Overall, taking a historical/dynamic or comparative approach highlights that there is a clear gap of how to show differences, particularly since most of the agreements are within Type 2. In addition to the direct costs of benefit sharing development or arrangement (such as construction costs), the analysis pointed to four other possible concerns in the long run, which we term as indirect costs of benefit sharing. In turn, looking at the nature of the lessons on long-term costs, one can state these costs do not necessarily have to limit to benefit sharing, but could be similarly taken into account in the discussions of the nexus approach [12, 13] .

In turn, looking at the nature of the lessons on long-term costs, one can state these costs do not necessarily have to limit to benefit sharing, but could be similarly taken into account in the discussions of the nexus approach.


Our study shows that physiological function and biological toxicity effect of the elements were closely related with its specification [24] . The toxicity of MMA(III), as one of the arsenic metabolic products is more poisonous than trivalent inorganic arsenic, and DMA was found to be obviously carcinogenic [25] . This study about the arsenic methylation metabolism helps to elucidate the function of the arsenic methaylation in arsenic poisoning.

Our study shows that physiological function and biological toxicity effect of the elements were closely related with its specification.

The toxicity of MMA(III), as one of the arsenic metabolic products is more poisonous than trivalent inorganic arsenic, and DMA was found to be obviously carcinogenic.


Chronic exposure to arsenic (As) through drinking water from natural sources is associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and developmental and reproductive effects [1] [2] [3] [4] . The different metabolic products of inorganic arsenic will lead to different hepatoxicities [5] . The trivalent mono methyl arsenic (MMA III) one of the metabolic products of arsenic metabolism, is regarded as a virulent toxicants [6, 7] . So the arsenic metabolism process becomes the global focus to be researched widely.

Chronic exposure to arsenic (As) through drinking water from natural sources is associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and developmental and reproductive effects.

The different metabolic products of inorganic arsenic will lead to different hepatoxicities.

The trivalent mono methyl arsenic (MMA III) one of the metabolic products of arsenic metabolism, is regarded as a virulent toxicants.


Six days after surgery, wild type (WT; n = 10) and Shank3 ∆C (n = 10) littermates were connected to a lightweight, flexible tether and allowed 5 days to habituate to the tether and recording environment. After habituation, mice underwent 24 h undisturbed baseline EEG and EMG recording starting at light onset. The next day, mice were sleep deprived for 5 h via gentle handling beginning at light onset according to previously published methods (Halassa et al., 2009; Vecsey et al., 2012; Ingiosi et al., 2015) . Mice were then allowed 19 h undisturbed recovery sleep.

The next day, mice were sleep deprived for 5 h via gentle handling beginning at light onset according to previously published methods.


It has been widely reported that a gluten-free diet can be unbalanced, with an excess of saturated fats and a lack of fiber, iron and calcium (Mariani et al. 1998; Thompson et al. 2005; Hopman et al. 2006; Kinsey et al. 2008; Wild et al. 2010) . One of the reasons for these shortcomings is that gluten-free cereal-based products tend to be made with refined flour or starches, and they are not usually enriched or fortified. The design of a gluten-free diet cannot therefore be limited simply to the avoidance of gluten consumption, but must also ensure an adequate intake of essential nutrients.

It has been widely reported that a gluten-free diet can be unbalanced, with an excess of saturated fats and a lack of fiber, iron and calcium.


The effect of chia addition on dough proofing was determined using a rheofermentometer (Chopin, Villeneuve-laGarenne, France), obtaining information on dough development and gas production during fermentation (Czuchajowska and Pomeranz 1993) . In contrast to the traditional method, the weight of dough was reduced to 200 g and the weights were removed from the piston due to the weakness of this kind of dough compared with one prepared with wheat flour. The dough used in the analysis was elaborated using the same method as described earlier and the proofing temperature was set at 30C, as in the bread making. The proofing conditions were therefore as similar as possible to those used for the doughs that were baked.

The effect of chia addition on dough proofing was determined using a rheofermentometer (Chopin, Villeneuve-laGarenne, France), obtaining information on dough development and gas production during fermentation.


Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with the intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite has a worldwide distribution and is able to infect any warm-blooded animal [1] . Infections caused by T. gondii continue to impose a significant public health threat because it can cause hydrocephaly, retinochoroiditis, mental retardation, and even death in developing fetus and life-threatening encephalitis in organ transplant recipients, individuals with AIDS, or receiving immunosuppressive therapy [2] [3] [4] . T. gondii is one of the most successful protozoan parasites owing to its ability to manipulate the immune system and because of the various means (e.g. waterborne, foodborne, transplacental, or organ transplant) by which the parasite can infect the host and establish a latent infection [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

This parasite has a worldwide distribution and is able to infect any warm-blooded animal.

Infections caused by T. gondii continue to impose a significant public health threat because it can cause hydrocephaly, retinochoroiditis, mental retardation, and even death in developing fetus and life-threatening encephalitis in organ transplant recipients, individuals with AIDS, or receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

T. gondii is one of the most successful protozoan parasites owing to its ability to manipulate the immune system and because of the various means (e.g. waterborne, foodborne, transplacental, or organ transplant) by which the parasite can infect the host and establish a latent infection.


Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are well-known by the significant advantage in monitoring space, such as battlefield surveillance, environment monitoring, and biological detection [1] [2] [3] . To accomplish such surveillance missions, a large amount of sensors are intentionally placed over a geographic area (called the area of interest, AOI) to monitor certain events. In general, a sensor node is powered by the battery with a limited capacity. And the majority of energy consumption results from communication. Because of such energy constraint, a large number of sensors are deployed for area coverage. In fact, such deployment will facilitate the surveillance mission. For example, all sensors can be easily coordinated to forward gathered data to a base station along a multihop wireless path. In this case, the reachability between any pair of sensors is required which implies the importance of the connectivity in WSNs.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are well-known by the significant advantage in monitoring space, such as battlefield surveillance, environment monitoring, and biological detection.


When the pesticide enters aquatic systems either through accidental spraying, spray drift, or surface runoff, it dissipates rapidly from the water column as a result of adsorption and possibly biodegradation. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum nonselective systemic herbicide, registered for use on many food and nonfood crops as well as noncrop areas where total vegetation control is desired. When applied at lower rates, it serves as a plant growth regulator [18] . The herbicide has been approved by regulatory bodies worldwide and is effective in killing a wide variety of plants, including grasses, broadleaf, and woody plants. It is marketed with the following trade names: Roundup, Rondo, Sting, Rodeo, Spasor, Muster, Tumbleweed, Sonic, Glifonox, and Glycel. Sediment is the primary sink for glyphosate and after spraying its levels in sediment rise and then decline to low levels in a few months [19] . It is very toxic to earthworms and beneficial insects [20, 21] . Frog embryos treated with glyphosate formulation and pure glyphosate alone suffered diminution of body size, alterations of brain morphology, reduction of the eyes, alterations of the branchial arches and optic placodes, alterations of the neural plate, and other abnormalities of the nervous system [22] . When absorbed into plants, it delays soil degradation and can increase glyphosate persistence in soil from two to six times [23] . Because of this known toxicity, only some formulations of glyphosate are registered for use in aquatic applications [24] .

When applied at lower rates, it serves as a plant growth regulator.

Sediment is the primary sink for glyphosate and after spraying its levels in sediment rise and then decline to low levels in a few months.

It is very toxic to earthworms and beneficial insects.

Frog embryos treated with glyphosate formulation and pure glyphosate alone suffered diminution of body size, alterations of brain morphology, reduction of the eyes, alterations of the branchial arches and optic placodes, alterations of the neural plate, and other abnormalities of the nervous system.

When absorbed into plants, it delays soil degradation and can increase glyphosate persistence in soil from two to six times.

Because of this known toxicity, only some formulations of glyphosate are registered for use in aquatic applications.


Bitter kola has been used as an antidote for cases of poisons or suspected poisons. When food is suspected to be contaminated by bacteria, bitter kola is chewed to prevent the development of any infection or poisoning. The plant products also contain chemical compounds that help in the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. This is because the phenolic compounds present in bitter kola possess antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and antiviral properties [11] .

This is because the phenolic compounds present in bitter kola possess antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and antiviral properties.


By volume, the herbicide is one of the most widely used herbicides [18] . The pesticide formulations do contain surfactants (detergents) to help the active ingredient penetrate the waxy cuticle of the plant and are more toxic to aquatic organisms than glyphosate alone [25, 26] . The pesticide is readily available as formulated compound. This research, therefore, is to examine the prospect of using G. kola seed extracts to ameliorate the water quality and to restore the blood chemistry of fish induced with glyphosate formulation.

By volume, the herbicide is one of the most widely used herbicides.

The pesticide formulations do contain surfactants (detergents) to help the active ingredient penetrate the waxy cuticle of the plant and are more toxic to aquatic organisms than glyphosate alone.


Hard disk drives (HDDs) are not free of particles, which are generated due to different causes such as manufacturing debris, the slider's loading/unloading process, and its occasional contact onto the disk. These particles range in size from several nanometers to several micrometers. In the present article, we focus on the particle's motion in the head-disk interface (HDI), which is the region between the slider and the disk, as shown in Fig. 1 . Since the slider's flying height, h, at the leading edge is around 200 nm, only particles smaller than this value can enter the HDI, and they are the ones of concern here. The slider carries the read-write transducer at its trailing edge which has a much smaller spacing, and the particles entering the HDI may stick to this region and affect the transducer's effectiveness. Other particles might accumulate on the slider and increase the possibility of the slider's contact with the disk, which could further cause the loss of data stored on the disk. Thus particle contamination on the slider can be critical to the HDDs' reliability [1] [2] [3] [4] .

