This study had certain limitations. First, the study was performed at a single, academic, orthopaedic practice; however, the participating physicians were not salaried and not compensated using relative value units (RVU). Physician compensation was enumerated relative to collections. The results of this study may have limited applicability to nonacademic settings or in smaller communities, and multicenter analysis of this issue would be edifying. Despite this limitation, as a single-institution study, it avoided potentially confounding, site-specific variables, and selection of the entire cohort seen with the specified diagnoses rather than a subgroup served to minimize selection bias. Second, we had small samples of workers compensation, Tricare, and uninsured subgroups in the seven-arm analysis. The small sample size increased the probability of making a Type II error (failing to reject the null hypothesis that there were no differences in the rates of surgery between Commonwealth Care and the above-mentioned subgroups) above the commonly accepted standard of 0.20. Although performing subgroup analysis reduced statistical power, we believed such an analysis should not be avoided, as studies have shown insurance-based differences in operative rates were subtle and may have been masked by the method of insurance stratification [10] . Future studies of larger cohorts may address this issue. Third, administrative billing data were limited by their inability to control for confounders. The implication was that there may be an unknown element that was unaccounted for by our methods. However, our regression model adjusted for the potential confounders of sex and primary diagnosis.

This study had certain limitations.

Although performing subgroup analysis reduced statistical power, we believed such an analysis should not be avoided, as studies have shown insurance-based differences in operative rates were subtle and may have been masked by the method of insurance stratification.


In this section, the literature related to the OOP and VRP is examined. Previous emphasis has been on path and route design for networks in ordinary conditions, and path search is based on Bellman's optimality condition [16] . The shortest path problem can be solved using a dynamic programming approach [16, 17] .

Previous emphasis has been on path and route design for networks in ordinary conditions, and path search is based on Bellman's optimality condition.

The shortest path problem can be solved using a dynamic programming approach.


Advances in multi-core processors can greatly improve the user experiences of computer systems by handling more work in parallel (GEER, 2005) . However, the efficiency of traditional serial algorithms cannot be accelerated directly by the use of multicore processors because these algorithms use only one core rather than all of the cores on the board for each computation, which is a substantial waste. Spatial analysis algorithms in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) also face the same problems. Parallel computing is an effective approach to speeding up existing serial algorithms, improving the utilization rate of multi-core systems, and achieving high performance geo-computing in GIS (TURTON et al., 1998; CLARKE, 2003; SUTTER, 2005) .

Advances in multi-core processors can greatly improve the user experiences of computer systems by handling more work in parallel.

Parallel computing is an effective approach to speeding up existing serial algorithms, improving the utilization rate of multi-core systems, and achieving high performance geo-computing in GIS.


The myeloperoxidase results demonstrated that a strong decrease in infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells occurred in the synovial tissue of joints. This decrease and the other biochemical parameters were evaluated by histological analysis, confirming the protective effects of the two polymers. We suggest that the decrease in neutrophil accumulation induced by GAGs might be due to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the consequent decrease in the chemotactic reduction of peroxide [66] .

We suggest that the decrease in neutrophil accumulation induced by GAGs might be due to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the consequent decrease in the chemotactic reduction of peroxide.


Protein digestion starts in the stomach with pepsin and continues in the duodenum with trypsin and chymotrypsin [28] . Gastric acid plays a key role in the digestion of protein by activating pepsin and denaturing the protein which can then become readily accessible by digestive proteases [29] . The changes in patterns of polypeptides observed by SDS-PAGE (Figure 1) shows the release of polypeptides and their subsequent degradation, such as the Mr 135 kDa polypeptide which increased in intensity in sample GU and then decreased through the digestive process. The lack of higher Mr polypeptides in the insoluble fraction of protein from the ham and the accumulation of lower Mr polypeptides indicated that most of the ham protein was digested after 120 min simulated gastric digestion. The remaining lower Mr polypeptides (~10 kDa) were further digested in the simulated duodenal digestion such that little proteinaceous material remained.

Protein digestion starts in the stomach with pepsin and continues in the duodenum with trypsin and chymotrypsin.

Gastric acid plays a key role in the digestion of protein by activating pepsin and denaturing the protein which can then become readily accessible by digestive proteases.


Study into learner motivation is without doubt one of the most prolific areas of second language acquisition (SLA) research. This rich history has involved a move from social psychological constructs, to cognitively-informed situated theorizing, process-oriented perspectives, and more recently to socio-dynamic approaches to conceptualising and exploring the motivation of second language learners (Dörnyei & Ushioda, 2011) . Puzzlingly, however, while a good deal of additional language learning worldwide occurs in instructed, classroom settings, theorizing and investigation of the motivation of teachers in these learning spaces is still relatively scarce. What is it that drives second language teachers in their day-to-day enterprise in the classroom?

This rich history has involved a move from social psychological constructs, to cognitively-informed situated theorizing, process-oriented perspectives, and more recently to socio-dynamic approaches to conceptualising and exploring the motivation of second language learners.


Proponents of case study also urge the use of multiple data sources to gain different perspectives on the phenomenon of interest (Duff, 2008) . The developing conceptual framework based on CST and realisations about particular events pushed me to revisit student data to examine it for ways that the interactions I was finding were illuminated. Due to the large amount of student data, a number of methods were employed to hone in on pertinent extracts. For instance, I used a simple text search for keywords such as teacher in the bank of student data. The analysis of the research journal had also suggested certain events as particularly influential on my motivation at points across the year. By examining corresponding student texts, I searched for ways in which the existing analysis could be enlightened and refined to further support or question my understandings.

Proponents of case study also urge the use of multiple data sources to gain different perspectives on the phenomenon of interest.


In the engineering activity, runs of a computer code can be expensive and timeconsuming. One solution is to use a statistical surrogate for conditioning computer model outputs at some input locations (design points). Gaussian process (GP) emulator is one of the most popular choices (Sacks et al. 1989) . The reason comes from the property of the GP that uncertainty can be quantified. Furthermore, it has several nice properties. For example, the conditional GP at observation data (linear equality constraints) is still a GP (Cramer and Leadbetter 1967) . Additionally, some inequality constraints (such as monotonicity and convexity) of output computer responses are related to partial derivatives. The partial derivatives of the GP are also Gaussian processes (GPs) (Cramer and Leadbetter 1967; Parzen 1962) . Incorporating an infinite number of linear inequality constraints into a GP emulator, the problem becomes more difficult. The reason is that the resulting conditional process is not a GP in general.

Gaussian process (GP) emulator is one of the most popular choices.

For example, the conditional GP at observation data (linear equality constraints) is still a GP.

The partial derivatives of the GP are also Gaussian processes (GPs).


A new model for incorporating both interpolation conditions and inequality constraints into a Gaussian process emulator is proposed. The presented method ensures that the inequality constraints are respected not only in a discrete subset of the input set but also in the entire domain. The main idea is based on a finite-dimensional approximation of Gaussian processes which converges uniformly pathwise. It is constructed by incorporating deterministic basis functions and Gaussian random coefficients. The basis functions are chosen such that inequality constraints of Y N are equivalent to a finite number of constraints on the coefficients. So, the initial problem is equivalent to simulate a Gaussian vector restricted to convex sets. This model has been applied to real data in insurance and finance to estimate a term structure curve and default probabilities (Cousin et al. 2016) . Now, the problem is open to substantial future work. For practical applications, estimating parameters should be investigated and cross-validation techniques can be used. The suited cross-validation method to inequality constraints described in can be developed. As input dimension increases, the efficiency of the method will become low. Using an uniform grid in dimension d, the size of the Gaussian vector of random coefficients is equal to (N + 1) d , where 1/N is the mesh size. It is also equal to the number of basis functions or knots. So the complexity of the approximation model increases exponentially as the dimension d increases. However, the choice of knots (subdivision of the input set) can be improved to reduce the cost of simulation, as well as the number of basis functions. This problem is also related to the choice of the basis functions with respect to a prior information on the regularity of the real function. Additionally, the simulation of the truncated Gaussian vector can be accelerated by Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) methods or Gibbs sampling (Geweke 1991; Robert 1995) .

This model has been applied to real data in insurance and finance to estimate a term structure curve and default probabilities.

Additionally, the simulation of the truncated Gaussian vector can be accelerated by Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) methods or Gibbs sampling.


Focusing on adsorption/desorption processes, adsorption is defined as the rapid and reversible accumulation of molecules at solid-liquid interfaces (Weber et al. 1991) . The solid-liquid distribution is quantified using the partition coefficient K D between solid surface and water. Theoretically, the accumulation of contaminants in the passive sampler leads to the depletion of contaminants in the water boundary layer close to the sampler, which may force some contaminant desorption from particles or other ligands. Hence, the passive sampler may accumulate readily available plus originally bound contaminants. Passive sampling does not produce information about the origin of the contaminant sampled (i.e. molecules present in the pore water or molecules desorbed from a particle association). Briefly, the solid-liquid distribution and transport of organic chemicals (in the present article, PAH) depend on the organic matter of natural sediment and dissolved organic matter in solution. Ignorance of such recruitment could generate incorrect estimation of the sediment contamination.

Focusing on adsorption/desorption processes, adsorption is defined as the rapid and reversible accumulation of molecules at solid-liquid interfaces.


