other.

Shoaling behaviors develop later.


In the validation of FRESCO and ESA L2 cloud heights using the Cloudnet data, we are mainly focusing on the scenes having effective cloud fractions larger than 0.1. This criterion is necessary because the ESA L2 cloud top heights are often not retrieved for scenes having an effective cloud fraction smaller than 0.1. The ESA L2 cloud product provides flags in bits for the quality of the SACURA retrievals, which can be interpreted in the following categories: (1) full convergence, (2) number of iterations exceeded, (3) cloud layer size set to constraint, (4) cloud bottom height set to constraint, (5) cloud top height set to constraint, and (6) no convergence. If the algorithm does not converge, the cloud top height is a filled value (−99.9). If the ESA L2 cloud fraction is 0, cloud top height is also 0. For the retrievals having flags of 1-5, the cloud top heights are provided in a range of 1-17 km. The full convergence retrievals have an error of 0.25 km for cloud top height, while the retrievals with constraints have an error of 0.5 km (Meringer, 2010) . Because we would like to evaluate the quality of the complete cloud top height product, we use all the ESA L2 cloud top heights between 1 and 17 km which means the data having flags 1-5 are used.

The full convergence retrievals have an error of 0.25 km for cloud top height, while the retrievals with constraints have an error of 0.5 km.


For every SCIAMACHY pixel covering Cabauw or Lindenberg, 1 h of Cloudnet target classification data, centered at the SCIAMACHY overpass time (±30 min), is selected as collocated data. Thus, for every cloud height measurement from SCIAMACHY there are about 240 (temporal) × 126 (vertical) radar/lidar backscatter pixels at Cabauw and 120 (temporal) × 450 (vertical) radar/lidar backscatter pixels at Lindenberg, which are classified as one of the 10 categories or clear-sky. The categories "ice" and "cloud droplets only" are used to determine ice and water clouds (see Fig. 1 ). The categories with "drizzle" and "rain" usually occur at the cloud base, so they have no impact on the SCIAMACHY cloud retrievals. The cloud radars at Cabauw and Lindenberg are operated at 35 GHz. Only in heavy rain can the sensitivity of the cloud radars to high clouds be affected (Illingworth et al., 2007) . Therefore, the cases with precipitation are included in the validation data set. The radars can miss some high clouds with optical thickness of less than 0.1. This has no impact on the intercomparison because these thin clouds cannot be observed properly by SCIAMACHY.

Only in heavy rain can the sensitivity of the cloud radars to high clouds be affected.


Basic Surveys: To create a basic survey, a survey author simply lists questions and possible answers in a sequence of rows. When the survey is deployed, all questions are presented in a random order, and the order of all answers is also randomized. Figure 2 : An example survey written using the SURVEYMAN domain-specific language, adapted from Ipeirotis [16] . For clarity, a horizontal line separates each question, and a double horizontal line separates distinct blocks, which optionally define a partial order: all questions in block i appear in random order before questions in blocks j > i. When blocks are not specified, all questions may appear in a random order. This relaxed ordering enables SURVEYMAN's error analyses.

Figure 2 : An example survey written using the SURVEYMAN domain-specific language, adapted from Ipeirotis.


Among elements, nitrogen (N) has one of the most complex biogeochemical cycles. It is mostly affected by human activities both directly and indirectly, resulting in altered concentration, distribution, and flux of reduced and oxidized N species . Anthropogenic emissions of reactive N compounds have a direct and manifold impact on the N cycle. The released compounds undergo numerous sequences of transformations in the atmosphere and water as well as soil ecosystems until they are immobilized or denitrified to nitrogen gas (N 2 ); this system of processes is termed as N cascade (Galloway et al. 2003) . The indirect impact of human activities further complicates the cycle of N species through affecting metabolic processes of animals, plants, and a large variety of microorganisms. Depending on the lifetime of various N compounds, from an hour to a hundred years, their environmental impacts can range from local direct damage to climate change (Galloway et al. 2003; Moldanová et al. 2011) .

The released compounds undergo numerous sequences of transformations in the atmosphere and water as well as soil ecosystems until they are immobilized or denitrified to nitrogen gas (N 2 ); this system of processes is termed as N cascade.

Depending on the lifetime of various N compounds, from an hour to a hundred years, their environmental impacts can range from local direct damage to climate change.


Several N compounds (e.g., nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), nitric acid vapor (HNO 3 ), ammonium (NH 4 + ), and nitrate (NO 3 − ) ions in fine and coarse mode of particle phase) have only negative flux (deposition) from atmosphere to the ecosystems, i.e., they are not released by soil and vegetation (Watt et al. 2004; Wesely and Hicks 2000) . Atmospheric gases and particles are deposited in two ways to the surfaces, partly by precipitation (wet deposition) during cloud formation and below-cloud scavenging and partly by turbulent flux onto the plants and soil surface (dry deposition) (Erisman et al. 2005) . In general, the rate of dry and wet deposition in grasslands is in the same magnitude in Hungary (Kugler et al. 2008; Machon et al. 2011) .

Several N compounds (e.g., nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), nitric acid vapor (HNO 3 ), ammonium (NH 4 + ), and nitrate (NO 3 − ) ions in fine and coarse mode of particle phase) have only negative flux (deposition) from atmosphere to the ecosystems, i.e., they are not released by soil and vegetation.

Atmospheric gases and particles are deposited in two ways to the surfaces, partly by precipitation (wet deposition) during cloud formation and below-cloud scavenging and partly by turbulent flux onto the plants and soil surface (dry deposition).

In general, the rate of dry and wet deposition in grasslands is in the same magnitude in Hungary.


In such a lack of a sense of presence, users cannot fully apply their expertise and domain knowledge to making a confident spatial decision. Expensive field studies are frequently employed. Therefore, growing interest has been observed in applying 3D maps for urban visual analytics [6, 7] .

Therefore, growing interest has been observed in applying 3D maps for urban visual analytics.


Depression is an important public health issue. By 2030, it is expected that depression will be one of the third disorders contributing to the universal disease burden (Mathers and Loncar 2006) . According to the current World Health Organization (WHO) estimation, the number of people suffering from depressive disorders worldwide is 350 million. In addition, WHO predicts that depression will be the second civilization disorder producing incapacity by 2020.

By 2030, it is expected that depression will be one of the third disorders contributing to the universal disease burden.


It has been reported by several studies that caffeine has motor-stimulating effect (Nehlig et al. 1992) . However, caffeine in the present study failed to induce any improvement in the deficits of motor activity induced by reserpine. This could be attributed to the tolerance of motor stimulation that has been observed with the chronic treatment of caffeine (Holtzman and Finn 1988; Karcz-Kubicha et al. 2003; Svenningsson et al. 1999) . Caffeine induced a dose-dependent anxiogenic effect in rats as evident from the reduced rears and ambulation, and the increased immobility and defecation in the open-field test, and the increased number of entries and stay duration in the closed arms of the elevated plus-maze (Bhattacharya et al. 1997) . Therefore, the inability of caffeine to restore the decrease in motor activity induced by reserpine, in the present study, may be attributed to the development of tolerance to the reported motor stimulant effect of caffeine on the one hand and the anxiogenic effect arising from the blocking of adenosine receptors (A 1 and A 2 ) on the other hand.

It has been reported by several studies that caffeine has motor-stimulating effect.

This could be attributed to the tolerance of motor stimulation that has been observed with the chronic treatment of caffeine.

Caffeine induced a dose-dependent anxiogenic effect in rats as evident from the reduced rears and ambulation, and the increased immobility and defecation in the open-field test, and the increased number of entries and stay duration in the closed arms of the elevated plus-maze.


We interpret the study findings bearing in mind some limitations. Unlike previous studies which mostly used the education level of the household head, our measure of education was the average years of schooling which captures the human capital of a household. One issue with this approach is reverse causality whereby educational attainment within the household is also a result of household wealth and food security (Filmer and Pritchett 1999; Belachew et al. 2011) . While this is true, about 85 % of the population surveyed was aged below 39 years with about 50 % of the population aged between 15 and 29 years. This implies that most of the households are young and are most likely to have young children. Our educational attainment indicator included individuals aged 18 years and above, minimizing the effects of reverse causality. Data on household incomes and expenditures, which may be better measures of household wealth than the asset and amenities index were not available. Moreover, though individuals were mainly in informal settlements, information on employment was not available. In this study we controlled for the household wealth index score, a proxy measure for wealth status, to minimize any nuances that could be attributed to income and employment. The longitudinal nature of the data, large sample size as well the analytical approach adopted are strengths of the study.

One issue with this approach is reverse causality whereby educational attainment within the household is also a result of household wealth and food security.