Thus particle contamination on the slider can be critical to the HDDs' reliability.


To increase the HDDs' linear data density on a track, it is necessary to reduce the slider's flying height at the readwrite transducer. To achieve this goal, the thermal flyingheight control (TFC) slider has been developed and implemented in current commercial HDDs [5] . In these sliders, a heating element is integrated near the read-write transducer. When power is applied to this heating element, the slider protrudes near the transducer due to its thermomechanical expansion properties, which decreases the slider's flying height at the transducer. In this approach, the slider's temperature is raised higher than that of the disk, and therefore the temperature in the HDI is not uniform. This non-uniform temperature field induces a force, the socalled thermophoretic force, on particles moving in the HDI. This force points opposite to the temperature gradient direction and is due to the different mobility of gas molecules on different parts of the surface of the particle since the temperature is a macroscopic manifestation of the gas molecules' speeds [6, 7] .

To achieve this goal, the thermal flyingheight control (TFC) slider has been developed and implemented in current commercial HDDs.

This force points opposite to the temperature gradient direction and is due to the different mobility of gas molecules on different parts of the surface of the particle since the temperature is a macroscopic manifestation of the gas molecules' speeds.


The temperature of a TFC slider during operation only rises by less than 1°C higher than that of the disk except in the region near the transducer where the temperature can locally rise as much as 10°C [12, 13] . Despite this fact, we consider here an extreme case where the slider's temperature is assumed to be uniformly 10°C higher than that of the disk, and we explore the effect of this temperature rise on the motion of particles in the HDI. For each particle moving in the HDI, two trajectories are calculated: one with the thermophoretic force and the other one without it, the latter of which corresponds to a traditional slider without the heating element. The profile of an air bearing surface, which is the surface of the slider facing the disk, is shown in Fig. 3 and is used in the following calculations. The numerical results presented in Fig. 4 , show that these two trajectories essentially coincide with each other, which implies that the thermophoretic force is negligible even for this extreme case. To understand the reason behind this finding, we perform an order analysis and investigate the relative importance of the thermophoretic force and the Saffman force.

The temperature of a TFC slider during operation only rises by less than 1°C higher than that of the disk except in the region near the transducer where the temperature can locally rise as much as 10°C.


For computing the movement policy for the defender, we initially expected to be able to use existing solvers developed for physical security systems [17] . Unfortunately, none of them considered the cost of switching between strategies. Since this is highly relevant in cyber-security systems, we had to formulate an optimization problem to consider these costs when generating strategies.

For computing the movement policy for the defender, we initially expected to be able to use existing solvers developed for physical security systems.


The use of Common Vulnerabilitiy Scoring System (CVSS) for rating attacks is well studied in security [7] . We describe this metric later. CVSS provides a strong backbone for obtaining utilities for our game theoretic model. None of the existing works (to our knowledge) talk about the pragmatic aspect of prioritizing vulnerabilites in MTD systems. Also, there does not seem to be any standard metrics to capture the robustness of strategies generated by a model. We address both these issues in the upcoming sections.

The use of Common Vulnerabilitiy Scoring System (CVSS) for rating attacks is well studied in security.

We describe this metric later.


Polyurethane (PU) can be produced by different methods such as prepolymerization, single-step polymerization and quasiprepolymer. Single-step polymerization takes place when polyol, diisocyanate and catalyst are mixed together and the chain extension takes place in one step. As a result of the heat liberated, this method is best suited to make thin wall products [1] . Quasiprepolymer method is the reaction between polyol reacted with an excess of diisocyanate. Hence, the urethane prepolymer contains higher free isocyanate content (15% -30%) and is called isocyanate quasiprepolymers or semiprepolymer because the diisocyanate molecules are partially reacted with polyol [2] . Preparation of polyurethane by prepolymerization on the other hand, involves formation of urethane polymer at the initial stage of reaction between polyol and diisocyanate. Then, the urethane prepolymer is chain-extended with diol or water to form polyurethane. To form urethane prepolymer, one of the isocyanate groups (NCO) will react with a hydroxyl group (OH) of the polyol and the other isocyanate group reacts with the second OH group. The resultant urethane prepolymer has two isocyanate groups on both ends of urethane prepolymer with urethane bonds. Prepolymers are normally produced with a mole ratio of 2 moles of diisocyanate to 1 mole of polyol. If the mole ratio of diisocyanate to polyol is higher (i.e. 3:1), the resultant product is called a quasiprepolymer. As the reaction proceeds, the chain length of urethane prepolymer will increase as the hydroxyl groups react with the terminal NCO end groups of the urethane prepolymers. Further chain extension of the chain can be carried out by reaction of the hydroxyl group of chain extender with either diisocyanate molecule or an isocyanate end groups from another urethane prepolymer chain.

As a result of the heat liberated, this method is best suited to make thin wall products.

Hence, the urethane prepolymer contains higher free isocyanate content (15% -30%) and is called isocyanate quasiprepolymers or semiprepolymer because the diisocyanate molecules are partially reacted with polyol.


Several reasons to make PU through prepolymerization method as opposed to the single step polymerization include lower isocyanate vapour levels and reduction of exotherm of the final reaction. When diisocyanate reacts with polyol, the molecular weight of urethane prepolymer increases with time, resulting in low vapor pressure. A single step polymerization of polyurethane gives off heat when urethane bonds are formed and causes shrinkage problem. However, prepolymerization allows partial dissipation of the exotherm prior to the formation of PU. The significant of this research is to synthesize PU without heating as researched by others [5, 6] .

The significant of this research is to synthesize PU without heating as researched by others.


TLS is most commonly seen during the initiation of chemotherapy in aggressive hematologic malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [3] . Less often, it has been seen in the treatment of solid bulky tumors that are sensitive to chemotherapy, such as breast cancer and small cell lung cancer [3] . Of note, there is not a systemic relationship between the size of a solid tumor and the occurrence of TLS. TLS occurring spontaneously without prior treatment is rare, though reported in hematologic malignancies. Even rarer is spontaneous TLS in solid tumors. Rarely does TLS occur spontaneously with solid tumors. There has not been any previously documented case of spontaneous TLS occurring in a uterine malignancy with lung metastases.

TLS is most commonly seen during the initiation of chemotherapy in aggressive hematologic malignancies, such as acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Less often, it has been seen in the treatment of solid bulky tumors that are sensitive to chemotherapy, such as breast cancer and small cell lung cancer.


A major challenge in accurately locating the source of PD activities in power cables is that PD pulses suffer from significant attenuation and dispersion as they travel from their site of origin to the cable terminal or cable joint where a PD monitoring system is connected. This attenuation and dispersion results in detected PD signals possessing different waveforms from the original PD pulse. Identifying and establishing correlation between the PD pulse at the site of origin and that at the detection point(s) for localisation of the signal source becomes crucial [2] .

Identifying and establishing correlation between the PD pulse at the site of origin and that at the detection point(s) for localisation of the signal source becomes crucial.


In a similar way, the language of infrastructure interdependency needs to recognise the likelihood that different stakeholders will have differing perspectives on a network of infrastructure and on the associated interdependencies. It has been widely recognised in the modelling of infrastructure interdependencies that there no single model or modelling approach is enough to capture all sides of this problem (Johansson and Hassel, 2010) . It therefore follows that multiple modelling methodologies would also benefit from such a framework. This would ensure that the system of interest was not only modelled from multiple perspectives, but that the emergent properties of beneficial and adverse interactions between infrastructure systems was also understood.

It has been widely recognised in the modelling of infrastructure interdependencies that there no single model or modelling approach is enough to capture all sides of this problem.


It was understood from examining the sub-dimensions of the participants' achievement orientation that there was a significant statistical difference between the Departments of Teaching and Coaching regarding the performance avoid orientation. With regard to the performance approach orientation, there was a significant statistical difference between the Departments of Teaching and Coaching, between the Departments of Sport Management and Coaching and between the Departments of Coaching and Recreation. Regarding the learning avoid orientation, there was a significant statistical difference between the Departments of Teaching and Coaching and between the Departments of Teaching and Recreation. A study conducted on prospective teachers by Arslan in 2011 showed that there was not a significant relation between the department in which they studied and their opinion as regards achievement and goal orientation. That is to say, their opinion on goal orientation did not change according to the department in which they studied. Students participated in educational activities in accordance with various goals. Their goals affected how they participated, their participation and the maintenance of participation levels (Arslan, 2011) . The reason for this may be that they had different curricula, goals, education and self-realization levels.

Their goals affected how they participated, their participation and the maintenance of participation levels.


Achievement goal orientation provides the main motivation that individuals need in order to be successful. That is to say, it deals with the reasons behind the choices that students make in order to be successful in their tasks (Kaplan and Maehr, 2007; Pintrich, 2000) . It explains why students are interested in learning and how they perceive their reasons for learning (Pintrich et al., 1991) . When it is considered that individuals should place importance on strategies such as selfevaluation, then abilities such as setting objectives and planning so that they attain their goal as well as the ability to self-regulate and other skills are needed. Students with the ability to selfregulate manage their own learning process and take action to gain knowledge and skills in educational environments, rather than relying on their instructors, family members or other educative elements in order.

That is to say, it deals with the reasons behind the choices that students make in order to be successful in their tasks.

It explains why students are interested in learning and how they perceive their reasons for learning.


