Global measurements of the distribution of precipitation are recognized as a particularly important problem for climatologists. Many satellite methods for rainfall measurement have been proposed (Ebert et al. 1996) . The lack of surface rainfall data is a recognized problem, especially over the oceans (Barrett et al. 1995) . To help to address this problem, a dedicated satellite, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), has been launched. As part of the TRMM program, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has an extensive ground validation program that includes the most recent advances in rainfall measurement technologies.

Many satellite methods for rainfall measurement have been proposed.

The lack of surface rainfall data is a recognized problem, especially over the oceans.


Surface rainfall data from the ATLAS ocean surface mooring deployed during SCSMEX are reported using a modified R. M. Young Company rain gauge and two acoustic rain gauges. The R. M. Young rain gauge is part of a new instrumentation package for the ATLAS ocean moorings (Milburn et al. 1996) . Data are internally recorded and transmitted to shore in real time via Service Argos. Because of vandalism, only limited data from the Argos satellite link were available from the surface instrumentation. The rainfall data included daily values of percentage of time raining and mean rainfall rate.

The R. M. Young rain gauge is part of a new instrumentation package for the ATLAS ocean moorings.


An ideal source for modelling is constituted by taxi floating car data as a large fleet can cover the whole street network and be active throughout the day. Taxis show the advantage -compared to other fleets -to be operated continuously. Consequently this paper investigates the properties of the uncertainties of link and route travel time prediction errors based on models developed for a large floating taxi data set (FCD) in Vienna [15] . In the paper we distinguish prediction errors, that is actual travel time minus predicted travel time, from model errors which additionally include measurement errors. Both errors depend on the traffic state and contain inter-driver and intra-driver variation. In the paper we discuss the relation between the various components of the two errors and their impact on the estimation in detail.

Consequently this paper investigates the properties of the uncertainties of link and route travel time prediction errors based on models developed for a large floating taxi data set (FCD) in Vienna.


Of the scholarly implications of our results, one is about the feasibility to develop new methods that ensure representativity. Those few transport studies to have developed new methods of adapting transport systems to users' wishes have contributed to developing explicit methods, for example user segmentation [10] . Our study demonstrates that the explicit methods are in all likelihood also influenced by experience-based knowledge. This qualifies the ability to ensure representativity and objectivity by using explicit methods. This in turn leads to a second scholarly implication of our results, namely how to view the relationship between implicit and explicit methods in analytical terms. The transformation of the transport planners' experience-based knowledge into explicit knowledge is a prerequisite for knowledge dissemination and organizational learning, regardless of problems of representativity. Practical methods for the formalization of individual planners' experiencebased knowledge using explicit methods are a prerequisite for knowledge dissemination. How this is done in practice, and with which consequences for representativity, is another research challenge that has to be addressed.

Those few transport studies to have developed new methods of adapting transport systems to users' wishes have contributed to developing explicit methods, for example user segmentation.


As soil moisture is an Essential Climate Variables (ECV), its estimation in agricultural regions using active radar remote sensing is a research topic since several decades [1] . Especially the availability of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors operating at longer wavelength (L-band) provide the synergy of a sufficient penetration through the agricultural vegetation cover and a distinct backscattering signal to obtain a convenient signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, SAR polarimetry allows the investigation of the physical properties of the complex agricultural scatterers by observing the changes in polarimetry, when the electromagnetic waves interact with the different agricultural scatterers. In agriculture, mainly three scattering contributions can be found at L-band: From the vegetation, from the underlying soil as well as from the combination of vegetation and underlying soil [2] . In this way, the acquired long wavelength data can be exploited with fully polarimetric decomposition techniques to separate agricultural vegetation from ground scattering components in order to extract the moisture characteristics of the underlying soil [3] . However, recent investigations on hybrid decompositions revealed that the combination of a model-based decomposition, (removal of the full-rank vegetation influence) with an eigen-based decomposition (separation of the lower-rank ground components) significantly eases the physicallybased extraction of the different ground scattering contributions (surface, dihedral) [4] .

As soil moisture is an Essential Climate Variables (ECV), its estimation in agricultural regions using active radar remote sensing is a research topic since several decades.

In agriculture, mainly three scattering contributions can be found at L-band: From the vegetation, from the underlying soil as well as from the combination of vegetation and underlying soil.

In this way, the acquired long wavelength data can be exploited with fully polarimetric decomposition techniques to separate agricultural vegetation from ground scattering components in order to extract the moisture characteristics of the underlying soil.

However, recent investigations on hybrid decompositions revealed that the combination of a model-based decomposition, (removal of the full-rank vegetation influence) with an eigen-based decomposition (separation of the lower-rank ground components) significantly eases the physicallybased extraction of the different ground scattering contributions (surface, dihedral).


Our experiments clearly demonstrated the versatility of this type of junctions. By varying the niobium sputter rate in an interval of only 10 W and selection of suitable barrier thicknesses we were able to fabricate Josephson junctions with critical current densities and characteristic voltages ranging over three orders of magnitude respectively. This enables the use of this junction type for various superconductive electronics applications. Due to the non-insulating barrier these junctions are overdamped and show a non-hysteretic current-voltage characteristic. This obsoletes external shunt resistors allowing shrinking of the circuit size. Recently junctions with Nb x Si 1-x barriers were also applied to generate sub-terahertz radiation [10] . This multitude of applications shows that the authors of the first paper on this junction type did not exaggerate when stating that this junction type has "the prospects for truly excellent characteristics" [1] .

Recently junctions with Nb x Si 1-x barriers were also applied to generate sub-terahertz radiation.

This multitude of applications shows that the authors of the first paper on this junction type did not exaggerate when stating that this junction type has "the prospects for truly excellent characteristics".


Computational and theoretical materials science are powerful tools that can help develop design guidelines in the search for materials with improved performance. In particular, theoretical models that can give quantitative predictions at finite temperatures and experimental time scales provide the key connection between properties extracted from atomistic simulations and material behavior relevant in engineering applications [1] [2] [3] [4] . Such models also provide a clear mechanistic understanding for observed macroscopic phenomena, and are able to replace phenomenology that does not have predictive capability.

In particular, theoretical models that can give quantitative predictions at finite temperatures and experimental time scales provide the key connection between properties extracted from atomistic simulations and material behavior relevant in engineering applications.


The melting point of fat has a correlation relationship with fatty acid composition (Mitsuhashi et al., 1988; Enser et al., 1993) . For this report, each sample had no significant difference in fatty acid composition, therefore in this study there might be no significant difference in the melting point of fat between the two groups. The melting points of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat of Japanese black steers fattened until 25.8 months of age that are similar to the animals used in this study are considerably low temperatures, 25.9 and 31.9°C respectively (Mitsuhashi et al., 1988) . It was assumed that juiciness was affected by the spreading of intramuscular fat which melted within the mouth by increasing the intramuscular fat in M. longissimus dorsi.

The melting point of fat has a correlation relationship with fatty acid composition.

The melting points of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat of Japanese black steers fattened until 25.8 months of age that are similar to the animals used in this study are considerably low temperatures, 25.9 and 31.9°C respectively.


Enzymatic browning is a serious problem when dealing with peaches because the oxidative enzymes, such as peroxidase and polyphenolase, may cause browning accompanied by changes in colour,¯avour and nutritive value during frozen storage and thawing of the product (Reyes & Luh, 1960) . During the thermal treatment of peaches, those enzymes are inactivated, but many other reactions can take place aecting colour. Carotenoids degradation and non-enzymatic browning (Maillard) reactions are the most common.

Enzymatic browning is a serious problem when dealing with peaches because the oxidative enzymes, such as peroxidase and polyphenolase, may cause browning accompanied by changes in colour,¯avour and nutritive value during frozen storage and thawing of the product.


In order to ®nd the kinetic model that better ®ts the obtained experimental data points, the two-step method was used as a ®rst approach (Arabshahi & Lund, 1985) . Considering each colour parameter, a regression analysis was applied, in a ®rst step, for each isothermal experiment to calculate the corresponding reaction rate constant. Figs. 1 and 2 show the ®rst order reaction model (Eq. (2)) applied to the L and b values, respectively. The fractional conversion kinetics (Eq. (3)) was used to model the thermal degradation of the a, La/b and TCD parameters (Figs. 3±5, respectively) . In the second step, the Arrhenius equation (5) was used to describe the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constant.

In order to ®nd the kinetic model that better ®ts the obtained experimental data points, the two-step method was used as a ®rst approach.


In order to make a better estimate of the kinetic parameters, a one-step non-linear regression was applied to all data (Arabshahi & Lund, 1985) . Based on the examination of the residuals, these proved to be the most adequate models, once the distribution of residuals has no visual tendency (were randomly distributed around zero). One example of these plots is showed in Fig. 6 for the La/b parameter.

In order to make a better estimate of the kinetic parameters, a one-step non-linear regression was applied to all data.


The ®rst quality impact by which the consumers take the decision to acquire a product is its visual appearance. The colour of products can be speci®ed by three co-ordinates in the colour space which can be obtained directly with a tristimulus colorimeter. The L, a and b system is the more frequently used scale to measure the colour of food products (Francis & Clydesdale, 1975) . The L-value is a measure of the lightness, the b-value indicates the change of the colour from blue to yellow, and the a-value the change from green to red (Hutchings, 1994) .

The L, a and b system is the more frequently used scale to measure the colour of food products.