The mechanisms through which education influences food security differ, depending on the context, including urban versus rural. In the rural context, education influences food security through access to information on best agricultural production, nutrition and sanitation; increased efficiency, hence increased production and better decision making as well as the pride that comes with education (De Muro and Burchi 2007; Bashir and Schilizzi 2013) . While these mechanisms may also apply among urban households, the pathways differ. In the urban context, the effect of education is through proxies such as employment, household income and decision making. These proxies have effects on the access, utilization and availability dimensions of food security. Increased years of schooling are associated with better employment opportunities, working efficiency, better decision making and increased disposable income (Bashir and Schilizzi 2013; Gebre 2012) . It is estimated that 90 % of the food consumed by the urban population is purchased and that poor households spend more than 50 % of their income on food and are more vulnerable to food price increases (Ruel and Garrett 2004; FAO et al. 2012) . Given this, individuals and households with higher levels of education can be said to be more likely to be food secure because of their increased purchasing power (Bashir and Schilizzi 2013) . While this is true, labour participation among the urban poor is mainly in the informal sector with returns that can barely meet their daily needs. For instance, in Nairobi's informal settlements, the main source of income is employment with 52 % of the persons aged above 18 years either in fulltime salaried employment or in casual employment but 27 % are economically inactive (Emina et al. 2011) .

In the rural context, education influences food security through access to information on best agricultural production, nutrition and sanitation; increased efficiency, hence increased production and better decision making as well as the pride that comes with education.

Increased years of schooling are associated with better employment opportunities, working efficiency, better decision making and increased disposable income.

It is estimated that 90 % of the food consumed by the urban population is purchased and that poor households spend more than 50 % of their income on food and are more vulnerable to food price increases.

Given this, individuals and households with higher levels of education can be said to be more likely to be food secure because of their increased purchasing power.

For instance, in Nairobi's informal settlements, the main source of income is employment with 52 % of the persons aged above 18 years either in fulltime salaried employment or in casual employment but 27 % are economically inactive.


Much of the research evidence on the effect of education on food security is based on rural populations. The existing evidence points to a two way causal relationship between food security and education (Headey 2013) . First, food security has an effect on education and health. Food insecurity, especially during the early years of growth, leads to malnutrition among children; malnutrition is associated with poor cognitive growth and low educational achievement and the effects may extend to later life (Black et al. 2013) . Secondly, and the focus of this study, is the effect of education on food security among the urban poor. The human capital theories posit that human capital is a major determinant of production and later life chances of success e.g. employment and earnings (Becker 1964) . These theories postulate that education, a measure of human capital, is associated with both productivity and efficiency. Education has direct and wider returns to individual and immediate members of their family and society at large in terms of increased income, improved health and better decision making (McMahon 2009; Psacharopoulos and Woodhall 1997) . Education is indeed considered a key determinant of social mobility, by moving individuals and households out of poverty.

The existing evidence points to a two way causal relationship between food security and education.

Food insecurity, especially during the early years of growth, leads to malnutrition among children; malnutrition is associated with poor cognitive growth and low educational achievement and the effects may extend to later life.

The human capital theories posit that human capital is a major determinant of production and later life chances of success e.g. employment and earnings.

Education has direct and wider returns to individual and immediate members of their family and society at large in terms of increased income, improved health and better decision making.


Regional aspects are present in the aspects analyzed. Thus, the fourth hypothesis was confirmed. We may state that these two aspects (partnership and timeliness) are more present in companies located in Asian countries than in companies located in Western countries. Probably the lean philosophy is a powerful explanation in the case of Japanese companies. Also, supply chain configuration, such as the Japanese Keiretsu or the Korean Chaebol, may create trust between partners (Narasimhan & Kim, 2002) . For the Chinese companies, Guanxi regarding favors, obligations and preferential treatment is a possible cause of trust-based relationships (Lee & Dawes, 2005) . Western companies may make use of contracts and other safeguards to develop supply chain relationships but they do not evolve into trust-based relationships.

Also, supply chain configuration, such as the Japanese Keiretsu or the Korean Chaebol, may create trust between partners.

For the Chinese companies, Guanxi regarding favors, obligations and preferential treatment is a possible cause of trust-based relationships.


The field of service robotics is growing rapidly due to the increasing need of automation, safety and time saving. Robotic systems are mainly deployed in industry and nowadays we see robot applications s for healthcare or home usage too [1] , [2] . A special effort is devoted to design and development of robotic systems for independent living of elderly people [3] , [4] .

Robotic systems are mainly deployed in industry and nowadays we see robot applications s for healthcare or home usage too.

A special effort is devoted to design and development of robotic systems for independent living of elderly people.


To enable human-robot speech communication, a several technologies, which can be labeled as "speech technologies", need to be involved. The automatic speech recognition together with text-to-speech synthesis is the most important. But mentioned technologies alone are not enough for successful human-robot interaction. Some dialogue logic need to be integrated which will be able to hold information about dialogue state and will decide about next step in the interaction (next dialogue state). Previous sentence is the definition of dialogue management technology, which creates a core of spoken dialogue systems [5] . To close the communication ring of human-machine interaction, natural language understanding and generation technologies should be mentioned too.

Previous sentence is the definition of dialogue management technology, which creates a core of spoken dialogue systems.


The quality factor decreased with increasing stirrer height; therefore, the number of excited modes increased as shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The ability of an RC to store energy is determined by the losses present in the RC. The dominant losses in an empty RC are the RC walls [14] . However, the dominant losses in an RC with a stirrer increased in the RC wall, the stirrers, the gear box with motor for revolving the stirrer, the supporting structure for the stirrer, etc. Thus, the quality factor was on the decrease with increasing stirrer height because losses in an RC increased in the stirrers. The number of excited modes is influenced the quality factor as well as the tested frequency, as described by Eq. (2). The frequency can influence to the number and density of the modes increases. The frequency is increased the number and density of the modes increases. This means that high frequency is a useful way to generate electric field uniformity.

The dominant losses in an empty RC are the RC walls.


Study 2 further showed that expecting to enter an interaction during which one would hide a devalued identity lowered feelings of belonging because it limited the extent to which participants anticipated they would be able to be authentic, or true to themselves. This was the case despite the fact that, contrary to hiding, revealing a stigmatized identity directs attention to only one aspect of oneself, and often an aspect that one does not find central to one's identity. From external observers' perspective, hiding a devalued identity resulted in interactions lacking in belonging and acceptance because hiding lead participants to selfdisclose less-behavior that encourages rejection (Herek, 1996) . Notably, these effects emerged despite the external observers being blind 8 Interrater reliability for confederate talk time may be lower than for other duration measures because the camera was focused on the participant and away from the confederate.

From external observers' perspective, hiding a devalued identity resulted in interactions lacking in belonging and acceptance because hiding lead participants to selfdisclose less-behavior that encourages rejection.


In summary, in the present work we examined the interpersonal consequences of hiding (vs. revealing) a stigmatized identity. Individuals who are motivated to avoid rejection are less likely to reveal their concealable stigmatized identities (Garcia & Crocker, 2008) . Ironically, however, the very act of hiding one's stigmatized identity from an interaction partner is hypothesized to increase feelings of rejection. We tested these hypothesized processes across four studies. First, in Studies 1a and 1b, we sought to demonstrate that individuals living with a variety of different concealable stigmatized identities (i.e., LGBT identity; a history of mental illness; a history of physical illness not directly visible to others; and poverty) would report that they would choose to hide (rather than reveal) their identity during social interactions, and believe that revealing the identity would have negative interpersonal consequences. The aim of Studies 2 and 3 was to demonstrate that these anticipated interpersonal consequences of revealing (vs. hiding) a devalued identity are not borne out during actual face-to-face social interactions. In particular, in Study 2 we sought to show that feelings of inauthenticity and reduced general self-disclosure mediate the effects of hiding (vs. revealing) a contextually devalued identity on lack of belonging and social rejection, and that the consequences of hiding (vs. revealing) can be detected both by the stigmatized individuals themselves and by external observers. In Study 3, we examined social interactions between stigmatized and non-stigmatized participants (specifically, participants with and without a history of mental illness), seeking to demonstrate that non-stigmatized participants experience reduced levels of intimacy during the interaction when their partner hides (vs. reveals) their history of mental illness. Focusing on a variety of different research paradigms, stigmatized identities, and participant samples, these four studies converge to demonstrate that although individuals living with concealable stigmatized identities expect to benefit from hiding their devalued identities from interaction partners (Studies 1a and 1b), this expectation may be too optimistic, and, ironically, the act of hiding has a negative impact on social interactions (Studies 2 and 3).

Individuals who are motivated to avoid rejection are less likely to reveal their concealable stigmatized identities.


Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute bronchitis and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ECOPD) are the most prevalent, the most frequently fatal and the most expensive infectious diseases in western countries [1] [2] [3] . Inpatient management is approximately 8 to 20 times more expensive than outpatient treatment, but is preferred by many patients and physicians [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Hence, safely reducing the number of inpatient days and encouraging outpatient treatment improves the quality of care and is cost-effective [7] . Current guidelines recommend to hospitalize patients with an increased risk for adverse medical outcome and to discharge patients as soon as clinical stabilization is documented [9] [10] [11] . For this purpose, the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) is a well validated prediction tool based on age and medical factors to identify patients at low risk for 30-day mortality and thus suitable for outpatient management [12, 13] . However, despite recommendation of this prediction tool by professional organizations, in daily practice low risk patients are often treated as inpatients [8] . Obviously, other factors than evidence-based medical parameters embedded in the PSI -such as nursing and organizational factors, preferences and beliefs of patients and their relativesstrongly influence the rate of hospital admissions and the duration of hospital stays [14, 15] . Smaller, previous studies have shown that patients' and relatives' preferences for site of care are important and are influenced by beliefs about safety (fear of rapid deterioration at home or acquiring an infection in hospital), family burden, access to support, or confidence in home-care services [14] [15] [16] . Still, the complex interplay of different perceptions towards outpatient management and the impact on site-of-care decisions and length of hospital stay remains largely unknown.

Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute bronchitis and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ECOPD) are the most prevalent, the most frequently fatal and the most expensive infectious diseases in western countries.

Inpatient management is approximately 8 to 20 times more expensive than outpatient treatment, but is preferred by many patients and physicians.

Hence, safely reducing the number of inpatient days and encouraging outpatient treatment improves the quality of care and is cost-effective.

Current guidelines recommend to hospitalize patients with an increased risk for adverse medical outcome and to discharge patients as soon as clinical stabilization is documented.

For this purpose, the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) is a well validated prediction tool based on age and medical factors to identify patients at low risk for 30-day mortality and thus suitable for outpatient management.

However, despite recommendation of this prediction tool by professional organizations, in daily practice low risk patients are often treated as inpatients.

Obviously, other factors than evidence-based medical parameters embedded in the PSI -such as nursing and organizational factors, preferences and beliefs of patients and their relativesstrongly influence the rate of hospital admissions and the duration of hospital stays.

Smaller, previous studies have shown that patients' and relatives' preferences for site of care are important and are influenced by beliefs about safety (fear of rapid deterioration at home or acquiring an infection in hospital), family burden, access to support, or confidence in home-care services.


In the greenhouse, a significant increase with salinity in whole-leaf and spongy parenchyma thickness was similar to that found in the halophyte Jaumea carnosa (St. Omer and Schlesinger, 1980) . In this study, no significant differences due to treatment were found in cuticle thickness, in contrast to plants of N. glauca subjected to repeated cycles of water deficit, in which deposition of epicuticular wax increased 2.5 times (Cameron et al., 2006) . In the present investigation, such increase may have been unnoticed because of the low resolution at which tissue thickness was measured, or because only one water deficit cycle was done.

In the greenhouse, a significant increase with salinity in whole-leaf and spongy parenchyma thickness was similar to that found in the halophyte Jaumea carnosa.

In this study, no significant differences due to treatment were found in cuticle thickness, in contrast to plants of N. glauca subjected to repeated cycles of water deficit, in which deposition of epicuticular wax increased 2.5 times.


The original intention of the CCFP was to reduce flooding and soil erosion; however the program was revised after a few years of operation to emphasize the improvement of rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation, in line with the emerging focus of the national poverty reduction strategy [10] [11] [12] . The CCFP can thus be conceptualized as an afforestation program or a large-scale forest Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) scheme with a compensatory approach towards upstream areas inhabited by economically less-advantaged populations, who play a key role in providing downstream users with forest ecosystem services. The scheme represents an important monetary compensation from both central and local governments to these upstream smallholders.

The original intention of the CCFP was to reduce flooding and soil erosion; however the program was revised after a few years of operation to emphasize the improvement of rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation, in line with the emerging focus of the national poverty reduction strategy.


Since the CCFP's inception, compensating smallholders for the opportunity cost of converting their sloping cropland into forest has been the core operational mechanism of the program. At the beginning of the program, compensations included a one-time payment for the purchase of saplings or seeds, an annual living allowance paid per unit area of cropland enrolled, and an annual grain/cash subsidy (with different amounts for households in the Yangtze River watershed and the Yellow River watershed regions b ) [9, 13] . The payment period of this three-tiered compensation system also depends on the type of land-use to be established, with two years of payments provided for converting cropland into grasslands c , five years for converting cropland into forests of 'economic trees' (trees with direct economic returns) and eight years for converting cropland into forests of 'ecological trees' (trees with higher use restrictions). Program participants are paid conditionally upon maintaining a treesurvival rate higher than a minimum set at between 70% and 85%, depending on local criteria, which is verified by annual site inspections [13] .

At the beginning of the program, compensations included a one-time payment for the purchase of saplings or seeds, an annual living allowance paid per unit area of cropland enrolled, and an annual grain/cash subsidy (with different amounts for households in the Yangtze River watershed and the Yellow River watershed regions b ).

Program participants are paid conditionally upon maintaining a treesurvival rate higher than a minimum set at between 70% and 85%, depending on local criteria, which is verified by annual site inspections.


A significant interaction was found between pre-soaking treatments and incubation temperature. The highest germination percentage (82%) occurred when the seeds soaked in 100 mg L -1 GA3 solution for 30 min and incubated at 20 °C constant temperature. This observation indicates that GA3 can be used for the breakage of seed dormancy at supra-optimal high temperatures, as has been shown in lettuce (Dong et al., 2012) .

This observation indicates that GA3 can be used for the breakage of seed dormancy at supra-optimal high temperatures, as has been shown in lettuce.


Maintenance of dormancy is a consequence of high abscisic acid (ABA) content in mature seed and dormancy release has a strongly correlation with the reduction of ABA content. Gibberellins reduce the effects of ABA and overcome several types of seed dormancy, including physiological dormancy, photodormancy and thermodormancy acting as a substitute for low temperatures, long days or red light, respectively (Salisbury and Ross, 1992) . The application of gibberellic acid (GA3) to plants is known to modify the effect of cytokinins on transport across membranes and is thus able to initiate the biochemical processes necessary for seed germination. The cytokinin possibly penetrates the testa and neutralizes the inhibitors present in the embryo, enabling the embryo to rupture the seed coats . In general, the application of GA3 promotes germination of several Hypericum species such as H. perfoliatum and H. pruinatum indicating the presence of physiological dormancy related to partially dormant embryo (Cirak et al., 2007) .

Gibberellins reduce the effects of ABA and overcome several types of seed dormancy, including physiological dormancy, photodormancy and thermodormancy acting as a substitute for low temperatures, long days or red light, respectively.

In general, the application of GA3 promotes germination of several Hypericum species such as H. perfoliatum and H. pruinatum indicating the presence of physiological dormancy related to partially dormant embryo.


Wind speed forecasting based on weather data encounters some difficulties. The accurate measurement of weather data is commonly expensive and unavailable. On the other hand, inaccurate measurements would introduce information to the forecasting model [6, 22, 23] . As a dynamic system, wind speed has a relationship with its past values at any time [24] . Therefore, achieving a low wind speed forecasting error through a relatively simple forecasting model with the historical wind speed data is desired.

On the other hand, inaccurate measurements would introduce information to the forecasting model.

As a dynamic system, wind speed has a relationship with its past values at any time.


However, high wind power penetration requires addressing many issues, such as balancing power production and consumption, interconnection standards, and power system stability and reliability [4] . The power grid dispatchers do face a significant challenge due to the increased integration of large scale wind power into existing power systems. To address these challenges, dispatchers must forecast wind power production for wind turbine control, preload sharing, and power system management, as well as for determining the power reserves [5] . The relationship between wind speed and wind power is basically cubic; therefore, a small error in the wind speed forecast will lead to a larger error in wind power production. Thus, the accurate forecast of short-term wind speed prediction plays a crucial role in wind power forecasting [6] .

However, high wind power penetration requires addressing many issues, such as balancing power production and consumption, interconnection standards, and power system stability and reliability.

To address these challenges, dispatchers must forecast wind power production for wind turbine control, preload sharing, and power system management, as well as for determining the power reserves.

Thus, the accurate forecast of short-term wind speed prediction plays a crucial role in wind power forecasting.


Although Korean respondents understood and could relate to the Western paradigm of savoring beliefs and responses, they also showed a distinct pattern of responses with respect to savoring, compared to the patterns observed in research with American participants (Bryant & Veroff, 2007) . Korean women rejected traditional cultural values more strongly than did Korean men. Although this rejection of traditional values mediated the relationship between being female and engaging in less Eastern-style dampening in response to positive events, it did not mediate the relationship between being female and engaging in greater Western-style amplifying in response to positive events. This pattern of results indicates that despite females' greater rejection of traditional cultural values, culture continues to shape their savoring responses in ways that remain normatively appropriate in Korean society-specifically, the rejection of traditional Asian values was not associated with great amplifying of positive emotions.

Although Korean respondents understood and could relate to the Western paradigm of savoring beliefs and responses, they also showed a distinct pattern of responses with respect to savoring, compared to the patterns observed in research with American participants.


The present study also contributes to the research literature on cross-cultural positive psychology through the development and preliminary validation of Korean versions of the Savoring Beliefs Inventory and the Ways of Savoring Checklist. In the current study, it was vital to translate English-language materials into the Korean language by the process of backtranslation, in order to resolve conceptual discrepancies or ambiguities of cross-cultural translation and thereby ensure the construct validity of the dependent measures (Brislin, 1970) . The availability of these measurement tools should facilitate future research, not only investigating the dynamics of savoring in the context of Korean culture, but also comparing savoring beliefs and processes more directly across Korean and Western cultures.

In the current study, it was vital to translate English-language materials into the Korean language by the process of backtranslation, in order to resolve conceptual discrepancies or ambiguities of cross-cultural translation and thereby ensure the construct validity of the dependent measures.