Students who can self-regulate approach their tasks with self-confidence and discipline. They understand their ability and knowledge. They look for the knowledge that they need in order to become successful. This proves that self-regulation is very important in order to be successful (Aydın, 2012; Zimmerman, 2000) . Self-regulation can be defined as the emotions, thoughts and behaviors which are developed by an individual to achieve a goal. On the other hand, 'academic' self-regulation can be defined as the active cognitive and behavioral participation of an individual in order to achieve academic goals.

This proves that self-regulation is very important in order to be successful.


The adoption of lifelong learning in education, of individuals being responsible for their own learning process, and the prevalence of the constructivist approach in learning has brought the notion of self-regulation to the forefront (Uygun, 2012) . One of the most prominent aims in education is to create individuals who take responsibility for their learning, control their own learning process, participate actively in the process, trust their abilities and exploit the advantages these abilities bring (Zimmerman, 2000) . After a literature review, it was found that there are some studies examining students' achievement orientation and academic self-regulation (Kaplan, 2014; Uçar, 2012; Solmaz et al., 2014; Maclellan and Soden, 2006; Pepe, 2015) . However, no study has been conducted on students studying in different departments of Faculties of Sport Sciences.

The adoption of lifelong learning in education, of individuals being responsible for their own learning process, and the prevalence of the constructivist approach in learning has brought the notion of self-regulation to the forefront.

One of the most prominent aims in education is to create individuals who take responsibility for their learning, control their own learning process, participate actively in the process, trust their abilities and exploit the advantages these abilities bring.

After a literature review, it was found that there are some studies examining students' achievement orientation and academic self-regulation.


For ground-based GPS receivers, the raw measurement is the total amount of delay to the microwave radio signals caused by the atmosphere as the signals travel from the GPS satellite to the receiver. The total delay along the slant path between the receiver and satellite is composed of ionospheric delay, hydrostatic delay, and wet delay. Upper-atmosphere ionospheric delay, when observed by a dual-frequency GPS re-ceiver, can be calculated to millimeter accuracy. The hydrostatic delay can be estimated with known knowledge of pressure and temperature. The slant-path wet delay (SWD), the residual part due to water vapor, can therefore be obtained by subtracting the ionospheric and hydrostatic delays from the total delay. Further, SWD can be linearly related to slant water vapor (SWV), defined as the integral of water vapor along the entire slant path (Davis et al. 1985) . The accuracy of SWV thus derived is usually within a few millimeters (Ware et al. 1997; Braun et al. 2001) .

Further, SWD can be linearly related to slant water vapor (SWV), defined as the integral of water vapor along the entire slant path.

The accuracy of SWV thus derived is usually within a few millimeters.


Queries submitted to a Web search engine (WSE) are typically short and often ambiguous [5] . In such a scenario, an effective approach is to diversify the search results. By doing so, the probability of satisfying potentially different information needs underlying an ambiguous query is maximised [3] . Although search result diversification is a naturally motivated approach in a Web search scenario, it is unclear how much diversity is actually promoted by existing WSEs.

Queries submitted to a Web search engine (WSE) are typically short and often ambiguous.

By doing so, the probability of satisfying potentially different information needs underlying an ambiguous query is maximised.


Integrity assessment of structures involving vibration-based techniques has got an increased attention in last decades. The core of these techniques is the vibration measurement, which provides information in real time regarding the structure's parameter changes, in this way making possible the detection of damage occurrence [1] . In the last few years, many research reports on vibration-based damage detection techniques have been published [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In respect to the geometry and orientation, damages can be differently classified. This study is limited to analyze the dynamic behavior of Euler-Bernoulli beams with transverse cracks. The rigidity of such beams is clearly diminished by the cracks, and also the mass is reduced. Among many past studies, two main crack ranges raised up: open cracks assuming the loss of rigidity and mass, and breathing cracks acting just on the rigidity [10] .

The core of these techniques is the vibration measurement, which provides information in real time regarding the structure's parameter changes, in this way making possible the detection of damage occurrence.

In the last few years, many research reports on vibration-based damage detection techniques have been published.

Among many past studies, two main crack ranges raised up: open cracks assuming the loss of rigidity and mass, and breathing cracks acting just on the rigidity.


Even if virtual groups have the same components of face-to-face groups, these elements work in different way. The absence of a physical presence and anonymity are elements capable of influencing the nature of the relations between members of groups on line, depriving them of the possibility to transmit information through the non verbal analogical dimension of human communication. Research has shown in fact that the material aspects of the environment in which the face to face group interacts, the interpersonal distance and the position of the members all play a fundamental role in the structuring of the dynamics that govern it (Shaw, 1976) . The internal relations in an on line group instead will be conditioned by specific elements of the virtual environment such as the conversational style of the members or the resemblance of values and interests expressed during the conversations.

Research has shown in fact that the material aspects of the environment in which the face to face group interacts, the interpersonal distance and the position of the members all play a fundamental role in the structuring of the dynamics that govern it.


I don't know other ways where intelligence or mind can grow or be grown if not through the internal growth on the part of the individual through experience and behaviour through social processes (Mead, 1967) . Mead is convinced that the individual behaves on the basis of the principle for which a stimulus coming from the environment creates the right reaction: in particular in the case of human being, between a stimulus and its reaction is created a symbol, which is coordinated with one's personal orientation of behavior. The "self" and the "mind", far from being innate rather are developed in the effort to adapt (themselves) to (their) environment.

I don't know other ways where intelligence or mind can grow or be grown if not through the internal growth on the part of the individual through experience and behaviour through social processes.


The structure of virtual groups is equivalent to that of faceto-face groups: in both cases one can define norms, roles, status processes of cohesion and feelings of group identity (Ruggieri, Pace, 2009) . What divides these two social realities regards the environmental dimension in which they exist: if in the traditional group, most face-to-face interaction is realized through a continuous exchange of information through a non verbal canal of communication, in the virtual groups analogical communication is much less important because it is mediated through the use of an avatar, images and emoticon. The absence of physicality, therefore, influences the presentation of one's personal identity, which is manipulated creating images of itself that are not necessarily corresponding to reality.

The structure of virtual groups is equivalent to that of faceto-face groups: in both cases one can define norms, roles, status processes of cohesion and feelings of group identity.


The absence of integrated head tracking within 3-D audio displays has been well documented as providing poor externalisation of sound and degraded localising performance [7, 8] . Presenting non-individualised 3-D audio without head tracking constrains its use predominantly about the azimuth and to cases where the individual does not move his or her head. Since cost and environmental constraints may make it impractical to always integrate head tracking in a display, this study has attempted to further knowledge of the use of 3-D audio without head tracking.

The absence of integrated head tracking within 3-D audio displays has been well documented as providing poor externalisation of sound and degraded localising performance.


Other potential complications stem from uncertainty in the measurement of genus age and the timing of apparent versus actual extinctions. Some of the genera that first appear in any given time bin actually originated in prior bins, and some of the genera that last appear in that bin in fact persisted into subsequent time bins (Foote 2000) . One way of evaluating our confidence that the first and last appearances of a genus in the PaleoDB reflect its actual origination and extinction is by measuring the completeness of its record within its known stratigraphic range (Foote 1997 (Foote , 2001b Foote and Raup 1996) . Genera with a low probability of being sampled within their known stratigraphic range are also likely to have stratigraphic ranges substantially shorter than their true duration. If uncertainty about genus age and/or timing of extinction influences the association of genus age and extinction risk, then we expect there to be an association between the average sampling probability of genera within an order and the apparent age selectivity of extinction within that order.

Some of the genera that first appear in any given time bin actually originated in prior bins, and some of the genera that last appear in that bin in fact persisted into subsequent time bins.

One way of evaluating our confidence that the first and last appearances of a genus in the PaleoDB reflect its actual origination and extinction is by measuring the completeness of its record within its known stratigraphic range.


FRVT 2006 explored the feasibility of using 3D data for both enrollment and authentication [11] . The algorithms using 3D data have demonstrated their ability to provide good recognition rates; however, for practical purposes, it is unlikely that large-scale deployments of 3D systems will take place in the near future due to the high cost of the necessary hardware. Nevertheless, it is not unreasonable to assume that an institution may want to invest in a limited number of 3D scanners, if having 3D data for enrollment can yield higher accuracy for 2D face authentication/identification.

FRVT 2006 explored the feasibility of using 3D data for both enrollment and authentication.


PPAR-γ is involved in glucose uptake and lipid storage in adipocytes [26, 27] . Activation of PPAR-γ to improve the sensitivity of insulin receptors is the predominant mechanism for the antidiabetic efficacy of PPAR-γ agonists [28] . Thiazolidinedione, a synthetic PPAR-γ ligand, significantly increases insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes, interferes with TNF-α activity, and increases adiponectin levels [29] . Adipocytokines, primarily adiponectin and TNF-α released from adipocytes, appear to be associated with glucose metabolism [30] . Therefore, the hypoglycemic effect of sorghum in this study could be explained by increased PPAR-γ expression in adipose tissue, which consequently increased adiponectin expression and decreased TNF-α expression.

PPAR-γ is involved in glucose uptake and lipid storage in adipocytes.

Activation of PPAR-γ to improve the sensitivity of insulin receptors is the predominant mechanism for the antidiabetic efficacy of PPAR-γ agonists.

Thiazolidinedione, a synthetic PPAR-γ ligand, significantly increases insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes, interferes with TNF-α activity, and increases adiponectin levels.

