The disease appears in the field firstly as small infected foci and then spreads quickly when cool and wet conditions prevail. The severity of disease can be reduced through the use of resistant cultivars, fungicide applications, and cultural practices such as crop rotation, removal of debris, and sowing clean seed. Periodic appearances of new and more virulent strains of the pathogen are a major problem in resistance breeding (Grewal 1984; Singh et al. 1981) .

Periodic appearances of new and more virulent strains of the pathogen are a major problem in resistance breeding.


Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr., is the most destructive disease of aerial parts of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in chickpea-producing regions of the world (Nene and Reddy 1987) . Iran is the fourth largest chickpea producer in the world (http://faostat.fao.org) of which Kermanshah and Ilam are important chickpea growing areas that suffer severe epidemics every year. Ascochyta rabiei is a haploid, heterothallic dothideomycete fungus within the class Pleosporales (Trapero-Casas and Kaiser 1992; Wilson and Kaiser 1995) . The life cycle of this fungus involves several asexual generations during the growing season of the crop, and a sexual or perfect stage (Didymella rabiei (Kovachevski) v. Arx.) which develops on infected plant debris during the winter (Navas-Cortes et al. 1998; Trapero-Casas and Kaiser 1992; Trapero-Casas et al. 1996) . Although the teleomorph's influence on disease epidemiology and pathogen diversity is still unclear, it may be more widespread than previously thought, and ascospores may serve as a primary inoculum (Kaiser and Hannan 1987; Trapero-Casas et al. 1996) .

Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr., is the most destructive disease of aerial parts of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in chickpea-producing regions of the world.

Ascochyta rabiei is a haploid, heterothallic dothideomycete fungus within the class Pleosporales.

The life cycle of this fungus involves several asexual generations during the growing season of the crop, and a sexual or perfect stage (Didymella rabiei (Kovachevski) v. Arx.) which develops on infected plant debris during the winter.

Although the teleomorph's influence on disease epidemiology and pathogen diversity is still unclear, it may be more widespread than previously thought, and ascospores may serve as a primary inoculum.


Children in two conditions received isomorphic problems. The peg condition used discrete quantities. The beaker condition used continuous quantities. Children in the beaker condition exhibited less developed physical reasoning. We hypothesize that the beaker children did not measure the quantities into precise values that organized the weights and distances into a common ontology (number), and therefore, they had difficulty representing and coordinating the amounts. Given that they did not apply a preformed schema to these problems, they needed to reason with perceptual magnitudes. When perceiving differences on the weight dimension, they stopped looking at the distance dimension and they exhibited a weight bias. It is difficult to maintain a perceptual representation with sufficient precision to coordinate thinking about forces interacting at a distance from each other (Schwartz & Black, 1996) . The results, however, are merely consistent with this hypothesis and do not prove it. Thus far, we have shown only that physical situations that are difficult to measure lead to poorer performance. In the following studies, we look for direct evidence that the conversion into numbers helps children consider the complex relations within a physical problem.

It is difficult to maintain a perceptual representation with sufficient precision to coordinate thinking about forces interacting at a distance from each other.


In fact, a contraction of Lie group representations provides a link between the Harmonic Analysis on two different Lie groups. In particular, contractions allow to recover some classical formulas of the theory of special functions [15] , [26] . Contractions also permit to transfer results on L p -multipliers from unitary groups to Heisenberg groups [14] , [27] .

In particular, contractions allow to recover some classical formulas of the theory of special functions.

Contractions also permit to transfer results on L p -multipliers from unitary groups to Heisenberg groups.


Beyond its contribution to life-history and habitat selection theory, this study helps clarify the relationship between ecological concepts (such as the mechanisms that underline the spatiotemporal distribution of threatened organisms) and applied real-world problems facing natural resource managers (Jonzen 2008) . For example, breeding habitat selection has consequences for the probability of colonization success in captive release, relocations, and translocation programs (Stamps and Swaisgood 2007) . For amphibian conservation, it is generally unknown whether the terrestrial habitat or the breeding habitat serve as the limits to the population growth or whether a specific breeding site will provide for a source or sink population. Understanding habitat selection with respect to adjustment of progeny across pools and time, combined with an understanding density-dependent growth, can aid conservation planners in improving or expanding terrestrial versus aquatic habitat to achieve increased population size (Boyce and McDonald 1999) .

Beyond its contribution to life-history and habitat selection theory, this study helps clarify the relationship between ecological concepts (such as the mechanisms that underline the spatiotemporal distribution of threatened organisms) and applied real-world problems facing natural resource managers.

For example, breeding habitat selection has consequences for the probability of colonization success in captive release, relocations, and translocation programs.

Understanding habitat selection with respect to adjustment of progeny across pools and time, combined with an understanding density-dependent growth, can aid conservation planners in improving or expanding terrestrial versus aquatic habitat to achieve increased population size.


In this paper a hysteresis model, called extended generalized PI model, is proposed to capture sophisticated hysteresis as observed in VO 2 . The model consists of a nonlinear memoryless function and a generalized PI model, the play operators of which have the same envelope functions. The extended generalized PI model is tested in modeling asymmetric and non-monotonic hysteresis between the curvature output and the temperature input of a VO 2 -coated microactuator, demonstrating 40% less modeling error than a generalized PI model. The advantages of the proposed model are further verified in modeling the asymmetric, partially saturated hysteresis between the resistance output and the temperature input of a VO 2 film. A novel inversion algorithm is then derived based on the fixed-point iteration framework. The convergence condition of the proposed algorithm is further derived. Finally, both simulation and experimental results are provided to support the effectiveness of the inversion algorithm. A preliminary version of this work was presented at the 2014 American Control Conference [24] .

A preliminary version of this work was presented at the 2014 American Control Conference.


The difference of susceptibilities ∆ = χ π − χ δ is a probe for the axial U(1) symmetry. If ∆ is zero then the axial symmetry is invisible in the scalar meson channels and it appears restored in that sector of the particle spectrum. We show that the measurement of ∆ is delicate and highly sensitive to the level of chiral symmetry in the lattice action. A direct measure of the effect of the artifacts to the averages of ∆ indicates that in the coarse lattices (N t = 8, about 0.11 fm near the phase transition) they account for the major part of the signal. The effect is reduced with the lattice spacing but still can generate a significant contribution to ∆. We reweight the results to an action that satisfies exactly the Ginsparg-Wilson relation. We show that a partially quenched measure of ∆ using the overlap operator can still be affected by artifacts in the low-mode region in comparison to the corresponding reweighted result. The ∆ averages after the reweighting procedure show a mass dependence that is compatible with zero in the chiral limit. Our current conclusion is that the axial anomaly at T T c is invisible in the scalar meson channels. This result is compatible with the previous conclusion using overlap fermions [5] . A detailed account of the measurement will be reported in a series of papers in preparation.

This result is compatible with the previous conclusion using overlap fermions.


Gauss' law, with the number of strings joining the D-particle to the D8-branes, which is in accord with the picture that a string is created or destroyed when a D-particle passes through a D8-brane. The fact that these strings have a unique BPS ground state which is fermionic leads, via a chain of dualities, to an understanding of the s-rule of Hanany and Witten [19, 20, 21, 22] . This rule states that a configuration with more than one D3-brane joining a NS-fivebrane and a D5-brane, and extending in all space-time dimensions, cannot have a quantum state with unbroken supersymmetry.

The fact that these strings have a unique BPS ground state which is fermionic leads, via a chain of dualities, to an understanding of the s-rule of Hanany and Witten.


Quantum effects for the quartic λ(µ)φ 4 inflation with non-minimal coupling to gravity are known up to two loops [34] . In this work the Planck scale is also an explicit parameter, i.e., the gravity is explicitly not scale invariant, and the loop corrections to the inflaton potential are dominated by the inflaton self-interactions. In our case the dominant loop effect is induced by the inflaton portal-type interaction with the dark sector. This will imply, again, different phenomenological results.

Quantum effects for the quartic λ(µ)φ 4 inflation with non-minimal coupling to gravity are known up to two loops.


The proposed method does not generate noise terms also known as secular terms in the solution as the homotopy perturbation based techniques [14] . This property of DTM greatly reduces the volume of computation and improves the efficiency of LPDTM in comparison to the perturbation based methods. What is more, LPDTM does not require a perturbation parameter as the perturbation based techniques (including HPM). Finally, LPDTM is straightforward and can be programmed using computer algebra packages like Maple or Mathematica.

The proposed method does not generate noise terms also known as secular terms in the solution as the homotopy perturbation based techniques.


The second determinant is subjective norm. Subjective norm refers to the social pressure felt by a person, a pressure that they will either want to act on or not (Ajzen, 1991) . Perceived behavioral control, on the other hand, is a situation in which a person has felt it to be either easy or difficult to perform a behavior. Besides, the individual's previous experience has a big impact on that individual and influences whether or not they are going to be compelled to perform a particular behavior (Ajzen, 1991) .

Subjective norm refers to the social pressure felt by a person, a pressure that they will either want to act on or not.

Besides, the individual's previous experience has a big impact on that individual and influences whether or not they are going to be compelled to perform a particular behavior.


Based on the aforementioned study, theory of planned behavior has been applied in many entrepreneurship studies. Thus, in this study, the researcher has decided to apply theory of planned behavior and use five determinants, namely behavioral attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, social valuation, and closer valuation as the independent variable. According to theory of planned behavior, there are three determinants-behavioral attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control-, with an additional determinant, namely social valuation. Behavioral attitude is an important element that can be assumed to be a person's interest, which leads them to be inclined toward entrepreneurship (Santos, 2007) . This means that behavioral attitude is dependent on the individual themselves, and that influences come from the person's own intentions or interest, without any influences from others.