In interpreting the observed gender differences in savoring beliefs and savoring responses, it is important to distinguish between inner cognitive and emotional experience and the outward expression of inner experience (Brody & Hall, 1993) . The literature on emotion suggests that gender differences (i.e., females stronger than males) are generally more pronounced for emotional expression than for inner experience. Furthermore, within the expressivity domain, males tend to express emotions primarily in terms of physiological reactions and overt behavior, whereas females more often express emotions through verbal communication and nonverbal expressions that reflect a more conscious awareness of emotion (Brody & Hall, 1993) . Thus, women may be more aware of emotional reactions and more willing and able to express them, relative to men (Bryant, Yarnold, & Grimm, 1996) . Furthermore, the gender differences we have found in savoring beliefs and savoring responses may simply reflect a gender difference in response styles rather than a difference in inner experience. For example, women may be more likely than men to make public affirmations of positive emotions of greater variety and intensity, due to gender-based emotional display rules (LaFrance & Banaji, 1992) .

In interpreting the observed gender differences in savoring beliefs and savoring responses, it is important to distinguish between inner cognitive and emotional experience and the outward expression of inner experience.

Furthermore, within the expressivity domain, males tend to express emotions primarily in terms of physiological reactions and overt behavior, whereas females more often express emotions through verbal communication and nonverbal expressions that reflect a more conscious awareness of emotion.

Thus, women may be more aware of emotional reactions and more willing and able to express them, relative to men.

For example, women may be more likely than men to make public affirmations of positive emotions of greater variety and intensity, due to gender-based emotional display rules.


The periodicity of sleeper spacing is the basic qualitative feature of the classic railway track [13, 14] . It influences the periodicity of viscoelastic supports, coefficients, and additional mass of sleepers with rotational inertia. In the case of classic periodically supporting sleepers, we can observe the passing bands in the frequency of moving and oscillating forces. The solution method which allows determining the stopping and passing bands in the case of track with periodically spaced sleepers and stationary motion is based on direct application of Floquet's theorem. The difference between the mutual kinetic excitation of two wheelsets of the bogie in the stopping and passing bands is significant. Loss of the periodicity of spacing is connected to a mistuning of wave propagation and irregular contact forces, which can be positive, from the dynamical point of view, process for vehicle-track interaction. In the case of transient motion, as in the case of a transition zone, an advantage of double fasteners is obtained and visibly different sleeper motion dependent on the distance is shown. The vertical displacements of rails registered in front and behind of the contact points of the buggy for classic and "Y"-type track show one of the advantages of the track with "Y"-type sleepers.

The periodicity of sleeper spacing is the basic qualitative feature of the classic railway track.


The analysis of the issues related to the system ramp-up phase supports the following idea: neglecting the existence of ramp-up in the reconfiguration problem can lead to underestimate investment and operating costs. The research proposed within this paper mainly deals with the ramp-up modeling and the assessment of its impact on the reconfiguration policies. The key idea behind the work is that, by considering the weight of the ramp-up phase more profitable decisions can be made. In particular, the ramp-up phenomenon has been considered within the optimal policy to decide when, how and how much to reconfigure the production system capacity, under uncertain market demand (Luss, 1982; Rocklin and Kashper 1984; Asl and Ulsoy, 2002a; Asl and Ulsoy 2002b) .

In particular, the ramp-up phenomenon has been considered within the optimal policy to decide when, how and how much to reconfigure the production system capacity, under uncertain market demand.


WSNs are always deployed at a remote location where people are unable to get close and energy cannot be replaced. Wireless sensor nodes are small and battery-powered, which leads to many problems, such as limited capacity of single node processing and storage, limited communication range, and limited energy. The energy issue is the most critical. Uneven energy consumption is an inherent problem in multihop WSNs. Imbalance in energy consumption reduces the network lifetime to a large extent. The whole network can be split because of the death of some nodes, ultimately leading to the termination of the entire network. The lifetime of a wireless sensor network is a critical parameter for evaluating the performance of routing protocols [11, 12] . Therefore, designing an effective policy to control energy loss is the core issue for prolonging the network lifetime [13, 14] .

The energy issue is the most critical.

The lifetime of a wireless sensor network is a critical parameter for evaluating the performance of routing protocols.

Therefore, designing an effective policy to control energy loss is the core issue for prolonging the network lifetime.


There is less guidance in the literature concerning the impact of oophorectomy rates on ovarian cancer incidence. Many women have salpingo-oophorectomy (SO) performed alone due to benign ovarian disease, or have SO performed at the time of hysterectomy for benign conditions. There has been new evidence linking the origin of serous ovarian cancer to the fimbriated end of the fallopian tube [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . During adnexal surgeries, the tube is usually removed concurrently with the ovary. Whether the pathogenesis for the most common type of ovarian cancer truly arises from the distal tube or the ovary itself, those who have undergone SO should have drastically reduced risk of this type of malignancy. This reduction has been demonstrated in high risk women with Breast Cancer Susceptibility (BRCA) mutations who undergo risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy and have dramatically lower risk of ovarian malignancy [16] [17] [18] [19] .

There has been new evidence linking the origin of serous ovarian cancer to the fimbriated end of the fallopian tube.

This reduction has been demonstrated in high risk women with Breast Cancer Susceptibility (BRCA) mutations who undergo risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy and have dramatically lower risk of ovarian malignancy.


An additional consideration is that there is a rising trend in bilateral salpingectomy rather than bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, which allows ovarian preservation while still potentially reducing cancer risks [42] . The degree to which this procedure is as protective as SO has yet to be determined. The current study takes into account women having SO but not salpingectomy alone. An argument can be made to include these patients for future studies, which has the potential to further correct the underestimation of the prevalence of ovarian cancer for women who retain all portions of their adnexa.

An additional consideration is that there is a rising trend in bilateral salpingectomy rather than bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, which allows ovarian preservation while still potentially reducing cancer risks.


Larvae of P. rapae were reared on garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata, as previously described (Cook & Wedell 1996; Wedell & Cook 1998) . Emerging individuals were weighed on day of eclosion and given a unique mark on the wing with a permanent marker pen. Matings took place in 0.5 m Â 0.5 m Â 0.5 m £ight cages in a greenhouse. Each cage contained £owers with 25% sugar solution added twice a day. Cages were inspected every 15 min for copulating pairs which, on discovery, were isolated in plastic cups until they separated. After their ¢rst mating, males were allowed to mate again for up to three days after which they were removed from the experiment. Females, mated to either virgin or mated males, were placed in cages, provided with £owers, sugar solution, garlic mustard leaves for egg laying, and virgin or mated males, and allowed to mate for a second time. The duration of the female refractory period between ¢rst and second mating was recorded. We generated two treatment groups. When investigating the e¡ect of female mating status on the ejaculate allocation of virgin males, females were either mated once to a virgin male V (n 21), once each to two virgin males V^V (n 25), or to a mated and a virgin male M^V (n 18). Similarly, when investigating the e¡ect of female mating status for mated males, females were either mated once to a mated male M (n 14), a virgin and a mated male V^M (n 12), or once each to two mated males M^M (n 22).

Larvae of P. rapae were reared on garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata, as previously described.

We generated two treatment groups.


There is evidence that children and adolescents with high hopelessness scores suffer from psychopathology [21] . Research among adolescents have shown adolescents who feel hopeless are likely to not only harm themselves but others too [22, 23] . Several researchers have been able to show an association between hopelessness and many negative outcomes which include violence, depression, school problems, substance abuse, risky sexual behaviors, and accidental injury [21, [24] [25] [26] [27] . Adolescents who develop a sense of hopelessness are associated with exposure to disruptive events such as violence and traumatic stress [26, 28] . It can be concluded that the state of hopelessness will make an adolescent not be bothered about the behavior that they engage in and therefore likely to have high levels of conduct problems Violence is part of the conduct problem items within the Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ) (I fight a lot). On the other hand hope among adolescents has been associated with lower levels of externalizing behaviors such as aggressiveness and delinquent behavior [29] .

There is evidence that children and adolescents with high hopelessness scores suffer from psychopathology.

Research among adolescents have shown adolescents who feel hopeless are likely to not only harm themselves but others too.

Several researchers have been able to show an association between hopelessness and many negative outcomes which include violence, depression, school problems, substance abuse, risky sexual behaviors, and accidental injury.

Adolescents who develop a sense of hopelessness are associated with exposure to disruptive events such as violence and traumatic stress.

On the other hand hope among adolescents has been associated with lower levels of externalizing behaviors such as aggressiveness and delinquent behavior.


Verifying the correctness of each individual result of a solver is generally believed to be easier than verifying the solver itself. For this reason, fields like SMT, where solvers are typically on the order of several tens of thousands of lines of code, have usually relied on result verification rather than solver verification. For example, there are many recent works on producing proofs from SMT solvers, and several solvers, including VERIT, Z3, and CVC3, can produce independently checkable proofs of the formulas they claim are valid [3, 17, 15, 16, 8] . Challenges in this area are devising a common proof format for SMT solvers, minimizing the overhead of proof production, and efficient proof checking.