Adipocytokines, primarily adiponectin and TNF-α released from adipocytes, appear to be associated with glucose metabolism.


Periodic vortex shedding from bluff bodies or cylinders, placed with its axis normal to the flow, has a limited coherence in the spanwise direction. Typically a coherence length of 6 diameters is observed (Blevins 1985) . The lateral coherence length of this vortex shedding is increased by an order of magnitude by applying an acoustic field corresponding to a velocity perturbation of the order to 2% of the main flow velocity (Blevins 1985) . This lockin of the vortex shedding is also known to occur as a result of mechanical oscillations of the cylinder (Blevins 1991) .

Typically a coherence length of 6 diameters is observed.

The lateral coherence length of this vortex shedding is increased by an order of magnitude by applying an acoustic field corresponding to a velocity perturbation of the order to 2% of the main flow velocity.

This lockin of the vortex shedding is also known to occur as a result of mechanical oscillations of the cylinder.


Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) involve inflammatory lesions of the intestine, especially in its distal part [1] . Weight loss associated with these chronic inflammatory diseases particularly affects the lean body mass [2] . This is reflected by a muscular loss, which can lead to a reduction of mobility and autonomy. A better knowledge of the protein metabolism disturbances occurring during these pathological states is needed to understand the mechanisms leading to muscle loss and how to manage these diseases more efficiently.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) involve inflammatory lesions of the intestine, especially in its distal part.

Weight loss associated with these chronic inflammatory diseases particularly affects the lean body mass.


Moreover, it should be noted that in this study the number of accidents increased with decreasing education level. Most accidents occurred among the permanent workers having a high school education and temporary workers having a diploma. More workers are without a college degree than with one, so a higher number of accidents in the group with a lower education level is predictable. In order to determine the effect of education level on accident rates, balanced groups with similar number of workers are required. Therefore, more research on this variable is recommended. Other studies have observed that training cannot reduce accidents when the level of hazards is high and there are few or no reliable techniques and safe working practises in organizations [43] . These findings suggest that further research should be carried out on the appropriateness of safety training programs.

Other studies have observed that training cannot reduce accidents when the level of hazards is high and there are few or no reliable techniques and safe working practises in organizations.


Alternatively, the test composed of a round panel simply supported on its contour (RPT-css) has also been utilized by some authors [12] . Moreover, a statically determinate round panel test, supported in three pivots (RPT-3ps), was recommended in ASTM C-1550 standard [23] . Despite the better representation of the biaxial flexural capacity of SFRC, the SPT-css, RPT-css, or RPT-3ps give no explicit information about the tensile post-cracking response of SFRC, unless a complementary model is utilized, capable to interpret inversely the mechanical properties of the fibrous concrete from the test results.

Alternatively, the test composed of a round panel simply supported on its contour (RPT-css) has also been utilized by some authors.

Moreover, a statically determinate round panel test, supported in three pivots (RPT-3ps), was recommended in ASTM C-1550 standard.


The numerical simulations of experimental tests with this types of SFRC structures have evidenced, however, that for assuring high accurate simulations, the w   obtained directly from DTT and, indirectly by performing inverse analysis with the BBT, should be altered, mainly the stress at crack initiation and the fracture energy [11] . This is due to the dependency of the post-cracking behaviour of SFRC on the fibre distribution and orientation, as well as on the nature of cracking process, since cracks of several orientations are formed in a slab, while in DTT and BBT a governing crack is formed orthogonally to the axis of the specimen. Therefore, a design methodology for SFRC slab should be based on constitutive models that are representative of the behaviour of the SFRC in this type of structures. For the evaluation of the energy absorption of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) to be applied in slab and shell type structures, the experts for specialised construction and concrete systems (EFNARC) proposed a test composed of a square panel where its contour is simply supported (SPT-css), and is subjected to a central load [22] .

The numerical simulations of experimental tests with this types of SFRC structures have evidenced, however, that for assuring high accurate simulations, the w   obtained directly from DTT and, indirectly by performing inverse analysis with the BBT, should be altered, mainly the stress at crack initiation and the fracture energy.

For the evaluation of the energy absorption of fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) to be applied in slab and shell type structures, the experts for specialised construction and concrete systems (EFNARC) proposed a test composed of a square panel where its contour is simply supported (SPT-css), and is subjected to a central load.


The present paper describes an experimental program conducted to evaluate the influence of the tensile postcracking behaviour of SFRC on the load-deflection response of SPT-css. For this purpose, a numerical model is developed that considers work equilibrium conditions and constitutive laws of SFRC in tension and compression, and uses a moment-rotation approach recently proposed [27] . The predictive performance of this model is assessed by simulating the force-deflection response of SPT-css, and RPT-3ps obtained in experimental programs. A parametric study is carried out with this model for assessing the influence of the post-cracking performance of SFRC on the behaviour at serviceability limit conditions, on the load carrying capacity, and on the deformational response of RPT-css.

For this purpose, a numerical model is developed that considers work equilibrium conditions and constitutive laws of SFRC in tension and compression, and uses a moment-rotation approach recently proposed.


The rest of this article is organized as follows. In Section 2 we will establish a certain continuity and the above-mentioned differentiability of the functional R α . In Sections 3-4 we will apply the results of Section 2 to the nonparametric and parametric estimation of R α (F ). In Section 5 we will prove the main result of Section 2, and in Section 6 we will verify two examples and a lemma presented in Sections 3-4. The Appendix provides some auxiliary results. In particular, in Section B of the Appendix we formulate a slight generalization of the functional delta-method in the form of Beutner and Zähle [8] .

In particular, in Section B of the Appendix we formulate a slight generalization of the functional delta-method in the form of Beutner and Zähle.


In the increasingly competitive world of business and industry, identifying the suppliers and managing the supply chain have become an important factor. Competition has become globalized, and innovations have moved from company-level to supply chain-level. In hi-tech companies in particular, the materials and services purchased correspond to 80% of the total cost (Weber et al., 1991) . This percentage shows us the importance of supplier selection and supplier suitability for a company. Around 80% of the compounds used in pharmaceutical production are procured through importing. Hence, as seen in many areas, companies operating in the pharmaceutical industry are in need of new supply strategies in accordance with use of external resources. The pharmaceutical industry can be defined as a sector focusing on the research, development, testing and final production of medicine and treatments. Companies operating in the pharmaceutical industry want to have the ability to conduct researches, increase efficiency, ensure product diversity, offer their products worldwide, and be effective players in the emerging markets. In addition, the safety and reliability of the produced product is an important element in the pharmaceuticals industry. The purity of the compound used in the product is one of the most important criteria in supplier selection.

In hi-tech companies in particular, the materials and services purchased correspond to 80% of the total cost.


Supplier selection, which can be defined as the determination of the possible quality, quantity, price and vendor of the raw materials, semi-finished products and other materials that will be used in production, is one of the important steps of production. Today, the concept of globalization is also seen in the supply business. Working with suitable suppliers significantly affects the competitiveness of businesses. From this angle, selection of the suitable supplier becomes an important task for procurement decision-makers in companies (Spekman, 1988) .

From this angle, selection of the suitable supplier becomes an important task for procurement decision-makers in companies.


Reliability of regular air transport, especially among the travellers from smaller communities, who appreciate the vicinity of airport of origin most, is the quite important factor when choosing the airline as a mean of transport in their journey. Ease of reaching the final destination, flights frequency and number of transfer connections become crucial whether the journey would take place (Zimon, 2016) . Whereas type of propulsion, which determines the comfort to some extent with turbojet preferred, represents only 0.5% of all factors (Stone, 2016) . Contemporary industrial societies show high mobility.

Ease of reaching the final destination, flights frequency and number of transfer connections become crucial whether the journey would take place.

Whereas type of propulsion, which determines the comfort to some extent with turbojet preferred, represents only 0.5% of all factors.


To allow models to learn from small conversational data, we introduce two variants of three-step training procedure. Both variants use additional input of word embedding representations derived from a bidirectional LSTM language model (biLM). The word embedding representations used in this paper is ELMo [22] .

The word embedding representations used in this paper is ELMo.


The term "risk" both involve identifying the hazards and threats as well as handling all the possible consequences in that the event should occur [1] . In this paper the risk referred to is that un-ready technology is incorporated into the products. The handling of the possible consequences is not discussed in the paper.

The term "risk" both involve identifying the hazards and threats as well as handling all the possible consequences in that the event should occur.


A waveguide intersecting with another creates a region with no lateral mode confinement, resulting in a sudden broadening of the guided waves. The broadening causes loss due to excitation of radiation modes and crosstalk by coupling to the guided modes of the intersecting waveguide [40] . Our goal is to design a novel, compact, and efficient structure for crosstalk suppression in interconnecting THz spoof SPP waveguides.

The broadening causes loss due to excitation of radiation modes and crosstalk by coupling to the guided modes of the intersecting waveguide.


The most intensively studied applications have included development of oxygen cathodes in biofuel cells, biosensors, labeling in immunoassays and organic synthesis through biocatalysis. Due to their broad substrate specificity, laccases might have great potential in varied environmental applications including pulp delignification, textile dye bleaching and xenobiotics degradation [6, 8] . These applications stimulate new fundamental research for which this enzyme can be used.

Due to their broad substrate specificity, laccases might have great potential in varied environmental applications including pulp delignification, textile dye bleaching and xenobiotics degradation.


