The present findings do not necessarily suggest that human selection for trainability contributed to the observed social cognitive difference between domestic dogs and wolves (Hare et al. 2002; Call et al. 2003; Miklósi et al. 2003) . Indeed, recent work on captive foxes (Vulpes sp.), implies that this difference between dogs and wolves may be an unexpected by-product of early selection for tameness (Hare et al. 2005) . The results do, however, indicate that subsequent selection for more specialized and interactive working skills may have accentuated this ability in some breeds compared with others. They also suggest that where selection has been relaxed, as in some show bred lines, deterioration in the expression of these skills may be quite rapid.

The present findings do not necessarily suggest that human selection for trainability contributed to the observed social cognitive difference between domestic dogs and wolves.

Indeed, recent work on captive foxes (Vulpes sp.), implies that this difference between dogs and wolves may be an unexpected by-product of early selection for tameness.


The limited effects of neutering on trainability need to be interpreted with caution, given that some owners may have elected to neuter their dogs in order to improve their trainability, despite the lack of empirical evidence for a benefit of neutering in this regard (Hart and Hart 1985) . The positive effects of neutering observed in the present study were breed-specific and more pronounced in male dogs. Breeders and owners of dogs in which a high degree of trainability is desired should therefore be wary of assuming that neutering will invariably enhance this trait. The possible neuroendocrine and genetic basis for such breed differences would probably repay more detailed study.

The limited effects of neutering on trainability need to be interpreted with caution, given that some owners may have elected to neuter their dogs in order to improve their trainability, despite the lack of empirical evidence for a benefit of neutering in this regard.


However, this study had some limitations. First, this study adopted a convenient sample research approach with strong geographical features and industry limitations. In the future, we will expand the geographical scope of the samples. Second, embeddedness and specialization are only two of the features of knowledge assets. There also exist other important features which have had a significant impact on knowledge transfer and innovation. Subsequent studies can further explore the impact of other features on disruptive innovations. Third, the external environment is an important factor that affects enterprises in carrying out innovative activities [67] . Fourth, we should more comprehensively and holistically investigate the determinants of innovation and input more results to a mathematical model in future research. Therefore, further research should probe into the multi-layered factors and mechanisms of innovation management.

Third, the external environment is an important factor that affects enterprises in carrying out innovative activities.


To investigate the effects of protein phosphatase downregulation on the process of tau phosphorylation and aggregation, we took an approach of protein phosphatase inhibition based on okadaic acid (OA) application to cultured cells. OA is a cell-permeable potent inhibitor of PP2A and PP4, and of PP5 and PP1 [13] . As a cell culture model we chose human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. These cells differentiate into neuron-like cells that have the endogenous expression of tau [14] [15] [16] . We observed that the incubation of SH-SY5Y cells with OA leads to the appearance of high molecular weight protein species immunoreactive to tau antibodies against phosphorylated Ser202 and phosphorylated Ser396.

OA is a cell-permeable potent inhibitor of PP2A and PP4, and of PP5 and PP1.

These cells differentiate into neuron-like cells that have the endogenous expression of tau.


The present study showed that treatment of cell lysates with alkaline phosphatase resulted in partially dephosphorylated HMW-TIP, leaving the S396 epitope phosphorylated and the putative oligomer assembled. In fact, an inefficient removal of phosphates by alkaline phosphatase from the tau PHF-1 epitope, which includes pS396 and pS404, has been already reported [28] . Our data suggest that exhaustive tau phosphorylation is either not essential for the stability of the putative oligomer, or is necessary for initial oligomer formation, but once formed, oligomers could be stable even upon dephosphorylation. Based on our present data it is also possible that, in addition to other sites, dephosphorylation of S396 is required for the disassembly of the putative oligomer.

In fact, an inefficient removal of phosphates by alkaline phosphatase from the tau PHF-1 epitope, which includes pS396 and pS404, has been already reported.


The World Health Organisation has identified young people's health as a global priority. Research conducted in England has shown that young adults report the poorest experience in health care in comparison to all other adult age groups. However, this is not limited to the UK and similar findings have been reported elsewhere resulting in young adults making the decision not to use that service again [36, 37] . Change may be needed both in terms of educating young adults about how to use primary care services as they approach the transition from dependent child to independent adult, but GPs may also need to be informed about how best to approach this group of patients. It is globally recognised that there is a need for a more youth friendly service within primary care, however young adults are still reporting poor experiences when using primary care services. Various youth-friendly health initiatives have been developed across the world, research has shown that the benefits of these initiatives on the health of young people have not been appropriately documented [38] .

However, this is not limited to the UK and similar findings have been reported elsewhere resulting in young adults making the decision not to use that service again.

Various youth-friendly health initiatives have been developed across the world, research has shown that the benefits of these initiatives on the health of young people have not been appropriately documented.


The current state-of-the-art system for the MGB challenge alignment task is the University of Cambridge system for lightly supervised alignment [22] . The steps for lightly supervised decoding and alignment are very similar to the one presented in this paper, except for the two novel contributions detailed above. The reason why the Cambridge system produced the best results in the challenge, was because their audio segmentation and lightly supervised decoding systems were better, making use of enhanced Deep Neural Network (DNN) architectures. In this work, the improvements proposed to both the lightly supervised decoding and alignment stages help us achieve results close to the state-of-the-art.

The current state-of-the-art system for the MGB challenge alignment task is the University of Cambridge system for lightly supervised alignment.


The eutectic cell size increased during the whole eutectic solidification range, which express good consistency of the experiment. These results are in agreement with other findings in the literature [13, 14] . Characterization of the macrostructure was possible by means of DAAS treatment. The CET was identified and the number of and equiaxed grains obtained. A columnar zone thickness of 7,8mm was measured. The number of EC per unit volume is in the range of those presented in the literature [13, 14] . A lower value than those in the literature was expected since our material is un-inoculated and re-melted.

These results are in agreement with other findings in the literature.

The number of EC per unit volume is in the range of those presented in the literature.


During the dendritic growth, segregation modifies the composition of the interdendritic melt. When the eutectic composition is reached, carbon precipitates as graphite and the eutectic solidification starts [1] . The dendritic growth is still present during part of the eutectic solidification in such a way that their temperature intervals overlap [5] . The eutectic solidification unit is the eutectic cell (EC), which is formed through a cooperative growth of austenite and graphite [1, 2, 6] . The eutectic cells overgrow and envelope the dendritic network. Their volumetric growth cease when coherence is achieved between cells. During the growth of the eutectic phase the graphite flake morphology characteristic of gray iron is defined.

When the eutectic composition is reached, carbon precipitates as graphite and the eutectic solidification starts.

The dendritic growth is still present during part of the eutectic solidification in such a way that their temperature intervals overlap.

The eutectic solidification unit is the eutectic cell (EC), which is formed through a cooperative growth of austenite and graphite.


Elongational rates reached on uni-axial extensional rheometers of the Münstedt or Meissner type are often considerably lower than those encountered in polymer processing operations (at least an order of magnitude lower) [1] . Furthermore, it is often difficult to obtain accurate measurements of the transient extensional viscosity, h e + , at high strains for polymers which do not exhibit a significant degree of strain hardening because of sample necking. It is, thus, of great importance to find an accurate way of determining the elongational viscosity, h e + , of polymer melts at high strains and strain rates.

Elongational rates reached on uni-axial extensional rheometers of the Münstedt or Meissner type are often considerably lower than those encountered in polymer processing operations (at least an order of magnitude lower).


With manipulation of an entire ferrofluid stream using a magnetic field, Mao and Koser achieved rapid mixing in a microchannel using magnetofluidic actuation [28] . Embedded electrodes carrying traveling magnetic waves were used to create a local magnetic field. Mixing of water-based ferrofluids with a fluorescein buffer solution demonstrates a significant enhancement in mass transport as compared with that of pure molecular diffusion. An alternate-current (AC) electromagnetic field can induce transient flows between a ferrofluid and a fluorescence dye solution, allowing for a simple and efficient mixing concept [29] . The magnetic field causes significant and uniform expansion of the ferrofluid toward the dye, creating extremely fine fingering structures at the interface. High mixing efficiency of up to 95% was achieved within 2 s and at a distance of 3 mm from the inlet of the microchannel. Numerical simulation of the phenomenon was reported in a separate work [30] . The results from the simulation demonstrate that the magnetic body force significantly affects mass transport of the ferrofluid.

With manipulation of an entire ferrofluid stream using a magnetic field, Mao and Koser achieved rapid mixing in a microchannel using magnetofluidic actuation.

An alternate-current (AC) electromagnetic field can induce transient flows between a ferrofluid and a fluorescence dye solution, allowing for a simple and efficient mixing concept.

Numerical simulation of the phenomenon was reported in a separate work.


Longitudinal data allow researchers to assess multiple disease aspects: changes of outcome(s) over time in relation to associated risk factors, timing of disease onset, and individual and group patterns over time. Assessing longitudinal temporal changes is central to learning specific time patterns of clinical impairments that could be missed otherwise [4] . Moreover, compared to cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies often have less variability and increased statistical power [5] .

Assessing longitudinal temporal changes is central to learning specific time patterns of clinical impairments that could be missed otherwise.

Moreover, compared to cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies often have less variability and increased statistical power.


