Screening effects in gases, solids, and dense plasmas can increase fusion rates at low reaction energies by several orders of magnitude because screening of the repulsive Coulomb potential by plasmas or target atom electrons increases the probability for ions to tunnel through the Coulomb barrier [1] . The electron screening effect can be expressed as a screening potential, Ue, that is an effective correction to the bare-nucleus reaction energy; with ion kinetic energy, Ek, the modified reaction energy then becomes: E=Ek+Ue. The electron screening effect is negligible for ion energies near or above the Coulomb barrier; but, due to the exponential dependence of barrier penetrability on ion energy, screening effects can increase fusion reaction rates at relatively low reaction energies by several orders of magnitude. This phenomenon depends on the electron or plasma density and is present in many stars [1] .

Screening effects in gases, solids, and dense plasmas can increase fusion rates at low reaction energies by several orders of magnitude because screening of the repulsive Coulomb potential by plasmas or target atom electrons increases the probability for ions to tunnel through the Coulomb barrier.

This phenomenon depends on the electron or plasma density and is present in many stars.


In the first leaf stage, the susceptible clone showed a higher degree of urediniospore germination with appressoria and degradation of the cuticle and wax. From the third leaf stage, the inhibition of the pre-infection fungus process in leaves of the susceptible Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis clone showed that there is some plant defense response related to leaf age. In the resistant clone, these mechanisms occurred from the first leaf stage. In the fifth leaf stage, the susceptible clone showed superficial growth, but without penetration of the pathogen, while the resistant clone had many inactive urediniospores. This resembles the pattern observed on Eucalyptus grandis susceptible to A. psidii [15] . The germination, appressoria formation, and penetration of this fungus gradually decreased from the first to the fourth leaf stage, but without penetrating in the fifth leaf stage [15] .

This resembles the pattern observed on Eucalyptus grandis susceptible to A. psidii.

The germination, appressoria formation, and penetration of this fungus gradually decreased from the first to the fourth leaf stage, but without penetrating in the fifth leaf stage.


In the fifth leaf stage of the susceptible clone, the urediniospores with long germ tubes without appressoria, and some with short germ tubes with appressoria, are similar to P. pachyrhizi urediniospores on soybean [20] . Germ tube extension and differentiation can occur in response to signals including surface hardness, hydrophobicity, plant signals, and surface topography [27] . The short germ tubes decrease the amount of endogenous energy required for growth, which thus can be used to penetrate the cells [24] . These results demonstrate that the fungus germinates on the surface of leaves of plants in the fifth leaf stage, mainly on those of the susceptible clone, but without penetrating or colonizing its tissues.

In the fifth leaf stage of the susceptible clone, the urediniospores with long germ tubes without appressoria, and some with short germ tubes with appressoria, are similar to P. pachyrhizi urediniospores on soybean.

Germ tube extension and differentiation can occur in response to signals including surface hardness, hydrophobicity, plant signals, and surface topography.

The short germ tubes decrease the amount of endogenous energy required for growth, which thus can be used to penetrate the cells.


The case study is a research strategy employed when the questions of "how" and "why" are the goals of the investigator. Case studies are appropriate in situations where the investigator has limited control over behavioral events and the topic focuses on a contemporary issue versus a historical one (Yin, 2003) . Case studies can assist in answering the why question, after theoretical and statistical experimentation has determined "what", they do not replace these forms of experimentation, but case studies can be used to complement them (Kennedy and Luzar, 1999) .

Case studies are appropriate in situations where the investigator has limited control over behavioral events and the topic focuses on a contemporary issue versus a historical one.

Case studies can assist in answering the why question, after theoretical and statistical experimentation has determined "what", they do not replace these forms of experimentation, but case studies can be used to complement them.


Many techniques are employed for coal beneficiation in order to demineralize and desulphurise coal [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Among these methods, leaching of coal with different leachants is presently carried out worldwide [1, [6] [7] . Mineral acids are generally used to demineralize the coals but due to their strong oxidizing power, they modify the coal surface morphology, harm the carbon, reduce the calorific value and create environmental problems. Mild leachants are generally used to avoid such disadvantages.

