In the next section, we describe the equations solved by classgal and the initial input and final output. In section 3, we discuss the relevance of the different contributions to the observed power spectrum. In section 4, we present some forecasts for parameter estimation with future catalogs, in order to illustrate the usefulness of our code. The topic of this section is worked out in more detail in an accompanying publication [14] . In Section 5, we conclude with an outlook to future possibilities using our code. The detailed description of the modifications of the class code as well as some derivations are deferred to two appendices.

The topic of this section is worked out in more detail in an accompanying publication.


In the intermediate zones, in yellow, that covers 16 municipalities (Figure 8 ), mean yield of oranges and limes is 30 and 25 t ha -1 , respectively (IBGE, 2007) . Five municipalities are under high climatic risk. It is notorious that orange and lime production is favored in Brejo Pernambucano, Médio Capibaribe, and Garanhuns microregions, which areas present water excess around 950 mm.

In the intermediate zones, in yellow, that covers 16 municipalities (Figure 8 ), mean yield of oranges and limes is 30 and 25 t ha -1 , respectively.


The introduction of electricity as a transportation system brought a complete disengagement between energetic resources and urban centres locations. The capillarity of energy distribution and the subsequence expansion of transportation flexibility allowed for new urban structures, morphologies and typologies. Urban vertical growth was a result of the elevator invention combined with rapid transit systems [8] .

Urban vertical growth was a result of the elevator invention combined with rapid transit systems.


The long term goal for automatic speech recognition (ASR) is to effectively deal with a wide range of speaking, channel, and environmental conditions that human can handle quite well. These types of acoustic variations have been found to be quite challenging to the state-of-the-art ASR systems that use Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to model the sequential structure of speech signals, where each HMM state uses a Gaussian Mixture model (GMM) to model short-time spectral representation of speech signal. Better acoustic models should be able to model a variety of acoustic variations in speech signals more effectively to achieve robustness against various speaking and environmental conditions. More recently, deep neural networks have been proposed to replace Gaussian Mixture model (GMM) as the basic acoustic models for HMM-based speech recognition systems [1] . And it has been demonstrated that NN-based acoustic models can achieve very competitive recognition performance in some very difficult LVCSR tasks [2, 3] . A key advantage of neural networks is its "distributed representations" of input features (i.e., many neurons are active simultaneously to represent input features) that makes them more efficient than GMMs. This property allows NNs to model a diversity of speaking styles and background conditions with much less training data because NN can share similar portions of the input space to train some hidden units but keep other units sensitive to a subset of the input features that are significant to recognition.

More recently, deep neural networks have been proposed to replace Gaussian Mixture model (GMM) as the basic acoustic models for HMM-based speech recognition systems.

And it has been demonstrated that NN-based acoustic models can achieve very competitive recognition performance in some very difficult LVCSR tasks.


In the current study, we demonstrated that P. murina Msg, the most abundant surface protein of Pneumocystis, does not activate murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. We used 2 different methods to purify Msg, with essentially identical results. Msg may thus play an important role in helping Pneumocystis evade host innate immune responses, which would be critical to helping the organism survive in its host environment; our recent genome-sequencing studies have suggested that the latter is the exclusive niche in which Pneumocystis exists and proliferates [19] .

Msg may thus play an important role in helping Pneumocystis evade host innate immune responses, which would be critical to helping the organism survive in its host environment; our recent genome-sequencing studies have suggested that the latter is the exclusive niche in which Pneumocystis exists and proliferates.


It has been argued that emotions represent a warning system and a way to optimize action [6] . That is the reason why animals could exhibit very different behaviors under normal or stressful conditions. Throughout the evolution of species, some behavioral mechanisms were selected on the basis of their significant survival benefit. Such behaviors like fear-induced freezing or fleeing are considered are widespread evolutionary stable strategies [7, 8] . The selection of the final response (i.e. freezing or fleeing) is largely dependent on actual emotional arousal triggered by environmental cues. Emotions act as potent factors for rapid adaptive decision making processes. Therefore, they represent modulatory tools for cognition rather than inhibitory factors.

It has been argued that emotions represent a warning system and a way to optimize action.

Such behaviors like fear-induced freezing or fleeing are considered are widespread evolutionary stable strategies.


In addition to the rink in which a given game occurred we include the teams involved in the game as well as other explanatory covariates which affect the rates of each event. The events we considered are the following: SHOTs, MISSs, BLOCKs, HITs, giveaways (GIVEs), takeaways (TAKEs), turnovers (TURNs), CORSIs which are SHOTs + GOALs + MISSs + BLOCKs, and FENWICKs which are SHOTs + GOALs + MISSs. A turnover is a giveaway or a takeaway, as defined by Schuckers and Curro, [10] . The primary result of this model is a set of multipliers for reweighting each event to counteract these rink effects.

A turnover is a giveaway or a takeaway, as defined by Schuckers and Curro.


In this paper, a very comprehensive analysis has been done for both of the temperature history and fire resistance for different column configuration. This analysis is applied for rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal and I-cross sections of wood columns. In order to enhance, increase or promote the fire resistance for the column wood component, a sensitivity analysis will be carried out in the following research paper, Part C [4] .

In order to enhance, increase or promote the fire resistance for the column wood component, a sensitivity analysis will be carried out in the following research paper, Part C.


The diagnostic utility of the K-BIT was addressed in the present study, and the K-BIT was found to be extremely useful in that achievement-ability discrepancies found between the K-BIT and WJ-R ACH had very high positive predictive power, negative predictive power, and overall correct classification when compared to achievement-ability discrepancies found between the WISC-III and WJ-R ACH. False positive classifications were quite low and were indicated by students who showed severe achievement-ability discrepancies by the K-BIT, but did not show the corresponding severe achievement-ability discrepancies with the WISC-III. False negative rates were, in some cases, moderately high. False negative classifications were indicated by those who showed no severe achievement-ability discrepancies with the K-BIT, but showed severe achievement-ability discrepancies with the WISC-III. In a reevaluation situation, a false positive classification would result in continuing to classify a student's achievement as "discrepant" when it "truly" is not (based on a more comprehensive intellectual ability measure). This result might lead a MET to continue eligibility for special education for that student when it only used a brief intellectual measure. A false negative classification would result in determining that the student's achievement is not "discrepant" when it "truly" was discrepant (based on a comprehensive intellectual ability measure). This result might lead a MET to terminate special education programming eligibility when only using a brief intellectual measure. Both of these situations are possible in any assessment that uses a brief or comprehensive intellectual measure due to measurement error, and there is yet no agreement as to which is the more serious error (Heath & Kush, 1991; Reynolds, 1984) .

Both of these situations are possible in any assessment that uses a brief or comprehensive intellectual measure due to measurement error, and there is yet no agreement as to which is the more serious error.


As known, from a microscopic point of view, a SC is an electrochemical device that stores charge using the double layer phenomenon [1] . At the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte, electrostatic interactions form a charge-layer around the electrode and, also, in the electrolyte. The current extraction from the electrode is based on the micro interaction between the porous electrode and the surrounding electrolyte. From this microscopic point of view, the ageing process is mainly related to the modification of the surface contact between the electrode and the electrolyte. The internal variables describing this surface interaction, and the consequent charge transfer, are: the porosity of the porous electrode G , the electrolyte conductivity k and the viscosity l of the electrolyte, the charge diffusion coefficient D and the size of the micropore structure on the electrode surface. Then, at microscopic level, the ageing of the SC is basically related to the lower interaction between electrode and electrolyte due to changes in G ,k and l [2, 3] .

As known, from a microscopic point of view, a SC is an electrochemical device that stores charge using the double layer phenomenon.

Then, at microscopic level, the ageing of the SC is basically related to the lower interaction between electrode and electrolyte due to changes in G ,k and l.


As known, a SC is essentially composed by two electrodes confining an electrolyte generally composed by an organic liquid (typical electrolyte are tetraethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate TEABF4 and triethyl methylammonium tetrafluoroborate TEMABF4). The SC uses the electric field of the electric double layer established at the electrode-electrolyte interface to store energy. The current delivered from the SC is extracted from this double layer at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The so-called interactions losses between the electrode and the electrolyte are the fundamental ageing mechanism occurring in the device [2, 3] .

The so-called interactions losses between the electrode and the electrolyte are the fundamental ageing mechanism occurring in the device.


As seen from figure 2, the most remarkable spectra shift, with respect to control (pristine film), is observed for the sample with EG-immersed, which shows very strong peaks at 3300, 2937, 2874 and around 1000 cm −1 . Whereas, the other samples do not show much variation than the control sample. Another effect, due to the immersion of samples with EG, is the decrease of the band intensity at 1712 cm −1 . It is, therefore, presumed that these new bands are associated with the existence of some other components present in the sample as a result of additional functional groups due to EG addition. New bands correspond to functional groups of EG (with molecular chemical structure (HO-CH 2 -CH 2 -OH) (from the repeating unit of PEG) [26] .

New bands correspond to functional groups of EG (with molecular chemical structure (HO-CH 2 -CH 2 -OH) (from the repeating unit of PEG).


Recent advances in medical research have led to the development of a breadth of novel treatment options. The characterisation of biomarkers that identify the exact pathophysiological mechanism underpinning the clinical manifestations in each patient has thus become a Patients treated with biologic drugs at the time of visit priority to allow the advent of a truly personalised medicine approach to human complex diseases. In systemic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, chronic IFN signalling has been shown to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of the diseases, most notably in SLE [28] . This observation has led to the development of therapeutic strategies to target IFN-α, which are currently being tested in the clinic [29, 30] . There is therefore an urgent need to develop robust and sensitive biomarkers to identify patients with an active IFN response who would be more likely to benefit from anti-IFN-α therapy.

