To ride out the challenges above, we have been proposed the concept of an Autonomous Community Information System (ACIS) [9] . It customizes the information service (e.g. news delivery) for the specific end-users (community members) have interests in that service, in somewhere/anywhere, at specified time. ACIS is completely decentralized in the sense that each member of the community performs the same set of tasks. It allows community members to communicate directly with one another and share information without relying on any specified servers. Community members mutually cooperate to assure the high quality and well-customized information service provision and utilization for all members.

To ride out the challenges above, we have been proposed the concept of an Autonomous Community Information System (ACIS).


Indeed, the effective P for the 8-µm channel, P ~ 12%, is unusually high when compared with the estimated value from the other measurements (P ~ 7%). This explains the large spin signal for this specific L value (see Figure 3b) ; if that point was not considered in the fit, λ s * would be larger than 7 m. Such observation implies that further enhancement on the device reproducibility should be achieved by improving the tunneling contacts, perhaps using insulating barriers that have shown to be more robust than TiO x , such as SrO x , amorphous carbon interfacial layers or hexagonal boron nitride [17] , [22] - [25] .

Such observation implies that further enhancement on the device reproducibility should be achieved by improving the tunneling contacts, perhaps using insulating barriers that have shown to be more robust than TiO x , such as SrO x , amorphous carbon interfacial layers or hexagonal boron nitride.


The spin transport properties in general and the spin lifetime in particular, are determined by the influence of all the relaxation mechanisms available. Comprehensive measurements as those in Figure 3 and Figure 5 open alternative routes to determine dominant spin relaxation mechanisms. For example, it has been demonstrated that spin absorption by the contacting electrodes could play an important role in the spin relaxation process when the contacts are transparent [18] . However, it is difficult to assess the contact influence on the spin relaxation in experiments due to strong deviceto-device variations. Therefore, it is usually estimated by theoretical modeling [17] , [19] - [21] .

For example, it has been demonstrated that spin absorption by the contacting electrodes could play an important role in the spin relaxation process when the contacts are transparent.

Therefore, it is usually estimated by theoretical modeling.


Gait Recognition is a technique to identify the people by the way they walk. The science of identifying people by physical characteristics is called biometrics. Biometrics is inherently a substantial field of science and technology for many reasons, not the least of which is the heightened need for security in ubiquitous applications. In the recent past, biometrics has been exploited for avant-garde explosive device forensics and for identifying suspected insurgents and terrorists. One of the most indispensable forms of biometrics is the recognition of gait and footprints of people. Unimodal and multimodal biometrics are the key modes of building a biometric system design. The design of biometric system is accountable to issues such as accuracy and speed, the acceptability of a person to use the system and strength of the system in preventing fraudulent approaches. Moreover, the system must have a relatively reasonable scale of universality and novelty. It is now apparent that a lone biometric is not sufficient to meet the requirements imposed by most of the large scale authentication systems. Multibiometric systems are introduced to alleviate some of the drawbacks of the unibiometric systems by combining the evidence generated by multiple biometric traits. Security and integrity is well preserved in multimodal biometrics. The problem of inaccuracy is dealt with and improved for better using multimodal biometrics [1] .

The problem of inaccuracy is dealt with and improved for better using multimodal biometrics.


The filtering process is usually carried out by the application of a convolution filter. This work applies the volume balance procedure proposed by Schumann [1] . In this approach, the governing equations, i.e., conservation of mass and momentum, are implicitly filtered according to a Schumann box filter, which is equivalent to the process of averaging these equations over the grid volumes. Like the conventional filtering approach, the application of the Schumann box filter leads to a new term in the momentum equation: the subgrid-scale stress tensor. This term accounts for the effect of the subgrid modes on the resolved part of the flow, that is, on the large eddies. However, the subgrid-scale stress tensor is not closed, since it is not solely expressed in terms of resolved quantities. Therefore, a closure model is needed before actual large-eddy simulations can be performed. This closure is achieved by modeling the subgrid-scale stress tensor according to functional, structural or mixed models [4] .

This work applies the volume balance procedure proposed by Schumann.

This closure is achieved by modeling the subgrid-scale stress tensor according to functional, structural or mixed models.


Firstly, the convection-diffusion equation is filtered according to the Schumann box filter [1] . The Gauss' divergence theorem is then applied and the surface average of the nonlinear convective term is decomposed into a computable convective term plus a residual. The latter is approximated by the subgrid-scale stress tensor according to the eddy viscosity approach.

Firstly, the convection-diffusion equation is filtered according to the Schumann box filter.


Wheat (Triticum sp.) is one of the oldest and most important plants in the World. It represents a major crop contributing to the nutrient supply of the world's population. Of the total wheat supply, an average of 53% is consumed as food in the developed countries, and close to 85% in the developing countries (PENA, 2007) . Main task in wheat breeding is enhancement features of existing varieties and creation of new genotypes which will have higher yield per unit of area. Of a great significance is growing wheat under unfavorable environmental conditions, such as poor soil quality, because it contributes selecting stable genotypes, which can be used in production. For growing plants halomorphic land is one of the major problems in crop production, because of unfavorable environment. Therefore, great attention should be paid to the creation of wheat genotypes that are resistant to soil salinity. The exploitation of genetic variation of phenotypic traits through plant breeding could significantly improve growth of cereals in salinityaffected regions, thus leading to improved crop yields (SHELDEN and ROESSNER, 2013) . Solonetz soils cover large areas around the world. In Europe only, they cover more than 20 million ha (BELIĆ et al., 2012) . There are about 80.000 ha of solonetz soil in Vojvodina -a region in the south of the Pannonian basin, in the north of the Republic of Serbia. It is characterized by unfavorable physical and chemical features, caused by high contents of clay and sodium in the B t,na horizon. Ion of sodium causes a strong alkaline reaction and peptization of colloids, which are primary causes of extremely unfavorable chemical, physical, water and air properties of solonetz soils. For those reasons, this soil type is typically used as a natural pasture. The objective of applying reclamation measures to solonetz soils is to change their cation content, which is achieved by decreasing the sodium level and increasing the calcium cation level (Ca 2+ ), which leads to the coagulation of soil colloids. Phosphogypsum application leads to the forming of sodium sulphate (Na 2 SO 4 ), which is leached from the soil profile. The application of phosphogypsum increases the content of Ca 2+ and decreases the alkaline reaction, thus improving the content and stability of structural aggregates, water and air properties, thermal and nutrient status, and the effective fertility of solonetz soils (BELIĆ et al., 2012) .

Of the total wheat supply, an average of 53% is consumed as food in the developed countries, and close to 85% in the developing countries.

The exploitation of genetic variation of phenotypic traits through plant breeding could significantly improve growth of cereals in salinityaffected regions, thus leading to improved crop yields.

In Europe only, they cover more than 20 million ha.

The application of phosphogypsum increases the content of Ca 2+ and decreases the alkaline reaction, thus improving the content and stability of structural aggregates, water and air properties, thermal and nutrient status, and the effective fertility of solonetz soils.


Photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) are a very efficient medium for supercontinuum generation [1] . The manipulation of the photonic cladding parameters allows tailoring of the dispersion properties of the fibre. For silica-based photonic crystal fibre the zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) can be shifted into the visible region and a range of pulsed sources can be efficiently used for broadband supercontinuum generation covering the entirety of the visible and near infrared spectrum.

Photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) are a very efficient medium for supercontinuum generation.


Finally, the current study observed that capsaicin consumption significantly decreased CRP levels in adults with low HDL-C, and suggested that capsaicin performed an anti-inflammatory effect in humans. This result was consistent with previous studies [6] . In general, inflammation is related to HDL-C metabolism [13] . We assumed that the beneficial effects of capsaicin supplementation on HDL-C levels and PLTP activity may be associated with its anti-inflammatory effect.

This result was consistent with previous studies.

In general, inflammation is related to HDL-C metabolism.


The SEM is a special type of higher-order FEM, with different choice of basis functions and quadrature integration. The high-order basis functions are constructed by Gauss-LobattoLegendre (GLL) polynomials, thus providing the ability to precisely simulate the spatially abrupt changes of permittivity within a narrow region. SEM has been applied to the determination of band structures of photonic crystals and proved to have spectral accuracy with the error decreasing exponentially with the order of basis functions [28] , [29] .

SEM has been applied to the determination of band structures of photonic crystals and proved to have spectral accuracy with the error decreasing exponentially with the order of basis functions.


Using the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice (JHNEBP) tools for appraising the strength of evidence for both research and nonresearch studies, a comprehensive and rigorous literature review was conducted on hypertension and effective nurse-led interventions [3, 8, 12] . Ten randomized control trials (RCTs), 2 systematic reviews of RCTs without meta-analysis, 3 systematic reviews of RCTs with meta-analysis, 1 descriptive analysis, and 1 nationally recognized expert committee were reviewed. The majority of the systematic reviews (level 1A-B) in the review revealed that nurse-led care for blood pressure control was effective. It should be noted that education alone directed to patients or health professionals was unlikely to influence control of high blood pressure but rather a multifaceted intervention approach was determined to be beneficial [12] . The literature further suggested that determining the correct nursing intervention and appropriate treatment plan to reduce blood pressure for individual patients depended on nurses' basic understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertension, history taking, risk assessment, interpretation of lab results, and the cardiac system [15] [16] [17] .

Using the Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice (JHNEBP) tools for appraising the strength of evidence for both research and nonresearch studies, a comprehensive and rigorous literature review was conducted on hypertension and effective nurse-led interventions.

It should be noted that education alone directed to patients or health professionals was unlikely to influence control of high blood pressure but rather a multifaceted intervention approach was determined to be beneficial.