The situation of waves with large force at low speed can be well suited by the hydraulic PTOs since they can provide much larger force density than the electric PTOs, especially at high system pressure [2] . Thus, hydraulic PTOs should be more compact in size and weight, economically competitive, and relatively easy to install and maintain [2, 14] . Furthermore, since the wave energy is highly fluctuating, from both the wave-to-wave and wave states time scales, the required peak power capacity of the PTOs greatly exceeds the time-averaged power delivered to the grid. Energy storage system is thus generally required to smoothen the final electrical power output to avoid the impairment of power quality from the grid point of view [3, 14] . In order to reduce the power ratings of the key components of the PTO for achieving a compact and energy efficient design, the energy storage device is expected to be located directly after the wave energy absorbers. The gas accumulator, which stores the hydraulic energy and fluid by compressing the gas, is currently the most common choice [2, 3, 14] .

The situation of waves with large force at low speed can be well suited by the hydraulic PTOs since they can provide much larger force density than the electric PTOs, especially at high system pressure.

Thus, hydraulic PTOs should be more compact in size and weight, economically competitive, and relatively easy to install and maintain.

Energy storage system is thus generally required to smoothen the final electrical power output to avoid the impairment of power quality from the grid point of view.

The gas accumulator, which stores the hydraulic energy and fluid by compressing the gas, is currently the most common choice.


In our experiment we focus a 12 fs, 1mJ infrared radiation source (λ 0 = 1.8µm) on a pulsed gas-jet and observed the soft x-ray radiation from the interaction region. The reason for using infrared laser instead of 800 nm laser is the quadratic scaling of the ponderomotive energy with the wavelength of the drive laser. According to the semi-classical three steps model, the maximum energy an electron may come back with, when it collides with the parent ion, is equal to 3.17U p ∝ I 0 λ 2 .Here, U p is the ponderomotive energy , I 0 and λ are the peak intensity and the central wavelength of the drive field respectively. Because of this quadratic scaling , there is now a great interest in developing and using fewcycle radiation sources having longer wavelengths than 800nm. Such infrared sources have already demonstrated the extension of HOH spectra towards the soft x-ray range ( ω > 1keV) [8] . The quadratic dependent of the pondermotive energy with the drive wavelength also proves to be useful in generating bright and compact incoherent hard x-ray source, by focusing sub 100fs infrared pulses on a solid target [15] . The infrared radiation source we have used here is based on an optical parametric amplifier, described in detail elsewhere [3] . The soft x-ray radiation that is coming from the excited atoms is a measure of the amount of excitation, but in order to separate it from the accompanying HOH radiation, we observed the soft x-ray radiation at a right-angle to the infrared propagation direction. The infrared beam was focused on the gas target placed inside a vacuum chamber by a f=300mm CaF 2 lens to a spot size of about 65µm FWHM, results in a peak intensity of about 3 × 10 15 W/cm 2 . The corresponding ponderomotive energy is about 900eV, enough to excite the K-shell of neon and the L-shell of krypton. For the gas target we used jets of neon and krypton from a pulsed nozzle (series 9 Parker nozzle, orifice diameter of 350µm and backing pressures ranging from 1-10 bar). Soft x-ray spectra from the krypton and the neon atom was recorded by a silicon drift detector (Amptek XR-100SDD) with 12.5µm beryllium window. Figure 2 shows the soft x-ray spectra coming from Ne and Kr targets. The spectrum shows the characteristic K-shell line from Ne and L-shell line from Kr, on top of a wider continuum. The continuum radiation from Kr extends up to~2800eV which is in good agreement with the above mentioned formula for the maximum possible kinetic energy of the re-colliding electron: K max = 3.17U p = 2.96 × 10 −13 I 0 λ 2 (K is in eV, I is in W/cm 2 and λ is in µm). We speculate that the origin of this continuum is either coming from the recombination radiation or from the Bremsstrahlung radiation. The sharp cutoff at the lower energy end is due to absorption in the beryllium window.

Such infrared sources have already demonstrated the extension of HOH spectra towards the soft x-ray range ( ω > 1keV).

The quadratic dependent of the pondermotive energy with the drive wavelength also proves to be useful in generating bright and compact incoherent hard x-ray source, by focusing sub 100fs infrared pulses on a solid target.

The infrared radiation source we have used here is based on an optical parametric amplifier, described in detail elsewhere.


In this paper, we investigate the problem of constructing the sparest input matrices with a fixed number of inputs to guarantee system controllability. A new and simple graphic criterion is proposed to characterize the sparsity pattern of input matrices to ensure controllability admitting multiple eigenvalues, along with a deterministic procedure with polynomial time complexity to construct real input matrices with a prescribed sparsity pattern. Based on this criterion, a graphic submodular function is built leading to an efficient greedy algorithm for the minimal actuated state controllability problem. The minimal number of inputs needing for controllability is extended to the case where there are forbidden-actuated states. In particular we show that the number of inputs makes differences to the minimal input sparsity with controllability consideration, i.e., a tradeoff between the minimal input sparsity and the number of inputs may exist in non-simple dynamic case, and a simple greedy algorithm to approximate the l-MSCP is not accompanied with performance guarantees because of lacking in submodularity. A two-stage algorithm, combining the algorithm for the minimal actuated state controllability problem with techniques in dynamic coloring, achieves acceptable computation efficiency and provable performance guarantees. These results complement and generalize the results of [13] , [28] etc.

These results complement and generalize the results of, etc.


In this international survey of 287,035 women giving birth in health care institutions in 24 countries, women with lower educational levels are more likely to die than women with higher educational levels. Other studies have also reported an association between female education and maternal mortality [27] . However we have demonstrated that, for women who were able to deliver in hospital facilities, the higher mortality of women with lower levels of education cannot be explained by the level of services available at the institution where they gave birth. Maternal age, marital status, parity and level of state investment in health services also had significant independent impacts on maternal mortality. Adjusting for maternal age, marital status, parity and level of state investment in health services does not explain the influence of maternal education on mortality. By delivering in a health care facility, many of these women, particularly those in Africa and Asia, were able to access a level of health resources above that available to many women living in those regions [28] . Yet even for women able to access facilities providing intrapartum care, the impacts of wider social determinants on health (specifically educational level) and mortality persisted.

Other studies have also reported an association between female education and maternal mortality.

By delivering in a health care facility, many of these women, particularly those in Africa and Asia, were able to access a level of health resources above that available to many women living in those regions.


Technically, selection of the port insertion site is the most important step in a laparoscopic or robotic procedure. After the establishment of pneumoperitoneum, the kidney is moved inferolaterally to allow port placement. Although unproven, lower pneumoperitoneum pressures seem to help preserve allograft function [18] .

Although unproven, lower pneumoperitoneum pressures seem to help preserve allograft function.


Among all nine databases searched from November 2014 to February 2017, 83 records involving 40,117 individuals and 16,698 cases containing immunoglobulin against T. gondii in groups of women were eligible to be included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The present study showed that the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in Iranian pregnant women and women of childbearing age were 43 and 33%, respectively. A higher prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies was observed in previous studies conducted in Iran: 55% in patients who had received transplants, 50% in HIVinfected individuals, and 45% in patients with cancer [16] . The prevalence of toxoplasmosis from a survey administered to the general population in Iran was 39.3% [9] . The data indicated that the seroprevalence of T. gondii in pregnant women in Europe varies from 9 to 67% [17] . Although some Asian countries such as Malaysia, India, and Nepal have the highest seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women (41.8-55.4%), conversely, Korea and Vietnam report a low seropositivity rate of T. gondii (0.8 and 11.2%, respectively) [18] [19] [20] . In our neighbouring countries, Turkey and Pakistan, the anti-Toxoplasma antibody in pregnant women was found to be 33 and 19.25%, respectively [21, 22] . However, in Turkey, the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection in women of reproductive age was determined to be 58.3 and 1% for IgG and IgM, respectively [23] . Toxoplasma infection's geographical distribution is related to several environmental factors (i.e. food habits, variations in climate, and contact with infected cat faeces) and sociodemographic factors (i.e. age, occupation, education, and residence) [24] . Any of these factors alone has little effect on the epidemiological status of Toxoplasma infection, but together, they can change the distribution pattern of the disease worldwide [9] .

A higher prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies was observed in previous studies conducted in Iran: 55% in patients who had received transplants, 50% in HIVinfected individuals, and 45% in patients with cancer.

The prevalence of toxoplasmosis from a survey administered to the general population in Iran was 39.3%.

The data indicated that the seroprevalence of T. gondii in pregnant women in Europe varies from 9 to 67%.

Although some Asian countries such as Malaysia, India, and Nepal have the highest seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women (41.8-55.4%), conversely, Korea and Vietnam report a low seropositivity rate of T. gondii (0.8 and 11.2%, respectively).

In our neighbouring countries, Turkey and Pakistan, the anti-Toxoplasma antibody in pregnant women was found to be 33 and 19.25%, respectively.

However, in Turkey, the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection in women of reproductive age was determined to be 58.3 and 1% for IgG and IgM, respectively.

Toxoplasma infection's geographical distribution is related to several environmental factors (i.e. food habits, variations in climate, and contact with infected cat faeces) and sociodemographic factors (i.e. age, occupation, education, and residence).

Any of these factors alone has little effect on the epidemiological status of Toxoplasma infection, but together, they can change the distribution pattern of the disease worldwide.


The existence of a notochord in the larvae stage implies that the urochordate Ciona share a common ancestor with vertebrates prior to the vertebrate radiation (Dehal et al., 2002; Gee, 2002; Pennisi, 2002) . Since Ciona appears to have only a single α-actinin gene in contrast to higher vertebrates such as human, mouse and chicken it seems likely that the appearance of the different α-actinin isoforms arose after the vertebrate radiation. This is substantiated by the topology of the phylogenetic tree, which indicated one invertebrate and two major vertebrate branches. One of the vertebrate branches encompasses the calcium-insensitive α-actinin 2 and 3 and the other branch encompasses the calciumsensitive isoforms 1 and 4. This ((A, B) (C, D)) tree topology lend support to the suggestion that two rounds of genome duplication occurred early in vertebrate evolution (the 2R hypothesis) (Hughes, 1999; Durand, 2003) . However, the observed phylogeny can also be explained by independent duplication of individual genes or gene segments.