The L-value is a measure of the lightness, the b-value indicates the change of the colour from blue to yellow, and the a-value the change from green to red.


I constructed 2 average preference functions across all females using either binary response number data or response effort data. The first fitted a nonparametric cubic spline to binary responses (R N ) for all individuals tested with the 6 different song models using the program glmsWIN v. 1.0 (Schluter 1988) . I used an iterative method to estimate the most appropriate smoothing parameter (lambda ¼ 10) and performed 1000 bootstrap replicates to construct a mean spline with standard errors (Schluter 1988) . For the second method, I used a quadratic regression of response effort (R E ) on song model to estimate the shape of the preference function. In all figures, time data are inverse transformed so that larger values consistently indicate stronger responses; however, all analyses were performed on raw or log 10 -transformed data. Analyses were carried out in Minitab v. 12 and SAS v. 9.1.

The first fitted a nonparametric cubic spline to binary responses (R N ) for all individuals tested with the 6 different song models using the program glmsWIN v. 1.0.

I used an iterative method to estimate the most appropriate smoothing parameter (lambda ¼ 10) and performed 1000 bootstrap replicates to construct a mean spline with standard errors.


Redesign is often caused by epistemic model uncertainty. If engineers had access to models that were capable of perfectly predicting design performance and the necessary resources to exercise them in the design process, then the initial design would definitely satisfy design constraints and redesign could largely be avoided. Assuming a known true model, reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) has mostly focused on ensuring a prescribed level of reliability given known aleatory parameter uncertainty [23] [24] [25] . Therefore, most RBDO formulations are implicitly conditional on the model of the system exactly matching the true physics of the system. Some studies have sought to specifically address the incorporation of model uncertainty into reliabilitybased design [26] [27] [28] . However, to compensate for all the lack of knowledge (i.e., epistemic model uncertainty) that is present at the initial design stage, the initial design may need to be very conservative. In reality, engineering design is an iterative process where over time designs are tested, experiments are performed, models are improved, and new knowledge is gained that reduces epistemic uncertainty. If there will be a future opportunity to reduce epistemic uncertainty and possibly change the initial design (i.e., redesign), then this may affect the selection of the initial design.

Assuming a known true model, reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) has mostly focused on ensuring a prescribed level of reliability given known aleatory parameter uncertainty.

Some studies have sought to specifically address the incorporation of model uncertainty into reliabilitybased design.


Keeping the benefits of both approaches and to avoid their failures, Struchtrup has adopted recently the combination of the above approaches [19] . This leads to the set of regularized 13-moments equations (R13) used as higher order of continuum solution, that is, O(Kn 3 ), to capture the rarefaction effects, described by the nonlinear terms. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the behaviour of a dilute gas flow inducing only the longitudinal shear stress using the classical theory of NSF, with slip and jump boundary conditions, and the regularized 13-moment equations of Grad approaches. In this study, the rarefaction effects are evaluated in the slip and early transition regimes range. We assume that the gas flow is induced with no synergetic contributions from external force fields.

Keeping the benefits of both approaches and to avoid their failures, Struchtrup has adopted recently the combination of the above approaches.


In some robotic systems, such as those that involve complex manipulation sequences, the decision maker has little input data and long periods of time to process it, because the actions take a long time to execute. Therefore, a good approach for learning such high-level tasks is model-based reinforcement learning (RL) [7] . This approach allows a model to be obtained that represents the actions that the robot can execute. The model is generated from the experiences obtained when the robot executes the actions.

Therefore, a good approach for learning such high-level tasks is model-based reinforcement learning (RL).


Based on the above given experimental observations, formation of cubic CuFe 2 O 4 is confirmed. However one could not discard the candidature of CuO to be an efficient material from applications point of view. This is because, even if CuFe 2 O 4 phase persists in CuO, the material can be utilized for the fabrication of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ-) like structures and also there may be an intrinsic magnetic behaviour due to "Fe" substitution in the "Cu" site. The magnetization measurements on CuO, with CuFe 2 O 4 as an impurity, show large variation in M max and H C as observed from the magnetization experiments which are essential criteria for an MTJ. There are a reasonable number of literature reports on MTJs composed of partly or all oxide layers. MTJs using Al 2 O 3 barrier and an Feoxide layer converted to ferromagnetic Fe 3 O 4 by annealing have been demonstrated [48] . Heterostructures MTJ device using Ti (1−x) Co x O (2−δ) DMS as the spin injection electrode has also been demonstrated [49] [55] . The coercive field of the two magnetic electrodes in an MTJ should be well separated and the magnetization reversal of these layers should be abrupt. Hence without attaining single phase one may try to use this material for multilayer switching applications considering it as a composite material of "pinned" type magnetization; the discussion in this point of view is given in this section.

MTJs using Al 2 O 3 barrier and an Feoxide layer converted to ferromagnetic Fe 3 O 4 by annealing have been demonstrated.

Heterostructures MTJ device using Ti (1−x) Co x O (2−δ) DMS as the spin injection electrode has also been demonstrated.


In this paper, we prepare a false vacuum bubble inside of an almost flat background. According to the thin shell approximation, as one tunes the initial parameters, basically two behaviors are expected: namely the collapse or expansion of a shell [7] . We could reproduce the collapsing solution easily. However, one interesting issue is whether the expansion of a false vacuum bubble is possible or not. According to the thin shell approximation with the null energy condition, this seemed to be impossible unless assuming tunneling from a buildable state to an unbuildable state [14] [10] .

According to the thin shell approximation, as one tunes the initial parameters, basically two behaviors are expected: namely the collapse or expansion of a shell.

According to the thin shell approximation with the null energy condition, this seemed to be impossible unless assuming tunneling from a buildable state to an unbuildable state.


Once a complex potential structure is allowed, it is inevitable to include some kind of quantum tunneling from one vacuum to other vacuum. Some authors have studied these phenomena [4] [5] . For simplicity, we assume that the background is a positive false vacuum with a small cosmological constant or an almost flat background. This de Sitter space violates the energy conservation; thus any kinds of tunneling can be allowed in principle, i.e. tunneling from low to high vacuum is possible and of course, vice versa [5] .

Some authors have studied these phenomena.

This de Sitter space violates the energy conservation; thus any kinds of tunneling can be allowed in principle, i.e. tunneling from low to high vacuum is possible and of course, vice versa.


There, entrepreneurs can finance their projects with equity and debt. Because of asymmetric information about productivity (an idiosyncratic stochastic variable) and the involved agency problem, they contract with lenders in form of an optimal debt contract. According to this contract, costs of debt will be the higher the lower an entrepreneur's net worth. Because net worth behaves pro-cyclically, agency costs propagate the impact of shocks on the economy and may generate a realistic pattern of business cycle dynamics. The mechanism has therefore been characterized as financial accelerator (Bernanke and Gertler, 1996) .

The mechanism has therefore been characterized as financial accelerator.


It has been reported that anticancer drug combinations simultaneously delivered to tumor cells can afford synergistic therapeutic effects, thus overcoming tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance issues. The combination of irinotecan and a fluoropyrimidine derivative in a synergistic 1:1 molar ratio inside a liposome has been demonstrated to provide greatly enhanced antitumor therapeutic efficacy [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] . In this study, a highly symmetric Janus camptothecinfloxuridine (CF) conjugate linked with two hydrophobic camptothecin (CPT) molecules and two hydrophilic floxuridine (FUDR) molecules and with multivalent pentaerythritol through hydrolyzable ester bonds was synthesized using a protection-deprotection strategy [33] [34] [35] . Its amphiphilic structure facilitates the self-assembly of CF MBs, enabling highly stable codelivery of drug combinations from conjugates with remarkably high drug-loading content (DLC), a fixed CPT/FUDR molar ratio of 1:1 and no premature release (Scheme 1).

The combination of irinotecan and a fluoropyrimidine derivative in a synergistic 1:1 molar ratio inside a liposome has been demonstrated to provide greatly enhanced antitumor therapeutic efficacy.

In this study, a highly symmetric Janus camptothecinfloxuridine (CF) conjugate linked with two hydrophobic camptothecin (CPT) molecules and two hydrophilic floxuridine (FUDR) molecules and with multivalent pentaerythritol through hydrolyzable ester bonds was synthesized using a protection-deprotection strategy.


The solar collector is a kind of duct heat exchanger that transfers heat energy from incident solar radiation to the fluid passing through it. It absorbs solar radiation through glazing, converting it to heat energy and transferring it to a working fluid [20] . The collector comprises of absorber plate in a flat rectangular housing, glass cover on the upper surface and the insulation on other sides to limit the thermal losses. The solar energy absorbed by the plate is transferred to the fluid flowing within the collector channel [21] . To have effective thermal efficiencies of a flat plate solar collector, heat has to be efficiently transferred from the absorber plate to the flowing air. Heat transfer coefficient inside the solar collector is an important parameter that affects the efficiency of the collector [22] . Researchers have recommended various modifications to enhance heat transfer rate in solar collector by incorporating different modifications between absorber plate and glass plate [23] .

It absorbs solar radiation through glazing, converting it to heat energy and transferring it to a working fluid.

The solar energy absorbed by the plate is transferred to the fluid flowing within the collector channel.

Heat transfer coefficient inside the solar collector is an important parameter that affects the efficiency of the collector.

Researchers have recommended various modifications to enhance heat transfer rate in solar collector by incorporating different modifications between absorber plate and glass plate.