The literature further suggested that determining the correct nursing intervention and appropriate treatment plan to reduce blood pressure for individual patients depended on nurses' basic understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertension, history taking, risk assessment, interpretation of lab results, and the cardiac system.


There has been much interest in the use of pharmacological agents to aid fracture union and healing time in patients with AFF, thus allowing a non-surgical management option with perhaps faster time to achieving mobility independence. TPTD is a recombinant portion of the amino-terminal 34 amino acids of human parathyroid hormone and is approved for use in the management of severe osteoporosis. Intermittent administration has pleiotropic effects which leads to an increase in osteoblast cell number and bone remodeling, resulting in a net increase in bone formation (Jilka, 2007) .

Intermittent administration has pleiotropic effects which leads to an increase in osteoblast cell number and bone remodeling, resulting in a net increase in bone formation.


Drought and ABA increased the protein content of corms, leaves and roots in comparison to control ( Figure  2 ). In this research, increase of protein content in roots by ABA was more than by drought. ABA pretreatment decreased the drying rate of protocorms and increased dehydration tolerance. ABA pretreatment also promoted dry matter accumulation such as soluble proteins in protocorms (Wang et al., 2002) .

ABA pretreatment also promoted dry matter accumulation such as soluble proteins in protocorms.


In this work, in the search for novel compounds with insecticidal activity, several pyrazole carboxylic acid derivatives were designed guided by the lead compound tebufenpyrad. As shown in Figure 1 , an oxazole or thiazole ring (moiety A) was introduced into the 1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide. The group on pyrazole ring (moiety B) was altered and the amide group was replaced with an ester group (moiety C). All target compounds 7a-n were synthesized as shown in Scheme 1 and characterized using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS) and elemental analysis. Preparation of key intermediates was similar to our previous work [18] .

Preparation of key intermediates was similar to our previous work.


This leads us to the definition of five tasks, each divided into two subtasks, resulting in 10 different questions we asked of the subjects. Table 2 outlines all five tasks and their subtasks, including the jEdit features covered, and explains which of Pacione's activities they cover. A more detailed description of the tasks can be found in Marcel Härry's master's thesis [5] . The five tasks are independent of each other; the order in which the tasks are solved does not matter. Task five is special since we use it as a "time sink task" to avoid ceiling effects [16] . Subjects who can answer the questions quickly might spend considerably more time on the last task when they notice that there is still much time available, so the addition of a timeconsuming task at the end which is not considered in the evaluation ensures that subjects have a constant time pressure for all relevant tasks. The first four tasks still cover all of Pacione's activities.

A more detailed description of the tasks can be found in Marcel Härry's master's thesis.

Task five is special since we use it as a "time sink task" to avoid ceiling effects.


In addition, the price of credit and the transparency of the credit trading market determine the compliance of regulations. The amount of traded credits and the credit changes of manufacturers were announced in California instead of the price of credit. However, many researchers have stressed that the price of credit is more important for the strategies of manufacturers than the number of credits traded. Furthermore, the lack of an effective credit trading platform has also increased the cost of trading [36] . Moreover, to balance the relationship between the minimum requirement of regulations and the value of credits, it is important to establish a dynamic regulatory mechanism [37] .

Furthermore, the lack of an effective credit trading platform has also increased the cost of trading.

Moreover, to balance the relationship between the minimum requirement of regulations and the value of credits, it is important to establish a dynamic regulatory mechanism.


The cases were categorized into three groups based on the observed pattern of Vb antibody reactivity (Table S1 ). Group 1 consists of patients whose neoplastic cells reacted to a single Vb antibody in the screening panel (defined as 20% or more positive lymphocytes), and this was observed in 21 of the 42 (50%) samples including 5 previously studied patients with a known Vb sequence by RT-PCR and corresponding anti-Vb antibody reactivity. In one previously studied patient whose cells were shown to be Vb14 positive by RT-PCR and sequence analysis, 59% of the neoplastic cells reacted with the anti-Vb5.1 antibody, IMMU157, but not with the anti-Vb14 antibody, CAS1.1.3 (Bigler et al, 1996) . This demonstrates that false positive reactions may occasionally occur with Vb-specific antibodies. The neoplastic cells of the remaining patients reacted with antibodies directed against Vb5 (9 patients), as well as Vb1 (1 patient), Vb3 (2 patients), Vb6.7 (1 patient), Vb8 (1 patient), Vb12 (3 patients), Vb13.6 (2 patients), and Vb23 (1 patient). When combined with the findings of 7 patients previously characterized with anti-Vb antibodies (Table S1 , additional group), the neoplastic cells of nine of 13 antiVb5-positive cases reacted with anti-Vb5.1 antibody (IM-MUN157), three cases reacted with an anti-Vb5.2-3 antibody (MH3-2 or 1C1), and the cells of one patient reacted with both anti-Vb5.2-3 (MH3-2) and anti-Vb5.2 (36213).

In one previously studied patient whose cells were shown to be Vb14 positive by RT-PCR and sequence analysis, 59% of the neoplastic cells reacted with the anti-Vb5.1 antibody, IMMU157, but not with the anti-Vb14 antibody, CAS1.1.3.


Support for this hypothesis comes from studies in mice that were injected with SE. Single doses result in an initial rise in the proportion of reactive Vb cells followed by a dramatic decline, mediated mostly by Fas-FasL-induced apoptosis (McCormack et al, 1993) . If administered repeatedly in low doses, almost total depletion of target cells occurred in the absence of apparent prior proliferation. Recovery gradually occurred from newly generated cells in the thymus in the absence of enterotoxin, and a proportion of the target Vb þ cells became anergic to further stimulation. Some T cells are activated by the SAg in an antigen-specific manner, and repetitive stimulation may eventually result in T cell oligoclonality (Kim et al, 2003) . In humans, repeated ligation of the TCR or SAg also results in activation-induced cell death (Weber et al, 2000) . In AD, which serves as a paradigm for the effect of the microbial SAg on skin-homing T cells, a high percentage of CLA þ CD45RO þ T cells in the peripheral blood are activated and undergoing apoptosis compared with normal controls (Yoshino et al, 2000; Akdis et al, 2003) . T cells with a T H 2 cytokine profile were more resistant to undergoing apoptosis than T H 1 cells (Akdis et al, 2003) . It is therefore conceivable that chronic exposure to one or more bacterial SAg in the skin may ultimately deplete responsive Vb þ cells analogous to what is observed in mice.

Single doses result in an initial rise in the proportion of reactive Vb cells followed by a dramatic decline, mediated mostly by Fas-FasL-induced apoptosis.

Some T cells are activated by the SAg in an antigen-specific manner, and repetitive stimulation may eventually result in T cell oligoclonality.

In humans, repeated ligation of the TCR or SAg also results in activation-induced cell death.

In AD, which serves as a paradigm for the effect of the microbial SAg on skin-homing T cells, a high percentage of CLA þ CD45RO þ T cells in the peripheral blood are activated and undergoing apoptosis compared with normal controls.

T cells with a T H 2 cytokine profile were more resistant to undergoing apoptosis than T H 1 cells.


The most extensively studied staphylococcal toxins with SAg capacity that colonize skin disorders like AD are the staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, and D (SEA-D) and toxic shock toxin 1 (TSST-1). Toxin-producing strains are isolated in 50%-65% of patients, and a single strain of S. aureus may produce several toxins. Moreover, bacterial SAg may stimulate T cells through more than one Vb segment. A compilation of enterotoxins produced by S. aureus isolated from the skin lesions of AD from nine series in the literature indicated that the frequency was highest for SEB (32%) followed by SEA (26%), SEC (17%), TSST-1 (16%), and SED (9%) (Hoeger et al, 1992; Leung et al, 1993; McFadden et al, 1993; Akiyama et al, 1996; Nomura et al, 1999; Bunikowski et al, 2000; Zollner et al, 2000; Breuer et al, 2002; Mempel et al, 2003) . In terms of the major Vb families expressed by normal peripheral T cells, TSST-1 can stimulate Vb2-bearing cells, SEC3 can weakly stimulate Vb5.1-bearing cells, SEC2 and SEC3 can stimulate Vb13.1-3-bearing cells, and SEB and SEC2 can stimulate Vb17-bearing cells (Kotzin et al, 1993; Leung et al, 1995; Davison et al, 2000; Petersson et al, 2003; Proft and Fraser, 2003) . It therefore seems unlikely that any of these common staphylococcal SAg play much of a role in a positive selection of Vb usage in CTCL. Vb5.1-bearing T cells may, however, be activated by SEE, which also stimulates Vb8 þ T cells, as well as by several members of a recently characterized toxin-producing staphylococcal family associated with the enterotoxin gene cluster (e.g., SE I, K, L, and Q) that has been identified on nearly 50% of isolates from AD (Orwin et al, 2001; Orwin et al, 2002; Mempel et al, 2003; Orwin et al, 2003) . Furthermore, some species of Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans produce SAg capable of stimulating Vb5.1-bearing T cells (Walsh et al, 1996; Proft and Fraser, 2003) . Therefore, the microflora in CTCL could potentially harbor organisms that could expand Vb5.1 þ T cells prior to neoplastic transformation, but direct evidence for this is currently lacking.

A compilation of enterotoxins produced by S. aureus isolated from the skin lesions of AD from nine series in the literature indicated that the frequency was highest for SEB (32%) followed by SEA (26%), SEC (17%), TSST-1 (16%), and SED (9%).

In terms of the major Vb families expressed by normal peripheral T cells, TSST-1 can stimulate Vb2-bearing cells, SEC3 can weakly stimulate Vb5.1-bearing cells, SEC2 and SEC3 can stimulate Vb13.1-3-bearing cells, and SEB and SEC2 can stimulate Vb17-bearing cells.