One of the newest issues in the policy of the Sicilian administration is the protection of natural and cultural landscapes. The growing sites of R. lojaconoi are included in the Regional Park of Madonie Mountains, which was established in 1989. The aim of the protected area system is to promote conservation strategies for threatened habitats and species. Unfortunately, these intentions, particularly in Sicily, are inevitably constrained by the reality of limited economical resources. In addition, people's perception of protected areas is, in most cases, limited to the recreational or aesthetic function of biotopes and biodiversity: a kind of "playground for ecologists" that can be used for outdoor activities and experiential marketing (Guarino 2011; Guarino, Bazan and Marino 2011) . Too many habitats and natural sceneries have been irreparably spoiled by senseless interventions to "improve" accessibility and usability. This is the case, for example, of one of the few known populations of R. lojaconoi, where the natural vegetation has been damaged to create a picnic area next to the river. Due to its rarity, implementing strategies for in situ and ex situ conservation of R. lojaconoi would be highly desirable.

In addition, people's perception of protected areas is, in most cases, limited to the recreational or aesthetic function of biotopes and biodiversity: a kind of "playground for ecologists" that can be used for outdoor activities and experiential marketing.


A new power plant including tri-generator and auxiliary conventional generators will be installed in the urban area of Modena (central Po valley, Italy), to supply the city hospital. Comparison of atmospheric impact of stack emissions from the existing conventional boilers and future plant has been performed. Annual stack emissions in the atmosphere, evaluated as total mass flux of pollutants, result higher for the new plant than for the current plant, although this is not unusual when switching from a methane-fuelled plant to another, since for these kind of plants, the emissions are quite modest and the margins of improvement may be small (Pehnt 2008) .

Annual stack emissions in the atmosphere, evaluated as total mass flux of pollutants, result higher for the new plant than for the current plant, although this is not unusual when switching from a methane-fuelled plant to another, since for these kind of plants, the emissions are quite modest and the margins of improvement may be small.


Alterations in gene expression in response to different loading conditions were also more evident in nucleus cells than in the annulus. Here too, the most pronounced changes could be observed in the unloaded culture group. Absence of mechanical loading led to reduced expression of all anabolic genes except collagen type 1. This might be interpreted as a first sign of degenerative changes at the level of transcriptional activity, but also and more particularly of dedifferentiation of the nucleus cell population towards a fibrocartilaginous lineage [64, 65] . Remodeling genes as well as inflammation-related genes are known to be up-regulated in an adverse response of cells to loading [29, 48, 54, 62, 66] . Both the unloaded and LDL group showed significant up-regulation of expression of several of these target genes, especially in the nucleus. In the IVDs in the SPL group only slight changes in expression of remodeling genes were detected relative to baseline and no inflammation-related genes were upregulated in this group. In comparison to the unloaded and LDL group, SPL loading most optimally preserved the expression of the studied genes relative to baseline.

This might be interpreted as a first sign of degenerative changes at the level of transcriptional activity, but also and more particularly of dedifferentiation of the nucleus cell population towards a fibrocartilaginous lineage.

Remodeling genes as well as inflammation-related genes are known to be up-regulated in an adverse response of cells to loading.


Contrary to mold fungi, lactic acid bacteria may be used to reduce the immunoreactivity of proteins of cereal grains during wheat dough fermentation or may be a source of proteolytic preparations added during bread making [13] . Some strains of lactic acid bacteria exhibit the proline-specific activity of both endopeptidase and endoprotease [12, 13] . They include Lactobacillus acidophilus 5e2 strain which displays the activity of proline endopeptidase reaching 25.48 U/mg protein [13] .

Contrary to mold fungi, lactic acid bacteria may be used to reduce the immunoreactivity of proteins of cereal grains during wheat dough fermentation or may be a source of proteolytic preparations added during bread making.

Some strains of lactic acid bacteria exhibit the proline-specific activity of both endopeptidase and endoprotease.

They include Lactobacillus acidophilus 5e2 strain which displays the activity of proline endopeptidase reaching 25.48 U/mg protein.


The analysis and maintenance of a road surface is a difficult problem that pavement engineers have been facing for many years. Detection of the condition of a road profile is important for many reasons, such as safety and economic savings, but profiling methods using direct measurements of the road itself are usually expensive [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . The aim of this paper is to develop a method of estimating the general condition of a road by utilising technology that increasingly exists in everyday vehicles. It is becoming common in the luxury end of the car industry, that accelerometers are being fitted in the suspensions in order to improve suspension performance and increase ride comfort [7, 8] . These accelerometers are effectively measuring the response of the vehicle to the road surface. It is proposed herein to collect and store these acceleration measurements to estimate the average road condition. Other researchers are developing methods for the collection of such data by road network management authorities [9] . The roughness estimate can be used to identify sections of road where the profile roughness has increased and hence to prioritise sections and optimise the use of profilometers for more detailed investigations.

Detection of the condition of a road profile is important for many reasons, such as safety and economic savings, but profiling methods using direct measurements of the road itself are usually expensive.

It is becoming common in the luxury end of the car industry, that accelerometers are being fitted in the suspensions in order to improve suspension performance and increase ride comfort.

Other researchers are developing methods for the collection of such data by road network management authorities.


After simulation in SAM, the monthly energy production is as shown in Figure 5 . The data is the energy production before accounting for the snow losses. The next step is the need to measure the snow loss, which could be calculated using Equations (1)- (3) [63] . Results based on Equation (1)- (3), along with simulations studies, showed that with the increasing tilt angles from 0° to 45° for the unobstructed panels, energy loss decreased from 34% to just 5% annually. With the obstructed modules, the losses varied in the range of 29%-34% of the total energy produced annually [63] . It was not surprising to find the losses for obstructed and unobstructed panels to be similar as both have the same snow covering in winters due to low or no tilt in the panels. The difference is substantial at higher tilt angles. The results showed that the optimum tilt angle for the system without snow is 30 degrees, producing 25.4 million kWh, but this angle has annual snow losses of 10% of the annual production, giving only 22.8 million kWh. However, for a tilt angle of 45 degrees, the annual power generated by the system is 24.8 million kWh lower with no snow, which is a drop of 2.3% from what is produced from a 30° tilt. On incorporating the power loss after considering snow losses of 5.2% for a 45° tilt, the resultant annual power generated is actually 2.8% more than from a system with a 30° tilt with snow losses.

The next step is the need to measure the snow loss, which could be calculated using Equations (1)- (3).

With the obstructed modules, the losses varied in the range of 29%-34% of the total energy produced annually.


Many problems in industrial and natural settings involve the flow of thin liquid films, some of which are driven by gravity on a rigid surface (Oron, Davis & Bankoff 1997) . These include the application of coatings on manufactured products and the spreading of sauce on food. A naturally occurring example is the flow of water on stalactites that hang from the ceilings of limestone caves (Short et al. 2005) . At larger scales, the ascent of buoyant magma below solid rocks and the spreading of lava on volcanoes are further examples of geological problems. The recurring feature in all these examples is that fluid is in contact with, and driven along, a rigid boundary due to the action of gravity. Effects due to inertia are negligible in the bulk region of the flow, where gravity and viscous forces dominate.

Many problems in industrial and natural settings involve the flow of thin liquid films, some of which are driven by gravity on a rigid surface.

A naturally occurring example is the flow of water on stalactites that hang from the ceilings of limestone caves.


The main contribution of the article is to gather existing techniques from various research fields (Constraint-Based Testing, Linear Programming and Abstract Interpretation) to design a hybrid constraint solver for solving verification constraints. On-demand abstraction, or relaxation, is used during the constraint solving process. We call this on-thefly relaxation a Dynamic Linear Relaxation (DLR). The relaxations are linear and then the simplex algorithm can be used to reason on the abstraction. In this sense, the linear relaxations we use have much to do with the Abstract Interpretation on polyhedra [6] . Using DLRs does not compromise the completeness or soundness of the overall CBT process. Information computed thanks to the abstraction is seen as extra-information communicated to the initial non-linear constraint system, which remains the problem to solve. DLRs have been implemented within TAUPO, a constraint-based automatic test data generation for C programs and our first experimental results of checking difficult non-linear properties are presented.

In this sense, the linear relaxations we use have much to do with the Abstract Interpretation on polyhedra.


Research on precise point positioning (PPP) using multi-GNSS observations has become increasingly popular. It is expected that multi-GNSS PPP will improve its solution accuracy, reliability and availability by improving satellite geometry, especially in difficult terrain conditions where there are limits in sky view. The increase in the number of the observed satellites is helpful for shortening the initialization time and eliminating the existing position errors caused by the periodic regression of satellite constellations (Flohrer 2008) . However, a minimum requirement for fusion of multi-GNSS data is the calibration of inter-system bias (ISB).

The increase in the number of the observed satellites is helpful for shortening the initialization time and eliminating the existing position errors caused by the periodic regression of satellite constellations.


A forthright large-scale application of transparent non-wetting coatings is the prevention of unwanted markings in public areas or on public transportation vehicles known as graffiti. Graffiti prevention (anti-graffiti) treatments can be in the form of (a) transparent and self-adherent polymer films that can be peeled off and replaced from time to time; (b) in the form of polymeric paints (non-sacrificial) that are able to repel stains and graffiti tagging; or (c) they can be stain and dust repellent coatings obtained from ceramic precursors particularly suitable for special applications such as solar panels [5, 6] . It is also important to take into account how the graffiti is applied. Most of the commercially available anti-graffiti paints are siloxane/silicone-based formulations and they can repel a majority of water-based paints and markers. However, if the graffiti is applied from a solvent or oil based paint, silicone chemistry may not protect against graffiti tagging due to solid surface energy and liquid surface tension match between the siloxane polymers and oil-based paint vehicle [7, 8] . In other words, the coating should practically be oleophobic or superomniphobic in order to repel oil-based paints. Although beyond the scope of this review, another important aspect to consider is the type of the surface on which permanent marks (unwanted staining) are induced. In other words, a window like smooth transparent surface or highly porous concrete, brick, limestone, slate, wood and masonry walls. For instance, due to the high porosity of such surfaces, the graffiti is absorbed into the texture to a substantial degree, thereby making it difficult to remove or clean compared to smooth non-porous surfaces.