Open sun drying for the preservation of agricultural, food and many other products has been popular in many societies from ancient time [1] . Although the practice is economical, controlling external parameters such as heat input, moisture content, temperature etc. is very challenging [2] . The idea of solar dryer has become the ideal approach to overcome the challenges of open sun drying. The method has become an alternative to the marketing of fresh perishable products which have increased demands from day to day [3] . Solar dryer offers the effective, cheap, and environment-friendly approach of preserving agricultural and food products [4] .

Open sun drying for the preservation of agricultural, food and many other products has been popular in many societies from ancient time.

Although the practice is economical, controlling external parameters such as heat input, moisture content, temperature etc. is very challenging.

The method has become an alternative to the marketing of fresh perishable products which have increased demands from day to day.

Solar dryer offers the effective, cheap, and environment-friendly approach of preserving agricultural and food products.


Pre-emptive therapy does have advantages of its own. This approach requires frequent monitoring of CMV replication (by checking CMV DNA PCR in blood), and CMV infection is less likely to be missed or go untreated if asymptomatic viral replication is detected early. However, the exact cut-off of elevated CMV PCR for initiating treatment with anti-viral drugs has not been well established. Different transplant centers use variable cut-offs ranging from 1000 to 2000 copies of CMV PCR. This can lead to overtreatment in patients (if cut-off used is too low) who may otherwise never have developed symptomatic CMV disease. As a result, they may be exposed to unnecessary side-effects of such anti-viral agents On the other hand, this can also lead to under-treatment (if cut-off used is too high) from failure to detect asymptomatic viremia that may eventually progress to develop symptomatic disease. Asymptomatic CMV viremia has been shown to reduce graft survival and increase mortality (hazard ratio of 2.9) [12] .

Asymptomatic CMV viremia has been shown to reduce graft survival and increase mortality (hazard ratio of 2.9).


Although statins are well-known to reduce the native LDL cholesterol, reports related to the effect of statin therapy on the plasma Ox-LDL are rare. To date, this is the first study to demonstrate the association between statin therapy and plasma Ox-LDL in patients with AIS. Our results demonstrate that statin therapy after AIS changed the Ox-LDL level independent of the serum lipid profile and HbA1c. The findings here clarify the role of statin therapy in reducing plasma Ox-LDL effectively in patients after AIS. The results corroborate the efficacy of statins, indicating that lowering LDL means lowering Ox-LDL, especially in patients with AIS, to reduce oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction [25] .

The results corroborate the efficacy of statins, indicating that lowering LDL means lowering Ox-LDL, especially in patients with AIS, to reduce oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction.


Perhaps the most comparable test internationally is that of the Swedish Young Horse Tests (YHT) for 3 and 4 year olds. In these tests, the heritability of total conformation was 0.58, which is twice the estimate of 0.29 from the current study. The heritability of type in the Swedish tests was 0.30, which compares with a higher estimate of 0.42 in the current study. Heritabilities for walk and trot at hand and for free canter were 0.37, 0.45 and 0.37 respectively, i.e. slightly higher than the 0.30 for correctness of paces in this study (Viklund et al. 2008) . In other countries overall, the average estimates from field performance tests were 0.30, 0.35 and 0.28 for walk, trot and canter, i.e. very close to the 0.30 estimate for correctness of paces in the current study (Thorén Hellsten et al. 2006) . Thus although there are some differences between estimates in the literature and the current study, other estimates are very close and are of a similar magnitude overall.

Heritabilities for walk and trot at hand and for free canter were 0.37, 0.45 and 0.37 respectively, i.e. slightly higher than the 0.30 for correctness of paces in this study.

In other countries overall, the average estimates from field performance tests were 0.30, 0.35 and 0.28 for walk, trot and canter, i.e. very close to the 0.30 estimate for correctness of paces in the current study.


Since the late 1990s, social enterprises -broadly understood to mean businesses that trade for a social purpose -have been increasingly promoted by governments as a tool to deliver a wide range of policy outcomes. Perhaps, nowhere has this emphasis been more widely felt than the health and social care sector in the United Kingdom (Roy et al. 2013) . The former Secretary of State for Health, Andrew Lansley MP, famously declared that he wanted the National Health Service (NHS) to become the 'largest social enterprise sector in the world' when launching his 2010 White Paper Liberating the NHS. This statement was received with consternation by those working in the NHS fearing privatization; from many working in social enterprises, who saw their role as working alongside the public sector rather than replacing it; and from within academia, who saw this as the potential culmination of the New Public Management paradigm with the third sector becoming 'cost effective service providers' of public services (Bovaird 2014) .

Perhaps, nowhere has this emphasis been more widely felt than the health and social care sector in the United Kingdom.

This statement was received with consternation by those working in the NHS fearing privatization; from many working in social enterprises, who saw their role as working alongside the public sector rather than replacing it; and from within academia, who saw this as the potential culmination of the New Public Management paradigm with the third sector becoming 'cost effective service providers' of public services.


Conducting a systematic literature review has been considered a robust form of research for addressing this issue because of the possibility of increasing generalizability of results and assessing consistency of evidence (Mulrow 1994) . In health care research, this method is a useful vehicle for exploring the contribution of an intervention in terms of its effectiveness and relative costs (Donaldson, Mugford, and Vale 2002) . Systematic reviews are widely used to inform policy-makers, practitioners and civil society (Chalmers, Hedges, and Cooper 2002) .

Conducting a systematic literature review has been considered a robust form of research for addressing this issue because of the possibility of increasing generalizability of results and assessing consistency of evidence.

In health care research, this method is a useful vehicle for exploring the contribution of an intervention in terms of its effectiveness and relative costs.

Systematic reviews are widely used to inform policy-makers, practitioners and civil society.


In order to maintain good quality of soil and water there are continuous efforts have been made to develop technologies that are easy to use, sustainable and economically feasible. Physicochemical approaches have been widely used for remedying polluted soil and water. However, they experienced more difficulties for a large scale of remediation because of high initial capital cost, larger volume of chemicals, continuous maintenance, skilled technicians and even generate large amount of sludge which adds into the secondary waste generation, posing threats to aquatic life and minimizes the acceptability of the treatment technique (Rai, 2008) .

However, they experienced more difficulties for a large scale of remediation because of high initial capital cost, larger volume of chemicals, continuous maintenance, skilled technicians and even generate large amount of sludge which adds into the secondary waste generation, posing threats to aquatic life and minimizes the acceptability of the treatment technique.


HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) continue to pose a major public health burden in the United States (US). Approximately 50,000 new HIV infections occur each year, the majority among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) [1] . Similarly, MSM are the leading risk group for infectious syphilis. In 2015, there were 23,872 total cases of syphilis in the US, an increase of 19% from the prior year [2] . Gonorrhea prevalence has also increased, with 395,216 cases reported in 2015, a 12.8% increase from the prior year. Prevalence of the most common reportable STD, chlamydia, also increased 5.9% during this time with over 1.5 million new diagnoses reported; this was the highest number of cases ever reported for any STD in the US. Syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia also increase the risk of HIV acquisition [3] .

Approximately 50,000 new HIV infections occur each year, the majority among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM).

In 2015, there were 23,872 total cases of syphilis in the US, an increase of 19% from the prior year.

Syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia also increase the risk of HIV acquisition.


The thermosyphon consists of an evacuated sealed tube that contains a small amount of liquid. The heat applied at the evaporator section is conducted across the pipe wall causing the liquid in the thermosyphon to boil in the liquid pool region and evaporate and/or boil in the film region [3] . In this way the working fluid absorbs the applied heat load converting it to latent heat. The vapour in the evaporator zone is at a higher pressure than in the condenser section causing the vapour to flow upward. In the cooler condenser region the vapour condenses thus releasing the latent heat that was absorbed in the evaporator section. The heat then conducts across the thin liquid film and exits the thermosyphon through the tube wall and into the external environment.

The heat applied at the evaporator section is conducted across the pipe wall causing the liquid in the thermosyphon to boil in the liquid pool region and evaporate and/or boil in the film region.


Hence, the evaluating person (e.g., a teacher, a superior, or a teammate) should carefully weigh the use of praise and blame in performance settings. This becomes especially important when a normative reference system is used focussing on social comparisons instead of an individual reference system for reward (Möller, 1999) . Indeed, we should remember that the phenomenon of seemingly paradoxical ability estimations is not only an interesting effect that is worth to be addressed by basic research. From our point of view, it is even more important to consider The Paradoxical Effect of Praise and Blame 314 the motivational consequences which, for example, arise from the impression that a praising person believes that the recipient has a low ability in a certain domain.

This becomes especially important when a normative reference system is used focussing on social comparisons instead of an individual reference system for reward.


Evaluative behavior has an informative function since it provides data about how the ability of the recipient is perceived by the evaluating person (Meyer, 1982) . When someone is blamed after failure in a performance setting (i.e., someone finds fault in somebody's performance), this can lead to an inference of high ability. In contrast, praise after success (in terms of expressing commendation for a good performance) can lead the recipient or an impartial observer to the impression that the ability of the recipient is estimated as low by the praising person.

Evaluative behavior has an informative function since it provides data about how the ability of the recipient is perceived by the evaluating person.


