The lower thermal stability of natural fibres, limits the thermoplastics, whose processing temperature is below 230°C, to be used as matrix [5] . These are, most of all, polyolefines, such as polyethylene and polypropylene [16] . In particular, the polypropylene offers several favorable characteristics like low price, high toughness, low density, relatively high thermal stability, good (di)electrical properties, chemical resistance, easy processing and recycling ability [6, 13, 16, 17] .

The lower thermal stability of natural fibres, limits the thermoplastics, whose processing temperature is below 230°C, to be used as matrix.

These are, most of all, polyolefines, such as polyethylene and polypropylene.

In particular, the polypropylene offers several favorable characteristics like low price, high toughness, low density, relatively high thermal stability, good (di)electrical properties, chemical resistance, easy processing and recycling ability.


The development of hybrid composites is motivated by the ability to combine advantageous features of various fibre systems, improving performance and flexibility, as well as reducing weight and cost. The understanding how the mechanical properties of hybrid composites depend on the constituents have an evident importance for the designers. It is possible to find in the literature several studies for fatigue behaviour of hybrid composites [26] [27] [28] [29] .

It is possible to find in the literature several studies for fatigue behaviour of hybrid composites.


In natural evolution, deleterious mutations occur much more frequently than beneficial ones. Since the last category is always favored by selection, one may wonder about the advantage of sexual reproduction over the asexual type. The answer has been proposed : in an asexually reproducing population, each individual always inherits all the deleterious mutations of his ancestor (except if another mutation occurs at the same locus on the genome; but this event is rare and we will not consider it), whereas in sexual reproduction, recombinations occur, which allow an individual to take part of a chromosome from each of his parents, therefore giving him a chance to get rid of deleterious mutations. Muller's ratchet can be used as an attempt to translate this phenomenon in a mathematical model, thus explaining the advantage of sexual reproduction [7] . If one considers the best class (the group of fittest individuals) in a given asexual population, Muller's ratchet is said to click when the best class becomes empty. Since beneficial mutations do not occur in this model, it means that all the individuals of the best class have mutated.

Muller's ratchet can be used as an attempt to translate this phenomenon in a mathematical model, thus explaining the advantage of sexual reproduction.


The growing consumer awareness of diet-related health has increased the demand for foods with distinct health-promoting effects (Saad, Delattre, Urdaci, Schmitter, & Bressollier, 2013) . Food-associated probiotics are living micro-organisms that, upon the ingestion of certain quantities, exert benefits to the consumer's health beyond the inherent basic nutrition (FAO/WHO, 2002) . In addition, the inclusion of probiotics in food matrices can assist in maintaining their viability during human digestion, because to exert their beneficial effects on host health, probiotic bacteria must survive through the gastrointestinal tract, tolerating acids, bile salts and gastric enzymes, and then adhere to and colonize the intestinal epithelium (Huang & Adams, 2004; Ranadheera Evans, Adams, & Baines, 2012) . Fermented dairy products, such as fermented milks and fresh cheeses, have been described as vehicles of interest for the incorporation of probiotic bacteria (Figueroa-Gonz alez, Quijano, Ramírez, & Cruz-Guerrero, 2011; Saxelin, 2008) . Due to a higher pH than most fermented dairy products as well as a high fat content, solid consistency and higher buffering capacity, cheeses can promote the viability of these bacteria not only throughout the product shelf-life but also during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract after consumption (Coman et al., 2012) .

The growing consumer awareness of diet-related health has increased the demand for foods with distinct health-promoting effects.

Food-associated probiotics are living micro-organisms that, upon the ingestion of certain quantities, exert benefits to the consumer's health beyond the inherent basic nutrition.

In addition, the inclusion of probiotics in food matrices can assist in maintaining their viability during human digestion, because to exert their beneficial effects on host health, probiotic bacteria must survive through the gastrointestinal tract, tolerating acids, bile salts and gastric enzymes, and then adhere to and colonize the intestinal epithelium.

Fermented dairy products, such as fermented milks and fresh cheeses, have been described as vehicles of interest for the incorporation of probiotic bacteria.

Due to a higher pH than most fermented dairy products as well as a high fat content, solid consistency and higher buffering capacity, cheeses can promote the viability of these bacteria not only throughout the product shelf-life but also during their passage through the gastrointestinal tract after consumption.


Holography has shown to be a useful tool to study various gauge field theories particularly at finite density [1] [2] [3] [4] . The field has matured to the point where the low hanging fruit has been picked, while the more complicated problems have been sitting aside until recent years. One physically very relevant situation, where a complicated problem occurs, is a system where some or all of the spacetime symmetries are broken. Even in one of the simplest cases, where the translational symmetry is spontaneously broken in only one of the field theory directions leads to tedious calculations and numerical work. However, despite involved numerics, there is already a vast literature addressing holographic striped phases and in particular the conductivities of charged excitations [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] .

Holography has shown to be a useful tool to study various gauge field theories particularly at finite density.

However, despite involved numerics, there is already a vast literature addressing holographic striped phases and in particular the conductivities of charged excitations.


Another way of breaking the symmetries is to maintain homogeneity but singling out some of the spatial directions and study anisotropic situations. The dual gravity backgrounds for many field theories possessing anisotropy have been constructed [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] . Given the fact that anisotropic backgrounds are in many ways computationally much tamer than inhomogeneous ones, surprisingly, not much has been said about the transport of excitation spectra or conductivities, for a recent example see, however, [44] .

The dual gravity backgrounds for many field theories possessing anisotropy have been constructed.

Given the fact that anisotropic backgrounds are in many ways computationally much tamer than inhomogeneous ones, surprisingly, not much has been said about the transport of excitation spectra or conductivities, for a recent example see, however.


Cultural barriers may impact the attitudes of Latino men toward CRC and CRC screening. Studies have demonstrated a negative association between limited-English proficiency and CRC screening [8, 9] . However, the role of Englishproficiency is not clear as it may simply be a communication barrier or may be a proxy for acculturation levels.

Studies have demonstrated a negative association between limited-English proficiency and CRC screening.


Atmospheric mercury is emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources include volcanoes and geothermal areas, mercury enriched soils, wild fires, and the ocean [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . Major anthropogenic sources include coal combustion, industrial and commercial boilers, electric arc furnaces, cement production, and waste treatment facilities [13] . The National Emission Inventory (NEI) from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports that 59 tons out of 61 tons of total mercury emissions in the U.S. are from stationary sources. Combustion of fossil fuels is considered as the major anthropogenic source of atmospheric mercury; coal-fired utility boilers alone account for 49% of anthropogenic emissions [13] . The sources of atmospheric mercury are just beginning to be characterized and quantified; large uncertainties remain in various mercury sources, such as on-road vehicles, oil refineries, and other industrial facilities [14] [15] [16] [17] .

Natural sources include volcanoes and geothermal areas, mercury enriched soils, wild fires, and the ocean.

Major anthropogenic sources include coal combustion, industrial and commercial boilers, electric arc furnaces, cement production, and waste treatment facilities.

Combustion of fossil fuels is considered as the major anthropogenic source of atmospheric mercury; coal-fired utility boilers alone account for 49% of anthropogenic emissions.

The sources of atmospheric mercury are just beginning to be characterized and quantified; large uncertainties remain in various mercury sources, such as on-road vehicles, oil refineries, and other industrial facilities.


Limited patient resources-including time, transportation, and finances-appear to pose significant barriers to Mexican-American participation in clinical trials. This is not unexpected given that the patient focus group participants for this study were all under the Federal poverty level. While similar barriers may apply to low income non-Hispanic patients, any efforts to address the under representation of Mexican-Americans and other Hispanics in clinical trials will need to address these barriers due to the fact that these patients are disproportionately represented among low income and uninsured populations [26] .

While similar barriers may apply to low income non-Hispanic patients, any efforts to address the under representation of Mexican-Americans and other Hispanics in clinical trials will need to address these barriers due to the fact that these patients are disproportionately represented among low income and uninsured populations.


The observed cardioprotective results represented by reduced infarct area and myocardial proinflammatory cytokine levels from our study are in line with previous finding showing that a single acute dose of ticagrelor via intraperitoneal injection (30 mg kg À1 ) 5 min before reperfusion significantly reduced infarct size and reduced the proinflammatory cytokine levels in a rat ischaemia/reperfusion model [15] . It is noted that IA/AAR ratio tended to be lower at 24 h as compared to 3 days and 7 days in the placebo-treated rats (P > 0.05). Although not statistically significant, this deviation should be kept in mind when interpreting the data for potential bias in the analysis process. IA/AAR ratio was significantly lower at 3 days and 7 days as compared to 24 h in the ticagrelor group (both P < 0.05), which suggests that the drug accumulation in rats after 3 days and 7 days might contribute to the stronger cardioprotective effects of ticagrelor, which has a half-life around of 10.9-14.9 h [32] .

The observed cardioprotective results represented by reduced infarct area and myocardial proinflammatory cytokine levels from our study are in line with previous finding showing that a single acute dose of ticagrelor via intraperitoneal injection (30 mg kg À1 ) 5 min before reperfusion significantly reduced infarct size and reduced the proinflammatory cytokine levels in a rat ischaemia/reperfusion model.

IA/AAR ratio was significantly lower at 3 days and 7 days as compared to 24 h in the ticagrelor group (both P < 0.05), which suggests that the drug accumulation in rats after 3 days and 7 days might contribute to the stronger cardioprotective effects of ticagrelor, which has a half-life around of 10.9-14.9 h.