Electric drive system is one of the most successful areas in model reference adaptive control system application [10] [11] [12] . For example, C.Lascu and I.Boldea adopt adaptive control for motor supply drive system in the early application [11] . Model reference adaptive controller can design the reference model based on the system performance, and the adaptive controller can ensure the system tracking and stability by adjusting the controller parameters even in the presence of external disturbances and uncertainties. Perforated mill speed control system is mainly focused on controlling the drive electrical motor speed. According to the difference between the measured values of servo motor and set values, the precise speed control is achieved by control servo motor.

Electric drive system is one of the most successful areas in model reference adaptive control system application.

For example, C.Lascu and I.Boldea adopt adaptive control for motor supply drive system in the early application.


In particular, the evidence suggested that the concurrents have true perceptual quality [3, 4, 6] . Later, however, new evidence indicated that synaesthetic inducers have a semantic, rather than perceptual, nature [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . These two sets of results need not contradict each other.

In particular, the evidence suggested that the concurrents have true perceptual quality.

Later, however, new evidence indicated that synaesthetic inducers have a semantic, rather than perceptual, nature.


A significant increase in oxygen uptake has been shown in Iris germanica rhizomes that had undergone 8 d anoxia, when oxygen supply was restored (Monk et al. 1984) . It is possible here that oxygen radicals were being formed (Fig. 6) , and that some lipid peroxidation was taking place. It would be useful to know whether free radical scavengers, such as glutathione, ascorbate and -tocopherol are as active after a period of oxygen deprivation as under air in this species.

A significant increase in oxygen uptake has been shown in Iris germanica rhizomes that had undergone 8 d anoxia, when oxygen supply was restored.


Currently, as a result of many studies of dislocationfree silicon single crystals obtained various experimental data concerning the formation and interaction of point defects, has accumulated vast experience in growing perfect crystals [1, 2] . It was established that grown-in microdefects are precipitates of impurities, interstitial dislocation loops and vacancy microvoids [3, 4] . However, experimental studies require large material and time costs, while theoretical studies are carried out for single crystals with selected fixed parameters of their growth [5, 6] . Consequently, it is necessary to develop a new method for studying the defect structure of silicon without these drawbacks. This method allows to simulate a real experiment by the software.

Currently, as a result of many studies of dislocationfree silicon single crystals obtained various experimental data concerning the formation and interaction of point defects, has accumulated vast experience in growing perfect crystals.

It was established that grown-in microdefects are precipitates of impurities, interstitial dislocation loops and vacancy microvoids.

However, experimental studies require large material and time costs, while theoretical studies are carried out for single crystals with selected fixed parameters of their growth.


A vast majority of modern microelectronic and nanoelectronic devices are built on the monocrystalline silicon substrates produced from the crystals grown by the Czochralski (CZ) process and the float-zone (FZ) process. Many of the advances in integrated-circuit (IC) manufacturing achieved in recent years would not have been possible without parallel advances in silicon-crystal quality and defect engineering. These studies are now approaching values that will allow the silicon starting material to be used in the production of critical component dimensions below 18 nm [1] .

These studies are now approaching values that will allow the silicon starting material to be used in the production of critical component dimensions below 18 nm.


We presently demonstrate a higher protein content for TNF-α and IL-1β in the hypothalamus of rats with anorexia-cachexia associated with cancer. These proinflammatory cytokines are known to modulate the expression and secretion of neuropeptides involved in the control of feeding behavior [5, 6, [15] [16] [17] [18] . These results are in agreement with our hypothesis that Walker 256-bearing rats present hypothalamic inflammation.

These proinflammatory cytokines are known to modulate the expression and secretion of neuropeptides involved in the control of feeding behavior.


Anorexia-cachexia and its consequences are detrimental and considered to be the direct cause of up to 20% of cancer deaths [1] . Adipose tissue atrophy is a hallmark of cancer cachexia, up to an 85% decrease in body fat being reported in lung cancer patients, leading to hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance as well as complicating anti-tumour therapies. Loss of fat stores cannot be explained by reduced appetite alone as it often precedes the onset of anorexia and is more severe in an animal model of cachexia than during food restriction [2, 3] .

Anorexia-cachexia and its consequences are detrimental and considered to be the direct cause of up to 20% of cancer deaths.

Loss of fat stores cannot be explained by reduced appetite alone as it often precedes the onset of anorexia and is more severe in an animal model of cachexia than during food restriction.


Fumigation is one of the most practical and convenient methods for insect disinfestation of fresh horticultural products (Paull and Armstrong, 1994) . Nevertheless, insecticidal fumigants are toxic to mammals and many are flammable. Ethylene dibromide (EDB) was the most com- monly used fumigant before being banned in 1984 by the USA Environment Protection Agency because of cancer risks (Anonymous, 1984) . The alternatives, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and phosphine (PH3) have only limited use because of phytotoxicity. Methyl bromide (MB) will be probably withdrawn in the near future as an ozone depletor (Anonymous, 1992) .

Fumigation is one of the most practical and convenient methods for insect disinfestation of fresh horticultural products.

Ethylene dibromide (EDB) was the most com- monly used fumigant before being banned in 1984 by the USA Environment Protection Agency because of cancer risks.

Methyl bromide (MB) will be probably withdrawn in the near future as an ozone depletor.


In December 2008, the Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis (CPB) was predicting a relatively mild recession with a shrinkage of 0.75% in 2009. Nout Wellink, President of the Nederlandsche Bank (DNB), responded almost immediately by describing these forecasts as too optimistic. In the same month, Onno Ruding, former Minister of Finance, predicted shrinkage of 3% in the first quarter of 2009 and warned for deep repercussions on the National Budget. Wellink placed explicit emphasis on the anticipated rise in unemployment (Giebels 2008) .

Wellink placed explicit emphasis on the anticipated rise in unemployment.


In this paper, we study the problem of recovering the missing infections as well as the source nodes (so-called 'culprits') of an epidemic. Finding culprits given noise-free snapshots of noise-free graphs is already highly complex problem [18, 22] . At the same time, in spite of its importance, missing data in context of cascades has virtually received no attention. In this paper we show that both these problems can be efficiently solved simultaneously. Figure 1 demonstrates how our method, NetFill, recovers missing data, as well as identifies culprits with high precision.

Finding culprits given noise-free snapshots of noise-free graphs is already highly complex problem.


The concomitant use of medicinal plants and derivatives with industrialized drugs has been observed in some ethnopharmacological studies (Dorigoni, 2001; Veiga Júnior et al., 2005) . This practice has been found as consequence of self-medication or even of health professional advising and includes the use of decocts, infusions, teas, extracts, macerates, plasters, essential oils and powders from medicinal plants (Sucar, 2003; Oliveira et al., 2006) . Drugs association means the possibility of interactions which could result in enhanced therapeutic answer, antagonic effect to the used drug or decreased side effects (Brinker, 1998; Seidil, 2000) .

The concomitant use of medicinal plants and derivatives with industrialized drugs has been observed in some ethnopharmacological studies.

This practice has been found as consequence of self-medication or even of health professional advising and includes the use of decocts, infusions, teas, extracts, macerates, plasters, essential oils and powders from medicinal plants.

Drugs association means the possibility of interactions which could result in enhanced therapeutic answer, antagonic effect to the used drug or decreased side effects.


It was broadly found that informal and professional care operated independently, not complementarily, which supports the proposition that their receipt is dependent upon the tasks involved. Professional service providers may be less suited to unskilled home-care, for which the motivation of a partner or other close relative is especially advantageous. For other care tasks, particularly those which require specialised training or facilities, professional services may be more appropriate (Litwak 1985) . Combinations of types of care generally reflect multiple needs. In the last phase of life, combinations of informal and professional care have been found to be rather common, especially for those with more severe and protracted illness (Klinkenberg 2004) .

For other care tasks, particularly those which require specialised training or facilities, professional services may be more appropriate.

In the last phase of life, combinations of informal and professional care have been found to be rather common, especially for those with more severe and protracted illness.


The population at the oldest ages will increase most rapidly, and even if age-specific morbidity and dependency rates moderate, the requirement for long-term care will continue to increase. In order to prepare the care system, it is of great importance to understand what factors predict the use of care. Most studies on the predictors of care utilisation rely on crosssectional data and therefore describe differences between users and non-users. To explain the use of care, however, it may be more useful to focus on the process of becoming a user. To construct a theory of the factors that influence the use of care, a longitudinal design is required, in which 'transitions in care' are the dependent or outcome variables; this enables the changing situation of the older person to be taken into account (Crets 1996) .

To construct a theory of the factors that influence the use of care, a longitudinal design is required, in which 'transitions in care' are the dependent or outcome variables; this enables the changing situation of the older person to be taken into account.


Some limitations of the present study have to be acknowledged. The over-sampling of men and older-old subjects produced considerable non-response through mortality and a higher attrition rate in the subjects with the worst health. As attrition was associated with the use of care as well as practically all predisposing, enabling and need factors, the strength of the associations between predictor variables and transitions in care is likely to have been under-estimated. A second limitation may be the relatively long period of three years between the measurements. Although stability was high for most sources of care, shorter intervals between the measurements are recommended in future studies, especially those pertaining to informal care, which was most variable. A third concern may be that chronic physical diseases and functional limitations were measured by selfreport. In a validation study, however, respondents' self-reports on chronic diseases were compared to information obtained from their GPs and proved reliable (Kriegsman et al. 1996) . With respect to functional limitations, more objective measures such as performance tests in a more experimental setting have not been found to be superior to self-reports. Considerable discordance has even been reported between performance in a test and actual functioning at home (Glass 1998) . Finally, no differentiation could be made between the different care tasks, particularly for personal and household care, partly because very few respondents received personal care. In future research that analyses more selected samples with a higher prevalence of medical problems and consequently a higher need for personal care, task differentiation will need further attention.