For example, there are many recent works on producing proofs from SMT solvers, and several solvers, including VERIT, Z3, and CVC3, can produce independently checkable proofs of the formulas they claim are valid.


Cerebral cavernomas are estimated to occur in 1 out of every 200 individuals in the general population [3, 6, 7] . They are hypothesized to develop due to failure of vascular stabilization in angiogenesis of cerebral blood vessels [5] . In a large series studying the natural history of cavernomas, 18.7 to 20 % of patients had multiple lesions [9, 12, 13] . Multiple lesions are mostly seen in familial CCM (FCCM) forms [7] . FCCM has been associated with mutations of CCM1, CCM2 and CCM3 genes. Nevertheless, 22 % of multiple lesions occur without any evidence of gene mutation [8] .

Cerebral cavernomas are estimated to occur in 1 out of every 200 individuals in the general population.

They are hypothesized to develop due to failure of vascular stabilization in angiogenesis of cerebral blood vessels.

In a large series studying the natural history of cavernomas, 18.7 to 20 % of patients had multiple lesions.

Multiple lesions are mostly seen in familial CCM (FCCM) forms.

Nevertheless, 22 % of multiple lesions occur without any evidence of gene mutation.


The Eguchi-Kawai mechanism is a robust, nonperturbative property of large-N gauge theories that preserve certain symmetries. Famously, large-N gauge theories also play a starring role in holographic duality. Curiously both contexts involve emergent spacetime in radically different ways. In this work we will be interested in what predictions the Eguchi-Kawai mechanism makes about gravity in AdS. Since the proposal concerns only leading-in-N observables, we will be dealing exclusively with the (semi-)classical gravity limit in AdS. A simple example illustrating the mechanism at work is the temperature-independence of the free energy density on M d−1 × S 1 β at leading order in N in the confined phase (e.g. N = 4 super Yang-Mills on S 3 R × S 1 β ). In AdS/CFT, this occurs because the thermal partition function is given by the contribution of thermal AdS below the Hawking-Page phase transition, whose on-shell action has an overall factor of inverse temperature β. When the theory deconfines, the free energy density becomes a nontrivial function of β/R. Physically, a hot gas of confined degrees of freedom like glueballs and mesons contributes a nontrivial function of β/R to the free energy density, but it is subleading in 1/N compared to the vacuum contribution. To look ahead to another example of large-N volume independence, see equation (7) .

To look ahead to another example of large-N volume independence, see equation.


The initial objective of the project was to initiate a process aimed at setting-up a fair arena for negotiations between multiple stakeholders regarding the management of protected areas and their peripheries. First, we involved the most marginalized actors (local farmers) in the codesign of a computer-based role-playing game focusing on their own activities, hoping that it would empower them and therefore contribute to righting the power imbalances that often hinder multistakeholder collaboration (Beymer-Farris et al. 2012) . Although only a single type of actor was involved, we faced several challenges. In this discussion, we draw lessons from our experience and return to issues of legitimacy and uncertainties. We also discuss the challenge of codesigning an interactive role-playing game that would make sense to people who have not participated in its creation, and that would attract them to engage in a multistakeholder dialogue supported by this tool. This leads us to the current limitations of our work, and to the necessary next steps toward the multistakeholder arena.

First, we involved the most marginalized actors (local farmers) in the codesign of a computer-based role-playing game focusing on their own activities, hoping that it would empower them and therefore contribute to righting the power imbalances that often hinder multistakeholder collaboration.


Antibacterial activity was carried out by the well diffusion method using nutrient agar medium, DMSO as control, and chloramphenicol as a standard bactericide. The antifungal activity was carried out by well diffusion method using potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, DMSO as control, and fluconazole as a standard fungicide [51] [52] [53] [54] . The antioxidant activity of the synthesized derivatives was evaluated using the DPPH (diphenyl picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay by standard methods [55] .

The antifungal activity was carried out by well diffusion method using potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, DMSO as control, and fluconazole as a standard fungicide.

The antioxidant activity of the synthesized derivatives was evaluated using the DPPH (diphenyl picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay by standard methods.


While C min was influenced by both the quantity and quality of CC residues, the difference was greater in magnitude between the residue rates than between the residue types, suggesting that soil microbial activity increased with the increase in CC residue input. The increased C min with CC residue addition at higher rates might have been due to the presence of a large amount of readily available biological substrates for microbial activity. Soil respiration increased by 33.5% when the rate of corn residue addition was doubled and reduced by 81% when corn residue was removed from a no-till field [4] . Similarly, soil CO 2 efflux was up to 8.5 times greater with the addition of straw than without. However, a higher C min in soils amended with a higher rate of residue addition also occurred due to the positive priming of already existing organic matter if there was a limited nitrogen environment [37, 38] . Therefore, greater mineralization does not necessarily mean a higher rate of SOC sequestration. Further research may confirm the priming effects of CC residues. The results of this study suggested that increased carbon supply under a greater amount of residue addition may have stimulated microbial activities and increased SOC mineralization [39] . In a study comparing crop residue management for diverse soil quality indicators, microbial biomass carbon was reduced to 330 mg C kg −1 when corn residue was removed in comparison to 696 mg C kg −1 in soil where normal corn residue was maintained, and 1060 mg C kg −1 in soil where corn residue was doubled [4] . However, the increase in microbial biomass and fungal to bacterial ratios were strongly positively correlated with substrate availability (dissolved organic carbon) and quality (carbon to nitrogen ratio of dissolved substrates) [40] . Although we did not measure microbial biomass in this study, the response of SOC mineralization with the CC residue additions strongly support the increase in microbial activity and SOC cycling with CC residue addition.

Soil respiration increased by 33.5% when the rate of corn residue addition was doubled and reduced by 81% when corn residue was removed from a no-till field.

However, a higher C min in soils amended with a higher rate of residue addition also occurred due to the positive priming of already existing organic matter if there was a limited nitrogen environment.

The results of this study suggested that increased carbon supply under a greater amount of residue addition may have stimulated microbial activities and increased SOC mineralization.

In a study comparing crop residue management for diverse soil quality indicators, microbial biomass carbon was reduced to 330 mg C kg −1 when corn residue was removed in comparison to 696 mg C kg −1 in soil where normal corn residue was maintained, and 1060 mg C kg −1 in soil where corn residue was doubled.

However, the increase in microbial biomass and fungal to bacterial ratios were strongly positively correlated with substrate availability (dissolved organic carbon) and quality (carbon to nitrogen ratio of dissolved substrates).


There was no difference in SOC mineralization between the fallow and no CC residue addition (e.g., CN0, P0, O0) treatments, and the C min was low when compared to residue added treatments suggesting that SOC mineralization under these treatments was potentially limited by microbial substrate availability. Hot, dry agroecosystems such as the Central and the Southern High Plains of the USA are often limited by biomass carbon inputs and readily available microbial substrates, which leads to smaller microbial biomass and activity [41] . No significant difference in C min between these treatments also suggests that carbon inputs from aboveground biomass play an important role in SOC dynamics in highly depleted agroecosystems. An improved understanding of the role of aboveground biomass on SOC mineralization is especially important in semiarid soils with very low SOC content (<1%) such as the drylands of the Southern High Plains region because agroecosystems in these types of environment are often carbon limited. The roots were present in samples with no CC residue addition, which could supply biomass carbon inputs. However, studies have shown that roots decompose more slowly than aboveground plant parts, leading to a smaller C min value [42] .

Hot, dry agroecosystems such as the Central and the Southern High Plains of the USA are often limited by biomass carbon inputs and readily available microbial substrates, which leads to smaller microbial biomass and activity.

However, studies have shown that roots decompose more slowly than aboveground plant parts, leading to a smaller C min value.


However, this method is still rather expensive for large molecules, and it can only be applied to small molecules such as benzene dimers. The CCSD(T) method is currently believed to be the most accurate for computing dispersion interactions provided the basis set of aug-cc-pVTZ is included in the calculations [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . The computational cost required for larger molecules does not permit the application of accurate ab initio methods. After thorough survey of the available studies on the molecular stacking of small aromatic rings, there are certain issues that need to be reinvestigated. The present investigation aims to test the different level of ab initio methods in predicting the stability of benzene and pyridine dimers [15] .

The CCSD(T) method is currently believed to be the most accurate for computing dispersion interactions provided the basis set of aug-cc-pVTZ is included in the calculations.

The present investigation aims to test the different level of ab initio methods in predicting the stability of benzene and pyridine dimers.


Ab initio calculations have been shown useful for studying the non bonded interactions of aromatic molecules [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . The various levels of theories and basis sets have been carefully chosen to calculate the interaction energies of aromatic(-) and stacking types of interactions that are responsible for the stabilization of double helical DNA. It is evident that the studies of molecular stacking require high level ab initio calculations. Many theoretical studies are reported to predict the preferred stacking interactions of benzene dimers, and thereby provoking the importance of dipole-dipole and quadrupole-quadrupole interaction [5] [6] . Similar studies on the intermolecular interactions of cytosine dimers have been calculated with MP2/6-31G** level, whereas less accurate approach, the AMBER force field is also found useful in certain cases despite of the lack of estimating dispersion energies in the calculations. The dispersion forces, the short range exchange repulsions and electron correlation are the essential factors for the overall assessment of stacking interaction of molecules [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Ab initio calculations have been shown useful for studying the non bonded interactions of aromatic molecules.