Vb5.1-bearing T cells may, however, be activated by SEE, which also stimulates Vb8 þ T cells, as well as by several members of a recently characterized toxin-producing staphylococcal family associated with the enterotoxin gene cluster (e.g., SE I, K, L, and Q) that has been identified on nearly 50% of isolates from AD.

Furthermore, some species of Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans produce SAg capable of stimulating Vb5.1-bearing T cells.


Deep learning can accomplish artificial intelligence tasks that require highly abstract features, such as speech recognition, image recognition, and natural language understanding [13, 14] . The deep layers model is an artificial neural network containing multiple hidden layers, and the multilayer nonlinear structure that makes it has strong expressive power and modeling ability for complex tasks [15] . Training deep layers model is a long-term research problem. In recent years, hierarchical and layer after layer initialization methods have brought hope for training deep layers models, and have been applied successfully in many application fields [16, 17] .

Deep learning can accomplish artificial intelligence tasks that require highly abstract features, such as speech recognition, image recognition, and natural language understanding.

The deep layers model is an artificial neural network containing multiple hidden layers, and the multilayer nonlinear structure that makes it has strong expressive power and modeling ability for complex tasks.

In recent years, hierarchical and layer after layer initialization methods have brought hope for training deep layers models, and have been applied successfully in many application fields.


Modern power system is one of the important fields in the application of big data technology [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . The ultimate goal of smart grid is to build a panoramic real-time system covering the whole production process of the power system, including power generation, transmission, transformation, distribution, consumption and dispatching. Moreover, supporting the safe, self-healing, green, strong and reliable operation of smart grid requires realtime data acquisition, transmission and storage, and the rapid analysis for massive multi-source data [11, 12] .

Modern power system is one of the important fields in the application of big data technology.

Moreover, supporting the safe, self-healing, green, strong and reliable operation of smart grid requires realtime data acquisition, transmission and storage, and the rapid analysis for massive multi-source data.


The phylogenetic analysis of the RT domain provides the evolutionary relationships among gypsy group retrotransposons to be inferred (Malik et al., 2000; Eickbush and Malik, 2002) . Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that the closet relatives of G45 and G84 are found in other gypsy group RT of plants (A. comosus and H. vulgare) than to each other. These evolutionary relationships suggest either an ancient origin of plant retrotransposons (vertical transmission), or horizontal transmission, in which these retrotransposons have jumped the species-gap (Eickbush and Malik, 2002) . The observation that branch lengths separating plant retrotransposons are usually similar, indicating a similar evolutionary distance, disagrees with the horizontal transmission hypothesis, and supports the existence of a diverse group of retrotransposon families in the progenitor of plants. This suggestion is supported by the fact that gypsy group retrotransposons are detected in all Gossypium species examined .

The phylogenetic analysis of the RT domain provides the evolutionary relationships among gypsy group retrotransposons to be inferred.

These evolutionary relationships suggest either an ancient origin of plant retrotransposons (vertical transmission), or horizontal transmission, in which these retrotransposons have jumped the species-gap.


Over voltage in distribution networks is associated with a number of problems in power systems. It increases the stress on insulation of the electrical appliances connected to the grid by consumers. This can significantly reduce the life of a product. In worst case scenarios, insulation failure can occur resulting in faults. A number of electrical appliances have built-in over voltage protection that shuts down the appliance in case of a severe over voltage [11, 12] . Over voltage can potentially trigger protection relays resulting in unintentional islanding of a feeder from the main grid [13] .

A number of electrical appliances have built-in over voltage protection that shuts down the appliance in case of a severe over voltage.

Over voltage can potentially trigger protection relays resulting in unintentional islanding of a feeder from the main grid.


Distributed generation at medium and LVNs reduces the voltage regulation capability of such a scheme [7] . At times when there is high generation from PVs and low load consumption, power is injected into the grid and line impedance causes the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) to rise [8] . This may lead to violation of voltage bands prescribed by standards such as EN 50160 in Europe and ANSI C84.1 in the US [9, 10] . Distribution system operators (DSO) therefore require additional control over voltage regulation.

Distributed generation at medium and LVNs reduces the voltage regulation capability of such a scheme.

At times when there is high generation from PVs and low load consumption, power is injected into the grid and line impedance causes the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) to rise.

This may lead to violation of voltage bands prescribed by standards such as EN 50160 in Europe and ANSI C84.1 in the US.


Crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) systems currently dominate the PV market. Even though crystalline silicon PVs have high efficiency compared to other technologies, high production costs have motivated researchers to find a more cost effective alternative. One such solution is the thin film technology, which requires lesser material to produce and is cheaper as a result. They currently however have much lower efficiencies when compared with crystalline silicon technologies [1] . Advances in technology, ever increasing demand for green energy and favorable government policies have resulted in rapid increase of PV systems in a number of energy markets around the world [2] . A considerable percentage of the PV systems have been installed in low voltage network (LVN). High PV penetration results in a number of engineering challenges like harmonic distortion, light flicker due to voltage fluctuation, reverse power flow, and over voltage [3] [4] [5] . These challenges are a major limiting factor in increasing PV penetration in distribution networks.

They currently however have much lower efficiencies when compared with crystalline silicon technologies.

Advances in technology, ever increasing demand for green energy and favorable government policies have resulted in rapid increase of PV systems in a number of energy markets around the world.

High PV penetration results in a number of engineering challenges like harmonic distortion, light flicker due to voltage fluctuation, reverse power flow, and over voltage.


The accumulation of ice on the turbine engines inlet causes diameter reduction of the engine air inlet, aggravating the airflow conditions, which results in the deterioration of engine performance. The basic problem is the reduction of engine thrust value. String is a basic parameter characterizing a jet engine. By adopting a onedimensional thermodynamic thermoform model, the engine sequence can be defined as the difference in the flow rate of the medium at the inlet and outlet of the jet engine. The icing of turbine engine air inlet leads to reduction in the air mass flow rate, by narrowing the inlet flow channel and thereby reducing the value of the thrust generated. A single-turbine engine sequence is represented by the dependence (1) . The icing of inlet systems is a particular problem for the operation of engines without de-icing systems. Undoubtedly, aircrafts equipped with turbine engines without anti-icing installations include unmanned aerial vehicles. An unmanned aircraft equipped with a turbine engine, which for structural reasons is devoid of antiicing installations, is exposed to icing of the intake system. Therefore, the problem of safe use of turbinepowered unmanned aerial vehicles in autumn-winter and winter-spring periods is emerging. Unmanned aerial vehicles, depending on their purpose, fly at low altitude during most of their operating hours, where during this period the air is characterized by high humidity and low temperatures. Therefore, in order to evaluate changes in micro engine turbine parameters, a stationary test was performed on selected turbine microengine under conditions conducive to freezing of the inlet.

A single-turbine engine sequence is represented by the dependence.


The problem of data privacy is today a pressing concern for many organizations and individuals. The release of data may have some important advantages in terms of improved services and business, and also for the society at large, such as in the case of homeland security. However, unauthorized data disclosures can lead to violations to the privacy of individuals, can result in financial and business damages, as in the case of data pertaining to enterprises; or can result in threats to national security, as in the case of sensitive GIS data [6] . Preserving the privacy of such data is a complex task driven by various goals and requirements. Two important privacy goals are: (i) preventing identity disclosure, and (ii) preventing sensitive information disclosure. Identity disclosure occurs when the released information makes it possible to identify entities either directly (e.g., by publishing identifiers like SSNs) or indirectly (e.g., by linkage with other sources). Sensitive information typically includes information that must be protected by law, for example medical data, or is required by the subjects described by the data. In the latter case, data sensitivity is a subjective measure and may differ across entities.

However, unauthorized data disclosures can lead to violations to the privacy of individuals, can result in financial and business damages, as in the case of data pertaining to enterprises; or can result in threats to national security, as in the case of sensitive GIS data.


The common denominator of the different research projects is the wish to capture the users' active mental models and understanding of the work domain with the aim to integrate this knowledge into the systems' interfaces and searching tools. It is a well known problem for users of IR systems to enter the systems, capture the vocabulary of the systems, and find the right access and search words. The intention has been to make the IR systems more intuitively understandable and user-friendly by integrating the colloquial vocabulary of the users and by relating the terms according to the users' specific use of language. The objective is to adapt to the users' search behaviour [4] .

The objective is to adapt to the users' search behaviour.


The research concerning noise and luminosity provided values shown in Figure 6 . The highest value of luminosity and noise were registered in point no. 2, located on Konstytucji Square. The lowest level of sound was registered in point no. 9, located near the Złote Tarasy shopping centre. The lowest value of light was measured in point no. 10, located at the Warsaw Central Railway Station (Table 1 ). The juxtaposition of the results shows that the point located at the Warsaw Central Railway Station provides the lowest comfort for users as far as light and sound conditions are concerned ( Figure 5 ). The results of human body response were similar for all three examination participants [44] . The graphs illustrating the data present analogous profiles. Regardless of individual health conditions, the assumption can be made that similar factors provoke similar reactions, e.g., all participants were more stressed in loud and crowded streets and more relaxed near the green areas (Figures 7, 8 ). There are also many external factors which have impact on the results, such as the individual characteristics of pulse/blood pressure, walking speed, gender, age, physique, diet, etc. Therefore, to acquire values that are more reliable, there is a need to perform measurements on a larger sample.

The results of human body response were similar for all three examination participants.


