During the last decade, a lot of knowledge about 60 GHz millimeter wave (MMW) has been congregated, and different architectures have been proposed and scrutinized in developing commercial applications for millimeter wave communication systems [1] . Large propagation and penetration losses at 60 GHz make it viable for use in short-range and single room environments communication. The demand for high-speed multimedia communications, such as realtime video streaming and huge data file transmission, are increasing rapidly. One of the most promising solutions to fulfill the speed and bandwidth requirements is to make use of MMW gigabit wireless communication. Short-range high data bit rate communication systems operating at 60 GHz are considered today as emerging solutions for video data streaming or video downloading needs. The recent trend on the development of millimeter wave frequencies systems has led to many innovative techniques with their successful demonstrations in different applications.

During the last decade, a lot of knowledge about 60 GHz millimeter wave (MMW) has been congregated, and different architectures have been proposed and scrutinized in developing commercial applications for millimeter wave communication systems.


Though, analytical expressions are not available for rectangular iris as opposed to elliptical iris, polynomial based methods are available [18] [19] [20] . We calculate the magnetic polarizability (i.e., longitudinal and transverse magnetic polarizability) of rectangular iris from these polynomial methods. These values are used to define dyadic magnetic ploarizability of rectangular iris for arbitrary iris orientation in the plane of incoming waveguide. Attenuation based term is included to account for finite iris length [3, 21] .

Though, analytical expressions are not available for rectangular iris as opposed to elliptical iris, polynomial based methods are available.

Attenuation based term is included to account for finite iris length.


Pectin is a naturally occurring biopolymer that is finding increasing applications in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. It has been used successfully for many years in the food and beverage industry as a thickening agent, a gelling agent and a colloidal stabilizer. Pectin also has several unique properties that have enabled it to be used as a matrix for the entrapment and/or delivery of a variety of drugs, proteins and cells. Furthermore, crosslinked polymers from Pectin can form hydrogels that are able to absorb and retain hundreds of times their weight of water and are known as superabsorbents [1] . The properties of these hydrogels have attracted the attention of many researchers and technologists and have found wide-spread applications in many fields, such as drug delivery systems, agriculture, separation processes [2] [3] [4] [5] . The combination of the hydrophilic acrylic polymer properties with the biodegradable character of Pectin based blends, will lead to interesting hydrogels with potential applications as biomaterials exhibiting different properties depending on the composition and on the type of interactions within the network, attending to chemical crosslinking and hydrogen bonding interactions [6] . This work deals with the development of new biodegradable hydrogels developed by the polymerization of AN and some formulations with sodium hydroxide as crosslinker, in the presence of Pectin.

Furthermore, crosslinked polymers from Pectin can form hydrogels that are able to absorb and retain hundreds of times their weight of water and are known as superabsorbents.

The properties of these hydrogels have attracted the attention of many researchers and technologists and have found wide-spread applications in many fields, such as drug delivery systems, agriculture, separation processes.

The combination of the hydrophilic acrylic polymer properties with the biodegradable character of Pectin based blends, will lead to interesting hydrogels with potential applications as biomaterials exhibiting different properties depending on the composition and on the type of interactions within the network, attending to chemical crosslinking and hydrogen bonding interactions.


Laboratory confirmation of listeriosis requires isolation or detection of L. monocytogenes from a site that is normally sterile. A presumptive identification of Listeria can be made on basis of typical short Gram positive rod with characteristic "tumbling motility" by light microscopy (at room temperature but not at 37°C) and aesculin hydrolysis. The availability of Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has made confirmation of Listeria monocytogenes relatively quick in laboratories using it. In our laboratory MALDI-TOF MS has been validated for this purpose [17] . In addition to mass spectrometry we also confirm the identification of the organism by phenotypic strip test (API Coryne®, bioMerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Various methods of antibiotic susceptibility testing like Etest strips and disk diffusion have been used. We routinely employ an Etest strip on Mueller Hinton agar with laked horse blood for penicillin (0.016-256 mg/L) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (0.002-32 mg/L) for susceptibility testing on the Listeria isolates as per the CLSI M45 A2 document [18] . Clinical breakpoint for penicillin of ≤ 2 mg/L and for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole of ≤ 0.5/9.5 mg/L is interpreted as 'sensitive' as per this document. All three isolates had MIC value for both these antimicrobials in 'sensitive' range.

In our laboratory MALDI-TOF MS has been validated for this purpose.

We routinely employ an Etest strip on Mueller Hinton agar with laked horse blood for penicillin (0.016-256 mg/L) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (0.002-32 mg/L) for susceptibility testing on the Listeria isolates as per the CLSI M45 A2 document.


Finally, egg carrying in the golden egg bug has been debated for years (Jeannel 1909; Reuter 1909; Wilson 1971; Ridley 1978; Zeh & Smith 1985; Tallamy 1994; Kaitala 1996) . It is now evident that females often lay eggs on the backs of males with whom they have not mated (Kaitala & Miettinen 1997) . There is also evidence that egg carrying is costly since it increases the risk of predation (A. Kaitala & X. Espadaler, unpublished data) . The present study shows that females do not choose males according to the presence of eggs. Therefore, the evolutionary explanation for why males do not resist receiving eggs they have not fertilized remains to be solved.

Finally, egg carrying in the golden egg bug has been debated for years.

It is now evident that females often lay eggs on the backs of males with whom they have not mated.


This paper attends to a two-party version of the problem where a node observing a certain function f informs a tracking node. Our main objective is to devise online algorithms for the observing node, which guarantee that the overall cost (sum of update costs and penalties for inaccuracies) is competitivefor any possible sequence of function changes -to the cost of an optimal offline algorithm knowing all values of f in advance. This simple two-party instantiation already requires non-trivial solutions [12] . In this paper, we consider an arbitrary function f and different classes of penalty functions.

This simple two-party instantiation already requires non-trivial solutions.


In previous literature examining synchrony, higher degrees of synchrony are typically associated with more positive ratings of the interaction. The unexpected relationships between synchrony and therapeutic process and outcome might be explained in a number of ways. One explanation of why therapist-initiated pitch changes were associated with lower ratings of the therapeutic alliance might be that therapists in the study were attempting to model pitch shifts behaviorally, encouraging clients to move in a different affective direction. Although such a process might eventually help clients, it might have a more immediate effect of causing clients to feel misunderstood and thereby lower their ratings of the therapeutic alliance. If this were the case, though, we might expect to see greater therapist-initiated synchrony to be associated with a reduction in distress; however, the opposite (although not statistically significant) pattern was observed in this study. It also remains possible that pitch synchrony in psychotherapy carries different social meaning than in other social contexts and that a high degree of synchrony has a deleterious effect. Perhaps a more consistent explanation of these findings might then be that an increased number of therapistled pitch shifts are a sign that the therapeutic alliance is suffering. For example, when clients have decided that their therapist is not fully invested in the same therapeutic goals, he or she might express this to some degree by becoming more passive in the therapeutic process and following their therapist's pitch more, perhaps even in an attempt to mask their discontent. Yet another explanation is that clients might respond in therapy to moments in which they feel the therapeutic alliance is ruptured by engaging in more synchrony with the therapist in an attempt to repair or mend the relationship (Safran, Muran, & Eubanks-Carter, 2011) .

Yet another explanation is that clients might respond in therapy to moments in which they feel the therapeutic alliance is ruptured by engaging in more synchrony with the therapist in an attempt to repair or mend the relationship.


To overcome the sparsity problem with short texts, a semantic representation of Chinese microblog posts based on TYCCL is introduced. A semantic expansion strategy based on part-of-speech (POS for short) is put forward to solve the problem caused by the phenomenon of polysemy in TYCCL. Since this is a continuous data stream, an incremental clustering algorithm, not a batch learning algorithm, is chosen for post clustering to look for potential topics in microblog [18] . With the potential topic and semantic representation of microblog post in hand, a topic detection method for Chinese microblogs based on semi-supervised learning is proposed. Experiments are conducted on the dataset from Sina Weibo to evaluate our method. Experimental results show that the performance of our method increases both for clustering of posts and for topic detection in Chinese microblogs.

Since this is a continuous data stream, an incremental clustering algorithm, not a batch learning algorithm, is chosen for post clustering to look for potential topics in microblog.


An expressed sequence tag (EST) is a short subsequence of cDNA derived from cellular mRNA and thus represents part of a protein-coding gene (expressed genes). ESTs are short (200-800 nucleotide bases in length); unedited, randomly selected single-pass sequence reads derived from cDNA libraries (Nagaraj et al., 2006) . EST libraries have been developed for plant species such as tomato, apple, rice, grape and citrus (Gonzalez-Ibeas et al., 2007) . However, amongst the comprehensive ones are Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryzae sativa which are the common models for analysis (Gonzalez-Ibeas et al., 2007) . Bioinformatics tools can be used to identify and dissect biological processes that are of great technological importance such as flavor development and fruit ripening through the analysis of ESTs (Gonzalez-Ibeas et al., 2007) . Gene mining can be used to select candidate genes that are associated with traits of interest (Frank et al., 2004; Higgs and Attwood, 2005) . The EST collections can also be used to develop microarrays to identify genes expressed during plant developmental stages and/or responding to environmental stimuli as well as to gain deeper understanding of the common regulatory mechanisms amongst diverse fruit species and ripening physiological patterns (Gonzalez-Ibeas et al., 2007; Fei et al., 2004) . Some previous studies have used this analysis to identify genes involved in fruit ripening and pathogen defense (Gonzalez-Ibeas et al., 2007) .