The occurrence of this paradoxical effect of praise and blame depends on several factors which were revealed in the context of the attribution model: Firstly, it is required that the praising and blaming person knows the ability of the blamed person . Secondly, the probability of the effect is strengthened in the context of difficult tasks, since effort (and hence the effort schema) does not play a substantial role in simple tasks (Meyer, Reisenzein, & Dickhäuser, 2004) . Thirdly, paradoxical interpretations of teacher-student interactions are boosted if the evaluating person is asked to think about the teacher's possible attributions and his/her ability estimation (Rheinberg & Weich, 1988) . However, paradoxical interferences also occurred when ability was not considered as a possible reason for the teacher's behavior (Meyer, Bedau, & Engler, 1988) . Fourthly, it must be known that the teacher uses a normative reference system focussing on social comparisons, instead of an individual reference system for reward (Möller, 1999) . Fifthly, the effect is more likely to occur if subjects use an ability-related causal schema for the interpretation of the teacher's behavior. In contrast, the paradoxical effect is less likely to occur when subjects perceive the blame and praise in terms of sympathy (Binser & Försterling, 2004; Meyer et al., 2004) . Finally, the age of those individuals who evaluate the teacher-student interaction is a central factor for paradoxical ability estimations.

Secondly, the probability of the effect is strengthened in the context of difficult tasks, since effort (and hence the effort schema) does not play a substantial role in simple tasks.

Thirdly, paradoxical interpretations of teacher-student interactions are boosted if the evaluating person is asked to think about the teacher's possible attributions and his/her ability estimation.

However, paradoxical interferences also occurred when ability was not considered as a possible reason for the teacher's behavior.

Fourthly, it must be known that the teacher uses a normative reference system focussing on social comparisons, instead of an individual reference system for reward.

In contrast, the paradoxical effect is less likely to occur when subjects perceive the blame and praise in terms of sympathy.


It is especially important to consider impulsive loads such as ship slamming that causes whipping. Whipping is a transient vibration induced in ship girder by slamming. During whipping rapid flexing of the hull girder occurs. The behavior of slamming pressure acting on hull surfaces is known to become significant as the ship's sailing speed increases. Many articles about the wave impact or slamming pressure have been published [6, 7] . Hydrodynamic impact of a ship can be mainly classified into bow impact and flare impact [8] . Flare slamming occurs with the bow flare of a vessel hitting an oncoming wave. Occasionally stern counter slamming could also lead to high whipping responses. Slamming event often causes an extremely large load with high transient local pressure on the bodies and subsequently the whipping forces to the entire hull structures. As a result, it can lead to substantial damage in the structures of ship hulls and marine facilities.

Many articles about the wave impact or slamming pressure have been published.

Hydrodynamic impact of a ship can be mainly classified into bow impact and flare impact.


The 21st century is a century of the ocean. Many new industries such as ocean oil and gas, ocean chemical industry, and deep-sea mining will be formed. The demand for ultra larger ships has increased dramatically in the last few years with the marine industry requirement for more energy efficient ships and as world trade continues to grow. Large ships are relatively more flexible and their structural natural frequencies can fall into the range of the encounter wave frequencies in an ordinary sea state [1] . Therefore, hull girder vibration and the response due to wave impact must be taken into account for the design and operation of large ships.

Large ships are relatively more flexible and their structural natural frequencies can fall into the range of the encounter wave frequencies in an ordinary sea state.


The international marine community renewed the interest in studying the feasibility of using ultra large ships. In order to ensure their safety at sea, their structural responses in the sea are of particular importance [2, 3] . The classical approach to determine ship motions and wave loads is based on the assumption that the ship hull acts as a rigid body. However, this approach is not reliable enough for ultra large ships due to mutual influence of the wave loads and structure response. Therefore, a reliable solution requires analysis of wave loads and ship vibration as a coupled hydroelastic problem [4, 5] .

In order to ensure their safety at sea, their structural responses in the sea are of particular importance.

Therefore, a reliable solution requires analysis of wave loads and ship vibration as a coupled hydroelastic problem.


Natural products, especially plants, have been used for the treatment of various diseases for thousands of years. Terrestrial plants have been used as medicine in different parts of the world from ancient time, and an impressive number of modern drugs have been developed from them (Kharb et al., 2012) . Ethnopharmacological uses of the plants continue to play a prominent role in primary health care of 80% of the world's population (Owoseni et al., 2010) . The study investigates the fundamental scientific bases for the use of Bridelia ferruginea in the treatment of ailment such as diarrhea, dysentery, fever and skin irritation as practice traditionally.

Terrestrial plants have been used as medicine in different parts of the world from ancient time, and an impressive number of modern drugs have been developed from them.

Ethnopharmacological uses of the plants continue to play a prominent role in primary health care of 80% of the world's population.


In this paper, we compare the accuracy of the supervised classification methods minimum distance (MD) using Euclidean and Mahalanobis distance, support vector machine (SVM), and maximum likelihood (ML), using SAR technology to detect slough slides on earthen levees. Our motivation for this paper is to compare the performance analysis of several supervised classification methods. SAR technology, due to its high spatial resolution and soil penetration capability, is a good choice to identify such problem areas on levees, so that they can be treated to avoid possible catastrophic failure [1, 3] . The roughness and related textural characteristics of the soil in a slide affect the amount and pattern of radar backscatter. The type of vegetation that grows in a slide area differs from the surrounding levee vegetation, which can also be used in detecting slides [4] . An illustration of a slide on a levee is shown in Figure 2 .

SAR technology, due to its high spatial resolution and soil penetration capability, is a good choice to identify such problem areas on levees, so that they can be treated to avoid possible catastrophic failure.

The type of vegetation that grows in a slide area differs from the surrounding levee vegetation, which can also be used in detecting slides.


Solving this problem has to start with a change of mind-set about children and marriage. A basic tenet here is to put your spouse at all times before your children (Templer,. 2008) . Spouses (especially wives) who tend to see children as substitutes to their partners should retrace steps. Children should be made to understand and appreciate that your spouse is taking the first place and nothing less (savemymarriagetoda.com).

A basic tenet here is to put your spouse at all times before your children.


Marriage is a covenant relationship between male and female spouses. The covenant nature of marriage provides a strong foundation and secure framework for spouses' commitment to each other. Covenant defines the marital responsibilities -of husband and wife toward nurturing and protecting their marriage. The couple is expected by their covenant to work hard to reach the level of relationship which protects the marriage from both internal and external negative forces (Zhekwo, 2009) .

The couple is expected by their covenant to work hard to reach the level of relationship which protects the marriage from both internal and external negative forces.


With the arrival of children, the family keeps expanding. This is true within the African context where marriage is seen basically as a process of procreation. A good marriage guarantees a peaceful and joyful atmosphere in the home, which is most suitable for bringing up healthy and happy children. Research has shown that children who grow up in such environments are more likely to excel in school and in all other aspects of life including their own marital life (Okon, 2010) . Experiences over the years have shown that at times a once blissful marital union turns sour. But before the table turned, the couples believed they were soul-mates as indicated in the way they worked together, walking hand-in-hand, exchanging pleasantries. Each partner then was a true friend, a confidant with good sense of humour ever willing to offer a helping hand to the other. ; But as the table turns, couple soon realizes they no longer share the closeness feeling rather as strange bed fellows, speaking to each other only when it becomes absolutely necessary and inevitable. At this stage, some couples who are sensitive could start to wonder how they managed to get where the presently are -conflict has set in and of course if not properly handled at this stage may lead to crisis and eventual collapse of the marriage structure.

Research has shown that children who grow up in such environments are more likely to excel in school and in all other aspects of life including their own marital life.


Issues bordering on in-laws, friend, and relatives constitute a point that never seem to get out of style. Experience over years and across many cultures and clime has shown that mothers-in-law are notorious for many family crises. Couples should learn how to put in-laws, relatives and friend in their proper place, outside the sanity of their home. Wives always have a way of brewing or manufacturing non-existent problems that often are blown out of proportion while blaming and accusing their innocent husbands of complicity and/or indulgence (Okon, 2010) . This is absolutely wrong, and there is need for a wife to undertake self assessment first (to know where she got it wrong) before transferring anger or aggression to the husband.

Wives always have a way of brewing or manufacturing non-existent problems that often are blown out of proportion while blaming and accusing their innocent husbands of complicity and/or indulgence.


One study using forced treadmill running found that low intensity exercise for a week resulted in significantly higher levels of BDNF in the hippocampus of healthy juvenile rats compared to high intensity exercise of the same duration [64] . Studies using voluntary wheel-running also reported positive effects on the BDNF tyrosine kinase B (trkB) signal transduction receptor [47, 57, 59, 62, 63] . Three studies specifically reported a positive correlation between distance run and BDNF mRNA or protein levels [60, 61, 65] .

One study using forced treadmill running found that low intensity exercise for a week resulted in significantly higher levels of BDNF in the hippocampus of healthy juvenile rats compared to high intensity exercise of the same duration.

Studies using voluntary wheel-running also reported positive effects on the BDNF tyrosine kinase B (trkB) signal transduction receptor.

Three studies specifically reported a positive correlation between distance run and BDNF mRNA or protein levels.


Since many in ammatory mediators are believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairments, research has also examined the impact of exercise on inflammatory marker gene expression. CXCL 1 and CXCL 12 are two neuroprotective chemokines believed to be related to cognition. Levels of CXCL 1 and CXCL 12, which are typically decreased in early stages of Alzheimer's disease, have been found to increase markedly after wheel running exercise in a group of mice relative to a sedentary group and even be restored to age-matched healthy levels [50] .