Graffiti prevention (anti-graffiti) treatments can be in the form of (a) transparent and self-adherent polymer films that can be peeled off and replaced from time to time; (b) in the form of polymeric paints (non-sacrificial) that are able to repel stains and graffiti tagging; or (c) they can be stain and dust repellent coatings obtained from ceramic precursors particularly suitable for special applications such as solar panels.

However, if the graffiti is applied from a solvent or oil based paint, silicone chemistry may not protect against graffiti tagging due to solid surface energy and liquid surface tension match between the siloxane polymers and oil-based paint vehicle.


One of the most challenging aspects of preparing non-wettable coatings is to maintain a good degree of transparency while retaining robust and scratch resistant self-cleaning and stain free characteristics [1] [2] [3] . Transparency and surface roughness are generally contradictory properties. Hydrophobicity of low surface energy coatings increases with surface roughness but coating transparency often decreases because of Mie scattering from the rough surface. When the roughness dimension is much smaller than the light wavelength, the film/coating becomes increasingly transparent due to refractive index change between air and the coating, which effectively reduces the intensity of refraction at the air (or water)/film interface and increases the optical quality. In other words, it is necessary to control the roughness below 100 nm to effectively lower the intensity of Mie scattering while maintaining non-wettable characteristics [4] .

One of the most challenging aspects of preparing non-wettable coatings is to maintain a good degree of transparency while retaining robust and scratch resistant self-cleaning and stain free characteristics.

In other words, it is necessary to control the roughness below 100 nm to effectively lower the intensity of Mie scattering while maintaining non-wettable characteristics.


There appear to have recursive methods of describing and accounting for teachers' reflective practices. Based on literature, it is found out that reflective practices are under investigation through the use of different, but recursive written tools such as teacher's log, autobiographies, peer observation, student feedbacks, observation, videotaping and recording, questionnaires and Likert scale, written reports, self-reports, journals, narrative incidents, diary, collaborate diary keeping, papers, online discussions, and student feedback. There are a few cases of spoken reflection such as interview, recorded informal conversation, brainstorming, group discussion, or dialogic approaches (Walsh 2011) . However, these studies failed to look into the mental processes of the text-producers through the lens of transitivity approach via Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) model.

There are a few cases of spoken reflection such as interview, recorded informal conversation, brainstorming, group discussion, or dialogic approaches.


Corticosteroid allergies are rare, particularly to systemic corticosteroids. Urticarial and dermatologic reactions are most frequent, but anaphylaxis and angioedema can occur in response to corticosteroids [6] . There are four classes of corticosteroids outlined in the Coopman classification of corticosteroids, based on structural composition and dermatologic testing. The Coopman classification system separates methylprednisolone and prednisone in a separate class from dexamethasone, and some small series have suggested hydrocortisone/methylprednisolone may exhibit more cross-reactivity than halogenated steroids like betamethasone or dexamethasone. However, this classification system was designed to address dermatologic reactions to topical steroids and may not adequately reflect potential cross-reactivity between various systemic corticosteroids. Cross-reactivity between systemic corticosteroids has not been well established, in part because the process of creating water-soluble steroids for intravenous use requires coupling to an ester which may modify the allergenicity of corticosteroids [7] . Since we cannot base our clinical counseling on chemical structure or classification to reliably predict potential cross-reactivity, careful challenge testing in a controlled environment must be employed when intradermal testing is not avail- In summary, we present a case of an elderly man with NMO with a conundrum of acute management with a previous severe reaction to prednisone. After a review of the available literature, it appeared optimal to initiate intravenous dexamethasone rather than methylprednisolone. Though cross-reactivity between different systemic corticosteroids is not entirely clear, it was felt to be less likely between these two agents. Importantly, in the elderly it is critical to keep NMO in mind in cases of painless vision loss or evidence of typical spinal lesions, even though it is uncommon in this population. Our patient appeared to have no worsening of his symptoms, but steroids were not administered until 14 days after the onset of his vision loss, so it is likely that he did not receive the maximal benefit of acute therapy.

Urticarial and dermatologic reactions are most frequent, but anaphylaxis and angioedema can occur in response to corticosteroids.

Cross-reactivity between systemic corticosteroids has not been well established, in part because the process of creating water-soluble steroids for intravenous use requires coupling to an ester which may modify the allergenicity of corticosteroids.


Currently, a number of governments around the world are concerned about pupil attainment in schools. One way to improve that attainment is to develop teachers' knowledge and skills (HMIE, 2005) . In this context, a tactical approach is to consider the development of Shulman's (1987, p. 8) pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), that -special amalgam of content and pedagogy that is uniquely the province of teachers‖. PCK is therefore currently an active focus of investigation for researchers in science education, with attention particularly focused on early teacher development. This article examines the development of six beginning physics teachers' developing PCK in the context of teaching electricity.

One way to improve that attainment is to develop teachers' knowledge and skills.


Overall, these results suggest that the frontal structures and eddy fields play an important role for stimulating potential albacore habitats. These habitats may account for significant biophysical responses for albacore to find prey abundance and physiologically suitable conditions (Sund et al., 1981; Polovina et al., 2001) . The results of our model predict the spatial pattern of the potential albacore habitat in good agreement with the simple prediction map and observation data. These results also suggest that multispectrum satellite images provide useful information on detection and prediction of potential habitat for albacore.

These habitats may account for significant biophysical responses for albacore to find prey abundance and physiologically suitable conditions.


Similarly, also cell viability of human endothelial EA.hy926 cells was not significantly different among the polymeric nonwovens, which additionally supports the superordinate effect of surface topography. Moreover, results obtained from cell viability study were consistent with those from the cell morphology analysis since altered cell morphology, expressed by lower spreading, was accompanied with altered cell function, expressed by lower cell viability. Similar cell architecture-cell function dependencies are already described in other studies [6] .

Similar cell architecture-cell function dependencies are already described in other studies.


Cell-biomaterial interactions are strongly influenced by both, the surface topography and the chemistry of a biomaterial [4, 5] . The adhesion of cells to a surface triggers a signaling cascade subsequently regulating diverse cell functions, i.e. viability, proliferation and activation of structural and signaling proteins [6] . The knowledge about the complexity of cell physiology in dependence of the characteristics of biomaterials is of elementary clinical relevance regarding the development of optimal implant designs.

Cell-biomaterial interactions are strongly influenced by both, the surface topography and the chemistry of a biomaterial.

The adhesion of cells to a surface triggers a signaling cascade subsequently regulating diverse cell functions, i.e. viability, proliferation and activation of structural and signaling proteins.


If the (poorly represented) poor withdraw from politics, they diminish incentives to represent their interests in redistribution and anti-poverty policies (Avery 2015; Mahler 2008; Pontusson and Rueda 2010) . The resulting social inequality could, in turn, alienate the poor even further (Iversen and Soskice 2015; Jensen and Jespersen 2017; Solt 2008) . Although the causal relationship is complex, there should be little doubt by now that many Western democracies have experienced such a twin process of growing social inequality and political disaffection of (lower-class) citizens with political elites (Armingeon and Schädel 2015; Kuhn et al. 2016; Schäfer 2013) .

If the (poorly represented) poor withdraw from politics, they diminish incentives to represent their interests in redistribution and anti-poverty policies.

The resulting social inequality could, in turn, alienate the poor even further.

Although the causal relationship is complex, there should be little doubt by now that many Western democracies have experienced such a twin process of growing social inequality and political disaffection of (lower-class) citizens with political elites.


Against this background, our goal is to contribute to the rather limited knowledge about factors that are conducive to a better integration of poor citizens into politics. We do so by addressing what we see as two important gaps in the existing comparative literature on the political integration of the poor. First, this literature has paid limited attention to the factors that explain poor citizens' lower involvement in the first place (Iversen and Soskice 2015) . In particular, it has ignored contributions from psychology and behavioral economics on how cognitively and emotionally absorbing poverty is (Haushofer and Fehr 2014; Mani et al. 2013) . Based on this literature, we argue that one (albeit certainly not the only) mechanism underlying the poor's withdrawal from politics is that social problems impede the development of subjective political competence (or internal political efficacy).

First, this literature has paid limited attention to the factors that explain poor citizens' lower involvement in the first place.

In particular, it has ignored contributions from psychology and behavioral economics on how cognitively and emotionally absorbing poverty is.


We analyze the link between poverty, political efficacy and anti-elite rhetoric in two related studies that combine correlational and causal inference. First, we show with data from the European Social Survey (ESS) that the poor on average have lower political efficacy. This efficacy gap across income groups varies with a novel measure of the salience of anti-elite politics derived from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey (Polk et al. 2017) . Second, we establish causality in a survey experiment in Germany (a country that only recently experienced intense anti-elite mobilization). In line with out theory, it shows that priming anti-elite rhetoric leads to a significant increase in internal efficacy, but only among low-income respondents. Finally, we return to the observational data from the ESS to analyze whether our findings for efficacy extend to political participation. The analysis reveals that this is the case for non-electoral forms of participation, but not for voting.