Many techniques are employed for coal beneficiation in order to demineralize and desulphurise coal.

Among these methods, leaching of coal with different leachants is presently carried out worldwide.


Study on various non renewable energy sources and enhancement of their fuel efficiency through different processes like chemical and biological means is a topic of continuing research. Many environmentalists see coal as inherently dirty. Coal minerals are considered objectionable due to the process as well as environmental problems. Coal minerals might be epigenetic and syngentic. Both constitute the inorganic part of the coal and if its concentration increases above a certain level, it is hazardous to the environment and the furnace. Minerals are needed to certain levels due to the catalytic effects in gasification and liquefaction [1] [2] . Efforts are needed to reduce the ash forming inorganic elements and develop clean methods of using coal. Demineralization prior to utilization is an effective way to ensure environmental friendly combustion of coal as a fuel.

Minerals are needed to certain levels due to the catalytic effects in gasification and liquefaction.


HPV-associated anogenital cancer and oropharyngeal cancer substantially contribute to the burden of cancer. In the United States of America (US), cancer with HPVassociated site and morphology account for 2% of male cancer cases and 3.3% of female cancer cases [33] . Our estimates of 5246 incident male cases and 9573 female cases relate to 2.1% and 4.2%, respectively. Moreover, in the Western world, the incidence in HPV-associated cancers in younger age-groups increases [22, 25, [34] [35] [36] . Successfully implemented HPV-vaccinations programs should reverse these trends during the next decades.

In the United States of America (US), cancer with HPVassociated site and morphology account for 2% of male cancer cases and 3.3% of female cancer cases.

Moreover, in the Western world, the incidence in HPV-associated cancers in younger age-groups increases.


Persistent infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is considered a necessary cause in the etiology of virtually all cases of invasive cervical cancer [1] . In Germany, 4600 women were diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer in 2012 [2] . Increasing evidence further suggests HPV to be causally related to squamous cell carcinomas of another five cancer sites: the penis, vulva, vagina, anus and subsites of the oropharynx. It is estimated that a total of 120,000 new cancer cases in men and in women in more developed countries could be avoided if exposure to HPV was prevented [3] .

Persistent infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is considered a necessary cause in the etiology of virtually all cases of invasive cervical cancer.

In Germany, 4600 women were diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer in 2012.

It is estimated that a total of 120,000 new cancer cases in men and in women in more developed countries could be avoided if exposure to HPV was prevented.


In order to determine elementary school students' perceptions of the future state of the environment, the present study was conducted during the spring term of the 2011-2012 school year. The study employed the survey model since it aims to describe a situation as it is at present or was in the past (Karasar, 2008) . The study is cross-sectional in nature. The cross-sectional survey design is a survey design used to collect information from very different samplings at a certain time interval (Wiersma & Jurs, 2005) .

The study employed the survey model since it aims to describe a situation as it is at present or was in the past.

The study is cross-sectional in nature.

The cross-sectional survey design is a survey design used to collect information from very different samplings at a certain time interval.


Cellular phenotypes are mainly determined by the expression levels of many genes and their products such as enzymes, proteins and so on. One important tool to track down this cellular phenotypic diversity is gene expression analysis. One hard-to-grasp issue is that the process of gene expression in itself is a complex one, both from the biochemical and thermodynamical points of view [1] . The transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) for a given gene from a DNA template often is regulated by different genes and their products. This being the case, a variety of physicochemical interactions abounds between genetic transcript abundance, and it is a recognized fact that such complex processes are behind the ultimate mechanisms of cell function. Under this scenario, gene expression values are measured under different conditions, either on a simultaneous [steady-state] or serial [dynamics] fashion; in many cases the measurements are then treated as samples from a joint probability distribution. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling, also called gene expression analysis (GEA) has allowed us to go well beyond studying gene expression at the level of individual components of a given process by providing global information about functional connections between genes, mRNAs, and the related regulatory proteins. GEA have greatly increased our understanding of the interplay between different events in gene regulation and have pointed out previously unappreciated biological functional relations, such as the coupling between nuclear and cytoplasmic transcription and metabolic processes [2] . GEA has also revealed extensive communication within regulatory units, for example in the organization of transcription factors into regulatory motifs.