The choice of Linux is not accidental. Linux is perhaps the best-known and most successful open-source project in the world, to the point of becoming the poster-child of the whole open source movement. The source code of its full development history is freely available from www.kernel.org and numerous mirrors worldwide -at present totaling 1322 versions (Table 1  and Table 8 ). Importantly, Linux's development defies common management theory [60] . At the same time, it does not fit into any common software lifecycle model. This motivates us to suggest the perpetual development model. This model is descriptive rather than prescriptive. Its goal is to create a framework for discussing what is actually being done in the field and why, rather than attempting to dictate ideals. In particular, we note that Linux development is a dynamic process in constant flux, and adapts to overcome problems that occur as the system grows. Thus different variants of the model apply to different parts of Linux's evolution.

The choice of Linux is not accidental.

Importantly, Linux's development defies common management theory.


Besides phase-contrast SR-μCT, a new complementary tool was recently developed to investigate the internal structure of dense materials: neutron microtomography (n-μCT). Even if neutron were discovered in 1932, their use in 3D imaging was developed only recently, when high quality neutron sources and detector systems became available (Tremsin et al., 2011) . Neutrons have an absorption profile (interaction mechanism of neutrons with matter) that differs from X-rays (Kardjilov et al., 2003; Winkler, 2006; Sutton, 2008; Tremsin et al., 2015) . Because of their unique ability to penetrate materials opaque to X-rays, neutron-based analytical techniques such as neutron radiography and n-µCT represent an effective investigative tool for imaging the fossil material with a better contrast resolution despite the variably hazy appearance of the inner structural signal . We illustrate here the formidable potential of applying n-µCT to the fossil record, and in particular to heavily mineralised remains such as teeth.

Even if neutron were discovered in 1932, their use in 3D imaging was developed only recently, when high quality neutron sources and detector systems became available.

Neutrons have an absorption profile (interaction mechanism of neutrons with matter) that differs from X-rays.


The next areas of consideration in task based research are the need for the input and interaction. Theories of L2 acquisition acknowledge the importance of input and interaction but they differ in the extent to which they emphasize the role of input and interaction or combination of both. There are three important views about their roles, the behaviorist, the mentalist, and the interactionist (Ellis, 1994) .

There are three important views about their roles, the behaviorist, the mentalist, and the interactionist.


At the moment of writing, one of the most advanced smart home technologies relies on Bluetooth as a communication protocol and Raspberry Pi as a server. The ease of use, safety and the seamless integration of this technology, although on a high level already, can and will be only improved with time. Some of the trends that are bound to take over the newest generation of smart homes are cloud based smart environments, even cheaper and versatile sensors, push notifications for just about anything, bigger control and more functionality. Also, it is expected that soon our homes will even be able to distinguish between family members by fingerprints, heart rate and body temperatures so they can adapt to each individual's needs [30] .

Also, it is expected that soon our homes will even be able to distinguish between family members by fingerprints, heart rate and body temperatures so they can adapt to each individual's needs.


Home automation systems are also perfectly useful in residential settings of elderly or disabled, where they aim to support autonomous living [28] . And, like most technologies, smart homes technology improves with age. It gets smarter, less expensive and easier to use each year. The smart home system can provide a kind of easier, ordered and effective life style to human, and must be the development tendency for future inhabitancy mode [29] . With new smart technology inventions popping up on every corner, the future of smart home is bright and rapidly expanding.

Home automation systems are also perfectly useful in residential settings of elderly or disabled, where they aim to support autonomous living.

The smart home system can provide a kind of easier, ordered and effective life style to human, and must be the development tendency for future inhabitancy mode.


Smart home consists of different features that are oriented to individual users of the smart environment. The range of options that can be adjusted for user is wide. Current trends in home automation includes remote mobile control, wearable devices, automated lighting, automatic temperature adjustments, energy management, mobile or email notifications, streaming media, remote video surveillance and much more [27] .

Current trends in home automation includes remote mobile control, wearable devices, automated lighting, automatic temperature adjustments, energy management, mobile or email notifications, streaming media, remote video surveillance and much more.


A number of approaches addressing the issues of resource management for cloud computing have been proposed [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Many of them are based on centralized architectures, which are known to be not very scalable and might suffer from fault-tolerant issues. For example, the crash of the centralized resource arbiter will disable all of the later possible adaptive resource management actions, leading the whole system into a static state. Under the demand of autonomy, a truly decentralized solution is preferable, which brings improved scalability and naturally fault tolerant.

A number of approaches addressing the issues of resource management for cloud computing have been proposed.


The HR was obtained from ECG recordings during sleep. Sleep stages were scored using standard Rechtschaffen Kales criteria [5] . Eye electrodes are attached on the upper-outer edge of the right eye and lower-outer edge of the left eye, with a common electrode on the left mastoid. If both eyes move in the same direction, the polarity of the both eye potentials will be opposite, and vise versa. In order to avoid detecting transmitted EEG potentials from frontal lobes, two signals that have the same polarity are omitted. EOG data were digitized with a sampling rate of 64Hz. Each eye movement was extracted from EOG recordings using semi-automated algorithm followed by physician's confirmation ( Fig. 1) .

Sleep stages were scored using standard Rechtschaffen Kales criteria.


In this paper, we consider the privacy education that takes the format of game-based learning. Game-based learning is the use of digital games with educational objectives. It pro-vides effective, interactive experiences that motivate users to actively engage in the learning process when playing with a game [28] . However, developing an effective privacy learning game is challenging. The traditional solutions always involve privacy experts who have sophisticated expertise, deep technical skills, and broad experience. However, the involvement of professionals can make the game development costly. Furthermore, it is not clear how motivating, inspiring, and/or effective these education games are to general users of varying backgrounds, experience, and expertise of privacy, especially to novice users who have rarely dealt with privacy issues before.

It pro-vides effective, interactive experiences that motivate users to actively engage in the learning process when playing with a game.


In 1990, a hospital based prospective cohort with objective of MWHs effects on perinatal and maternal outcome was done (Poovan et al., 1990) . Here, 151 mothers used and 635 mothers did not utilize the MWHs, from 1987 to 1990. This study showed that the perinatal mortality among non-utilizers mothers were ten times more than non-utilizers; about 28 and 254 perinatal death per 100,000 live births with RR =0.46 95% CI (0.33-0.66). Also, there is a visible difference in maternal mortality among users and nonusers of MWHs. No mother died among the users and there was 2047 MMR per 100,000 live births. This claimed that there is likely less risk of maternal and perinatal mortality among users than nonusers of MWHs.

In 1990, a hospital based prospective cohort with objective of MWHs effects on perinatal and maternal outcome was done.


The last study was cross sectional facility based, aimed with assessing intention to use maternity waiting home among pregnant women in southwest Ethiopia. This showed that 38.7% of mothers had past history of MWHs utilization. About 48% women reported MWHs are very important to get better pregnancy outcome (Endalew et al., 2016) .

About 48% women reported MWHs are very important to get better pregnancy outcome.


Very recently, facility based cross sectional study in 2016 assessed the status quo of MWHs and the experiences and challenges of mothers using waiting homes. It included 134 health centers from four broad regions of the country. More so, it focus mainly on coverage, admission criteria, predictors or challenges as well as prevalence rate of utilization of MWHs among existing and functional MWHs (Tiruneh et al., 2016) . However, the study never identified the impact and outcome of MWHs on maternal and perinatal mortality in detail.

More so, it focus mainly on coverage, admission criteria, predictors or challenges as well as prevalence rate of utilization of MWHs among existing and functional MWHs.


Another 22 years retrospective hospital based study conducted in Atat hospital was done in 2010. This showed that there is significant association between maternal and perinatal birth with MWHs utilization (Kelly et al. 2010) . In this study, in a total of 24,148 deliveries, 6805 mothers attended MWHs and 17343 mothers did not utilize MWHs. Maternal mortality was 89.9 per 100 000 live births (95% CI, 41.1-195.2) for women who utilized MWHs and 1333.1 per 100 000 live births (95% CI, 1156.2-1536.7) for non-utilizers; stillbirth rates were 17.6 per 1000 births (95% CI, 14.8-21.0) and 191.2 per 1000 births (95% CI, 185.4-197.1). Consequently, there is a significant difference and advantage in decreasing maternal and perinatal mortality among utilizers than nonutilizers.

This showed that there is significant association between maternal and perinatal birth with MWHs utilization.


After establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria, six papers met the inclusion and exclusion criteria from all the above databases for further review in the study. All were facility based studies conducted in Ethiopia from 1990s and late 2000s (Endalew et al., 2016; (Gaym et al., 2012; Kelly et al., 2010; Poovan et al., 1990; Tiruneh et al., 2016) . Three assessed the outcome and three were focused on the experience, coverage, predictors and contexts of MWHs in Ethiopia.

All were facility based studies conducted in Ethiopia from 1990s and late 2000s.


The third study which was still facility based was done recently in 2012 with objective of describing the existing situations of MWHs in Ethiopia (Gaym et al., 2012) . The overviews of the last thirty years history of MWHs were described. They only got information from the Federal Ministry of Health about the existing MWHs in five regions of the country. Based on this information, they assessed only nine facilities (eight hospital and one health center) with MWHs. This study tried to assess the admission criteria, challenges, numbers of utilizers per each MWHs and duration of the stays. In addition cesarean section rate was higher among utilizers than non-utilizers.