Many theoretical studies are reported to predict the preferred stacking interactions of benzene dimers, and thereby provoking the importance of dipole-dipole and quadrupole-quadrupole interaction.

The dispersion forces, the short range exchange repulsions and electron correlation are the essential factors for the overall assessment of stacking interaction of molecules.


The local geometry at the delamination front (i.e. the way the copper peels from the rubber) shown in Fig.9 suggests that delamination does not occur purely at mode 1 (opening mode), but that also a mode 2 contribution is present (mode-mixity). Both contributions are accounted for in the cohesive zone model by means of an equivalent contribution to the total work of separation [10] . However, this approach assumes that the critical work of separation under pure mode 1 and pure mode 2 are equal. A mode angle dependent work of separation may have to be taken into account for accurate prediction of delamination phenomena in arbitrary 3D stretchable electronics designs although experimental characterization of this mode dependency is far from trivial.

Both contributions are accounted for in the cohesive zone model by means of an equivalent contribution to the total work of separation.


The growing field of metabolomics examines the end products of metabolism, metabolites, to provide insight into physiological processes. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques used in metabolomic investigations afford advantages to investigators that include the potential for minimal or noninvasive sample collection, minimal sample preparation, and conservation of samples for other studies [3] . Proton NMR spectroscopy is particularly robust and can be used to quantitatively detect unknown metabolites without prior knowledge of the analytes.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques used in metabolomic investigations afford advantages to investigators that include the potential for minimal or noninvasive sample collection, minimal sample preparation, and conservation of samples for other studies.


The dynamic positioning systems have been developed since the early sixties of the last century. The first dynamic control systems were designed using conventional PID controllers working in cascade with low-pass filters or cut-off filters to separate the motion components connected with the sea waves. However, those systems introduce phase delays which worsen the quality of the control [1] .

However, those systems introduce phase delays which worsen the quality of the control.


To avoid the linearization of the kinematic equations of ship motion, attempts have been made to apply nonlinear control to the dynamic positioning systems. Grovlen and Fossen proposed the use of vector backstepping as a possible solution to the problem of control in the dynamic positioning system. This solution based on the filtration of the measured ship position and heading signals, which were assumed to contain only the white noise as the disturbance. However, in practice these signals are also corrupted with the coloured noise connected with sea waves acting on the ship hull. Therefore to avoid excessive activity (wear and tear) of the propulsion system, the calculated velocity estimates were to be filtered, before introducing to the fedback loop, using so-called wave filtration techniques which extracted the wave frequency (WF) from the measured movements for the controller to obtain only low frequencies. The improved version of this design was presented by these same authors [10] . Those works are considered the first cases in which a fully nonlinear system of dynamic positioning was used -although this system missed wave filtration, and bias modelling and estimation to separate the non-modelled slowly changing disturbances.

The improved version of this design was presented by these same authors.


The decision to participate in education after it is no longer compulsory 1 is argued to be affected by three groups of interdependent factors: objectives; opportunities; and constraints (Haveman and Wolfe, 1995) . Objectives are set at a national level in terms of funding for education versus competing demands, and also at the family level with respect to the value placed on education, and the benefits that it can bring. Opportunities to partake in education depend on the availability of local institutions delivering the desired programme of study.

The decision to participate in education after it is no longer compulsory 1 is argued to be affected by three groups of interdependent factors: objectives; opportunities; and constraints.


The term Nakba conveys the dreadful consequences of the 1948 war on the Palestinians: 400-500 villages were destroyed and 750,000 people were uprooted and became refugees in bordering Arab countries (Abu-Sitta, 2004) . Around 160,000 Palestinians remained in the territory that became the State of Israel. Fifty percent of those who did not flee across the borders became internally displaced persons (IDPs), who were prevented from returning to their properties and were assigned the awkward classification of "present-absentees" (Kabha and Barzilai, 1996) .

The term Nakba conveys the dreadful consequences of the 1948 war on the Palestinians: 400-500 villages were destroyed and 750,000 people were uprooted and became refugees in bordering Arab countries.

Fifty percent of those who did not flee across the borders became internally displaced persons (IDPs), who were prevented from returning to their properties and were assigned the awkward classification of "present-absentees".


Since the Second World War, researchers have been investigating the impact of war on the psychological well-being of individuals (Porter and Haslam, 2005) . While it can be argued that the effects of war on civilians are universal, the psychological consequences of the formative 1948 war on internally displaced Palestinians have not been documented (Dwairy, 2010) . For the Palestinian people, the Israeli War of Independence resulted in what is referred to as the "Nakba," a catastrophe of tremendous dimensions that altered their life course and history. The youngsters who survived the war are currently octogenarians, making documentation of their experiences a time-sensitive challenge.

Since the Second World War, researchers have been investigating the impact of war on the psychological well-being of individuals.

While it can be argued that the effects of war on civilians are universal, the psychological consequences of the formative 1948 war on internally displaced Palestinians have not been documented.


The Nakba was a sudden traumatic occurrence that severed the peaceful lives of the participants. It was marked by a wide range of war-related stressors, comparable to those identified among other threatened and displaced populations (Porter and Haslam, 2005; Sawada et al., 2004) . The IDPs were exposed to mortal threats by direct and cross-fire that left many overwhelmed by fear and helplessness. Their subsequent uprooting resulted in a loss of personal resources, severance of the family and community fabric, and consequent long-term scarcity and social distress. The rapid progression of painful experiences and accumulated losses worsened the Nakba's psychological outcomes and intensified its traumatic potential (Hobfoll et al., 2011) .

It was marked by a wide range of war-related stressors, comparable to those identified among other threatened and displaced populations.

The rapid progression of painful experiences and accumulated losses worsened the Nakba's psychological outcomes and intensified its traumatic potential.


Within a few months, Palestinians who became Israeli citizens found themselves under the governance of their enemy and for two decades were subject to martial law. This population suffered from personal and socio-cultural upheavals while attempting to rebuild their lives as a discriminated against minority (Abu-Baker and Rabinowitz, 2004) . Moreover, for the IDPs the Nakba resulted in massive and cumulative loses that led to poverty, personal insecurity, social instability and psychological distress (Al-Haj, 1986; Kabha and Barzilai, 1996) .

This population suffered from personal and socio-cultural upheavals while attempting to rebuild their lives as a discriminated against minority.

Moreover, for the IDPs the Nakba resulted in massive and cumulative loses that led to poverty, personal insecurity, social instability and psychological distress.


The elderly respondents seemed most affected by a sense of humiliation and degradation, which were particularly hurtful in light of cultural values cherishing honor and dignity (Dwairy, 2002; Giacaman et al., 2007) . IDPs felt disgraced by their treatment by the army, shamed by their uprooting and socio-economic decline, and dishonored by the local host communities. An injury to sense of dignity can have severe and lasting consequences, and healing the wound of humiliation can best be achieved by restoring justice and fairness (Lindner, 2002) . In this regard, the IDPs' 60-year-long yearning to return to their lost villages also constitutes a search for personal justice and reinstatement of their sense of dignity.

The elderly respondents seemed most affected by a sense of humiliation and degradation, which were particularly hurtful in light of cultural values cherishing honor and dignity.

An injury to sense of dignity can have severe and lasting consequences, and healing the wound of humiliation can best be achieved by restoring justice and fairness.


The respondents spoke in colloquial Arabic that was accompanied by striking facial expressions and bodily gestures. Translated into English, their language may sound rudimentary and may affect the readers' understanding of the meaning of the experience. However, as recommended in cross-cultural qualitative research, the language was not embellished and was presented as close to the original spoken dialect as possible, accompanied by explanations when needed (Van Nes et al., 2010) .

However, as recommended in cross-cultural qualitative research, the language was not embellished and was presented as close to the original spoken dialect as possible, accompanied by explanations when needed.


Turning to religion and faith seemed a more acceptable way of coping with personal distress (Abdel-Khalek, 2010) . Mid-eastern Christian and Muslim traditions assert that life is determined by God's will and in facing a crisis a person is expected to be patient and pray for relief. The construction of their wartime reality as an inevitable fate gave the IDPs perspective and meaning to their suffering (Ai and Peterson, 2005) .

Turning to religion and faith seemed a more acceptable way of coping with personal distress.

The construction of their wartime reality as an inevitable fate gave the IDPs perspective and meaning to their suffering.


Interestingly, the number of queen cells reared after queen loss seems to be dependent upon population structure. A. m. capensis colonies reared significantly more queen cells than the hybrids and we found a negative correlation within the hybrid zone from the more capensis-like region to the more scutellata-like region. In the lack of any quantitative comparative data on the number of queen cells built in this region, it may be that eggs derived from thelytokous laying worker patrilines occurring in the south may stimulate more queen cell building compared to the north. A role for brood pheromones in modulating the feeding behaviour of workers has been shown [9] .

A role for brood pheromones in modulating the feeding behaviour of workers has been shown.