One hard-to-grasp issue is that the process of gene expression in itself is a complex one, both from the biochemical and thermodynamical points of view.

GEA have greatly increased our understanding of the interplay between different events in gene regulation and have pointed out previously unappreciated biological functional relations, such as the coupling between nuclear and cytoplasmic transcription and metabolic processes.


Nevertheless, even if we are now provided with experimental techniques to measure the behavior of thousands of mRNA transcripts simultaneously, and a great deal of attention has been put on the computational and statistical analysis of such huge amounts of data, the theoretical approach is still looking at the regulatory interactions on a one by one basis. This approach is of course changing toward a more systematic, network-oriented understanding of gene regulation phenomena. One usual means to understand the nature of such intricate phenomena is by using the so-called gene regulatory networks (GRNs). GRNs are powerful graph-theoretical constructs that describe the integrated status of a cell under a specific condition at a given time [3] . The complex description given by GRNs consists, generally, in identifying gene interactions from experimental data through the use of theoretical models and computational analysis [4] . Transcriptional network analyses have showed that, instead of being independent, different levels of gene regulation are strongly coupled. In some cases, it has been recognized that the factors involved in a specific stage of mRNA transcription can exhibit coordinated behavior, for example, by finding how groups of transcription factors bind cooperatively at many related promoters.

GRNs are powerful graph-theoretical constructs that describe the integrated status of a cell under a specific condition at a given time.

The complex description given by GRNs consists, generally, in identifying gene interactions from experimental data through the use of theoretical models and computational analysis.


Electroactive polymers (EAPs) have been receiving the attention of researchers since the mid-1970s. They are usually tailored as actuators (i.e. also known as artificial muscles) and sensors [1] . The EAP actuators are considered to be alternatives to conventional actuation means due to their specific characteristics including compliance, low electrical energy consumption, suitability to miniaturization, biocompatibility, operation ability in air and aqueous environments, and a high force output to weight ratio. Although the EAP actuators have a few configurations, one configuration receiving significant attention recently is a multilayer laminated-configuration. A multi-layer laminated EAP actuator consists of a passive layer as a cell separator and active polymer layers grown on both sides of the passive layer as electrodes. Such actuators can operate in dry environments as opposed to bi-layer ionic EAP actuators, which have to operate in a certain aqueous electrolyte. In this study, we use the multi-layer laminated ionic EAP actuators. When an electrical input is applied across the two polymer layers, they change their volume due to the movement of electrolytic ions (anions and cations) in and out of the electroactive polymer layers. This volume change generates a mechanical output, in the form of a bending displacement and/or a blocking force when these actuators are configured like a cantilevered beam. Besides tailoring the EAPs as actuators, they can be used as sensors; when a mechanical displacement or force is applied, they generate an electrical signal indicating the output [2] .

They are usually tailored as actuators (i.e. also known as artificial muscles) and sensors.

Besides tailoring the EAPs as actuators, they can be used as sensors; when a mechanical displacement or force is applied, they generate an electrical signal indicating the output.


The practical value of these Alaska climate divisions is high across disciplines. An example of this can be seen when comparing Fig. 4 with a map of Alaska native languages (Krauss et al. 2011) . Although there are differences between the exact locations of the lines, many of the language families have similarly located regions as the climate divisions, especially for the Yupik and Athabascan languages. The numerous potential relationships with other disciplines are also an area for future research related to climate divisions.

An example of this can be seen when comparing Fig. 4 with a map of Alaska native languages.