Behavioral attitude is an important element that can be assumed to be a person's interest, which leads them to be inclined toward entrepreneurship.


The agricultural sector has been an important one in Malaysia since before the country's independence, and was the main contributor to the Malaysian economy during the First National Agriculture Policy, NAP 1 (1984 NAP 1 ( -1991 , which emphasized the policy of expansion and focused on commodity crops such as palm oil and cocoa. Moreover, agriculture can be a medium for overcoming poverty, one reason being that it has the ability to reduce the unemployment problem in Malaysia. The effectiveness of agriculture in combating poverty and unemployment has been proven by the success of a number of high-impact agricultural programs initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture such as Permanent Food Production Parks (or locally called as Taman Kekal Pengeluaran Makanan-TKPM), High Impact Project-Aquaculture Industrial Zone (HIP-ZIA), and Agropolitan (Faiz et al., 2010) .

The effectiveness of agriculture in combating poverty and unemployment has been proven by the success of a number of high-impact agricultural programs initiated by the Ministry of Agriculture such as Permanent Food Production Parks (or locally called as Taman Kekal Pengeluaran Makanan-TKPM), High Impact Project-Aquaculture Industrial Zone (HIP-ZIA), and Agropolitan.


As noted, all participants were classified with Mild Cognitive Impairment on the basis of a CDR global score of 0.5. The mean (SD) CDR sum of boxes score was 0.8 (0.44), consistent with this level of memory decline. Table 1 contains information obtained prior to and during the final week of the interven- tion concerning anthropometric variables, metabolic factors, total daily energy and macronutrient consumption, and ketone body concentration. At enrollment, anthropometric and metabolic measures were typical of US adults aged 60 years and older with respect to abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and elevated fasting glucose [51, 52] . The pre-intervention mean serum ßHB concentration was at the level expected after overnight fast [24] . Dependent sample t-tests were performed to assess change in the outcome measures. At the end of the intervention the mean ßHB concentration was significantly increased (p = 0.03), and elevations relative to pre-intervention were apparent for each participant with values ranging from +0.21 mM to +0.90 mM indicating that the level of carbohydrate restriction maintained by the participants was adequate to increase ketone body concentrations. As shown in Table 1 , we observed statistically significant anthropometric and dietary changes across the six-week intervention including reductions of body weight (−7.5%), waist circumference (−3.9%), daily energy intake (−43%), carbohydrate intake (−80%), and fiber intake (−54%). Notably, overall protein and fat consumption did not change appreciably with the intervention. With the decline in carbohydrate intake, the amount of animal protein increased and non-animal protein intake decreased. Glucose and insulin values also declined, although not significantly.

At enrollment, anthropometric and metabolic measures were typical of US adults aged 60 years and older with respect to abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and elevated fasting glucose.

The pre-intervention mean serum ßHB concentration was at the level expected after overnight fast.


The 1 H MRS spectra were analyzed using LCModel software to quantify the following cerebral metabolite levels: myo-inositol (mInos), a cell membrane component; N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), a marker of neuronal integrity; creatine + phosphocreatine (Cr), a marker of mitochondrial energy turnover; choline (Ch), representing choline-containing compounds glycerophosphocholine and phosphocholine; glutamate (Glu); and glutamate + glutamine (Glx) [36] . The metabolite levels were further corrected for tissue dependence with tissue segmentation and corrected for the relaxation loss with transverse and longitudinal relaxation times [37, 38] . Metabolite levels are presented in concentration (mM) relative to unsuppressed water signal from the same MRS voxel.

The 1 H MRS spectra were analyzed using LCModel software to quantify the following cerebral metabolite levels: myo-inositol (mInos), a cell membrane component; N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), a marker of neuronal integrity; creatine + phosphocreatine (Cr), a marker of mitochondrial energy turnover; choline (Ch), representing choline-containing compounds glycerophosphocholine and phosphocholine; glutamate (Glu); and glutamate + glutamine (Glx).

The metabolite levels were further corrected for tissue dependence with tissue segmentation and corrected for the relaxation loss with transverse and longitudinal relaxation times.


To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effect of dietary ketosis on cerebral metabolites in individuals with MCI. Despite the small sample size, we observed marginal trends for increases in the cerebral metabolites NAA and Cr, which are associated with neuronal integrity and cellular energy turnover. These observations are contrary to what has been reported in non-interventional and cross-sectional MRS studies of AD and MCI in which decreased levels of NAA and Cr are viewed as markers of neurodegeneration [53] . Accordingly, while the increments in these two metabolites were marginal, they suggest the possibility that neuronal function may have been improved. Further investigation with larger MCI samples is necessary to corroborate and extend these observations and substantiate the notion that moderate-term ketogenesis is associated with improved neuronal integrity and enhanced bioenergetic function in this population.

These observations are contrary to what has been reported in non-interventional and cross-sectional MRS studies of AD and MCI in which decreased levels of NAA and Cr are viewed as markers of neurodegeneration.


The findings confirm that rhythmic performance ability does vary widely across individuals. For illustration, individual performance on the easiest condition (short beat rhythms) is shown in Figure 7 . Note that there is not a clear separation between distinct populations, but rather a continuous and fairly uniform distribution of rhythmic performance accuracy ranging from 0% to 100% correct (with a slight skew). When very few factors contribute to performance, discrete classes of performance are often observed; however, continuous distributions are more commonly observed when several factors contribute to performance (Khoury, Beaty, & Cohen, 1993) . This is consistent with our results, as all three factors that were tested accounted for unique variance in rhythmic performance accuracy across individuals.

When very few factors contribute to performance, discrete classes of performance are often observed; however, continuous distributions are more commonly observed when several factors contribute to performance.


Span correlated positively with musical training, in accordance with previous work (Bailey and Penhune (2010); Wallentin, 2010) . BAT score and musical training were also positively correlated. However, BAT and span were not correlated with each other, indicating that although auditory STM and beat sensitivity are higher in those with more musical training, they appear to be distinct capacities.

Span correlated positively with musical training, in accordance with previous work.


Catechin is alkanols derivative. It is colorless crystalline solid and could be dissolved in water. Its aqueous solution could polymerizate into amorphous tannin easily under the conditions of heating and the presence of inorganic acids [5] [6] [7] . It can be very important in improving the body's immune function, clearing the body excess free radicals and strong antioxidant capacity. High catechin concentration would evidently injure red cell membrane at the present of iron. Catechin possesses a powerful ability to chelat with iron [8] . Response surface methodology (RSM) is a kind of experimental design and optimization methods. RSM can be effectively used to find the combination of factor levels that produce an optimum response [9] .

Catechin is alkanols derivative.

Its aqueous solution could polymerizate into amorphous tannin easily under the conditions of heating and the presence of inorganic acids.

Catechin possesses a powerful ability to chelat with iron.

RSM can be effectively used to find the combination of factor levels that produce an optimum response.


Response surface methodology is an experimental modelling technique dedicated to the evaluation of the connection of a set of controlled experimental factors and observed results. Prior knowledge of the process is required in order to achieve a satisfactory statistical model. A detailed account of this technique has been outlined [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] .

A detailed account of this technique has been outlined.


In the model given in Eq. (1), interactions higher than first order have been neglected. This design is preferred because relatively few experimental combinations of the variables are adequate to estimate potentially complex response functions [27] . A total of 15 experiments were necessary to estimate the 10 coefficients of the model. Using multiple linear regression analysis, the set of coefficients for its mechanical properties was calculated.

This design is preferred because relatively few experimental combinations of the variables are adequate to estimate potentially complex response functions.


The marital status finding from this study adds to the existing body of knowledge by showing that married individuals tend to under-estimate their financial risk tolerance compared to singles. Unlike the age-confidence and gender-confidence literature, there is a scarcity of writing on the marital status-confidence/estimation association. If it is assumed that a marital relationship can be viewed similarly to a corporate union, the finding that married individuals under-estimate their risk tolerance has important household financial implications (Sieck, Merkle, & Van Zandt, 2007) . According to Sieck and his associates, families stand to either make or lose money depending on the forecasts they formulate about the financial environment. If, as the findings from this study suggest, married individuals systematically under-estimate their risk tolerance they may mis-judge macro-, as well as household, economic events that can impact financial losses on the family unit. Those who under-estimate their risk tolerance may over-compensate for perceived risks in such a way that the marital unit is actually placed in a more risky situation in terms of asset accumulation, threat management, and loss control. The movement from over-estimation as a single person to under-estimation as a married person also may correspond to shifts people make when creating personal fables. As a single person it is easier to imagine that the world revolves singularly around one person; however, this lens of reality changes when a person enters a marriage. At that point, the individualist personal fable fades and is replaced by a joint view of the world and the risks associated with decisions.

If it is assumed that a marital relationship can be viewed similarly to a corporate union, the finding that married individuals under-estimate their risk tolerance has important household financial implications.