This efficacy gap across income groups varies with a novel measure of the salience of anti-elite politics derived from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey.


In a very appealing approach Pantz and Trabelsi introduced a method to project the microstructures from the relaxed design space to obtain a solid-void design with finite length-scale [13, 14] . The local structure is oriented along the directions of lamination such that a well-connected design is achieved. This approach paves the way for coarse-scale topology optimization where the projection can be performed on a high-resolution mesh in a post-processing step, without a need for cumbersome and expensive multi-scale formulations. In a related study Rumpf and Pazos show that any type of (also spatially varying) unit-cell, represented by a Fourier series, can be projected on a fine scale mesh [15, 16] .

In a very appealing approach Pantz and Trabelsi introduced a method to project the microstructures from the relaxed design space to obtain a solid-void design with finite length-scale.

In a related study Rumpf and Pazos show that any type of (also spatially varying) unit-cell, represented by a Fourier series, can be projected on a fine scale mesh.


This paper shall be seen as a simplification and improvement of the approach introduced by Pantz and Trabelsi [13, 14] . We simplify the projection approach and introduce procedures for controlling the size and shape of the projected design, such that high-resolution (e.g. 1.3 million elements in 2D), near-optimal and manufacturable lattice designs can be achieved within a few minutes in a single processor Matlab code on a standard PC. This short time allows a designer to get high-resolution manufacturable designs at speeds, which potentially can make high-resolution topology optimization an integrated part of interactive design processes [17] .

This paper shall be seen as a simplification and improvement of the approach introduced by Pantz and Trabelsi.

This short time allows a designer to get high-resolution manufacturable designs at speeds, which potentially can make high-resolution topology optimization an integrated part of interactive design processes.


The main reservoir of S. aureus is the hand from where it is introduced into food during handling and preparation (Hui et al., 2001) . Hand serves as a major vehicle of transmission of various microbes including the Enterobacteriaceae group (Kapdi et al., 2008) . They stressed that the microbial population of the hand is extremely complex and variable, consisting of gram positive organisms like S. aureus and gram-negative organism like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which may survive for sufficient period of time on the hand and may thus serve either as a reservoir or shelter of infection.

The main reservoir of S. aureus is the hand from where it is introduced into food during handling and preparation.

Hand serves as a major vehicle of transmission of various microbes including the Enterobacteriaceae group.


The rise of antibiotic resistance is a public health issue of greatest importance (Cassini et al. 2019) . Growing resistance hampers the use of conventional antibiotics and leads to increased rates of ineffective empiric antimicrobial therapy. If not adequately treated, infections cause suffering, incapacity and death, and impose an enormous financial burden on healthcare systems and on society in general (Alanis 2005; Fair and Tor 2014; Gootz 2010) . Despite growing medical need, FDA approvals of new antibacterial agents have substantially decreased over the last 20 years (Kinch et al. 2014) . Alarmingly, there are only few agents in clinical development for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens (Bush and Page 2017) .

The rise of antibiotic resistance is a public health issue of greatest importance.

If not adequately treated, infections cause suffering, incapacity and death, and impose an enormous financial burden on healthcare systems and on society in general.

Despite growing medical need, FDA approvals of new antibacterial agents have substantially decreased over the last 20 years.

Alarmingly, there are only few agents in clinical development for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens.


Besides the modifiers, the soil also plays an important role in algal flocculation kinetics. It firstly provides the mass or ballast by binding together with algal flocs tightly to carry them to the bottom sediments. If just modifiers were used, even when large flocs are formed, they may still float on the water surface. Sedimentation is regarded as a major challenge for coagulation and flocculation treatment of buoyant cyanobacterial cells (Ghernaout et al. 2010) . Second, soil particles are natural cheap carriers to hold and keep high concentration of the modifiers, which are otherwise easily diluted to below the working concentration in natural waters. In addition, soil also enhances the collision frequencies between particles.

Sedimentation is regarded as a major challenge for coagulation and flocculation treatment of buoyant cyanobacterial cells.


We have described here a relatively simple first attempt at a control system representation of a hypothesis regarding alcoholism and alcohol withdrawal. Future work will involve expanding the model to introduce more molecular details including the activity of and interactions with the other predominant neurotransmitter, GABA. Clinical evidence shows that the co-administration of NMDA receptor antagonists and GABA receptor agonists yields more ethanol-like effects than either alone (Hodge and Cox, 1998) . Our ultimate goal is to create a model that includes both of these systems and would allow in silico experiments with different treatment regimen hypotheses in order to assess their effectiveness and potential consequences. We also aim to use the model to generate hypotheses for the molecular differences between excessive drinkers who develop physical dependence and those who do not so as to motivate the development of drugs to prevent physical dependence and the adverse effects of chronic alcoholism. Finally, we hope to identify experimentally if these molecular changes occur in the brain regions controlling physical and emotional homeostasis. A) The dynamics of blocked, unblocked, and total NMDA receptors in response to a growing periodic alcohol input function (B). The total number of NMDA receptors increases with each dose of alcohol as well as throughout the simulation, and also drops abruptly during withdrawal, as expected. Similarly, the number of blocked receptors increases until the alcohol input is removed, when it drops rapidly. Conversely, the number of unblocked receptors decreases until the point when the alcohol input is removed, when it increases, perhaps leading to the excitotoxicity observed clinically.

Clinical evidence shows that the co-administration of NMDA receptor antagonists and GABA receptor agonists yields more ethanol-like effects than either alone.


These alcohol-related morbidities and mortalities constitute a significant healthcare epidemic. It is estimated that alcohol abuse affects 14 million Americans and accounts for an annual cost of $100 billion in healthcare and related productivity losses (Rich, 1998) . However, despite centuries of alcohol research, the neurological basis, epidemiology, optimal treatment regimen, and disease progression of chronic alcoholism have not been elucidated completely.

It is estimated that alcohol abuse affects 14 million Americans and accounts for an annual cost of $100 billion in healthcare and related productivity losses.


In the human body, tumor tissues secrete a large amount of CXCL-8 and other cytokines, thereby promoting angiogenesis [46] . The creation of new vascular tissue allows for increased nutritional availability and facilitates the rapid growth and metastasis of the tumor. Therefore, tumor tissues and the peripheral blood vessels have been shown to interact with each other [23, 25] . To clarify the relationship between tumor cells and HUVECs, we first removed the supernatant from JA and JB by centrifugation and used liquid chromatography to prove that there was no residual JA or JB in any of the supernatant samples ( Figure 4A ). This method ensured that there would be no interference from JA or JB on the HUVECs cultured in the conditioned media. The A549-conditioned media was used to culture the HUVECs. We found that both the JA-A549-CM and JB-A549-CM groups reduced the OD values of HUVEC proliferation ( Figure 4B ) and enhanced HUVEC apoptosis ( Figure 4C-4E) . We then found that the conditioned media also inhibited the HUVEC scratch closure and migration rates 235 ( Figure 5 ). However, the inhibitory effect on HUVEC movement was more obvious in JB ( Figure 5C, 5F ). These results demonstrate that both conditioned media were capable of inhibiting HUVEC migration. The Western blot results showed that the Akt-STAT3-mTOR proteins in A549 cells gradually decreased with increasing concentrations of JA or JB ( Figure 3B-3E) , further demonstrating that Jolkinolides reduce the secretion of active vascular endothelial cells factors in tumor cells through the inhibition of the Akt signaling pathway.

In the human body, tumor tissues secrete a large amount of CXCL-8 and other cytokines, thereby promoting angiogenesis.

Therefore, tumor tissues and the peripheral blood vessels have been shown to interact with each other.


Therefore, the use of crumb rubber from scrap tires in road engineering as a modifier of bituminous mixes is becoming a common practice. When crumb rubber interacts with the bitumen, it modifies the rheological properties of the resulting mix (lower susceptibility to temperature and better elastic performance) and increases its viscosity (Ruiz 2010) . The processes used to incorporate crumb rubber in asphalt paving mixes are the Wet process (in which the crumb rubber is directly added to the bitumen, prior to mixing it with the aggregates; then it is added to the mix as modified binder) and the Dry process (in which the crumb rubber is added to the aggregate as another ingredient in the mix, prior to the addition of the bitumen, and the bitumen is then modified when it comes in contact with the rubber).

When crumb rubber interacts with the bitumen, it modifies the rheological properties of the resulting mix (lower susceptibility to temperature and better elastic performance) and increases its viscosity.


Based on these results, it can be said that the reuse of crumb rubber in the manufacture of bituminous mixtures could reduce the fatigue cracking in the surface layer, being a possible solution to diminish one of the most common distresses in pavements. Nevertheless, all these studies only compare the fatigue cracking behaviour of CRM bituminous mixtures with conventional bitumen mixes, but traditionally the binders used to combat asphalt cracking in the mixtures placed on surface layers are polymer (SBS, EVA, etc.) modified bitumen (Moghaddam et al. 2011) . Therefore, in order to know the real value of CRM mixtures as a possible sustainable solution against fatigue cracking, it is necessary to compare its mechanical behaviour with bituminous mixtures manufactured with polymer modified bitumen mixtures.