These considerations ensure that moderating virulence and resource sharing are complimentary, rather than exclusive, tools. It is not necessary to choose one over another. Indeed, the greatest success may result from using both [7, 23] .

Indeed, the greatest success may result from using both.


In this work we continue the quest to describe both the local and global properties of random four dimensional N = 1 supergravity theories with a large number N of complex scalar fields. In the past, statistical properties of supergravity theories were primarily studied locally [4, 5, 10, 14, 16, [20] [21] [22] . The investigation of properties beyond isolated points in random landscapes, such as inflationary trajectories, was limited to a discrete choice of the potential and a small number of active fields, which obscured the structure of the effective supergravity potential. In this work we take a step towards describing local and global properties of high dimensional random supergravities, both analytically and numerically. We consider two types of random landscapes: the first landscape consists of a Gaussian random potential that is divorced from any underlying supergravity theory, while the second landscape is what we call a Gaussian random supergravity. The Gaussian random supergravity we consider arises by considering a superpotential comprised of a Gaussian random field while restricting to flat field space. Our ultimate goal is to understand the distribution of metastable vacua and properties of inflationary trajectories in high dimensional random supergravities.

In the past, statistical properties of supergravity theories were primarily studied locally.


String theory is the leading candidate for a fundamental theory to describe the universe we observe. It is crucial that a successful UV theory allows for a solution that is consistent with both historical and current observations. In particular, the universe appears to have evolved to its current state via a period of accelerated expansion [1] [2] [3] . The low energy effective theory of string theory is supergravity. Therefore, it is natural to ask whether a generic four dimensional supergravity theory can account for a small positive vacuum energy and a period of cosmic inflation.

In particular, the universe appears to have evolved to its current state via a period of accelerated expansion.


When assessing the effect of platelet count on platelet aggregation, significant correlations were observed. Furthermore, when excluding subjects with a low platelet count from the analysis, platelet aggregation remained significantly reduced with relation to severity and poor outcome. Although platelet aggregation values are affected by platelet count, variability exists in both platelet count and platelet function in the healthy range and it is also possible to achieve normal aggregometry readings at low platelet counts [18] . Therefore, taking into account the limitations of the assay, there remains a trend to significantly reduced platelet function with increasing severity of disease in this study population.

Although platelet aggregation values are affected by platelet count, variability exists in both platelet count and platelet function in the healthy range and it is also possible to achieve normal aggregometry readings at low platelet counts.


We also report a reduction of D. tenebrosus densities in and along stream reaches across study sites, inclusive of control units. This suggests that there may be a larger population pattern emerging for the managed forest landscapes within which our study sites are placed. Dicamptodon salamanders are not restricted to streams, as aquatic larvae transform to terrestrial adults and occur in forested uplands. They are perceived to range much more broadly than other stream-dependent salamanders, such as Rhyacotriton or P. dunni (P. dunni movements were largely within 5 m of streams and averaged <5 m in a cover-board study at one of our DMS sites [58] ). Although home ranges of Dicamptodon salamanders are not precisely known, the stream-breeders have been found several hundred meters from streams [47] . Hence, patterns that we are observing in and along streams may reflect animal responses, not only locally to our stream buffer treatments, but to activities ongoing in a larger area of the forested landscape.

They are perceived to range much more broadly than other stream-dependent salamanders, such as Rhyacotriton or P. dunni (P. dunni movements were largely within 5 m of streams and averaged <5 m in a cover-board study at one of our DMS sites).

Although home ranges of Dicamptodon salamanders are not precisely known, the stream-breeders have been found several hundred meters from streams.