As suggested above, the general consensus suggests that older individuals are less risk tolerant than others (Coleman, 2003; Halek & Eisenhauer, 2001) . While this may or may not be true -and as a result, worthy of additional research -a more intriguing question is the one that asks if people tend to over-or under-estimate their risk tolerance as they age. It might be possible, for instance, for a young person to over-estimate their risk tolerance. If mis-estimation occurs, this could lead younger working adults to take financial risks that exceed their psychometrically measured willingness to incur uncertainty and volatility in their household portfolio. The result could be financially problematic -e.g., selling assets at a loss or incurring excess debt in comparison to income and assets. It is equally possible that the phenomenon of risk tolerance decreasing with age may be an artifact of the way risk tolerance is sometimes measured. Often research reporting an inverse relationship between age and risk tolerance is based on responses to single-item risk measures. Typically, these single-item assessment tools gauge only one dimension of risk. For whatever reason, people may answer these single-item measures without considering their psychometrically accurate level of risk tolerance. In other words, a person responding to common types of risk questions may estimate that their risk tolerance is, in fact, higher or lower than it really is. The impact of mis-estimation can be particularly detrimental for older adults. If, say, an older working adult is attempting to save for retirement and they develop and manage a portfolio based on a quick self-estimation of their risk tolerance -often by comparing themselves to a fictional other person -the level of risk taken may be greater (lesser) than the risk appropriate given their underlying risk attitude. If it turns out that older adults, on the average, under-estimate their risk tolerance, portfolios may be developed that do not provide sufficient returns to meet long-term goal expectations.

As suggested above, the general consensus suggests that older individuals are less risk tolerant than others.


Only 241 landowners out of ~8370 rural landowners in the study region have wind turbines on their land. This small fraction, less than 3 percent, of rural landowners shows how pre-existing land-tenure patterns, the "property advantage," enabled some landowners to obtain royalties from wind farms because of factors relating to size or relative location of their land before the development of wind farms. A similar low fraction of participation in energy assets has been reported for shale gas underneath Denton, Texas, where 2.4 percent of subsurface mineral (gas) value was owned by family trusts and individuals with Denton tax addresses [9] . The total area of the 8370 landholdings was 452,800 hectares (mean = 54.1 hectares), and median size of 2.4 hectares; this compares to the ~66,000 hectares of the 241 landholdings that have turbines located on their land. Some landowners without turbines may have refused to sign contracts with wind-power developers, but many others may have had land parcels too small for siting turbines, or land with unsuitable topography, low wind potential, or poor road access.

A similar low fraction of participation in energy assets has been reported for shale gas underneath Denton, Texas, where 2.4 percent of subsurface mineral (gas) value was owned by family trusts and individuals with Denton tax addresses.


Total royalties for the two-county study region were estimated at ~$11.5 million per year, slightly less than the $12.264 million per year estimate of royalties accrued from 2500 MW installed capacity, which assumed a 35 percent CF, $40/MWh wholesale electricity price, and 4 percent royalty rate [36] . The mean annual royalty received per landowner per year was estimated at $47,879 (for 7 turbines on 274 hectares). The median annual royalty was $25,756 (for 4 turbines on 129 hectares), less than median household income in either county. Mean driving time from landholding to tax address was slightly more than 2 hours, although the median driving time was 38 minutes. The mean landholding for the sample was 274 hectares (Table 2) .

Total royalties for the two-county study region were estimated at ~$11.5 million per year, slightly less than the $12.264 million per year estimate of royalties accrued from 2500 MW installed capacity, which assumed a 35 percent CF, $40/MWh wholesale electricity price, and 4 percent royalty rate.


We also identify a "royalty paradox," the situation in which estimated royalties accrue to only a small fraction of rural landowners, even though support for wind power apparently extends into the general population, far broader than the small sub-population of landowners with turbines. We do not know how large payments to a small number of landowners translate into apparent high social acceptance. But it is likely that the landowners who benefit the most from royalties are prominent spokespersons for the wind economy, occupying key positions in organizations such as local school boards and other local civic groups that help influence opinion. They may be the "wind welcomers" previously described [33] . It is beyond the scope of this study to understand the behavior of local elites, but it is likely that landowners with royalties influence local discourse and opinion through varied means.

They may be the "wind welcomers" previously described.


Royalties from wind-power production accrue to hundreds of landowners in a vast area of central North America that hosts much of U.S. wind-power capacity. This area is spatially coincident with high reported social acceptance of wind power. The "property advantage" describes unequal distribution in royalties predicated upon land-tenure inequalities established before wind-power development. Because of their "property advantage," and without "unitization," some landowners will benefit significantly more than other landowners. The vast majority of people in rural areas who do not own land are excluded from royalties, but may benefit from wind power in other ways [14] [15] [16] . Future studies of social acceptance or rejection of wind farms should test for royalty effects, especially in rural areas where drought or poor commodity prices adversely affect farming and ranching, paying attention to particular moral economies that may not conform to models.

The vast majority of people in rural areas who do not own land are excluded from royalties, but may benefit from wind power in other ways.


Interestingly, the socioeconomic factors seem to impact on health differently over the course of a lifetime [35] . For example, at early stages of life, parental education and home environment affect infants' and children's development and health [7, 12] . In adolescence, parental concerns over education and family conflict are associated with certain health problems [34] . In adult life, it is unsurprising to find that social class, determined to a large extent by education and occupational status, and family environment are associated with health status [30] . Thus, some potential risk factors for poor health outcomes earlier in life appear to become less important later in life, while some other factors become even more influential. Which of these social factors are responsible for maintaining and promoting overall function in older populations? Occupation may be one of the main contributors to older people's health and well-being. This is because occupation in elderly populations not only provides economic independence but also continuously provides social support and emotional recognition, even though there are also certain mediating factors, such as psychosocial stress and exposure in the workplace [23, 24, 32] . Therefore, the benefits (i.e., economic independence, social support, and emotional recognition) may translate directly or indirectly into better health later in life.

Interestingly, the socioeconomic factors seem to impact on health differently over the course of a lifetime.

For example, at early stages of life, parental education and home environment affect infants' and children's development and health.

In adolescence, parental concerns over education and family conflict are associated with certain health problems.

In adult life, it is unsurprising to find that social class, determined to a large extent by education and occupational status, and family environment are associated with health status.

This is because occupation in elderly populations not only provides economic independence but also continuously provides social support and emotional recognition, even though there are also certain mediating factors, such as psychosocial stress and exposure in the workplace.


In the following sections we give better insight into the theoretical convergence properties when the objective function in (1) is not necessarily convex but satisfies the Kurdyka-Lojasiewicz (KL) property [31] [32] [33] . In particular, we propose a new variant of VMILA and we demonstrate that under the KL assumption, when the gradient of f 0 is Lipschitz continuous and there exists a limit point of the iterates sequence, this point is stationary for (1) and the whole sequence converges to it. In our analysis we also address the case when the proximal point (4) is computed inexactly. Finally several applications of the algorithm for the solution of imaging inverse problems are presented.

In the following sections we give better insight into the theoretical convergence properties when the objective function in (1) is not necessarily convex but satisfies the Kurdyka-Lojasiewicz (KL) property.


Other than making generalizations such as these, the development of speciÞc thresholds using our data alone is probably not tenable, particularly considering populations change temporally, and S. immaculata populations estimated in early spring (when sampling often occurs) are generally lower than those estimated in early summer (as was done in our study). To develop general thresholds that would be practical, factors such as the temporal trend of S. immaculata populations and economic factors such as the value of the crop and the cost of management (e.g., pesticide application) must be taken into account. Some of these factors are further addressed, along with additional work in a complementary study focused on sampling for S. immaculata (Umble and Fisher 2003) .

Some of these factors are further addressed, along with additional work in a complementary study focused on sampling for S. immaculata.


The melittofauna of the region around the Suez Canal has been surveyed continuously since 2011, and during this time numerous species of pollinating and cleptoparasitic bees have been recovered and recorded. In total, 55 species belonging to nearly all families of bees have been collected, with the sole exception of the Melittidae (Shebl et al., 2013) . Those species were sampled from a diverse flora, including some important crop plants such as alfalfa [Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae)] and Egyptian clover [Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Fabaceae)], but not from Asteraceae (Shebl et al., 2013) .

In total, 55 species belonging to nearly all families of bees have been collected, with the sole exception of the Melittidae.

Those species were sampled from a diverse flora, including some important crop plants such as alfalfa [Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae)] and Egyptian clover [Trifolium alexandrinum L. (Fabaceae)], but not from Asteraceae.


Let K be any discrete valuation field with ring of integers O K , uniformizer π, and residue field k of characteristic p ≥ 0. Let A/K be an abelian variety of dimension g. Let now K be a global field, and v a non-archimedean place of K, with completion K v and residue field k v . Let c v denote the Tamagawa number of A Kv /K v , and let c = c(A/K) := v c v . The quotient c(A/K)/|A(K) tors | is a factor appearing in the leading term of the L-function of A/K in the conjecture of Birch and SwinnertonDyer (see, e.g, [30] , F.4.1.6). We investigate in this article possible cancellations in this ratio.

The quotient c(A/K)/|A(K) tors | is a factor appearing in the leading term of the L-function of A/K in the conjecture of Birch and SwinnertonDyer (see, e.g,, F.4.1.6).