The existence of a notochord in the larvae stage implies that the urochordate Ciona share a common ancestor with vertebrates prior to the vertebrate radiation.

This ((A, B) (C, D)) tree topology lend support to the suggestion that two rounds of genome duplication occurred early in vertebrate evolution (the 2R hypothesis).


GLACIERS are the most visible indicators of the effects of climate change. Recent studies in glaciology indicate an increase of glacier mass loss all over the world, including the Indian Himalaya [1] [2] [3] [4] . It is difficult to assess the glacier thickness information from the rugged Himalayan glaciers. However, this information and glacier ice thickness distribution are essential in various hydrological studies.

Recent studies in glaciology indicate an increase of glacier mass loss all over the world, including the Indian Himalaya.


However, CMfg not only tries to share the material logistics information, but also the key production resources for example machines [10] . Manufacturing machines are crucial for a company because they are the most value-adding points. Online smart process monitoring in the machining was realized through connecting the computing and services in the cloud to the machine tools [11] . Thus, they must be converted into crucial services which could be shared and circulated within CMfg [12, 13] . However, there are some challenges. Firstly, it is difficult to label manufacturing machines so that they could be identified. Currently, most companies use numbering system for this purpose. For example, machine labelling number or asset code are used for identifying various machinery. These numbers are mainly used for assets management. Secondly, barcode technology has been used for identifying machines [13] . In practice, with adoption of cloud computing, manufacturing requires management applications with ubiquity and effectiveness of processes are enabled [14] . Unfortunately, there are some drawbacks using barcode in manufacturing machines. For instance, they are easily polluted by dusts and oils in the practical manufacturing sites like a shop floor, thus they cannot be scanned. Thirdly, under the CMfg era, companies always want to know who did what, when, where, and why that are termed as '5w' questions. Traditional approaches like phone calls, e-mails, and on-site visits are commonly used for obtaining such information which will not be recorded precisely and instantly. Energy consumption of machine tools is able to significantly improve the environmental performance of manufacturing systems [15] . Monitoring the status of machines is important then due to the variety of different types of machining equipment. A MTConnect standard was used for a monitoring system for collecting the data based on a modern manufacturing shop floors [16] . However, real-time statuses of machines are hard to achieve based on these traditional approaches which sacrifice large number of labor and time.

However, CMfg not only tries to share the material logistics information, but also the key production resources for example machines.

Online smart process monitoring in the machining was realized through connecting the computing and services in the cloud to the machine tools.

Thus, they must be converted into crucial services which could be shared and circulated within CMfg.

However, there are some challenges.

Secondly, barcode technology has been used for identifying machines.

In practice, with adoption of cloud computing, manufacturing requires management applications with ubiquity and effectiveness of processes are enabled.

Energy consumption of machine tools is able to significantly improve the environmental performance of manufacturing systems.

A MTConnect standard was used for a monitoring system for collecting the data based on a modern manufacturing shop floors.


Cloud manufacturing (CMfg), supported by cutting-edge technologies and advanced concepts, refers to a new manufacturing paradigm which enables full sharing manufacturing resources that are encapsulated as services [1] [2] [3] . Cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) are core supporting technologies in CMfg where typical resources such as workers, machines, materials, logistics items, and production jobs are converted into smart manufacturing objects (SMOs) so that they are able to sense and react with each other in a cloud based intelligent environment [4, 5] . One typical and impressive example is that processed materials/components are tagged by radio frequency identification (RFID) technology so that they could be real-time tracked and traced [6] . With such real-time information, manufacturing logistics within or outside of a factory could be monitored. Moreover, such materials' or components' real-time information like availability, location, and quantity could be shared with other manufacturing departments or even other companies. That ultimately achieves a full sharing of CMfg in terms of information flows and materials' physical operations such as their movements and past delivery trajectories [7] . Cyber-physical systems (CPS) in cloud manufacturing was also attracted with large number of attentions. CPS was explained and compared with CMfg so as to fully understand CPS and its future potential in manufacturing [8] . A cloud-enabled prognosis for manufacturing was presented by highlighting the techniques as well as their influences [9] . Advanced manufacturing relies on the timely acquisition, distribution and utilization of information from logistics and machines.

Cloud manufacturing (CMfg), supported by cutting-edge technologies and advanced concepts, refers to a new manufacturing paradigm which enables full sharing manufacturing resources that are encapsulated as services.

Cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT) are core supporting technologies in CMfg where typical resources such as workers, machines, materials, logistics items, and production jobs are converted into smart manufacturing objects (SMOs) so that they are able to sense and react with each other in a cloud based intelligent environment.

One typical and impressive example is that processed materials/components are tagged by radio frequency identification (RFID) technology so that they could be real-time tracked and traced.

That ultimately achieves a full sharing of CMfg in terms of information flows and materials' physical operations such as their movements and past delivery trajectories.

CPS was explained and compared with CMfg so as to fully understand CPS and its future potential in manufacturing.

A cloud-enabled prognosis for manufacturing was presented by highlighting the techniques as well as their influences.


The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents an overall architecture of the proposed approach which is a hierarchical system framework. Several key layers are detailed illustrated. Section 3 reports on a demonstrative case study which shows how the proposed approach could be used by typical manufacturing companies. Deployment of various IoT devices and designed & developed services is detailed given based on a laboratory testbed. Finally, conclusion section highlights our contributions and future research directions so as to improve this work. Fig. 1 presents an overall architecture of the proposed IoTenabled real-time machine status monitoring solution which is divided into several layers. They are smart machines, smart conn, data model and smart view. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is used for designing and developing various services that could be deployed in a cloud so that end-users are able to access them easily [17, 18] . SOA is able to facilitate data resources and computational functions as services available on a network so as to support the distributed cloud manufacturing [19] . The following sub-sections present detailed information for each layer.

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is used for designing and developing various services that could be deployed in a cloud so that end-users are able to access them easily.

SOA is able to facilitate data resources and computational functions as services available on a network so as to support the distributed cloud manufacturing.


Specifically, our study adopted the PROMIS protocols which emphasized mobility (lower extremity), dexterity (upper extremity), axial or central (neck and back function) and complex activities involving more than one subdomain [15] . These simple activities such as upper extremity resistance training using dumbbells, aerobic exercise including sit to stand and self-paced walking exercises are safe and are considered basic functional activities for improving mobility, transferring and grasping in rehabilitation care. This implies that functional exercises as described in our study may help patients with CHF to benefit from simple exercise programmes especially in resource poor nations where cardiac rehabilitation equipment are limited [33] [34] .

Specifically, our study adopted the PROMIS protocols which emphasized mobility (lower extremity), dexterity (upper extremity), axial or central (neck and back function) and complex activities involving more than one subdomain.

This implies that functional exercises as described in our study may help patients with CHF to benefit from simple exercise programmes especially in resource poor nations where cardiac rehabilitation equipment are limited.


Little research has considered the HZ refugium during flow recession and low flows, despite their inevitable occurrence prior to the dry phase in temporary streams. As discharge decreases, submerged habitats contract and topographic high points become exposed (Cowx et al. 1984; Dewson et al. 2003) . Reduced submerged habitat availability typically concentrates mobile invertebrates into smaller areas, with many studies noting increasing benthic population densities as flow declines (Fritz and Dodds 2004; James et al. 2008) . Many biotic interactions are density dependent and increasing population densities may intensify competition, predation and cannibalism (Savage 1996; Covich et al. 2003; Holomuzki et al. 2010) .

As discharge decreases, submerged habitats contract and topographic high points become exposed.

Reduced submerged habitat availability typically concentrates mobile invertebrates into smaller areas, with many studies noting increasing benthic population densities as flow declines.

Many biotic interactions are density dependent and increasing population densities may intensify competition, predation and cannibalism.


After simulating both ChIP and input experiments, we compute the ratio of the read counts obtained from the ChIP sample to that of the input sample at each genomic locus. The read count ratio at a location is equivalent to peak intensity computed by commonly used peak callers from ChIP-seq reads [24] . The read counts obtained from our simulations are shown in Figure 1B with the values of the simulation parameters set to the default values described in Methods.

The read count ratio at a location is equivalent to peak intensity computed by commonly used peak callers from ChIP-seq reads.


Sesbania grandiflora belongs to the family of Fabaceae and commonly known as agati in Tamil and humming bird tree in English, leaf of the plant consumed as a green leaf vegetable in India. All the parts of plant are widely used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to treat the broad spectrum of disease including tumor, liver disorder, constipation, intestine inflammation, urinary infection, and intestine inflammation [16] . The leaves are good source of phytochemicals such as phenolic acids, polyphenol, and flavanoid [17] .

All the parts of plant are widely used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to treat the broad spectrum of disease including tumor, liver disorder, constipation, intestine inflammation, urinary infection, and intestine inflammation.

The leaves are good source of phytochemicals such as phenolic acids, polyphenol, and flavanoid.


Therefore, fouling control strategies and sustainable development are very important missions for the community research and technology evaluation programme because water is an important resource for human life. Fouling control strategies are able to decrease energy demand, increase membrane lifetime and reduce other operational costs. Nowadays, modern fouling control approaches focus on changing filtration process variables including alteration of feed water quality [10] [11] [12] .