Levels of CXCL 1 and CXCL 12, which are typically decreased in early stages of Alzheimer's disease, have been found to increase markedly after wheel running exercise in a group of mice relative to a sedentary group and even be restored to age-matched healthy levels.


Adaptation planning to this scenario of increasing water stress conditions would be made much easier and less costly if there was increased confidence in the amplitude of the Mediterranean precipitation reduction. However, different global climate models project substantially different precipitation responses to a given scenario of future greenhouse gas concentrations and this constitutes the largest source of uncertainty in the Mediterranean precipitation projections by the end of the 21st century (Giorgi and Lionello 2008) . Reducing this uncertainty ultimately requires a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling Mediterranean precipitation under climate change.

However, different global climate models project substantially different precipitation responses to a given scenario of future greenhouse gas concentrations and this constitutes the largest source of uncertainty in the Mediterranean precipitation projections by the end of the 21st century.


The Theorem of Stafford says that each left or right ideal of the Weyl algebra A n over a field of characteristic zero is generated by two elements [28] . The same result holds for a larger class of algebras that includes the, so-called, generalized Weyl algebras [11] . The simplicity of the Weyl algebra A n plays a crucial role in the proof. An analogue of this result is proved for the (non-Noetherian, non-simple) algebra I 1 .

The Theorem of Stafford says that each left or right ideal of the Weyl algebra A n over a field of characteristic zero is generated by two elements.

The same result holds for a larger class of algebras that includes the, so-called, generalized Weyl algebras.


Piezo-resistive pressure sensor systems, such as Tekscan's F-scan pressure sensor system, are useful in biomechanical applications because they are lightweight, thin, flexible and safe to use. Previous research has highlighted the need for custom calibration methods with similar impact mechanics to its intended use, in order to improve the accuracy of measurement systems [10, 13, 15] . The expected force range of stamps in rugby was 1834 -2821 N (95% CI). The 95% CI of the loading rate of simulated stamping was 201 N/ms -307 N/ms. Conditions 1-3 of the calibration procedure aimed to replicate the range of peak forces found in the stamping test and established 2200N force. Loading rate was on average higher than the 95% CI at 360 N/ms. Lower drop heights were associated with lower loading rates (278 ± 14 N/ms for 58 cm).

Previous research has highlighted the need for custom calibration methods with similar impact mechanics to its intended use, in order to improve the accuracy of measurement systems.


This study has a number of limitations. The sample size did not allow us to stratify the data into the usual clinical divisions of acetabular coverage. Our study group did not have sufficient numbers of patients with acetabular overcoverage to explore this patient population specifically. The linear relationship of lateral labral length to LCEA suggests that as acetabular coverage increases, the need for soft tissue constraints decreases. The patient population largely consisted of a young patient population with hip pain and may not be generalizable to an older population. This patient population was selected intentionally however, as older patients would tend to have more joint degeneration, and the compensatory labral changes we sought to measure may be confounded by age related labral injury. Labra that were unmeasureable because of maceration or ossification were not able to be included in the analysis, but clearly these are important patients, with either excessive stress on the labrum producing maceration (possibly related to DDH or FAI) or bony replacement of the labrum, conceivably related to the inverse labral compensation of acetabular overcoverage. The size of the acetabular labrum may be affected by overall patient size, and the labral length was not correlated to subject BMI or height. However, the labral size did not differ between male and female. Finally, the LCEA Wiberg was obtained by a single trained observer. The intraobserver variability of LCEA Wiberg has been shown to be excellent, but the interobserver variability is poor [30] .

This study has a number of limitations.

The intraobserver variability of LCEA Wiberg has been shown to be excellent, but the interobserver variability is poor.


With the purpose of identifying informal teacher leaders based on their ability to increase collegial ties within the cohort, the two metrics used at the individual actor level were degree and betweenness centrality. The degree metric of an actor is the number of unique ties that are connected to it; the greater the number of unique ties, then the greater the degree metric. This is an important metric in the formation of collegial ties because it increases the possible awareness of resources within the actor's network. The betweenness centrality metric of an actor is a measurement of the magnitude to which the actor is a link for two otherwise unconnected actors, the greater the extent to which an actor is a link, the greater the betweenness centrality. This demonstrates the linking actor's ability to share the ideas among otherwise unconnected actors which is a necessary component of promoting collegiality and social capital [5] .

This demonstrates the linking actor's ability to share the ideas among otherwise unconnected actors which is a necessary component of promoting collegiality and social capital.


In order to make the best use of the time and money available, the sustainability and quality of CSE PD is paramount. One important aspect of sustainability in educational reform is the presence of a social network amongst the stakeholders implementing the reform. Teachers in particular recognize the importance of networks as having an impact on the sustainability of PD programs and their implementation [15] . The presence of a network/community amongst CS educators is particularly important because most High School CS teachers are "singletons", meaning they are the only CS teachers in their buildings [24] . This isolation of CS teachers highlights the need to provide PD that encourages a network amongst these teachers [38] . While the CSE PD program focused on teachers of students with an age range from 12-14 years, the importance of a community still applies not only due to the "singleton" nature of these teachers but also the relative inexperience with CSE amongst the cohort members.

Teachers in particular recognize the importance of networks as having an impact on the sustainability of PD programs and their implementation.

The presence of a network/community amongst CS educators is particularly important because most High School CS teachers are "singletons", meaning they are the only CS teachers in their buildings.

This isolation of CS teachers highlights the need to provide PD that encourages a network amongst these teachers.


The EASE model operates on a daily time-step. Each day the energy balance is determined from forage intake and the energetic needs of maintenance, activity costs, gestation, lactation, and antlet growth. If the simulated animal is in negative energy balance, body fat and protein are catabolized to meet the energy deficit. If the simulated animal is in positive energy balance, fat and protein are deposited. Nitrogen metabolism was added to the EASE model and it was then used to predict urinary urea nitrogenxreatinine ratios (Moen & DelGiudice, 1997) .

Nitrogen metabolism was added to the EASE model and it was then used to predict urinary urea nitrogenxreatinine ratios.


To date, the energy crisis due to the shortage and the price rise of gasoline in the transportation sector is one of the world's most pressing concerns. Bioethanol is known as a promising alternative fuel that can partially replace gasoline, namely gasohol. Generally, ethanol can be efficiently produced from the digestion and/or fermentation of starch and sugar. These processes typically produce ethanol with approximately 30% concentration (by volume). Importantly, this ethanol solution must be concentrated by distillation and dehydration to high purity ethanol (99.5%) prior to mixing it with gasoline. The current commercial technology to purify ethanol consists of two main processes; the first process is by passing ethanol solution through the distillation system to increase the concentration of ethanol to 95%; then the second process is to dehydrate the remaining water in ethanol solution by adsorption to enhance the ethanol concentration to 99.5%. Regarding the adsorption process, zeolite molecular sieve is practically applied economically [1] .

Regarding the adsorption process, zeolite molecular sieve is practically applied economically.


This work evaluated the suitable conditions in the conversion of the industrial waste CFA to zeolite molecular sieve by fusion method using NaOH as the activation reagent. Various preparation conditions including NaOH/CFA ratio and reaction temperature were carried out in order to determine the suitable fusion conditions. Importantly, due to the presence of high impurities in raw CFA, the acid-washing pretreatment was performed prior to the fusion process since it has been reported that this pretreatment method could efficiently remove several mineral compounds from CFA [14] . It has been noted that the acid-washing pretreatment was carried out with various acid types (i.e., HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3), acid concentrations, acid/CFA ratios, pretreatment temperatures and times with an aim to optimize the suitable pretreatment conditions for removing impurities from CFA. After preparation, the synthesized zeolites were then tested as sorbent for water adsorption from ethanol solution. Its adsorption capacity was also compared to the commercial grade molecular sieve.

Importantly, due to the presence of high impurities in raw CFA, the acid-washing pretreatment was performed prior to the fusion process since it has been reported that this pretreatment method could efficiently remove several mineral compounds from CFA.


Sometimes students incorrectly equate proximity with relatedness; taxa that are closer to one another along the branch tips are thought to be more closely related than taxa that are more distant across the branch tips (Baum et al. 2005; Meir et al. 2007; Gregory 2008; Novick and Catley 2013; Catley et al. 2013) . Reading trees as ladders of progression where each taxon evolves from the one to the left of it has been suggested as a contributing factor to the use of this incorrect strategy (Baum et al. 2005; Omland et al. 2008) . Superficial similarity is sometimes used as an alternative strategy to determine relationships among taxa (Baum et al. 2005) . Although morphological similarity may provide cues to relatedness, two distantly related taxa may resemble each other due to convergence (i.e., homoplasy) or the retention of shared ancestral form (i.e., symplesiomorphy). A classic example of convergent similarity includes dolphins, which resemble sharks yet share a more recent common ancestor with other mammals. To illustrate retention of a shared ancestral form an American alligator looks more similar to a monitor lizard than a song sparrow, yet the alligator is more closely related to the sparrow than the lizard (Padian and Chiappe 1998) (Fig. 1) .

Sometimes students incorrectly equate proximity with relatedness; taxa that are closer to one another along the branch tips are thought to be more closely related than taxa that are more distant across the branch tips.

Reading trees as ladders of progression where each taxon evolves from the one to the left of it has been suggested as a contributing factor to the use of this incorrect strategy.

Superficial similarity is sometimes used as an alternative strategy to determine relationships among taxa.