Participants indicated that the system based barriers are endemic to the complex US healthcare system. We concluded that a significant aspect of the lack of trust in the healthcare system was a result of the challenges Somali women experience in communicating with the healthcare providers despite the presence of interpreters. The interpreter is critical to navigating the health care system. In this close knit community, the women are not sure if their information is safe with the interpreters, thus they tend to avoid the seeking healthcare services all together unless they are ill. The language barriers reported by our participants are consistent with those reported in another study where women's experiences interacting with the healthcare system were unpleasant and thus created a negative perception about the Western healthcare system for these women [28] .

The language barriers reported by our participants are consistent with those reported in another study where women's experiences interacting with the healthcare system were unpleasant and thus created a negative perception about the Western healthcare system for these women.


From the aspect of traffic management, the taxis' GPS data displayed a significant value for traffic operation performance assessment, particularly for traffic congestion identification. There are two types of traffic congestion in urban road networks: recurrent congestion and non-recurrent congestion. Non-recurrent congestion occurs owing to random events, such as traffic crashes, roadside breakdowns, or other incidents. However, recurrent congestion regularly takes place at fixed locations once traffic demand is higher than capacity [13] . If the recurrent congestions' locations, times, and intensities can be identified, the urban transportation managers can take proper countermeasures according to the congestion occurring patterns. Drivers can also benefit from the knowledge to avoid the frequently delayed routes or regions in order to reduce travel delay.

However, recurrent congestion regularly takes place at fixed locations once traffic demand is higher than capacity.


Information constraints and, in particular, restricted access to the state information are factors of indubitable importance [9, 10] . When the information available for feedback purposes consists in a reduced number of linear combinations of the states, static output-feedback control strategies constitute an excellent option to facilitate a simple implementation in practice [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . The design of this kind of controllers, however, leads to challenging theoretical problems and serious computational difficulties [11, 16] . To provide a practical solution to these problems, a variety of multi-step numerical algorithms have been proposed, which allow finding suboptimal solutions with a reasonable computational cost [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . These heuristic approaches typically involve a number of free parameters and, for a practical application of the method, a suitable set of parameter values has to be determined. In most cases, however, there is no satisfactory solution for this important issue, which can critically compromise the effectiveness of the method.

Information constraints and, in particular, restricted access to the state information are factors of indubitable importance.

When the information available for feedback purposes consists in a reduced number of linear combinations of the states, static output-feedback control strategies constitute an excellent option to facilitate a simple implementation in practice.

The design of this kind of controllers, however, leads to challenging theoretical problems and serious computational difficulties.

To provide a practical solution to these problems, a variety of multi-step numerical algorithms have been proposed, which allow finding suboptimal solutions with a reasonable computational cost.


Tooth tissue wear due to abrasion, attrition, abfraction, and erosion has become a concern, as the population ages [1] . Loss of enamel, dental cementum, or surrounding soft tissue will lead to exposed dentin. Exposed dentin is subjected to physical and chemical challenges, and it frequently produces caries and hypersensitivity [2] .

Tooth tissue wear due to abrasion, attrition, abfraction, and erosion has become a concern, as the population ages.

Exposed dentin is subjected to physical and chemical challenges, and it frequently produces caries and hypersensitivity.


The 2-D tests of T00 serve to underscore the importance of using multidimensional problems in evaluating different algorithms, since it was mainly in this context that differences between them became apparent. This is to be expected, since errors due to non-solenoidal fields will generally only show up for problems in two or more dimensions. Many shock-capturing MHD schemes use an operator-split (or dimensionally split) formalism to treat multidimensional ideal MHD. This means that, for each spatial dimension of the scheme, the one dimensional MHD equations are applied once. Unsplit schemes, which instead use the full multidimensional version of the equations, have been implemented and shown to give results equivalent to those of split methods for hydrodynamical problems [10] . Unsplit shock-capturing schemes for multidimensional ideal MHD are relatively new, however. One of our main goals is to assess the efficacy of different approaches for enforcing the divergence-free constraint in one such unsplit scheme.

Unsplit schemes, which instead use the full multidimensional version of the equations, have been implemented and shown to give results equivalent to those of split methods for hydrodynamical problems.


A reforming unit usually consists of three to four adiabatic gas-phase reactors in series. The catalyst distribution over these reactors is generally optimized, resulting in reactors of different sizes (Martino, 1998) . Since the main reforming reactions are endothermic, the temperature of the process gas decreases continuously as it passes through the catalyst bed. The effluent from a reactor is therefore reheated to the desired reaction temperature in an inter-reactor furnace before admitting to the next reactor. The liquid effluent after the last reactor is stabilized and the resulting reformate contains 60 to 70 wt% aromatics, leading to Research Octane Number ranging from 95 to 105. The remaining fraction mainly consists of paraffins, since nearly all naphthenes are converted. The olefinic fraction generally remains below 1 wt%, due to the high partial pressures of hydrogen.

The catalyst distribution over these reactors is generally optimized, resulting in reactors of different sizes.


Currently, biodiesel is considered a real alternative to diesel fuel due to the following advantages: (a) it can reduce dependence on crude oil imports and enhance energy security; (b) it has a favorable cargo. In 2014, the national diesel base vehicle inventory of the auto-transport sector was made up of 900,000 units, and it is expected to grow in the future [19] . It is the market niche for the B5.8 and B10 biodiesel blends encouraged by the new Law Reform Initiative [13] . Nevertheless, it is necessary to evaluate the properties of these blends to determine if they comply with the quality specs.

In 2014, the national diesel base vehicle inventory of the auto-transport sector was made up of 900,000 units, and it is expected to grow in the future.

It is the market niche for the B5.8 and B10 biodiesel blends encouraged by the new Law Reform Initiative.


Currently, climate change, the high oil dependency, energy security issues, low air quality, and health concerns have caused the encouragement and promotion of the production and development of biofuels worldwide [1] . Biofuels are substitutes for fossil fuels obtained from biomass. They can be in the solid, liquid or gaseous state, e.g., biomass pellets and briquettes, biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, and biohydrogen, among others. Biofuels are classified as first, second, third or fourth generation depending on the raw materials used for their production, e.g., edible raw materials, non-edible raw materials, microalgae, and genetically modified organisms. Biodiesel is one of the most produced biofuels. It is a green and renewable fuel obtained from lipids, vegetable oils and animal fats [2, 3] . It is produced by the reaction of triglycerides with a short chain alcohol in the presence of an acid, alkali or enzymatic catalyst to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters known as biodiesel [4] .

Currently, climate change, the high oil dependency, energy security issues, low air quality, and health concerns have caused the encouragement and promotion of the production and development of biofuels worldwide.

It is a green and renewable fuel obtained from lipids, vegetable oils and animal fats.

It is produced by the reaction of triglycerides with a short chain alcohol in the presence of an acid, alkali or enzymatic catalyst to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters known as biodiesel.


Our research contributes to the literature on green supply chains by jointly investigating the impact of government subsidy schemes and cooperative contracts on green innovation efforts. In the operational management literature, government incentives and cooperation contracts are widely recognized as key measures to promote the development of green innovation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to incorporate three government subsidy schemes (subsidies for the retailer, the manufacturer, or both) and two types of cooperative contracts (revenue-sharing and cost-sharing contracts) into green innovation models using game theoretical approach. In addition, this paper considers the important practical characteristics of green innovation efforts, that is, green innovation efforts will increase production costs, thereby affecting green decision-making, which fills the research gap of green innovation literature. It also addresses two of the four research gaps (i.e., largely neglected market forces and vertically aligned sustainable strategies) identified by Tang and Zhou [29] . Considering that consumers' environmental awareness plays an important role in the investment and management of corporate sustainability, we incorporate consumers' preferences for green innovation efforts into the demand function, which addresses the first research gap of the largely neglected market forces. Through the analysis of the cooperation between upstream manufacturers and downstream retailers under two different contracts, the second research gap of vertically aligned sustainable strategies is filled.

It also addresses two of the four research gaps (i.e., largely neglected market forces and vertically aligned sustainable strategies) identified by Tang and Zhou.


Green innovation refers to technological innovations related to energy conservation, pollution prevention, waste recycling and green product design, which differs from traditional innovation [9] . Green innovation investments are characterized by high costs and high risks [10] . Therefore, the motivation for innovation in a company is not always sufficient. Governments around the world are encouraging firms to promote sustainability (e.g., Europe, the United States, Canada, and China) [11] .

Green innovation refers to technological innovations related to energy conservation, pollution prevention, waste recycling and green product design, which differs from traditional innovation.

Green innovation investments are characterized by high costs and high risks.

Governments around the world are encouraging firms to promote sustainability (e.g., Europe, the United States, Canada, and China).


Each delay testing session consisted of 144 trials. Twenty-four trials for each ofthe four sample stimuli occurred at the O-secdelay and four trials for each sample occurred at each of the other delays (I, 3, and 9 sec). This distribution ofdelays was used so that the reference memory of durations and their associations with the comparison stimuli established during O-sec delay training would remain relatively stable during testing (Spetch & Wilkie, 1983) . There was no illumination in the test chamber during the delay intervals. The correction procedure remained in effect on O-seedelay trials, but not on trials with delays of I, 3, or 9 sec. All other parameters were the same as those described previously. Each bird received IS sessions of delay testing. The level of significance used for all statistical tests was p < .05.

This distribution ofdelays was used so that the reference memory of durations and their associations with the comparison stimuli established during O-sec delay training would remain relatively stable during testing.


Delay testing with tone signals. Following 45 sessions of training, delay testing was conducted for 10 sessions. Each test session consisted of 144 trials, within which 48 trials for each signal duration occurred at the O-see delay and 8 trials for each sample occurred at each of the other delays (1,3, and 9 sec). This distribution of delays was used so that the reference memory of durations and their associations with the comparison stimuli established during O-see delay training would remain relatively stable during testing (Spetch & Wilkie, 1983) . There was no illumination in the test chamber during the delay intervals. The correction procedure remained in effect on O-see delay trials, but not on trials with delays of I, 3, or 9 sec. All other parameters were the same as those described previously.