Nevertheless, all these studies only compare the fatigue cracking behaviour of CRM bituminous mixtures with conventional bitumen mixes, but traditionally the binders used to combat asphalt cracking in the mixtures placed on surface layers are polymer (SBS, EVA, etc.) modified bitumen.


Detailed modeling of time-dependent reacting flows with realistic reaction mechanisms places severe demands on computational resources. These computational costs can be dramatically reduced by combining a low Mach number formulation that allows a large increase in time step size with local adaptive mesh refinement to reduce the total number of computational zones that must be advanced for a specific problem. Low Mach number models analytically eliminate acoustic waves from the system while preserving compressibility effects arising from the reaction process and associated thermal behavior of the fluid. These types of models for reacting flows were first introduced by Rehm and Baum [29] . A systematic approach for deriving these types of models using aympotitics in Mach number was given by Majda and Sethian [23] . Low Mach number models replace the compressible Navier Stokes equations with a system evolving subject to a constraint on the velocity field. Since acoustic waves have been analytically removed from the system, the time step is determined by the advective time scale of the flow.

These types of models for reacting flows were first introduced by Rehm and Baum.

A systematic approach for deriving these types of models using aympotitics in Mach number was given by Majda and Sethian.


The main limitations of the study are due to the chosen research methodology: qualitative study, focus groups with University students. Therefore, the study can be described as having low generalizability, the research results cannot be generalized to the wider population of Lithuania. However, the primary aim of the qualitative research is not to generalize but to determine the range, and not to make statements about the population but to provide insights about how people in the groups of interest perceive the current topic (Krueger & Casey, 2000) . Moreover, this study is the first step toward understanding young Lithuanian consumers' perceptions of the national eco-label and the topic of green consumerism as such.

However, the primary aim of the qualitative research is not to generalize but to determine the range, and not to make statements about the population but to provide insights about how people in the groups of interest perceive the current topic.


Due to the need to reveal consumer perception and understanding of eco-label qualitative research method was chosen. Qualitative research is used when a complex social phenomenon is studied. The researchers use qualitative research when a deeper exploration of specific situation is needed (Leedy & Ormrod, 2001) . Qualitative research enables the researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of human behavior, attitudes, motivations and perceptions (Leedy & Ormrod, 2001) . Qualitative research tends to focus on the collection of detailed amounts of primary data from relatively small samples of subjects by asking questions or observing behavior (Hair, Bush, & Ortinau, 2003) . As a study proceeds, the researcher gains increasing understanding of the phenomenon under investigation and becomes increasingly able to generate more specific questions (Leedy & Ormrod, 2001) . Unlike in the quantitative method, the aim is to generate insights from a range of individuals rather than to be thoroughly representative in order to derive percentages and statistics from measuring and tracking opinions or behaviors (Worcester & Dawkins, 2005) . Researching consumer perceptions, it is the most appropriate for the researcher to use qualitative techniques, as the data that should be collected and analyzed are complex and may be ambiguous. With this purpose in mind, qualitative research approach has guided the further choice for the primary data collection throughout the research.

The researchers use qualitative research when a deeper exploration of specific situation is needed.

Qualitative research enables the researcher to gain an in-depth understanding of human behavior, attitudes, motivations and perceptions.

Qualitative research tends to focus on the collection of detailed amounts of primary data from relatively small samples of subjects by asking questions or observing behavior.

As a study proceeds, the researcher gains increasing understanding of the phenomenon under investigation and becomes increasingly able to generate more specific questions.

Unlike in the quantitative method, the aim is to generate insights from a range of individuals rather than to be thoroughly representative in order to derive percentages and statistics from measuring and tracking opinions or behaviors.


In principle, molybdenum and tungsten disulphides can become a real alternative for building SAs. MoS 2 and WS 2 consist of hexagonal layers of molybdenum or tungsten sandwiched between two layers of sulphur. MoS 2 and WS 2 reveal the indirect bandgaps respectively 1.29 eV (961 mm) and 1.4 eV (886 nm), whereas the direct bandgaps of their monolayers increase up to 1.80 eV (689 nm) and 2.1 eV (~ 590 nm), respectively [5, 7] . In this article, we aim to demonstrate a Q-switched EDFL that employs the SAs based on MoS 2 and WS 2 .

MoS 2 and WS 2 reveal the indirect bandgaps respectively 1.29 eV (961 mm) and 1.4 eV (886 nm), whereas the direct bandgaps of their monolayers increase up to 1.80 eV (689 nm) and 2.1 eV (~ 590 nm), respectively.


Taliglucerase alfa is the only ERT for GD that has been tested prospectively in pediatric-focused studies. Prospective clinical studies have investigated the safety and efficacy of taliglucerase alfa in pediatric patients with GD. Study PB-06-005 assessed the efficacy and safety of taliglucerase alfa at 2 dose levels, 30 U/kg and 60 U/kg, in treatmentnaïve children with GD (n = 11) during 12 months of treatment [11] . Findings showed clinically significant improvements in spleen and liver volumes, Hb levels, platelet counts, and chitotriosidase activity [11] . Study PB-06-002 assessed the safety and efficacy of switching from imiglucerase to the same dose of taliglucerase alfa in pediatric (n = 5) and adult (n = 26) patients with stable GD [12] . Findings indicated that all patients, including the pediatric patients, remained clinically stable through 9 months of treatment following the switch from imiglucerase to taliglucerase alfa [12] . Pediatric patients who completed PB-06-005 and PB-06-002 were eligible to enroll in extension study PB-06-006. Here, we report the long-term safety and efficacy findings for pediatric patients receiving taliglucerase alfa in study PB-06-006 through 36 months of treatment.

Study PB-06-005 assessed the efficacy and safety of taliglucerase alfa at 2 dose levels, 30 U/kg and 60 U/kg, in treatmentnaïve children with GD (n = 11) during 12 months of treatment.

Findings showed clinically significant improvements in spleen and liver volumes, Hb levels, platelet counts, and chitotriosidase activity.

Study PB-06-002 assessed the safety and efficacy of switching from imiglucerase to the same dose of taliglucerase alfa in pediatric (n = 5) and adult (n = 26) patients with stable GD.

Findings indicated that all patients, including the pediatric patients, remained clinically stable through 9 months of treatment following the switch from imiglucerase to taliglucerase alfa.


One of the most notable examples of parabolic PDEs which possess inertial manifolds is the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation [14] . However, the existence of inertial manifolds remains to date unattainable for the vast majority of physically relevant dissipative PDEs; chief amongst them is the 2D Navier-Stokes system, which possesses a finite-dimensional attractor, for which, however, the existence of inertial manifolds is still open. The main reason for this lies in the fact that most methods (except in some very special cases) require the system at hand to satisfy a very restrictive spectral-gap condition; this condition is especially restrictive when first-order derivatives are present in the nonlinear term, as is the case for the Navier-Stokes equations.

One of the most notable examples of parabolic PDEs which possess inertial manifolds is the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation.


A turbocharger uses pressurized exhaust gas from the engine to spin a turbine, which is connected to a compressor [5, 6] . The compressor pressurizes the ambient air, increasing its density. The dense air goes into the engine cylinder during the intake stroke. Since there is more oxygen as a result of the increased density of air in the cylinder, the engine can combust more fuel. This means that the engine gets more power out of every stroke. Turbocharged engines are traditionally multi-cylinder because they can be timed in such a way that when one cylinder is exhausting, and thus powering the turbo, another cylinder is in the intake process [5, 6] . In a single cylinder engine the exhaust and intake strokes are out of phase. A previous experimental study showed that the mass flow output a turbocharger under pulsating inlet conditions is peaky and that it is influenced by many variables including frequency and pulse shape [7] . We propose to turbocharge single cylinder engines by adding a volume between the turbocharger and the engine intake that would act as a buffer and smooth out the peaky nature of a turbocharger operating under pulsing inlet conditions.

A turbocharger uses pressurized exhaust gas from the engine to spin a turbine, which is connected to a compressor.

Turbocharged engines are traditionally multi-cylinder because they can be timed in such a way that when one cylinder is exhausting, and thus powering the turbo, another cylinder is in the intake process.

A previous experimental study showed that the mass flow output a turbocharger under pulsating inlet conditions is peaky and that it is influenced by many variables including frequency and pulse shape.


A block diagram of this system is shown in Fig. 1 The scope of the project involves using an off-the-shelf small turbocharger and adapting it to work with a single cylinder engine. This involves designing an appropriate intake manifold. We will refer to this large volume intake manifold as the air capacitor. The shape and size of the air capacitor is important [8] . It needs to have an appropriate volume; a volume too large will cause excess turbo lag due to the pressurization time of the capacitor, where as a volume too small will induce a large pressure drop during the intake stroke, negating the benefits of the turbo. The shape is important to minimize pipe losses and resonances in the system. In this paper we analyze the theoretical feasibility of this system, focusing on fill time of the capacitor, the optimal volume of the capacitor, the density gain that can be achieved by this system, and thermal effects due to adiabatic compression of air.

The shape and size of the air capacitor is important.


As further confirmation that the condition in (3) may describe natural models, a number of physically derived Gaussian process models will satisfy (3). For example, models defined using stochastic partial differential equations will often meet (3) when white noise forcing terms lead to processes with integrable spectral densities. In particular, Gaussian process solutions to stochastic versions of convection-diffusion equations will satisfy (3) (Lindgren et al. 2011) .

In particular, Gaussian process solutions to stochastic versions of convection-diffusion equations will satisfy (3).