Figure 5(a) shows the stress response profiles at one depth for a given perturbation, over a range of weak disorder. The double-peak profiles evolve with disorder: the amplitude of the response decreases with increasing disorder, although over this range in disorder, there appears to be little change in the location of the peaks. Equation 2 captures the main features of the profiles -the characteristic double-peak -yet it fails to accurately describe the full response, such as the dip in the profiles either side of the peaks. A representative fit of Eq. 2 (symbols) to the C6 configuration (thick solid line) is shown. A criterion was used in the fitting procedure that attempted to match the peak positions as closely as possible between the simulation data and Eq.2. Despite these minor inadequacies, Eq. 2 can be used to characterise the profiles in the weakly disordered regime through the coefficients c ′ and ω, which are obtained as fitting parameters. Over the range of disorder explored in Fig. 5(a) , the values of these fitting parameters are shown in Fig. 5(b) . The upper left points correspond to the strongly ordered systems whereas the lower right points correspond to the weakly disordered configurations. These coefficients not only follow the same trend, but are somewhat similar, to those obtained in ordered and weakly-disordered 2D experiments [15] . When further disorder is introduced, the anisotropic response profiles become less well-defined and there is a crossover to a more isotropic response of the single-peak variety. This is illustrated in the stress maps shown in Fig. 6 , for configurations with moderate-large disorder. In an effort to improve averaging over the growing stress fluctuations, both the size of the perturbed region and the averaging volume were varied. It is expected that even for frictionless particles, disorder promotes an isotropic, elastic-like response [19] . For the most disordered system (C12), whose structure resembles that of an overcompressed random closed packed state, a single-peaked response can be clearly resolved. This is better illustrated in the profile shown in Fig. 7 . A comparison to the Boussinesq theory of Eq. 1 shows reasonable agreement [3] . Further promoting the idea that isotropic random packings are more likely to exhibit isotropic elastic-like stress behaviour.

These coefficients not only follow the same trend, but are somewhat similar, to those obtained in ordered and weakly-disordered 2D experiments.

It is expected that even for frictionless particles, disorder promotes an isotropic, elastic-like response.

A comparison to the Boussinesq theory of Eq. 1 shows reasonable agreement.


It is known experimentally the stress response of a disordered, frictional granular packing qualitatively agrees with isotropic elasticity theory [33] . Simulations of two dimensional systems also point towards agreement with isotropic elastic models [19] . Studies of three dimensional frictional ordered and disordered packings and gravity packings remains work in progress.

It is known experimentally the stress response of a disordered, frictional granular packing qualitatively agrees with isotropic elasticity theory.

Simulations of two dimensional systems also point towards agreement with isotropic elastic models.


In recent years, with steady and robust economic development, the railway as the main artery of national economy has undergone leapfrog development. Along with the increase of high-speed railways, the trains change into those of high speed, heavy loads and large density as well, which puts forward higher requirements for safe operation of trains. Therefore, a stable, accurate and efficient fault detection method is of great importance. At present, traditional manual fault detection is mainly applied in train inspection in China. However, manual fault detection is easily affected by many inevitable factors, such as the weather, occupational level and fatigue degree of the workers. Since traditional manual fault detection fails to meet the higher requirements for train operation safety, Trouble of moving Freight car Detection System (TFDS) takes aim at eliminating uncertain factors in manual fault detection [1] . With TFDS, fault detection is accomplished automatically by computers or man-machines, thus the efficiency and reliability of fault recognition are greatly improved. TFDS plays an important role in improving train inspection quality, railway running safety and transport efficiency [2] .

Since traditional manual fault detection fails to meet the higher requirements for train operation safety, Trouble of moving Freight car Detection System (TFDS) takes aim at eliminating uncertain factors in manual fault detection.

TFDS plays an important role in improving train inspection quality, railway running safety and transport efficiency.


For the sake of illustration, let us consider on the CCS rule for interaction. To express such a rule as a collection of ground rules aP | aQ −→ P | Q is not entirely satisfactory in this setting: even in the simplest cases, we have infinitely many rewrite rules to deal with, and these give rise to infinitely many higher-order labels, e.g., of the kind aP −| aQ P | Q. This appears to make a poor use of the generality, elegance and succinctness of theory of relative pushouts. Ideally, the rule should be expressed parametrically, as in As it turns out, the framework is robust enough to adapt easily to the new question. Rather than investigating ('square') equations such as ca = dl, we now face 'hexagonal' equations cap = dlq in order to establish the universal property that, at the same time, identifies the smallest context c as well as the largest parameter p that unearth redex l in term a. The main technical device we introduce to that purpose is to pair the notion of slice pushout (a rephrasing of relative pushouts) with a dual notion of coslice pullback: the role of the pushout is to determine c as before, while the pullback of course ascertains p. Such coupling of universal properties gives rise to the new notion of 'lux' (locally universal hexagon), introduced in §4. These have been considered previously by Peter Sewell, who referred to them as hex-RPOs. In fact, much of our technical development has been foreshadowed in his unpublished notes [15] .

In fact, much of our technical development has been foreshadowed in his unpublished notes.


Agro-clusters refer to the regional specialization and concentration of an agricultural commodity. They encompass farming activities, processing units, and trades. For example, coffee in West Java produced by farmers is a raw material for processing units. Relationship among them allows cooperation and commercialization to grow. As a local economy this specialised crop contributes higher values and employment to the whole economy of the region. Indeed, agro-clusters may play an important role for reducing poverty rates due to several reasons. Firstly, these clusters offer economic growth. Empirical evidence has explicitly proven that economic clusters in general enable smallholders to raise productivity (Barkley & Henry, 1997) . The clusters may offer positive externalities and innovation (Asheim, Cooke, & Martin, 2008; Ferragina & Mazzotta, 2014) . Secondly, agricultural productivity growth may be associated with higher economic performance and lower poverty rate (Abro, Alemu, & Hanjra, 2014; Datt & Ravallion, 1998; de Janvry & Sadoulet, 2010; Dolny, 1991; Gaiha, 1995; Tyler, Elghonemy, & Couvreur, 1993) .

Empirical evidence has explicitly proven that economic clusters in general enable smallholders to raise productivity.

The clusters may offer positive externalities and innovation.

Secondly, agricultural productivity growth may be associated with higher economic performance and lower poverty rate.


We believe that the benefits we showed in this paper for video streams are not the only benefits that Rb-RIO, or priority class-based AQM in a larger sense, could offer. Future work includes applying Rb-RIO to improve the performance of short-lived Web TCP traffic (mice) over long-lived TCP bulk transfers (elephants). Assigning short-lived TCP packets to the highest priority class trying to avoid drops may improve the performance of Web TCP traffic. Other future work may compare the performance of multimedia and TCP flows under priority class-based AQM such as Rb-RIO to that of traffic class-based AQM such as Dynamic Class-Based Threshold (D-CBT) [5] . Future work also includes a more thorough evaluation of rate-based versus average queue size-based AQM.

Other future work may compare the performance of multimedia and TCP flows under priority class-based AQM such as Rb-RIO to that of traffic class-based AQM such as Dynamic Class-Based Threshold (D-CBT).


Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a set of interacting policies, processes, and technologies, which produce a methodology to manage the essential building design and project data throughout the building's life cycle [1] . It can provide a unified presentation, data framework, and organization. In construction automation, the architecture enables information and communication technology (ICT) to manage the life cycle information of buildings. During a whole life of a building, the essential features of BIM can be summarized into four aspects, namely, integrating with various databases, facilitating document management, visualizing analytical processes and results, and providing sustainability analyses and simulation [2] . The most recent ICT architecture application for BIM is the traditional clientserver architecture, some of which still work as a single workstation pattern. We argue that the future development of BIM technology must be combined with advanced communications technology and computer technology in order to greatly improve the efficiency of the construction industry, such as blockchain, mobile cloud computing, big data, and the Internet of Things. Blockchain is a distributed database system that acts as an "open ledger" to store and manage transactions. Each record in the database is called a block and contains details such as transaction timestamp and links to the previous block. This characteristic makes it impossible for anyone to change the information about the records retrospectively. In addition, since the same transaction is recorded on multiple distributed database systems, the technology is safe in design. As a hot topic in the world at present, cloud computing has become the strategic direction of the future development of information industry and an important engine to promote economic growth, which not only 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering provides new impetus for transformation and innovation of the information industry itself, but also provides great opportunities for the upgrading of traditional industries and the development of new industries.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a set of interacting policies, processes, and technologies, which produce a methodology to manage the essential building design and project data throughout the building's life cycle.

During a whole life of a building, the essential features of BIM can be summarized into four aspects, namely, integrating with various databases, facilitating document management, visualizing analytical processes and results, and providing sustainability analyses and simulation.


In this Letter, we establish the prospects for counterposition due to the interface of a vacuous half-space and a half-space occupied by a simply moving, nondissipative, isotropic dielectricmagnetic medium, when the medium's velocity lies parallel to the interface and in the plane of incidence. In particular, we show that counterposition and negative refraction are indeed distinct. For background details of planewave propagation in moving mediums, the reader is referred to standard works [3, 4, 5] .

For background details of planewave propagation in moving mediums, the reader is referred to standard works.


When a plane wave is incident upon the planar interface of two homogeneous mediums, the refracted wavevector and time-averaged Poynting vector can emerge on opposite sides of the normal to the interface. This phenomenon is called counterposition. Conditions for the occurrence of counterposition in uniaxial dielectric-magnetic mediums have been established [1] . Under the title of amphoteric refraction, counterposition has been confused with negative refraction [2] . Refraction -whether negative or positive -concerns the orientation of the refracted wavevector relative to the normal to the interface, as per a law often attributed to Willebrord van Snel van Royen [3] . The orientation of the refracted time-averaged Poynting vector is irrelevant to whether or not the refraction is negative or positive.

Conditions for the occurrence of counterposition in uniaxial dielectric-magnetic mediums have been established.

Under the title of amphoteric refraction, counterposition has been confused with negative refraction.

Refraction -whether negative or positive -concerns the orientation of the refracted wavevector relative to the normal to the interface, as per a law often attributed to Willebrord van Snel van Royen.