Delay testing with tone signals.

This distribution of delays was used so that the reference memory of durations and their associations with the comparison stimuli established during O-see delay training would remain relatively stable during testing.


A supply chain consists of geographically distributed and administratively decentralized business partners. In such a decentralized supply chain, decisions of individual partners are often not coordinated with each other. Their local objectives are often inconsistent with those of the entire system objectives. As a result, the supply chain becomes less competitive (Porter 1985) . Many firms and researchers focus on coordinating pricing and inventory decisions to optimize the entire system and improve the efficiency of both the supply chain and individual firms (Weng, 1995; Chan et al., 2004) .

As a result, the supply chain becomes less competitive.

Many firms and researchers focus on coordinating pricing and inventory decisions to optimize the entire system and improve the efficiency of both the supply chain and individual firms.


The basis for a selective involvement of the VIlIth nerves remains unknown, however the reversibility of the lesion precludes a mechanism such as thrombosis of the nutrient arteries. It is possible that damage may have occurred through an allergic reaction; such a mechanism has been invoked to explain the facial paralysis that occurs not infrequently after the meningeal reaction has subsided (Merritt, 1973) . Whatever the precise mechanisms may be, sudden onset of nerve deafness, with or without signs of vestibular involvement, should alert the clinician to the possibility of meningitis even in the absence of other signs and symptoms.

It is possible that damage may have occurred through an allergic reaction; such a mechanism has been invoked to explain the facial paralysis that occurs not infrequently after the meningeal reaction has subsided.


In left-right symmetric models (LRSMs), left-and right-handed particles are treated on the same footing. This represents an improvement over the Standard Model (SM) where, instead of providing an explanation for its origin, parity violation is incorporated ad hoc into the model. Left-right models assume parity is conserved at high energies, and broken spontaneously at lower energies, providing an alternative for why nature would prefer any left-right discrimination. In addition, these models have several attractive features, such as providing an explanation for matter-antimatter symmetry, and a natural framework for neutrino masses [1] [2] [3] . It is reasonable to ask whether these models can accommodate and explain dark matter (DM), another ingredient missing in the SM.

In addition, these models have several attractive features, such as providing an explanation for matter-antimatter symmetry, and a natural framework for neutrino masses.


Furthermore, a well-trained work force will become more productive and provide higher quality services [15] [16] . It is vital for the suppliers to provide training for their staff particularly their sales representatives in order to improve their services or products. The sales representatives are the ones who have a direct relationship with the retailers therefore they must be equipped with the necessary competencies in order to provide satisfactory service and create confidence among retailers. Training should focus more on customer service skills, the frequency of visits and the attitude towards doing business with the retailers.

Furthermore, a well-trained work force will become more productive and provide higher quality services.


Relationship between chewed trees and bark mineral concentrations in E. mannifera.-All subset selections from a logistic regression of the trait "chewed or unchewed" resulted in Na as the only covariate in the final model, using the AIC as the criterion. The final model had AIC at least 2.0 lower than all other models. The Na covariate was statistically significant (P < 0.001) according to both a likelihood ratio and a permutation test; however, the covariate was so powerful that the coefficient estimate was essentially infinite. This can happen in conditional logistic regression, when the distributions of the covariates for the cases (chewed trees) and for the controls (unchewed trees) do not overlap (Heinze and Puhr 2010) . The Na concentration for every chewed tree was higher than the corresponding unchewed tree (Fig. 3) , with a median ratio for Na for chewed/unchewed trees of 5.2. Effectively, Na is statistically significant but so influential that a finite estimate of its coefficient cannot be calculated.

This can happen in conditional logistic regression, when the distributions of the covariates for the cases (chewed trees) and for the controls (unchewed trees) do not overlap.


Notably, lowland populations of E. viminalis can tolerate foliar concentrations of sodium at higher levels than we observed in E. mannifera bark. We only measured foliar concentrations of sodium across a range of elevations in E. viminalis, so it is not yet clear whether these foliar sodium concentrations are also found in other eucalypt species at lower elevations. However, we would expect a similar relationship between elevation and foliar sodium concentrations for other species of eucalypts given that this is the pattern observed in other plant taxa as well (Blair-West et al. 1968) .

However, we would expect a similar relationship between elevation and foliar sodium concentrations for other species of eucalypts given that this is the pattern observed in other plant taxa as well.


Nowadays, efforts are put by many researchers to substitute synthetic fibres with natural ones that are compatible with new regulations on the environment and depletion of petroleum resources. Natural fibres exemplify environmentally friendly alternatives for use in the reinforcement of polymers [1] [2] [3] [4] . They have many advantages over the synthetics such as abundantly available renewable resources (non-toxic), biodegradable, low cost, flexibility in usage, high specific strength, and low density. Polymeric composites based on natural fibres are becoming widely used in the production of several products such as construction materials, furniture, and automotive parts.

Natural fibres exemplify environmentally friendly alternatives for use in the reinforcement of polymers.


In previous works by the present authors, the effect of untreated oil palm fibres on the abrasive and dry adhesive wear behaviour of polyester composites was studied [3, 4] . In the dry adhesive work, the poor adhesive characteristics of the fibres to the polyester matrix led to debonding of the oil palm fibres during the sliding, especially under severe conditions. In spite of that, the untreated oil palm fibres showed good support to the wear performance of polyester in low ranges of load and speed by forming a back-film transfer to the composite surface. However, the friction coefficient measured was high (about 0.7), i.e. the interface temperature was high. This softened the polyester regions and led to pullout of the fibres from the bulk to the surface.

In previous works by the present authors, the effect of untreated oil palm fibres on the abrasive and dry adhesive wear behaviour of polyester composites was studied.


The previous emphasis upon coordinates is fully justified by the need to retrieve, analyse and display graphically the wealth of map-based and primary-surveyed data that are referenced to geographical and map grid coordinates. However, as more information becomes available both to environmental and social scientists and to non-specialists, the need arises to provide more intelligent information retrieval facilities that can recognise natural language concepts of space and time (Agosti et al. 1993) . It is also the case that much geographically-referenced information is identified by place names and other non-spatial classification terms that are not directly accessible by coordinate-based indexing methods. Examples of such data arise in modern and historical textual documents, including records of cultural and naturalenvironmental events and descriptions of material kept in museums, research institutes and other archival repositories.

However, as more information becomes available both to environmental and social scientists and to non-specialists, the need arises to provide more intelligent information retrieval facilities that can recognise natural language concepts of space and time.


One natural question that arises is whether the cooling universe can settle in the metastable vacuum. Studying the original construction of metastable vacua in N = 1 theories, it was shown that indeed it appears that at high temperatures entropy dominates energy, making the metastable vacuum globally favorable [25, 26, 27] . As the universe cools down, the sypersymmetric vacuum becomes globally favorable but tunneling to it is improbable since the decay rate towards it is already too small.

Studying the original construction of metastable vacua in N = 1 theories, it was shown that indeed it appears that at high temperatures entropy dominates energy, making the metastable vacuum globally favorable.


Let f be a real analytic function defined over an open domain Ω of R n , endowed with the induced Euclidean structure. Let Γ be a maximal non-stationary trajectory of ∇f , the gradient vector field of f . Let x 0 ∈ Ω be a limit point of Γ . Then if x is any point of Γ , Łojasiewicz proved the length of Γ between x and x 0 was finite [10] .

Let x 0 ∈ Ω be a limit point of Γ .

Then if x is any point of Γ , Łojasiewicz proved the length of Γ between x and x 0 was finite.


Finally, we present a new and efficient pulse-disintegration structure (see Fig. 4(a) ) that exploits the interface properties described in the earlier experiments. The pulse confinement in the softer region of the chain is related to the self assembly of gaps at the interfaces combined with the reflection of the pulse from the interfaces of the soft and rigid regions. These gaps allow the two softer regions of the chain to keep the energy trapped longer, therefore enhancing the protection of the wall. The gaps delay the wave reflection and propagation, and enhance the backward reflections from the heavy/light interfaces [11] .

The gaps delay the wave reflection and propagation, and enhance the backward reflections from the heavy/light interfaces.


The efficiency of soliton-like pulse trapping is presented in Fig. 4 (b) and (c) in the composite system with and without the addition of pre-compressive forces accordingly [11] . Under shock-type loading a drastic modification of the signal ramp time at the wall was obtained (see Fig. 4 (d) and (e) for gravitationally and magnetically and gravitationally prestressed systems correspondingly). The introduction of a magnetically induced precompression divided the signal reaching the wall into a series of subdivided pulses reducing the total force impulse even further. If properly configured, these grouped composite media can be building blocks for powerful energy absorbers against impacts, and can be useful as efficient protectors for technological and security applications.

The efficiency of soliton-like pulse trapping is presented in Fig. 4 (b) and (c) in the composite system with and without the addition of pre-compressive forces accordingly.


The granite has weathered below a pre-Pliocene latcritic surface, which was later uplifted. A small valley was cut into this surface and was subsequently filled with debris-flow sediments and tin-bearing gravels (Robertson, 1990) . The whole was later capped by the Pliocene-Pleistocene Nulla Basalt. Additional speeimens of intimately mixed muscovite and kaolinite were collected from the middle benches of the Ardlethan Tin Mine of New South Wales in a zone of unusually deep weathering (40 m).

A small valley was cut into this surface and was subsequently filled with debris-flow sediments and tin-bearing gravels.