In systemic autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, chronic IFN signalling has been shown to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of the diseases, most notably in SLE.

This observation has led to the development of therapeutic strategies to target IFN-α, which are currently being tested in the clinic.


Chromatic dispersion (CD) in optical fiber is related to temperature and other system parameters [1] , [2] . In optical networks, each channel may experience different paths, and the accumulated CD may vary [3] , [4] . The CD compensation techniques such as inline compensation or digital signal processing (DSP) are bound up with the amount of CD [4] - [6] . CD estimation accuracy is vital for CD compensation and estimation error may lead to clock recovery and carrier synchronization failure [4] , [6] .

Chromatic dispersion (CD) in optical fiber is related to temperature and other system parameters.

In optical networks, each channel may experience different paths, and the accumulated CD may vary.

The CD compensation techniques such as inline compensation or digital signal processing (DSP) are bound up with the amount of CD.

CD estimation accuracy is vital for CD compensation and estimation error may lead to clock recovery and carrier synchronization failure.


Yam belongs to the genus Dioscorea and consist of more than 600 species. However, only a few are grown and utilized as a staple. In the West African yam zones, white yam (Dioscorea rotundata), water yam (Dioscorea alata) and yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis) are the most common species (Aidoo, 2009) . Other species of yams grown include the trifoliate yam (Dioscorea dumetorum) and aerial/bulbils yam (Dioscorea bulbifera). Yam is a major source of income for farmers and traders, and it plays a pivotal role in the socio-cultural lives of both growers and consumers. The importance of yams to Ghanaians is evidenced by the fact that, consistently over the last decade, cropped area and production levels have continually increased (SRID, 2015) . In 2014, more than 7 million MT of yam was produced over an area of 420,000 hectares (SRID, 2015) . The main production centers in Ghana are Brong Ahafo, Northern and Eastern Regions. Recent data estimates the per capita consumption of yam per annum as 42 kg (SRID, 2015) .

In the West African yam zones, white yam (Dioscorea rotundata), water yam (Dioscorea alata) and yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis) are the most common species.

The importance of yams to Ghanaians is evidenced by the fact that, consistently over the last decade, cropped area and production levels have continually increased.

In 2014, more than 7 million MT of yam was produced over an area of 420,000 hectares.

Recent data estimates the per capita consumption of yam per annum as 42 kg.


Globalization has brought about a post-fordist consumer that is able to distinguish themselves through the consumption of a greater diversity of quality, types, and classes of food products [4] . Under post-fordist consumption, instead of SFC serving as the principal source for food provisioning, in certain cases they function as market niches for specialty goods with price premiums distinguishing qualities based on proximity, authenticity, origin, "healthiness" or cultural identity [5] . Because of this, SFC reliant on market mechanisms tend to focus on professional and capitalist clients that have the economic means to enter these markets, "voting with their forks" to access the AAFN [6] .

Globalization has brought about a post-fordist consumer that is able to distinguish themselves through the consumption of a greater diversity of quality, types, and classes of food products.

Under post-fordist consumption, instead of SFC serving as the principal source for food provisioning, in certain cases they function as market niches for specialty goods with price premiums distinguishing qualities based on proximity, authenticity, origin, "healthiness" or cultural identity.

Because of this, SFC reliant on market mechanisms tend to focus on professional and capitalist clients that have the economic means to enter these markets, "voting with their forks" to access the AAFN.


In addition to the aforementioned studies, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) has also been proposed in the literature as a stochastic approach to motor speed estimation. The EKF is known for its high convergence rate, which improves transient performance significantly. Additionally, accurate estimation and convergence in the steady state require high-frequency signals, which are also inherently satisfied by EKFs with the model and measurement noises included in the model [5] . In this paper, an EKF-based estimation algorithm is developed for use with the speed sensorless hybrid FOC-DTC of an IM propelling the vehicle.

Additionally, accurate estimation and convergence in the steady state require high-frequency signals, which are also inherently satisfied by EKFs with the model and measurement noises included in the model.


Selection of the traction motor for an EV propulsion system is a crucial step in EV design. Many criteria such as efficiency, cost, reliability, power density, maturity of technology and controllability must be taken into consideration. The most commonly used motors in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and pure electric vehicles (PEV) are: DC, induction, permanent magnet synchronous, switched reluctance and brushless DC motors [2] . A comparison of these motors concluded that the induction motor (IM) is the best candidate for EV applications due to its robustness, low price, mature technology, and maintenance-free operation [2] .

The most commonly used motors in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and pure electric vehicles (PEV) are: DC, induction, permanent magnet synchronous, switched reluctance and brushless DC motors.

A comparison of these motors concluded that the induction motor (IM) is the best candidate for EV applications due to its robustness, low price, mature technology, and maintenance-free operation.


The amount of the passengers entering an urban rail transit station is very likely to have a substantial increase in almost only a few minutes as a result of a large-scale entertainment or commercial activity, a sudden change in weather and so on (Tian et al. 2013) . Such a passenger volume outburst is easy to cause operation safety accidents of a rail transit station if its response measures are not sufficient or timely enough due to a poor early warning. Therefore, a successful short-term forecast of the passenger flows into a rail transit station is crucial in particular for a busy urban rail transit station to take countermeasures in advance to adequately improve its safety capacity in time in case of an unexpected travel demand increase.

The amount of the passengers entering an urban rail transit station is very likely to have a substantial increase in almost only a few minutes as a result of a large-scale entertainment or commercial activity, a sudden change in weather and so on.


Firstly, scribbles given at once are not always sufficient, and new scribbles can be added to rectify the segmentation results. To save additional training time when new scribbles arrive, online learning is preferred and is expected to achieve a correct rate of classification which is comparable with learning from scratch. Secondly, the amount of scribbles for the background and the foreground may be largely imbalanced. This could lead to a high error rate of classification for the minority class [4] . Furthermore, when more scribbles are added, the imbalance ratio between the foreground scribbles and background scribbles may change greatly. The learning algorithm should be adaptive to the changing imbalance ratio in order to deal with the imbalance problem correctly every time new scribbles are added.

This could lead to a high error rate of classification for the minority class.


In this section, we will mostly be interested in the effect of till failure on the discharge Q = Ω u of a valley glacier, as Q ultimately determines through mass conservation how the profile of the glacier in the downstream (y-) direction changes over time. Implicit here is, of course, that ice thickness and ice flux can change with y, which may appear to be at variance with the assumptions underlying our model. Naturally, we are assuming that variations in ice thickness and ice flux occur over length scales which are large compared with ice thickness and channel width, so that our uniaxial channel flow assumption is justified in the same way as the usual lubrication approximation for glacier flow (Fowler & Larson 1978) .

Naturally, we are assuming that variations in ice thickness and ice flux occur over length scales which are large compared with ice thickness and channel width, so that our uniaxial channel flow assumption is justified in the same way as the usual lubrication approximation for glacier flow.


Many dynamical phenomena in glaciology occur because valley glaciers and ice sheets are able to slide over their beds. For instance, some temperate valley glaciers 'surge', that is, they undergo periodic episodes of dramatic increase in their flow velocities which are associated with rapid lengthening and thinning of the glacier. These surges are thought to be caused by changes in the subglacial meltwater drainage system, which in turn affect the amount of lubrication available at the glacier sole and hence the sliding motion of the glacier (Kamb et al. 1985) . Similarly, some ice sheets are characterized by the presence of relatively narrow bands of rapidly flowing ice known as ice streams, which are surrounded by more slowly moving ice ridges (Alley & Bindschadler 2001) . The high discharge of these ice streams often cannot be explained by shearing in the ice itself, but must be accounted for by rapid sliding at the bed.

These surges are thought to be caused by changes in the subglacial meltwater drainage system, which in turn affect the amount of lubrication available at the glacier sole and hence the sliding motion of the glacier.

Similarly, some ice sheets are characterized by the presence of relatively narrow bands of rapidly flowing ice known as ice streams, which are surrounded by more slowly moving ice ridges.


Means, reliabilities, and intercorrelations among the measures are presented in Table 1 . The means of the present sample were signifi- cantly higher for the Physical, Verbal, Anger, and Hostility subscales of the Aggression Questionnaire than for the men in its construction sample (Buss & Perry, 1992) . As shown in Table 2 , the 125 students were significantly higher than the 319 community participants on Verbal Aggression, sexual partners per year, Self Esteem, SPMS, and Preference for Partner Variety. They were significantly lower on the CAT-SR and Anger.

The means of the present sample were signifi- cantly higher for the Physical, Verbal, Anger, and Hostility subscales of the Aggression Questionnaire than for the men in its construction sample.


It is difficult to establish a strict rule for the definition of prediabetes universally, since it is based on fasting glucose, a continuous variable with a wide range of measurements. Moreover, if we were able to define from epidemiological data on a certain population the exact value above which the diagnosis of IFG should be clearly made, it would be extremely difficult to apply this rule in general, due to the heterogeneity of the population. Greece is one of the low-risk European countries for the development of CVD [15] . In this study we used in Greek (Caucasian) subjects the ADA definition of IFG which applies to the US population, and the WHO/IDF definition which applies in general, and estimated the CVD risk using the Framingham (US population-based data) or SCORE (European) risk calculation. Although this looks confusing, it is what happens in clinical practice in countries where solid epidemiological data are lacking. Our findings indicate certain differences in favor of the less strict ADA definition of IFG, and should be validated in larger studies with diverse ethnicities. It should be mentioned that a large prospective study, which enrolled Framingham offspring participants free of CVD, showed that both IFG definitions were associated with increased CHD risk in women, whereas neither IFG definition identified men at increased short-term risk for CVD [28] . We did not find any difference between genders. This difference may be due to the different population, since we enrolled Greek subjects.