In a validation study, however, respondents' self-reports on chronic diseases were compared to information obtained from their GPs and proved reliable.

Considerable discordance has even been reported between performance in a test and actual functioning at home.


The transitions and their determinants for the first and second time intervals were quite similar (demonstrating the robustness of the models) but some differences were found. Stability in receiving informal homecare was noticeably higher during the second period, which might be partly explained by the need for care to become more intense, and by the strengthened motivation, skills and support of informal care providers (Hanson et al. 2002) . Furthermore, the need factors became more important in predicting the transition to private home-care, which may be explained by changes in the availability, allocation and supply of subsidised care services in The Netherlands during the study period. In general, the reduction of the number of beds in hospitals and residential homes has increased the pressure on professional home-care services and resulted in longer waiting lists (Prismant 2000) . Such supply restrictions may have necessitated the increased use of private resources.

Stability in receiving informal homecare was noticeably higher during the second period, which might be partly explained by the need for care to become more intense, and by the strengthened motivation, skills and support of informal care providers.

In general, the reduction of the number of beds in hospitals and residential homes has increased the pressure on professional home-care services and resulted in longer waiting lists.


Third, our hybrid approach of sampling recent contacts but asking broader questions about the police that transcend a specific contact may have led us away from the very kind of specificity we were trying to measure. Although we were unable to measure the six individual dimensions of service quality using this sample, it would be useful to test whether these dimensions might still be meaningful and measurable in different contexts, or using different sampling or research strategies. Perhaps when asked about the nature of a specific contact, respondents may draw on different cognitive referents when formulating responses to survey items. Little is known about how sampling choices influence the measurement of public perceptions of police, though some research has started to disentangle the relationship between global and specific attitudes toward police (Brandl et al., 1994) .

Little is known about how sampling choices influence the measurement of public perceptions of police, though some research has started to disentangle the relationship between global and specific attitudes toward police.


The findings of our study also raise larger questions about conceptual and empirical ambiguity in the largely separate bodies of research on public satisfaction with police, police service quality, procedural justice, and legitimacy. To what extent do these concepts overlap, and is it possible to distinguish one from the others, both conceptually and empirically? Our review of the research in the four traditions suggests a significant degree of conceptual overlap. For instance, citizen satisfaction constructs are sometimes used to measure legitimacy. Similarly, fairness is an important component of both service quality and procedural justice. Indeed, many of the items used in this study to measure fairness are similar to items used by Tyler and his colleagues to measure procedural justice (Tyler, 1990; Tyler and Huo, 2002; Sunshine and Tyler, 2003) . Moreover, the results of our study call into question the findings of research that fails to account for the measurement properties -particularly the dimensionality and discriminant validity -of constructs that measure public perceptions of the police.

Indeed, many of the items used in this study to measure fairness are similar to items used by Tyler and his colleagues to measure procedural justice.


If these suspicions about our findings are correct, they suggest that theories attempting to account for public perceptions of police need to focus more intently on the contexts in which police and citizens come into contact with one another. It may be the case that citizens' attitudes toward the police do not just vary in magnitude across communities -the very structure of the attitudes themselves may differ. While a small body of research has examined the structure of public attitudes about police, we are not familiar with any research that has examined community differences in the measurement of these attitudes (Scaglion and Condon, 1980; Sullivan et al., 1987; Webb and Marshall, 1995) . Perhaps in stable, peaceful communities (like the research site in this study) where the majority of police-citizen contacts are fleeting, not very serious, and of low-intensity, citizens do not develop the kinds of specific, nuanced attitudes toward the police that we sought to measure in this study. Again, if this is true, researchers interested in measuring citizens' perceptions of police might need to tailor their methods to the population they are interested in studying. Citizen satisfaction surveys administered to the general population (who may or may not have had contact with the police) would need to pose only a handful of general survey questions. Surveys administered to citizens who have had limited, fleeting, or not-very-recent contact with the police could be a bit longer and contain more detailed questions than general community surveys. Long, detailed survey instruments would be used to study the perceptions of those whose contact with the police was frequent, intense, and/or very recent. These citizens would be expected to have the most detailed, fully formed, and perhaps multidimensional opinions about the police. These conclusions are speculative and further research is needed to test their validity.

While a small body of research has examined the structure of public attitudes about police, we are not familiar with any research that has examined community differences in the measurement of these attitudes.


Viability testing, such as the tetrazolium stain test, may be a more amenable method of seed testing but results can be misleading (Sawma & Mohler 2002) . While germination testing assesses the ability of a seed lot to produce healthy seedlings, viability tests interpret whether the seed is alive or dead, which may produce a better shaped seed survival curve enabling a clearer prediction of the potential longevity of the seed. However, this would not accurately predict the ability for aged seed to germinate and develop into healthy seedlings.

Viability testing, such as the tetrazolium stain test, may be a more amenable method of seed testing but results can be misleading.


Glycerol is a low toxicity polyol compound that can be used to produce polymers, ethers, hydrogen, bioglycerol carbonate and various fine chemical compounds by selective glycerol-based catalytic processes such as dehydration, hydrogenolysis, esterification, oxidation, and carboxylation (Chun-Hui et al., 2008; Olga et al., 2009) . Direct carboxylation of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and bioglycerol to yield water and glycerol carbonate is one of the most environmentally friendly processes due to the consumption of the two byproducts, CO 2 and bioglycerol (Aresta et al., 2006; George et al., 2009; Vieville et al., 1998) . So far, only 35% conversion has been reported when the reaction proceeds at high pressure and high temperature (George et al., 2009) . Therefore, development of a more robust catalyst for direct carboxylation is desirable (Dibenedetto et al., 2011) .

Glycerol is a low toxicity polyol compound that can be used to produce polymers, ethers, hydrogen, bioglycerol carbonate and various fine chemical compounds by selective glycerol-based catalytic processes such as dehydration, hydrogenolysis, esterification, oxidation, and carboxylation.

Direct carboxylation of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and bioglycerol to yield water and glycerol carbonate is one of the most environmentally friendly processes due to the consumption of the two byproducts, CO 2 and bioglycerol.

So far, only 35% conversion has been reported when the reaction proceeds at high pressure and high temperature.

Therefore, development of a more robust catalyst for direct carboxylation is desirable.


About 1 kg of glycerol is formed for every 10 kg of biodiesel produced (Nguyen and Demirel, 2010a) . There is an inverse relationship between the production cost of biodiesel and the variations in the market value of bioglycerol. The production cost of biodiesel increases by $0.008/gal for every $0.01/lb reduction in glycerol selling price (Zheng et al., 2008) . Therefore, economical utilization schemes of bioglycerol, such as carboxylation of bioglycerol to bioglycerol carbonate, can lead to a more economical biodiesel production.

About 1 kg of glycerol is formed for every 10 kg of biodiesel produced.

The production cost of biodiesel increases by $0.008/gal for every $0.01/lb reduction in glycerol selling price.


Recently, upconverting (UC) phosphors (UCPs) have been used for bioimaging ( Figure 1 ) [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . UCPs are ceramic materials containing rare earth ions. The materials can absorb IR radiation and upconvert it to emit visible light by stepwise excitation among discrete energy levels of the rare earth ions (NIR-VIS imaging) [9] . For example, yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3 ) matrix containing several atomic % of erbium (Er) exhibits upconversion emission at 550 nm (green) and 660 nm (red) following excitation at 980 nm. The advantage of NIR-VIS bioimaging is that NIR light can penetrate deeper into tissues due its lower scattering.

Recently, upconverting (UC) phosphors (UCPs) have been used for bioimaging ( Figure 1 ).

The materials can absorb IR radiation and upconvert it to emit visible light by stepwise excitation among discrete energy levels of the rare earth ions (NIR-VIS imaging).


As Grids are ever-changing loosely-coupled congregations of dynamic and heterogeneous resources, the efficient scheduling and allocation of resources requires the support of a sound Performance Prediction System (PPS) [1] . The performance prediction is helpful for both Resource Management System (RMS) and grid users to make optimized resource usage decisions to meet QoS requirements committed in a Service Level Agreement (SLA) [2] . For instance, if the PPS predicts a job task's future load profiles (runtimes) on the nodes of a Grid, the RMS can use such information to schedule a set of job tasks in a time optimal way. Alternatively, if the PPS can predict the cost profile of a job task on the nodes of a Grid, then an affordable set of nodes can be selected to execute a set of job tasks satisfying the user's budgetary requirements which were specified through the SLA [3] .

As Grids are ever-changing loosely-coupled congregations of dynamic and heterogeneous resources, the efficient scheduling and allocation of resources requires the support of a sound Performance Prediction System (PPS).

The performance prediction is helpful for both Resource Management System (RMS) and grid users to make optimized resource usage decisions to meet QoS requirements committed in a Service Level Agreement (SLA).

Alternatively, if the PPS can predict the cost profile of a job task on the nodes of a Grid, then an affordable set of nodes can be selected to execute a set of job tasks satisfying the user's budgetary requirements which were specified through the SLA.


The other major problem is the lack of global standards for the Grid. Under such common standards, both application performance model and workload formats can be categorised. Currently, NASA grid bench marks have introduced some application types and this may be a good starting point [57] .

Currently, NASA grid bench marks have introduced some application types and this may be a good starting point.