ESTs are short (200-800 nucleotide bases in length); unedited, randomly selected single-pass sequence reads derived from cDNA libraries.

EST libraries have been developed for plant species such as tomato, apple, rice, grape and citrus.

However, amongst the comprehensive ones are Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryzae sativa which are the common models for analysis.

Bioinformatics tools can be used to identify and dissect biological processes that are of great technological importance such as flavor development and fruit ripening through the analysis of ESTs.

Gene mining can be used to select candidate genes that are associated with traits of interest.

The EST collections can also be used to develop microarrays to identify genes expressed during plant developmental stages and/or responding to environmental stimuli as well as to gain deeper understanding of the common regulatory mechanisms amongst diverse fruit species and ripening physiological patterns.

Some previous studies have used this analysis to identify genes involved in fruit ripening and pathogen defense.


Biodiesel is being commercialized as a substitute or blending stock of fossil-diesel. However, biodiesel is less resistant to oxidation than typical fossil fuel and therefore doping of biodiesel in fossil-diesel will affect the stability of fuel significantly [14] . Thus, as the demand and the production of biodiesel grows fast, the development of methods to ensure the quality of the biodiesel industry and standardization becomes an urgent topic for market introduction of biodiesel.

However, biodiesel is less resistant to oxidation than typical fossil fuel and therefore doping of biodiesel in fossil-diesel will affect the stability of fuel significantly.


A number of reports have appeared on the storage and oxidative stability of biodiesel synthesized from different vegetable and frying oils (including sunflower, soybean and rapeseed oil) [16] [17] [18] . However, there is no available information about storage stability of biodiesel from corn oil. These stability studies were carried out under different storage condition, such as elevated temperature and exposure to light, air, water, and other contaminants. In other studies biodiesel was subjected to accelerated methods of oxidation, including EN 14112 (Rancimat method) and pressurized differential scanning calorimetry [19, 20] . The oxidation stability does not only depend on the raw material on the production process, but also on how the oil pressed and refined [21] .

A number of reports have appeared on the storage and oxidative stability of biodiesel synthesized from different vegetable and frying oils (including sunflower, soybean and rapeseed oil).

In other studies biodiesel was subjected to accelerated methods of oxidation, including EN 14112 (Rancimat method) and pressurized differential scanning calorimetry.

The oxidation stability does not only depend on the raw material on the production process, but also on how the oil pressed and refined.


In the last few years, the world's energy demand is increasing due to the needs from the global economic development and population growth. However, the most important part of this energy currently used is the fossil energy sources. The problem is fossil fuels are nonrenewable. They are limited in supply and will one day be depleted. There is an increased interest in alternative renewable fuels. As biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel, it is the best candidate to replace fossil-diesel, which has lower emissions than that of fossil-diesel, it is biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulphur and aromatics [1] . However, only nitrogen oxides increase using biodiesel as fuels [2, 3] .

As biodiesel is an environmentally friendly fuel, it is the best candidate to replace fossil-diesel, which has lower emissions than that of fossil-diesel, it is biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulphur and aromatics.

However, only nitrogen oxides increase using biodiesel as fuels.


Pulmonary function studies were carried out at enrollment and at intervals throughout the study period. Spirometry (Medical Graphics, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota) including FEV 1 and forced vital capacity, were measured according to American Thoracic Society guidelines [12] . The BMI was re-calculated at every spirometry.

Spirometry (Medical Graphics, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota) including FEV 1 and forced vital capacity, were measured according to American Thoracic Society guidelines.


High step-up DC-DC converters are employed in numerous applications, such as renewable energy systems, motor drives, uninterruptible power systems and electric vehicles [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . In these applications, a high step-up converter is required to adapt the low voltage level of batteries or photovoltaic cells to the high-voltage DC bus [7, 8] . In order to perform this voltage conversion, various isolated DC-DC converters are presented in which high voltage gain can be achieved by increasing the transformer turns ratio [9, 10] . Nevertheless, these converters suffer from high circulating currents, high voltage stress and low efficiency [11, 12] .

High step-up DC-DC converters are employed in numerous applications, such as renewable energy systems, motor drives, uninterruptible power systems and electric vehicles.

In these applications, a high step-up converter is required to adapt the low voltage level of batteries or photovoltaic cells to the high-voltage DC bus.

In order to perform this voltage conversion, various isolated DC-DC converters are presented in which high voltage gain can be achieved by increasing the transformer turns ratio.

Nevertheless, these converters suffer from high circulating currents, high voltage stress and low efficiency.


According to the recent studies, non-isolated DC-DC converters are favourable in high step-up application due to lower size, lower circuit cost and higher efficiency than the isolated types [13] . Conventional boost and buck-boost converters theoretically have a high voltage gain. However, due to many limitation factors, such as equivalent series resistance of the passive elements and reverse recovery problem of the output diode, a high step-up gain cannot be achieved in practice [14] [15] [16] . In order to reduce the switches voltage stress in high step-up applications, conventional three-level boost converter can be used. Also, the size of the input inductor is lower than the boost converter [17, 18] . However, the voltage gain is still limited. Conventional cuk, sepic and zeta converters can be employed as a high step-up converter, but they are more complex than the boost converter [19, 20] . Some efforts are made to combine sepic and boost converters. But despite using further elements, the voltage gain is limited [21, 22] .

According to the recent studies, non-isolated DC-DC converters are favourable in high step-up application due to lower size, lower circuit cost and higher efficiency than the isolated types.

However, due to many limitation factors, such as equivalent series resistance of the passive elements and reverse recovery problem of the output diode, a high step-up gain cannot be achieved in practice.

Also, the size of the input inductor is lower than the boost converter.

Conventional cuk, sepic and zeta converters can be employed as a high step-up converter, but they are more complex than the boost converter.

But despite using further elements, the voltage gain is limited.


As mentioned before, the most common heating systems used in the pultrusion process are the large universal heating platens and the multiplanar heaters. These systems have low setup times but have large heating losses. Thus, other systems have already been suggested to reduce the heating losses, such as fluid circula-tion and electrical cartridges heaters. The fluid circulation solution will increase the setup time and requires a pump and will conse-quently consume electricity, which will result in more mainte-nance compared with other solutions [11] . Therefore, the electrical cartridge heating system was chosen for this study due to its higher energy savings and lower setup time and because it allows temperature refinement in different zones along the die.

The fluid circulation solution will increase the setup time and requires a pump and will conse-quently consume electricity, which will result in more mainte-nance compared with other solutions.


Epoxy, polyester and vinyl esters are the most commonly used resins. Epoxies are better adhesives, generally adhering to the die better than polyester and vinyl esters; however, this leads to more manufacturing problems due to the composite breaking while in the die. Moreover, this type of resin shrinks less, which worsens the problem [8] . However, composites made from epoxies are extremely advantageous when special mechanical properties, ele-vated thermal resistance and high corrosion are required.

Moreover, this type of resin shrinks less, which worsens the problem.


The die length is one of the most important aspects in pultru-sion because it determines how long the composite will be heated. The die length will also affect the pulling force and production line speed due to the variation of the inside surface area. A pro-grammed power controller controls the temperature profile along the die, recording realtime measurements using temperature probes and providing the appropriate temperature profile for the thermosetting resin cure process. The temperature profile along the die is important because if the temperature is too low, the resin will not completely cure, and if the temperature is too high, the re-sin degrades, which creates manufacturing problems; the most critical problem is when the moulded profile breaks while inside the die [7, 9] . Depending on the product being manufactured, vari-ables such as the type of matrix resin and its exothermic reaction, line speed, temperature along the die, ply schedule and die length must be appropriately adjusted to optimise production [7] . The pultrusion process is often decided by tests during manufacturing, which allow producers to observe the relations between the variables and therefore increase the parameter accuracy related with each product. When the product exits the die, its profile is cured and only needs to be cut to the desired length.

The temperature profile along the die is important because if the temperature is too low, the resin will not completely cure, and if the temperature is too high, the re-sin degrades, which creates manufacturing problems; the most critical problem is when the moulded profile breaks while inside the die.

Depending on the product being manufactured, vari-ables such as the type of matrix resin and its exothermic reaction, line speed, temperature along the die, ply schedule and die length must be appropriately adjusted to optimise production.


In this process, a dual traction system is used, which continu-ously pulls the GFRP composite through the die [1, 5] . The pulling speed depends on several conditions, such as the bar thickness, die length, die temperature and resin formulation. To incorporate all these conditions, experience is fundamental to achieve the opti-mal speed with high quality standards. At the end of the process, the pultruded composite is cut to the required length dimensions [1] [2] [3] .

In this process, a dual traction system is used, which continu-ously pulls the GFRP composite through the die.

At the end of the process, the pultruded composite is cut to the required length dimensions.


A simple way to extend image-based neural networks to video classification is to extract features from each individual frame of a video [31] . While this technique does lead to some success if the network learns temporallyinvariant features, it is commonly only used as a baseline approach to compare against networks that incorporate temporal data [9, 11] . One common variant is a two-stream late fusion architecture with a still frame-based "spatial" network stream running in parallel alongside a "temporal" network performing classifications based on optical flow calculations [3, 6, 8, 20] . This network architecture significantly outperforms approaches based solely on individual frame classification, suggesting that incorporating a temporal component is necessary. In our work we leverage the benefit of a temporal network by incorporating it into the design of our network architecture.