Greece is one of the low-risk European countries for the development of CVD.

It should be mentioned that a large prospective study, which enrolled Framingham offspring participants free of CVD, showed that both IFG definitions were associated with increased CHD risk in women, whereas neither IFG definition identified men at increased short-term risk for CVD.


In fact, the current study also found a significant effect for parental norms about sex, suggesting that adolescents whose parents reported more positive attitudes toward sex were more likely to report multimethod use. Thus, it is feasible that more negative parental attitudes toward sex may interject a negative tone or more negative messages in Finally, neighborhood cohesion was a significant environmental-level factor associated with multimethod use suggesting that adolescent women living in a more cohesive environment, characterized by positive social contact and familiarity with neighbors, are nearly twice as likely to report multimethod use compared to adolescents residing in less cohesive environments. The mechanism by which neighborhood cohesion acts to increase condom use and other forms of contraception is unknown. Prior studies have suggested that a cohesive neighborhood environment may offer support to its adolescent residents in the form of caring, tolerance, and respect. In turn these characteristics may impact an adolescent's sense of self [51] . Research assessing the associations between social dynamics, sense of self, and health outcomes supports the assertion that social disorder can shape an individual's self-concept and subsequently can influence that individual's drug use and sexual risk taking [52, 53] . Among adolescent women coping with psychological disorders, the positive impact of neighborhood support and cohesion may be particularly salient. Further research is necessary to uncover the underlying mechanisms by which neighborhood cohesion is associated with various protective sexual health outcomes including condom use and multimethod use, particularly among adolescent women with psychological disorders.

In turn these characteristics may impact an adolescent's sense of self.

Research assessing the associations between social dynamics, sense of self, and health outcomes supports the assertion that social disorder can shape an individual's self-concept and subsequently can influence that individual's drug use and sexual risk taking.


In the last few decades, due to the advance of the digital world, there has been a gradual but significant emphasis on adults' critical thinking in the context of education. Critical thinking gains its importance partly because the adults who want to live, work and function adequately in the world that changes rapidly, have to enhance their skills in order to generate valuable and creative ideas. These skills are referred to a concept which is known as critical thinking (Ennis, 1996) . Hence, in order to discover new paths for solving problems, raising questions and relating previous knowledge to the new ones, they have to think critically in this computerized age.

These skills are referred to a concept which is known as critical thinking.


Gas turbine engines have been applied in a widespread manner in power plants, aviation industry, and navigation industry. In the lifespan of a gas turbine engine, various abrupt faults and performance degradation of its gas-path components may happen. And however the performance degradation is not easily foreseeable when the level of degradation is small [1] . Thus the current engine performance and health status are considerably important and useful information for engine users to detect performance degradation.

And however the performance degradation is not easily foreseeable when the level of degradation is small.


Recently, porous materials have received increasing attentions in the fields of electronics, photonics, and life science [1] [2] [3] . Epoxy resin has been widely used in electronic packaging industries due to their ease of processing and low cost. Epoxy resin has been widely used by many researchers due to their excellent heat, moisture, and chemical resistance [4] [5] [6] . Low dielectric constant (low ) materials are the subject of intense investigation and development in order to replace conventional SiO 2 dielectrics for the manufacturing of future generation microelectronic devices [7, 8] . The primary method of lowering the dielectric constant is to make the dielectric film less dense by introducing porosity [9] . There are two fundamental routes to porosity in polymers: either blowing due to sudden gas expansion (as with polymer foams) or the removal of one or more disperse phases [10] . This paper utilized the latter, which encompassed the technique to form porous epoxy based on template method by a mixture with epoxy, polyamine hardener, and latex to produce disperse phase in an epoxy matrix, and then removed the dispersed by extraction using toluene as extraction. The advantages of the present technique over other methods are severalfold. First, the chemistry is limited to only three or four inexpensive chemicals, all of which are relatively stable to water and oxygen, relatively nontoxic, and very forgiving to alterations of the preparation method [11] . Second, the porous structure produced by the present template method can be easily adjusted by controlling the viscosity of latex to produce smaller pores. Third, the epoxy and polyamine used in this study are available in a wide range of molecular weights and can be easily exchanged to induce significant changes in the mechanical and electrical properties of the final epoxy [12] . Ultimately, the purpose of this paper is to highlight a simple method to introduce porosity in epoxy system in order to lower the dielectric constant.

Recently, porous materials have received increasing attentions in the fields of electronics, photonics, and life science.

Epoxy resin has been widely used by many researchers due to their excellent heat, moisture, and chemical resistance.

Low dielectric constant (low ) materials are the subject of intense investigation and development in order to replace conventional SiO 2 dielectrics for the manufacturing of future generation microelectronic devices.

The primary method of lowering the dielectric constant is to make the dielectric film less dense by introducing porosity.

There are two fundamental routes to porosity in polymers: either blowing due to sudden gas expansion (as with polymer foams) or the removal of one or more disperse phases.

First, the chemistry is limited to only three or four inexpensive chemicals, all of which are relatively stable to water and oxygen, relatively nontoxic, and very forgiving to alterations of the preparation method.

Third, the epoxy and polyamine used in this study are available in a wide range of molecular weights and can be easily exchanged to induce significant changes in the mechanical and electrical properties of the final epoxy.


The objective of the current study was to evaluate how the assumptions made in developing twodimensional finite element models of the specimen would effect the damage onset prediction for skinstiffener debonding. Geometrically nonlinear finite element analyses were performed using ABAQUS ® two-dimensional plane-stress, plane-strain and generalized plane strain elements. Additionally, two different methods to create generalized plane strain conditions were studied [12, 13] . The results were compared to data obtained from full three-dimensional simulations to study the feasibility and limitations of using simple two-dimensional models. Computed transverse tensile stresses in the skin surface 45°l ayer, flange and skin strains, as well as mixed mode strain energy release rates were compared.

Additionally, two different methods to create generalized plane strain conditions were studied.


The PBL height over the Grenoble region is high with maximum values reaching 2700 m above the land surface in daytime (Prévôt et al., 2000; Wotawa and Kromp-Koft, 1999) . The daily evolution of the PBL and its sub-layers structure over Vif (310 m ASL), as derived from the LIDAR data set and validated by aircraft, is also supported by the time evolution of the potential temperature profiles of the model at Vif (Fig. 8) . In the Figs. 8a and b the model derived potential temperatures profiles are shown at night while the Figs. 8c and d present the afternoon profiles on 26 and 27 July. One can observe that the low surface inversion (night PBL collapse) while the top of convective layer is located around 2500 m ASL. On 26 July at 14:00 LT note that the capping inversion is at ∼1500 m ASL and it is less pronounced on 27 July. Later in the afternoon, the air is well mixed and there is no observable inversion up to 2500 m ASL.

The PBL height over the Grenoble region is high with maximum values reaching 2700 m above the land surface in daytime.


The vertical ozone distribution derived from the ozone DIAL measurements above Vif is strongly correlated and influenced by the diurnally-varying regime and the PBL structure (Beyrich et al., 1996; Mckendry et al., 1997) . The diurnal cycle of the ozone formation, the high mixed ozone layer (2500-2700 m ASL) during the day, the strong ozone titration by NO after midnight, particularly in the morning, and the formation of a nighttime residual layer between 1400 and 2500 m ASL are all clearly observable (see Fig. 7d ). The maximum observed ozone concentration at ground level is 85 ppb while in the residual layer it reached up to 70 ppb. In fact the maximum ozone concentration is reached above the surface layer (i.e. St. Barthélémy at 620 m ASL) and is around 100 ppb in the late afternoon of 27 July (Couach et al., 2002b) . Thus, based on the LIDAR data together with ground level and wind profiler measurements, we are able to reconstruct the typical ozone vertical distribution and its time evolution in the semi-urban area at south of Grenoble.

The vertical ozone distribution derived from the ozone DIAL measurements above Vif is strongly correlated and influenced by the diurnally-varying regime and the PBL structure.

In fact the maximum ozone concentration is reached above the surface layer (i.e. St. Barthélémy at 620 m ASL) and is around 100 ppb in the late afternoon of 27 July.


Sports with high-intensity physical activities, like futsal, can promote important metabolic alterations that may impair player's performance due to excessive production of free radicals (FR) and oxidative stress [6] . FR and correlated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, are normally generated in cells and tissues by many processes of human metabolism [7] . However, under physiological conditions, these species are normally neutralized by the antioxidant defense system, including antioxidant vitamins, enzymes and proteins [8] . During exercise, FR production increases significantly and if the rise exceeds the cells antioxidants capacity oxidative stress can be installed, promoting lipid peroxidation and tissue damage [9] . This can lead to alterations of the structural and functional properties of the cell membrane lipid bilayer, impairing selective permeability and promoting cellular damage and leakage of substances into the extracellular environment [7, 8] . The consequences of oxidative stress to physical performance include time limiting of exercise, delayed-onset muscle soreness and contraction-induced muscle injury [10] . Therefore, the evaluation of oxidative stress products and the antioxidant defense system in athletes is of great value to study strategies in the promotion of physical performance and recovery after exercise.