For the reasons mentioned above, freezing is insufficient to ensure preservation of quality of shrimp after catch or during post-harvest handling; therefore, the use of alternative technologies, such as the addition of antioxidant (natural or synthetic) compounds, is necessary. Its use in marine products has been evaluated primarily in fish oils and/or by direct addition to the muscle during glazing (Tang et al., 2001) . However, one disadvantage of this technique is that the migration of the antioxidant to the muscle is not controlled. Thus, a practicable alternative is the use of plastic packaging containing antioxidants, which may retard lipid oxidation and protein denaturation under a controlled release of the antioxidants (Torres-Arreola et al., 2007) .

Its use in marine products has been evaluated primarily in fish oils and/or by direct addition to the muscle during glazing.

Thus, a practicable alternative is the use of plastic packaging containing antioxidants, which may retard lipid oxidation and protein denaturation under a controlled release of the antioxidants.


The optical fibre evanescent field absorption (FEFA) technique offers numerous advantages over conventional absorption methods that involve the use of cuvettes. Firstly, the net absorbing path length can be considered as the sum of small incremental displacements of the evanescent field at each point of internal reflection at the core-liquid interface [2] . Thus the effective absorbing path-length can be made very small (~µm) and FEFA can therefore be directly applied to strongly absorbing chromophores. In conventional spectroscopic absorption measurements of strongly absorbing chromophores, sample dilution would be required to maintain instrument linearity. However, the FEFA path-length can be duly increased by simply increasing the interaction length of the optical fibre (that is the length of the fibre with an exposed core-liquid interface). Moreover, while sensitive to chromophores, the small evanescent field penetration depths involved have been observed to render FEFA insensitive to the presence of any scattering particles also contained in the chromophore sample [3] .

Firstly, the net absorbing path length can be considered as the sum of small incremental displacements of the evanescent field at each point of internal reflection at the core-liquid interface.

Moreover, while sensitive to chromophores, the small evanescent field penetration depths involved have been observed to render FEFA insensitive to the presence of any scattering particles also contained in the chromophore sample.


If this is the case, then the electrostatic shielding length, λ D , of the chromophore will be of critical importance. This shielding length can be described by a modified Coulomb potential where k is the Boltzmann constant, T is temperature, ε is the permittivity of the medium, e is the charge of an electron and n e is the ion density [4] . Equation 2 shows that the shielding length is inversely proportional to the square-root of the ion density.

This shielding length can be described by a modified Coulomb potential where k is the Boltzmann constant, T is temperature, ε is the permittivity of the medium, e is the charge of an electron and n e is the ion density.


When the pH is increased to 12, owing to negative polarity configuration of the dye molecules, the space-charge effects discussed earlier are absent and a predictable Beer-Lambert linearity between absorbance and chromophore concentration now exists. Furthermore, in the absence of the concentrating effect of opposite polarity of the chromophore, the absolute absorbance values are also smaller in magnitude than those that occur at the lower pH values. A plot of the evanescent field absorbance of the PMMA fibre as a function of fibre interaction length is given in figure 5 . For a given chromophore concentration the absorbance increases linearly with fibre interaction length. This is due to the simple fact that the net absorption path length is directly linked to the number of skips of the radiation as it propagates along the fibre core, and this is directly proportional to the length of the exposed core. This is a common observation with the FEFA technique [2, 4, 5] . As mentioned earlier, the flexibility of the PMMA fibres facilitates coiling of the unclad section of fibre, something that is not possible with silica fibres. Figure 6 compares the evanescent absorbance for a range of chromophore concentrations resulting from a 10 cm length of unclad PMMA fibre coiled at two different radii as well as that produced from a straight length of the fibre. For any given chromophore concentration, the evanescent absorbance values are higher for the coiled fibres compared to the straight fibre, with the highest sensitivity occurring at the lower coil radius. Reducing the bend radius of the fibre has two consequences on the evanescent field absorbance. Firstly, the average angle of incidence at the core-liquid boundary increases, which, according to equation 1, increases the penetration depth. Secondly, an increase in angle of incidence, increases the number of skips of the propagating radiation along the core-liquid interface per unit fibre length. Both of these result in an increase in the net evanescent field absorption of the radiation. However, one unwanted trade-off associated with this increase in sensitivity is the fact that higher-order modes propagating along the fibre will violate the requirement for total-internal reflection and will be lost into the liquid. This results in a reduction in the net power propagating along the fibre with the attendant decrease in signal-to-noise ratio. . Evanescent absorbance of straight and coiled PMMA fibres, with constant interaction length of 10 cm, using amido black solutions at pH 12. For coiled fibres, r is the coil radius.

This is a common observation with the FEFA technique.


Hybrid automata is the formal framework used to model the discrete and continuous behavior of hybrid systems [19] . One approach for verifying safety properties of hybrid automata is based on constraint solvers called Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers. In this approach, hybrid automata are encoded as infinite-state transition systems using SMT constraints, which are then verified using techniques such as k-induction. The encoding may be either precise or it may be an over-approximation of the original system.

Hybrid automata is the formal framework used to model the discrete and continuous behavior of hybrid systems.


It can be seen that the solder of SBB is SnAgCu which is the best alternative for eutectic Sn/Pb solder. So the solder ball lifetime prediction is very important. It is a criterion of production quality also can direct production. In fact, there is not a suitable methodology of SBB lifetime prediction [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .

In fact, there is not a suitable methodology of SBB lifetime prediction.


Irrigation treatments were scheduled based on moisture tension levels within the medium. The high moisture treatments were irrigated at 7 kPa, which corresponded to 50% container capacity moisture defi cit; low moisture treatments were irrigated at 18 kPa, which corresponded to 25% container capacity moisture defi cit. Container capacity was determined in two separate trials to be about 4 L for the 8.6-L container with the soilless media. Each irrigation event restored container capacity; low moisture treatments received 2 L and high moisture treatments received 1 L during each event. Irrigation events were monitored and controlled by electronic tensiometers (Rose 1994) . A single tensiometer was used to control each moisture setpoint, with ceramic cups positioned 5 cm from the bottom of the pot, equidistant from the side of the pot and the stem axis. Tensiometers controlled irrigation through 12 Nov. 1997 when irrigation ceased. The following spring, trees were hand watered as needed with no additional fertilization.

Irrigation events were monitored and controlled by electronic tensiometers.


The transformative force of the sharing economy business model, however, has also raised challenges for incumbent industries and regulators. Traditional mature industries such as hotel and automotive industries were disrupted because consumers now have convenient and cost efficient access to resources without the financial, emotional, or social burdens of ownership [7] . As the popularity of sharing economy grows, it also raised debates on regulatory and safety concerns [8] , [9] . Many traditional companies have flocked to regulators and politicians, and lobbied them to stop the growth of the sharing economy [10] .

Traditional mature industries such as hotel and automotive industries were disrupted because consumers now have convenient and cost efficient access to resources without the financial, emotional, or social burdens of ownership.

As the popularity of sharing economy grows, it also raised debates on regulatory and safety concerns.

Many traditional companies have flocked to regulators and politicians, and lobbied them to stop the growth of the sharing economy.


A high-energy Nd:glass laser system has recently been commissioned at UCLA to support a new class of experiments on collisionless shocks in a large, magnetized plasma produced by the Large Plasma Device (LAPD) [16] . The new laser system can deliver an energy up to 500 J in a 25 ns pulse at 1053 nm to a target inside the preformed plasma, and potentially up to 1 kJ at longer pulses (∼0.1-1 µs). The ambient plasma (2 × 10 12 cm −3 , 5 eV) is homogeneous, highly reproducible, quiescent, current-free, and large enough (18 m x 0.6 m) to support Alfvén waves [17] . This unique combination of super-Alfvénic, exploding laser-plasmas and the large, highly-magnetized ambient plasma will support novel experiments on collisionless laboratory astrophysics, including the very first experiments on quasi-parallel shocks.

A high-energy Nd:glass laser system has recently been commissioned at UCLA to support a new class of experiments on collisionless shocks in a large, magnetized plasma produced by the Large Plasma Device (LAPD).

The ambient plasma (2 × 10 12 cm −3 , 5 eV) is homogeneous, highly reproducible, quiescent, current-free, and large enough (18 m x 0.6 m) to support Alfvén waves.


However, some studies have demonstrated that a positive soil redox potential does not inhibit the methanogenesis process as long as H 2 is sufficientlyavailable [32] . When organic polymers such as carbohydrates and/or proteins are substrates for methanogenesis, molecular hydrogen must be formed. However, hydrogen may be oxidized in the presence of an electrode, leading to a greater presence of appropriate microorganisms [33] .

However, some studies have demonstrated that a positive soil redox potential does not inhibit the methanogenesis process as long as H 2 is sufficientlyavailable.

However, hydrogen may be oxidized in the presence of an electrode, leading to a greater presence of appropriate microorganisms.


Bioelectrochemical system (BES) application has attracted attention as a new approach to biological energy conversion [1] . Microorganisms interact with electrodes through electrons, which are either removed or supplied via an electrical circuit. The most popular type of BES is the microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which typically consist of an anode, a cathode and a membrane separating their two compartments. A microorganism-catalyzing oxidation process occurs at the anode and a reduction process occurs at the cathode. When a BES is operated in MFC mode, electricity can be recovered.

Bioelectrochemical system (BES) application has attracted attention as a new approach to biological energy conversion.