From an academic point of view, gamification was successful. According to the comparison between the pre-and post-test results, students improved their knowledge of the C-programming language. Therefore, our results corroborate findings from studies which claim that engagement is a valuable indicator of students' academic achievements [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] .

Therefore, our results corroborate findings from studies which claim that engagement is a valuable indicator of students' academic achievements.


American plaice swam in the horizontal orientation typical of pleuronectiform species. Swimming was powered by undulations of the body and caudal fin, referred to as BCF propulsion (Webb, 1994a) . Two gaits were observed and easily recognizable, with plaice often swimming for a variable time period in one before switching to the other. The cruising gait was characterized as steady beating of the caudal fin without deviation in tailbeat amplitude. The kickswim gait was similar to cruising, but was punctuated with single large amplitude tailbeats every 3e5 s to increase thrust. Smaller plaice (!30 cm), swimming at higher relative speeds, spent a large percentage of time using the kick-swim gait ( Figure 2 ). As fish size increased (O30 cm), there was a noticeable shift toward cruising. The burst-andcoast gait was not observed, but would have been expected at higher performance levels (Webb, 1994a) .

Swimming was powered by undulations of the body and caudal fin, referred to as BCF propulsion.

The burst-andcoast gait was not observed, but would have been expected at higher performance levels.


The changing economically feasible investment environment due to this uncertainty over time and at different coal price ranges is included with energy prices, quantities of energy and coal produced and consumed, cost of energy production, and externalities. These parameters are used to create social welfare, or revenue, functions for both pre-and post-renewable energy technologies investment environments. The cost of energy production is broken into two categories, being the cost related to using coal and the cost for investing in, and using, a combination system of 50% wind generation and 50% solar-thermal generation with the included ability to store energy generated from both systems for up to seven hours in nongenerating periods (Kaltzchmitt et al. (2007) ).

The cost of energy production is broken into two categories, being the cost related to using coal and the cost for investing in, and using, a combination system of 50% wind generation and 50% solar-thermal generation with the included ability to store energy generated from both systems for up to seven hours in nongenerating periods).


To represent the plausible investment environment and decision making process for switching from a coal-based energy infrastructure to a wind and solar-thermal combination energy infrastructure paradigm in developing countries, we analyzed differing price regimes and society's perceived valuing of the negative use-associated externalities of a coal-powered energy sector. The results of our simulations provide insights on the shifting dynamics of the optimal timing trigger prices for making the alternative energy investment by incorporating the option to wait to make the investment decision. Under situations of coal price uncertainty estimated according to prevailing real options theory literature, we found that for either an MR or GBM process, the effects of various changes in the investment environment are generally the same (Dixit and Pindyck (1994); Insley (2002) ).

Under situations of coal price uncertainty estimated according to prevailing real options theory literature, we found that for either an MR or GBM process, the effects of various changes in the investment environment are generally the same).


The broad objectives of this research are to bring the discussion to the viewpoint of a developing economy and to depict the economic feasibility of various energy sector investment strategies as they relate to the above affairs. Another of these broad objectives is to initially remove the socially and politically polarizing aspects of the debate, such as climate change, and instead focus on fossil fuels as a finite source of energy in an industry that has technologically matured (Sheer (2007) ). The specific objective of this research is to evaluate various energy sector investment options in Mongolia under situations of uncertainty through the application of financial options pricing theory to real investments.

Another of these broad objectives is to initially remove the socially and politically polarizing aspects of the debate, such as climate change, and instead focus on fossil fuels as a finite source of energy in an industry that has technologically matured).


The optimal strategy in our problem is characterized by the trigger prices, which are thresholds to define the optimal action of whether to make the investment or not. More specifically, the optimal strategy becomes a trigger strategy in which if the current price of coal is larger than the trigger price, investments in alternative energy should be made, otherwise not. In fact, this is the price at which it becomes the most economically efficient to invest in renewable energy as opposed to continued use of a non-renewable (coal-based) infrastructure. The valuation of these investments using options theory comes by expanding this model to include the chance for policy makers to wait before making the investment decision. This option to wait allows for increased information and therefore it is believed that it adds positive value to the investment (Dixit and Pindyck (1994) ).

This option to wait allows for increased information and therefore it is believed that it adds positive value to the investment).


Over the last decades, biotic disturbances like insect outbreaks increased dramatically worldwide [1] . There is evidence that increasing intensity, frequency, duration, and extent of insect outbreaks are closely related to climate and global change [1, 2] . Pest insects like the nun moth (Lymantria monacha L.) can evidently benefit from these changing environmental conditions [3] . For example, in Brandenburg, eastern Germany, about 5800 ha of forest were infested with nun moth, including 366 ha of completely defoliated area in 2013, and more than 11,000 ha of forest had to be treated with insecticides [4] . Besides substantial economic losses and expenditure for forest protection, outbreaks exhibit tremendous impact on forest ecosystem functions such as carbon sink potential and net ecosystem production [5] [6] [7] .

Over the last decades, biotic disturbances like insect outbreaks increased dramatically worldwide.

There is evidence that increasing intensity, frequency, duration, and extent of insect outbreaks are closely related to climate and global change.

Pest insects like the nun moth (Lymantria monacha L.) can evidently benefit from these changing environmental conditions.

For example, in Brandenburg, eastern Germany, about 5800 ha of forest were infested with nun moth, including 366 ha of completely defoliated area in 2013, and more than 11,000 ha of forest had to be treated with insecticides.

Besides substantial economic losses and expenditure for forest protection, outbreaks exhibit tremendous impact on forest ecosystem functions such as carbon sink potential and net ecosystem production.


In the case of poverty, a price increase would reduce the household's ability to afford an initial bundle of basic consumption needs; thus, the new consumption bundle might be below the poverty line (the threshold of minimum consumption). On the other hand, an increase in the factors' income would increase the household's income, which implies an increase in the ability to consume more. The increase in household consumption above the poverty line will change the household's status from poor to non-poor. Moreover, an increase in price will directly change the money metric of obtaining 2,100 calories as the minimum standard calories for measuring the poverty line [1] [2] [3] .

Moreover, an increase in price will directly change the money metric of obtaining 2,100 calories as the minimum standard calories for measuring the poverty line.


Our work, the r..eal library, overcomes significant shortcomings present in earlier attempts to interface Prolog to R [1, 4] . The first approach, YapR, used the C interface to pass R commands as sequences of characters with little conversion. In the second approach, r session, the interface provided an expression based communication via an independent R process to which the operating system channelled I/O from Prolog. This approach was more flexible, but inefficient and hard to maintain across operating systems. The new approach, r..eal, introduces a completely new design that provides a tightly integrated interface to R for the Prolog programmer. In our approach R is invoked as a shared operating system library while the communication of large data between Prolog and R is facilitated by C code utilising the C-interfaces for the two systems.

Our work, the r..eal library, overcomes significant shortcomings present in earlier attempts to interface Prolog to R.


In other works it was shown that the perinephric and pelvic fat in dairy and dual-purpose breeds was highly correlated with the total carcass fat. For this reason their percentage is considered as an important index of carcass composition (Taylor et al., 1989) . In lambs slaughtered at 45 days the intermuscular fat accounts for 12.60%, the subcutaneous for 8.5%, the perinephric for 1.36% and the pelvic fat for 0.45% of the total visible carcass fat.

For this reason their percentage is considered as an important index of carcass composition.


Epoxidized plant oils are commercially available as stabilizers for the processing of poly(vinyl chloride) and modifiers for coatings [33, 34] . Acrylates and polyols derived from epoxidized plant oils have also been used as a monomer for preparation of bio-based polymeric materials. Furthermore, various cationic polymerization of epoxidized plant oils can be achieved by photoinitiators, latent catalysts, or acid catalysts. These epoxy compounds from renewable resources possess high potential as a starting material for bio-based thermosetting plastics [35] [36] [37] [38] . The composites of plant oil-based network polymers from epoxidized plant oils and inorganic substances were developed [39] [40] [41] . The acid-catalyzed curing of epoxidized plant oils in the presence of an organophilic montmorillonite produced the triglyceride-clay composites with homogeneous structure, in which silicate layers of the clay were intercalated and randomly distributed in the polymer matrix. The barrier property of the plant oil-based network polymer toward water vapor was remarkably improved by the incorporation of the organophilic clay. The curing of epoxidized plant oils with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane produced biodegradable nanocomposites, in which both oxirane groups of epoxidized plant oil and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane were copolymerized to produce an organic polymer matrix, simultaneously forming silica network.

Epoxidized plant oils are commercially available as stabilizers for the processing of poly(vinyl chloride) and modifiers for coatings.

These epoxy compounds from renewable resources possess high potential as a starting material for bio-based thermosetting plastics.

The composites of plant oil-based network polymers from epoxidized plant oils and inorganic substances were developed.