The goal of this paper is to show that, for the above examples and many others, the ring isomorphism κ is part of an interesting structure in equivariant cohomology. We will use H * to denote singular cohomology, taken with Z 2 coefficients. For a group C , we will let H * C denote C -equivariant cohomology with Z 2 coefficients, using the Borel construction [5] . Let τ be a (continuous) involution on a topological space X . We view this as an action of the cyclic group of order two, C = {I, τ }. Let ρ : H 2 * C (X) → H 2 * (X) and r : H * C (X) → H * C (X τ ) be the restriction homomorphisms in cohomology. We use that H * C (X τ ) = H * (X τ × BC) is naturally isomorphic to the polynomial ring H * (X τ ) [u] where u is of degree one. Suppose that H odd (X) = 0. A cohomology frame or H * -frame for (X, τ ) is a pair (κ, σ), where (a) κ : H 2 * (X) → H * (X τ ) is an additive isomorphism dividing the degrees in half; and (b) σ : H 2 * (X) → H 2 * C (X) is an additive section of ρ. In addition, κ and σ must satisfy the conjugation equation for all a ∈ H 2m (X) and all m ∈ N, where ℓt m denotes some polynomial in the variable u of degree less than m.

For a group C , we will let H * C denote C -equivariant cohomology with Z 2 coefficients, using the Borel construction.

Suppose that H odd (X) = 0.


Blends of polyamide 6 (PA6) and polypropylene (PP) have received much attention over recent years, since they combine thermomechanical characteristics of the former with the ease of processing of the latter. Unfortunately, these polymers are incompatible because of their different polarity and crystalline morphologies [1] . Therefore, compatibilizing agent has to be used to reduce the interfacial tension and to improve the adhesion between two constituents. Maleated PP (PP-g-MA) has well been documented as one of the most effectively compatibilizing agents for PA6/PP blends [2, 3] .

Unfortunately, these polymers are incompatible because of their different polarity and crystalline morphologies.

Maleated PP (PP-g-MA) has well been documented as one of the most effectively compatibilizing agents for PA6/PP blends.


The term 'low temperature co-fired ceramic' means that the ceramic dielectric structure and conductive, resistive, and other dielectric materials are fired in same time at a relative low temperature (less than 900 ℃). This indicates that the materials will fit much more rigorous processing requirements in addition to their physical properties. The development of LTCC technology is still in the early stages. One of the bottlenecks is the ceramic dielectric materials. Over two decades, researchers paid much attention on the development and improvement of the materials, hundreds of material systems were reported [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . However, only a few systems were commercialized and well-used in device products, because it is difficult to balance the processing properties, especially the low sintering temperature, and the physical properties, such as the low dielectric loss, of the materials, for the lack of well-established and efficient design rule for the seeking of the materials.

Over two decades, researchers paid much attention on the development and improvement of the materials, hundreds of material systems were reported.


Rapid development of information technology industry requires high integration of circuits and high density of package. With the help of semiconductor science and technology, the integration of active components doubled every 18 months, according to Moore's Law. However, for the passive components, their integration is still a challenge. As a new technology for fabrication of monolithic ceramic devices and modules with three dimensional integration structures, low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) supply a possibility to for passive integration and packaging-on-system (SOP), so it has resulted in an intensive research and become one of the fastest growing segments in the electronics industry [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .

As a new technology for fabrication of monolithic ceramic devices and modules with three dimensional integration structures, low temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC) supply a possibility to for passive integration and packaging-on-system (SOP), so it has resulted in an intensive research and become one of the fastest growing segments in the electronics industry.


A crucial factor affecting the performance and reliability of CoCr alloy for artificial joints is the quality of the resulting surface by machining. It is a well documented fact that most failures of prosthetic joints originate from surface imperfections [1] . Therefore it is of paramount importance that the surface finish should be of the highest quality with minimal defects so that the longevity of prosthetic joints can be improved to levels of 20 years plus.

It is a well documented fact that most failures of prosthetic joints originate from surface imperfections.


When using bonnet polishing to finish the surfaces of artificial joints made of CoCr alloy, several key polishing parameters, such as precess angle, head speed, tool offset, head pressure, point spacing, track spacing and surface feed, need to be considered. Full analysis of all factors using classical approaches would be time consuming. In order to reduce experimental time a design of experiments (DOE) using Taguchi approach as utilized [5] . Compared to factorial and fractional factorial design of experiments, Taguchi method simplified and standardised the procedure of the experiments reducing the number of tests when the number of factors is large.

In order to reduce experimental time a design of experiments (DOE) using Taguchi approach as utilized.


In Section 4, the single-frequency surface pressure in Section 3 is extended by spectral representation to serve as an analytic broadband source model for incident turbulence noise. This stochastically modeled surface pressure is used in Formulation 1B to predict broadband noise caused by the interaction of a NACA 0012 airfoil and homogeneous turbulence. The resulting calculations are compared with experimental data previously reported by Paterson and Amiet [8] . In Section 5, an alternative acoustic formulation is described for statistical analysis of broadband noise.

The resulting calculations are compared with experimental data previously reported by Paterson and Amiet.


It is the first proof which we extend into a proof of the several-variables case. We could have given directly the most general statements and proofs. We preferred to start explaining in a detailed way the classical case, because it served us as a model for building the general proof, and because we feel that in this way the paper is easier to read. Its title is inspired by the title of Griffiths' paper [19] .

Its title is inspired by the title of Griffiths' paper.


Recovery of radioisotopes from nuclear waste is a subject of growing interest in recent years all over the world because of their potential application in various fields of industry. One of the radioisotopes most frequently released from low-level radioactive waste into the environment is strontium-90, which decays with a half-life of 28 years by electron emission (beta minus decay) into yttrium-90 (Lawson 1999) . Yttrium is considered as the most dangerous in the working environment because damp and gases containing these ions can be inhaled with air. This can cause lung embolisms especially during long-term exposure. Yttrium can also cause cancer in humans, as it enlarges the chances of lung cancer if inhaled. Finally, it can be a threat to the liver when it accumulates in the human body (Curwin and Bertke 2011) .

One of the radioisotopes most frequently released from low-level radioactive waste into the environment is strontium-90, which decays with a half-life of 28 years by electron emission (beta minus decay) into yttrium-90.

Finally, it can be a threat to the liver when it accumulates in the human body.


This study was performed in a representative community and the results may not be generalizable to other settings. The analysis was not adjusted for physician level variability because physician identifiers were not collected. Physician level information should be considered in future studies of this type. This study was limited as it was based on medical record review. It remains possible that clinical information was obtained by treating physicians but was not documented. Nevertheless, prior research has demonstrated acceptable concordance between documentation in the medical record and actual performance, as assessed by direction observation or videotapes [26, 27] . Because there are no consensus guidelines on the use of head CT in dizziness presentations, the appropriateness of use of the test could not be assessed. No randomized controlled trials have proven the benefit of a nystagmus assessment on patient outcomes, though the same could be said for most individual bedside assessment components. Ultimately, the cause and effect of template-items on care delivered can only be determined by randomized controlled trials which would be an important future step in efforts to optimize care. Future studies would also be important to assess whether unintended template effects contribute to either outcome benefits or outcome consequences.

Nevertheless, prior research has demonstrated acceptable concordance between documentation in the medical record and actual performance, as assessed by direction observation or videotapes.


At the time of publication of this report, Belarus is undertaking a nationwide survey of drug resistance, knowing the value of the information gained from the Minsk survey and taking advantage of the experience gained. It is imperative that all countries recognise the importance of drug-resistance surveillance as an integral component of TB control [26, 27] . Measures need to be taken to strengthen laboratories and recording and reporting systems, and to organise special surveys as needed, in order to establish drug-resistance surveillance systems that provide representative and accurate data for informed decision making.

It is imperative that all countries recognise the importance of drug-resistance surveillance as an integral component of TB control.


The full interview transcripts were analysed using a thematic and constant comparative method (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Charmaz, 2014) . Authors CD and LD read each transcript highlighting descriptions about learning goals and then grouping them into codes and patterns guided by the overall categories of knowledge, skills and attitudes. They also grouped assessment tasks into categories according to the type of cognitive work required from students to complete the task. The typology was developed inductively based on participants' descriptions of the type of cognitive work they were hoping students would engage in when completing the assessment tasks (see Table 2 ). All other authors similarly read and coded two transcripts each. The transcript notations were then synthesised by CD and LD to develop themes.

The full interview transcripts were analysed using a thematic and constant comparative method.


There were some examples of well-matched learning goals and assessment tasks. Many of the public health educator participants wanted to motivate students to engage independently and critically with Indigenous health issues. For example, the deconstruction assessment tasks asked students to identify possible preconceptions about Indigenous peoples and to explore the impact of western hegemony implicitly contained in media statements. These tasks demonstrated a type of 'unsettling' approach to scaffold student thinking so that they might better distinguish between their own and Indigenous perspectives and positions (Williamson & Dalal, 2007) . However, the majority of tasks had defined parameters set by the educator, leaving little room for students to independently develop and critique their understanding and developing skills in this area.

These tasks demonstrated a type of 'unsettling' approach to scaffold student thinking so that they might better distinguish between their own and Indigenous perspectives and positions.


Like decomposition techniques, the Kronecker approach, and techniques which exploit model symmetries, the function-equivalent components based simplification technique belongs to the first category. However, unlike these techniques which have been widely reported in the literature, the possibility of using functional rates to eliminate components has not really been investigated. This technique has been identified for SAN for some time [5] . However, to the best of our knowledge, there has not been any work on a systematic way to identify suitable components and automatically eliminate them. Instead the previous approach relies on the expertise/skill of the modeller. Here we can envisage the elimination being carried out transparently to the user since the identification of suitable components is based on readily checked syntactic conditions, and the algorithm of the previous section provides an automatic means of carrying out the reduction.

This technique has been identified for SAN for some time.