A certain degree of suppression for methane gas emissions was observed as a result of setting buried electrodes in sediment, although the effect was not dramatic. Thus, electrode installation and potential control triggered a change in microbial activity in the sediment. To a certain extent, the ORP was raised to a inhibition level for methanogenesis in the vicinity of the buried electrodes (greater than −150 mV vs standard hydrogen electrodes) [7] [8] . The observed lowering of methanogenic activity and reduction of archaeal population in the sediment support this speculation [10] .

To a certain extent, the ORP was raised to a inhibition level for methanogenesis in the vicinity of the buried electrodes (greater than −150 mV vs standard hydrogen electrodes).

The observed lowering of methanogenic activity and reduction of archaeal population in the sediment support this speculation.


Pulmonary Langerhan's cell histiocytosis (PLCH) in adults is a rare disorder of unknown etiology that occurs almost exclusively in smokers [1] . There is usually a considerable time delay before the diagnosis is made. The average interval between the onset of clinical symptoms and diagnosis is about six months [2] .

Pulmonary Langerhan's cell histiocytosis (PLCH) in adults is a rare disorder of unknown etiology that occurs almost exclusively in smokers.

The average interval between the onset of clinical symptoms and diagnosis is about six months.


A Markov chain is a random process which undergoes transitions from one state to another. It has an important character: the next state depends only on the current state and not on the sequence of events that preceded it. Markov chain can be used to analyze the performance of forecasting [12] [13] [14] . A hidden Markov model (HMM) is a statistical Markov model in which the system being modeled is assumed to be a Markov process with unobserved (hidden) states. We can apply HMM to exploit the information contained in the forecasting error sequence. The forecasting errors can be treated as the observations of the HMM, and the forecasting abilities of a model under certain circumstance can be looked as the states [15] . In this paper a hybrid method consisting of a combining model with adaptive weights based circumstance and an error calibration technique was proposed to forecast the day-ahead electricity price. Several individual models were developed to forecast electricity price, respectively; then their performances under different circumstances were evaluated to build Hidden Markov models (HMMs). Together with the general past performance of the individual models, the state sequences of the HMMs were proposed to decide the combining weights; the emission sequences of HMMs were exploited to calibrate the errors by the combining model.

Markov chain can be used to analyze the performance of forecasting.

The forecasting errors can be treated as the observations of the HMM, and the forecasting abilities of a model under certain circumstance can be looked as the states.


In this paper we propose a method for finding the community structure. Our approach is motivated by the observation on the Zachary network, a classical example of social networks with the community structure [10] . It is an acquaintance network of 34 members in a karate club. Once there arose a conflict between two influential members, which resulted in the breakup of the club into two. It is reasonable to think that the members would tend to minimize the number of broken ties, which can be accomplished by the breakup in accordance with the community structure. In fact, the resulting shape after the breakup coincides with the community structure of the original karate club network [10] . It suggests that the community structure of a given network may be found by simulating the breakup caused by an enforced frustration among nodes.

Our approach is motivated by the observation on the Zachary network, a classical example of social networks with the community structure.

In fact, the resulting shape after the breakup coincides with the community structure of the original karate club network.


For (i), the ground state problem of the FRFIM can be solved exactly with the help of a numerical combinatorial optimization algorithm (see Appendix). This is achieved by mapping the ground state problem onto the minimum cut problem or the maximum flow problem [29] . The algorithm allows us to find all ground states, with which we can find the coteries C s and C t for any pair of s and t. We explain the detailed procedure in Appendix.

This is achieved by mapping the ground state problem onto the minimum cut problem or the maximum flow problem.


Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been recognized as an advanced oxidation process (AOP) able to successfully degrade and mineralize a wide range of toxic organic compounds [1] [2] [3] [4] . Nevertheless, in the last decade and in the context of green chemistry, special attention has been given to photocatalytic processes to conduct selective photocatalyzed oxidation reactions [5, 6] . In either type of photocatalytic processes, advanced or selective oxidation, the essential components are the catalyst, the radiation source, the chemical compound to be degraded and the photoreactor. In this sense, there are various plausible reactor configurations reported in literature, most of them aiming at maximizing photonic efficiency. This efficiency depends on the parameters affecting reaction rate, the incident radiation and the surface illuminated per volume inside the reactor [7] . Therefore, by changing the catalyst type and concentration, reagents concentration and the irradiated area and volume, the photonic efficiency can be tuned.

Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been recognized as an advanced oxidation process (AOP) able to successfully degrade and mineralize a wide range of toxic organic compounds.

Nevertheless, in the last decade and in the context of green chemistry, special attention has been given to photocatalytic processes to conduct selective photocatalyzed oxidation reactions.

This efficiency depends on the parameters affecting reaction rate, the incident radiation and the surface illuminated per volume inside the reactor.


The WPS has been validated for use in relation to mood profiles in a number of populations including groups from Taiwan, Japan, Zambia, and the United States where both adults and children have been assessed [9] [10] [11] . It appears to provide a unique assessment that can circumvent the need to for literacy or verbal ability and thus may be independent of cultural context. While the WPS has been examined in relation to mood in several populations, its use in non-Western settings as an indicator of general well-being is limited. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and utility of the WPS to assess general well-being. This was an opportunity to sample a non-Western population, specifically nursing students and staff from the University of Botswana in Gaborone, Botswana. To further assess the validity of the WPS in evaluating well-being, responses were compared to the Zung Self-rated Depression Scale (SDS). Given the reciprocal relationship between well-being and depression, it was hypothesized that there would be an inverse relationship between the scales. Finally, demographic variation in the WPS and SDS responses were also examined.

The WPS has been validated for use in relation to mood profiles in a number of populations including groups from Taiwan, Japan, Zambia, and the United States where both adults and children have been assessed.


Psychology often falls back on insufficient explanatory concepts and terms regarding the "ways in which the mind speaks through the body, and the ways in which society is inscribed on the expectant canvas of human flesh" [3] . Medical Anthropology has worked for decades toward a global and reflexive approach to medical prevention and intervention in biomedicine, with a particular focus on protecting vulnerable populations. Still, "reflexivity requires a certain degree of structural flexibility that allows, or forces, the blending of biomedical paradigms with patient culture and history". In order to accommodate the distinctive cultural and situational needs of a patient, particularly within psychiatric frameworks, the field must continue to validate methods of assessment in diverse sociocultural settings.

Psychology often falls back on insufficient explanatory concepts and terms regarding the "ways in which the mind speaks through the body, and the ways in which society is inscribed on the expectant canvas of human flesh".


The measurement of well-being in psychology is a relatively recent phenomenon. In the late 1980s, Ryff proposed a six dimensional model of well-being that identifies (1) purpose in life, (2) environmental mastery, (3) positive relationships, (4) personal growth, (5) autonomy, and (6) self-acceptance using a 54 item questionnaire [4] [5] [6] . These dimensions are a projection of the motivations behind two approaches to defining well-being, the eudaimonic and hedonic. Eudaimonic wellbeing is described as self-fulfillment and the realization of one's own natural strengths, whereas, hedonic well-being is linked to pleasure [4] . Studies have found that among groups in the United States, those who score high on the six dimensional scales which largely focus on eudaimonic well-being tend to have more positive health outcomes suggesting that positive well-being creates optimal physiological functioning [5, 6] . It should be noted, however, that much of this positive outcome is also associated with social factors such as socioeconomic status, coping, and social support [4] .

In the late 1980s, Ryff proposed a six dimensional model of well-being that identifies (1) purpose in life, (2) environmental mastery, (3) positive relationships, (4) personal growth, (5) autonomy, and (6) self-acceptance using a 54 item questionnaire.

Eudaimonic wellbeing is described as self-fulfillment and the realization of one's own natural strengths, whereas, hedonic well-being is linked to pleasure.

Studies have found that among groups in the United States, those who score high on the six dimensional scales which largely focus on eudaimonic well-being tend to have more positive health outcomes suggesting that positive well-being creates optimal physiological functioning.

It should be noted, however, that much of this positive outcome is also associated with social factors such as socioeconomic status, coping, and social support.


When designing SPR-based immunoassays, an important factor in their design is the regenerability of the sensor-chip surface in order to carry out multiple analyses. Ideally it should be possible to carry out 50 or more regeneration cycles on a given immobilized surface, and ligand-binding capacity should be maintained within 20% of positive control values (Wong et al., 1997) . Regeneration studies were carried out on the scFv anti-AFB 1 antibody for binding to an immobilized AFB 1 -BSA conjugate surface. They showed that it was easily regenerated from the AFB 1 -BSA immobilized surface using a 1 min pulse of 10 mM-NaOH. The binding responses were highly consistent throughout the regeneration study with a variation of binding of approximately 8%. There was no decrease in measured binding response throughout the study (i.e. cycle 1 = 244.7, cycle 49 = 244.3). The was probably due to pre-treatment of the conjugate surface with 20 1 min pulses of 10 mMNaOH, which would have removed any loosely bound conjugate from the immobilized surface. As a result, when scFv antibody was injected over the conjugate surface, no leeching of scFv antibody-conjugate complex from the surface was observed. Therefore, a decrease in binding signal was not observed throughout the regeneration study, and the bindingregeneration pulses were true to the signal observed. The scFv antibody also displayed no non-specific binding to BSA or the CM-dextran gel surface. This is probably due to the fact that it is monoclonal in nature, and therefore recognizes only one epitope, which is present of the AFB 1 molecule.

Ideally it should be possible to carry out 50 or more regeneration cycles on a given immobilized surface, and ligand-binding capacity should be maintained within 20% of positive control values.