To illustrate retention of a shared ancestral form an American alligator looks more similar to a monitor lizard than a song sparrow, yet the alligator is more closely related to the sparrow than the lizard(Fig. 1).


In order to connect an early inflationary phase with late time cosmology, a period of "reheating" at the end of inflation is required. During the reheating phase, the energy which is stored in coherent oscillations of the inflaton field at the end of the period of inflation is transferred to a thermal bath of Standard Model particles, yielding the onset of the post-inflationary radiation phase of cosmological expansion. Reheating was initially studied using lowest order perturbation theory [4] . This process is typically slow and leads to a low initial temperature of the radiation phase.

Reheating was initially studied using lowest order perturbation theory.


Leaf N concentration, a measure for the diagnosis of tree N status, was always above the threshold limit for defi ciency of 1.4 % dry weight in all places and years, and in all treatments, including the untreated control, showing a general tendency to increase with the amount of N applied (data not shown). This indicates that N over fertilization was produced in all treatments except the control. As a result of this over fertilization, N accumulated in fruit (Tables 1 and 2 ). Although sometimes the difference between treated and untreated trees was nonsignifi cant, the relationship between N removed by the crop and the annual amount of N applied showed a signifi cant linear response when the number of treatments was increased, as occurred in the Cabra's experiment. These results are in agreement with those obtained previously, indicating that the fruit are a strong sink for N in the tree (Fernández-Escobar et al., 2004) .

These results are in agreement with those obtained previously, indicating that the fruit are a strong sink for N in the tree.


In problematic of testing and the evaluation of the measurements of shear stress was number of articles published [11] [12] [13] [14] . In each of the articles are discussed mutual comparisons of optical methods with numerical method FEM (finite elements method) for stress of samples by shear [15] [16] . Individual authors propose and optimize the shapes of the samples for the best layout of shear stress fields, shifts and deformations [17] [18] . And so use different materials as medals, plastics or composite materials [19] [20] .

In problematic of testing and the evaluation of the measurements of shear stress was number of articles published.

In each of the articles are discussed mutual comparisons of optical methods with numerical method FEM (finite elements method) for stress of samples by shear.

Individual authors propose and optimize the shapes of the samples for the best layout of shear stress fields, shifts and deformations.

And so use different materials as medals, plastics or composite materials.


Brief characterization of use experimental optical methods: ESPI -(Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry) is interferometric real time method enabling static and dynamic measures of solids. DIC -(Digital Image Correlation) is characteristic by using correlative methods and high speed digital cameras. Evaluation of shift is based on digital image recordings correlation analysis. Methods are appropriate not only to for static but also for dynamic measurements. Therefore also they allow real-time vibration of elements analysis. Moiré methods are based on Moiré effect by superposition of the periodic structures (grids). Les used method is photoelasticimetry, which allows you to analyze and to quantify also strains emerging in constructions. For the purposes of strain testing we can be used laser extensometers. These measure very accurate and contactless length variation of an examined sample. Holographic interferometry belongs to older methods. It allows you to quantitative analyze static and dynamic deformations of solids by using the holographic principle [7] [8] [9] [10] .

It allows you to quantitative analyze static and dynamic deformations of solids by using the holographic principle.


Absolute shape measuring or relative reference shape comparison can be on principle executed with the aid of modern measuring method. Single methods work with different physical-technical principles. Many times we use interferometric methods for this disputableness. These methods use optical interferometry principles with the aid of monochromatic or polychromatic optical device. It is possible to measure optical smooth surfaced alike optical ragged surface [4] [5] [6] .

It is possible to measure optical smooth surfaced alike optical ragged surface.


Simple shear rise in case exterior forces affect to solid generate inside cross force F p affect in intersection plain intersecting centre of solid. Shear stress affect most commonly cooperating with other stress types. Simple shear can be considered in case we do ignore influence of cooperating stresses. In manufacturing practice this stress type exists most in construction connections as firm riveted joints, screw connections, wood structure connections and application of fillet welds [1] [2] [3] . Experimental approach of problem solutions has a foundation in many cases. In the matter of cause, where analytic or numeric approach is not sufficient.

In manufacturing practice this stress type exists most in construction connections as firm riveted joints, screw connections, wood structure connections and application of fillet welds.


In this section, we consider the case where processors still share the same minimal and maximal speeds s min and s max , but each one may run at its own execution speed during the scheduling. We assume that, when a processor is idle, its execution speed is always fixed to the minimal common speed s min . We propose a low-complexity on-line algorithm that aims to further reduce the speeds of the CPUs by performing "local" adjustments, when it is safe to reduce the speed below s ol defined by Equation (2) .

We propose a low-complexity on-line algorithm that aims to further reduce the speeds of the CPUs by performing "local" adjustments, when it is safe to reduce the speed below s ol defined by Equation.


Enteromorpha prolifera (EP), a kind of green alga, is abundantly available in many of the world's oceans. It offers many advantages in adsorption process as their cell wall structures contain many functional groups such as amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulphate, which can act as binding sites for many organic pollution materials via both electrostatic attraction and complex reaction [17] . Furthermore, it has also been proved to be a good and low-cost precursor material for the development of activated carbon [18] . However, no literature has reported the adsorption of reactive dyes onto activated carbon prepared form Enteromorpha prolifera (ACEP).

It offers many advantages in adsorption process as their cell wall structures contain many functional groups such as amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl and sulphate, which can act as binding sites for many organic pollution materials via both electrostatic attraction and complex reaction.

Furthermore, it has also been proved to be a good and low-cost precursor material for the development of activated carbon.


Echoic tact responses, on the other hand, were a function of the amount of generalized social interaction, delivered under two different contingencies. Contingent delivery of social reinforcement increased correct echoic tact responding, when the RMIA procedure was implemented to induce first instances of correct echoic tact responses (Ross and Greer, 2003; Tsiouri and Greer, 2003) . When the amount of social interaction increased, (during the FT delivery without extinction condition), the level of correct echoic tact responses dropped, despite the fact that contingent social reinforcement of correct echoics was still in effect.

Contingent delivery of social reinforcement increased correct echoic tact responding, when the RMIA procedure was implemented to induce first instances of correct echoic tact responses.


The children were asked several questions as well as shown a series of photos of animals. The animals were chosen from three areas that the researchers knew from observation and discussion with parents and teachers were popular with children, namely: pets usually found in homes, familiar animals such as farm animals and wild animals. Reduced sized coloured photographs of the animals were used as a cue to encourage children to talk since it has been shown that when presented with pictures, even though images reduced in size from reality and two dimensional, children initially describe the picture as a means of orientation for themselves (Boulter et al. 2004) . In this case, eleven photo cards were used-produced from photographs in included the animals: horse, sheep, dog, cat, elephant, dolphin, zebra, ladybird, spider and mouse. Different questions explored different concepts. Effectively there were three groupings. Firstly animal knowledge secondly places where animals lived, and lastly source of the children's knowledge. The first three questions explored ideas about animals. One targeted children's knowledge on the range of animals they know about while question two introduced the set of animals used as the focus of the study. In the third question the children were requested to state whether or not they think that the image in the photographs were an animal or not and if they responded affirmatively explored the reasons behind this. Questions four and five were about places where animals live. Questions four, five and six probed the source of knowledge followed by a question seeking to elicit the salient features of the animal which caused the children to make the categorisation. A pilot study with four children was carried out. The questions were presented in Maltese to facilitate understanding and then translated into English. In the main study the conversations from 50 children from 4 schools were audio-taped and transcribed. The transcripts were read and re read and the main ideas of the children identified.

Reduced sized coloured photographs of the animals were used as a cue to encourage children to talk since it has been shown that when presented with pictures, even though images reduced in size from reality and two dimensional, children initially describe the picture as a means of orientation for themselves.

Effectively there were three groupings.


The observed systematic pattern also calls into question social comparison theory, according to which people evaluate themselves relative to similar others (Heine, Lehman, Peng, & Greenholtz, 2002) . If self-reports in every culture were made relative to the norms of that culture, the mean differences between cultures should have diminished or disappeared completely. Although the reference group effect may potentially attenuate cross-cultural comparisons, it cannot explain the systematic variation and pattern of personality differences across the world.

The observed systematic pattern also calls into question social comparison theory, according to which people evaluate themselves relative to similar others.


Organic materials have beneficial effects on soil fertility and physical properties of soil. The physical properties of soil play an important role in influencing the behaviors of plant growth, thereby contributing to efficient crop production. Farm yard manure (FYM) on an average contains 0.5% N, 0.2% P 2 O 5 and 0.5% K 2 O. Application of organic materials to the soil reduces the dependence on chemical fertilizers (Guar, 1990) . The addition of organic materials to the soil helps microorganisms to produce polysaccharides and organic acids which improve the soil structure and help in P solubilization (Guar, 1994) . The availability of P can be increased if mixed with FYM and other organic materials. Organic materials application to soil increase water holding capacity, water infiltration rate, improve soil aeration, conserve soil moisture, porosity and decrease soil bulk density, thereby contributing to efficient crop production (Castellanos and Munoz, 1985) .

Farm yard manure (FYM) on an average contains 0.5% N, 0.2% P 2 O 5 and 0.5% K 2 O. Application of organic materials to the soil reduces the dependence on chemical fertilizers.

The addition of organic materials to the soil helps microorganisms to produce polysaccharides and organic acids which improve the soil structure and help in P solubilization.