In conventional desktop settings several authentication methods have been proposed for validating users and to grant permission to access personal data. A common knowledge-based authentication approach is the username/password combination. Literature reports of three authentication factors: Knowledge factor (information you know), possession factor (physical object you possess) and the inheritance factor (biometric properties you possess) [7, 10] .

Literature reports of three authentication factors: Knowledge factor (information you know), possession factor (physical object you possess) and the inheritance factor (biometric properties you possess).


In conclusion, an optimized NOPA produces energetic pulses with a 7 fs Fourier limit even with picosecondlong pump pulses. More narrowband tunable pulses are generated by limiting the spectrum in the Fourier plane of the prism compressor. For generating femtosecond electron pulses, two-photon photoemission is found superior to the one-photon emission process used so far in our laboratory [4] . The practical advantages are an easy optimization of optical pulse duration and focus diameter directly at the site of electron generation within the vacuum system. Temporal electron pulse metrology and waist scans can be avoided. In addition, the experiment becomes significantly simpler. First, one optical frequency conversion stage is replaced by a bandwidth-free process in situ at the photocathode. Second, the optical pulses can be longer, since the duration of electron emission is intrinsically reduced by about 2 . Third, the effective emission area is by a factor of two smaller than the optical focus, alleviating the need for high-quality UV optics within the vacuum system. Fourth, the direct correlation of electron yield to laser power drifts without thermal contributions or saturation effects can effectively provide a short-term and long-term stability approaching the shot noise limit, without particular efforts for laser stabilization.

For generating femtosecond electron pulses, two-photon photoemission is found superior to the one-photon emission process used so far in our laboratory.


Reactor performance Figure 2 and Figure 3 show COD removal and the IA/TA ratio for each stage of the start-up operation. COD removals were over 70%, and the IA/TA ratio remained below 0.4. The increase of gas flow from E0 to E1 did not have an adverse effect on biofilm development, despite certain detachment occurred (Table 4) . Instead, it was favourable in terms of COD removal and alkalinity ratio. This higher performance could be attributed to better mixing conditions generated by the higher gas injection, reducing mass transfer limitations (Lazarova and Manem, 1996) . In stage E2, a slight decrease of COD removal was detected since the first increase of OLR, as well as in stage E4, probably because the biofilm was not developed yet. The same criterion can be applied to explain the alkalinity ratio increase in stage E2, indicating an accumulation of volatile fatty acid.

This higher performance could be attributed to better mixing conditions generated by the higher gas injection, reducing mass transfer limitations.


Cultural dimensions and psychological factors: Participants in low PDI (power distance) countries expressed more group loyalty and less competitive attitude, while some collectivist societies showed more group loyalty (as expected) but more competitive attitude. On the other hand, people living in IDV (individualistic) societies showed less competitive attitude. Thus, individualistic and low power distance countries show less competitive attitudes (see Table 2 ). These associations show that the hypothesis of competitive attitudes in individualistic societies is not always supported, as indeed previous studies have also suggested (Oyserman et al., 2002) . This result may be attributable to the fact that in collectivistic societies people are more competitive because they do not have resources, and need to fight to obtain them. Even so, this would not be incompatible with the fact of people having group loyalty. People take care of their ingroups and fight with out-groups to obtain resources, probably leading to an increase in ingroup/out-group differences.

These associations show that the hypothesis of competitive attitudes in individualistic societies is not always supported, as indeed previous studies have also suggested.


The second construction is due to Chinta and Gunnells [10, 11] . They defined a new Weyl group action on the field of rational functions in several variables. The action involves Gauss 1 sums and works for all the finite root systems in a coherent way. By taking an average of the Weyl group action, they obtained a deformed Weyl character and defined the local coefficients using the deformed character. The two constructions are expected to be equivalent, and the equivalence in type A has been established [6, 12, 16] .

The second construction is due to Chinta and Gunnells.

The two constructions are expected to be equivalent, and the equivalence in type A has been established.


We used a repeated measure design with binomial outcome data. Data were analyzed using a Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE), 22 a mixed-effects logistic regression model, under GENLIN procedures in SPSS v. 22. This particular model was chosen as not all groups were the same size (the flexible mass and count noun categories had half the number of responses as the other categories) and because the same Korean participants were tested on the Korean L1 and the English L2 study (Feddag et al. 2003) . Alpha level of .05 was applied for all tests.

This particular model was chosen as not all groups were the same size (the flexible mass and count noun categories had half the number of responses as the other categories) and because the same Korean participants were tested on the Korean L1 and the English L2 study.


Finally, our study focuses on Nash equilibria, i.e. states resilient to deviations by any single player. An interesting extension is to deal with simultaneous deviations by several players. In particular, simultaneous deviations by two players is considered in the stable marriage problem [1] . In our setting, a state is called a k-strong equilibrium if it is resilient to deviations by at most k players (a strong equilibrium is resilient to deviations by any number of players). Then the k-strong price of anarchy is defined as the price of anarchy but for k-strong equilibria [19] .

In particular, simultaneous deviations by two players is considered in the stable marriage problem.

Then the k-strong price of anarchy is defined as the price of anarchy but for k-strong equilibria.


Online or fast coal analysis is of great necessity for coal pricing and combustion or gasification optimization for power, coal chemical processing, and coal mine industries. Traditional chemical processes usually take about more than 10 h to finish both ultimate and proximate analyses, so online or fast analysis is clearly impossible. Prompt gamma neutron activation analyzer (PGNAA) is a technique which can realize online and multi-elemental analysis. However, it has several decisive disadvantages which have severely restricted its application: the machine itself and its operation cost are very expensive, and its neutron source presents potential health hazards and has strict regulatory demands [1] . As a relative inexpensive and non-harmful technique, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been regarded as a potential leading analytical technology for applications with online or fast analysis demands, including coal analysis, because of its advantages of fast and multi-elemental analyses, with minimal or no sample preparation [2] .

However, it has several decisive disadvantages which have severely restricted its application: the machine itself and its operation cost are very expensive, and its neutron source presents potential health hazards and has strict regulatory demands.

As a relative inexpensive and non-harmful technique, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been regarded as a potential leading analytical technology for applications with online or fast analysis demands, including coal analysis, because of its advantages of fast and multi-elemental analyses, with minimal or no sample preparation.


The pressure is given by Boyle's law which in the isentropic regime takes the form p(̺) = a̺ γ , where a > 0 is constant. In real applications the value of γ ranges from a maximum of 5 3 for monoatomic gases, to values close to one for polyatomic gases at high temperatures. In this paper, we will for purely technical reasons be forced to require γ > N 2 . From the point of view of applications, the model (1.1)-(1.2) can be justified for flows at very low Reynolds numbers so that the effects of convection may be neglected. It is also on the same form as various shallow water models [11] . From a mathematical perspective, the system (1.1)-(1.2) is a model problem containing some, but not all, of the difficulties associated with compressible fluid dynamics.

It is also on the same form as various shallow water models.


After the assembly process is completed, the latex particles can be washed from the surface with an organic solvent. The remaining porous three-dimensional structure can be used as a SERS substrate [16] . The use of this technique was also reported to prepare coatings from sterically protected and silica-encapsulated nanoparticles and porous 3D gold structures for SERS [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] .

The remaining porous three-dimensional structure can be used as a SERS substrate.

The use of this technique was also reported to prepare coatings from sterically protected and silica-encapsulated nanoparticles and porous 3D gold structures for SERS.


The several groups explored the utility of SERS for bacterial characterization, discrimination and identification [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . A simple mixing of bacterial cells and colloidal nanoparticles provides a straightforward way of preparing samples. However, due to the nonuniform nature of the prepared sample with the simple mixing, the acquired SERS spectra show variation from sample-to-sample and spot-tospot on the same sample. Although there is strong evidence that the certain locations on the bacterial cell wall preferably strongly interact with AgNPs, the variations due to the sample preparation must be minimized for proper interpretation of the SERS spectra. Therefore, a more systematic approach is necessary to collect interpretable spectra from bacteria.

The several groups explored the utility of SERS for bacterial characterization, discrimination and identification.


Let X and Y be geodesic spaces, and f : X → Y a map. Recall that a geodesic space is a metric space in which every pair of points is joined by a path of shortest length, called a geodesic. We will always parametrize geodesics by arc length. We call f affine if f maps geodesics γ in X to geodesics in Y , and f rescales γ with constant speed ρ(γ), which a priori depends on the geodesic γ. We call ρ the rescaling function. We will not touch on the much more difficult question of the extent to which the set of geodesics determines the metric. Matveev has obtained strong positive results for Riemannian manifolds with negative curvature [13] .

We call ρ the rescaling function.

Matveev has obtained strong positive results for Riemannian manifolds with negative curvature.


Geodesics in ∂ T its X reflect flatness in X. For instance, if x ∈ X and ζ, η ∈ ∂X such that ∠ x (ζ, η) = ∠ T its (ζ, η), then the convex hull of the union of the two rays emanating from x going out to ζ and η is isometric to a sector in E 2 [4, Lemma II.9.27]. Another important example of a CAT(1) space is the space of directions based at a point. Given a point y in a CAT(κ) space Y , deem two geodesic segments emanating from y to be equivalent if the angle between them is zero. Equivalence classes are called geodesic germs. The completion of this space with the metric induced by angles is called the link of y. Elements in the link are thought of as directions. A direction is genuine if it has a geodesic representative. Links in a CAT(1) space are always CAT(1) [14] .