Nowadays, modern fouling control approaches focus on changing filtration process variables including alteration of feed water quality.


Ultrafiltration is basically a size-exclusion based, pressure driven membrane separation process. Ultrafiltration membrane has pore size in the range of typically 2 to 20 nm (20 to 200A) and is capable of retaining chemical species with a molecular weight from 1000 to 1,000,000 Daltons. This membrane does have a very thin and fine porous surface layer supported by a microporous substructure. The surface layer acts as the separator, while the substructure beneath it provides the mechanical strength needed [7] [8] [9] .

The surface layer acts as the separator, while the substructure beneath it provides the mechanical strength needed.


The process of tag identification comprises a reader interrogation and a tag response. One of the main problems in RFID systems happens when multiple tags are interrogated by the reader simultaneously and they reflect their respective signals back to the reader at the same time. As a result of this obstruction there is a failed transmission called collision. These collisions cause the reader to be unable to identify tags successfully and rapidly. Thus, RFID obtains low tag reading performance and a high waste of energy. To minimize the influence of the tag collision problem, RFID readers use an anti-collision protocol. Anti-collision protocols can be divided into three categories: Aloha-based protocols which are probabilistic, tree-based protocols which are deterministic, and hybrid protocols (Klair et al., 2010) .

Anti-collision protocols can be divided into three categories: Aloha-based protocols which are probabilistic, tree-based protocols which are deterministic, and hybrid protocols.


In this paper, we discuss our work in addressing the second aspect of this problem, building upon previous work done in BioCloudCentral [7] . For this purpose, we built CloudLaunch -a web portal and an API platform for discovering and launching applications on multiple cloud infrastructures. Novelties introduced by CloudLaunch include the ability to describe an application once using open technologies and have it uniformly deployable on multiple cloud infrastructure providers using a web interface or a REST API. With the API driven approach, CloudLaunch can be used as a deployment engine for external applications to provide cloud abstraction and orchestration capabilities. In this context, we identify at least four potential beneficiaries of the CloudLaunch science gateway: 1. End users who want to easily discover and launch applications on multiple clouds; 2. Application deployers who want to make applications available on multiple clouds through CloudLaunch's centralized catalog; 3. Application developers who need an API-driven deployment engine to use within a custom application, say for constructing a higherlevel science gateway; 4. Institutions that want to have their own catalog of applications for internal users.

In this paper, we discuss our work in addressing the second aspect of this problem, building upon previous work done in BioCloudCentral.


The picture emerging from the extensive archaeological research of the past decades is very complex and has led to the development of very detailed and much debated narratives of ecocide and genocide. Being an abstraction of reality, however, our model does not (and cannot) account for all possible details of nature. We deliberately devised a parsimonious model that is nonetheless able to successfully capture the general features of the three narratives, while at the same time avoiding an overfitting of the considerable noise inherent to sparse paleoecological data (Hawkins, 2004) .

We deliberately devised a parsimonious model that is nonetheless able to successfully capture the general features of the three narratives, while at the same time avoiding an overfitting of the considerable noise inherent to sparse paleoecological data.


Fano resonances in MRRs are normally realized by interfering the resonance pathway with a coherent background pathway. A straightforward approach is the utilization of Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs), where the MRRs are either side-coupled to one arm of a MZI or inserted into a MZI to cause the two resonant beams propagating in the MRRs to interfere. MZI's excess WG-arms allow easy tunability of Fano lineshapes. Unfortunately, MRR devices incorporating MZI lose their compactness. By coherently coupling multiple resonant modes from multi-MRRs into one bus-WG, Fano resonances could also be realized. Nevertheless, it is challenging to achieve precise structure designs and device fabrications [13, 14] . Also, more MRRs generate a larger footprint.

Nevertheless, it is challenging to achieve precise structure designs and device fabrications.


To verify the above theoretical analysis, we fabricate the proposed MRR device on a silicon-on-insulator chip with a 220 nm thick top silicon layer and a 2 μm thick buried oxide layer. Electron beam lithography is used to define the device patterns, which are then transferred onto the top silicon layer by inductively coupled plasma etching. Grating couplers with two-dimensional air-hole arrays are designed at both ends of the bus-WGs [22] . The bus-WG and MRR are designed with the same width of 500 nm, and their coupling gap is 120 nm. Figure 3A displays an optical microscope image of the fabricated device, where the MRR has a radius of 80 μm. The scanning electron microscope image of the WG-MRR coupling region is shown in Figure 3B , displaying the two air-holes with a distance of 20 μm and a radius of 150 nm.

Grating couplers with two-dimensional air-hole arrays are designed at both ends of the bus-WGs.


Despite this clearly codified and evidence-based assessment, real-life primary care shows quite disappointing results. The classical rule of halves still holds in most European countries: approximately half of the patients with a diagnosis of hypertension are not treated and half of those who are treated do not reach set targets [8] . Although the situation is somewhat better in the US, where two-thirds of the diagnosed patients reach the therapeutic goals, there is still room for improvement [9] .

The classical rule of halves still holds in most European countries: approximately half of the patients with a diagnosis of hypertension are not treated and half of those who are treated do not reach set targets.

Although the situation is somewhat better in the US, where two-thirds of the diagnosed patients reach the therapeutic goals, there is still room for improvement.


In the time of Budenau and Fryze, different power definitions and current decomposition procedures in systems with higher harmonic components were a matter of academic dispute since the currents and the voltages were sinusoidal functions of the fundamental frequency. Today, numerous power electronics devices which can be considered as sources of higher current and voltage harmonic components are connected to the network. This is why current decomposition procedures and power definitions have become a matter of practical interest. They serve as a basis for the minimization of transmission losses, for the development of new measurement techniques and instruments, and also for energy accounts and setting of energy prices [11] .

They serve as a basis for the minimization of transmission losses, for the development of new measurement techniques and instruments, and also for energy accounts and setting of energy prices.


According to individual studies DR can create significant value for both the energy market and the grid. However, it can be expected that the different DR strategies applied in these studies can sometimes be in conflict. For example, using flexibility in residential areas to profit from low energy prices can create higher peaks in local distribution grids (Veldman and Verzijlbergh, 2014) . This misalignment is expected to increase, with the increase in renewable generation. Hence, when consulting the literature it is hard to get a grip on what could be the potential DR benefits from a system perspective. Therefore, it is argued that an integrated system approach is required to assess long-term DR benefits (Giordano and Fulli, 2011; O'Connell et al., 2014) . This paper aims at filling the knowledge gap between the existing models used for the quantification of benefits for the energy market on the one hand and for the grid on the other. The focus is not on replacing these models, but creating insight into the distribution and sum of the benefits from a system perspective.

For example, using flexibility in residential areas to profit from low energy prices can create higher peaks in local distribution grids.

Therefore, it is argued that an integrated system approach is required to assess long-term DR benefits.


Service discovery and selection is one of the central topics in distributed systems research. The topic gained additional popularity with the introduction of Web Services (WS), which enable XML-based interactions between applications. WS discovery is performed with the aid of the UDDI registries that support keywordbased matching between the textual descriptions of the user request and the published/advertised services. However, according to the Semantic Web vision, WS will eventually be replaced by Semantic Web Services (SWS). SWS are, essentially, a metadata layer that allows for more expressive description of service capabilities, used both for service advertisements (formed by the service providers) and requests (formed by the service requestors). Such metadata is represented through semantic Web technologies like ontologies and rules. The SWS ecosystem involves, apart from the aforementioned description facilities, more sophisticated (mainly logic-based) matchmaking algorithms [17] . Such algorithms are used in order to improve the discovery process, since only the advertisements that are "logically relevant" to the user request are retrieved.

The SWS ecosystem involves, apart from the aforementioned description facilities, more sophisticated (mainly logic-based) matchmaking algorithms.


Changes in endogenous ascorbate concentrations due to genetic manipulation to induce changes in DHAR expression are associated with stomatal aperture regulation in wheat and tobacco plants (Zhang 2001; Chen and Gallie 2004) . According to these authors, the induced alterations in ASC redox state are related to modulation of the H 2 O 2 levels in guard cells. Because ASC can act as an electron donor for APX activity, reduced expression of DHAR could result in plants with low ASC content, which subsequently would lead to low APX activity and higher H 2 O 2 levels in guard cells, which might promote stomatal closure (Zhang 2001; Chen and Gallie 2004) . In contrast, plants over-expressing DHAR are more efficient at ASC recycling, which could contribute to increased APX activity, and therefore, they might display lower H 2 O 2 accumulation. Under these conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) could trigger signaling mechanisms associated with stomata opening (Chen and Gallie 2004) . However, the role played by high exogenous ASC concentrations on stomatal control has been poorly reported to date. Despite being widely described that chloroplastic APX activity is an important hub to regulate the H 2 O 2 levels, which is involved with ASC-induced responses, its role in stomatal opening regulation has not been unequivocally demonstrated.

Changes in endogenous ascorbate concentrations due to genetic manipulation to induce changes in DHAR expression are associated with stomatal aperture regulation in wheat and tobacco plants.

Because ASC can act as an electron donor for APX activity, reduced expression of DHAR could result in plants with low ASC content, which subsequently would lead to low APX activity and higher H 2 O 2 levels in guard cells, which might promote stomatal closure.

Under these conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) could trigger signaling mechanisms associated with stomata opening.