The lens of both scientists and managers is focusing on the role of forested streamside buffers in the retention of aquatic ecosystem services. Many questions are being posed. How wide do no-entry riparian buffer zones need to be to retain sensitive fish and amphibian species or their critical habitat conditions? Do we need a no-entry riparian buffer if we are employing ecological forestry approaches with green-tree retention, rather than clearcut harvesting? To achieve biodiversity goals in managed forests where wood commodity production is a priority, what is the efficacy of an inner streamside no-harvest zone relative to a thinned outer riparian zone? If such an approach has merit for biodiversity objectives, how wide does each of these areas need to be? In some contexts, riparian thinning has been proposed to accelerate the growth of larger trees for future large down wood recruitment; a habitat benefit to both aquatic-riparian and terrestrial species. However, there is controversy about riparian restoration approaches, including how thinning for restoration purposes might be conducted without risking various potential adverse effects on aquatic-dependent fauna. These questions have been at the forefront of DMS goals to develop and assess integrated riparian and upland forest restoration alternatives [59, 76] .

Many questions are being posed.

These questions have been at the forefront of DMS goals to develop and assess integrated riparian and upland forest restoration alternatives.


Search query logs have been extensively studied to understand user search behavior and provide better search experience [17, 21, 29] . Existing work mostly focused on the inference of users' search intent based on their own search habit and search history. On the other hand, our paper tries to model how user behavior on a search engine is influenced by external factors such as trending events.

Search query logs have been extensively studied to understand user search behavior and provide better search experience.


In developing methods for convergence acceleration, and numerical integration of singular integrands, the second author introduced some classes of polynomials of this type [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] . These include (I) The polynomials P n = ( ; ) n , for which n;j = j + , 1 j n; (II) The polynomials P n = G are the zeros of the Legendre polynomials scaled to (0; 1). We explored these polynomials, and their zero distribution, in an earlier paper [8] .

In developing methods for convergence acceleration, and numerical integration of singular integrands, the second author introduced some classes of polynomials of this type.

We explored these polynomials, and their zero distribution, in an earlier paper.


The AmpliSeq panel also detected a higher mutation frequency within the RTK families, including the EGFR, KIT, PDGFRA, ERBB2, ERBB4, FGFR1 and FGFR3 genes, in MSI-H CRCs. These may also provide additional potential targets for tyrosine inhibitors [56, 57, 58] . However, further studies are needed to elucidate if these mutations in fact drive the evolution of tumors. These results will need independent confirmation in future studies.

These may also provide additional potential targets for tyrosine inhibitors.


The development of bioprocess monitoring and control strategies relying on mathematical (phenomenological) description of micro-organism growth kinetics is a critical issue in bioprocess model-based operation. Mainly because mechanisms for cell growth and product formation are rather complex, kinetic models for bioprocess design, monitoring and control assume, traditionally, simplified unstructured and non-segregated descriptions of the cell system. Unfortunately, in many cases, such models are not accurate enough for solving the problems in study. The other critical issue is related to the identification of kinetic parameters. Even for those simplified models, parameter identification requires a careful and expensive experimental planning [1] [2] [3] . For these two reasons, quite frequently the benefit/cost ratio associated to such developments hinders their application in the biochemical industries. In some cases it may be possible to employ, at reasonable developing costs, algorithms for accurate kinetic/parameter estimation that rely on on-line process measurements and that do not assume the knowledge of the underlying kinetic model. This type of solution may be most advantageous in terms of benefits for process operation.

Even for those simplified models, parameter identification requires a careful and expensive experimental planning.


The AdS/CFT dictionary is far from complete, the main obstacle being the strong/weak nature of Maldacena's conjecture [1] , [2] , [3] . In an important line of research in this context, which has been widely studied, certain regimes and limits have been considered where one can study both sides of the duality perturbatively. The main idea for this has been focusing on states/operators with large charges [4] , [5] .

The AdS/CFT dictionary is far from complete, the main obstacle being the strong/weak nature of Maldacena's conjecture.

The main idea for this has been focusing on states/operators with large charges.


Here we are mainly interested in the field theory interpretation of dual spikes in AdS, namely the result (35) (remember that we did not have a large J limit for dual spikes on sphere which makes the semi classical limit difficult to interpret in field theory). As was mentioned earlier, the result (35) looks like that of circular rotating and pulsating strings [25] . This is in fact understandable as we will discuss below.