Links in a CAT(1) space are always CAT(1).


In (1), the quantity v is a proportional constant and can be interpreted as the velocity along x-direction [6] . However, if 0 v > then the characteristics are directed to the positive direction or to the right and if 0 v < then they are directed to the negative direction or to the left. In other words the sign of v indicates the direction of propagation of information. In fact the advection Equation for all x −∞ < < ∞ . This is called an initial value problem. Advection Equation (1) is being numerically solved using various one-dimensional explicit numerical schemes, for example Upwind, Downwind, FTCS and Lax-Friedrichs schemes. In these one-dimensional explicit schemes the space and time mesh sizes are restricted both by order of accuracy and numerical stability. The said schemes have been visualized with the unique schematic diagrams which are illustrated in Figures 1-4 .

In (1), the quantity v is a proportional constant and can be interpreted as the velocity along x-direction.


In the present work, one-dimensional explicit Tolesa scheme is developed for solving advection Equation (1) and is successfully applied on macroscopic traffic flow model with constant velocity (17) . The one-dimensional explicit Tolesa Figure 9 . Density-flux nonlinear relationship by Tolesa scheme. The one-dimensional explicit Tolesa Scheme has unique schematic diagram as others one-dimensional explicit Schemes. One-dimensional explicit Tolesa scheme is conditionally stable by Von Neumann stability analysis. Although the Tolesa scheme has been developed to find a numerical solution of advection equation, traffic flow with constant speed, and linear density-speed relationship, it can also be extended for first and second order traffic flow models with non-linear velocity-density relationships. The further applications of Tolesa scheme will be taken up in the further study.

In the present work, one-dimensional explicit Tolesa scheme is developed for solving advection Equation (1) and is successfully applied on macroscopic traffic flow model with constant velocity.


As already suggested, the bars of a cage (either fabricated or die-cast) are not insulated from the core, but the bar-tocore boundary represents a high resistance barrier compared to the resistance of the bar. Several experimental studies have proved that current flows between adjacent bars through the core material so that the current distribution along the axial length of the bar is not constant [2] . This is accentuated in skewed cage rotors, since the natural path for the rotor current is down the axial length of the bar, but it is forced along the direction of the skewed bar, as illustrated in Fig. 1 . Inter-bar current become noticeable when there is broken rotor bar [3] - [8] . Several papers have studied how to incorporate the effects of the inter-bar current into induction machine models and simulations in order to correctly predict the behaviour of the motor during its operation with both healthy and faulty rotors. This objective is important for the correct simulation and prediction of the characteristics of the motor for the different applications. This will improve induction machine design procedures (reduction of losses, high starting torque, steady-state performance, etc.) and allow for development of condition monitoring and diagnostics. In this paper the literature which is related to the effects and analysis of inter-bar current is briefly reviewed in paragraph II. A proposal is then put forward for a method to assess the state of a rotor, particularly small cast rotors, for fractures or casting anomalies. This is supported with experimental results on healthy and faulty rotors in order to analyse the distribution of the current in the bars by measurement of bar voltages down the axial length of the cage when DC current is injected down the length of cage using a non-invasive clamping arrangement. Experimental tests on a rotor with one broken bar provide data about the influence of inter-bar current; the extreme situation of allbroken-bars will highlight that there is still good current paths via the laminations and shaft even with a completely broken set of bars. Some simulation is carried out to assess the voltage behaviour in the assumed rotor circuit.

Several experimental studies have proved that current flows between adjacent bars through the core material so that the current distribution along the axial length of the bar is not constant.

Inter-bar current become noticeable when there is broken rotor bar.


The paper is organised as follows: in Section 2 we recap the TPM scheme and the work distribution requirements (i) and (ii). The histories formulation of quantum mechanics is introduced in Section 3. In Section 4 we use this framework to construct multi time-step trajectories for a quantum system in analogy to the classical phase space trajectories in statistical mechanics. We then derive the time-reversal symmetric quantum work distribution p(w) and discuss its properties, exposing clear quantum signatures. In Section 5 we compare p(w) with a previously proposed power-based work distribution [32, 34] . A qubit example evidencing the negativity of p(w) is discussed in Section 6. In Section 7 we show that the TPM work distribution can be recovered as a special case in the histories framework. Table 1 summarises the differing work statistics of the new time-reversal symmetric quasi-probability work distribution and known work distributions. We summarise the results and open questions in Section 8.

In Section 5 we compare p(w) with a previously proposed power-based work distribution.


Within the histories approach we first used, analogously to the classical work definition, power trajectories that are integrated over time to construct p(w) in Eq. (17) . We secondly constructed a work distribution p MH (w) in Eq. (40) that identifies work with the energy change between end and start points of energy trajectories. Naively one may expect these two distributions to be the same in the continuum limit ∆t → 0, i.e. that the work for closed dynamics can be found by either integrating along the trajectories or by just considering the end points. Surprisingly however, in general the two distributions have different moments thus there is a difference between fluctuating energy change (end points) and fluctuating work (trajectory) even in an unmeasured closed quantum process. This shows that the way in which one defines quantum work has physical consequences for thermodynamic relations, such as the Jarzynski equality.

Within the histories approach we first used, analogously to the classical work definition, power trajectories that are integrated over time to construct p(w) in Eq..


Asymptotic stability analysis of non-autonomous systems is generally much harder than that of autonomous systems, since it is usually very difficult to build a Lyapunov function with a negative definite derivative. The well-known Barbalat's Lemma is a purely mathematical result concerning the asymptotic properties of functions and their derivatives, which has been a powerful tool to asymptotic analysis of the dynamic systems especially time-varying nonlinear systems [22] . Many publications generalized the integer order Barbalat's Lemma. By the generalised Barbalat's lemma, the uncertain complex dynamical network is proved to be locally or globally asymptotically synchronised [9] .

The well-known Barbalat's Lemma is a purely mathematical result concerning the asymptotic properties of functions and their derivatives, which has been a powerful tool to asymptotic analysis of the dynamic systems especially time-varying nonlinear systems.

By the generalised Barbalat's lemma, the uncertain complex dynamical network is proved to be locally or globally asymptotically synchronised.


Relatively fewer studies examined an item-level approach to measurement equivalence, particularly in settings where a large number of groups is included. One prominent exception includes the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which uses an ANOVA-like approach to examine item-by-country interactions (OECD 2012) . This general paucity might stem from the fact that, until recently, methodologies that would allow for simultaneous examination of a large number of groups for comparisons were not available. As we note below, generalized versions of some methodologies used for the two group comparisons are now available to researchers for conducting comparisons across more than two groups; however, little information on the performance of these methods exists, in particular in the context of largescale studies such as PISA or the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) . Also, to our knowledge, relatively little literature exists that questions the current practices of measurement invariance via MG-CFA framework in such settings.

One prominent exception includes the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which uses an ANOVA-like approach to examine item-by-country interactions.


In diesel exhaust, NO 2 is also present and has been shown to have a favorable impact on DPF regeneration, often referred to as passive oxidation. NO 2 has been shown to oxidize particulates at lower temperatures than O 2 [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] . The reported magnitude of the soot oxidation rates for NO 2 is greater than for O 2 , indicating that NO 2 is a stronger oxidant for promoting low temperature oxidation in the range of 200-500°C. Typically, NO 2 is 5-15 % of the total NO x in the raw engine exhaust, or approximately 50 ppm. However, the diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) containing Pt and Pd, oxidizes NO to NO 2 increasing the mixture ratio significantly. Most of the previous research studied soot oxidation with model soots such as Printex-U or via methods such as thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). However these methods are subject to differences between the model soot (Printex-U) and diesel particulate and mass and heat transfer effects found in a TGA that make quantification of the kinetics difficult. In addition, these studies often did not include information regarding the burning mode or surface evolution of the particulate during the oxidation process.

NO 2 has been shown to oxidize particulates at lower temperatures than O 2.


Diesel soot arises from the hydrocarbon-rich combustions zones in the cylinder [8, 9] . The micron and submicron aerosols result from unburned and partially burned fuel hydrocarbons and lube oil residues and are typically comprised of a non-volatile fixed carbon upon which exhaust hydrocarbons are adsorbed and condensed. It has been well-documented that the relative amounts of the fixed and mobile fractions, including the hydrocarbon composition, are functions of the engine type, oil, fuel type and operating speed-load point [10] .

Diesel soot arises from the hydrocarbon-rich combustions zones in the cylinder.

It has been well-documented that the relative amounts of the fixed and mobile fractions, including the hydrocarbon composition, are functions of the engine type, oil, fuel type and operating speed-load point.


The maintenance of fuel subsidy in Nigeria is said to have led to a situation whereby the commodity became much cheaper in Nigeria ($0.44 per litre) compared to neighbouring countries like Benin ($1.04), Niger ($1.07), Cameroon ($1.2) and Chad ($1.32). Accordingly, it was concluded that large subsidies led to petroleum products smuggling to neighbouring countries and stagnated economic development (Africa's Pulse, 2012) . Driven by institutions of global governance -the IMF, World Bank and other Donor agencies, successive Nigerian governments suddenly became determined to phase-out subsidies in consonance with the harsh economic realities of the times (Okogu, 1993) .

Accordingly, it was concluded that large subsidies led to petroleum products smuggling to neighbouring countries and stagnated economic development.

Driven by institutions of global governance -the IMF, World Bank and other Donor agencies, successive Nigerian governments suddenly became determined to phase-out subsidies in consonance with the harsh economic realities of the times.