A major purpose of the DRECP is to "provide effective protection and conservation of desert ecosystems while allowing for the appropriate development of renewable energy projects" [4] . Development Focus Areas (DFAs) under the DRECP are located on public lands under the Bureau of Land Management, who thus have the responsibility of maintaining this balance between renewable energy and ecosystem preservation. DFAs have been specially designated areas approved by the DRECP where construction of renewable energy sites, for the most part solar energy, has been fast-tracked.

A major purpose of the DRECP is to "provide effective protection and conservation of desert ecosystems while allowing for the appropriate development of renewable energy projects".


The detection of predominantly positive (abrupt warming) breakpoints following the date of fire ignitions throughout the study period suggested that the loss of live vegetation biomass in the Mojave Desert elevates the LST of comparatively barren land in post-fire years. Previous studies have corroborated the finding that burned areas in semi-arid ecosystems undergo a significant increase in LST after fire, which can be explained by the lower emissivity of combusted woody materials and changes in the energy balance related to vegetation removal [26, 27] . Due to the scarcity of surface moisture in the desert environment, slow regrowth of shrub cover can produce warming trends that last for more than a few years after high-severity wildfires.

Previous studies have corroborated the finding that burned areas in semi-arid ecosystems undergo a significant increase in LST after fire, which can be explained by the lower emissivity of combusted woody materials and changes in the energy balance related to vegetation removal.


A comparative study of the phytochemical composition between the sprouts and taproot or radish revealed significantly higher levels of GLs, isothiocyanates and total phenolic contents in the sprouts than in the taproots [7] . In addition, there are several reports on the beneficial activities of 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (MTBITC), also called raphasatin, which is the hydrolysis product of the glucosinolate glucoraphasatin, and is predominant in radish sprouts [3, 8, 9] . Moreover, 4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate, also called sulforaphene, the isothiocyanate derived from glucoraphenin, is also predominant in radish sprouts. These results provide convincing evidence that WRS have a wide range of abundant metabolites that are of great nutritional value and health benefits.

A comparative study of the phytochemical composition between the sprouts and taproot or radish revealed significantly higher levels of GLs, isothiocyanates and total phenolic contents in the sprouts than in the taproots.

In addition, there are several reports on the beneficial activities of 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (MTBITC), also called raphasatin, which is the hydrolysis product of the glucosinolate glucoraphasatin, and is predominant in radish sprouts.


The Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement aimed at curbing global greenhouse gas emissions, came into force on 16 February, 2005. Using 1990 emission levels as a threshold, it requires a combined reduction of 5.20% in greenhouse gas emissions by industrialised countries. About 141 countries, accounting for more than 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions, ratified the treaty by 2004. The greenhouse gas permit trading market has since grown into a multi-billion dollar market, with Europe at the forefront. The European emissions permit market, through the EU's main climate change policy instrument, the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS), has accounted for more than 80% of global market share in each year since 2006. In 2010, the value of total EU Allowances (EUAs) -carbon credits -traded climbed to US$ 119.8 billion (more than 84% of the global carbon market value), and the EU-ETS-driven share of the global carbon market increased to 97% (Linacre, Kossoy, and Ambrosi 2011) . Futures account for more than 70% of the Euro value of trades, with trades executed either OTC or on organised exchanges. The European Climate Exchange (ECX) in London is the largest of the exchanges in the scheme and in the world, with more than 90% of EU-ETS exchange-based trading share.

In 2010, the value of total EU Allowances (EUAs) -carbon credits -traded climbed to US$ 119.8 billion (more than 84% of the global carbon market value), and the EU-ETS-driven share of the global carbon market increased to 97%.


The progenitors of the AMs are peripheral blood MOs, which are recruited and differentiated into AMs during physiological processes in control individuals as well as during progression of COPD in diseased patients [47, 48] . It appeared to be intriguing and important to evaluate the possibility that there are similar COPD-specific changes in the expression of genes in the precursor and the differentiated cells in the controls and COPD patients. The identification of such genes might be used as biomarkers for COPD, which may help in establishing and verifying the diagnosis, and in testing the efficacy of treatment during disease progression or regression. In addition, it would also establish the involvement of MOs in COPD.

The progenitors of the AMs are peripheral blood MOs, which are recruited and differentiated into AMs during physiological processes in control individuals as well as during progression of COPD in diseased patients.


Urbanization is a key driver that increases the frequency and intensity of urban flooding. Rapid sprawl in urban areas reduces green spaces and increases the amount of impervious surfaces, which can exacerbate flooding. Increases in impervious surfaces are known to significantly influence the hydrological cycle [1] . Moreover, decreases of evapotranspiration and reduced rainwater infiltration can increase average runoff and peak runoff amounts [2] [3] [4] . Consequently, flooding in urbanized areas often results in huge losses of life and property. Urban infrastructure in developing countries is outdated and not capable of mitigating the increased precipitation expected in some areas as a result of climate change. Therefore, it is important that cities design fundamental countermeasures to prevent damage from urban flooding. Seoul experienced a heavy flood in 2011. Flooded areas during the event were distributed throughout Seoul, but damage was especially severe in Sadang, Seocho and Gangdong, compared to other parts of the city. Additionally, the southwestern part of Seoul, which has low elevation and gently sloping land, experienced severe damage from the flooding.

Increases in impervious surfaces are known to significantly influence the hydrological cycle.

Moreover, decreases of evapotranspiration and reduced rainwater infiltration can increase average runoff and peak runoff amounts.


Green spaces were found to be more effective for decreasing flooding probabilities in Type 3 flood areas where the slope was gentle and the TWI was high, compared to Type 2 areas. This result is similar to one where it was found that creating green spaces such as street plantings in a concave rather than in a convex form by raising the elevation higher than surrounding roadways can be advantageous for reducing flooding by rainwater infiltration. In the case of reconstructing all green spaces in a community to a depth of 5 cm, it was found that runoff could be reduced by a maximum of 16% and the peak outflow by about 25% [5] . Concave-shaped green spaces could be interpreted in the same context as Type 3 green spaces. This could also be applied to location selections for small-scale gardens at the time of green space planning for entire urban areas.

In the case of reconstructing all green spaces in a community to a depth of 5 cm, it was found that runoff could be reduced by a maximum of 16% and the peak outflow by about 25%.


In Type 2 and 4 flood areas, when the maximum hourly precipitation was at the maximum level, the flood probability was greater than 60% despite changes in the green space variable; these represent areas where the maximum hourly precipitation significantly affects flood occurrence. Landslides are likely in this area, and these may be influenced by precipitation conditions, topography and geological features; landslides are apt to take place when external factors, such as rainfall impacts ground that has internal vulnerabilities [40, 41] . Such a landslide occurred in the Woomyeonsan Mountains in 2011, resulting in 18 deaths, and was caused by flooding and the area's unique geographical features. In the area bordering the mountains, it would be prudent to install flood control facilities, such as rainfall retention tanks, in addition to green spaces, to prevent future flooding.

Landslides are likely in this area, and these may be influenced by precipitation conditions, topography and geological features; landslides are apt to take place when external factors, such as rainfall impacts ground that has internal vulnerabilities.


Urban flooding in this study is defined as a phenomenon that causes inconvenience to humans living in the flooded area or human injuries and various tangible and intangible property damage due to inundation of urban areas [28] . Urban green spaces in this study include forests, farmlands, grasslands, wetlands and other planted types of land, and green space data were derived from land cover maps and urban biotope maps of the region. These green spaces are considered to be critical to the natural water circulation system, as they represent areas where rainwater infiltrates and is retained. Low impact developments and green spaces, including artificial facilities (e.g., rainwater tanks, pervious paving), were excluded from the analyses. The amount of infiltrated water considered in this study includes not only rainwater that falls onto the green spaces, but also water that flows down through ground surface slopes, considered as water flow.

Urban flooding in this study is defined as a phenomenon that causes inconvenience to humans living in the flooded area or human injuries and various tangible and intangible property damage due to inundation of urban areas.


A city resilient to disasters must establish appropriate flood control and adaptation plans. Recently, in Korea, there has been a strengthening of the role of urban planning in disaster control [43] . The application of diversified urban planning elements, including natural flood risk management and blue-green infrastructure, as well as existing physical sewer line systems, is required to ensure urban management with high resilience. Impervious land cover, such as asphalt and roofs in urban areas, is a key factor that affects flooding, and flood control plans that incorporate green spaces should be created. However, comprehensive studies of green spaces are required to understand how their implementation would affect water circulation in regional drainage basins.

Recently, in Korea, there has been a strengthening of the role of urban planning in disaster control.


The impulse series or periodic impulses embedded in the bearing vibration signals carry essential information of the bearing condition. The amplitudes of these impulses induced by bearing faults are modulated by the variances of the position and direction of forces applied on rollers [5, 6] . The fault-characteristic frequencies of the bearing are modulated 2 Shock and Vibration by the slippage of rolling elements and the fluctuation of wheelset rotational speeds [7, 8] . The impulses generated by bearing faults are transient impulses containing a wide range of frequencies with very short time duration. This can easily excite multimodel resonance responses of the structure and sensor [9] . The impulses generated by bearing faults are usually masked by background noises and structural vibration [10, 11] . In addition, the impulses generated by bearing faults are mixed with those caused by the wheelrail interaction when the wheel tread has defects or is out of roundness. These nonlinear and nonstationary modulation characteristics, multimodel effects, noise, interferences, and impulse-mixture make it difficult and complex to extract these impulses from the measured vibration signals. Extracting impulses has long been a challenge in the field of fault detection and diagnosis.