These observations bring into sharp focus the resource constraints to meaningfully implementing and monitoring biodiversity offsets. Conservation practitioners are increasingly expected to deliver adequate protection of ecosystems in an era of austerity and dwindling financial resources (Comerford et al. 2010; Corson 2010; McCarthy et al. 2012; Apostolopoulou et al. 2014) . Within this environment, it is assumed that non-state actors and private investors will help bridge the shortfall between government provision of public goods and that which is socially optimal (Reid 2011; Young 2015) . However, often this devolution of state power is not met with a fair reallocation of resources to local authorities to support alternative service delivery mechanisms. Complex issues such as redistributive justice and sustainability often become siloed, positioned in the problem space of organisations, outside the purview of broader governance processes (Furlong and Bakker 2010) . In turn, communities increasingly become exposed to powerful corporate interests, weakening their ability to resist developments (McCarthy and Prudham 2004; Igoe and Brockington 2007) .

Conservation practitioners are increasingly expected to deliver adequate protection of ecosystems in an era of austerity and dwindling financial resources.

Within this environment, it is assumed that non-state actors and private investors will help bridge the shortfall between government provision of public goods and that which is socially optimal.

Complex issues such as redistributive justice and sustainability often become siloed, positioned in the problem space of organisations, outside the purview of broader governance processes.

In turn, communities increasingly become exposed to powerful corporate interests, weakening their ability to resist developments.


On closer inspection, however, extending the framework of no net loss to recognise and accommodate additional ecological parameters and social equity concerns in Biodiversity Offsetting is neither a workable solution nor a desirable outcome for conservation. Indeed, the Defra metric, as with other systems of classification in market-based conservation, captures only the ''nature that capital can see'' (Robertson 2006a, b) . Consideration of, and compensation for complex issues linked to social and ecological compensation of biodiversity loss appear incompatible with the goal of bundling nature into ''biodiversity units''. A key element to the consolidation of the value of biodiversity within this context is the manner in which ''those implicated in the accumulation of value are also those implicated in the attribution of value itself'' (Fairhead et al. 2012) . To this end, it is important to critically reflect on what is being defined as the value of biodiversity, and by whom (Maron et al. 2016) . Even if attempts were made to integrate such issues, to appease local communities and the scientific community, they would invariably involve conflating, abstracting and equating complex issues within the assessment of biodiversity loss, placing them at greater risk of being misappropriated, traded off or crudely compensated, rather than legitimised. Supposing the recommendations of respondents were meaningfully reflected in conservation practice in England, the instrument(s) used to safeguard ecosystems, biodiversity and the nature-society relationship would be almost unrecognisable from Biodiversity Offsetting in its current, or improved form.

A key element to the consolidation of the value of biodiversity within this context is the manner in which ''those implicated in the accumulation of value are also those implicated in the attribution of value itself''.

To this end, it is important to critically reflect on what is being defined as the value of biodiversity, and by whom.


The EOS for the simulations of core collapse supernovae must cover a wide range of density (10 5 ρ B 10 15 g/cm 3 ) and temperature (0.1 T 10 2 MeV), including both neutron-rich and proton-rich regimes. One of the difficulties in constructing the EOS is originated from the fact that depending on the density, temperature and proton fraction, the matter consists of either dilute free nucleons or a mixture of nuclei and free nucleons or strongly interacting dense nucleons. Furthermore, there are uncertainties not only in the description of homogeneous matter but also of the in-medium effect for nuclei at finite densities and temperatures (Aymard et al., 2014; Agrawal et al., 2014) . The fact makes the variation of supernova EOS's (Steiner et al., 2013; Buyukcizmeci et al., 2013) . At high temperatures (T 0.4 MeV), chemical equilibrium is achieved for all strong and electromagnetic reactions, which is referred to as nuclear statistical equilibrium and the nuclear composition is determined as a function of density, temperature, and proton fraction (Timmes and Arnett, 1999; Blinnikov et al., 2011) . In this paper, we are concerned with the high temperature regime, in which the nuclear composition can be treated as a part of EOS.

Furthermore, there are uncertainties not only in the description of homogeneous matter but also of the in-medium effect for nuclei at finite densities and temperatures.

The fact makes the variation of supernova EOS's.

At high temperatures (T 0.4 MeV), chemical equilibrium is achieved for all strong and electromagnetic reactions, which is referred to as nuclear statistical equilibrium and the nuclear composition is determined as a function of density, temperature, and proton fraction.


Sweeping changes to the electronics manufacturing industry were introduced by the European Parliament and Council in 2006 [7] . The EU directives such as RoHS now specifically forbid the traditional use of lead in the composition of the components, circuit boards and solders used in the assembly of electronic circuits. Commercial electronic equipment should now contain no lead. Although the space, aircraft and medical sectors are presently exempt from the lead-free rules, lead-free items (mainly components having pure tin plated terminations) destined for the vast commercial markets, have also infiltrated the "exempt" high reliability industries. Tin whiskers and the problems they cause have now returned to the stage and hence there is again a need to understand how they grow, how they can create electrical and mechanical failures and particularly, what means can be used to mitigate against their growth.

Sweeping changes to the electronics manufacturing industry were introduced by the European Parliament and Council in 2006.


In Section 3 we prove general results concerning finite automorphism groups of manifolds of K3 [2] -type. An interesting question is whether these groups are induced by finite automorphism groups on K3 surfaces. We formalize this question as follows. Let G be a group acting faithfully on X , we call (X G) a couple. Two couples (X G) and (Y G) are isomorphic if there exists a G-equivariant isomorphism X → Y .

In Section 3 we prove general results concerning finite automorphism groups of manifolds of K3-type.

We formalize this question as follows.


Large-scale cosmic strings are also predicted by the theory of quantized fields. Such objects would originate from some phase transition in the early universe [3] . The basic idea is that causally disconnected regions of the spacetime can develop different vacuum expectation values, and the regions where they overlap must be the regions of localized energy. Such localized energy can exist for domain walls, cosmic strings, and monopoles, among other possibilities.

Such objects would originate from some phase transition in the early universe.


The proxies of power were found to be a key determinant of forest condition and equity. Greater power inequalities will produce injustice to communities. Powerful leaders may provide positive externalities to the group in the form of norms. However, results indicate that greater power inequality tends to lead to more forest degradation (Pérez-Cirera & Lovett, 2006) . Giving more right to local community will improve forest condition and reduce forest degradation. In addition to right, for better equity it is necessary to build institutional and governance mechanisms that encourage poorer and more marginal households to access government officials and create incentives to promote more interactions between less powerful communities and government officials (Agrawal & Gupta, 2005) . Giving right to community is necessary but it not enough to reduce poverty.

However, results indicate that greater power inequality tends to lead to more forest degradation.

In addition to right, for better equity it is necessary to build institutional and governance mechanisms that encourage poorer and more marginal households to access government officials and create incentives to promote more interactions between less powerful communities and government officials.


In this paper, we propose a new mechanism of generating high-intensity monochromatic THz radiation from laser-plasma interactions. The fundamental idea is to evoke a strong, localized, long-lasting electron oscillation in plasma, which acts as a radiating antenna emitting a continuous THz wave. In practice, the radiation current source can be generated by the strong ponderomotive force from two short laser pulses colliding at a desired position inside the plasma [28] . The current generated in this way is maintained for a long time by the plasma oscillation mechanism even after the passage of the driving laser pulses. The longitudinal current induced in this way oscillates electrostatically. To obtain electromagnetic radiation, i.e. the THz wave, some fraction of the longitudinal electron oscillation is converted to a transverse one by a weak transverse external magnetic field. Because the radiation from this current source oscillates at the plasma frequency, the electromagnetic fields are at the cut-off of the ambient plasma and cannot propagate under normal conditions, which is indeed the very reason why plasma oscillations cannot be easily converted to transverse electromagnetic waves in laser-plasma systems. However, we have discovered that if the electromagnetic wave is constantly driven near cut-off, as in our case, the field grows as its energy is fed by the driving current. Furthermore, both electric and magnetic components of the field diffuse strongly into the plasma. As a consequence, the diffusing electromagnetic field eventually propagates across the plasma-vacuum boundary and is converted to an electromagnetic wave emitted into free space. This concept of THz generation is shown schematically in figure 1. Our scheme shares a common feature with the Cherenkov wake driven by a single pulse in using the external magnetic field to convert a longitudinal oscillation to a transverse one. However, the stronger, local electron oscillation by colliding pulses, and the diffusion-growth mechanism are two unique features of our scheme.

In practice, the radiation current source can be generated by the strong ponderomotive force from two short laser pulses colliding at a desired position inside the plasma.


As the plasma frequency can be easily controlled in the few-THz regime, this mechanism can be utilized as a new THz radiation source. As we will show later through numerical simulations, the resultant amplitude of the THz emission reaches tens of MV m −1 and has a sub-nanosecond pulse duration. Such high amplitudes in the regime of narrow-band THz pulses with long pulse duration are not readily obtained with conventional methods in compact systems. Note that from wide-band THz sources, such as the two-colour scheme, short THz pulses with peak amplitudes higher by two orders of magnitude are available [21] . This paper is organised as follows. In section 2, we describe the diffusion and growth of the electromagnetic field near cutoff theoretically and using simulations. In section 3, a theoretical scaling law for the THz emission amplitude as a function of the amplitude of the driving pulse is derived. Then, in section 4 we give a summary and conclusions.

Note that from wide-band THz sources, such as the two-colour scheme, short THz pulses with peak amplitudes higher by two orders of magnitude are available.

This paper is organised as follows.