In Nigeria, increases in fuel pump prices have historically dovetailed with promises for economic reconstruction since the 1970s (Okogu, 1993) . However, the sacrifices made hardly ever yield considerable benefits. This development has ruptured the social contract between the people and the government, which has led to the former's distrust for the latter's institutions and programmes.

In Nigeria, increases in fuel pump prices have historically dovetailed with promises for economic reconstruction since the 1970s.


In the current context of study (i.e. a Saudi university), English for Academic Purposes (EAP) syllabus has been designed keeping in view student needs. However, the teachers face certain problems in executing the syllabus in its true sense. As observed at the ELC, Taif University, these problems include students' low proficiency in English language, lack of interest in learning English, over-crowded classes, lack of technological support, etc (Javid, Al-thubaiti, & Uthman, 2013) . This research focused on creating a better learning environment by designing CLT-based activities and involving students in the learning process.

As observed at the ELC, Taif University, these problems include students' low proficiency in English language, lack of interest in learning English, over-crowded classes, lack of technological support, etc.


Uruguayan Corriedale wethers reared under extensive conditions continue to grow until they are two or three years of age [23] . There is strong evidence that a similar delay in growth occurs in young rams of the same lineage and exactly the same age as those dealt with in the present paper [13] . Although it may be reasonable to expect a steady increase in the live weight of growing animals, this has not been the case. Group L suffered a significant weight loss (Group H did not loose as much). The gap observed between Groups H and L during winter in terms of live weight, scrotal circumference, seminiferous tubules diameter and seminal vesicle epithelium height can probably be attributed to feeding level differences, since Group H values are greater or equal to those from Group L. Nevertheless, photoperiodic cues are evidently important. The food availability and digestibility curve for the Uruguayan basaltic region pastures cannot be taken as the only predictor of testicular data, not even as the most important one. If that was the case, testicular parameter values would be highest in spring rather than in autumn.

Uruguayan Corriedale wethers reared under extensive conditions continue to grow until they are two or three years of age.

There is strong evidence that a similar delay in growth occurs in young rams of the same lineage and exactly the same age as those dealt with in the present paper.


Alternative data sources are surveys like the Eurosystem Household and Finance Consumption Survey (HFCS) [6] . Although the HFCS combines comprehensive information in a unified form across several European countries, it suffers from bias at the top tail, too. One reason for this bias is the random sampling process which is very unlikely to represent the rare values from the top tail of the distribution. Another reason is that the survey response rate is known to be lower for higher income and wealth [7] . These effects make it necessary to correct for the missing rich in some way.

Alternative data sources are surveys like the Eurosystem Household and Finance Consumption Survey (HFCS).

Another reason is that the survey response rate is known to be lower for higher income and wealth.


The disease is frequently seen in the elderly people with light skins and in the areas which are exposed to sun, especially lips, the vermilion border of the lips, cheeks, nose and the back of the hands. The lesion has the same male and female predilection with a slightly more tendency to male individuals [1, [4] [5] [6] . This report presents a clinical, histopathological and immunehistochemical study of two cases of KA of the lower lip, referred to the oral pathology department of Hamadan Dental School, Iran. Besides, the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the lesions are elucidated.

The lesion has the same male and female predilection with a slightly more tendency to male individuals.


From a managerial aspect, a single management figure creates a more authoritarian outcome on the heritage due to the domination of the construction's meaning. Even though the academic literature iterates the importance of the modification of previously implemented methods at heritage sites, strain exists with the requirement for a supervising body to achieve efficient operating. In the Sustainability 2018, 10, 1343 3 of 22 case of the exclusion of a supervising body, the renovated heritage would be endangered of becoming a collection of parts without any relevant narrative and strategic resource distribution [12] . Consequently, stakeholder participation is essential to effectively manage projects involving heritage sites in the pursuit of sustainable urban regeneration.

In the Sustainability 2018, 10, 1343 3 of 22 case of the exclusion of a supervising body, the renovated heritage would be endangered of becoming a collection of parts without any relevant narrative and strategic resource distribution.


As socioeconomic and cultural benefits clash, the planning will be implemented often leading to the valuing of one over the other. A one-sided development does not result in the advancement of all the major investors in the historically significant regions. Participatory planning is an array of processes through which different groups and interests intermingle to achieve consensus on a plan and its implementation. Any group may initialize the participatory scheme, while the form and scheduling are most likely needed to be mediated and concurred upon by the participants. Due to the importance of the participation of the stakeholders, it is mandatory for the planner to consider the variety of stakeholders as well as the kind of participation [16] .

Due to the importance of the participation of the stakeholders, it is mandatory for the planner to consider the variety of stakeholders as well as the kind of participation.


Then, sustainable urban regeneration is one of the most complex aspects of urban planning. It needs a broad and combined vision and action in order to address the resolution of urban problems to come up with a long-term improvement in economic, physical, social, and environmental conditions of an area which has been subject to change [2] . Economic, social, and environmental dimensions are accepted as the "three pillars" model of sustainability to formulate methods of sustainable development. This model is developed in order to improve every aspect individually [3] . Even though sustainability is ambiguous, its ability to force stakeholders such as decision makers and public authorities to reflect how the development is affecting the indicators of sustainability dimensions makes it a valuable model [4] . On the other hand, pillars of sustainability are also considered as consistent and mutually collaborative with each other instead of being completely isolated. However, in recent decades, sustainable development policies and research have mainly focused on environmental and economic sustainability, which has led to social sustainability remaining comparatively less exposed [5] .

It needs a broad and combined vision and action in order to address the resolution of urban problems to come up with a long-term improvement in economic, physical, social, and environmental conditions of an area which has been subject to change.

This model is developed in order to improve every aspect individually.

Even though sustainability is ambiguous, its ability to force stakeholders such as decision makers and public authorities to reflect how the development is affecting the indicators of sustainability dimensions makes it a valuable model.

However, in recent decades, sustainable development policies and research have mainly focused on environmental and economic sustainability, which has led to social sustainability remaining comparatively less exposed.


Stakeholders have enormous influence on project outcomes. They have a critical role in the design, implementation, and monitoring phases of a project. Moreover, perception differences among the stakeholders towards the project in any phase may prevent the implementation phase of a project [40] . Consequently, the effective management of stakeholders will mitigate conflict during project implementation. On the other hand, it is important to circulate "early wins" of the project. Therefore, persuasive messages need to be distributed to the real estate market to announce that a positive change is on its way [31] .

Moreover, perception differences among the stakeholders towards the project in any phase may prevent the implementation phase of a project.

Therefore, persuasive messages need to be distributed to the real estate market to announce that a positive change is on its way.


The walled city of Famagusta, Northern Cyprus, is selected in order to perform a quantitative survey, and professionals from governmental bodies in Northern Cyprus are approached to conduct qualitative analysis. Despite the EU-funded United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) projects in 2005 aiding in the development of conservation activities in the region, several issues arose throughout the conservation process, resulting in loss of the historical setting and prolonged implementation because of arising problems in the envisioning and institutionalisation of the projects [19] . Therefore, both the local community's and the professionals' experience gained from these EU-funded projects is the criteria that led this case study to be selected. It is also noteworthy to mention at this point that 100% of the respondents from the interviews agreed that there are sustainable planning problems in Northern Cyprus. Finally, a critical literature review combined with experience from the selected case study area is what makes this study consistent.

Despite the EU-funded United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) projects in 2005 aiding in the development of conservation activities in the region, several issues arose throughout the conservation process, resulting in loss of the historical setting and prolonged implementation because of arising problems in the envisioning and institutionalisation of the projects.


It is important to note at this point that many types of knowledge are blended together in the sustainable planning process. Especially, there are instances where knowledge of the local community is recognised as being more formidable than the professionals because of the perception difference between them. Local residents have an in-depth knowledge of the environment and accurate references to problems involved in it [13] . Therefore, they have different perceptions of sustainable development than the professionals and it is valuable to take local residents' perspectives into account through participatory planning. However, the dichotomy between the local residents and professionals will create conflict, and consensus building will become more problematic during the sustainable planning process. Therefore, a method which will mitigate conflict between stakeholders should be introduced to the literature.

Local residents have an in-depth knowledge of the environment and accurate references to problems involved in it.


Culture is frequently studied under the social dimension of sustainability. However, recent research exposed the fact that there are not many studies which have focused on producing an analytical and organized method that takes "culture" and "sustainability" into account together. It is also anticipated that the introduction of culture as a "fourth pillar" or in another explicit role would change the existing state of affairs in sustainability research and policy. If culture is considered as having an independent function in sustainability, then it is realized as a fourth pillar of sustainability. This statement considers culture as a sustainability dimension parallel to environmental, social, and economic dimensions [6] . Therefore, sustainable development is not just limited to the three main pillars named as social, economic, and environmental. Relatively, the goals and objectives of sustainable development create functions that need to be analysed and evaluated parallel to the three pillars of sustainability. Concisely, culture needs to be analysed parallel to the three main pillars. On the other hand, heritage has a value in urban regeneration. It supports urban sustainability dimensions and adds extra value to be taken into account. For instance, everyone needs to have a holiday at least once in a year to relax. Consequently, heritage becomes an extra measure that is used in holiday destination decision making process. Therefore, exploiting the potential in heritage during urban regeneration projects adds values and supports sustainability in the regenerated area.

This statement considers culture as a sustainability dimension parallel to environmental, social, and economic dimensions.