The elucidation of the mechanism leading to the origin of mass of all observed elementary particles is one of the main goals in high energy physics. The simple Standard Model (SM) picture, based on the spontaneous breakdown of the electroweak symmetry by the vacuum expectation value (vev) of an elementary Higgs field, seems to lead to a picture that is consistent with all experimental observables, provided the Higgs boson mass is smaller than about 250 GeV. Moreover, the best fit to the precision electroweak observables measured at the LEP, SLC and Tevatron experiments lead to values of the Higgs mass of the order of or smaller than the present bound coming from direct searches at LEP, m H SM > ∼ 114 GeV [1] . In spite of the extraordinary good agreement of the experimental observations with the SM predictions, there are many theoretical motivations to go beyond the SM description. Several extensions of the SM exist in the literature, and in most of them the Higgs sector is extended to a more complicated structure, often including at least two Higgs doublets. The requirement of preserving the good agreement with experimental data can be easily fulfilled in extensions, like supersymmetry, in which the effect of the additional particles on the precision electroweak observables rapidly vanish with increasing values of the new particle masses. An extension of the Higgs sector will generally require a revision of the direct and indirect limits on the Higgs mass. In particular, the direct search for Higgs bosons may be affected by additional decay modes that are beyond the ones analyzed by the LEP collaborations.

The simple Standard Model (SM) picture, based on the spontaneous breakdown of the electroweak symmetry by the vacuum expectation value (vev) of an elementary Higgs field, seems to lead to a picture that is consistent with all experimental observables, provided the Higgs boson mass is smaller than about 250 GeV. Moreover, the best fit to the precision electroweak observables measured at the LEP, SLC and Tevatron experiments lead to values of the Higgs mass of the order of or smaller than the present bound coming from direct searches at LEP, m H SM > ∼ 114 GeV.


As an example, let us consider the minimal supersymmetric extension of the SM (MSSM). In the MSSM, there is an additional Higgs doublet, leading, in the absence of CP-violation in the Higgs sector, to two CP-even and one CP-odd Higgs boson states. At large values of tan β, the ratio of of the two Higgs doublets vev's, one of the CP-even Higgs bosons acquires SM properties, while the second Higgs boson may be produced in association with the CP-odd Higgs boson state. In addition, the masses of the non-standard CP-even Higgs and the CP-odd Higgs are close to each other. Under these conditions, the mass bound on the SM-like CP-even Higgs is similar to the SM one, while the CP-odd and the second CP-even Higgs boson mass bound reads m h > ∼ 90 GeV [2] .

Under these conditions, the mass bound on the SM-like CP-even Higgs is similar to the SM one, while the CP-odd and the second CP-even Higgs boson mass bound reads m h > ∼ 90 GeV.


In this work, we consider a singlet scalar DM particle that interacts with the visible sector through a Higgs and fermion portal [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . A fermionic mediator is coupled to the DM scalar and a SM quark via a Yukawa interaction and constitutes an additional degree of freedom in the dark sector. A DM candidate in the Weakly Interacting Massive Particle category, i.e. DM produced by thermal freeze-out, is easily realized in this setup. Interestingly, the presence of the additional massive state can drastically change the thermal freeze-out when the coannihilating partner is close in mass with the DM particle [10, 11] . The accompanying state strengthens the coupling between the DM and SM bath and dilutes the DM population beyond the naive expectation. Consequently, one has to track its (co)annihilations as well. Especially in the case where the coannihilator feels strong interactions, the annihilation cross section is not well described by the standard techniques which treat the colored fermions as if they were free scatters in the plasma. Most notably, Sommerfeld enhancement and boundstate effects due to repeated gluon exchange have been recently shown to have a large impact on the relic density [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . In particular bound-state formation is much more efficient at low temperatures and the thermally averaged annihilation cross section exhibits a strong and unusual temperature dependence. This keeps annihilations effective until well after the first deviation from chemical equilibrium. Consequently, the parameter space favored from cosmology changes, and the experimental expectations have to be adjusted accordingly. The DM scalar and the accompanying colored mediator exhibit a rich phenomenology at colliders and can be also be tested at direct detection experiments.

In this work, we consider a singlet scalar DM particle that interacts with the visible sector through a Higgs and fermion portal.

Interestingly, the presence of the additional massive state can drastically change the thermal freeze-out when the coannihilating partner is close in mass with the DM particle.

Most notably, Sommerfeld enhancement and boundstate effects due to repeated gluon exchange have been recently shown to have a large impact on the relic density.


In regression analyses, the models performed better for Activity than for Brightness. Contrary to Activity, the models of Brightness using PC regression show a slight improvement over those created using step-wise regression. This outcome may suggest that the Brightness dimension is more complex than Activity in the sense that it may rely on a conglomerate of acoustical features. For instance, selective attention to certain elements, such as the presence of a few notes in the high registers, may render a stimulus perceptually bright although the acoustic features that have been previously associated with perceptual brightness in the monophonic timbre domain, such as spectral centroid, might fail to capture this in a polyphonic mixture. In addition, it has also been argued that the spectral envelope is equally important as spectral centroid in distinguishing monophonic timbres (Hall & Beauchamp, 2009) . Therefore, models of Brightness could be improved by using a larger combination of features.

In addition, it has also been argued that the spectral envelope is equally important as spectral centroid in distinguishing monophonic timbres.


The standard treatment of GCT is near complete removal of tumor with polymethylmethacrylate adjuvants avoiding mutilations [12] . GCTs at axial sites are more difficult to treat, with a higher rate of local recurrence; and skull and spine sites are sometimes deemed inoperable, because of the proximity to vital structures like major cerebral vessels [7, 11, 13] . In GCT of the skull and spine surgical debulking with adjuvant radiotherapy is a therapeutic option [14, 15] .

The standard treatment of GCT is near complete removal of tumor with polymethylmethacrylate adjuvants avoiding mutilations.

GCTs at axial sites are more difficult to treat, with a higher rate of local recurrence; and skull and spine sites are sometimes deemed inoperable, because of the proximity to vital structures like major cerebral vessels.

In GCT of the skull and spine surgical debulking with adjuvant radiotherapy is a therapeutic option.


Impulsive effect exists widely in many evolution processes in which their states are changed abruptly at certain moments of time. The theory of impulsive differential systems has been developed by numerous mathematicians [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Applications of impulsive differential equations with or without delays occur in biology, medicine, mechanics, engineering, chaos theory, and so on [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .

The theory of impulsive differential systems has been developed by numerous mathematicians.

Applications of impulsive differential equations with or without delays occur in biology, medicine, mechanics, engineering, chaos theory, and so on.


Motion blurring can be also observed in images of infrared cameras, as it is described also by Vollmer and Möllmann (Vollmer and Möllmann, 2010) . Cooled cameras with high sensitive photonic detectors have usually a very short integration time that is typically 1-1.5 ms for room temperature measurements, and the motion blurring can be mostly neglected. In contrast, the electrical signal in the pixel of a microbolometer camera decays with a time constant of 10-15 ms; therefore, a significant blurring effect can be observed by recording moving objects.

Motion blurring can be also observed in images of infrared cameras, as it is described also by Vollmer and Möllmann.


The results show that the friction factor increases with the increase in volume concentration of the nanoparticles for a given mass flow rate and decreases with increase in Reynolds number. The heat transfer rate of distilled water increases with the increase in mass flow rate till the amount of 0.01083 L/s and the heat rate starts to decrease at the mass flow rate of 0.0125 L/s. The same results are shown in Mapa and Mazhar [12] . The addition of nanofluid increases the heat rate with the increase in mass flow rate as well as the increase in volume concentration. The maximum enhancement ratio of 1.375 is calculated at the maximum mass flow rate and at 2% volume concentration of nanofluid.

The same results are shown in Mapa and Mazhar.


In the era of globalization, web based learning is attractively and widely applied in Thai education system. The environments of web based learning are unlimited dimensions with distance and thus it supports learners to access diverse kinds of information and knowledge resources. Also it provides a space for learners to share experiences and knowledge as well as corporate with peers without the limitations of time and distance -learning and without boundary (Palmieri, 1997) . Even though the web based learning supports the flexibility of learning among learners, there are research results indicating that learners are still playing the role of knowledge consumer in the traditional didactic teaching instead of constructor. Today, several educators advocate the learner-centered approach in education, that is currently, it is focused on construction of knowledge which is favored in educational settings rather than the transmission of knowledge (Spiro et al., 1995; Amornsinlaphachai et al., 2012) . In higher education, our students are facing multiple problems in workplace. We are charged with preparing our students for life in the real world. This is consistent with the Thai National Education Act 1999 and Amendment Act (No. 2) 2002 which state that the education will be based on the principle that all learners are capable of learning and developing themselves and the students are considered as the most important.

Also it provides a space for learners to share experiences and knowledge as well as corporate with peers without the limitations of time and distance -learning and without boundary.

Today, several educators advocate the learner-centered approach in education, that is currently, it is focused on construction of knowledge which is favored in educational settings rather than the transmission of knowledge.


Ethnopharmacologically, the tree is widely used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseased conditions including colds, asthma, coughs, diarrhea and dysentery, hemorrhage, laryngalgia, laryngitis, sore throat, spasm, trachagia and vermifuge [13] . Pepper tree is one of the medicinal plants traditionally used in many Brazilian medical literature for folk medicine [10, 14] . Various parts of this plant have been traditionally used to treat various diseases such as ulcers, respiratory problems, wounds, rheumatism, gout, diarrhea, skin disease, toothache, rheumatism, menstrual disorders, and respiratory and urinary tract infection [10, 14] .

Ethnopharmacologically, the tree is widely used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseased conditions including colds, asthma, coughs, diarrhea and dysentery, hemorrhage, laryngalgia, laryngitis, sore throat, spasm, trachagia and vermifuge.