Sports with high-intensity physical activities, like futsal, can promote important metabolic alterations that may impair player's performance due to excessive production of free radicals (FR) and oxidative stress.

FR and correlated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, are normally generated in cells and tissues by many processes of human metabolism.

However, under physiological conditions, these species are normally neutralized by the antioxidant defense system, including antioxidant vitamins, enzymes and proteins.

During exercise, FR production increases significantly and if the rise exceeds the cells antioxidants capacity oxidative stress can be installed, promoting lipid peroxidation and tissue damage.

This can lead to alterations of the structural and functional properties of the cell membrane lipid bilayer, impairing selective permeability and promoting cellular damage and leakage of substances into the extracellular environment.

The consequences of oxidative stress to physical performance include time limiting of exercise, delayed-onset muscle soreness and contraction-induced muscle injury.


Nevertheless, in this study, data on biomarkers of oxidative stress, in times that were analyzed (PRE, MID and POST) showed significant differences, with an acute elevation of some markers (LOOHs, MDA and CK) after exercise. The data found in literature for sports similar to futsal, such as soccer, show that MDA values after physical exercise may remain altered for up to 24 hours, whereas the plasma concentration of CK reaches its peak between 6 and 24 hours after physical activity [24] . Considering that those changes may continue for up to 24 hours after exercise, strategies to minimize the possible effects of these harmful substances in the competitive player's recovery period should be recommended. This was a preliminary study and further research involving female futsal players are required to actually establish a pattern of physiological behavior with the practice of exercise and also alternatives that could help the physical performance of this population.

The data found in literature for sports similar to futsal, such as soccer, show that MDA values after physical exercise may remain altered for up to 24 hours, whereas the plasma concentration of CK reaches its peak between 6 and 24 hours after physical activity.


Futsal is characterized as an intermittent sport that makes high physical, technical, and tactical demands on players [2] . Recently, studies evaluating match demands of futsal demonstrated that players spent more than 50% of the playing time at exercise intensities higher than 90% of maximum HR (HR max ) and blood lactate concentration increased after physical stimulation, reaching average values of 5.3 mmol·L -1 [3, 4] . These data suggests that futsal games demands high physical effort energetically sustained mainly by anaerobic metabolism. Analysis of movement demands has showed that players performed on average one sprint every 79 s and changes in locomotors activities every 3.28 s during a match [4, 5] .

Futsal is characterized as an intermittent sport that makes high physical, technical, and tactical demands on players.

Recently, studies evaluating match demands of futsal demonstrated that players spent more than 50% of the playing time at exercise intensities higher than 90% of maximum HR (HR max ) and blood lactate concentration increased after physical stimulation, reaching average values of 5.3 mmol·L -1.

Analysis of movement demands has showed that players performed on average one sprint every 79 s and changes in locomotors activities every 3.28 s during a match.


Generally, research involving analysis of biomarkers of oxidative stress has presented controversial results. As regards the total plasma antioxidant potential, for example, some studies reported results that showed increased, decreased or no significant difference in plasma concentration [19, 32, 33] . One possible reason for the observed discrepancies among studies is the different techniques employed for analysis and comparison of results.

As regards the total plasma antioxidant potential, for example, some studies reported results that showed increased, decreased or no significant difference in plasma concentration.


Another study of exposure to PM and CO along a standard route identified higher in-vehicle levels to be a result of higher traffic, and exposure to pollutants were influenced by time of the day, average speed, wind speed, and relative humidity [29] . A PM 2.5 exposure study in transport microenvironment in the UK observed that there was considerable variation in exposure levels based on the route selected [30] . In-vehicle particle number concentrations on clean diesel, retrofitted diesel, and non-retrofitted diesel school buses were studied; and it was observed that retrofit diesel buses produced less in-vehicle particle number concentrations [31] . It was also observed that particle number concentrations were found to be significantly affected by engine age, bus idling behavior, and ambient particle concentrations. A study of exposure to CO in Athens area observed transport mode, route selected, monitoring period, and season to be affecting vehicular CO levels [32] . Statistical significance of occupant exposure was studied along with temporal variation of invehicle pollutant concentrations of CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , NO, NO 2 , and PM 2.5 in public transport buses operating on alternative diesel fuels in Toledo, Ohio [33] . It was observed that the mean 8-hour exposure to CO 2 and SO 2 were found to be significantly higher inside ULSD buses as compared to B20 fueled buses, while the CO and NO concentrations were found to be higher inside B20 buses. The study also observed exposure to NO 2 and PM 2.5 to be statistically similar for both the buses and none of the pollutants monitored except CO exceeded the TWA limits.

Another study of exposure to PM and CO along a standard route identified higher in-vehicle levels to be a result of higher traffic, and exposure to pollutants were influenced by time of the day, average speed, wind speed, and relative humidity.

A PM 2.5 exposure study in transport microenvironment in the UK observed that there was considerable variation in exposure levels based on the route selected.

In-vehicle particle number concentrations on clean diesel, retrofitted diesel, and non-retrofitted diesel school buses were studied; and it was observed that retrofit diesel buses produced less in-vehicle particle number concentrations.

A study of exposure to CO in Athens area observed transport mode, route selected, monitoring period, and season to be affecting vehicular CO levels.

Statistical significance of occupant exposure was studied along with temporal variation of invehicle pollutant concentrations of CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , NO, NO 2 , and PM 2.5 in public transport buses operating on alternative diesel fuels in Toledo, Ohio.


A study of driver exposure to CO in Nottingham, UK observed air conditioning to play a major role in influencing invehicle pollutant levels [23] . Similar observation was made in a study of exposure to PM 10.0 and PM 2.5 in over eight different transportation modes [24] . Exposure to aromatic VOCs were studied in nine different commuting modes that included tram, public light bus, air-conditioned bus, non airconditioned bus, taxi, ferry, and three railway systems comprising of Mass Transit Railway-MTR, Kowloon-Canton Railway-KCR, and Light Rail Transit-LRT; and it was observed that VOC levels were influenced by the mode of transport [25] . A study of exposure to CO, nitric oxides, total hydro carbons, and ozone in six different commutes in Hong Kong concluded vehicle body position, intake point of ventilation, ventilation effect, transportation mode, road type, driving conditions, and relative distance from emission source to possibly affect the pollutant levels [26] .

A study of driver exposure to CO in Nottingham, UK observed air conditioning to play a major role in influencing invehicle pollutant levels.

Similar observation was made in a study of exposure to PM 10.0 and PM 2.5 in over eight different transportation modes.

Exposure to aromatic VOCs were studied in nine different commuting modes that included tram, public light bus, air-conditioned bus, non airconditioned bus, taxi, ferry, and three railway systems comprising of Mass Transit Railway-MTR, Kowloon-Canton Railway-KCR, and Light Rail Transit-LRT; and it was observed that VOC levels were influenced by the mode of transport.

A study of exposure to CO, nitric oxides, total hydro carbons, and ozone in six different commutes in Hong Kong concluded vehicle body position, intake point of ventilation, ventilation effect, transportation mode, road type, driving conditions, and relative distance from emission source to possibly affect the pollutant levels.


AML is heterogenous disease with different clinical course and prognosis. In this disease it is very important to determine risk factors for this population of patients, for good stratification and treatment. The group of older patients in AML has particularly poor prognosis and still remains without optimal and effective therapy due to possible toxicity and comorbidities. In the last few years low dose therapy with hypometylating agents, such as azacitidine and decitabine has shown some promising results, prolonging overall survival with better quality of life [1, 6, 7] . As to our knowledge, our study is a first report linking miR-29c expression to the results of azacitidine therapy in AML patients.

In the last few years low dose therapy with hypometylating agents, such as azacitidine and decitabine has shown some promising results, prolonging overall survival with better quality of life.


Since the 1980s, Russia has been a net importer of food and agricultural commodities. During the 1970s and 1980s, the Soviet Union expanded its livestock sector with the help of state subsidies. The growing demand for feed grain resulted in massive imports [45] . During the transition period of the 1990s, Russia could no longer afford subsidies to livestock and crop producers, which translated into a steep fall of output. Russia's share in global food imports is growing at a greater rate than its share in world food exports, because the country exports bulk crops (wheat, sunflower seed, etc.), while it imports high-value products (meat, dairy products, fruit and other processed foods).

The growing demand for feed grain resulted in massive imports.


Along with the decrease in consumption, there is a trend towards counterfeit products, such as fake cheese, appearing on the market. The quality of domestically-produced dairy products has been falling: 60% of dairy products in Russia are of poor quality, unsafe or falsified [54] . The food embargo and the devaluation of the ruble have driven up the price of milk fat and the cost of processing. In response, dairy processors routinely add starch, chalk, and soap to their milk [54] . In 2014-2016, Russia substantially increased imports of palm oil as a substitute for milk fat, making the country one of the top importers of this edible oil in the world. Imports of palm oil increased by 37% and cheese output increased by 33% in 2015 compared to 2014, as the country's milk production declined by 2%. In 2016, Russian Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance concluded that 78% of all cheese produced in Russia is compromised, with some samples containing no milk fat at all [50] .

The quality of domestically-produced dairy products has been falling: 60% of dairy products in Russia are of poor quality, unsafe or falsified.

In response, dairy processors routinely add starch, chalk, and soap to their milk.

In 2016, Russian Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance concluded that 78% of all cheese produced in Russia is compromised, with some samples containing no milk fat at all.