The amplitudes of these impulses induced by bearing faults are modulated by the variances of the position and direction of forces applied on rollers.

The fault-characteristic frequencies of the bearing are modulated 2 Shock and Vibration by the slippage of rolling elements and the fluctuation of wheelset rotational speeds.

This can easily excite multimodel resonance responses of the structure and sensor.

The impulses generated by bearing faults are usually masked by background noises and structural vibration.


The traditional detection of bearing faults mainly involves grease or oil monitoring, acoustic emission techniques, hotbox detection, and vibration signal monitoring [1] . The standards require a level-three maintenance approval of highspeed train certification before the wheelset bearing can be disassembled. This makes grease or oil monitoring unsuitable for wheelset bearing fault detection. The attenuation of transient elastic waves generated by a bearing fault restricts wide application of acoustic emission techniques in bearing fault detection [2] . Hotbox detection is commonly used in practice. When the temperature of bearing housing exceeds a preset threshold the hotbox detector sets an alarm. However, hotbox detector is only sensitive to severe faults, for example, bearing burn-off [1] . Not only can the axle-box acceleration signals be conveniently and reliably measured at relatively low cost, but also they carry vital information about the health state of the bearing faults [3, 4] . Consequently, vibration signal monitoring has become an effective and feasible detection technique for wheelset bearing faults, especially at the incipient stage.

The traditional detection of bearing faults mainly involves grease or oil monitoring, acoustic emission techniques, hotbox detection, and vibration signal monitoring.

The attenuation of transient elastic waves generated by a bearing fault restricts wide application of acoustic emission techniques in bearing fault detection.

However, hotbox detector is only sensitive to severe faults, for example, bearing burn-off.

Not only can the axle-box acceleration signals be conveniently and reliably measured at relatively low cost, but also they carry vital information about the health state of the bearing faults.


The convolution sparse representation (CSR) based on alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) was first proposed in 2016 and is a novel research on CS based on pursuit and SIDL [38] . CSR provides an excellent framework for extracting impulses induced by bearing faults and wheel-rail interactions. However, the performances of CSR on extracting impulses are heavily influenced by its penalty parameter which determines the sparsity of the extracted impulses. When the penalty parameter is very large, the extracted impulse is very sparse and the number of the extracted impulses is far less than the true number of impulses [39] . Thus, this can easily lead to the loss of impulses containing fruitful fault-information. Conversely, the extracted impulses could be far more than the true number of impulses. As such, this results in impulse corruptions. To completely extract impulses with the least corruptions is very difficult under the condition of a single penalty parameter. Hence, in this paper, the CSRs with different penalty parameters are jointly used to extract impulses in the framework of manifold learning.

The convolution sparse representation (CSR) based on alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) was first proposed in 2016 and is a novel research on CS based on pursuit and SIDL.

When the penalty parameter is very large, the extracted impulse is very sparse and the number of the extracted impulses is far less than the true number of impulses.


For each of these reaction sequences the rate of release and hence the observed sequence of release rates (experimentally: Se < Te < Po) will be determined by the reaction step involving the highest energy of activation. Thus, if the release process is diffusion controlled the sequence of release rates will be determined by the sequence of activation energies of diffusion. Nevertheless, the actual species released could still be either of the three possibilities Q, Q 2 or MQ. No literature data are available for diffusion of chalcogens in LBE. Therefore, we have to rely on estimations for evaluating the corresponding activation energies. The energy of activation for the process of self-diffusion in liquid lead is 18.6 kJ/mole [24] . For diffusion of lead and bismuth in LBE activation energies of 9.6 and 7.7 kJ/mole, respectively, have been estimated from molecular dynam- ics calculations [25] . Experimental values vary in the range from 11.6 to 40 kJ/mole [26] . For diffusion of selenium in liquid tin an activation energy of 13.4 kJ/mole has been determined [26] . Assuming similar or even somewhat larger values for chalcogen diffusion in LBE it still seems unlikely that diffusion is the rate determining step since activation energies for the evaporation step are expected to be in the order of magnitude of the enthalpies of evaporation compiled in Table 1 .

The energy of activation for the process of self-diffusion in liquid lead is 18.6 kJ/mole.

For diffusion of lead and bismuth in LBE activation energies of 9.6 and 7.7 kJ/mole, respectively, have been estimated from molecular dynam- ics calculations.

Experimental values vary in the range from 11.6 to 40 kJ/mole.

For diffusion of selenium in liquid tin an activation energy of 13.4 kJ/mole has been determined.


Bacterial strains and growth conditions. The strains used in this work were wild-type Azotobacter vinelandii UW (OP, ATCC 13705) and the isogenic FdI-negative (fdxA) mutant strain LMlOO (Morgan et al., 1988) . The basal medium used for all studies was Burk's medium (Cornish & Page, 1995) . This medium was made nitrogen-sufficient by the addition of 15 mM ammonium acetate, while nitrogen-free medium contained 15 mM sodium acetate. Iron-sufficient medium contained 20-75 pM ferric citrate ; iron-limited medium contained 1 pM ferric citrate and all glassware was acid-washed. Strains were maintained on slants of Burk's medium and liquid cultures were inoculated and incubated at 28 "C with shaking at 225 r.p.m.

The strains used in this work were wild-type Azotobacter vinelandii UW (OP, ATCC 13705) and the isogenic FdI-negative (fdxA) mutant strain LMlOO.

The basal medium used for all studies was Burk's medium.


The governing principle of the LTC is shown in Figure 2 . The strength of the pavement's material varies with temperature and has a decreasing trend in low as well as high temperatures. As shown in Figure 2 , thermal stresses rise exponentially as the temperature drops and can be related to thermal contractions. The estimated cracking temperature is the point at which thermal stresses surpass the strength. This point is highlighted in Figure 2 . The governing principle of low-temperature cracking (LTC) [4, 19] .

This point is highlighted in Figure 2 .

The governing principle of low-temperature cracking (LTC).


Experience gained during the field census in Poland supports previous sug gestions concerning the critical interpretation of data collected with this method (Macdonald 1990) . Both for areas with almost 100% of positive sites and those with a lower number of otter signs, results of the survey would not change much had the distance searched been reduced to 200 metres. For example, in the Mazury catchment (100% of positive sites) and the upper Odra catchment (42.2% of positive sites), 96.6% and 95.8% of otter signs were recorded within the first 200 m. However, a comparison of the ease of detection of otter signs (expressed by the distance of the search) in various catchment areas revealed some important differences. In the catchments with low numbers of positive sites relatively more signs were found under bridges than in those areas where the otter was very common. This can be explained by the fact that lowest percentages of positive sites were recorded in catchments where river banks were often transformed and lacked good sprainting sites. In this case banks under bridges seem to be the best places to spraint. The second important difference emerges among highland and lowland catchments. In the San catchment, for example, where rivers flow mostly through the mountains and uplands, the percentage of otter signs recorded under bridges was the lowest (32.4% of all positive sites). In contrast, in all the lowland catchments more than 50% of otter signs were recorded under bridges. We believe this was due to high numbers of potential sprainting sites (ie boulders, stones) on the banks of the mountain rivers.

Experience gained during the field census in Poland supports previous sug gestions concerning the critical interpretation of data collected with this method.


In addition, this study further builds the existing body of knowledge that is attempting to provide evidence of the value of study abroad through the measurement of its effect on specific learning outcomes. Today's international educators have moved beyond general feelings that "study abroad is a good thing to do" and toward documenting significant learning outcomes that can be expected from such experiences. This approach, if successful, can be expected to enhance the push from institutions of higher education for their students to engage in study abroad, which has already been identified as one of several "deep learning" activities by the National Survey of Student Engagement Institute (Kuh, 2008) . It can also be expected to encourage intentionality in program design, as international educators develop an evidence-based understanding of what types of study abroad programs and program elements best contribute to student learning.

This approach, if successful, can be expected to enhance the push from institutions of higher education for their students to engage in study abroad, which has already been identified as one of several "deep learning" activities by the National Survey of Student Engagement Institute.


There are several reasons why empirical evidence about students' learning throughout study abroad is useful. First, it allows institutions to measure the success of internationalization efforts by evidence of learning rather than by an increase in the number of study abroad participants. Although participation rates are useful, they do not, in and of themselves, suggest a meaningful outcome of internationalization and international education (Deardorff, 2005) . Study abroad is a relatively new field of research (Bolen, 2007, p. 2) and most institutions offer a wide range of programs. Hence, it is important to know which of the many types of study abroad programs that institutions offer advance their mission as it is related to student learning outcomes such as intercultural competency, global citizenship, and transformational learning. Such evidence could provide information to those in charge of designing and implementing study abroad programs about the features or characteristics that best promote student learning. This, in turn, may allow practitioners to improve learning in current study abroad programs, perhaps by adding new pre-departure and re-entry components to supplement learning opportunities, and provide a road map for intentionality in designing new study abroad programs. Another reason that empirical evidence is useful is in responding to critics of international education who feel that resources are better directed toward on-campus programs. These critics may be skeptical about the value study abroad adds to a college education. Empirical evidence of increased student learning reduces the likelihood that study abroad will be seen as "party abroad" and substantiate the value and depth of these programs.

Although participation rates are useful, they do not, in and of themselves, suggest a meaningful outcome of internationalization and international education.