Pepper tree is one of the medicinal plants traditionally used in many Brazilian medical literature for folk medicine.

Various parts of this plant have been traditionally used to treat various diseases such as ulcers, respiratory problems, wounds, rheumatism, gout, diarrhea, skin disease, toothache, rheumatism, menstrual disorders, and respiratory and urinary tract infection.


Pepper tree (Schinus molle L.), belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, is frequently grown as an ornamental tree in Mediterranean region, and originated from South America and its habitat ranged from southern Brazil to Chile and Mexico [1] [2] [3] . Fresh leaves and fruits (berries) essential oils (EOs) have been shown to have a significant activity against the growth of some bacterial and fungal strains [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Other biological effects like antitumor, antiinflammatory, and antispasmodic have been reported [10] [11] [12] .

Pepper tree (Schinus molle L.), belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, is frequently grown as an ornamental tree in Mediterranean region, and originated from South America and its habitat ranged from southern Brazil to Chile and Mexico.

Fresh leaves and fruits (berries) essential oils (EOs) have been shown to have a significant activity against the growth of some bacterial and fungal strains.

Other biological effects like antitumor, antiinflammatory, and antispasmodic have been reported.


The most recent hurricane seasons repeatedly demonstrated that the needs of the elderly population in the United States during and following a disaster were often neglected [13] . The study of nationally representative panel survey of older Americans indicated that older adults in lower income status had lower preparedness level than those in higher income [14] . Most disaster response models focus on acute injury treatment, environmental risk management, and infectious disease prevention [15] . However, interviews and focus groups with both providers and survivors' contrast with the need to also include continued care for survivors with chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease [15] . Among the Katrina survivors, 41-74% had one or more chronic conditions [15] . These survivors could not obtain medications due to availability or affordability, were unable to access medical records onsite or at a distance, and had limited healthcare resulting from the most significant efflux of the healthcare workforce known in U.S. history [7, 15] . It is also possible that CVD disproportionally affected black survivors: in general, compared to white patients, patients of color experience higher CVD rates and risk factors, encounter more barriers to diagnosis, are given lower quality healthcare, and endure worse health outcomes [16] . In addition, black patients experience lower cardiac intervention rates, lower admission rates, and shorter cardiac care unit stays compared to white patients [16] .

The most recent hurricane seasons repeatedly demonstrated that the needs of the elderly population in the United States during and following a disaster were often neglected.

The study of nationally representative panel survey of older Americans indicated that older adults in lower income status had lower preparedness level than those in higher income.

Most disaster response models focus on acute injury treatment, environmental risk management, and infectious disease prevention.

However, interviews and focus groups with both providers and survivors' contrast with the need to also include continued care for survivors with chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease.

Among the Katrina survivors, 41-74% had one or more chronic conditions.

These survivors could not obtain medications due to availability or affordability, were unable to access medical records onsite or at a distance, and had limited healthcare resulting from the most significant efflux of the healthcare workforce known in U.S. history.

It is also possible that CVD disproportionally affected black survivors: in general, compared to white patients, patients of color experience higher CVD rates and risk factors, encounter more barriers to diagnosis, are given lower quality healthcare, and endure worse health outcomes.

In addition, black patients experience lower cardiac intervention rates, lower admission rates, and shorter cardiac care unit stays compared to white patients.


Acute CVD events are known to be triggered by sudden emotional or physical stressors, such as unanticipated natural disasters, which are known for causing some of the strongest acute and subacute types of psychological stress [40] . It is likely to be the case for our study, when the majority of hospitalizations were due to acute conditions such as pericarditis, endocarditis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, cardiac dysrhythmias, and heart failure. The impact of psychosocial stress on cardiovascular health can be understood through the concept of allostasis-the ability to maintain stability through change, allowing one to respond to environmental demands, such as shifts in our physical state or dealing with stressful situations [40, 41] . Both the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are involved in allostatic responses [40] . The adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves release catecholamines when the sympathetic nervous system or HPA axis are activated, and the hypothalamus releases corticotrophin-releasing hormones that mediate the pituitary's release of corticotrophin, and thus, the adrenal cortex's release of cortisol [40] . Allostatic load then results from the allostatic mediator hormones changing cellular physiological and pathophysiological responses. Stress can trigger allostatic load, which can eventually, in turn, trigger cardiovascular disease [40] . It is very possible that Hurricane Katrina, which was both a sudden catastrophic event, and thus a source of both immediate and chronic stress, could have triggered allostatic load, which then led to the sharp increase in CVD rates observed after landfall, both immediately and even a month later.

Acute CVD events are known to be triggered by sudden emotional or physical stressors, such as unanticipated natural disasters, which are known for causing some of the strongest acute and subacute types of psychological stress.

The impact of psychosocial stress on cardiovascular health can be understood through the concept of allostasis-the ability to maintain stability through change, allowing one to respond to environmental demands, such as shifts in our physical state or dealing with stressful situations.

Both the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are involved in allostatic responses.

The adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves release catecholamines when the sympathetic nervous system or HPA axis are activated, and the hypothalamus releases corticotrophin-releasing hormones that mediate the pituitary's release of corticotrophin, and thus, the adrenal cortex's release of cortisol.

Stress can trigger allostatic load, which can eventually, in turn, trigger cardiovascular disease.


Standard HMM has a fixed number of states, so that one must decide the size of the model before training. Preliminary study indicates that the number of optimal states roughly equals to that of distinct system calls used by the program [14] . A range of 5-15 states are examined in HMM.

Preliminary study indicates that the number of optimal states roughly equals to that of distinct system calls used by the program.


The propagation of rumors is a typical form of social interaction that exerts a powerful influence on human affairs [1] [2] [3] . Although "rumors" can also imply truthful information, most rumors contain some degree of falsehood, and it is these false rumors that we will focus on in this paper. With the development of technologies such as the Internet and the emergence of new media (especially blogging and Twitter), rumors can spread faster and farther than ever before. When an emergency occurs, the subsequent rumor propagation may lead to more serious harm than the emergency itself [4] [5] [6] . For instance, in March 2011, a buying frenzy for iodized salt erupted in China because of the rumor that iodized salt could protect people from the nuclear radiation released as a result of damage to Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant caused by the Tohoku earthquake. This behavior not only damaged the normal market order but also negatively affected the daily life of many citizens.

The propagation of rumors is a typical form of social interaction that exerts a powerful influence on human affairs.

When an emergency occurs, the subsequent rumor propagation may lead to more serious harm than the emergency itself.


Phenols like eugenol applied to pulp cavities achieve the concentrations in dental pulps and dentins adjacent to the pulp space to be 10 -100 μM, but their concentrations are unlikely to be in excess of 0.1 mM in pulp tissues [33] [34] . Dental phenols show the concentration-dependent effects: pulp-sedative at relatively low concentrations but irritant or cytotoxic at relatively high concentrations [35] . Membrane-active phenols would reversibly exert anesthetic and analgesic effects by acting on neuronal membranes at low micromolar concentrations which cover their membrane-interacting concentrations. At high micromolar or millimolar concentrations, however, they are assumed to irreversibly damage neural and pulp tissues by the lysis of lipid membranes as alkylphenols adversely acted on DPPC model membranes.

Phenols like eugenol applied to pulp cavities achieve the concentrations in dental pulps and dentins adjacent to the pulp space to be 10 -100 μM, but their concentrations are unlikely to be in excess of 0.1 mM in pulp tissues.

Dental phenols show the concentration-dependent effects: pulp-sedative at relatively low concentrations but irritant or cytotoxic at relatively high concentrations.


The presence of a certain amount of cholesterol in lipid bilayers decreases the fluidity of membranes [23] . Because neuronal mimetic membranes were prepared with phospholipids plus cholesterol, they are more rigid than the model membranes consisting of DPPC alone. The different membrane-fluidizing potencies of phenols and local anesthetics between neuronal mimetic and DPPC membranes are attributed to such a difference of membrane property due to lipid compositions.

The presence of a certain amount of cholesterol in lipid bilayers decreases the fluidity of membranes.


The physicochemical properties of lipid bilayer membranes regulate voltage-dependent sodium channel and GABA A receptor functions [18] [19] . Besides membrane-embedded channels and receptors, local and general anesthetics possibly interact with membrane lipids to modify the lipid environments surrounding functional proteins as the primary mode of action. In this study, we characterized the lipid membrane-interacting properties of structurally-different anesthetic phenols (Figure 1 ) by comparing with general and local anesthetics. We also studied the pharmacological effects which could be associated with their membrane interactivities.

The physicochemical properties of lipid bilayer membranes regulate voltage-dependent sodium channel and GABA A receptor functions.


Thymol, eugenol and propofol penetrate into lipid bilayers to locate in the region between the polar group, the glycerol moiety and the acyl chains, with the preference of more lipophilic phenols to the deeper hydrophobic region. The structure and membrane activity relation indicated that lipophilicity and 2,6-dialkylphenol structure impart greater membrane interactivity to alkylphenols, which is consistent with previous reports [27] [28] . When comparing thymol isomers, the position of an isopropyl group is important for membrane interaction as significantly different between thymol and MIP, but not that of a methyl group as slightly different between thymol and isothymol. Additional substituents at the para-position decreases the membrane interactivity as shown by the comparisons of guaiacol, eugenol and phenol, and a 2-propenyl group is preferable to a 1-propenyl group as seen in a difference between eugenol and isoeugenol.

The structure and membrane activity relation indicated that lipophilicity and 2,6-dialkylphenol structure impart greater membrane interactivity to alkylphenols, which is consistent with previous reports.