Organic materials application to soil increase water holding capacity, water infiltration rate, improve soil aeration, conserve soil moisture, porosity and decrease soil bulk density, thereby contributing to efficient crop production.


In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in the control community in parametric programming with vector-valued parameters. This interest has been motivated from the model predictive control (MPC) literature, since it can be shown that certain constrained, finite-horizon optimal control problems can be posed as parametric linear programs (PLPs) with the measured state as the parameter [4, 5] . The use of PLPs allows the control action to be pre-computed off-line for every possible value of the parameter, which can drastically speed up the on-line implementation.

This interest has been motivated from the model predictive control (MPC) literature, since it can be shown that certain constrained, finite-horizon optimal control problems can be posed as parametric linear programs (PLPs) with the measured state as the parameter.


Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, with a prevalence of approximately 5-10 %. PCOS is the major cause of anovulatory infertility [1] . The recent studies suggest that anovulation results from ovarian follicle abnormalities in PCOS patitents are 2-fold [2, 3] . First, early follicular growth is excessive, thus women with PCOS are characterized by an excessive number of small antral follicles (2-to 3-fold that of normal ovaries). Secondly, the selection of one follicle from the increased pool of selectable follicles and its further maturation to a dominant follicle does not occur. This second abnormality in the folliculogenesis is named the follicular arrest (FA) and explains the ovulatory disorder of PCOS. Although the FA has not received yet a clear and unanimous explanation, Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is considered as important contributors to this abnormality [4, 5] .

PCOS is the major cause of anovulatory infertility.

The recent studies suggest that anovulation results from ovarian follicle abnormalities in PCOS patitents are 2-fold.

Although the FA has not received yet a clear and unanimous explanation, Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is considered as important contributors to this abnormality.


Cristallinity depends on the ability of the polymeric chains to pack together to conform an ordered structure. If the polymer presents a relative simple backbone, packing is promoted and a crystalline structure is attained. The order depends on the local organization. When a monomer structure is asymmetric, packing could be diminished and an amorphous material is obtained [30] .

When a monomer structure is asymmetric, packing could be diminished and an amorphous material is obtained.


In polymers, the interactions presented among the chains are defined by their chemical functionality and the electrostatic forces such as hydrogen bonding. There is always the presence of conformational defects, which alter the crystalline domains into the polymer. Chains can fold back on one another, producing a disordered structure. Polymers do not present fully crystalline structure, for instance they are recognized as semi crystalline [31] . Crystalline and amorphous regions always coexist in a polymer. Crystalline regions could be recognized in different shapes and lengths. Fully amorphous polymers are characterized by any regular arrangement in a long range, among the molecules. All these factors and their interactions are complicated, affecting the polymer physical properties [32] .

Polymers do not present fully crystalline structure, for instance they are recognized as semi crystalline.

All these factors and their interactions are complicated, affecting the polymer physical properties.


Symbolic execution has already been used for verification of secure information flow [8] . The approach offers high precision but unfortunately requires considerable user interaction and verification expertise, needed for adding loop invariants, establishing induction hypotheses, instantiating and unwinding loops etc. Due to this fact, similar approaches are often criticized as being of limited practical significance for developers. In this work we attempt to remedy such limitations and propose the use of symbolic execution as a basis for a noninterference testing tool. This is advantageous because it is automatic and gives developers an efficient, practical way of testing for noninterference bugs. The proposed approach is essentially an under-approximation of the problem and this has two important consequences: on the positive side, it is automatic and precise; on the other hand, it usually cannot discover all bugs. Nevertheless, combined with the observation that typically most bugs are shallow, the approach gives developers a powerful tool, without requiring them to understand and write complex specifications.

Symbolic execution has already been used for verification of secure information flow.


Most of the extender pigments used in coatings such as titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) are of mineral origin and require long processing, including grinding, levigation, chemical treatment, etc, from the ore to the final stage, resulting in significant loss of materials [3] . Similarly, these processed extenders are expensive, and are not available in abundance, and this has led to increases in the cost of resultant coatings products [4] . TiO 2 , a prime pigment which is used extensively in the paint industry is chemically active and contributes not only to the high cost of paints, but also, increases the rate of degradation of paint surfaces [5] . Efforts are being made to find economically and technically viable extenders for use in coatings, and thus, bring down the cost of coatings products to acceptable limits.

Most of the extender pigments used in coatings such as titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) are of mineral origin and require long processing, including grinding, levigation, chemical treatment, etc, from the ore to the final stage, resulting in significant loss of materials.

Similarly, these processed extenders are expensive, and are not available in abundance, and this has led to increases in the cost of resultant coatings products.

TiO 2 , a prime pigment which is used extensively in the paint industry is chemically active and contributes not only to the high cost of paints, but also, increases the rate of degradation of paint surfaces.


Clay, which is one of the natural resources that are abundant on earth, is being investigated for possible use as extenders in coatings. The use of calcined clay as part replacement of TiO 2 in latex paint formulations has been reported [6] . It was found that the calcined clay replaced up to 20% TiO 2 in paint formulations without having adverse effects on coating properties. Similarly, the use of Okposi and Amankwo Afikpo clays in alkyd paint formulations was reported by Igwe and Ezeamaku [7] . The formulated paints which contained 13.1 to 36.0 wt% of the clays exhibited good paint properties as the commercial whiting formulated paint samples.

The use of calcined clay as part replacement of TiO 2 in latex paint formulations has been reported.

Similarly, the use of Okposi and Amankwo Afikpo clays in alkyd paint formulations was reported by Igwe and Ezeamaku.


C→ D: After the initial fast increase in the hardness, the hardness increased with a slower kinetic up to the formation of β precipitates. The transformation of GP-II zone to β precipitate was a process in which the Si/Mg ratio increased. The increase in the Si/Mg ratio of GP-II zones was associated with the dissolution of some of the existing particles. As a result, the hardening rate during transition of GP-II zones to β precipitates decreased [7] . The decrease of resistivity in this stage indicates that the solute depletion was the governing phenomenon.

As a result, the hardening rate during transition of GP-II zones to β precipitates decreased.


A→ B: In this stage, both hardness and resistivity slightly increased. This slight increase in both hardness and resistivity was due to the nucleation of GP-II zones [9] [10] [11] . In the beginning, GP-II zones were still very small and coherent. Therefore, they could not have a significant contribution to the mechanical properties. A few minutes after nucleation of GP-II zones, their sizes were in the range of the wavelength of conduction electrons at the Fermi level. In this condition, small nuclei of GP-II zones caused strong scattering of free electrons, which resulted in the observed increase in the resistivity [26, 27] . B→ C: During this stage, the hardness increased considerably from 80 VHN to around 110 VHN. This fast increase in the hardness of Al-Mg-Si alloy during ageing was related to the growth of GP-II precipitates [7] . During their growth in the <100> direction, GP-II precipitates caused a distortion in the surrounding matrix, and therefore they could obviously inhibit the movement of dislocations and consequently enhanced the mechanical strength. The growth of GP-II zones was associated with the depletion of alloying elements from the matrix which resulted in a drop of resistivity.

This slight increase in both hardness and resistivity was due to the nucleation of GP-II zones.

In this condition, small nuclei of GP-II zones caused strong scattering of free electrons, which resulted in the observed increase in the resistivity.

This fast increase in the hardness of Al-Mg-Si alloy during ageing was related to the growth of GP-II precipitates.


Approximately 5.1 million people > 20 years old in the USA live with chronic Heart Failure (HF). An estimated 670,000 new cases are diagnosed annually among USA adults > 45 years old, and HF causes or contributes to almost 300,000 deaths each year. Various demographic trends, including the aging of the population and greater likelihood of survival after acute myocardial infarction, suggest that the prevalence of HF will likely continue to increase; indeed, the American Heart Association (AHA) estimates that by 2030, HF prevalence will increase by 25% over 2013 estimates [1] .

Various demographic trends, including the aging of the population and greater likelihood of survival after acute myocardial infarction, suggest that the prevalence of HF will likely continue to increase; indeed, the American Heart Association (AHA) estimates that by 2030, HF prevalence will increase by 25% over 2013 estimates.


In real applications, there are practical ways to specify the pdfs. For example, measurement errors can be modeled by Gaussian distributions with the means and variances estimated from sample data with known real locations obtained by some external means [19] . Also, uncertainty due to data staling can be modeled according to the last reported location and velocity and the vehicle's properties (e.g., maximum speed) [19] . Assuming the pdfs f i to be non-zero only over a finite region is thus reasonable since the density functions drop super-linearly (e.g., exponentially for Gaussian distributions) so that the locations outside a certain region have negligible contribution to expected distances.

For example, measurement errors can be modeled by Gaussian distributions with the means and variances estimated from sample data with known real locations obtained by some external means.

Also, uncertainty due to data staling can be modeled according to the last reported location and velocity and the vehicle's properties (e.g., maximum speed).


In practical engineering, most water inrush and mud burst disaster in karst tunnel is caused by insufficient safety thickness of water-resistant strata between concealed karst cave and tunnel [1] [2] [3] . Thus, during the karst tunnel construction, it is of important engineering significance to determine the thickness of water-resistant strata rationally. For example, when we adopt "energy-releasing and pressure-reducing" method to address the karst cavity filled with water, a certain thickness of rock plug is required to prevent rock plug form being crushed, and that can cause water inrush disaster. In addition, during the karst tunnel construction, we need to change construction procedure and determine reasonable safe distance when closing to the small and medium filling type karst cave. Generally, if the thickness of water-resistant strata, which is determined by a water-resistant strata stability criterion, is too small, the difficulty of engineering treatment and cost will decrease. Nevertheless, it increases the instability probability of water-resistant strata. On the contrary, if the thickness of water-resistant strata is too large, it will cause unnecessary economic waste obviously. Moreover, it is impossible to relocate the tunnel. Thus it can be seen that selecting reasonable stability criterion of water-resistant strata to determine the thickness is directly related to the tunnel design, construction, and operation safety.