The third study which was still facility based was done recently in 2012 with objective of describing the existing situations of MWHs in Ethiopia.


However, only one study revealed different predictors of maternity waiting homes utilization. They were schematized as finance, lack of knowledge, privacy, social support, custom and cultural influences and lack of social support. About 50% of MWHs share the sleeping room and only 6% of MWH have curtains for their privacy. After admission to the MWHs, health care workers, especially midwives, performed an initial evaluation of pregnant women. About 87% MWHs reported that a midwife/nurse made round to mothers primarily to follow-up the current pregnancy (Gaym et al., 2012) .

About 87% MWHs reported that a midwife/nurse made round to mothers primarily to follow-up the current pregnancy.


It seems rather difficult to discriminate between statements when an eyewitness pretends to be another person involved in the event with a different role, in this case a simulated victim. This adds to existing evidence showing little differences in memories from different sources. The few differences found in adults when recalling emotional events, such as a traffic accident, point to a good ability to generate different credible versions of the same event. The few differences found can also explain as well why it is difficult to judge the credibility of statements, as many other studies show (Santtila et al., 1998; Schooler et al., 1986; Strömwall et al., 2004; Vrij, 2005) .

The few differences found can also explain as well why it is difficult to judge the credibility of statements, as many other studies show.


Adding all variables rather than including only statistically significant variables increased the differences in both Experiments 1 and 2. This suggests that a complex pattern, not detectable with statistical pairwise data analysis, seems to underlie simulated victims' statements. Including all variables available, improved classification of actual and false statements from 80 percent to 97.6 percent in Experiment 1 and from 86.7 percent to 94.3 percent in Experiment 2. Similar results were found in previous studies when actual and simulated victims in people with intellectual disability were compared (Manzanero, Alemany et al., 2015) .

Similar results were found in previous studies when actual and simulated victims in people with intellectual disability were compared.


Lying is a general cognitive skill appearing quite early in cognitive development as part of the development of the theory of mind (Feldman, 2006; Flavell et al., 1995; Rochat, 1999; Zahn-Waxler, Robinson, & Emde, 1992; Lee & Homer, 1999) . It has been assumed that once children acquire the concept of lying, they start producing lies in a similar way. In contrast, we propose an alternative model, the differential lying theory, which suggests that although the comprehension of what is a lie is universal across individuals, throughout development beliefs on what makes a statement look credible diverge among individuals.

Lying is a general cognitive skill appearing quite early in cognitive development as part of the development of the theory of mind.


Once tainted products are discovered, firms should remove them from circulation, and this process is formally known as product recall [6] . This recalled food usually tends to be scrapped. In other words, food safety events may incur food losses throughout the food supply chain. The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported 122 food recalls in 2016, and 58,140,787 pounds of food was removed from the circulation [7] .

Once tainted products are discovered, firms should remove them from circulation, and this process is formally known as product recall.

The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported 122 food recalls in 2016, and 58,140,787 pounds of food was removed from the circulation.


In our most basic tests we used only the filter-bank log-energies from the middle frame of the steady-state part of each vowel ("FBLE" set). Then we added the derivatives of these features to model the signal dynamics ("FBLE+Deriv" set). In another experiment we smoothed the feature trajectories to remove the effect of transient noises and disturbances ("FBLE Smooth" set). In yet another set of features we extended the log-energies with the gravity centers of four frequency bands, approximately corresponding to the possible values of the formants. These gravity centers allegedly give a crude approximation of the formants ("FBLA+Grav" set) [1] . Lastly, for the sake of curiosity we performed a test with the feature set of our segmental model("Segmental" set) [6] . This describes a whole phonemic segment rather than just one frame, it clearly could not be applied in a real-time system. So our aim then was simply to see the advantages of a segmental classifier over a frame-based one.

These gravity centers allegedly give a crude approximation of the formants ("FBLA+Grav" set).

Lastly, for the sake of curiosity we performed a test with the feature set of our segmental model("Segmental" set).


The present work offers a novel approach under the identification (matching) stage, as it is based on the significant reduction of the original spectral peaks enclosed in convex layer areas. The proposed approach introduces audio-track identification through the use of computational geometry algorithms. The problem of matching sample peaks with original peaks is addressed using an intersection technique between convex layers. More specifically, the proposed method produces a convex polygon in the frequency domain that resembles a coordinate-based fingerprint pattern. This is performed through the Computational Geometry Algorithm (CGA), a scheme of onion-like layers that results in unique frequency-domain representations of the innermost onion layer (Poulos, Belesiotis, & Papavlasopoulos, 2007; Poulos, Bokos, & Vaioulis, 2008; Poulos, Papavlasopoulos, Bokos, Avlonitis, & Kanellopoulos, 2007; Poulos, Papavlasopoulos, Chrissicopoulos, & Magkos, 2003) .

This is performed through the Computational Geometry Algorithm (CGA), a scheme of onion-like layers that results in unique frequency-domain representations of the innermost onion layer.


Numerical prediction models are essential to modern society. They are used to simulate and forecast important physical phenomena which present, in many cases, a very complex and non-linear behavior that prevents accurate longterm predictions. The numerical weather prediction, for example, generally depends on accurate representation of the initial state, and a small error in this state can cause large errors in the predicted state [1] . In this context, data assimilation appears as a technique to increase the prediction accuracy of numerical models [2] .

The numerical weather prediction, for example, generally depends on accurate representation of the initial state, and a small error in this state can cause large errors in the predicted state.

In this context, data assimilation appears as a technique to increase the prediction accuracy of numerical models.


Of the maternal characteristics considered, only lactation status had an effect on the gap between mother-child dietary adequacies and only for energy. The larger gap in energy adequacy between lactating women and their children is related to the significant increase in energy needs of breastfeeding women (Prentice et al., 1996) . Previous research on the energetic strategies of lactating women in these communities demonstrated that, unable to meet the energy demands of breast milk production via their diet, women relied on body fat stores (Piperata & Dufour, 2007) . Aside from resguardo (first 40-days postpartum) there are no other known cultural beliefs or practices that would affect the consumption patterns of pregnant or lactating women.

The larger gap in energy adequacy between lactating women and their children is related to the significant increase in energy needs of breastfeeding women.

Previous research on the energetic strategies of lactating women in these communities demonstrated that, unable to meet the energy demands of breast milk production via their diet, women relied on body fat stores.


Rates of cancer in Indigenous peoples in the developed world have been increasing compared to non-Indigenous populations, with higher prevalence of risk factors, late diagnosis, poorer adherence to treatment and lower survival rates [1] . While Australia's rates of survival from cancer rank among the best in the world, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people fare worse than other Australians. Cancer is the leading cause of death in this population group after cardiovascular disease with a 16% increase in death rates from cancer between 1998 and 2012 [2] . From 2008 to 2012, 20% of deaths in Aboriginal Australians were caused by cancer [3] . Depending on the type of cancer, there are differences in the incidence, mortality and survival of Aboriginal people compared to other Australians. Aboriginal women had a 68% higher risk of dying from breast cancer than other women in Australia after adjusting for diagnostic period and sociodemographic factors [4] . In New South Wales (NSW) Australia, incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer and cervical cancer were higher in Aboriginal people compared to the non-Aboriginal population and lower for bowel cancer and breast cancer [5] . Survival rates after 5 years for head and neck cancers in Aboriginal men in NSW were lower than for other men [5] . However, while squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignancy affecting the oral cavity, there was no statistically significant difference in survival rates between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians living in Western Australia [6] .

Rates of cancer in Indigenous peoples in the developed world have been increasing compared to non-Indigenous populations, with higher prevalence of risk factors, late diagnosis, poorer adherence to treatment and lower survival rates.

Cancer is the leading cause of death in this population group after cardiovascular disease with a 16% increase in death rates from cancer between 1998 and 2012.

From 2008 to 2012, 20% of deaths in Aboriginal Australians were caused by cancer.

Aboriginal women had a 68% higher risk of dying from breast cancer than other women in Australia after adjusting for diagnostic period and sociodemographic factors.

In New South Wales (NSW) Australia, incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer and cervical cancer were higher in Aboriginal people compared to the non-Aboriginal population and lower for bowel cancer and breast cancer.

Survival rates after 5 years for head and neck cancers in Aboriginal men in NSW were lower than for other men.

However, while squamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignancy affecting the oral cavity, there was no statistically significant difference in survival rates between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians living in Western Australia.


With regard to TNF-α, the level of this protein appeared to have a U-shaped association with risk of incident depressive symptoms in elderly individuals [28] . In line with this, a prospective study found that the relationships between the onset of depression and physical disorders in elderly people were significant in the presence of higher TNF-α production, similar to production of IL-8, as cited previously [40] . Additionally, the findings from previous meta-analyses indicate that depressed individuals have significantly higher TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations than controls [49, 50] .

With regard to TNF-α, the level of this protein appeared to have a U-shaped association with risk of incident depressive symptoms in elderly individuals.

In line with this, a prospective study found that the relationships between the onset of depression and physical disorders in elderly people were significant in the presence of higher TNF-α production, similar to production of IL-8, as cited previously.

Additionally, the findings from previous meta-analyses indicate that depressed individuals have significantly higher TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations than controls.