Hypothesis generation in induction involves searching through a vast (possibly infinite) space of concept descriptions. Practical systems constrain the search space through the use of bias [14] . Bias forces the search to prefer certain hypothesis spaces over others. One such bias that has not been given much attention is to minimize the number of features in the concept description. We propose a rule induction algorithm, RITIO, which prefers those hypothesis spaces that contain fewer attributes by removing irrelevant attributes. We show that this form of attribute-based induction can very efficiently provide syntactically simple concept descriptions with high generalizing powers, even in noisy environments.

Practical systems constrain the search space through the use of bias.


After that, detoxification of the H 2 O 2 is performed by enzymes such as CAT and different peroxidases (Gratão et al., 2005) . For detoxification of H 2 O 2 , the phenolic compounds can act as antioxidants, donating electrons to the guiacol dependent peroxidases (Sakihama et al., 2002) . Confirming these reaction sequences, greater activity of CAT, APX, and POX were mainly observed beginning at 24 h of soaking seeds (Figures 3 and 4) . The enzymes CAT, POX, and APX also exhibited a similar pattern, regardless of the treatment applied, with an increase in activity especially beginning at 24 h of seed soaking. The treatment with SNP had high activity of all the enzymes analyzed, especially beginning at 48 h of seed soaking (Figures 3 and 4) . In general, the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased under pure salt stress (-0.4 and -0.5 MPa). However, it was less than under the treatments with SNP and inactive SNP (Figures 3 and 4) .

After that, detoxification of the H 2 O 2 is performed by enzymes such as CAT and different peroxidases.

For detoxification of H 2 O 2 , the phenolic compounds can act as antioxidants, donating electrons to the guiacol dependent peroxidases.


Due to increased incidence and higher survival, the number of people with a history of SM has risen in the European populations. In 2010, more than 1,000,000 European citizens were estimated to have had a previous SM diagnosis [37] . The increase in incidence and the improvement in survival will boost the number of prevalent SM patients in all the European countries.

In 2010, more than 1,000,000 European citizens were estimated to have had a previous SM diagnosis.


So far, all reported Gigabit transmission experiments over SI-POF required the use of laser diodes due to insufficient bandwidth of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, LEDs have significant advantages such as high reliability and robustness, longer lifetime, lower cost, less sensitivity to temperature variations, and relaxed eye-safety regulations. Combining such advantages with high-speed Gigabit transmission will make the use of SI-POF even more attractive. In this paper, it is shown that by use of spectrally-efficient DMT modulation, it is possible to realize 1-Gbit/s transmission over 50 m of SI-POF, even with an LED-based transmitter. Fig. 1 depicts the measurement setup of the DMT transmission system for SI-POF. DMT is a sub-class of OFDM where the output signal from the Inverse Fast-Fourier-Transform is real-valued and no in-phase and quadrature (IQ-) modulation onto an RF-carrier is required [8] . Therefore, broadband, high-frequency, analog RF-components required for IQ-modulation are omitted from DMT-transceivers, reducing system costs and complexity. As a result, only a single digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is needed to create the digitally-generated DMT waveform, which is then used to drive an LED. For the measurement, a DMT time signal consisting of 18000 random DMT symbols is pre-computed using custom software and output cyclically by an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) with 10 bits of resolution. In order to easily filter out the baseband signal from the high-frequency aliasing products produced by the DAC of the AWG, the 250-MHz DMT waveform is output with 4-times oversampling at a rate of 1 GS/s. In a practical system with a properly designed anti-aliasing filter, lower sampling speeds closer to the Nyquist frequency of 500 MS/s can be used. The transmitter used in the experiment consists of a commercial resonant-cavity type LED with a wavelength of 650 nm and an optical output power of -3 dBm, driven in its linear region with a modulation index of approximately 0.8. As can be seen from Fig. 2 , the optical back-to-back system has a -3dB bandwidth of around 50 MHz, a value which is insufficient for Gigabit transmission using conventional on-off-keying modulation. By adding a passive pre-equalizing filter consisting of a simple analog high-pass filter, the -3dB bandwidth of the optical back-to-back system is increased to about 175 MHz. This filter is inserted between the DAC and the LED. Adding 50 m of commercial SI-POF (6.5dB attenuation, 0.5 NA) reduces the bandwidth of the entire system to values similar to the back-to-back case without pre-equalizing filter (see Fig. 2 ).

DMT is a sub-class of OFDM where the output signal from the Inverse Fast-Fourier-Transform is real-valued and no in-phase and quadrature (IQ-) modulation onto an RF-carrier is required.


As a significant part at the intersection of supply chain management and trade finance, supply chain finance (SCF) has become one of the hottest topics in business administration [1] . SCF is the inter-company optimization of financing as well as the integration of financing processes with customers, suppliers, and service providers in order to increase the value of all participating companies [2] . It aims to close the gap between our knowledge on product and information flow oriented innovations and financial flow innovations along the supply chain [3] . The spectrum of SCF ranges from pre-shipment financing like raw material financing, purchase-order financing, intransit inventory financing like vendor-managed inventory finance, third party inventory finance to post-shipment financing like receivables financing, early payment discount programs and payables extension financing [4] .

As a significant part at the intersection of supply chain management and trade finance, supply chain finance (SCF) has become one of the hottest topics in business administration.

SCF is the inter-company optimization of financing as well as the integration of financing processes with customers, suppliers, and service providers in order to increase the value of all participating companies.

It aims to close the gap between our knowledge on product and information flow oriented innovations and financial flow innovations along the supply chain.

The spectrum of SCF ranges from pre-shipment financing like raw material financing, purchase-order financing, intransit inventory financing like vendor-managed inventory finance, third party inventory finance to post-shipment financing like receivables financing, early payment discount programs and payables extension financing.


Simple economics might forecast that most invention agglomerates in the same area as the primary using industry (Carlino and Kerr 2015) . For example, patents related to automotive technology are clustered in Detroit (Hannigan, Cano-Kollmann, and Mudambi 2015) . Or causality could be reversed: The location of a break-through invention can lead to industry agglomeration and localized follow-on invention (Duranton 2007; Kerr 2010) . We label this "colocation" between invention and industry.

Simple economics might forecast that most invention agglomerates in the same area as the primary using industry.

For example, patents related to automotive technology are clustered in Detroit.

Or causality could be reversed: The location of a break-through invention can lead to industry agglomeration and localized follow-on invention.


The first paper related to the existence of weak solutions for differential equations in Banach spaces relative to the weak topology was [33] . Its main result is Theorem 1.1 (Szep) . Let E be a reflexive Banach space and f be a weak-weak continuous function on P = {t 0 t t 0 + a, x − x 0 b}. Let f (t, x) M on P. Then the IVP x = f (t, x), x(t 0 ) = x 0 has at least one weak solution defined on [t 0 , t 0 + ], where = min(a, b/M).

The first paper related to the existence of weak solutions for differential equations in Banach spaces relative to the weak topology was.

Its main result is Theorem 1.1 (Szep) .


While a complete analysis of these results is beyond the scope of this paper, it can be seen that there is considerable interplay between physics, biota and the carbonate system. In particular, stratification of the column (Fig. 3) in May triggers a bloom of phytoplankton (Fig. 4) that reduces the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon in euphotic zone (0e50 m), leading to an increase in pH (Fig. 5) . In summer, this increase is mostly undone near the surface through warming and freshening of the water. At that time, however, stratification of the water column prevents these changes from penetrating to deeper water masses (>20 m); as a result, these maintain their elevated pH. Simultaneously, the degradation of detritus that has sunk to depth (>40 m) causes a gradual increase in dissolved inorganic carbon, and consequently, a drop in pH. This three-layer configuration persists until autumn, when cold-and wind-driven turbulence homogenizes the stratified water column. This erases the pH maximum at 20e40 m in October and the deep water (>40 m) minimum in December. In general, pH values are comparable to those measured in the North Sea (Blackford and Gilbert, 2007) .

In general, pH values are comparable to those measured in the North Sea.


However, under the same cell, channel resources are reused by D2D communication and cellular users simultaneously. So, while D2D communication technology brings convenience, it also results in frequency interference [10] . As the number of users increases, the interference between them also rises. The problem of network capacity optimization and power allocation also arises, which leads to an increase in the power consumption of the entire system. In heterogeneous networks, there are two resource allocation schemes: one is local resource allocation (fixed-cell user resource and adaptive resource allocation for a D2D pair) and the other is global resource allocation (the cell service user and the D2D pair are allocated resources jointly) [11] . Because D2D communications can compete and cooperate with each other to share resources, their individual or group behaviors conform to the inherent nature of game theory, which allows them to be effectively modeled and analyzed [12] .

So, while D2D communication technology brings convenience, it also results in frequency interference.

In heterogeneous networks, there are two resource allocation schemes: one is local resource allocation (fixed-cell user resource and adaptive resource allocation for a D2D pair) and the other is global resource allocation (the cell service user and the D2D pair are allocated resources jointly).

Because D2D communications can compete and cooperate with each other to share resources, their individual or group behaviors conform to the inherent nature of game theory, which allows them to be effectively modeled and analyzed.


Once an FSP specification has been generated, LTSA can generate an LTS model of each component and of the complete system. Furthermore, LTSA can minimize models with respect to observational equivalence (defined previously), which provides a more compact model and potentially clearer insight into its behavior. One problem is that the number of system states grows exponentially with respect to the number of components [9] . For the small example used in this paper, the number of states of the minimised system LTS is 43. Graphical representation of large systems does not favour rigorous analysis, even if hierarchical states such as those used in statecharts are introduced. Tools such as LTSA provide mechanisms for automated, rigorous analysis of behavior models.