The peroxidation rate of membrane lipids depends on the propagation of oxidant and antioxidant molecules in lipid bilayers which is determined by membrane physicochemical properties such as fluidity [39] . The tested phenols are considered to interact more efficiently with radicals in more fluid lipid bilayers [40] . Their membrane-fluidizing effects are preferable to make the interaction between antioxidant molecules and radicals more efficient [41] .

The peroxidation rate of membrane lipids depends on the propagation of oxidant and antioxidant molecules in lipid bilayers which is determined by membrane physicochemical properties such as fluidity.

The tested phenols are considered to interact more efficiently with radicals in more fluid lipid bilayers.

Their membrane-fluidizing effects are preferable to make the interaction between antioxidant molecules and radicals more efficient.


As the coal in a longwall panel is being extracted, the surrounding strata are forced to move toward and fill the voids left by the extracted coal [1] . This process induces a series of intensive activities which include movements of the overlying strata, abutment stress on both sides of the panel, abutment stress in front and rear of the panel, and the severe deformation of the adjacent roadways. A key issue in longwall mining is to understand the distribution characteristics of the abutment stress, including side abutment stress, font and rear abutment stress, providing some basis for the layout of the adjacent roadways.

As the coal in a longwall panel is being extracted, the surrounding strata are forced to move toward and fill the voids left by the extracted coal.


Published analyses suggest that pregnant women are among those who can highly benefit from novel HIV prevention methods. Recent studies report that the risk of HIV acquisition during pregnancy is elevated for pregnant women and even for their male partners in serodiscordant couples [14, 15] . Gray and colleagues estimated that the HIV incidence rate during pregnancy is 2.3% compared to 1.1% in the non-pregnant and non-lactating women in Rakai, Uganda [14] . They suggested that increased risk during pregnancy might be attributable to hormonal changes rather than sexual risk behavior. A study conducted by the Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team among serodiscordant couples from seven African countries reported that the HIV incidence in women is 7.35% versus 3.01% during pregnant and non-pregnant periods [15] . The HIV incidence of male partners of pregnant and non-pregnant women was estimated at 3.46% and 1.58%, respectively. These investigators concluded that the elevated HIV risk associated with pregnancy may be explained by a combination of behavioral and biological factors. Both studies outlined the need for additional HIV prevention efforts during pregnancy to protect mothers, newborns, and potentially male partners.

Recent studies report that the risk of HIV acquisition during pregnancy is elevated for pregnant women and even for their male partners in serodiscordant couples.

Gray and colleagues estimated that the HIV incidence rate during pregnancy is 2.3% compared to 1.1% in the non-pregnant and non-lactating women in Rakai, Uganda.

A study conducted by the Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team among serodiscordant couples from seven African countries reported that the HIV incidence in women is 7.35% versus 3.01% during pregnant and non-pregnant periods.


To develop entrepreneurship in Africa, the role of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) cannot be overstated. As in many other countries, most African businesses are MSMEs, and these businesses contribute to GDP, poverty reduction and job creation (Abor and Quartey, 2010; Frimpong, 2013) . Consequently, entrepreneurship in Africa cannot develop without a specific focus on MSMEs (Agyapong, 2010) . For instance, in Ghana, MSMEs account for 92% of businesses, provide 85% of all manufacturing jobs and generate 70% of GDP. Similarly, in South Africa, MSMEs account for 91% of all businesses, provide 61% of all employment and generate between 52% and 57% of GDP (Abor and Quartey, essential utilities such as electricity, telecommunications and water must also deliver on their mandate of providing essential services to enterprises. More importantly, the overall quality of political governance affects the quality and depth of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in Africa.

As in many other countries, most African businesses are MSMEs, and these businesses contribute to GDP, poverty reduction and job creation.

Consequently, entrepreneurship in Africa cannot develop without a specific focus on MSMEs.


In the last decade, the entrepreneurship ecosystem has become an interesting area of entrepreneurship research. The entrepreneurship literature refers to an entrepreneurship ecosystem as an intentional collaborating network of dynamic socioeconomic structures with interacting systems and subsystems that are geared towards developing entrepreneurship in a given geographical context (Acs et al., 2008; Fernández Fernández et al., 2015) . For Africa to build an effective entrepreneurship ecosystem, critical resources such as credit, electricity, good political governance and contract enforcement are essential.

The entrepreneurship literature refers to an entrepreneurship ecosystem as an intentional collaborating network of dynamic socioeconomic structures with interacting systems and subsystems that are geared towards developing entrepreneurship in a given geographical context.


Over the past three decades, most African countries have experienced positive economic growth, which is encouraging. Despite these positive trends, however, the livelihoods and unemployment conditions of most Africans needs much to be desired (Frederick and Machuma, 2010) . Because entrepreneurship can create jobs, provide decent livelihoods, and contribute to GDP, developing and promoting entrepreneurship in Africa must be given the attention and support it deserves (Ozgen and Minsky, 2007; Balkienė and Jagminas, 2010) .

Despite these positive trends, however, the livelihoods and unemployment conditions of most Africans needs much to be desired.

Because entrepreneurship can create jobs, provide decent livelihoods, and contribute to GDP, developing and promoting entrepreneurship in Africa must be given the attention and support it deserves.


Business contract enforcement is often seen as weak or almost non-existent in Africa. The products and services that enterprises offer their clients are shoddy, arrive late and are usually paid for late or not at all (Fafchamps, 1996) . Most regulatory institutions that are supposed to help enterprises enforce contracts are either weak or undermine the process themselves. Accordingly, contract enforcement for African businesses is expensive (Ahlquist and Prakash, 2010) .

The products and services that enterprises offer their clients are shoddy, arrive late and are usually paid for late or not at all.

Accordingly, contract enforcement for African businesses is expensive.


The aim of the paper is to presents a bicapacities and its integrals on fuzzy sets. First, we present a new approach for studying bi-capacities and the bipolar Choquet integrals through introducing a notion of ternary-element sets, which is alternative approach from defined by Grabisch and Labreuche [7] , [8] . It is important approach because attaching a polarity to each element is an easier than attaching a polarity to sets, and allows a simple way to prove new results on bi-capacities and its integrals as it was done for capacities. Consequently, according to this approach, we introduce bi-capacities on fuzzy sets. Then, we propose a model of bipolar Choquet integral with respect to bi-capacities on fuzzy sets, and we give some basic properties of this model.

First, we present a new approach for studying bi-capacities and the bipolar Choquet integrals through introducing a notion of ternary-element sets, which is alternative approach from defined by Grabisch and Labreuche.


For the accuracy of the above two methods, it is seen that the PI method can provide satisfactory results of the response statistics, both for the system excited by Gaussian white noise and for the system driven by filtered white noise. However, for current vessel and selected excitations, the stochastic averaging method can only provide satisfactory results for the 2D system. In fact, the performance and accuracy of the stochastic averaging method depend on the ratio between the correlation of the external excitation and the relaxation time of the dynamical system [11] . For the white noise case, such ratio is close to 0, which corresponds to the best performance. For 4D system subjected to filtered white noise excitation, the performance of the stochastic averaging method decreases with increased value of the ratio.

In fact, the performance and accuracy of the stochastic averaging method depend on the ratio between the correlation of the external excitation and the relaxation time of the dynamical system.


For the 4D Markov system, the path integration (PI) method is an efficient approximation for solving the FP equation. The principle of the PI lies in the fact that the evolution of the response PDF is computed in short steps via a step-by-step solution technique. More specifically, the response probability density function (PDF) at a given time instant can be obtained by applying the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation when the response PDF at an earlier closer time and the transition PDF are already known [5] .

More specifically, the response probability density function (PDF) at a given time instant can be obtained by applying the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation when the response PDF at an earlier closer time and the transition PDF are already known.


There is strong interest in understanding biological oscillators, which underlie many of the mechanisms responsible for life. Biological oscillators are often rationalized in terms of membrane potential oscillations (e.g. nerve and cardiac cells) or, according to more recent models, oscillations of non-electrical nature that arise at the cellular level from the regulation of enzyme, receptor or gene activity (Goldbeter 1996) . Conversion of chemical to kinetic energy is often at the heart of the generation of rhythmic movements, expressed in a wide range of animal behaviours including flying, walking, swimming, eating, and visceral processes (Friesen, Block & Hocker 1993) . Models for these oscillations have grown increasingly complex, reflecting the complexities underlying the oscillators themselves. The oscillations we describe are a peculiar manifestation of spontaneous and sustained conversion of chemical to kinetic energy, achieved in an exceedingly simple system. While much of the mystery of biological oscillators lies in the complex underlying dynamics of molecular and cellular mechanisms, awareness of simple physico-chemical analogues like the spontaneous oscillations of a sessile lens might prove helpful in modelling some biological oscillators.

Biological oscillators are often rationalized in terms of membrane potential oscillations (e.g. nerve and cardiac cells) or, according to more recent models, oscillations of non-electrical nature that arise at the cellular level from the regulation of enzyme, receptor or gene activity.

Conversion of chemical to kinetic energy is often at the heart of the generation of rhythmic movements, expressed in a wide range of animal behaviours including flying, walking, swimming, eating, and visceral processes.


The oscillation of the sessile lens is remarkable in that it is an example of spontaneous, periodic, partial emulsification. Indeed, this oscillation may be viewed as an intermediary between a static sessile lens and a lens that erupts and vanishes by way of spontaneous emulsification (McBain & Woo 1937) . According to our physical picture, the differential adsorption of surfactant onto the lower drop surface generates a Marangoni flow that renders the drop unstable to transverse waves whose arrival at the drop edge prompts emulsification in the form of ejection of surfactant onto the free surface. The criterion for emulsification in such a system is thus not based entirely on the system chemistry, but also on its dynamics, which will depend specifically on the geometry and fluid properties of the drop, as well as the dependence of surface tension on surfactant concentration. In particular, the vigour of the corner circulation will depend on the shape of the drop, the drop viscosity and the driving Marangoni stress.