A simple way to extend image-based neural networks to video classification is to extract features from each individual frame of a video.

While this technique does lead to some success if the network learns temporallyinvariant features, it is commonly only used as a baseline approach to compare against networks that incorporate temporal data.

One common variant is a two-stream late fusion architecture with a still frame-based "spatial" network stream running in parallel alongside a "temporal" network performing classifications based on optical flow calculations.


Along with the development of an economic society, a need arises to develop a reliable and effective approach to determining the market value of real estate (CHEN et al. 2017) . It is frequently the case that a common arithmetic mean of transaction prices is closer to rational valuation than a complex model (ADAMCZEWSKI 2006) . However, with properties located in different land use zones, this rule does not always apply. It is clearly noticeable in the presented example that lack of homogeneity in land use classes can be problematic if the database of comparable properties contains real estate with various proportions of different land use zones and, additionally, they are dissimilar to the property being valued.

Along with the development of an economic society, a need arises to develop a reliable and effective approach to determining the market value of real estate.

It is frequently the case that a common arithmetic mean of transaction prices is closer to rational valuation than a complex model.


Especially in crops with narrow row spaces, manual steering of a hoe over a long period of time can be tiresome. Crop yields can be decreased due to steering mistakes during the application of mechanical weed control treatments and must be avoided [15] . Therefore, accurate steering of the implements along crop rows is important [35] . In the present study it has been shown that hoeing in narrowly spaced cereals is not an issue, and the development of an automatic steering system for these farming conditions seems feasible and is encouraged. The system should have a vision control, composed of a stereo camera to monitor crop rows in front of the hoe. The data provided by the camera can be used to control a hydraulic side shifting frame which follows and adjusts to the crop rows where necessary. A side shifting capability of ±200 mm to the left and right would suffice. For effective weed control, the system should be capable of recognizing cereal rows as early as BBCH 13. The precision of the hoe would be increased, and hoeing could be performed closely to the crop plants. It would also relieve the tractor driver and reduce the risk of crop damage due to steering mistakes of the implement. Furthermore, higher driving speeds can be realized with a camera steered hoe, and more field area can be treated within the same time span [13, 15, 36] . Additionally, the hoe should be equipped with light emitting diode (LED) spotlights in order to perform weeding during the nighttime. Combining a camera steered system with RTK-GPS (real time kinematics global positioning system) would further increase accuracy and could improve the weeding result. Today, RTK-GPS already has sub-centimeter accuracy [37, 38] . Together with a camera-guided hoeing frame, the results for the farmer would mean great improvement concerning the area that could be covered by mechanical weeding compared to manual steering of the hoe.

Crop yields can be decreased due to steering mistakes during the application of mechanical weed control treatments and must be avoided.

Therefore, accurate steering of the implements along crop rows is important.

Furthermore, higher driving speeds can be realized with a camera steered hoe, and more field area can be treated within the same time span.

Today, RTK-GPS already has sub-centimeter accuracy.


In this section we present the results with HPM to show the efficiency of the method, described in the previous section for solving eq. (16) . We consider different values of e 1 , e 2 , and Ve, and we compare our results with numerical integration results, obtained using a fourth order Runge-Kutta method. It is easy to verify the accuracy of the obtained results if we graphically compare HPM solutions with the numerical ones. Figure 1 shows the comparison between the present solution and the numerical integration results. Moreover, figs. 2 and 3 illustrate the results of HPM for different values of e 1 , e 2 , and Ve.

In this section we present the results with HPM to show the efficiency of the method, described in the previous section for solving eq..


In §3, we describe the splitting and ramification for any place in a separable cubic extension of a global function field. To accomplish this, we use Kummer's theorem to determine splitting of cubic polynomials over a finite field, as all residue fields are finite. Thus, in §2, we characterise completely the decomposition of any cubic polynomial over a finite field, using earlier results of Dickson, Pommerening, and Williams [2, 6, 12] . This study of decomposition permits us to obtain in §3.3 a Riemann-Hurwitz formula for any separable extension of a cubic global function field (Theorems 3.22, 3.24, 3.27) .

Thus, in §2, we characterise completely the decomposition of any cubic polynomial over a finite field, using earlier results of Dickson, Pommerening, and Williams.


A large percentage of these peasant farmers produce slightly above the levels of the immediate needs of their families. The option that readily comes handy is to store the excess till when it is needed for family consumption or for sales at a more economic period. Many of them also store their produce, especially the grains, as seed lots for the next planting season; since hybrids are either not available or unaffordable (Adesuyi 1997) . Because of the several advantages obtainable in storage, some of them even subject the produce to some degree of post-harvest processing to extend their storability (Kordylas 1990; Gwinner et al. 1996) . The type and levels of processing usually depend on available technology, cost implications, intended storage duration and intended uses to which the produce would be put.

Many of them also store their produce, especially the grains, as seed lots for the next planting season; since hybrids are either not available or unaffordable.

Because of the several advantages obtainable in storage, some of them even subject the produce to some degree of post-harvest processing to extend their storability.


Many typical microorganisms cannot survive and operate at high salinity of aquatic environment, such as seawater and their adaptability, which is definitely lost following exposure to low salinity from environment. Previous study revealed that some halotolerant bacteria are able to survive in high salinity condition and prospective candidate for elimination of contaminant at high salt concentration (Borgne et al. 2008; Ceylan et al. 2011) . The bioremediation of contaminated hyper-saline conditions and the microbial usage for industrial high-saline wastewaters treatment are key elements for selection of suitable halophilic or halotolerant bacteria (Arulazhagan and Vasudevan 2011; Feng et al. 2012; Haddadi and Shavandi 2013) . Hence, the aim of the study is to investigate the degradation of phenanthrene and characterize the metabolites formed by Hortaea species under thermophilic environment. The transformation of the substance was assayed by using thin layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometer with comparison of sample and authentic standard.

Previous study revealed that some halotolerant bacteria are able to survive in high salinity condition and prospective candidate for elimination of contaminant at high salt concentration.

The bioremediation of contaminated hyper-saline conditions and the microbial usage for industrial high-saline wastewaters treatment are key elements for selection of suitable halophilic or halotolerant bacteria.


The resolution of LCD monitor is insufficient to display high-resolution images. The best commercially available LCD monitor has WQXGA resolution (2560 pixel × 1600 pixel). Therefore, Chromium and other technologies are designed for parallel rendering on a tiled display wall [18] .

Therefore, Chromium and other technologies are designed for parallel rendering on a tiled display wall.


Of late, there has been considerable activity in theoretical studies of overload scheduling algorithms [3] , [4] , [13] , [8] . A common feature of these studies is that they all consider workloads where tasks can have arbitrary slack factors. In contrast, our study investigates the performance improvement that can be realized for workloads where all tasks are guaranteed to have a prespecified minimum slack factor.

Of late, there has been considerable activity in theoretical studies of overload scheduling algorithms.


However, SD-OCT retains some disadvantages. In particular there is a limited depth range (the 'confocal gate') due to the finite depth of field (DOF) of the imaging optics. While TD-OCT is compatible with dynamic focus schemes which scan the coherence and confocal gates simultaneously, the inherently single-shot nature of the A-scan acquisition in SD-OCT precludes this [4] . TD-OCT therefore continues to have applications where either a large scanning range or high lateral resolution (high NA) are required, a particular example being adaptive optics assisted retinal imaging [4] .

While TD-OCT is compatible with dynamic focus schemes which scan the coherence and confocal gates simultaneously, the inherently single-shot nature of the A-scan acquisition in SD-OCT precludes this.

TD-OCT therefore continues to have applications where either a large scanning range or high lateral resolution (high NA) are required, a particular example being adaptive optics assisted retinal imaging.


Model-based methods for small area estimation (SAE) estimate local parameters with greater efficiency by borrowing strength from other 'similar' areas (Rao & Molina, 2015) . Generally, the survey data include both the variable(s) of interest and the potentially related auxiliary variables. Whether or not census data is used in any form, model-based SAE methods use regression-type techniques and are usually classified into two broad groups based on data availability. Unit level SAE methods are used when suitable data are available at unit level; otherwise, area level SAE methods are applied. A linear or non-linear mixed model then uses the survey data to obtain the small area statistics via the auxiliary information.

Model-based methods for small area estimation (SAE) estimate local parameters with greater efficiency by borrowing strength from other 'similar' areas.


National and local administrative authorities place increasing importance on small area statistics for policy development and implementation. In the developing world, where available, aid agencies also use small area estimates of poverty-related indicators to focus their programmes. Basic model-based SAE methods estimate small area linear parameters such as means and totals and are not suitable for estimating non-linear functions such as quantiles and distribution functions. In poverty mapping studies based on equivalised expenditure or income measured at household (HH) level, the most used poverty indicators: poverty incidence (more properly called poverty prevalence), poverty gap (PG) and poverty severity (PS) are non-linear functions of the income or expenditure distribution function (Foster et al., 1984) . Modified SAE methods are required for estimating such non-linear poverty indicators.

In poverty mapping studies based on equivalised expenditure or income measured at household (HH) level, the most used poverty indicators: poverty incidence (more properly called poverty prevalence), poverty gap (PG) and poverty severity (PS) are non-linear functions of the income or expenditure distribution function.