While most prior studies on organizational agility have treated this concept uniformly, firms may in fact have diverse ways of responding to their environmental changes. For example, when anticipating the potential needs of an internationally mobile banking service, Skandia, one of the world's top 20 life and casualty insurance companies, rapidly implemented a novel business model and service system through the LEGO-like integration of pre-designed and existing third-party financial service components (Alexandersen et al. 2003) . The Skandia case is an example of organizational capability to anticipate a new opportunity and move proactively to achieve it. On the other hand, Nokia's rapid recovery from a disruption in supply chain caused by a natural disaster is an example of organizational capability to sense an emerging threat and respond flexibly to be resilient to the threat (Sheffi and Rice Jr. 2005) . As illustrated in the two cases, organizational agility may have polymorphous aspects that lead to distinctive ways of responding to different situations (Bharadwaj and Sambamurthy 2005) .

For example, when anticipating the potential needs of an internationally mobile banking service, Skandia, one of the world's top 20 life and casualty insurance companies, rapidly implemented a novel business model and service system through the LEGO-like integration of pre-designed and existing third-party financial service components.

On the other hand, Nokia's rapid recovery from a disruption in supply chain caused by a natural disaster is an example of organizational capability to sense an emerging threat and respond flexibly to be resilient to the threat.

As illustrated in the two cases, organizational agility may have polymorphous aspects that lead to distinctive ways of responding to different situations.


Many websites today rely on advertising to sustain their services. Online ad platforms have developed sophisticated user tracking systems to capture user behavior across websites in order to generate highly personalized ads. Several studies have been conducted to understand third-party user tracking on the web, where a third-party entity (like social media widget), embedded by the first-party site the user visits, can log the presence and other activities of the user on that site [1] [2] . Unfortunately, user tracking has reached to a state where even privileged software running on a user's browser is stealing user information [3] . In this work, we take a step towards understanding and defending against this new type of privacy risk-browser extensions that spy on user information.

Several studies have been conducted to understand third-party user tracking on the web, where a third-party entity (like social media widget), embedded by the first-party site the user visits, can log the presence and other activities of the user on that site.

Unfortunately, user tracking has reached to a state where even privileged software running on a user's browser is stealing user information.


A study was implemented in 2004 among farmers and their families exposed to pigs infected naturally by BSB2 to assess the risk of transmission to humans in close contact with infected animals. People working or living on 14 farms with pigs infected by BSB2 were examined for Brucella. None of the study subjects reported symptoms suggestive of Brucella infection and no case of brucellosis was identified [6] . These findings suggested low pathogenicity of BSB2 to humans.

None of the study subjects reported symptoms suggestive of Brucella infection and no case of brucellosis was identified.


The NF model introduced in the present work is based on the DSPM-DE model, applied over a flat-sheet and spiral-wound leaf. The results from the individual leaves can be easily treated as if in a parallel connection to depict a spiral-wound element, which may in turn be put into a train of spiral-wound elements that exist in series within a pressure vessel. The user can make use of several degrees of freedom in the definition of the membrane, namely the membrane pore radius, membrane effective thickness, membrane charge, pore dielectric constant and membrane dimensions. It is also possible to test the behavior of individual leaves or an individual element for different feed flow rates, compositions, and transmembrane pressures. Various feed water properties, such as pH levels and temperature can be incorporated into the model by characterizing the membrane and subsequently using these parameters in the model [14] .

Various feed water properties, such as pH levels and temperature can be incorporated into the model by characterizing the membrane and subsequently using these parameters in the model.


Nanofiltration (NF) is a pressure driven membrane-based water purification process with performance between that of reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) [1] , [2] . The interplay of three exclusion mechanisms, the steric effects, Donnan exclusion effects and dielectric effects allow a great degree of variability in membrane selectivity [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] . In general, nanofiltration shows high rejection of divalent and multivalent ions [6] , [7] , [8] . It created a revolution in the world of separation technology, previously dominated by RO, due to its high water permeability and hence lower energy consumption in addition to its ion selectivity [2] , [9] .

Nanofiltration (NF) is a pressure driven membrane-based water purification process with performance between that of reverse osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF).

The interplay of three exclusion mechanisms, the steric effects, Donnan exclusion effects and dielectric effects allow a great degree of variability in membrane selectivity.

In general, nanofiltration shows high rejection of divalent and multivalent ions.

It created a revolution in the world of separation technology, previously dominated by RO, due to its high water permeability and hence lower energy consumption in addition to its ion selectivity.


As plans are made for analyzing current and future weak lensing experiments, it is important to emphasize that the simplest IA models may not correctly describe all galaxies. Assuming tidal alignment when the true astrophysics of galaxy formation produces more complicated behavior will yield systematic bias in the final parameter constraints. Moreover, even forecasting the impact of IA requires a model both sufficiently accurate and complex to avoid overestimating the statistical power of a given survey and mitigation scheme [46] . In this paper, we have neglected contributions from higher order dependence on the tidal field (i.e. tidal torquing models). Although symmetry allows such terms, and they are likely present at some level for galaxies kinematically dominated by angular momentum, current observations provide no strong evidence that these terms are significant. Nevertheless, until higher-order alignment contributions can be quantified or more tightly constrained in observation or realistic simulation, it will be important to include them. In future work, we plan to integrate these terms into a consistent framework.

Moreover, even forecasting the impact of IA requires a model both sufficiently accurate and complex to avoid overestimating the statistical power of a given survey and mitigation scheme.


White (navy) bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a major market class of dry edible bean grown in Ontario. In 2014, Ontario growers produced 60 000 tonnes of white beans with a value of $43 640 000 (Kulasekera 2015) . Good weed control is critical for dry bean producers, as weed interference is the largest cause of yield loss in dry beans. Weed interference can reduce dry bean yield by up to 70% (Malik et al. 1993) . Weeds can also decrease bean quality due to the presence of plant fragments contaminating the bean lot, or plant juices causing mud tagging or staining of the seed coat. Many farmers use herbicides for weed control in dry bean.

In 2014, Ontario growers produced 60 000 tonnes of white beans with a value of $43 640 000.

Weed interference can reduce dry bean yield by up to 70%.


Crowdsourcing has evolved rapidly over the last decade and presently accounts for a multi-million dollar marketplace. There is a wide variety of Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs) which are typically crowdsourced. Thousands of diverse workers with different motivations complete HITs on crowdsourcing platforms based on availability, their eligibility to participate, and a number of other variables that drive the market dynamics [9] . In such a diverse environment, the role of parameters affecting efficiency and accuracy of workers gain significance and need to be studied in order to improve the overall effectiveness of the paradigm [15] . Task consumption in microtask crowdsourcing platforms is largely driven by a selfselection process, where workers meeting the required eligibility criteria select the tasks that they prefer to work on. Moreover, prior works have established that, during the course of completion of a variety of tasks, workers tend to perform better with experience due to learning effects [8, 11] . Thus, understanding the factors that drive dynamics of learning and devising intelligent task chaining techniques can augment the quality of contribution of workers in microtask crowdsourcing platforms.

Thousands of diverse workers with different motivations complete HITs on crowdsourcing platforms based on availability, their eligibility to participate, and a number of other variables that drive the market dynamics.

In such a diverse environment, the role of parameters affecting efficiency and accuracy of workers gain significance and need to be studied in order to improve the overall effectiveness of the paradigm.

Moreover, prior works have established that, during the course of completion of a variety of tasks, workers tend to perform better with experience due to learning effects.


In the present study, we have used recombinant proteins designed to mimic phosphorylation of αB-crystallin [αB-1P (S19D αB-crystallin), αB-2P (S19D/S45D αB-crystallin) and αB-3P (S19D/S45D/S59D αB-crystallin)] to undertake a comprehensive survey of their relative chaperone activity against different types of protein aggregation, i.e. disordered amorphous aggregation and ordered amyloid fibril formation. Amyloid fibril aggregation leads to highly structured cross-β-sheet fibrillar arrays of proteins that can be observed as thread-like structures, sometimes assembled further into larger aggregates or plaques [26, 27] . They are characteristic of the protein deposits formed in diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases. In general, we found that phosphorylation of αB-crystallin leads to an increase in the chaperone activity of the protein against aggregating target proteins. However, the target protein and solution conditions were found to be important factors that regulate the effect of phosphorylation on the chaperone action of αB-crystallin. Using a variety of biophysical techniques, structural characterization and comparison of the phosphorylation mimics and the wild-type protein were also undertaken.

Amyloid fibril aggregation leads to highly structured cross-β-sheet fibrillar arrays of proteins that can be observed as thread-like structures, sometimes assembled further into larger aggregates or plaques.


It is not known how phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of αB-crystallin are regulated in the cell. Phosphorylation of αB-crystallin occurs under normal physiological conditions in vivo and is stimulated by stress [11, 15] . Thus it would be predicted that the activity of αB-crystallin, a protein that is required to have high activity during stress conditions in the cell, would be enhanced by phosphorylation rather than lessened. It follows that phosphorylation may provide a molecular switch to the cell that serves to regulate the binding affinity of αB-crystallin, by disrupting its oligomeric state and increasing the amount of its 'activated' form. In summary, our results show that the introduction of negative charges brought about by phosphorylation of αB-crystallin has a significant effect on its structure and chaperone ability against target proteins undergoing either amorphous or amyloid fibriltype aggregation. Our results suggest that this highly prevalent post-translational modification of sHsps may play an important role in alleviating the pathogenic effects associated with protein conformational diseases.