Participation in study abroad is growing at a rapid pace.The 2011 Open Doors Report shows that overseas study by U.S. students was up in 2010 (the most recent available year) by over 10,000 students compared to the previous year (270,604 versus 260,327) (IIE, 2011) . U.S. students studying abroad have more than tripled over the past two decades. The Open Doors report also emphasized that study abroad is now taking place in a wider range of locations and representing a wider range of academic disciplines than in the past. In addition to the rapid growth, there has been an explosion in the types of study abroad programs available to students. We can distinguish these programs by length of sojourn, language and cultural preparation, primary motivations of learners, degree of socio-cultural difference, second language use, level of learning structure/support; type of residence, degree of cultural contact (immersion), degree of self-direction, and degree of cultural analysis (Slimbach, 2010) . Our large public university in the western U.S. has mirrored these trends. We have experienced substantial and sustained growth in our study abroad program. Study abroad participation has increased nearly 1000 percent over the past twelve years. Even more importantly, the perception of study abroad has changed. It is no longer seen as just an optional add-on experience. The university currently has 37 majors and academic programs that include an international experience as a graduation requirement. These majors are diverse, from Nursing to Liberal Studies (pre-teacher education) to International Business, and reflect the academic value faculty and administrators place on global learning experiences. Study abroad is widely and highly regarded beyond our university and has been identified as a "high impact educational practice" by those who study student success rates in the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE), a practice that can lead to increased rates of student retention and student engagement (Kuh, 2008) .

The 2011 Open Doors Report shows that overseas study by U.S. students was up in 2010 (the most recent available year) by over 10,000 students compared to the previous year (270,604 versus 260,327).

We can distinguish these programs by length of sojourn, language and cultural preparation, primary motivations of learners, degree of socio-cultural difference, second language use, level of learning structure/support; type of residence, degree of cultural contact (immersion), degree of self-direction, and degree of cultural analysis.

Study abroad is widely and highly regarded beyond our university and has been identified as a "high impact educational practice" by those who study student success rates in the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE), a practice that can lead to increased rates of student retention and student engagement.


There are many potential approaches for assessing the value or impact of the study abroad experience. It may be useful to investigate, for example, how the existence of a robust study abroad program impacts the institution as a whole. Does on-campus instruction become more internationalized because many faculty and students are engaged in study abroad? It is also important to measure the impacts of specific study abroad programs and specific program attributes (for e.g., homestay vs. apartment living, program length and type) and whether those are successful in a given regional and cultural context. On the individual student level, it is important to look at the degree of satisfaction with the study abroad experience as well as retention and graduation rates. Although valuable, however, these studies do not directly measure academic benefit (Sutton & Rubin 2004) . Research efforts should also be directed toward understanding student learning as a result of study abroad, heeding Steinberg's counsel that "international educators need to demonstrate that the students on our programs return home having grown intellectually and personally, having developed a greater measure of global and intercultural competence and, when relevant, having developed greater fluency in languages other than English. We also need to demonstrate that they are much better prepared for careers in a global environment" (Steinberg, 2007, p. 19) .

Although valuable, however, these studies do not directly measure academic benefit.


Historically, most of the research questions in the literature on study abroad have been related to the teaching and learning of foreign languages and the cultural learning that coincides with those activities (Brandt & Manley, 2002) . It has been uncommon for assessment to focus on cognitive, academic outcomes of international education (Rubin & Sutton, 2004) . Even less common have been studies that assess students before and after their study abroad experience. Still rarer are studies that use control groups (Stronkhorst, 2005) .

Historically, most of the research questions in the literature on study abroad have been related to the teaching and learning of foreign languages and the cultural learning that coincides with those activities.

It has been uncommon for assessment to focus on cognitive, academic outcomes of international education.

Still rarer are studies that use control groups.


Nevertheless, there seems to be enough room to reduce the difficulty of reading by enhancing the readability of FIDIC documents. A good move in this regard could be observed in the increased readability levels of the NEC/ECC contract clauses (Perry 1995; Broome & Hayes 1997; Rameezdeen & Rajapakse 2007) . NEC is a standard contract specifically developed with a focus on reducing legalese and the drafting of plain easy to read language structure. A comparison of summary readability statistics of FIDIC 1999 and NEC 1993 obtained from one of our previous studies is given in Table 10 . It clearly shows that NEC is a smaller document with better language structure and readability.

A good move in this regard could be observed in the increased readability levels of the NEC/ECC contract clauses.


The second objective of this study was to measure comprehension levels of clauses of FIDIC 1999 identified as frequently referred in disputes by an expert panel. The clauses identified (see Table 9 ) generally matched with the results of similar studies elsewhere (Iyer et al. 2002; Seifert 2005) . This enabled the Cloze test to be performed on only 20 clauses as opposed to all the clauses of FIDIC 1999. The average Cloze values of the 20 clauses were between 49.2-65.2, as given in Table 9 , with the clause 'Employer's Entitlement to Termination' being the easiest to comprehend while the clause dealing with 'Programme' proved to be the most difficult. There were 6 clauses belonging to the 'easy' level of comprehension while the rest found to be at the 'standard' level. It is interesting to note that none of the identified clauses were at the 'difficult' level of comprehension. The third objective was to establish the relationship between readability and comprehension in order to test the hypothesis that improved readability increases comprehension of a contract clause. To operationalize this research question, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was used as the measure of association to express the extent to which the two variables, FRES and Cloze scores, were related. The value of Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (r) vary between +1 and -1. Both extremes represent a perfect relationship and 0 absence of a relationship (Tan 2002) . The direction of the relationship is indicated by the sign of the Correlation Coefficient. A positive sign indicates that high scores of one variable tend to be associated with high scores of the other. A 'r' value of +0.165 was obtained between Cloze and the relevant FRES scores of the clauses under consideration. It implies that when the readability level of a clause is high it is easier to comprehend. However, the strength of the relationship is weak, indicating that there may be other factors influencing comprehension such as prior knowledge, experience, etc.

The clauses identified (see Table 9 ) generally matched with the results of similar studies elsewhere.

Both extremes represent a perfect relationship and 0 absence of a relationship.


The study used quantitative measures to demonstrate that FIDIC 1999 is the most successful document compared to its predecessors with regard to ease of reading. Nevertheless, it requires a minimum of college level reading skills to comprehend 46% of its clauses. More than 50% of its clauses are found to be 'very difficult', which is equivalent to postgraduate level. The above findings are consistent with the findings of Bunni (2003, p.9) , who reports that only 4% of the population could comprehend about 86% of the FIDIC 1977 clauses. Bunni (2003, p.9) places the readability level of FIDIC equivalent to an IQ level of 130 or above. This IQ level equates to a 'difficult' level of standard FRES (Mason and Morris, 2000) . The results of the present study show that about 96% of FIDIC 1977 clauses are within this level of readability.

This IQ level equates to a 'difficult' level of standard FRES.


For a wireless power transfer system, two configurations are typically being pursued [15, 16] . One can construct a wireless power transfer system that maximizes the amount of transferred power to the receiver, for example, for biomedical implants. The other option is to maximize the efficiency of the power transfer, for example, for the charging of electric vehicles. It is important to note that the configurations differ from each other. In this work, we analytically determine the optimal solution for both maximum power transfer and efficiency for a CWPT system with one transmitter and two receivers.

For a wireless power transfer system, two configurations are typically being pursued.


At the present stage of the project, there are not good enough details to model some contributions, such as power supply system for controlling error field or magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities. Moreover, the control of the local magnetic configuration close to the divertor target will be obtained by a special set of internal coils [8] . However, the experience gained on other tokamaks teaches that the involved power levels have a limited impact on the overall ratings [14] .

Moreover, the control of the local magnetic configuration close to the divertor target will be obtained by a special set of internal coils.

However, the experience gained on other tokamaks teaches that the involved power levels have a limited impact on the overall ratings.


In cold regions, atmospheric icing is one of the major external loads threatening the reliability and mechanical integrity of overhead power lines. Ice-shedding form an iced overhead power line (eq. temperature rise) cause a vertical jump of the power lines and may lead to flashover if the phase-to-phase or phase-to-tower distance is smaller than the tolerable insulation distance. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the maximum jump height of an overhead power line after ice-shedding and to provide a reference for the design of the overhead power lines [1] . Ice-shedding can also cause dangerous vibrations in power lines, which can result in mechanical damage of the power line and power line pylons. Therefore, the transient analysis of ice-shedding is necessary.

Therefore, it is necessary to determine the maximum jump height of an overhead power line after ice-shedding and to provide a reference for the design of the overhead power lines.


The conventional refrigeration system in European supermarkets is direct expansion HFC-based systems in medium and low temperature levels. The amount of refrigerant charge in mediumand large-size supermarkets is in the range of hundreds to few thousands of kilograms and due to the long pipe runs and numerous piping connections, the leakage rate is reported to be 3-22% by different researches [1] . In some countries, such as in Sweden, indirect system solutions have been applied to confine the HFC use in the machinery room and reduce the leakage amount. A layout of such a system is explained in detail in Section 2 of this paper.

The amount of refrigerant charge in mediumand large-size supermarkets is in the range of hundreds to few thousands of kilograms and due to the long pipe runs and numerous piping connections, the leakage rate is reported to be 3-22% by different researches.


The impact of implementing these international and national regulations on the Swedish refrigerants market has been studied and reported for a sample of 300-400 Swedish supermarkets by Engsten [6] . The study reported that the five largest refrigerants applied in Swedish supermarkets in mid-90s were R22 (40%), R134a (18%), R404A (17%), R502 (16%) and R12 (10%). This changed rapidly in a short period of time and R404A (70%) and R134a (24%) became the dominant refrigerants used by early 2000s.

The impact of implementing these international and national regulations on the Swedish refrigerants market has been studied and reported for a sample of 300-400 Swedish supermarkets by Engsten.


Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that Hpt protein level is significantly reduced in hippocampus of rats fed for a long term (until 12 or 24 weeks) a high fat diet. In contrast, Hpt mRNA did not change in response to dietary intervention. As no ARE regions, which are known to affect mRNA stability, were found in rat Hpt mRNA, differences between Real time and Western blotting results might be due to diet effects on Hpt synthesis and/or on Hpt stability. This discrepancy between mRNA and protein levels is observed for many proteins in mammalian cells, and may indicate that the modulation of HFD in the brain might be exerted mainly at the protein level (Vogel and Marcotte, 2012) .

This discrepancy between mRNA and protein levels is observed for many proteins in mammalian cells, and may indicate that the modulation of HFD in the brain might be exerted mainly at the protein level.


The laser welding process has gained importance in fabrication industries due to its ability to produce precise welds with small heat affected zones [1] . It is a complex process using thermodynamic, fluid flow, phase transition and heat transfer phenomena. Since laser welding experiments are rather long and expensive, finite element simulations are widely used to predict optimal parameters in various industrial applications. Simulation efforts can also be used to understand the process by facilitating the investigation inside the welding zone. Because of the welding process simulation is difficult to be completed using only one model, two types of models are considered. The multi-physic based model is used to acquire reliable and accurate predictions of the thermal field and the weld shape.

The laser welding process has gained importance in fabrication industries due to its ability to produce precise welds with small heat affected zones.


In order to further investigate their catalytic activities for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), CVs in 1 M CH3OH + 0.5 M H2SO4 solution were conducted ( Figure 7 ). As shown in Figure 7 , all of the curves have two significant oxidation peaks: the forward scan oxidation peak is assigned to the peak current of methanol oxidation, and the reverse scan oxidation peak is attributed to the peak current of the CO intermediate species oxidation. As presented in Figure 7 , the forward scan current density (mass activity) increased up to 838.3 mA•mg −1 on Pt-Ag/GNs without light irradiation (t = 0 min), which is significantly higher than that of Pt/GNs (653.8 mA•mg −1 ) and Pt/C-JM (402.6 mA•mg −1 ). The improved catalytic activity may originate from the role of Ag. First, the introduction of Ag into Pt-Ag/GNs brings about the good distribution of the Ag and Pt nanoparticles on the GNs, which generates more active sites for MOR (as shown in Figure 6 ). Secondly, Ag has a lower electronegativity than Pt, so Pt can withdraw electrons from the neighboring Ag atoms, which produces stronger electronic interactions between the Pt and Ag nanoparticles (as analyzed in the Pt 4f spectra) [25] . The interaction may effectively weaken the capacity to bind to adsorbed intermediates of Pt [31] . Thirdly, the coexistence of Ag and Pt nanoparticles on the surface of GNs can increase the electron transfer efficiency via an interfacial interaction among the Ag, Pt and GNs, which was verified by Electrochemical Impedance Spectra (EIS) analysis. As shown in Figure 8 , the Nyquist plots of EIS for Pt-Ag/GNs, Pt/GNs and Pt/C-JM were obtained in 0.5 M H2SO4 + 1.0 M CH3OH solution at 0.5 V. The diameter of the primary semicircle can be used to analyze the charge transfer resistance of the catalyst, which describes the rate of charge transfer during the methanol oxidation reaction [32] . The semicircle radius of Pt-Ag/GNs (curve c) is much smaller than that of Pt/GNs (curve b) and Pt/C-JM (curve a), which illustrates that Pt-Ag/GNs have better charge transfer and a faster methanol oxidation reaction rate [33, 34] . The ECSA values for the Pt-Ag/GNs (curve c) is 120.3 m 2 ·g −1 , which is about 1.5 times and 2.5 times higher than that of the Pt/GNs (curve b) (80.5 m 2 ·g −1 ) and the Pt/C-JM (curve a) (48.9 m 2 ·g −1 ), respectively. The larger ECSA mainly arises from better dispersion of the Ag and Pt nanoparticles on the GNs (as shown in TEM analysis), which can offer more active sites.

Secondly, Ag has a lower electronegativity than Pt, so Pt can withdraw electrons from the neighboring Ag atoms, which produces stronger electronic interactions between the Pt and Ag nanoparticles (as analyzed in the Pt 4f spectra).

The interaction may effectively weaken the capacity to bind to adsorbed intermediates of Pt.

As shown in Figure 8 , the Nyquist plots of EIS for Pt-Ag/GNs, Pt/GNs and Pt/C-JM were obtained in 0.5 M H2SO4 + 1.0 M CH3OH solution at 0.5 V. The diameter of the primary semicircle can be used to analyze the charge transfer resistance of the catalyst, which describes the rate of charge transfer during the methanol oxidation reaction.

The semicircle radius of Pt-Ag/GNs (curve c) is much smaller than that of Pt/GNs (curve b) and Pt/C-JM (curve a), which illustrates that Pt-Ag/GNs have better charge transfer and a faster methanol oxidation reaction rate.


In order to further investigate their catalytic activities for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), CVs in 1 M CH 3 OH + 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 solution were conducted ( Figure 7 ). As shown in Figure 7 , all of the curves have two significant oxidation peaks: the forward scan oxidation peak is assigned to the peak current of methanol oxidation, and the reverse scan oxidation peak is attributed to the peak current of the CO intermediate species oxidation. As presented in Figure 7 , the forward scan current density (mass activity) increased up to 838.3 mA·mg −1 on Pt-Ag/GNs without light irradiation (t = 0 min), which is significantly higher than that of Pt/GNs (653.8 mA·mg −1 ) and Pt/C-JM (402.6 mA·mg −1 ). The improved catalytic activity may originate from the role of Ag. First, the introduction of Ag into Pt-Ag/GNs brings about the good distribution of the Ag and Pt nanoparticles on the GNs, which generates more active sites for MOR (as shown in Figure 6 ). Secondly, Ag has a lower electro-negativity than Pt, so Pt can withdraw electrons from the neighboring Ag atoms, which produces stronger electronic interactions between the Pt and Ag nanoparticles (as analyzed in the Pt 4f spectra) [25] . The interaction may effectively weaken the capacity to bind to adsorbed intermediates of Pt [31] . Thirdly, the coexistence of Ag and Pt nanoparticles on the surface of GNs can increase the electron transfer efficiency via an interfacial interaction among the Ag, Pt and GNs, which was verified by Electrochemical Impedance Spectra (EIS) analysis. As shown in Figure 8 , the Nyquist plots of EIS for Pt-Ag/GNs, Pt/GNs and Pt/C-JM were obtained in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 + 1.0 M CH 3 OH solution at 0.5 V. The diameter of the primary semicircle can be used to analyze the charge transfer resistance of the catalyst, which describes the rate of charge transfer during the methanol oxidation reaction [32] . The semicircle radius of Pt-Ag/GNs (curve c) is much smaller than that of Pt/GNs (curve b) and Pt/C-JM (curve a), which illustrates that Pt-Ag/GNs have better charge transfer and a faster methanol oxidation reaction rate [33, 34] .

Secondly, Ag has a lower electro-negativity than Pt, so Pt can withdraw electrons from the neighboring Ag atoms, which produces stronger electronic interactions between the Pt and Ag nanoparticles (as analyzed in the Pt 4f spectra).

As shown in Figure 8 , the Nyquist plots of EIS for Pt-Ag/GNs, Pt/GNs and Pt/C-JM were obtained in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 + 1.0 M CH 3 OH solution at 0.5 V. The diameter of the primary semicircle can be used to analyze the charge transfer resistance of the catalyst, which describes the rate of charge transfer during the methanol oxidation reaction.


Web Engineering Methodologies for improvement of web applications, use various notations and propose a little various development processes, it used a common metamodel as based methodologies for the web domain. Also metamodel is a best definition of the models of modeling. The relation between metamodels and their elements, with well-formedness rules, are requirements for creating a semantic web. Web engineering methods based on this common metamodels can only use part of the build provided by the metamodel. The common metamodels must be the unification of the modeling structure of popular web engineering methods permitting for their better comparison and integration [2] .

The common metamodels must be the unification of the modeling structure of popular web engineering methods permitting for their better comparison and integration.


High-level video semantics can be used as preferences to the users for personalized video summarization [8] [9] [10] [11] . Users' Degree of Interest on event, person, and object were used for personalized summarization of life-log videos in a multi-camera office environment [8] . This approach totally relies on manual annotation of events such as working, eating, printing, meeting, etc. High-level semantic concepts such as humans, explosion, indoor, outdoor, close-up, zoomin, moving objects, etc were automatically detected from videos for personalized summarization [9] . The authors used a constrained optimization problem for selecting shots that are relevant to the users' preferences. The importance of a video segment is measured using users' constraints and preferences over audio-visual semantic concepts [10] . IBM research has proposed a personalized video summarization system for pervasive mobile devices such as PDA [11] . The User, device and transmission profiles were used for adaptive personalized video summarization and transmission; however, the system allows only a single visual semantic concept as binary preference at a time.

High-level video semantics can be used as preferences to the users for personalized video summarization.

Users' Degree of Interest on event, person, and object were used for personalized summarization of life-log videos in a multi-camera office environment.

High-level semantic concepts such as humans, explosion, indoor, outdoor, close-up, zoomin, moving objects, etc were automatically detected from videos for personalized summarization.

The importance of a video segment is measured using users' constraints and preferences over audio-visual semantic concepts.

IBM research has proposed a personalized video summarization system for pervasive mobile devices such as PDA.