Moral hazard problem is expected to be different for various kinds of firms. Family managed firms (henceforth, family firms) are one of the most distinct corporate governance structures. The relationship between family firms and R&D investments can be investigated through two conflicting theories; namely, stewardship theory and agency theory. According to the stewardship theory, family firms act with altruism for the benefit of the entire organization and its stakeholders (Davis et al, 1997) . Moreover because the reputation and the honor of the family name are tied to the continued success of the firm, family firms have an emotional investment in their companies (Bubolz, 2001) . If the stewardship theory holds we expect family firms to use these specially designed R&D loans more efficiently than the non-family firms, because family firms concentrate on long term survival and prosperity of the company rather than extracting private benefits at the expense of other shareholders.

According to the stewardship theory, family firms act with altruism for the benefit of the entire organization and its stakeholders.

Moreover because the reputation and the honor of the family name are tied to the continued success of the firm, family firms have an emotional investment in their companies.


For our study, another factor exacerbating the moral hazard problem is, the loans given out to these firms by the Turkish government have longer maturity compared to other sources of external finance available to them. However, debt with shorter maturity requires more frequent negotiations therefore provides more monitoring so that lenders can protect their claims from the borrower's moral hazard incentive (Arslan and Karan, 2006; Aren at al. 2012) . Consequently, these loans have less potential to play an effective role in pre-committing investors to punish the low efforts of firms.

However, debt with shorter maturity requires more frequent negotiations therefore provides more monitoring so that lenders can protect their claims from the borrower's moral hazard incentive.


The moral hazard has a potential to arise through the information asymmetry between suppliers of funds to Research and Development (R&D) and technological innovation projects 2 , and the borrowing firms owning these projects (Svensson, 2013) . Here, the wealth-constrained firm controls the allocation of the borrowed funds but the investment effort put to the R&D activities is unobservable to the supplier of funds. This information asymmetry exacerbates the interest asymmetry and thus creates moral hazard if insiders divert cash flows from external funds to their own benefits instead. Moreover, the information asymmetry is further reinforced, as firms are reluctant to reveal the progress of their R&D projects with a fear of spillovers to competitors due to non-excludability (Anton and Yao, 1998) .

The moral hazard has a potential to arise through the information asymmetry between suppliers of funds to Research and Development (R&D) and technological innovation projects 2 , and the borrowing firms owning these projects.

Moreover, the information asymmetry is further reinforced, as firms are reluctant to reveal the progress of their R&D projects with a fear of spillovers to competitors due to non-excludability.


World energy demand is forecast to increase by 48% by 2040 and, although this demand will be shared worldwide, increased industrial growth of Asia, particularly China and India, will account for more than half this increase [1] . Further, worldwide greenhouse gas GHG) emissions from agriculture, forestry and fisheries have nearly doubled since the 1960s and could further increase by 30% if no actions are taken [2] . Many areas across Asia also suffer from poor air quality that results in negative health impacts, such as increased stroke, lung disease and chronic pulmonary problems. Therefore, renewable energy options that reduce GHGs and improve health outcomes are needed, including bioenergy production from agricultural waste streams, such as wa ste rice straw (RS) .

World energy demand is forecast to increase by 48% by 2040 and, although this demand will be shared worldwide, increased industrial growth of Asia, particularly China and India, will account for more than half this increase.

Further, worldwide greenhouse gas GHG) emissions from agriculture, forestry and fisheries have nearly doubled since the 1960s and could further increase by 30% if no actions are taken.


The final body weight and the total weight gain and average daily gain were similar (p > 0.05) between all treatments (Table 4) . The average daily weight gain ranged from 94 to 142 g day -1 and was positively correlated with TDN intake (r = 0.80252, p < 0.0001). Cold carcass weights were higher (p < 0.05) for animals fed HADC and DC when compared to HA. Differences in energy intake (TDN), higher for animals fed dehydrated spineless cactus, have been reflected in the deposition of tissue in the carcass of sheep and favored the gain in carcass of these animals (Piola Junior et al., 2009; Pereira et al., 2010) . This inference is supported by the values of loin eye area, which were higher in animals fed DC and HADC than those fed HA.

Differences in energy intake (TDN), higher for animals fed dehydrated spineless cactus, have been reflected in the deposition of tissue in the carcass of sheep and favored the gain in carcass of these animals.


We further hypothesized that Western individuals would benefit more from self-enhancement strivings and Chinese individuals would benefit more from prevention strivings, above and beyond regulatory focus. This is so because Western (vs. East-Asian) cultures are more oriented toward the positive outcomes that they hope to achieve rather than the negative outcomes that they hope to avoid (Elliot et al. 2001; Lee et al. 2000; Lockwood et al. 2005) . The results were generally consistent with these hypotheses, revealing regulatory fit at both the cultural and individual levels.

This is so because Western (vs. East-Asian) cultures are more oriented toward the positive outcomes that they hope to achieve rather than the negative outcomes that they hope to avoid.


Amylose occurs in different forms, the A, B, V, and other forms [1] . The A and B forms both feature left-handed helices with six glucose units per turn and seem to differ only in the packing of the starch helices. The V form of amylose is obtained through cocrystallization with compounds such as iodine, DMSO, alcohols, or fatty acids [2, 3] . The helical conformations of B-and V-amylose show differences [4] [5] [6] .

Amylose occurs in different forms, the A, B, V, and other forms.

The V form of amylose is obtained through cocrystallization with compounds such as iodine, DMSO, alcohols, or fatty acids.

The helical conformations of B-and V-amylose show differences.


We evaluated the Building Blocks intervention's impact in multiple schools in two urban school districts, analyzing the specific mathematics concepts and skills that young children learned. We discuss the results in six categories. First we address the preintervention compatibility of the treatment groups. Second, we examine what classroom observations revealed about teachers' fidelity of implementation of the curriculum. Given the large number of schools and teachers, did teachers' enactment achieve the same fidelity as measured in previous, smaller, studies? Third, we examine observations of instruction in both Building Blocks and control classrooms to assess the impact of the intervention on the quality and quantity of mathematics and to address possible spillover of the intervention into control classrooms. Fourth, we discuss the effect of the intervention on total mathematics achievement scores, including moderators. Fifth, we analyze components of the mathematics environment that mediated the intervention's impact on children's learning. Sixth, we explore topics that were differentially affected by the two treatment conditions. First, analyses revealed that the randomized block assignment was effective in producing equivalent groups. Second, most teachers implemented the curriculum with acceptable fidelity. The modal category for mentor-rated Likert items was agree. That is, most teachers implemented all aspects of the Building Blocks curriculum. This result is similar to that observed in previous research with the same instrument and curriculum (Clements & Sarama, 2008a) . This provides evidence that interventions in preschool mathematics education, such as this one, can be successfully implemented on a large scale.

This result is similar to that observed in previous research with the same instrument and curriculum.


Fifth, three scores derived from the COEMET instrument, a measure of the quality and quantity of classroom mathematics, mediated the effect of Building Blocks. The total number of computers turned on and working for children, the classroom culture component, and the total number of mathematics activities partially, but significantly, mediated the impact of treatment group on outcome. This suggests that these processes support the growth of mathematics learning in children similar to those in this study. The measured mediation was similar to, but less than, the mediational impact found in previous research using the same instrument (Clements & Sarama, 2008a) . The finding involving number of computers suggests that increased computer usage, presumably of mathematics software, could lead to improvements in mathematics scores, consistent with research (Clements & Sarama, 2008b) . The impact of classroom culture on mathematics scores is consistent with the literature supporting the connection between academic performance and general features of the classroom, including signs of mathematical activity and teachers who are knowledgeable and enthusiastic about mathematics and who interact with and respond to children frequently (Clarke & Clarke, 2004; Clements & Sarama, 2007b) . Finally, the mediational impact of the total number of classroom mathematics activities-but not time on task-is an important distinction, as previously discussed. The importance of these factors, however, should continue to be examined across more time points and utilizing more robust mediation methodologies. More specifically, although this analysis investigated the indirect effect of each mediator separately, it is likely that these component processes interact in the creation of an environment more conducive to the learning of mathematics. An area of important future investigation will be to further test the unique and shared contributions of these processes into the kindergarten year.

The measured mediation was similar to, but less than, the mediational impact found in previous research using the same instrument.

The finding involving number of computers suggests that increased computer usage, presumably of mathematics software, could lead to improvements in mathematics scores, consistent with research.

The impact of classroom culture on mathematics scores is consistent with the literature supporting the connection between academic performance and general features of the classroom, including signs of mathematical activity and teachers who are knowledgeable and enthusiastic about mathematics and who interact with and respond to children frequently.


In the rectangle identification task, all groups decreased in their selection of squares as examples of rectangles, supporting the notion of a U-shaped developmental pattern in which children's performances initially decrease as they gain (incomplete) knowledge about properties, which only later is completed and consolidated (with visual recognition competencies), enabling error-free performance (Clements, Swaminathan, Hannibal, & Sarama, 1999) . Despite attention to this in professional development, the Building Blocks group, compared to the control group, did not select squares more often as members of the class of rectangles or the class of rhombi. Because children in a small number of classes were successful in learning these relationships, we posit that teacher awareness of these relationships was generally inadequate in lieu of specific curriculum tasks.

In the rectangle identification task, all groups decreased in their selection of squares as examples of rectangles, supporting the notion of a U-shaped developmental pattern in which children's performances initially decrease as they gain (incomplete) knowledge about properties, which only later is completed and consolidated (with visual recognition competencies), enabling error-free performance.