Phosphorylation of αB-crystallin occurs under normal physiological conditions in vivo and is stimulated by stress.


In spite of recent developments in fatigue crack detection techniques using nonlinear ultrasonic modulation, there are still technical challenges that need to be overcome for real field applications. First, the generation of nonlinear modulation components is not guaranteed at one specific combination of two input frequencies even at the presence of a fatigue crack, and the generation of the nonlinear modulation components heavily depends on the dynamic characteristics of the host structure. In return, the dynamic characteristics of the structure constantly vary according to the temperature and loading conditions surrounding the structure [26, 27] . Therefore, the fatigue detection cannot rely on one particular combination of two input frequencies, and the input frequencies need to be constantly adjusted or swept. Second, for damage detection, most nonlinear ultrasonic modulation techniques use reference data obtained from the intact condition of host structure. However, these techniques are susceptible to false alarms due to signal variations unrelated to the damage such as changing temperature conditions. An automated fatigue crack detection technique based on the combination of nonlinear ultrasonic modulation and sequential outlier analysis has been developed by the authors' group and validated through laboratory testing [28] . However, the applications of this previously developed technique to in-site bridge structures reveal that (1) the harsh field conditions at the bridge site can increase the noise level at the modulation frequency, and this increased noise level can occasionally produce a false positive indication of crack, and (2) if modulation occurs over the majority of the investigated frequency combinations, the outlier analysis may fail to detect the presence of crack (false negative).

In return, the dynamic characteristics of the structure constantly vary according to the temperature and loading conditions surrounding the structure.

An automated fatigue crack detection technique based on the combination of nonlinear ultrasonic modulation and sequential outlier analysis has been developed by the authors' group and validated through laboratory testing.


Among these techniques, nonlinear ultrasonic techniques have gained prominence due to their higher sensitivity to a micro fatigue crack and potential for online monitoring [10] [11] [12] . Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques attempt to detect a fatigue crack by tracing nonlinear phenomena such as harmonics and modulations created by a source of nonlinearity such as a fatigue crack. When an ultrasonic wave at a single input frequency propagates through a localized nonlinear source like a fatigue crack, additional components at harmonics of the input frequency are generated [11] [12] [13] . On the other hand, when two ultrasonic waves at two distinctive frequencies are propagated, the interaction of the ultrasonic inputs produces nonlinear ultrasonic responses at the sum and difference of these two frequencies [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] .

Among these techniques, nonlinear ultrasonic techniques have gained prominence due to their higher sensitivity to a micro fatigue crack and potential for online monitoring.

When an ultrasonic wave at a single input frequency propagates through a localized nonlinear source like a fatigue crack, additional components at harmonics of the input frequency are generated.

On the other hand, when two ultrasonic waves at two distinctive frequencies are propagated, the interaction of the ultrasonic inputs produces nonlinear ultrasonic responses at the sum and difference of these two frequencies.


Nonlinear ultrasonic modulation has been used for detecting cracks in welded pipe joints and concrete beams [19, 20] . Using a piezoelectric stack actuator for generation of a low frequency (LF) signal and a surface-mounted lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducer for creation of a high frequency (HF) signal, a fatigue crack in an aluminum plate is detected [21] . Bolt-loosening in aluminum plates and delamination in composites are detected using two surface mounted PZTs for generation of both LF and HF signals [22, 23] . Fixed LF and swept HF signals are used to find an optimal combination of LF and HF signals that can amplify the modulation [24] . A fatigue crack in an aircraft fitting-lug mock-up specimen is detected by sweeping the frequencies of both LF and HF input signals [25] .

Nonlinear ultrasonic modulation has been used for detecting cracks in welded pipe joints and concrete beams.

Using a piezoelectric stack actuator for generation of a low frequency (LF) signal and a surface-mounted lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducer for creation of a high frequency (HF) signal, a fatigue crack in an aluminum plate is detected.

Bolt-loosening in aluminum plates and delamination in composites are detected using two surface mounted PZTs for generation of both LF and HF signals.

Fixed LF and swept HF signals are used to find an optimal combination of LF and HF signals that can amplify the modulation.

A fatigue crack in an aircraft fitting-lug mock-up specimen is detected by sweeping the frequencies of both LF and HF input signals.


Achievement of a circular cross section is largely determined by controlling the relative diffusion of solvent out and non-solvent in the filaments during coagulation. When the flux of solvent outward is less than the inward flux, the filament swells and a circular cross-section can be expected. This swelling occurs at high coagulation bath temperatures and high solvent content in the coagulating bath [6] . For this reason, cross sections are characteristically round at 50 °C or above. However, high bath temperatures have also been attributed to an increase in void content and subsequent decrease in fiber density, resulting in poor fiber properties [2, 3, 7] . An example of a PAN fiber spun into a high temperature coagulation bath (60 °C) is shown in Figure 1 . Although circular in cross sectional shape, large macrovoids are evident. In contrast, at lower coagulation temperatures and typical solvent concentrations (<70 wt%), the outward diffusion of solvent dominates, but the perimeter of the filament in contact with non-solvent is solidified early. As outward diffusion of solvent continues, the filament collapses, resulting in non-round (often bean-shaped) cross-sectional shape [3, 5, 8] .

This swelling occurs at high coagulation bath temperatures and high solvent content in the coagulating bath.

However, high bath temperatures have also been attributed to an increase in void content and subsequent decrease in fiber density, resulting in poor fiber properties.

As outward diffusion of solvent continues, the filament collapses, resulting in non-round (often bean-shaped) cross-sectional shape.


Maturing mobile communication technology makes mobile phones become more powerful, cellphones gradually get rid of image of traditional communication tool and become primary device for information in the mobile internet era, among them Android phones with open source、easy to use and powerful features get the majority of users support and love and its market share steadily increases year by year [1] [2] [3] . With the increase of computing power and storage capacity of smartphone, more and more users start using their phone to deal with personal business, they are accustomed to storing bank card account、payment code、video photos、personal diaries and other sensitive private information on the phone [4] . Once the phone lost, users will face a serious risk of loss of privacy, may not only cause loss of property but also have a negative impact on the life and work of their own and even families [5] [6] [7] . In response to these security issues, this paper designs an Android handset anti-theft tracking system which would automatically destroy private information and track cellphone location to protect user privacy and property security after the phone lost.

Maturing mobile communication technology makes mobile phones become more powerful, cellphones gradually get rid of image of traditional communication tool and become primary device for information in the mobile internet era, among them Android phones with open source、easy to use and powerful features get the majority of users support and love and its market share steadily increases year by year.

With the increase of computing power and storage capacity of smartphone, more and more users start using their phone to deal with personal business, they are accustomed to storing bank card account、payment code、video photos、personal diaries and other sensitive private information on the phone.

Once the phone lost, users will face a serious risk of loss of privacy, may not only cause loss of property but also have a negative impact on the life and work of their own and even families.


It is important to recognize that throughout one's life, learning experiences are numerous, but some will have a major impact while others will be simply confirming what one already knows [26] . Nevertheless, the different experiences in each sphere of one's life (family, school, work, leisure) come together to form one's unique biography and therefore learning can be considered lifelong [26, 41] . Based on our data, we can say that our lifelong learner coaches had different learning experiences and therefore their learning paths are idiosyncratic. This implies that researchers should not be so concerned with finding 'the' learning path of expert/elite/high-performance coaches. However, to acknowledge that coaches' learning paths are idiosyncratic does not mean that sport organizations should abandon their role of training coaches. We are suggesting quite the contrary. They should continue to develop coach education programs, which allow coaches to have access to coaching theories. They should continue to provide coaches with current material on coaching but, importantly, must also understand that the material may not have the same impact on all coaches because of differences in the coaches' cognitive structure [25] .

It is important to recognize that throughout one's life, learning experiences are numerous, but some will have a major impact while others will be simply confirming what one already knows.

Nevertheless, the different experiences in each sphere of one's life (family, school, work, leisure) come together to form one's unique biography and therefore learning can be considered lifelong.

We are suggesting quite the contrary.

They should continue to provide coaches with current material on coaching but, importantly, must also understand that the material may not have the same impact on all coaches because of differences in the coaches' cognitive structure.


Transformerless photovoltaic (PV) system has many advantages such as cost and size reduction and higher efficiency over the PV system with a transformer. A common mode (CM) voltage variation between the PV panels and the ground, however, injects an additional leakage current in the inverter [1] [2] . A PWM inverter used in motor drive has a similar problem with a high frequency leakage current that flows through parasitic capacitance between stator windings and a motor frame to the ground [3] [4] . Such a leakage current may result in harmonics in the system as well as losses, electromagnetic interference and even electrical safety problem.

A common mode (CM) voltage variation between the PV panels and the ground, however, injects an additional leakage current in the inverter.

A PWM inverter used in motor drive has a similar problem with a high frequency leakage current that flows through parasitic capacitance between stator windings and a motor frame to the ground.


Radio searches focus on two broad classes of signal: intentional and unintentional. Intentional signals can either be uncollimated "beacons" designed to broadcast low information signals isotropically to any nearby listeners, or collimated "beams" designed to broadcast at specific targets. Precisely which type of signal SETI scientists might expect depends on the motives of the broadcasting civilisation. If cost is a controlling factor, then signals are likely to be collimated pulses [1, 2, 14] .