One problem is that the number of system states grows exponentially with respect to the number of components.


The tertiary EFL teachers in China are usually grouped into two sections: in Section One the EFL teachers teach English to non-English major students by focusing on general English skills, namely, listening, speaking, reading, writing, and translating; those in Section Two teach English to English major students by delivering not only general English skills courses, but also specialized courses such as English linguistics, American and British literature, translation between Chinese and English, culture studies, English teaching methodology, etc. Working in colleges or universities, the EFL teachers need to complete the required tasks related to both teaching and research each year. In general, the teachers in the first section has much heavier teaching load, and the teachers in the second section has focused more on both teaching and research because most of them have a specific research focus. China has increased its college enrollment for a more than decade, during the 1996-2000 period there was a total enrollment of over 11 million, from 2001 to 2005 the number of university students were up to 16 million (CERNET, 2001) . Therefore, the workload has increasingly been heavier for the tertiary EFL teachers in China whether teaching non-English majors or English majors.

China has increased its college enrollment for a more than decade, during the 1996-2000 period there was a total enrollment of over 11 million, from 2001 to 2005 the number of university students were up to 16 million.


Okra is one of the most significant fruit vegetables grown throughout the tropics and warmer parts of the tem-perate climatic zone [1] . It is well dried in tropical zone and very appreciated in nutrition, due in part to its content in nutritive elements [2] . Okra seeds have content in oil in order of 15% -19% and its proteins are in good quality [3] . Also, okra has polysaccharide content giving a strong viscous and sticky solution appearance [4] . Moreover, it has medicinal use to fight against some cardiovascular and dental diseases and decreases gastric irritations. It is also used as diuretic agent. These properties of okra are due to its contain in oligomerics catechins, derived flavonol (respectively 2.5 mg/g and 3.4 mg/g per seeds) and polyphenol with hydroxycinnamic and quercetins (0.2 and 0.3 mg/g of its skins) [5] . Physically, okra has cylindrical shape and conical extremity, supported by a peduncle. It has a complex inside structure. The cut, from the outside to inward, shows a thick skin, then a spongy material in the center. Between both, there are alveoli, creating cavities which accommodate spherical seeds. These three materials have different structures [6] .

Okra is one of the most significant fruit vegetables grown throughout the tropics and warmer parts of the tem-perate climatic zone.

It is well dried in tropical zone and very appreciated in nutrition, due in part to its content in nutritive elements.

Okra seeds have content in oil in order of 15% -19% and its proteins are in good quality.

Also, okra has polysaccharide content giving a strong viscous and sticky solution appearance.

It is also used as diuretic agent.

These properties of okra are due to its contain in oligomerics catechins, derived flavonol (respectively 2.5 mg/g and 3.4 mg/g per seeds) and polyphenol with hydroxycinnamic and quercetins (0.2 and 0.3 mg/g of its skins).

It has a complex inside structure.

These three materials have different structures.


Tannins which are in the category of polyphenolics have been found to reduce the carcinogenic activity of a number of carcinogens. These anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic potential has been related to their antioxidative property that is known important in protecting cellular oxidative damage including lipid peroxidation (Bhattacharya, 2012) . Phenolic compounds can be found in plants consumed by humans (Selim et al., 2013) . There is still lack of evidence in proving that dietary phenols are anticarcinogens but it is believed to do so due to their antioxidative properties. Inhibition of tumorigenesis by plant polyphenols has been described in many publications. Polyphenols that are effective when given during the post-initiation period, that is by inhibiting tumor promotion and progression, are believed to be more useful in preventing cancer in humans than are polyphenols, which are effective only when given before and during the carcinogen treatment. Although extensive studies on the inhibition of carcinogenesis by dietary polyphenols had been done, the molecular mechanisms of action and their applicability to human cancer prevention are unclear. Recently, in vitro studies have been published on the modulation of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and related signal transduction pathways by polyphenols (Yang et al., 2001) . Tea polyphenols has the ability to inhibit the level of activated carcinogens, oxidative stressinduced cellular damage, carcinogen-DNA adduct formation, and possibly the initiation of carcinogenesis, the inhibition of post-initiation events. Numerous mechanisms for the action of tea polyphenols include inhibition of MAP kinases and the PI3K/AKT pathway, inhibition of NFκB-and AP-1-mediated transcription, inhibition of growth factor-mediated signalling, inhibition of aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism and other activities (Yang et al., 2009) .

These anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic potential has been related to their antioxidative property that is known important in protecting cellular oxidative damage including lipid peroxidation.

Phenolic compounds can be found in plants consumed by humans.

Recently, in vitro studies have been published on the modulation of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and related signal transduction pathways by polyphenols.

Numerous mechanisms for the action of tea polyphenols include inhibition of MAP kinases and the PI3K/AKT pathway, inhibition of NFκB-and AP-1-mediated transcription, inhibition of growth factor-mediated signalling, inhibition of aberrant arachidonic acid metabolism and other activities.


Based on the statistics released by the Ministry of Health Malaysia in 2007, cancer was the third common cause of death, accounting for 11.28% of all deaths, after heart diseases and diseases of pulmonary circulation (16.49%) and septicemia (13.38%). A total of 18,219 new cancer cases were diagnosed in the same year and registered in the National Cancer Registry. Among the cancer cases, 8,123 (44.6%) cases were diagnosed in males and 10,096 (55.4%) cases for females. The age standardized incidence rates (ASR) were 85.1/100,000 in males and 94.4/100,000 in females (Ariffin and Saleha, 2011) .

The age standardized incidence rates (ASR) were 85.1/100,000 in males and 94.4/100,000 in females.


Flavonoids which also act as antioxidants have the potential of inhibiting carcinogenesis. Apart from inhibiting angiogenesis, there are also some flavonoids stated as to be potent inhibitors of cell proliferation such as fisetin, apigenin, and luteolin (Nijveldt et al., 2001) . Flavonoids play a role in cancer prevention. Identified mechanisms of action includes carcinogen inactivation, antiproliferation, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and differentiation, inhibition of angiogenesis, antioxidation and reversal of multidrug resistance or a combination of these mechanisms. It is demonstrated that flavanoids are able to inhibit carcinogenesis in vitro and substantial evidence indicates that they can also do so in vivo. This carcinogenesis inhibition may occur by affecting the molecular events in the initiation, promotion, and progression stages. Flavonoids could inhibit tumor initiation as well as tumor progression through animal studies and investigations using different cellular models (Ren et al., 2003) .

Apart from inhibiting angiogenesis, there are also some flavonoids stated as to be potent inhibitors of cell proliferation such as fisetin, apigenin, and luteolin.

Flavonoids could inhibit tumor initiation as well as tumor progression through animal studies and investigations using different cellular models.


Saponins are in a diverse group of plant glycosides showing soap like frothing with water. High amount of saponins present in MEDL has contributed to anticarcinogenic activity exhibited by this study (Bhattacharya, 2012) . They possess surface-active characteristics that are due to the amphiphilic nature of their chemical structure and proposed mechanisms of anticarcinogenic properties of saponins include direct cytotoxicity (Rao and Sung, 1995) .

High amount of saponins present in MEDL has contributed to anticarcinogenic activity exhibited by this study.

They possess surface-active characteristics that are due to the amphiphilic nature of their chemical structure and proposed mechanisms of anticarcinogenic properties of saponins include direct cytotoxicity.


Since the operator A µ has a bounded inverse, problem (1.5) is well-posed. The projected Landweber method is an iterative method which can be used for approximating the solutions of the above-mentioned problems. Its convergence and regularization properties have been investigated by Eicke [4] . It can also be easily implemented if the projection operator over the convex and closed set C, P C , can be easily computed. A list of computable convex projections which occur frequently in many signalprocessing applications and image restoration problems is provided by Youla and Webb [5] .

Its convergence and regularization properties have been investigated by Eicke.

A list of computable convex projections which occur frequently in many signalprocessing applications and image restoration problems is provided by Youla and Webb.


It is clear from Fig. 4 that all of these organic materials are sensitive to air humidity since water is easily absorbed by their surfaces. Furthermore, Fig. 5 shows a high hydroxyl group content on the surface of these organic materials which endows them with a high hydrophilicity. What is more, their porosity provides them with a good water storage capacity, giving rise to a material with outstanding desiccant properties [25] . The FTIR spectra of the CX samples (data not shown) were characteristic of high temperature carbon materials, i.e., there being no bands detected.

What is more, their porosity provides them with a good water storage capacity, giving rise to a material with outstanding desiccant properties.


There are different instruments for measuring sea data. These instruments are able to gather the metrological and oceanography data such as speed, direction and duration time of wind, air and water temperature, air pressure and humidity, density and salinity of sea water, and historical sea water level changes. Wave buoys are commonly used instruments to this end [2] . The devices can measure important wave data, such as height and period. Various factors may cause outliers in the buoys' measured values. It is necessary to detect outliers and remove or correct them before extracting any information from collected data.

Wave buoys are commonly used instruments to this end.


For the last several years, growth in e-commerce has massively outpaced growth among traditional retailers. For example, while retail sales shrank 1.3% in the first quarter 2015 in the US, ecommerce grew 3.7% [21] . Although e-commerce only accounts for around 7.3% of the overall $22 trillion in global retail spending projected for 2015, this percentage is projected to rise to 12.4% by 2019 [27] . Furthermore, these overall figures mask the disproportionate gains of e-commerce in specific sectors, such as apparel, media, and office supplies.

For example, while retail sales shrank 1.3% in the first quarter 2015 in the US, ecommerce grew 3.7%.

Although e-commerce only accounts for around 7.3% of the overall $22 trillion in global retail spending projected for 2015, this percentage is projected to rise to 12.4% by 2019.