Protectionist measures decrease the available variety of foods, leaving shoppers with fewer options at the higher prices. During the period of protectionism, food prices rose, in some cases increasing by more than 70%, as in the APF 6 ( Figure 1 ) [52] . Krivonos confirms that import restrictions have contributed to overall reduced food imports, but also to higher consumer prices and a lower level of consumption in Russia [53] . Due to the import restrictions, Russia is suffering from a critical lack of diversity in its food selection [52] .

During the period of protectionism, food prices rose, in some cases increasing by more than 70%, as in the APF 6 ( Figure 1 ).

Krivonos confirms that import restrictions have contributed to overall reduced food imports, but also to higher consumer prices and a lower level of consumption in Russia.

Due to the import restrictions, Russia is suffering from a critical lack of diversity in its food selection.


According to Shagaida and Uzun, it makes no sense to raise the degree of food self-sufficiency still further because people care about the availability of food, not its origin [31] . According to Wegren, achieving food self-sufficiency in Russia is a political issue, which is not stipulated by any objective economic reason [48] . Russia uses food as an instrument of foreign policy thus achieving national security through food self-sufficiency [24] . Shagaida and Uzun also point to the precise political role of the trade in food in Russia [31] .

According to Shagaida and Uzun, it makes no sense to raise the degree of food self-sufficiency still further because people care about the availability of food, not its origin.

According to Wegren, achieving food self-sufficiency in Russia is a political issue, which is not stipulated by any objective economic reason.

Russia uses food as an instrument of foreign policy thus achieving national security through food self-sufficiency.

Shagaida and Uzun also point to the precise political role of the trade in food in Russia.


Based on the government statistics, the record high level of food security was achieved in 2016, when the level of food expenses was the lowest since 2007 [31] . There is a paradox: the food self-sufficiency as a technical parameter of the market increases, while the food security of the population, in terms of consumption, decreases. Technically, the level of food self-sufficiency is growing as food products of foreign origin are pushed out of Russia's food market in conditions of economic recession, ruble depreciation, and rising prices of imports. It is burgeoning poverty, not the competitiveness of domestic producers, the quality of their products, or the food embargo that is behind the increasing level of food self-sufficiency.

Based on the government statistics, the record high level of food security was achieved in 2016, when the level of food expenses was the lowest since 2007.


Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation identifies the following groups of agricultural commodities as staple foods: grain, sugar, vegetable oil, meat and meat products (on meat basis), milk and dairy products (on milk basis), fish products, and potatoes. The author also considers as staple foods three groups of food products recommended by the WHO, i.e., vegetables, fruit and berries, and eggs. The Formula (2) is used to evaluate the level of food self-sufficiency on ten staple agricultural commodities and calculate the share of domestic output in total domestic consumption ( Table 2) . Having implemented the Formula (2) to the domestic food market of Russia, the author recorded the gap between the consumption-based food self-sufficiency and the statistics on food security published by the Government of Russia (Figure 1 ). The persistence of the gap is consistent with the APFs defined by Serova and Shick [40] . The crumbling of the planned economy and rapid market liberalization in the agricultural sector shaped Russian agricultural policy between 1991 and 1994. In that period, the government relied on trade policy to guarantee sufficient supplies by subsidizing imports and restricting exports. Food security declined, while the FSCA rose to 82% in 1994. Between 1994 and 1998, the focus on the liberalization of agricultural markets was replaced by inward-looking and protectionist policies, which caused a sharp fall of the FCSA. The crumbling of the planned economy and rapid market liberalization in the agricultural sector shaped Russian agricultural policy between 1991 and 1994. In that period, the government relied on trade policy to guarantee sufficient supplies by subsidizing imports and restricting exports. Food security declined, while the FSCA rose to 82% in 1994. Between 1994 and 1998, the focus on the liberalization of agricultural markets was replaced by inward-looking and protectionist policies, which caused a sharp fall of the FCSA. As the economic situation in Russia stabilized amid growing oil prices in the early 2000s, people increased the consumption of relatively more expensive and high quality imported foodstuffs. In 2007-2008, the government reinforced an orientation toward import substitution with the adoption of the Food Security Doctrine, setting self-sufficiency targets for the main food products consumed in Russia. As Serova and Shick published their work in 2007, they were not able to consider the periods beyond. During 2009-2012, Russia again liberalized its agricultural policies in view of the expected accession to the WTO, but after 2013, the country returned to heavy protectionism amid the economic downturn and Western sanctions, and introduced a food import ban in 2014. Those policy frameworks are considered as APF 5 and APF 6, respectively.

The persistence of the gap is consistent with the APFs defined by Serova and Shick.


In this paper, a novel hydraulic circuit for EHAs is introduced. The circuit is based on the use of counterbalance valves for hydraulically control all possible load conditions (assistive/resistive), and utilizes a novel concept gear pump previously introduced by the authors' research team [16] . Compared to current state of art EHAs, the proposed design allows for a better energy efficiency and power management.

The circuit is based on the use of counterbalance valves for hydraulically control all possible load conditions (assistive/resistive), and utilizes a novel concept gear pump previously introduced by the authors' research team.


Four-dimensional black hole solutions of Einstein gravity coupled to a scalar field have been an avenue of intense research for many years. Questions pertaining to their existence, uniqueness and stability were seeking answers over these years. The Kerr-Newman solutions of four-dimensional asymptotically flat black holes coupled to an electromagnetic field or in vacuum, imposed very stringent conditions on their existence in the form of "no-hair" theorems. In the case of a minimally coupled scalar field in asymptotically flat spacetime the no-hair theorems were proven imposing conditions on the form of the selfinteraction potential [1] . These theorems were also generalized to non-minimally coupled scalar fields [2] .

In the case of a minimally coupled scalar field in asymptotically flat spacetime the no-hair theorems were proven imposing conditions on the form of the selfinteraction potential.

These theorems were also generalized to non-minimally coupled scalar fields.


Chemotherapy is frequently associated with nausea and vomiting that can severely impair the ability of patients with cancer to maintain daily functioning [1] . Since their introduction into routine clinical practice, 5-HT 3 receptor antagonists (RAs) have become the cornerstone of current antiemetic prophylaxis and are an integral part of preventive strategies for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) [2] . The currently approved 5-HT3RAs include ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron, ramosetron, and azasetron.

Chemotherapy is frequently associated with nausea and vomiting that can severely impair the ability of patients with cancer to maintain daily functioning.

Since their introduction into routine clinical practice, 5-HT 3 receptor antagonists (RAs) have become the cornerstone of current antiemetic prophylaxis and are an integral part of preventive strategies for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).


The active ingredients of A. paniculata are diterpene lactones, the most prominent being andrographolide (Saxena et al., 1998) . Conventional propagation of A. paniculata using seeds and by vegetative means is having limitations and it is not possible to produce large number of clones. In vitro propagation methods are the alternatives for the propagation of medicinal crops where there are limitations of conventional propagation. The modern tools of biotechnology can be exploited to improve quality and content of bioactive compounds of medicinal crops once a protocol for its in vitro regeneration is available.

The active ingredients of A. paniculata are diterpene lactones, the most prominent being andrographolide.


Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is a very attractive technique for high-speed data transmission in mobile communications due to its various advantages such as high spectral efficiency and robustness to channel fading [1] . Hence, this transmission technique has been proposed in various wireless communication standards such as IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE 802.15.3a. However, one of the major drawbacks of OFDM signals is the high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signal [2] .

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is a very attractive technique for high-speed data transmission in mobile communications due to its various advantages such as high spectral efficiency and robustness to channel fading.

However, one of the major drawbacks of OFDM signals is the high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signal.


In the model, buyers are interested in buying a product that has some attributes whose usefulness will only become fully known through the use (Nelson (1970) ). The seller knows the product's features but does not know how well they …t with the buyer's needs. As a result, the buyers'valuations for the product, determined by the quality of the match between the product characteristics and buyers' idiosyncratic preferences, are unknown at the point of sale.

In the model, buyers are interested in buying a product that has some attributes whose usefulness will only become fully known through the use).


A new reaction system with low reaction rate (duration about 22 hours in total) is adopted, which is better to show the details of reaction process in our study. In order to determine the reaction products, elemental analysis was carried out. The major content of brown solid samples obtained in our experiment is carbon. The composition of the CSs obtained after 6 h of reaction time is shown in Table 1 . It can be seen from Table 1 that the carbon content in CSs from our experiment is very high with a yield of 80%. Table 2 shows the carbon content of CSs prepared using the traditional hydrothermal method with glucose as a carbon source which has a yield of about 67% [30] . Compared to the traditional way, the new reaction system provides a more efficient way for obtaining CSs with higher carbonization.

Table 2 shows the carbon content of CSs prepared using the traditional hydrothermal method with glucose as a carbon source which has a yield of about 67%.


Nutritional degenerative myopathy (white muscle disease) and poor growth rate of calves are common manifestations of Se deficiency (Underwood, 1977) . Thyroid hormones are important for metabolism, development, and regulation of heat production. During Se deficiency some key selenoproteins including type I and type II-deiodinase are decreased. These enzymes are responsible for catalyzing the prohormone thyroxin (T 4 ) to the more biologically active thyroid hormone 3, 5, 3 triiodothyronine (T 3 ), (Croteau et al., 1996) . Consequently, at cold stress which body needs more deiodinases and active thyroid hormones, more selenium is needed.

Nutritional degenerative myopathy (white muscle disease) and poor growth rate of calves are common manifestations of Se deficiency.