If cost is a controlling factor, then signals are likely to be collimated pulses.


The quantitative effects of increasing rates of stocking on livestock production have been well documented (Vallentine 1978) . As rate of stocking is increased, production/animal unit slowly declines and production/unit area of land increases until rate of stocking exceeds carrying capacity. At that point, production-/animal unit rapidly declines with a subsequent decline in production/unit area. Basically, the data from the heavily and 'Means within same row or column followed by same letter are not significanlly different a1 KO.05.

The quantitative effects of increasing rates of stocking on livestock production have been well documented.


In structural engineering, taller and lighter buildings are being constructed due to increasing demands. Due to the recent developments in control theory and applications of software packages in engineering, controlling the dynamic behaviors of structural systems has been a lot easier [3] . The traditional methods of reducing vibrations in structures have always been through the use of passive design. They do not require energy and therefore they don't generate unwanted states [4] . However, because they do not have sensors, they don't respond to changes that may be experienced in the vibrating structures or even the controlling device. All of these reasons have necessitated that more research be conducted into the use of active vibration control in mechanical structures.

Due to the recent developments in control theory and applications of software packages in engineering, controlling the dynamic behaviors of structural systems has been a lot easier.

They do not require energy and therefore they don't generate unwanted states.


Since the computational expense of producing ray-traced images is excessive, it is obvious that new techniques must be found to reduce the calculation time. These techniques will inevitably utilize both object and image coherence [11] . The term coherence is used to describe the extent to which an environment or an image is locally constant. Object coherence relies on the known relationship between objects in an environment, and this information is used to reduce the visible-surface computations. Image-coherence techniques take advantage of the fact that the image does not change rapidly from point to point or Scan line to scan line on the viewing plane. They capitalize on the lateral separation of the image changes to reduce the depth comparisons. Neither of these two types of coherence has been used extensively in ray-tracing schemes to date.

These techniques will inevitably utilize both object and image coherence.


We consider here rectangular, circular and elliptic [9] waveguides. In order to improve both the accuracy and the computational effectiveness, a discretization grid fitting exactly the waveguide boundary is chosen. Therefore, our FD approach has been implemented using cartesian, polar and elliptic frameworks.

We consider here rectangular, circular and elliptic waveguides.


There are new algorithms for analytic database queries that convert complex queries into simple operations like scans and aggregates [20] . Additionally, new hardware accelerators, like generalpurpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) show potential to be both higher performance and lower energy than traditional multicore CPUs for these simpler algorithms [27, 28] . Emerging hardware like GPGPUs are more efficient than CPUs because they have less complex hardware than multicore CPUs, which works together with the simplified analytic database query algorithms to increase performance and decrease energy.

There are new algorithms for analytic database queries that convert complex queries into simple operations like scans and aggregates.

Additionally, new hardware accelerators, like generalpurpose graphics processing units (GPGPUs) show potential to be both higher performance and lower energy than traditional multicore CPUs for these simpler algorithms.


In addition to CPUs supporting wider vector instructions, general-purpose GPUs (GPGPUs) which support very wide vectors (up a logical 4096-bit vector) are becoming more programmable. GPUs have an order of magnitude more execution units then CPUs and each of these execution units is simpler and thus more energy efficient than their CPU counterparts. Because of this increase in execution units GPGPUs can be higher performance and lower energy than the CPU for analytic database applications [11, 27] .

Because of this increase in execution units GPGPUs can be higher performance and lower energy than the CPU for analytic database applications.


To meet the latency requirements of real-time queries, many big data systems keep all of their data in main memory. In-memory queries provide lower response times than queries that access disk Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author. BPOE '16 April 3, 2016 or flash storage, and are increasingly popular [35] . The in-memory data may be the entire data corpus, or the hot parts of the data set. Many big data workloads are memory intensive, performing a small number of computational operations per byte of data loaded from memory. This low computational intensity means these workloads are increasingly constrained by memory bandwidth, not the capabilities of the processor. This problem is exacerbated by the increasing gap between processor speed and memory bandwidth [6] .

BPOE '16 April 3, 2016 or flash storage, and are increasingly popular.

This problem is exacerbated by the increasing gap between processor speed and memory bandwidth.


In conventional stuttering assessment process, the recorded speech is transcribed and dysfluencies like repetitions, prolongations and injections are identified. Then the frequency of occurrence of each dyfluency is counted. These assessment processes are based on the knowledge and previous experience of speech pathologist. The main drawbacks of making such assessment are time consuming, subjective, inconsistent and also poor agreement when different judges make counts on same material [7] .

The main drawbacks of making such assessment are time consuming, subjective, inconsistent and also poor agreement when different judges make counts on same material.


According to the US Department of Agriculture, Cu-based pesticides can also be used for organic production (Zhao et al., 2016a) . There are currently 209 Cu-based pesticide products registered in California (Regulation, 2009) . Therefore, studying the implications of Cu-based nanopesticides which are increasingly popular for plant protection in agriculture, is of great importance.

According to the US Department of Agriculture, Cu-based pesticides can also be used for organic production.

There are currently 209 Cu-based pesticide products registered in California.


On the theoretical side, the success of the CKM description of FCNC processes triggered the idea that the dynamics responsible for the peculiar form of the SM Yukawa couplings may be relevant only at energy scales much higher than the one typically introduced to stabilize the EW breaking. Such high-energy dynamics would then generate only the Yukawa couplings present in the SM and no additional flavour violating structures. From the low-energy point of view, the SM Yukawa couplings are then the only 'building blocks' regulating the amount of FCNC and CP violating processes, and their form is then raised as a "symmetry requirement" for the flavour sector of any candidate extension of the SM at the EW scale [1] .

From the low-energy point of view, the SM Yukawa couplings are then the only 'building blocks' regulating the amount of FCNC and CP violating processes, and their form is then raised as a "symmetry requirement" for the flavour sector of any candidate extension of the SM at the EW scale.


Debate rages about the frequency of adverse effects from Internet use [19, 21, 22] . Five of our respondents reported cases of serious injury, with comments describing 3 or possibly 4 deaths resulting from Internet use. With no time frame placed on the question, this represents the experience over many years of several hundred doctors, so we feel it represents a quite-low rate of severe events.

Debate rages about the frequency of adverse effects from Internet use.


Recognizing the need for reform to address the problem is welcome. One promising approach to addressing the problem is participatory plant breeding (PPB). PPB refers to -a type of breeding which is done in collaboration with farmers and is based on selection for specific adaptation‖ [4] . Although PPB is a promising model, there is limited social scientific research on the socioeconomic obstacles that need to be overcome to establishing a PPB program. This paper focuses on a PPB approach to developing organic seeds that might serve as a model for the types of socioeconomic reforms conducive to agricultural biodiversity. After describing key features of the high-input, globally integrated agricultural system that have promoted the loss of agricultural biodiversity, we turn to a case study of a promising participatory approach to agricultural research in the U.S. and highlight obstacles that had to be overcome to establish the program. We also point to obstacles that contributed to the termination of the program.

PPB refers to -a type of breeding which is done in collaboration with farmers and is based on selection for specific adaptation‖.


Although saving diverse seeds using a vault or a geographic network strategy may serve as a reassuring backstop in the face of global crisis, it must be recognized that such approaches are insufficient. After all, it would take years to convert seeds stored in a vault or held by individual farmers and gardeners into something that could begin to address wide-scale crop collapse. Furthermore, the network approach presumes that hundreds of widely disbursed individuals have the skill, land, time and expertise to maintain pure varieties in perpetuity. A more effective approach to the problem of the loss of agricultural biodiversity is to expand the genetic diversity of the crops currently in production. However, such a transformation requires reform of the agricultural system [11] .

However, such a transformation requires reform of the agricultural system.


Suspension systems are one of the most critical parts of transportation vehicles. A good suspension system should be able to provide safety to both passengers and loads and protect the vehicle from damage caused by the unevenness of the roads. In aircrafts, the landing gears fulfill these tasks. Not only are they designed to provide comfort during taxiing but absorb the energy during touch down. Landing gears mainly consist of a strut attached to the aircraft fuselage. The strut is coupled to the ground via one or more wheels with flexible tyres mounted on an axle [1] . Landing gears are normally equipped with passive damping devices that absorb the energy. However, there may be cases when the impact is large because the damper cannot be tuned for every single runway characteristics. This is why active and semiactive absorbers are currently being studied and experimented to overcome the adaptability problem [2] . Compared with passive dampers, active and semiactive devices can be tuned due to their flexible structure. One of the drawbacks of active dampers is that they may become unstable if the controller fails. On the contrary, semiactive devices are inherently stable because they cannot inject energy. Thus, the latter acts as pure passive dampers in case of control failure [3] .

The strut is coupled to the ground via one or more wheels with flexible tyres mounted on an axle.

This is why active and semiactive absorbers are currently being studied and experimented to overcome the adaptability problem.

Thus, the latter acts as pure passive dampers in case of control failure.