Clustering aims to find groups of similar objects and due to its usefulness, it is popular in a large variety of domains, such as astronomy, physics, geology, marketing, etc. Over the years, data gathering has become more effective and easier, resulting in many of these domains having high dimensional databases. As a consequence, the distance (difference) between any two objects becomes similar in high dimensional data, thus diluting the meaning of cluster [5] . One way to handle this issue is by clustering in subspaces of the dimension space, so that objects in a group need only be similar on some subset of attributes (subspace), instead of being similar across the entire set of attributes (full-space) [20] .

As a consequence, the distance (difference) between any two objects becomes similar in high dimensional data, thus diluting the meaning of cluster.

One way to handle this issue is by clustering in subspaces of the dimension space, so that objects in a group need only be similar on some subset of attributes (subspace), instead of being similar across the entire set of attributes (full-space).


There has been limited implementation of DFM in the aircraft industry, since the main focus in aircraft design has traditionally been on functionality, weight reduction, material usage and durability. However, the increased importance of cost reduction, in combination with increased production volumes and usage of CFRP, makes it vital to implement DFM. It is important when working with DFM to regard the manufacturing process early in the product development process. An issue when working with DFM is that problems with assembly are usually not discovered until the manufacturing phase, when the costs for design changes are very high [11] .

An issue when working with DFM is that problems with assembly are usually not discovered until the manufacturing phase, when the costs for design changes are very high.


In the 1980s, concurrent engineering spread rapidly in research and industry. Foremost, it was the American automotive industry that led the way in adopting new product development organizations and processes in order to compete with Japanese competitors. In addition, since concurrent engineering spread so fast among the manufacturing companies of the Western world, it is likely that there must have been a tremendous need to improve the product development process in many countries [8] .

In addition, since concurrent engineering spread so fast among the manufacturing companies of the Western world, it is likely that there must have been a tremendous need to improve the product development process in many countries.


One way to meet these demands is to work more with design for manufacturing (DFM) strategies and methods, since DFM directly address the costs for manufacturing, which are a large part of the entire product cost [6] . DFM is a way to lower manufacturing costs while not lowering product quality [6] . DFM is not a new design method; as early as in the 1920s, Henry Ford was conducting a kind of DFM [7] . Although Ford performed DFM back in the 1920s, the traditional "overthe-wall" design approach was not common practice until the 1950s to at least the 1970s in Western companies [8] .

One way to meet these demands is to work more with design for manufacturing (DFM) strategies and methods, since DFM directly address the costs for manufacturing, which are a large part of the entire product cost.

DFM is a way to lower manufacturing costs while not lowering product quality.

DFM is not a new design method; as early as in the 1920s, Henry Ford was conducting a kind of DFM.

Although Ford performed DFM back in the 1920s, the traditional "overthe-wall" design approach was not common practice until the 1950s to at least the 1970s in Western companies.


The indiscriminate extraction and lavish consumption of fossil fuels have led to reduction in underground petroleum resources. With the exception of hydroelectricity and nuclear energy, the majority of the worlds energy needs are supplied through petrochemical sources (Machacon et al., 2001) . The depletion of world petroleum reserves and increased environmental concerns has stimulated recent interest in sources alternative to petroleum-based fuels. Biofuels produced using various production techniques have become potential candidates for diesel substitute due to the similarities of their properties.

With the exception of hydroelectricity and nuclear energy, the majority of the worlds energy needs are supplied through petrochemical sources.


The construction of multi-storey housing in the 1920s-1970s (e.g., sample areas of Paul Hertz Siedlung, Haselhorst and Mitte) was linked to modernist settlement ideas [18] . The row-building settlements were built loosely and criss-crossed by green spaces, where the inhabitants could walk and enjoy greenery on different paths. More than the half of the areas remain unsealed and the number of inhabitants per hectare is low ( Table 1 ). The design of open spaces followed mainly two different ideas of parceling as tenants or the design of the area as a "park landscape". Tenant gardens were seen as a way to save costs of land care, a way of self-sufficiency of the inhabitants (especially after the Second World War) and as recreational areas [18] . The buildings have a high number of balconies often greened by residents ( Table 2 ). The residential greenery in the study areas of Haselhorst and Mitte does not present particular plant composition, but offers ample space to spend pleasant moments, especially during the summer. Paul Hertz Siedlung holds a greater diversity of plant species compared to the other two study areas of this era (Table 2) . Bioswales are implemented in one of our sample plots in Haselhorst.

The construction of multi-storey housing in the 1920s-1970s (e.g., sample areas of Paul Hertz Siedlung, Haselhorst and Mitte) was linked to modernist settlement ideas.

Tenant gardens were seen as a way to save costs of land care, a way of self-sufficiency of the inhabitants (especially after the Second World War) and as recreational areas.


The quality of the living environment, especially in urban areas, has become an important issue for residents and a fundamental theme in spatial planning [1] . Low quality of air, water, climate and the decreasing availability of green space per capita affect the physical and mental health of urban residents [2] [3] [4] [5] . Consequently, urban planners and policymakers have to address easy access and high quality green areas as a part of common health promotion [5] .

The quality of the living environment, especially in urban areas, has become an important issue for residents and a fundamental theme in spatial planning.

Low quality of air, water, climate and the decreasing availability of green space per capita affect the physical and mental health of urban residents.

Consequently, urban planners and policymakers have to address easy access and high quality green areas as a part of common health promotion.


Based on computer and Internet technologies, e-learning has laid a strong foundation for the realization of continuous learning. The use of advanced communication technologies for learning purposes has improved the abilities of distance education systems to serve larger learner groups, offering richer content and faster service. The expansion of distance education has not only led to an increase in the diversity or saturation of the instruments that it uses but also improved its theory. In other words, these new learning environments have not only enhanced the means of learning, but they have also influenced our opinions regarding the nature of learning (Bates, 1997) . Thus, there has been a worldwide paradigm change from a cognitive-behaviorist, progressive, systematic concept of learning towards a concept in which learning is continuous, lifelong and Connectivist and learner autonomy is emphasized (Anderson & Dron, 2010) .

In other words, these new learning environments have not only enhanced the means of learning, but they have also influenced our opinions regarding the nature of learning.

Thus, there has been a worldwide paradigm change from a cognitive-behaviorist, progressive, systematic concept of learning towards a concept in which learning is continuous, lifelong and Connectivist and learner autonomy is emphasized.


The presented techniques need a reference behavior, common understanding of the information or access to relevant redundancy (C2). Therefore, the IoT should provide proper interoperability (e.g., in form of standards). Under some constraints (bounded or static SHSA knowledge base, estimation of the worst-case execution time of relationships) SHSA is suitable for real-time applications [171] . However, solutions to increase scalability have to be investigated (C3). Moreover, the individual IoT devices might not have the resources to implement detection and recovery (C1). In future work we therefore want to focus on a distributed approach of the mechanism (e.g., by splitting the knowledge base for subsystems, or monitor in a distributed fashion like agreement protocols do).

Under some constraints (bounded or static SHSA knowledge base, estimation of the worst-case execution time of relationships) SHSA is suitable for real-time applications.


We have performed a quantitative comparison between spectral and dynamical measurements of solid-state cavity QED systems. The dynamics of a single QD in a micropillar cavity is well described by the JC model, while using the same theory and parameters to compute the spectra reveals a large disagreement. The emission spectrum contains both a cavity and a QD part as well as interference terms between them, and the lack of detailed microscopic insight into the parameters determining their mixing limits the quantitative modeling of the experimental data. We have also presented time-resolved measurements of a QD in a PC cavity and observed pronounced Purcell enhancement enabling extracting the light-matter coupling strength. From this analysis the cavity is found to be in the weak-coupling regime, but nonetheless spectral measurements reveal a clear anti crossing with a pronounced Rabi splitting. The observed Rabi splitting is likely a consequence of cavity feeding from other QDs and multiexciton complexes that induce a collective Rabi splitting. Such collective coupling of more QDs to the same cavity mode has been proposed as a way of creating a long-lived solid-state quantum memory [31] .

Such collective coupling of more QDs to the same cavity mode has been proposed as a way of creating a long-lived solid-state quantum memory.


In §4.4, we introduce a stratification of unstable points. To separate the contribution from unstable strata, we use Shintani's lemma. In §4.5, we review Shintani's lemma and apply it to our cases. Since D × is of rank 0, the smoothed Eisenstein series for our case is essentially the same as that of GL (2) . In §4.6, we review some analytic properties of the zeta function associated with (single) simple algebra, because this zeta function appears in the induction process. In §4.7, we compute contributions from unstable points. By putting the results together we have obtained in §4.4- §4.7, we determine the principal part of the global zeta function in §4.8.

Since D × is of rank 0, the smoothed Eisenstein series for our case is essentially the same as that of GL.


The use of tungsten as material for the divertor target plates of large scale nuclear fusion devices such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) introduces the risk of melt damage by excessive heat loads. Even with optimized surface shaping to prevent exposure of leading edges to the full parallel power flux, edge localized modes (ELMs) in ITER-sized devices could still deliver sufficient energy to the divertor plates to cause transient local melting [1] . A tungsten surface exposed to an incident heat pulse with power density q^ and a duration time ttrans will melt if the corresponding heat flux factor, FHF = q^ ttrans is larger than 50 MJm -2 s 1/2 [2] . Extrapolation from current devices to ITER shows that uncontrolled ELMs can exceed the threshold value even for standard operation scenarios [3, 4] . This can occur repeatedly over a succession of subsequent ELMs with corresponding progression of surface damage. During each melt event, molten tungsten may be redistributed by electro-magnetic, hydrodynamic and gravitational forces acting on the fluid phase. The relocation of molten material leads to increasing surface corrugation which degrades in turn the power handling capability of the affected target plate. Moreover, there are risks to plasma operation by released melt droplets during the melt event as well as by potential spallation of larger masses of re-solidified material piled up in regions of low power flux exposure. The potentially severe consequences of melt events for ITER operation have motivated detailed investigations using both predictive computer simulations and experiments at current tokamak devices.