These enzymes are responsible for catalyzing the prohormone thyroxin (T 4 ) to the more biologically active thyroid hormone 3, 5, 3 triiodothyronine (T 3 ).


On the other hand, CTL also allows students to work together and share ideas as well as encourage students to be confident to express their opinions and be able to explain the results of the discussion in front of their friends. Group discussion provides opportunities for students to participate and think together to complete learning tasks to understand the studied materials and prepare to present answers (Wulandari et al., 2015) . The characteristics and stages of CTL allow biology students to enhance critical thinking skills.

Group discussion provides opportunities for students to participate and think together to complete learning tasks to understand the studied materials and prepare to present answers.


Exploratory and vision studies utilise a more open methodology, mainly with the purpose to explore possible -in stead of wished for or expected to be -futures. Common is to sketch several different futures with the help of a script and a narrative approach utilising several parameters simultaneously. This exploratory method is also an approach commonly used in more business oriented settings in order to analyse complex matters [92] , [93] , [94] .

This exploratory method is also an approach commonly used in more business oriented settings in order to analyse complex matters.


GA has been extensively applied to solve path/trajectory planning problems in robotics field because of its (1) Robustness to solve a wide range of optimization problems in different fields of application (2) Ability to customize and design genetic operators to suit the problem requirements (3) Suitability to parallel computing environment (because of the repetitive functional evaluations) to tackle path planning problems with high computational complexity. A fundamental coverage of GA's has been presented by Goldberg [3] . A number of researchers have worked on designing special GA's which makes GA's more close to natural systems by capturing key features (-such as Co-evolution and Life Time Fitness Evaluation) subjected to problem requirements [9] . Customized genetic operator such as analogous crossover which suit certain problem situations have also been designed [2] . Parallel GA's were developed to tackle path-planning problems of high computational complexity [7] .

A fundamental coverage of GA's has been presented by Goldberg.

A number of researchers have worked on designing special GA's which makes GA's more close to natural systems by capturing key features (-such as Co-evolution and Life Time Fitness Evaluation) subjected to problem requirements.

Customized genetic operator such as analogous crossover which suit certain problem situations have also been designed.

Parallel GA's were developed to tackle path-planning problems of high computational complexity.


There are differences in the criteria used to assess the suitability of a path in conventional robotics and construction situations. This is because of the key requirements of a crane manipulator such as telescoping, heavy loading and hoisting operation. So, conventional path planning techniques, applied in robotics field, can not be directly applied to construction manipulators [13] . In addition, using conventional search techniques require several hours of execution time to determine a path for a 3 DOF crane within a realistic model of lift area [10] . As a result, the performance of the system will be unacceptable for problems involving multiple manipulators. Based on this, it was decided to investigate alternate approaches such as GA's for path planning problems involving multiple cooperative construction manipulators. This paper consists of six sections. The next section presents the details of a test problem considered for implementation. The third section focuses on the concepts and solution methodologies to solve the problem. Two methodologies have been proposed to solve the test problem. The implementation details of the best methodology is presented in the fourth section. The fifth section presents observations made while solving the test problem. Finally conclusions are presented in the sixth section.

So, conventional path planning techniques, applied in robotics field, can not be directly applied to construction manipulators.

In addition, using conventional search techniques require several hours of execution time to determine a path for a 3 DOF crane within a realistic model of lift area.

This paper consists of six sections.


Past work has also identified the importance of path-planning of construction manipulators. A pathplanner based on dynamic programming concepts was developed for a six DOF pipe manipulator [1] . A system called Path-finder was developed for a generic construction manipulator [8] . Path planning method of single crane lifts has been automated using C-Space concepts in conjunction with heuristic search [10] .

A pathplanner based on dynamic programming concepts was developed for a six DOF pipe manipulator.

A system called Path-finder was developed for a generic construction manipulator.

Path planning method of single crane lifts has been automated using C-Space concepts in conjunction with heuristic search.


Specific instruments were also designed to analyze webpage content related to Tundavala and Leba and regarding the nature and the architecture of the website and the keywords that could define it [60, 61] . The type of textual content (scientific, popular, collective or individual memories) or graphical content (photographs, diagrams, animations, movies and similar representations) it included, as well as the recognition of the main element used in the website images (landscape, biotic, geological, geomorphological, hydrological, human or engineering) were also taken into account. Webpage content related to Tundavala was accessed between 13 May 2011 and 27 September 2011 (80 websites in total), and webpage content related to Leba was accessed between 12 March 2014 and 14 September 2014 (55 websites in total).

Specific instruments were also designed to analyze webpage content related to Tundavala and Leba and regarding the nature and the architecture of the website and the keywords that could define it.


It is increasingly recognized that PA can have multiple different molecular etiologies including various genes and ectopic hormone receptors [25, 26] . It would therefore be expected that there may well be significant variation in disease presentation, diagnostic features and possibly response to therapy according to such differing causes and modified by variables that influence penetrance such as age, sex and ethnicity. In the future, more sophisticated molecular studies of confirmed PA cases may permit a better understanding of the apparent differences between PA study populations.

It is increasingly recognized that PA can have multiple different molecular etiologies including various genes and ectopic hormone receptors.


Such matter perturbations could be induced by statistically anisotropic or non-gaussian primordial perturbations [61] [62] [63] [64] . For example, inflationary perturbations induced by vector fields [65] [66] [67] [68] . Note however that inflationary models with vector fields usually suffer from instabilities due to the existence of ghosts [69] [70] [71] .

Such matter perturbations could be induced by statistically anisotropic or non-gaussian primordial perturbations.

For example, inflationary perturbations induced by vector fields.

Note however that inflationary models with vector fields usually suffer from instabilities due to the existence of ghosts.


The concept of collective invention is convenient for describing the dynamics of knowledge sharing through various innovation networks. The network of innovators is an interpersonal network of individuals, who collaborate and exchange information to produce innovations and scientific knowledge. These inventors and scientists work in universities, research centers or industrial R&D departments. There is usually no formal agreement among the researchers; however, they frequently take part in the development of a patent or the creation of a scientific article. Social network analysis is increasingly used to analyze the way these innovators are interconnected. Within the research community which investigates the innovation networks it is widely presumed that two innovators, who have worked together on at least one patent or one scientific article, will keep in touch afterwards in order to exchange information or to share some knowledge assets (Agrawal et al., 2006) . The patent documents and bibliometric data can thus be exploited to map the complex web of social ties among innovators, to measure the extent of collaboration behaviour and to construct representations of innovation networks.

Within the research community which investigates the innovation networks it is widely presumed that two innovators, who have worked together on at least one patent or one scientific article, will keep in touch afterwards in order to exchange information or to share some knowledge assets.


High-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful technique used to identify and quantify molecules in simple and complex mixtures by separating molecular ions on the basis of their mass and charge [1] . MS has become invaluable in the field of proteomics, which studies dynamic protein products and their interactions [2] . Similarly, the field of metabolomics, which aims at the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of wide arrays of metabolites in biological samples, is developing thanks to the advancements in MS technology [3] . These fields are rapidly growing, as they contribute towards a better understanding of the dynamic processes involved in disease, with direct applications in prediction, diagnosis and prognosis [4, 5, 6] .

High-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful technique used to identify and quantify molecules in simple and complex mixtures by separating molecular ions on the basis of their mass and charge.

MS has become invaluable in the field of proteomics, which studies dynamic protein products and their interactions.

Similarly, the field of metabolomics, which aims at the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of wide arrays of metabolites in biological samples, is developing thanks to the advancements in MS technology.

These fields are rapidly growing, as they contribute towards a better understanding of the dynamic processes involved in disease, with direct applications in prediction, diagnosis and prognosis.


Product quality is not always measured on-line and its estimates are useful for realizing feedback control; thus softsensors play an important role in achieving better industrial productivity. To build softsensors, statistical methods or data-driven approaches have been widely used although physical modelbased approaches are preferrable in principle. A research trend in the field of data-driven softsensor design was briefly surveyed by Kano and Nakagawa [1] .

A research trend in the field of data-driven softsensor design was briefly surveyed by Kano and Nakagawa.


Finally section 6 copes with the most general commutation relations one can possibly en-counter. We show that it is possible, through orthogonal transformations, to bring the matrix realizing the commutation relations into a symplectic form. In this way we can give explicit results for the energy levels, eigenfunctions and the ⋆-commutation relation of creation and annihilation operators for the n-dimensional harmonic oscillator. As a non-rotationally symmetric application we consider the noncommutative Landau problem and find a critical point for the magnetic field at which the energy levels are infinitely degenerate [5] . As a further application the three-dimensional noncommutative harmonic oscillator is considered.

As a non-rotationally symmetric application we consider the noncommutative Landau problem and find a critical point for the magnetic field at which the energy levels are infinitely degenerate.


The appearance of noncommutative spaces triggered the reformulation of Quantum Mechanics [4] . In this set up the one dimensional Schrödinger equation was replaced by the ⋆-genvalue equation, while the wave functions became Wigner functions. The ordinary product was replaced by the pivotal associative noncommutative ⋆-product.

The appearance of noncommutative spaces triggered the reformulation of Quantum Mechanics.