In the Brazilian sector a 50 MHz coherent backscatter radar, also known by the acronym RESCO (in Portuguese, Radar de ESpalhamento COerente), has been operated since 1998 at São Luís, State of Maranhão (2.33 • S, 44.2 • W, DIP: -0.5), on the dip equator. Observations of EEJ 3-m plasma irregularities are routinely carried out with the main purpose of studying the EEJ dynamics through spectral analysis of the backscattered echoes from plasma instabilities. For such studies, a precise determination of the spectral moments of the irregularities is a crucial requirement. Several techniques for estimating Doppler shifts based on radar power spectra have been developed and reviewed (May & Strauch, 1989; Woodman, 1985) . In the present work we have estimated the irregularity Doppler shifts by fitting two Gaussians to each power spectrum using the Least Squares Fitting Method (Levenberg, 1944; Marquardt, 1963; Press et al., 1992) . In this case, the quality of the fitting will depends on the variance of the noise present in the spectrum. And a well-known tool to reduce variance of the noise is the incoherent integrations, a technique that does not change the mean spectral densities of both signal and noise. Increasing the number of integrated spectra means to reduce the variance and to define better the power spectra. In this way we have used the incoherent integration technique applied to simulated power spectra of radar signals like it was backscattered from equatorial electrojet irregularities type 1 to quantify the advantages and disadvantages of applying such technique. In the following section we present the typical radar data processing, a brief description of the spectra simulations, and the results of this statistical study, which are discussed in terms of goodness of the estimates and the variance of the estimate Doppler frequency type 1.

Several techniques for estimating Doppler shifts based on radar power spectra have been developed and reviewed.

In the present work we have estimated the irregularity Doppler shifts by fitting two Gaussians to each power spectrum using the Least Squares Fitting Method.


In most situations, the statistical dependence between observations in a sample collected close together on a landscape is modeled by a parametric covariance function when that dependence cannot be soley accounted for by measured covariates. The regression coefficients and covariance parameters of this spatial regression model are subsequently estimated by, for example, maximum likelihood (ML) or restricted maximum likelihood (REML) (Cressie 1993) . In some cases, the covariance function is needed only to the extent that it assists in standard error estimation for regression coefficients and/or in making predictions (i.e., kriging). In other cases, however, practical, physical interpretations of covariance function parameters are equally as important as regression coefficient estimates.

The regression coefficients and covariance parameters of this spatial regression model are subsequently estimated by, for example, maximum likelihood (ML) or restricted maximum likelihood (REML).


Population-based perception studies on potential causes of VAW may enlighten context-relevant primary preventive actions in settings where data are limited [7] . The present exploratory study was performed on a group of women who teach at the university. In the study, we did not ask about their experiences of specific acts of violence rather aimed to evaluate their views, explanations about already documented potential causes of VAW and the ways of prevention. Although any woman can be the victims of violence, there are some factors that may protect some women from VAW. For example, women who have authority and power outside the family -such as academic women-tend to experience lower levels of abuse in an intimate partnership [1] . On the other hand, there is evidence that women's socio-demographic characteristics and prior victimization did not much affect their opinions about causes of VAW [7] .

Population-based perception studies on potential causes of VAW may enlighten context-relevant primary preventive actions in settings where data are limited.

For example, women who have authority and power outside the family -such as academic women-tend to experience lower levels of abuse in an intimate partnership.

On the other hand, there is evidence that women's socio-demographic characteristics and prior victimization did not much affect their opinions about causes of VAW.


This descriptive study was done in the Haydarpasa Campus of Marmara University (HMU) in Istanbul and in Celal Bayar University (CBU) in Manisa. One hundred and fifteen academic women participated in the study from different faculties of these universities. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used. We followed the guide of the World Health Organization (WHO) when developing the research strategy; using the term "violence against women" (VAW) to refer to the full range of abuses [1] .

We followed the guide of the World Health Organization (WHO) when developing the research strategy; using the term "violence against women" (VAW) to refer to the full range of abuses.


Movement research in geographic information science is proliferating due to new datasets and the growing complexities of data (Long and Nelson 2013) . The multi-method approach to polygon change analysis employed here is valuable in that it produces a broader understanding of the underlying movement dynamics, and facilitates comparisons between methods when dissimilar results are achieved. Here we highlight an example using the movement of hurricane Katrina and demonstrate the value of a polygon-based approach when contrasted with the more common trajectory-based analyses, and an analysis of landscape scale forest infestation spread. Future research should look to expand the application of polygon movement analysis now that these computational tools are readily available, as well as extending the methodology to incorporate spatial simulation models and other forms of spatial representation into the event-based framework implemented here. There are many application areas where polygon change analysis has been ignored (due to limited methods and tools) or where more simplistic approaches have been favored (based purely on polygon centroids). The development of a spatial toolkit for polygon change analysis, the stampr package, will reinvigorate research into performing spatial-temporal analysis of moving polygons.

Movement research in geographic information science is proliferating due to new datasets and the growing complexities of data.


Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have a high risk for nosocomial infections [1] . The most common infection is pneumonia (approximately 5 to 8%), causing a longer hospital stay and higher mortality [2] [3] [4] . In particular, gram-negative bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, are common pathogens after cardiac surgery [4, 5] . Perioperative dysregulation of the pulmonary defense system may be associated with this frequent complication [6] [7] [8] .

Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have a high risk for nosocomial infections.

The most common infection is pneumonia (approximately 5 to 8%), causing a longer hospital stay and higher mortality.

In particular, gram-negative bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, are common pathogens after cardiac surgery.

Perioperative dysregulation of the pulmonary defense system may be associated with this frequent complication.


Besides other natural products, the flowers of C. officinalis contain saponins. These compounds have a diverse range of properties, including sweetness and bitterness, foaming, emulsification, pharmacological and medicinal properties, hemolytic properties, as well as anti-microbial, insecticidal, and molluscicidal activities [3] . One efficient way to increase the production of these products in the plant is treatment with chemical elicitors such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA).

These compounds have a diverse range of properties, including sweetness and bitterness, foaming, emulsification, pharmacological and medicinal properties, hemolytic properties, as well as anti-microbial, insecticidal, and molluscicidal activities.


This means that every diagram in pro-C has a level representation. The functor is not an equivalence in general, but fortunately this is not necessary for our purposes. In Section 3.1, we specialize to a particular situation involving diagrams of strict promaps. This is critical for a theorem about hypercover descent for theétale topological type [11] .

This is critical for a theorem about hypercover descent for theétale topological type.


Use of laparoscopy for colon resection appears to be increasing in the United States. We demonstrate a strong relationship between laparoscopy with colectomy and improved outcomes in terms of LOS, postoperative complications, and in-hospital mortality. Several past studies have successfully shown that the outcomes for laparoscopically assisted colectomy and open colectomy are similar, whereas the laparoscopic approach confers a shorter LOS and lower morbidity. In a multi-institutional, randomized, prospective study, the rates of recurrent cancer were similar for both the laparoscopic and open approaches to colectomy for colon cancer [22] .

In a multi-institutional, randomized, prospective study, the rates of recurrent cancer were similar for both the laparoscopic and open approaches to colectomy for colon cancer.


In Figure 7 in the logarithmic representation follows the same trend of trap-facilitated transport as described from the curves in Figure 6 (b). However at OC < 0.4 V for the untreated electrode there is an onset of parabolic curvature which indicates that recombination through surface traps becomes dominant, whereas for the posttreated electrode this onset begins at around 0.25 V. Because the transport mainly occurs through bulk trap states, the recombination time is prolonged by one order of magnitude considering that the electrons are caught and released much faster from surface than from bulk trap states. This type of lifetime dependence points out that surface traps have been significantly diminished. In contrast to the ( OC ) curve shape of the cells with ionic liquid electrolyte presented in Figure 6 (b), the curves in Figure 7 (a) are quite different. Explicitly this difference is evident in the lower electron lifetime and the more pronounced inverted parabola shape in the low OC region. The lower electron lifetime can be attributed to the higher thickness of the mesoporous photoanode. Because of the grater surface area and the larger number of grain boundaries, a more intense electron recombination due to a higher surface states density can be expected. The shape of the inverted parabola region is determined mainly by the reorganization energy of the acceptor species in the electrolyte [40] . Furthermore, the combination of different dye and electrolyte components on semiconducting nanocrystals can change the density of surface states [43] .

The shape of the inverted parabola region is determined mainly by the reorganization energy of the acceptor species in the electrolyte.

Furthermore, the combination of different dye and electrolyte components on semiconducting nanocrystals can change the density of surface states.


The benefits of strict glycemic control on reducing the risk of micro and macrovascular complications are well documented [6] [7] [8] . For example, the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) demonstrated that every percentage point decrease in HbA 1c is associated with significant reduction in diabetes related deaths (21%), myocardial infarction (14%) and microvascular disease (37%) [7] . Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) enables people with diabetes to modify their behavior and adjust their treatment according to the results obtained by blood glucose monitoring [9] . It also helps them to be active in diabetes educational programs through a deep understanding of the patterns provided by SMBG [9, 10] . However, the cost of SMBG is a major problem. It was reported to be around £90 million in the UK in 2001 [8] .

The benefits of strict glycemic control on reducing the risk of micro and macrovascular complications are well documented.

For example, the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) demonstrated that every percentage point decrease in HbA 1c is associated with significant reduction in diabetes related deaths (21%), myocardial infarction (14%) and microvascular disease (37%).

Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) enables people with diabetes to modify their behavior and adjust their treatment according to the results obtained by blood glucose monitoring.

It also helps them to be active in diabetes educational programs through a deep understanding of the patterns provided by SMBG.

It was reported to be around £90 million in the UK in 2001.