Even with optimized surface shaping to prevent exposure of leading edges to the full parallel power flux, edge localized modes (ELMs) in ITER-sized devices could still deliver sufficient energy to the divertor plates to cause transient local melting.

A tungsten surface exposed to an incident heat pulse with power density q^ and a duration time ttrans will melt if the corresponding heat flux factor, FHF = q^ ttrans is larger than 50 MJm -2 s 1/2.

Extrapolation from current devices to ITER shows that uncontrolled ELMs can exceed the threshold value even for standard operation scenarios.


For patients and healthcare providers responsible for management of DM, it is encouraging that glycemic control did not worsen, at least over the year timeframe analyzed here. This observation is similar to that of our previous analyses of other solid organ malignancies [15] [16] [17] [18] . Although HbA 1c was available for only about half of the DM patients, it did not increase over 12 months. Glucose levels actually declined in both case and control patients, and very few DM patients had to progress to insulin therapy.

This observation is similar to that of our previous analyses of other solid organ malignancies.


The manufacture of ultrafine fibers in the nanometer to submicrometer range has opened up new applications in which fibrous materials can be used [1] [2] [3] [4] . Many techniques for ultrafine fiber production exist, from which one technique popularly known, as electrospinning has been outstanding. With electrospinning, one can easily fabricate highly functional nanofibrous mats with high surface area to volume ratio, high porosity and uniform morphology [5] . Materials fabricated through electrospinning have found their way into numerous applications, including food packaging, tissue engineering, wound dressing, protective clothing, high efficiency filtration, and many more [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . The process is quite simple and economical, thus has become the preferred method of choice for many in nanofiber fabrication. Electrospinning involves a high voltage being applied on a contained polymer solution to create electrically charged jets of solution that get accelerated through a spinneret toward a grounded target that acts as a collector. These jets dry, as they approach the target forming beads or nanofibers [11] .

The manufacture of ultrafine fibers in the nanometer to submicrometer range has opened up new applications in which fibrous materials can be used.

With electrospinning, one can easily fabricate highly functional nanofibrous mats with high surface area to volume ratio, high porosity and uniform morphology.

Materials fabricated through electrospinning have found their way into numerous applications, including food packaging, tissue engineering, wound dressing, protective clothing, high efficiency filtration, and many more.

These jets dry, as they approach the target forming beads or nanofibers.


Watermarking is in need as one of the method to control the problem issued. The aim is to verify the integrity and authenticity of data of Quran. Watermarking techniques can be classified according to how the watermark is embedded, which mainly are embedding in spatial domain and transform domain of the image [1] . The embedding technique in spatial domain does not produce serious distortion to the original image; however, it is usually fragile and rarely survives various attacks. Watermarking in transform domain is known to survive possible compression and more robust against geometric transformation [2] .

Watermarking techniques can be classified according to how the watermark is embedded, which mainly are embedding in spatial domain and transform domain of the image.

Watermarking in transform domain is known to survive possible compression and more robust against geometric transformation.


The TEM images of the nickel catalyst from CO methanation and CO 2 methanation are shown in Fig. 7 . The image of the spent catalyst from CO 2 has smaller particles, the nickel particles size ranges from 20 to 60 nm. No whisker carbon is observed in the catalyst surface. The dark black fake may results from nickel particle or amorphous carbon as suggested by Laser Raman. However, in the TEM images of spent nickel from CO methanation, clearly the nickel particles and the surface carbon sizes are bigger, as suggested by XRD and Laser Raman. More carbon formed in the spent catalyst from CO methanation, However, no whisker carbon were seen over the catalyst, which might be the reason the catalyst is still active even after 600 min time on stream, because it is already pointed out that the whisker carbon normally account for the catalyst deactivation [36, 37] .

More carbon formed in the spent catalyst from CO methanation, However, no whisker carbon were seen over the catalyst, which might be the reason the catalyst is still active even after 600 min time on stream, because it is already pointed out that the whisker carbon normally account for the catalyst deactivation.


More highly-educated individuals may be more likely to volunteer abroad because professionals with a technical skill set are in greater demand by host countries, and thus, are actively recruited (Keesbury 2003; Plewes and Stuart 2007) . The most frequent reason people volunteer internationally is because they are approached by an organization (Lough 2006) . With this understanding, another reason for higher volunteer rates may be an increased exposure to opportunities in educational institutions. This can be witnessed through the growth of international service learning and university alumni travel trips, which are gaining in popularity at many universities. Personal interest sparked by an increased knowledge of global society may be yet another reason for greater rates of volunteering among educated individuals. A more in-depth study on the role of education in international volunteering would help determine whether those with a lower education fail to volunteer based on personal desire or whether they are denied access to international volunteer experiences.

More highly-educated individuals may be more likely to volunteer abroad because professionals with a technical skill set are in greater demand by host countries, and thus, are actively recruited.

The most frequent reason people volunteer internationally is because they are approached by an organization.


This study outlines the typical international volunteer in the United States, which suggests that certain demographic groups may not have access to or may choose not to participate in international volunteering. The intersection between program requirements and individual characteristics demands further study, especially as the demographic of the United States continues to change. If these barriers are systematic and individuals in these excluded groups have the desire to serve, then more can and should be done to leverage their participation and impact (Caprara, Bridgeland, & Wofford, 2007) .

If these barriers are systematic and individuals in these excluded groups have the desire to serve, then more can and should be done to leverage their participation and impact.


Experimental techniques, such as high-resolution crystallography of bacterial porins and other large channels, have demonstrated that these can be envisaged as tubes with significantly varying cross-sections along their principal axis. In some of these channels, variations in cross-section areas exceed one order of magnitude [11] [12] . This leads to the so-called entropic-like walls and barriers in the theoretical description of transport through such structures.

In some of these channels, variations in cross-section areas exceed one order of magnitude.


The Ames test is used worldwide as an initial screen to determine the mutagenic potential of new chemicals and drugs. The test is also used to furnish data for submission to regulatory agencies, for the registration or acceptance of many chemicals, including drugs and biocides. International guidelines have been developed for use by corporations and testing laboratories, to ensure uniformity of testing procedures (Mortelmans & Zeiger, 2000) .

International guidelines have been developed for use by corporations and testing laboratories, to ensure uniformity of testing procedures.


Compounds capable of provoking mutations are found in our daily diet, drinks and medication as well as in polluted air and water. It is known that mutations are a major factor for the onset of cancer. However, chemoprevention, that is the prevention of cancer development by chemical substances that act as antimutagenic agents, with the capacity to interact with mutagenic compounds or their metabolites and reduce their effects, is one possible way to prevent cancer (Nogueira et al., 2006; Lira et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2011) .

However, chemoprevention, that is the prevention of cancer development by chemical substances that act as antimutagenic agents, with the capacity to interact with mutagenic compounds or their metabolites and reduce their effects, is one possible way to prevent cancer.


It was reassuring to note that in the DEGs from the PBMC of tocilizumab-treated sJIA patients, there was decreased expression of SOCS3, a suppressor of cytokine signalling, consistent with the fact that tocilizumab decreases intracellular IL-6 signalling and therefore reduction in the expression of SOCS3. We have previously reported that specific innate immune genes are upregulated in PBMC of sJIA patients during active disease [2] . In the same study we also demonstrated that B cells express higher levels of IL-6 than monocytes. Given the heterogeneous composition of PBMC samples, it is possible that the significant B cell pathway and oncostatin M signalling observed in this study might be from B cells, further illustrating the importance of examining a homogeneous population of cells.

We have previously reported that specific innate immune genes are upregulated in PBMC of sJIA patients during active disease.


We conclude by describing an algorithm which generates upper bounds on the density (t, r) dominating set of a 2 or 3 dimensional infinite grid. The algorithm is similar to the one described in a recent paper by Drews, Harris, and Randolph [3] . However, our algorithm works in more dimensions and we show it is more computationally efficient.

The algorithm is similar to the one described in a recent paper by Drews, Harris, and Randolph.


There have been over 2000 papers written on domination theory and 80 different domination related parameters defined on graphs in the past 50 years, and we refer the interested reader to the survey text written by Haynes, Hedetniemi, and Slater for a comprehensive introduction to other domination parameters [5] . In this paper, we focus primarily on (t, r) broadcast domination, which is a generalization of domination theory and distance domination theory defined by Blessing, Insko, Johnson, and Mauretour in 2015 [1, 4] . Following their conventions, a (t, r) broadcast domination set D is defined as follows: Fix a desired transmission strength t ∈ Z and desired reception strength r ∈ Z, with t ≥ r > 0. Define the transmission neighborhood N t (v) of a vertex v in V to be the set of points a distance less than or equal to t from v. The define the reception r(v) at each vertex v ∈ V to be r(v) := d∈D∩Nt (v) t − dis (d, v) where dis(v 1 , v 2 ) is the distance between two vertices of a graph. A set D ⊆ V is a (t, r) dominating set if every vertex has a reception of at least r, i.e. for all vertices v, r(v) ≥ r. The (t, r) broadcast domination number γ t,r (G) is defined to be the smallest cardinality of any (t, r) broadcast dominating set for G. Section 1.1 has an example where t = 3 and r = 2.