Stress is the wear and tear that our minds and bodies experience as we attempt to cope with our continually changing environment. In particular, stress at work can be very expensive. It is identified as the second most frequently reported work-related health problem in the world and believed to be the cause of more than half of all lost working days. The demands to office workers are sometimes too high and when they feel that they cannot handle all of the demands based on their capabilities, they become stressed [1] . However, if they have enough time to recover from their stressed state, they will less likely incur mental illness. So, it would be beneficial if the emotional states of office workers could constantly be monitored in order to detect their levels of stress, since this would make workers aware of their stress level and encourage them to have recovery time. Moreover, this would assist their employers in preventing them from demanding too much of them. For this purpose, the most important point is the feasibility of implementing a stress recognition system in the office environment.

The demands to office workers are sometimes too high and when they feel that they cannot handle all of the demands based on their capabilities, they become stressed.


In 1979, Philip B. Crosby published his book Quality is Free, a best seller in the field of management. In general, quality is free means that a quality program can save a company more money than it costs to implement; profitability is best accomplished by reducing the cost of poor quality and preventing defects; and cost savings include prevention, appraisal and failure costs (Crosby, 1979) . P. B. Crosby developed a concept of "Quality Management Maturity Grid". In his concept, five stages of an organization's maturity (uncertainty, awakening, enlightenment, wisdom, and certainty) can be measured by six categories (management understanding and attributes, quality organization status, problem handling, cost of quality as percent of sales, quality improvement actions, and characteristic statement) (Crosby, 1979) . Table 1 briefly describes each maturity level of quality management proposed by P. B. Crosby.

In general, quality is free means that a quality program can save a company more money than it costs to implement; profitability is best accomplished by reducing the cost of poor quality and preventing defects; and cost savings include prevention, appraisal and failure costs.

In his concept, five stages of an organization's maturity (uncertainty, awakening, enlightenment, wisdom, and certainty) can be measured by six categories (management understanding and attributes, quality organization status, problem handling, cost of quality as percent of sales, quality improvement actions, and characteristic statement).


Among the methodologies for adaptability and stability analysis, those using linear regression have been the most widely used [5] - [7] . However, two characteristics of linear regression methodologies are limiting their use. The first is the difficulty of interpretation when the linearity fails, and the other is that the genotype response pattern is only in one dimension [8] .

Among the methodologies for adaptability and stability analysis, those using linear regression have been the most widely used.

The first is the difficulty of interpretation when the linearity fails, and the other is that the genotype response pattern is only in one dimension.


These response patterns can be better visualized in Figure 1 and Figure 2 which allow comparisons between the behaviors of genotypes UFU-0010 and UFU-001 classified in Group A, and genotypes UFU-0013 and UFU-008 classified in Group E. Analyzing the Group A genotypes in Figure 1 and Figure 2 ; the convex pattern is clear as both UFU-0010 and UFU-001 genotypes showed good tolerance in environments with performance below the average, but efficiently responded to improving environmental quality. In fact, for these genotypes we found seed yield increases of about 1800 kg•ha −1 when comparing their yields in the average environment and in the most favorable environments, respectively. A distinct concave pattern response is shown by UFU-0013 and UFU-008 in Figure 1 and Figure 2 . They showed satisfactory yields in the most unfavorable environments. However, these genotypes showed yield losses in favorable environments. A possible reason for that is they were unable to respond advantageously to the improvement of environmental resources as did the genotypes classified in group A. The genotypes, which were classified in Group E, could meet low-technology farming requirements. However, those of Group A are more recommended as they did not seem to have a stabilization of yield increase while improving environmental quality [20] .

However, those of Group A are more recommended as they did not seem to have a stabilization of yield increase while improving environmental quality.


Veterinary vaccines contribute to improved human and animal health and welfare by preventing infection and controlling infectious agents that can cause disease and death. However, the testing necessary to ensure vaccine effectiveness and safety can involve large numbers of animals and significant pain and distress. In the United States, the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) and the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM) promote the scientific validation and regulatory acceptance of test methods that accurately assess the safety of chemicals and products while reducing, refining (less or no pain and distress), and replacing animal use. Accordingly, NICEATM and ICCVAM recently identified vaccine potency and safety testing as one of their four highest priorities [1] .

Accordingly, NICEATM and ICCVAM recently identified vaccine potency and safety testing as one of their four highest priorities.


Isolated agenesis of the Gallbladder is usually a rare asymptomatic anatomical variation, with an estimated incidence of 10-65 per 100,000. Females are more commonly affected (ratio 3:1), with the disease typically presenting in the second or third decade of their life. The first reports of cases of gallbladder agenesis date back to 1701 and 1702 and were written by Lemery and Bergman [1] [2] [3] .

The first reports of cases of gallbladder agenesis date back to 1701 and 1702 and were written by Lemery and Bergman.


Combining the advantages of the electrochemical techniques, electrochemical biosensors have been increasingly developed for many applications in environmental monitoring, food analysis, detection of biological metabolites, and clinical chemistry, and so forth, due to their specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and portability [1] [2] [3] . The performance of electrochemical biosensors mainly depend on the physical and chemical characteristics of the materials, including shape and structure, employed for the construction of the transducer and the methods used for the immobilization of biomolecules. Conventional carbon-based materials including, carbon paste, porous carbon, glassy carbon, and carbon nanotubes have been widely employed as electrochemical transducers in the field of biosensors due to simple preparation methods, large positive potential ranges, and suitability for chemical modification [4] [5] [6] [7] . However, traditional carbon-based electrodes still suffer some drawbacks, such as electrode fouling, which limits their long-term stability and leads to frequent polishing or disposal of the electrode.

Combining the advantages of the electrochemical techniques, electrochemical biosensors have been increasingly developed for many applications in environmental monitoring, food analysis, detection of biological metabolites, and clinical chemistry, and so forth, due to their specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and portability.

Conventional carbon-based materials including, carbon paste, porous carbon, glassy carbon, and carbon nanotubes have been widely employed as electrochemical transducers in the field of biosensors due to simple preparation methods, large positive potential ranges, and suitability for chemical modification.


Boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin films, as one new kind of electrode materials, are gaining big researching interests. Nowadays, the development of diamond growth by chemical vapor deposition has enabled the preparation of the BDD electrodes with different surface structures on various substrates. The electrochemical properties of the BDD electrodes have also been intensively studied [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . The results showed that the BDD electrodes possess many outstanding properties, including wide electrochemical potential window, low and stable capacitive background current, high response reproducibility and long-term response stability, and good biocompatibility. Therefore, BDD electrodes have been widely employed for the construction of various electrochemical biosensors. It was well known that electrochemical reactions proceed at the interface between electrolyte solutions and electrodes surfaces, so the surface structures and properties of BDD electrodes are important for electrochemical biosensors. The present paper summarizes the biosensors based on BDD electrodes materials with different surfaces, including nanostructured surfaces and chemically modified surface.

The electrochemical properties of the BDD electrodes have also been intensively studied.


To date, urbanisation processes are in line with the rapid development of residential, commercial and industrial mainly and it has gradually led towards the scarcity of land. Land is a scarce resource [1] . Therefore, the demands for more land are arising. Many developed countries had already practices coastal reclamation for decades such as Singapore, Japan and Hong Kong in order to tackle problems regarding scarcity of land [2] . At present, similar situation prevails in Malaysia [2] . Malaysia has been experiencing rapid urbanisation process from the economic development, industrialisation, and enormous migrations, along with the natural population growth [3] . In coping with the urbanisation process, the development had taken place almost everywhere. Recently, Malaysia also focuses on the development for reclamation in coastal area. There are three states in West Malaysia that commit in the development of coastal reclamation, namely, Pulau Pinang, Malacca and Johor. Nevertheless, this study only selects Malacca as its study area. The reason for choosing Malacca is due to its speciality as a historical city and its status as a UNESCO site. The State of Malacca is located in the southern part of West Malaysia. It covers an area of 1,799 km 2 [4] . The case study is located from Tanjung Kling up to Telok Mas along the Straits of Malacca. The coastal reclamation development projects are concentrated along the coastal areas of the Straits of Malacca including Pantai Klebang, Pekan Klebang, Taman Kota Laksamana, Pulau Melaka, Permatang Pasir Permai and Telok Mas [5] . The responsible local authority for this coastal reclamation site is the Malacca Historical City Council administrative area [6] .

Land is a scarce resource.

Many developed countries had already practices coastal reclamation for decades such as Singapore, Japan and Hong Kong in order to tackle problems regarding scarcity of land.

At present, similar situation prevails in Malaysia.

Malaysia has been experiencing rapid urbanisation process from the economic development, industrialisation, and enormous migrations, along with the natural population growth.

It covers an area of 1,799 km 2.

The coastal reclamation development projects are concentrated along the coastal areas of the Straits of Malacca including Pantai Klebang, Pekan Klebang, Taman Kota Laksamana, Pulau Melaka, Permatang Pasir Permai and Telok Mas.

The responsible local authority for this coastal reclamation site is the Malacca Historical City Council administrative area.


Knowledge of the principles of small child rational nutrition was the second area of the kindergarten employees' training. Proper nutrition means first of all the provision of energy and nutrients in an amount covering the needs of an organism (Wolnicka, 2011) . Products from all the main groups included in the food guide pyramid should be included when planning the menu . The timing of meals and size of food portions offered to the child, as well as the esthetics of the meals are also important issues. The level of knowledge of principles of proper nutrition displayed by examined course participants was dependent on age. Older participants showed a lower level of knowledge on the test compared to younger ones. Moreover, the highest knowledge increase in this area concerned the participants with higher education.

Proper nutrition means first of all the provision of energy and nutrients in an amount covering the needs of an organism.