The study was conducted at the NHLS-TB Laboratory Tshwane Academic Division Laboratory. All isolates were presumptively identified as M. tuberculosis complex using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain and tested for susceptibility using the GenoType MTBDR plus line probe assay (HainLifescience GmbH, Germany). Isolates were then categorized as either MDRs or Non-MDRs (Mono-RIF resistance, Mono-INH resistance or fully sensitive) [7] .

Isolates were then categorized as either MDRs or Non-MDRs (Mono-RIF resistance, Mono-INH resistance or fully sensitive).


AML risk increased linearly with maternal age in birth year adjusted analyses. Of note is that maternal age also had a significant linear effect on ALL risk in 0-4 year olds in birth year adjusted models (data not shown). The relation between advanced maternal age (defined as ≥35 in most studies) and leukemia has been examined in many studies with inconsistent findings. Studies reviewed by Little published prior to 1998 and those since for leukemia overall or ALL also support a slight positive association with a mean risk estimate of around 1.2 for mothers who were ≥35 years at the time of birth compared to younger mothers [4, 13, [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . Most recent studies also generally sup- port an increased risk for AML with a mean risk estimate of approximately 1.5 for mothers who were at least 35 at the time of birth vs. younger mothers [13, 15, 18, 19, [22] [23] [24] . Studies that have reported risks for ALL by age group have generally supported stronger risks for younger children associated with older maternal ages [13, 15, 23, 25] . Confirmation of increased risk due to advanced maternal age may point to particular mechanisms, such as age associated genetic changes, in need of further study that may help to inform leukemia etiology research and reproductive decision making.

Studies reviewed by Little published prior to 1998 and those since for leukemia overall or ALL also support a slight positive association with a mean risk estimate of around 1.2 for mothers who were ≥35 years at the time of birth compared to younger mothers.

Most recent studies also generally sup- port an increased risk for AML with a mean risk estimate of approximately 1.5 for mothers who were at least 35 at the time of birth vs. younger mothers.

Studies that have reported risks for ALL by age group have generally supported stronger risks for younger children associated with older maternal ages.


There has been an important growth in nanotechnologies capable of detecting small forces and motion related to low-dimensional systems [20] . Furthermore, attractive applications to facilitate nanomechanical spectroscopy also have originated a great interest for fabrication and characterization of nanomaterials [21] . Optomechanics for improving engineering science are also a counterpart in current research [22] . In this work, we highlighted advantages of mechanooptics which can be useful for future research in energy transference mechanisms based on nonlinear optics and instrumentation of ultra-low level signals.

There has been an important growth in nanotechnologies capable of detecting small forces and motion related to low-dimensional systems.

Furthermore, attractive applications to facilitate nanomechanical spectroscopy also have originated a great interest for fabrication and characterization of nanomaterials.

Optomechanics for improving engineering science are also a counterpart in current research.


However, one of the major limitations is the difficulty of the choice of the optimal mother wavelet function and decomposition levels [18, 19] . In fact, this choice can influence the spatial and frequency resolution of the decomposition, which is directly proportional to the width of the used wavelet in the spatial and the Fourier space [20] . However, their impact on the quality of feature detection and approximation remains a controversial subject.

However, one of the major limitations is the difficulty of the choice of the optimal mother wavelet function and decomposition levels.

In fact, this choice can influence the spatial and frequency resolution of the decomposition, which is directly proportional to the width of the used wavelet in the spatial and the Fourier space.


We do not consider learning curves in this work, which form an integral part of related works [6] . Learning curves represent the impact of learning over time, e.g., on costs or prices. In the context of our study, the prices of residential energy generation and storage systems may decrease over time, e.g., due to economies of scale and increasing competition. Instead, we implicitly assume that PV panel and power electronics prices will not dramatically decrease in the future. Energy storage price, however, is treated as a sensitivity parameter in our study without making explicit predictions about when which price level will be reached, since we believe that such predictions are highly speculative at this time.

We do not consider learning curves in this work, which form an integral part of related works.


Mathematical expression for EXAFS oscillations depends on the X-ray energy, distance between the X-ray absorber to the neighbor, coordination number of identical neighboring atoms, as well as a number of other parameters that are not a priori known but determined through the least-square fitting of the experimental spectrum to a theoretical model. There is no direct relationship to the size of the sample, so for nanoparticles EXAFS determines the size through the coordination number of atoms in them. However, unlike TEM that can identify individual particles and their sizes, EXAFS measures an average coordination number (ACN) of all absorbing atoms in the X-ray path [9] . As the crosssection of ordinary EXAFS technique is typically of the order of 1-5 mm 2 , the technique reveals the ACN of all nanoparticles irrespective of their shapes and sizes. However, as it will be shown below, ACN depends on both the size and the shape of nanoparticles.

However, unlike TEM that can identify individual particles and their sizes, EXAFS measures an average coordination number (ACN) of all absorbing atoms in the X-ray path.


Ferns are conventionally propagated both by sexual as well as vegetative methods. The sexual method of propagation involves raising plants from spores, whereas the vegetative method involves propagation of specialized vegetative organs, such as bulbils, proliferous frond tip, aerial growths, stolon and tubers, offsets, gemmae, stipules, and root buds. These methods require more time and are comparatively slow. In India, in comparison to angiosperms, few attempts 2 Journal of Botany have been made on in vitro studies in ferns and fern-allies. Vascular cryptogams, especially ferns, have not been very favourable material for tissue culture because their vascular system is made up of highly differentiated tissues that are difficult to proliferate into cell masses capable of growth in vitro [10] . Although different workers have tried to initiate in vitro studies on ferns, very little work on tissue culture of pteridophytes is reported [11] .

Vascular cryptogams, especially ferns, have not been very favourable material for tissue culture because their vascular system is made up of highly differentiated tissues that are difficult to proliferate into cell masses capable of growth in vitro.

Although different workers have tried to initiate in vitro studies on ferns, very little work on tissue culture of pteridophytes is reported.


Frictional forces F i and F o at the inner and outer boundaries, respectively, can be found from the integration of the shear stress around each tube and over one wavelength in the axial direction [10] . In analogy to the flow over a planner surface, we consider integral over one wavelength along the Z-direction of the dimensionless dominated term W/y for the shear stress over the plate, where y+r = r o . This leads to the expressions for these forces that are given below AM on the flow, if the flow rate of the chyme flow is not too small, while such force takes opposite direction along negative Z-direction if the flow rate is too small. The magnitude of the pressure drop appears to increase significantly as either wave amplitude or the endoscope's cross sectional size increases. In analogy to that of flow over a surface, it is expected that negative pressure drop with sufficiently large magnitude can destabilize the chyme flow located between the intestine and the endoscope. It can be seen from the Figure 3 that the inner friction force, i F , is generally negative (i.e. the force acted by the chyme flow is on the endoscope), provided the flow rate is not sufficiently small. Otherwise, F i is positive. In the regimes where F i is either positive or negative, the magnitude of such force increases with either the wave amplitude or the endoscope's cross-sectional size. Thus, if the flow rate in the chyme flow is sufficiently small, then the force exerted by the endoscope on the chyme flow can have stronger effect if either the wave amplitude or the endoscope's cross-section are larger, while for sufficiently large values of the flow rate the force by the endoscope is replaced by that due to the chyme flow, which applies on the endoscope.

Frictional forces F i and F o at the inner and outer boundaries, respectively, can be found from the integration of the shear stress around each tube and over one wavelength in the axial direction.

Otherwise, F i is positive.


The EL method requires the solar cells to be in the forward bias condition in order to emit infrared radiation. The EL ranges from 950 to 1250 nm with the peak occurring at approximately 1150 nm. The Emission intensity depends on the density of defects in the silicon, with fewer defects resulting in more emitted photons [13] .

The Emission intensity depends on the density of defects in the silicon, with fewer defects resulting in more emitted photons.


Micro cracks in solar cells are the genuine problem for Photovoltaic (PV) modules. They are hard to avoid and, up to date, the impact of PV micro cracks on the performance of the PV modules in various environmental conditions has not been reported [1e3] . In order to examine micro cracks in PV modules, several methods have been proposed [4] . Resonance ultrasonic vibrations (RUV) technique for crack detection in PV silicon wafers has been developed [5, 6] .

In order to examine micro cracks in PV modules, several methods have been proposed.

Resonance ultrasonic vibrations (RUV) technique for crack detection in PV silicon wafers has been developed.


Electroluminescence (EL) technique is another method for the micro crack detection in PV solar cells. EL technique is the form of luminescence in which electrons are excited into the conduction band through the use of electrical current by connecting the solar cell in forward bias mode. This technique is very attractive, because it can be used not only with small solar cell sizes but also, with full scale PV modules [11, 12] .

This technique is very attractive, because it can be used not only with small solar cell sizes but also, with full scale PV modules.


Our work is motivated by two lines of research. First is the work on adaptive fine-grained mixing by Pu and Singaravelu [20] . Fine-grained mixing switches between compression and no compression, at the granularity of individual blocks, and thus achieves partial compression. In this work, we model fine-grained mixing and provide a formula for the optimal mixing ratio. We then extend our model to discriminative fine-grained mixing, in order to take advantage of the structured nature of data streams as well as the significantly different compression ratios and costs of different stream attributes. We show that discriminative fine-grained mixing provides higher throughput compared to uniform mixing.

First is the work on adaptive fine-grained mixing by Pu and Singaravelu.