There have been over 2000 papers written on domination theory and 80 different domination related parameters defined on graphs in the past 50 years, and we refer the interested reader to the survey text written by Haynes, Hedetniemi, and Slater for a comprehensive introduction to other domination parameters.

In this paper, we focus primarily on (t, r) broadcast domination, which is a generalization of domination theory and distance domination theory defined by Blessing, Insko, Johnson, and Mauretour in 2015.


In systems with hysteretic behavior, like piezoelectics, piezoceramics, magnetostrictives and shape memory alloys, the input-output relationship is a multi-branch nonlinearity for which branch-to-branch transitions occur after input exterma [1] . It means that the output value is a function not only of the current input, but also of the previous inputs and/or the initial value. Indeed, at any accessible point in the input-output diagram there are many curves that may rep-resent the future behavior of the system. Each of these curves depends on the sequence of past extermum values of the input [2] . Therefore, mathematical modeling as well as controller design of these systems is a complex and difficult task.

In systems with hysteretic behavior, like piezoelectics, piezoceramics, magnetostrictives and shape memory alloys, the input-output relationship is a multi-branch nonlinearity for which branch-to-branch transitions occur after input exterma.

Each of these curves depends on the sequence of past extermum values of the input.


A number of models have been proposed to capture the observed hysteretic characteristics of smart actuators, which could be classified into physics-based hysteresis models and phenomenological hysteresis models [4] . Physics-based models are generally come from the underlying physics of hysteresis and are combined with empirical factors to de-scribe the observed characteristics [5] [6] [7] . However, these models have limited range of applicability, as the physical basis of some of the hysteresis characteristics is not completely understood [8] . Furthermore, considerable effort is required in identifying and tuning the model parameters to accurately describe the hysteresis nonlinearity. Another major drawback of these physical models is that they are specific to a particular system, and this implies separate controller design techniques for each system [9] .

A number of models have been proposed to capture the observed hysteretic characteristics of smart actuators, which could be classified into physics-based hysteresis models and phenomenological hysteresis models.

Physics-based models are generally come from the underlying physics of hysteresis and are combined with empirical factors to de-scribe the observed characteristics.

However, these models have limited range of applicability, as the physical basis of some of the hysteresis characteristics is not completely understood.

Another major drawback of these physical models is that they are specific to a particular system, and this implies separate controller design techniques for each system.


Since the original integral form of the KP model easily cannot numerically and practically implemented, the linearly parameterized KP model usually applied. This stems from these reasons that it is very difficult to formulate suitable weighting function which is double-integrable and also it is impossible to describe the outputs of the kernel as continuous functions due to nonlinearity of the kernel [22] . In this method, a finite number of the kernel functions is utilized and each kernel function itself stands for a reasonable approximation of actual hysteresis curves of the actuator.

This stems from these reasons that it is very difficult to formulate suitable weighting function which is double-integrable and also it is impossible to describe the outputs of the kernel as continuous functions due to nonlinearity of the kernel.


Among the phenomenological models, the Preisach model has found extensive application for modeling hysteresis in SMAs and other smart actuators [17] [18] 2] . In Preisach modeling technique, overall system with hysteresis behavior is modeled by weighted parallel connections of non-ideal relays termed as Preisach elementary operators. Output of these Preisach operators would be only +1 or -1 (zero in some models). Every elemental operator as a nonlinear operator consists of two parameters; upper and lower switching values of input respectively. Along with the set of Preisach operators is an arbitrary weight function, called the Preisach Density Function (PDF), which works as a local influence of each operator in overall hysteresis model.

Among the phenomenological models, the Preisach model has found extensive application for modeling hysteresis in SMAs and other smart actuators.


The failure of water distribution networks' pipes is a global concern due to the potential consequences. The water authorities, in order to cope with pipe failure, can follow either a reactive or a proactive approach. In a proactive strategy pipe rehabilitation is scheduled in advance after assessing and forecasting pipe propensity to fail [1] . The proactive strategy includes scheduling the maintenance, improvement and extension of water mains in order to maintain/improve the current level of service. The use of predictive models is an important step in the implementation of the proactive strategy. They can help water utilities to make more informed and accurate decisions for the future planning of pipe rehabilitation and/or replacement.

In a proactive strategy pipe rehabilitation is scheduled in advance after assessing and forecasting pipe propensity to fail.


The indigenous Zebu cattle breeds in Kenya are an example of AnGR currently at risk of extinction (Rege et al., 2001) . These cattle are perceived as a repository of the diversity of cattle genotypes of all East Africa (Hanotte et al., 2002) . The Zebu cattle are thought to have superior adaptive attributes to local environmental stresses (such as resistance to disease and drought) compared to exotic breeds. The diversity of this "genetic resource" is a key component of the ability of a pastoral agricultural system to overcome destabilizing factors given uncertainty over production environments in the future such as climate change, disease, and changing market demands. There is therefore a clear justification for their conservation. However, Kenya lacks a comprehensive policy for the conservation and breeding of indigenous cattle (Mwacharo and Mossi, 2002) .

The indigenous Zebu cattle breeds in Kenya are an example of AnGR currently at risk of extinction.

These cattle are perceived as a repository of the diversity of cattle genotypes of all East Africa.

However, Kenya lacks a comprehensive policy for the conservation and breeding of indigenous cattle.


Performance analyses of an irreversible Otto cycle were considered using finite time thermodynamics [6] . In their study, they considered different models of losses, for example, friction, heat leaks, heat transfer loss, and internal irreversibly (no isentropic processes). The results showed that the power output decreases with the increase of the internal irreversibility whether there is or not a friction loss. Similarly, the power output decreases with the increase of friction loss whether or not there is internal irreversibility and there is no effect of heat transfer loss and heat leak rate.

Performance analyses of an irreversible Otto cycle were considered using finite time thermodynamics.


Finite time thermodynamics (FTT) is a nonequilibrium theory. Its aim is to provide performance bounds and extremes for irreversible thermodynamic processes [1] . FTT has been used extensively to analyze the performance characteristics of the air standard Otto cycle [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . What is the theoretical efficiency of a heat engine producing the maximum possible work per cycle consistent with its operating temperature range? This question was raised and had been answered using four models of reversible heat engine cycles (Otto, Joule Brayton, Diesel, and Atkinson) [2] . The derived expression for efficiency at maximum power production is given by the Curzon-Ahlborn expression: η CA = 1 − T min /T max , where T min is the minimal temperature and T max is the maximal temperature between them the heat engine runs. It is important to stress that the maximum efficiency is not affected by the assumptions of the analysis. Heat engines are naturally characterized by their power efficiency curves. Real heat engines suffer from different modes of irreversibility, for example, finite heat transfer rates, friction (internally or externally), heat leaks, and real equation of state [13] . These modes of irreversibility affect not only the maximum power production but also the maximum efficiency. The power efficiency curves trace a loop shape thus, the power and efficiency vanish at two extremes: at very slow and very fast operations (similar to open voltage and short circuit limits in an electrical circuit).

Its aim is to provide performance bounds and extremes for irreversible thermodynamic processes.

FTT has been used extensively to analyze the performance characteristics of the air standard Otto cycle.

This question was raised and had been answered using four models of reversible heat engine cycles (Otto, Joule Brayton, Diesel, and Atkinson).

Real heat engines suffer from different modes of irreversibility, for example, finite heat transfer rates, friction (internally or externally), heat leaks, and real equation of state.


Theoretical and simulated models for an irreversible Otto cycle were developed [14] . In their study they showed that a finite time thermodynamics model of an irreversible Otto cycle is suitable to reproduce performance results of a real spark ignition heat engine. They showed that a theoretical Otto cycle with different modes of irreversibility arising from friction, heat transfer through the cylinder walls, and internal losses properly produces simulation results by considering extreme temperatures and mass inside the cylinder as functions of the rotational engine speed. From the simulation plots of P-V curve, one observes that the maximum pressure is about 60% of the maximal pressure of the ideal Otto cycle.

Theoretical and simulated models for an irreversible Otto cycle were developed.


The method of FTT with the method of optimal control theory has been applied to determine the optimal piston trajectory for successively idealized models of the Otto cycle [3] . The optimal path has significantly smaller losses from friction and heat leaks than the path with conventional piston motion and the same loss parameters. In their study the researchers showed that the efficiency could be increased by 10%.

The method of FTT with the method of optimal control theory has been applied to determine the optimal piston trajectory for successively idealized models of the Otto cycle.


The needed information about costs and benefits may be incomplete or inaccessible. Access can be limited by organizational and functional boundaries that distribute knowledge of value-added activities such that no one, including top management, has complete knowledge of the processes [3] , [6] . Due to the lack of insight public organizations are still reluctant to implement it unless they are forced to do so. One of the reasons for this is that companies do not know whether and to what extent they should invest in EAI and they are unable to assess the return on these investments.

Access can be limited by organizational and functional boundaries that distribute knowledge of value-added activities such that no one, including top management, has complete knowledge of the processes.