Indeed, this oscillation may be viewed as an intermediary between a static sessile lens and a lens that erupts and vanishes by way of spontaneous emulsification.


A consecutive series of 24 retrieved LSF (Long Term Stable Fixation; Implant Technology, Timonium, MD) cementless acetabular components were studied. Of the 24 components, 21 formed the study group. Three cases were excluded because the liner was destroyed or damaged severely in situ or at the time of revision. The diagnoses at revision were progressive osteolysis in 11 cases, thigh pain in 6 cases, infection in 2 cases, and recurrent dislocation in 2 cases. All acetabular components were well fixed at the time of revision. In cases revised for thigh pain, the acetabular component was revised if there was any damage to the bearing surface. This component was known to have a high rate of progressive lysis at 5 to 10 years [11] . Rather than just perform a liner change with a modular component of suboptimal design by present standards, the acetabular component was changed. In the cases revised for recurrent dislocation, the acetabular component was revised to obtain a more optimal component position.

This component was known to have a high rate of progressive lysis at 5 to 10 years.


Expression of mRNAs for WNT family genes varied in a sex-specific manner as well, but the interpretation of these data will require further experimentation. Higher levels of WNT antagonists are suggested to inhibit chondrocyte hypertrophy. DKK1 inhibits MMP-13 and ADAMTS-4 expression in chondrocytes in response to WNT3a treatment [54] . Activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling in primary human chondrocytes inhibits basal IL1β-stimulated increases in MMP-1, -3, and -13 levels, possibly through inhibition of NFκB signaling [55, 56] . Men had higher levels of WNT signaling molecules, which is consistent with our findings that although men had higher levels of MMPs, they may be more resistant to OA as they also had more factors that are protective.

DKK1 inhibits MMP-13 and ADAMTS-4 expression in chondrocytes in response to WNT3a treatment.

Activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling in primary human chondrocytes inhibits basal IL1β-stimulated increases in MMP-1, -3, and -13 levels, possibly through inhibition of NFκB signaling.


Although useful as a livestock feed, wheat is used mainly as a human food. Wheat provides 21% of the food calories and 20% of the protein for more than 4.5 billion people in 94 developing countries (Von Braun et al., 2010) . It has been realized since long that gluten protein largely determines the bread making performance of wheat flour. In Ethiopia, wheat grain is used in the preparation of a range of products such as the traditional stable pancake ("injera"), bread ("dabo"), local beer ("tella"), and several others local food items (that is, "dabokolo", "genfo", "kinche"). Besides, wheat straw is commonly used as roof thatching material, and as a feed for animals. Wheat contributes approximately 200 kcal/day in urban areas, compared to about 310 kcal/day in rural areas. It accounts for about 11% of the national calorie intake (Guush, 2011) .

Wheat provides 21% of the food calories and 20% of the protein for more than 4.5 billion people in 94 developing countries.

It accounts for about 11% of the national calorie intake.


Stream processing engines enable the processing of longrunning queries over unbounded, continuous data streams. A major challenge for SPEs is to provide near real-time processing guarantees. Furthermore, they have to handle fluctuations in the input data rate. In contrast, batch processing engines pull data from storage as needed, which allows for controlling input rates [14, 29] . In this section, we introduce the underlying processing models of SPEs as well as the SPEs that we selected for our study (Section 2.1). After that, we present aspects of modern hardware that we investigate in this paper (Section 2.2).

In contrast, batch processing engines pull data from storage as needed, which allows for controlling input rates.


The use of prescribed fire is one option for landowners and managers to reduce the negative consequences of wildland fires [4, 7] . Prescribed burning can be used to decrease fire risk or fuel load, to and job position. This is the first international survey to access such a large pool of respondents, and provides novel data regarding the present state of fire use perceptions across continents. Such data can be used by policy makers and managers alike to determine the effectiveness, challenges, and future needs for their fire use programs.

The use of prescribed fire is one option for landowners and managers to reduce the negative consequences of wildland fires.


Monitoring systems must run uninterruptedly to ensure that failures in the managed elements are detected. Problems in the monitoring systems break the monitoring process and can lead the human administrator to believe that the managed elements are working properly even when they are not. Robust monitoring systems should thus employ mechanisms not only to identify failures on the managed infrastructure, but also to recover the faulty monitoring solution itself. Currently, however, most monitoring systems force the administrator to manually recover the occasionally broken solution. Such a manual approach may not drastically affect the monitoring of small networks, but in larger infrastructures the approach will not scale and should be replaced efficient Distributed monitoring are specially required in large-scale networks, like country or continental-wide backbones [6] [7] . Most of the research in this area propose complex monitoring system that generally identify internal failures and employ algorithms to reorganize itself without the failed components. In this sense, the solutions present a certain level of self-awareness and adaption, although self-healing is in fact not present, i.e., failing entities are not recovered or replaced. It means that in scenarios where most of the monitoring entities crash, the monitoring systems stop working because no mechanism is employed to maintain the execution of the monitoring entities.

Such a manual approach may not drastically affect the monitoring of small networks, but in larger infrastructures the approach will not scale and should be replaced efficient Distributed monitoring are specially required in large-scale networks, like country or continental-wide backbones.


A total of 356 samples were tested by both assays. Custom and FTD assays detected one or more respiratory viruses in 268 (75.29 %) and 262 (73.60 %) samples respectively (Table 2) . No significant differences were seen in the number of samples positive for each virus by the custom assay as compared to the FTD assay except with RSV A/B which was over detected in 18 samples and one sample being under detected by the custom assay as compared to the FTD assay. Further, to completely assess the results of these 18 discordant RSVA/B samples, testing was repeated using RSV A and RSV B specific primer and probe mix in uniplex real time RT-PCR as published previously [6] . All 18 samples were found to be positive for RSV B (Table 3) .

Further, to completely assess the results of these 18 discordant RSVA/B samples, testing was repeated using RSV A and RSV B specific primer and probe mix in uniplex real time RT-PCR as published previously.


An n-knot K is said to be equivalent to another n-knot K ′ , denoted by K ∼ K ′ , if there exists a smooth isotopy H t : S n+2 → S n+2 such that H 0 = id and H 1 (K) = K ′ . It is known by Hillman and Plotnick that if an 1-knot K is torus or hyperbolic then K m,n is not reflexive for m ≥ n and m ≥ 3 [7] . Here a 2-knot is said to be reflexive if its Gluck reconstruction is equivalent to either its mirror image or its orientation reverse. Since the trivial 2-knot is reflexive, K m,n is non-trivial if K is torus or hyperbolic and m ≥ n and m ≥ 3. Though their result detects non-triviality of these branched twist spins, in the best of my knowledge, there is no result which distinguishes non-equivalent, non-trivial branched twist spins.

It is known by Hillman and Plotnick that if an 1-knot K is torus or hyperbolic then K m,n is not reflexive for m ≥ n and m ≥ 3.


We analyzed the relation between the detected genotypes and estimated breeding values for the milk production traits: milk yield (kg), relative breeding value for milk yield, fat content (%), fat yield (kg), protein content (%), relative breeding value for protein content, protein yield (kg), and relative breeding value for protein yield. The loci were analyzed independently. Generally, the using of daughter yield deviations (DYD) is preferred to EBV, because EBV contain information from other relatives than the bull's daughters. However, the large number of daughters make the difference between the DYD and EBV negligible (Viitala et al. 2006) . The reliabilities of EBV were equable, which enabled their direct comparison (Table 1 ).

The loci were analyzed independently.

However, the large number of daughters make the difference between the DYD and EBV negligible.


Some authors argue that human cooperation may be explained by the selection of cultural traits at the group level (Bowles, Choi, & Hopfensitz, 2003; Boyd & Richerson, 1985; Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman, 1981; Sober & Wilson, 1994) . Assuming that cooperative groups out-compete less cooperative ones in the struggle for survival, then it may be possible for group level selective pressure to outweigh the maladaptive nature of altruism at the individual level. For this to occur, either noncooperative individuals must invade cooperative groups infrequently or else the amount of intergroup conflict must be very high.

Some authors argue that human cooperation may be explained by the selection of cultural traits at the group level.


The vibration signals of bearings, especially with faults, often show mutation and nonlinearity [15] . As we know, the vibration signals that are excited by impacts of rolling element present nonstationary characteristics. Moreover, the nonstationary characteristics caused by faults in bearing are often mixed with nonlinear factors due to the complexity of the structure and operating conditions of rolling bearing, such as instantaneous variations in rolling ball movement, changing speed, and various loads. The traditional signal analysis methods based on linear system fail to extract nonlinear features in vibration signal. In order to analyze the nonlinear signals of bearings, a series of advanced techniques have been applied to extract fault features. It has been discovered that nonlinear analysis could provide a great alternative way to extract fault features out of vibration signals. Many nonlinear methods, such as chaos, fractal dimension, Lyapunov exponent, and approximate entropy, have been investigated [16] [17] [18] . The results have shown that nonlinear method is an effective way for rolling bearing fault diagnosis.

The vibration signals of bearings, especially with faults, often show mutation and nonlinearity.

Many nonlinear methods, such as chaos, fractal dimension, Lyapunov exponent, and approximate entropy, have been investigated.