The use of Generalized Estimating Equations allowed for correct estimation of parameters' standard errors in the presence of correlated outcomes. Therefore, the statistical significance of parameters in presented models are more reliable. Parents and caregivers are expected to take specific actions favoring the formation of proper nutritional attitudes and habits. Kindergartens should be responsible for 75% of the daily diet, with the remaining 25% of dietary needs being met at home (IMiD, 2012) . It is essential that parents know what their children eat in kindergarten, in order to be able to compose home cooked meals that constitute a complement to the daily ration.

Kindergartens should be responsible for 75% of the daily diet, with the remaining 25% of dietary needs being met at home.


BConcentration and mental toughness are the margins of victory.^-Bill Russell Mental toughness is regarded as a key performance asset for athletes. It is understood by those in competitive sports as the ability to sustain attention on the task-at-hand while under pressure, as well as in the face of distraction (Jones et al. 2002) . Athletes are frequently offered occasions to acclimate themselves to external sources of distraction, such as practicing with simulated crowd noise and bright lights (Burton and Raedeke 2008, p. 162) . However, there is a paucity of opportunity to train and strengthen their focus in the face of internal distraction. An athlete's mental toughness against internal sources of distraction, such as thoughts, emotions, and selfrelated pre-occupations, is typically viewed as part of his/her intrinsic Bability.^In the current study, we propose that regardless of one's intrinsic ability, mental toughness is mutable. It may degrade over extended periods of high demand, and it may be strengthened with mental training.

It is understood by those in competitive sports as the ability to sustain attention on the task-at-hand while under pressure, as well as in the face of distraction.


Science and technology policy studies have been centrally involved with understanding processes of innovation. Here we broadly define innovation as changes in organizational processes (as well as quality, safety and management sciences) that facilitate the production of technology, science and services. While we recognize that innovation is commonly meant to refer to changes in products themselves, collapsing the definition of innovation into that of mere invention conceals much conceptual richness (Mytelka 2000) . As the role of innovation in catalyzing economic development has become increasingly appreciated by scholars and policy makers alike, the importance of science and technology policy studies for development has become progressively more obvious (Lorentzen 2010; Metcalfe and Ramlogan 2008; Viotti 2002) . However, innovation in developing countries is subject to different challenges of capital and infrastructure than innovation in industrialized nations; therefore it cannot necessarily be explained by the same concepts used to explain innovation in developed countries (Lorentzen 2010; Metcalfe and Ramlogan 2008; Mytelka 2000) .

While we recognize that innovation is commonly meant to refer to changes in products themselves, collapsing the definition of innovation into that of mere invention conceals much conceptual richness.

As the role of innovation in catalyzing economic development has become increasingly appreciated by scholars and policy makers alike, the importance of science and technology policy studies for development has become progressively more obvious.

However, innovation in developing countries is subject to different challenges of capital and infrastructure than innovation in industrialized nations; therefore it cannot necessarily be explained by the same concepts used to explain innovation in developed countries.


Geologic storage of carbon dioxide is expected to allow continued use of fossil fuels while reducing the associated contribution to climate change. Field demonstrations at various stages ranging from initial planning and permitting to injection and post-injection closure activities are exploring the practicability of geologic sequestration [2] . In most cases, dry CO 2 will be injected into reservoirs at depths corresponding to pressure and temperature conditions where CO 2 exists in a supercritical state (>31°C and >10 MPa) [3] . Injected CO 2 is expected to reside as a buoyant water-saturated supercritical fluid in contact with reservoir rock, caprock systems, and related formation waters. Trapping of the CO 2 will be accomplished in three ways: cap rock, dissolution, and mineral trapping. Although mineral trapping via in situ carbonation is not expected to be significant in primary target zones (e.g., siliciclastic sediments with low CO 2 reactivity), it is important in reservoirs containing mafic minerals such as basalts. Laboratory research has shown basalt rocks, rich in Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 2+ produce carbonate minerals when exposed to aqueous dissolved CO 2 [4] [5] [6] . The degree of reactivity between aqueous dissolved CO 2 and different basalts is variable and depends on certain parameters including temperature and pressure.

Field demonstrations at various stages ranging from initial planning and permitting to injection and post-injection closure activities are exploring the practicability of geologic sequestration.

In most cases, dry CO 2 will be injected into reservoirs at depths corresponding to pressure and temperature conditions where CO 2 exists in a supercritical state (>31°C and >10 MPa).

Laboratory research has shown basalt rocks, rich in Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Fe 2+ produce carbonate minerals when exposed to aqueous dissolved CO 2.


Two different basalts (CAMP and CRB) were shown to react with aqueous dissolved CO 2 and water saturated scCO 2 to produce carbonates with chemistries, morphologies, and quantities correlated with fluid type and injection conditions (temperature and pressure). A number of researchers have examined the potential of reacting basaltic rocks with aqueous dissolved CO 2 to produce carbonate minerals [2, 5, [12] [13] [14] . Carbonates forming as a result of exposing basalts to water equilibrated with scCO 2 were not a surprise; these basalts have been shown to react and produce carbonates in relatively short periods of time [4] [5] . However, there is evidence these basalts are less stable with increasing depth, dissolving quicker to release cation-forming carbonates. In the aqueous dominated fluids, more coatings were observed forming on both types of basalt at conditions corresponding to the greatest depths. In these experiments, calcite formed at shallow conditions, indicating the most abundant cation in solution is Ca 2+ . Increases in depth appear to enhance the concentration of other cations (Fe 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Mn 2+ ) favoring the formation of cation substituted calcite and dolomite. This could be an indication certain basalt components such as the pyroxenes are becoming less stable with an increase in depth. On average, Mn is found associated with these pyroxenes, which typically contain between 0.5 to 1.0% oxide wt%. Although the glassy mesostasis is expected to be the fastest dissolving basalt component, it appears the pyroxenes are equally unstable and provide carbonate constitutes such as Mn at greater depths.

A number of researchers have examined the potential of reacting basaltic rocks with aqueous dissolved CO 2 to produce carbonate minerals.

Carbonates forming as a result of exposing basalts to water equilibrated with scCO 2 were not a surprise; these basalts have been shown to react and produce carbonates in relatively short periods of time.


As a proinflammatory cytokine, IL-32 has been reported to enhance inflammation. However, paradoxical regulatory functions have been described for IL-32. IL-32 has been found to induce inflammatory cytokine production in different cell types (Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and IL-8 in THP-1 monocytes, IL-1β and IL-6 in PBMC, and MIP-2 in RAW macrophages [1] ).

IL-32 has been found to induce inflammatory cytokine production in different cell types (Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and IL-8 in THP-1 monocytes, IL-1β and IL-6 in PBMC, and MIP-2 in RAW macrophages).


Then in section 3 we apply the general idea and expressions to the case of the "Bubbling AdS" geometries found by LLM [4] . We first analyze the dual fermion system and find an expression for the symplectic form in the large N limit. This is the expression we aim to independently derive from the supergravity analysis. Then we indeed turn to the moduli space of supergravity solutions, and show that using the CWZ currents we are able to reproduce this form, first in the specific case of the plane wave geometry, and then in the most general droplet case. We end in section 4 with conclusions and directions for future research. Some technical details are deferred to the appendix.

Then in section 3 we apply the general idea and expressions to the case of the "Bubbling AdS" geometries found by LLM.


As the name suggests, on-shell quantization is not a method to quantize all possible fluctuation modes of supergravity, but is used only to quantize a subspace of fluctuations all describing on-shell SUGRA configurations within a given moduli space. In this sense it is a special case of mini-superspace quantization [3] . The method is only applicable when on the moduli space of solutions all fluxes are kept fixed.

In this sense it is a special case of mini-superspace quantization.


The performance of three different cab's isolation mounts is evaluated under the interaction of wheels and off-road terrain in both time and frequency domain. The reference parameters of the vehicle are given in Table 2 . In addition, for the lumped parameters of three cab's isolation mounts, as listed in Table 3 , herein, the traditional rubber mounts and the main rubber of hydraulic mounts are the same stiffness and damping constants [21] . The static stiffness constants of pneumatic mounts are also equivalently calculated with the above two isolation mounts. The vehicle ride comfort is the main goal for evaluation performance.

In addition, for the lumped parameters of three cab's isolation mounts, as listed in Table 3 , herein, the traditional rubber mounts and the main rubber of hydraulic mounts are the same stiffness and damping constants.


Nowadays, the cab's isolation mounts of construction equipment, industrial vehicle, and earth-moving machinery are being replaced by the increasing use of the hydraulic mounts to improve the ride comfort [18] [19] [20] . A six-degreeof-freedom (DOF) cab model of earth-moving machinery with the hydraulic mounts involving quadratic damping was also investigated under the road roughness excitation within a frequency range below 10 Hz [21] . The results showed that the root mean square (RMS) of acceleration responses and the power spectral density (PSD) of displacement responses of the cab's mass centre are all reduced remarkably with the comparison between hydraulic and rubber mounts. Although the paper has not yet considered the influence of wheelsterrain interactions, however, the research results are an obvious basis for study and application of the hydraulic mounts into cab's isolation mounts of machines working on deformable soil grounds, especially the soil compactors.

Nowadays, the cab's isolation mounts of construction equipment, industrial vehicle, and earth-moving machinery are being replaced by the increasing use of the hydraulic mounts to improve the ride comfort.

A six-degreeof-freedom (DOF) cab model of earth-moving machinery with the hydraulic mounts involving quadratic damping was also investigated under the road roughness excitation within a frequency range below 10 Hz.