Unfortunately, the original hope that a Painlevé I transcendent would provide the nonperturbative definition of the free energy of pure 2D quantum gravity evaporated with the discovery that the reality of the free energy inevitably clashes with "physical" constraints arising from matrix-model/topological field theory Ward identities [4] . The PI transcendent was subsequently demoted to the status of a generating functional for the string perturbation series. This fate has been shared by all solutions to the string equations for gravity coupled to unitary c < 1 conformal matter. Many attempts to circumvent these difficulties have been made. Those which are physically well-motivated have proven to be mathematically inconsistent [5] . Others, while mathematically consistent lack any cogent physical rationale. We are thus left with the unsatisfying situation of having no nonperturbative unitary c < 1 theory of gravity.

Unfortunately, the original hope that a Painlevé I transcendent would provide the nonperturbative definition of the free energy of pure 2D quantum gravity evaporated with the discovery that the reality of the free energy inevitably clashes with "physical" constraints arising from matrix-model/topological field theory Ward identities.

Those which are physically well-motivated have proven to be mathematically inconsistent.


The fundamental way for building energy consumption reduction for heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation and hot water supply, is to a more accurate energy design buildings [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Innovative renewable would contribute to preservation of the environment by reducing the emissions at local and global levels. A new theoretical and design approach is required to integrate renewable energies in high performance building [3, 8] .

The fundamental way for building energy consumption reduction for heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation and hot water supply, is to a more accurate energy design buildings.

A new theoretical and design approach is required to integrate renewable energies in high performance building.


The results show that, speed of traffic plays an effective role on occurrence of accidents with property damage, as the likelihood of property accidents increases with speed, but it does not have much impact on occurrence of injury or fatal accidents. Some researchers implemented the posted speed limit or exceed or not the speed limit as independent variable in modeling crashes and found out that exceeding the speed limit increases the likelihood of injury accidents [8] [13] . This finding is not consistent with our results, an explanation for this that, studies of other researchers is more often on rural or urban highways with high speed limits but our research is conducted on urban highways with lower speed limits. The increase in speed, lessen the driver' dominance on vehicle and increase the number of conflicts and consequently probability of accident occurrence, but what result in accidents with more severity are high speeds which is usual in rural highways. In urban highways of Iran, because of existing defects in geometric design of highways and higher V/C than normal, maneuvering and speeding possibility on urban highways is less than that in countries in which corresponding researches is carried out, therefore except for dangerous driving behavior of young drivers in high speeds, the speed could not be considered as an effective factor on accidents severity on urban highways of Iran.

Some researchers implemented the posted speed limit or exceed or not the speed limit as independent variable in modeling crashes and found out that exceeding the speed limit increases the likelihood of injury accidents.


Finally, we add to the organizational behavior literature, which introduced and widely studies faultlines. So far, however, faultline research mainly focuses on age, gender and ethnicity as social category characteristics that may give rise to faultline emergence (Thatcher and Patel, 2012) . We add to this literature by introducing stakeholder representation as a potentially important social category characteristic (Van der Brempt et al., 2015) .

So far, however, faultline research mainly focuses on age, gender and ethnicity as social category characteristics that may give rise to faultline emergence.

We add to this literature by introducing stakeholder representation as a potentially important social category characteristic.


The results of our study discovered that technological innovation significantly contributes to increasing sustainable business performance. Technological innovation factors, product innovation, process innovation, and R&D cooperation have an important effect on sustainable business performance in both SMEs and large companies of Korea. These results are consistent with the literature. All these factors have a significant interrelation with products and services, and these enhance the performance of the companies [12] . It has been proven by various previous studies that technological innovation has a positive effect on revenue growth and product performance, which improves the business performance [10, 30] . As described by the literature, technological innovation implementation and business performance have a significant relationship with each other [36, 41, 45] . It was mentioned that advancements in technological innovation can greatly change organizational performance, such as increase sales performance, transform the business model, and stimulate innovation in other areas [12] . Technological innovation plays an important role in various areas of sustainable development: social, environmental, and economic [11] . So, better enhancement of technological innovation in the firms has a significant role in improving sustainable business performance in all aspects.

All these factors have a significant interrelation with products and services, and these enhance the performance of the companies.

It has been proven by various previous studies that technological innovation has a positive effect on revenue growth and product performance, which improves the business performance.

As described by the literature, technological innovation implementation and business performance have a significant relationship with each other.

It was mentioned that advancements in technological innovation can greatly change organizational performance, such as increase sales performance, transform the business model, and stimulate innovation in other areas.

Technological innovation plays an important role in various areas of sustainable development: social, environmental, and economic.


Injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) in humans are usually associated with a low degree of neurological recovery and, in the majority of cases, life-long debilitation. This lack of recovery, however, is not due to any intrinsic inability of CNS axons to regenerate; rather, the environment of the CNS is strongly inhibitory to axonal regeneration. Following SCI, astroglial scars form within lesioned areas of the spinal cord [1] . Although the majo- rity of known inhibitors of neurite outgrowth are myelin membrane proteins, equally potent inhibitors have also been identified in astroglial scars, for example, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and semaphoring 3A.

Following SCI, astroglial scars form within lesioned areas of the spinal cord.


In addition, this meta-analysis has other several limitations that should be taken into account. First, most of the 14 RCTs in our analysis had a modest sample size. Overestimation of the treatment effect is more likely in smaller trials compared with larger samples. Secondly, our study failed to discuss two important outcomes to evaluate the two surgical procedures we were interested in, radiation exposure and cost. This is because, unfortunately, the RCTs currently available comparing the two methods of THA did not report enough data regarding the two outcomes. The high accuracy in hip reconstruction should be based on the optimizing location of implants which usually depends on conventional X-ray radiographs or computed tomography [47] . However, own to limited visibility for anatomical landmarks and vital structures in MI THA, this minimally invasive procedure may potentially induce a higher radiation exposure compared with SI THA and may consequently increase costs for component positioning. This is an interesting issue but was mostly ignored in relevant researches. Thus, further research should pay more attention on the two significant outcomes. Finally, we were unable to assess the impact of MI THA on other clinically meaningful end points, such as time of recovery, gait and service life of prosthesis, because of sparse and inconsistent data reported across trials.

The high accuracy in hip reconstruction should be based on the optimizing location of implants which usually depends on conventional X-ray radiographs or computed tomography.


When the Al value is in range 170e340 g GJ À1 fouling or slagging is probable, when it is greater than 340 g GJ À1 slagging and fouling are virtually certain to occur [22] . The Slagging index "Rs" (Eq. (2)) represents the ratio of low melting temperature oxides per high melting temperature with taken into account sulfur effect. Sulfur may interact with alkaline and forming low melting temperature phases.

When the Al value is in range 170e340 g GJ À1 fouling or slagging is probable, when it is greater than 340 g GJ À1 slagging and fouling are virtually certain to occur.


The delivery of antigens through mucosal surfaces is of remarkable interest because this route (i) mimics bacterial infection patterns and (ii) generates immunity at the major port of entry for such microorganisms [23] . Conjunctival immunization is an alternative approach to needle-based vaccine delivery against both mucosal (in particular, ocular) and systemic diseases, and more extensive research is needed to fully characterize the nature of the immune response stimulated by this route. It is likely that the response will vary for different antigens and will depend on whether adjuvants are required to enhance the specific response.

The delivery of antigens through mucosal surfaces is of remarkable interest because this route (i) mimics bacterial infection patterns and (ii) generates immunity at the major port of entry for such microorganisms.


Machining such as milling is one of the important manufacturing processes. Co-operations between machining companies and their customers are more project-specific, customer-centric and flexible, the jobs/orders are likely to be diversified and many of them are urgent. As thus, there are many uncertainties and adjustment requirements in shop floors as part of the day-to-day operation planning in companies (Tolio et al., 2011) . However, effective process planning and scheduling solutions, which are adaptive to dynamics in both the machining process and machine system levels, and multiple criteria like sustainability, product quality and productivity are systematically incorporated in the solutions, are lacking.

As thus, there are many uncertainties and adjustment requirements in shop floors as part of the day-to-day operation planning in companies.


In addition, some strategies applied in the technology, such as idle channel listening and communication conflict avoidance, consume additional energy, which cannot satisfy the demands of large-scale applications. In contrast, in TDMA based MAC access technology, by allocating time slot for each wireless terminal, we can eliminate collisions, guarantee link bandwidth with scheduled access, and support a more reliable data transmission for WSNs. In addition, sensor nodes in TDMA protocols can operate in a low duty cycle if their allocated time slots is not come, thus to save energy and extend network lifetime [7] . For example, in a traffic monitoring application, sensor nodes with TDMA technology can achieve a lifetime of 1,200 days compared with ten days using CSMA/CA technology [8] .

In addition, sensor nodes in TDMA protocols can operate in a low duty cycle if their allocated time slots is not come, thus to save energy and extend network lifetime.

For example, in a traffic monitoring application, sensor nodes with TDMA technology can achieve a lifetime of 1,200 days compared with ten days using CSMA/CA technology.


At the beginning of the XXI century, in the era of global warming and rapidly growing world's population, terms of circular economy and sustainability became crucial concerns for business, governments and researchers alike. The idea of circular economy, which embraces the balance between environment and economy, can be defined as "a system in which resource input and waste, emission, and energy leakage are minimized by slowing, closing and narrowing material and energy loops" [1] . One of the ways to achieve this goal is to treat waste products coming from one process as valuable resources for the industry.

The idea of circular economy, which embraces the balance between environment and economy, can be defined as "a system in which resource input and waste, emission, and energy leakage are minimized by slowing, closing and narrowing material and energy loops".