In practical engineering, most water inrush and mud burst disaster in karst tunnel is caused by insufficient safety thickness of water-resistant strata between concealed karst cave and tunnel.


In this work we have studied the impressive role of a black hole geometry on the propagation of a massive scalar field when it emitted in the gravitational background of a non-rotating BTZ black hole in three-dimensional spacetime. To this end, we considered a theory in which the scalar field coupled to the Einstein's tensor of gravitational background non-minimally. We have shown that the differential equation of motion of scalar field in its radial part changed to a Schrödinger-like equation with an effective potential by using a tortoise change of coordinate r. We have ploted the behavior of this potential for different values of particle and spacetime properties in Figs. (1) and (2) . It has shown that there is a constraint on the parameters for which we have a local maximum for the potential as a necessary point to consider the greybody factors. According to the Fig.(1) , when we increased the coupling constant regarding to (3.10), the potential shows different behavior and the local maximum disappears by increasing the cosmological constant. We have seen that there was a similar disappearance for the maximum by decreasing the mass of scalar field in Fig.(2a) and that the value of potential barrier became larger by increasing the mass and decreasing the cosmological constant for some typical value of coupling constant ξ.

We have shown that the differential equation of motion of scalar field in its radial part changed to a Schrödinger-like equation with an effective potential by using a tortoise change of coordinate r. We have ploted the behavior of this potential for different values of particle and spacetime properties in Figs. (1) and.


In the semi-classical approximation, the GFs can be studied by making use of Schrödinger-like equations to study the scattering of a particular particle field by the black hole background [2, 3] . Since the black hole geometry outside the event horizon acts as a potential barrier, as aforementioned the emitted spectrum by the black hole will be modified in order that it is no longer that of a black body, but that of a grey body. This method allows us to compute the transmission and reflection coeffcients of the black hole, in terms of which we can define the corresponding greybody factor. As we will see the GFs and QNMs are closely related to each other, and they are only different in the boundary conditions of the mathematical problem. Studying GFs in different frequency regimes enable us to learn more about the quantum structure of black holes and consequently the quantum gravity.

In the semi-classical approximation, the GFs can be studied by making use of Schrödinger-like equations to study the scattering of a particular particle field by the black hole background.


In the context of quantum field theory for black hole backgrounds, Hawking demonstrated that these objects behave like thermal systems, which their mechanics is governed by four laws of thermodynamics [11] . That is, they have associated with some thermodynamical quantities suchas an entropy and temperature [12, 13] . He also showed that they can emit radiation with a characteristic like a black body spectrum, knwon as black hole Hawking rdiation [12, 14] . Though the spectrum of a black hole radiation at the event horizon is exactly that of a black body, but when quantum mechanics is taken into account, black holes are in fact not black and they obey the laws of thermodynamics. It means that the initial radiation will get modified by the non-trivial spacetime geometry that the black hole generates when it travels away from event horizon. In fact, for an observer located at infinity this spectrum differs from that of a black body by a coefficient called greybody factor, or else absorption cross section, a frequencyand geometry-dependent quantity that filters the initial Hawking radiation [15] [16] [17] [18] .

In the context of quantum field theory for black hole backgrounds, Hawking demonstrated that these objects behave like thermal systems, which their mechanics is governed by four laws of thermodynamics.

That is, they have associated with some thermodynamical quantities suchas an entropy and temperature.

He also showed that they can emit radiation with a characteristic like a black body spectrum, knwon as black hole Hawking rdiation.

In fact, for an observer located at infinity this spectrum differs from that of a black body by a coefficient called greybody factor, or else absorption cross section, a frequencyand geometry-dependent quantity that filters the initial Hawking radiation.


With the increasing development of information technology, IT outsourcing has been developing rapidly. It is currently being used as an important strategy by many companies to focus on the core competency, reduce cost, and increase profit. In Europe and other developed countries, either small businesses or large multinational companies always give the noncore business to external professional company [1] [2] [3] [4] . According to Gartner, one of the leading information technology research firms, global spending for IT services was approximately $932 billion in 2013 and is expected to grow to $967 billion in 2014, a growth of 3.8% from 2013 [5] .

In Europe and other developed countries, either small businesses or large multinational companies always give the noncore business to external professional company.

According to Gartner, one of the leading information technology research firms, global spending for IT services was approximately $932 billion in 2013 and is expected to grow to $967 billion in 2014, a growth of 3.8% from 2013.


Researchers have done a lot of related research [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . But most methods and models proposed in the literature only discuss the risk management issues on project itself and ignore the cooperation between principal and agent and the distribution characteristics of the IT outsourcing activities. In recent years, principal-agent theory has been widely employed to solve the problem of risk management of IT outsourcing and good results have been achieved through these studies.

Researchers have done a lot of related research.


The concept of weight is a very controversial one, having at least three different conceptualizations (Galili, 2001) . Although Prof. Lewin recognizes it, saying explicitly that the weight is a non-intuitive and tricky "thing", he introduces it straightly (and unorthodoxly) as the upward force a scale exerts on the body being weighted (Figure 1 ). Such a definition strongly contradicts both students' previous intuitive ideas about, and learning experiences with the weight concept, but no opportunity is given to them to reconsider their ideas and experiences. Instead, a rapid exposition of a few applications of the weight concept is presented. Some of results, very likely paradoxical to students (bodies of different masses, connected by a string over a pulley, in an accelerated motion have the same weight), were elaborated and commented as being almost self-evident. Regarding controversial phenomenon of weightlessness, Prof. Lewin presents two types of demonstrations. The first type is low-tech carried out with a one -gallon water container. Initially, Prof. Lewin holds it in his hands, standing on the table (not very common position of a physics professor), and later jumps from the table, separating his hands slightly from the container (Figure 2 ). Not surprisingly, the container and Prof. Lewin fall in the same way, keeping their spatial configuration equal. The second type of weightlessness demonstration is a high-tech one, showing that two sensitive electronic balances, in free fall, don't register a weight of an attached object. The balances were designed and made at MIT.

The concept of weight is a very controversial one, having at least three different conceptualizations.


The basic cause of failure is that this approach to teaching has behind it an erroneous theory of learning, which considers that the essence of learning is reception and memorizing of a clear instructional message. In other words, that approach does not take into account how humans learn (Bransford et al., 2001) . It is almost a trivial fact that humans learn best by doing things, by making and correcting errors.

In other words, that approach does not take into account how humans learn.


The weight and height of each participant were measured using a regular scale, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the ratio between weight (kg) and squared height (m 2 ). The glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula in mL/h/1.73 m 2 (a calculation used to estimate creatinine clearance based on age, weight, serum creatinine, and gender) [18] . The concentration of HbA1c was measured in patients suffering from PAOD.

The glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula in mL/h/1.73 m 2 (a calculation used to estimate creatinine clearance based on age, weight, serum creatinine, and gender).


Although the Coh-Metrix did not detect significant proficiency level differences, it did consistently distinguish between L1/L2 writing. This supports research that argues cohesive devices mark L2 as non-native (Mirzapour & Ahmadi, 2011) . This study indicates that L2 writers regardless of proficiency share similar lexical and cohesive patterns which mark it as distinct from L1 writing.

This supports research that argues cohesive devices mark L2 as non-native.


The parabolic equation (PE) method was introduced by Leontovich and Fock in the 1940s [7] . It can take account of wave refraction and diffraction, and give a more accurate solution for the field in the presence of range-dependent environments [8] . Because of its numerical efficiency, the PE method has been predominantly used in tropospheric propagation prediction [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . However, it is less applied in meteorological environments formed by hydrometeors and atmospheric gases. In this paper, the PE method is employed to model the propagation attenuation of millimeter wave caused by the meteorological environments with complex boundary conditions. The proposed model can provide accurate electromagnetic data with complex geographical and meteorological conditions, which has great reference value for the design and use of millimeter-wave systems.

The parabolic equation (PE) method was introduced by Leontovich and Fock in the 1940s.

It can take account of wave refraction and diffraction, and give a more accurate solution for the field in the presence of range-dependent environments.

Because of its numerical efficiency, the PE method has been predominantly used in tropospheric propagation prediction.


Millimeter-wave technology has been widely used in radar, communication, detection systems, and so on [1] [2] [3] [4] . But the propagation characteristics of millimeter wave can be easily affected by meteorological environments as it propagates in the troposphere. The effects are mainly due to the absorption of atmospheric gases, scattering and absorption of hydrometeors, such as raindrops, fog drops and so on [5, 6] . In bad weather conditions, such as rain or fog, the propagation attenuation caused by the atmospheric gases and bad weather may become serious, which may affect the performance of millimeterwave systems in most cases. So, the study of the propagation characteristics of millimeter wave in meteorological environments is of great significance.

Millimeter-wave technology has been widely used in radar, communication, detection systems, and so on.

The effects are mainly due to the absorption of atmospheric gases, scattering and absorption of hydrometeors, such as raindrops, fog drops and so on.