As was mentioned earlier, the result (35) looks like that of circular rotating and pulsating strings.


Unexpectedly, non-migrant participants did not show stronger communal tendencies compared to immigrants in the contexts of structural inequality (discrimination of immigrants, Context 1) and a direct transgression (failure to investigate right-wing violence, Context 2). However, these non-significant differences do not seem to be due to un-communal non-migrants in these contexts, but rather highly communal immigrants. In those two contexts, the illegitimately disadvantaged/victim group (i.e., immigrants) yielded a different pattern of results compared to illegitimately disadvantaged/victim participants in Contexts 3-5 (i.e., international transgression, exploitative con- Interaction Goals in Conflictual Intergroup Relations 156 sumer relations, gender discrimination). Specifically, whereas illegitimately disadvantaged/victim participants in Contexts 3-5 showed a relatively balanced ratio of agentic and communal goals, illegitimately disadvantaged/victim participants in Contexts 1 and 2 (i.e., immigrant participants) clearly prioritized communion over agency (notwithstanding the increased agentic intergroup goals in the context of right-wing violence). Apparently, it was paramount for those participants to highlight their communal identity dimension when interacting with members of the nonmigrant German majority. A possible explanation is that "the generic immigrant" is perceived as both low in agency and low in communion (Lee & Fiske, 2006) . Participants with a migration background may be intuitively aware of this stereotypical view of them and thus feel threat over both core dimensions of their identity.

A possible explanation is that "the generic immigrant" is perceived as both low in agency and low in communion.


Plants are in great demand for nutrient elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in soils. These nutrients are also important indexes for measuring soil fertility [39] . We found that the soil nitrogen content in forestland is high and the degree of variation is small (H e = 0.04). In general, the largest source of AN input in forestland could be overused as external nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, there is no need to apply available nitrogen fertilizer to Chinese fir plantations in the short term. As the phosphorus content in forestland soils is poor, its content is less affected by human fertilization. This is consistent with Zhou's conclusion that in red soil of southern China, with a low soil pH, the availability of phosphorus decreased significantly [40, 41] . Therefore, the lack of phosphorus sources may be an important reason for restricting the sustainable management of Chinese fir plantations. We also found that the TK content in the soil is medium compared to the lower AK content. This indicates that the supply of AK is insufficient as a result of fewer sources of potassium in the soil of Chinese fir plantations.

These nutrients are also important indexes for measuring soil fertility.

This is consistent with Zhou's conclusion that in red soil of southern China, with a low soil pH, the availability of phosphorus decreased significantly.


The overall underwhelming performance of the studied initiatives could be due to a host of factors. First, performance scores are highly sensitive to cases with a late start year, and one could question how much REDDþ impact is reasonable to expect in the early years of initiative implementation. That is, multiple sites only had a couple of years of after observation. Furthermore, funding has been a major constraint for REDDþ, meaning that interventions may not have been rolled out in the intensity originally planned (Sunderlin et al 2015) . Short time spans combined with limited funding would naturally lead Table 4 . Main advantages (þ) and disadvantages (À) of BA versus BACI assessment approaches, and of using meso versus micro aggregation levels.

Furthermore, funding has been a major constraint for REDDþ, meaning that interventions may not have been rolled out in the intensity originally planned.


In this paper, the equilibrium points as well as the periodic orbits around them are studied in the framework of the photogravitational Chermnykh's restricted three-body problem with the aim to investigate the changes which may result in these basic dynamical features due to the three parameters of this model-problem (the angular velocity and the radiation factors 1 and 2 of the primaries). In particular, we study the existence and location of the planar equilibrium points as well as their linear stability. An interesting result is that there are combinations of the parameters of the problem for which the collinear equilibrium points may be stable. This is established by certain conditions which are determined when the triangular equilibrium points fall on the Ox-axis and transfer their stability to the collinear points. Several stability regions are given to show this result. For all cases of stable collinear and triangular equilibrium points we compute the corresponding short and long period families. We also give emphasis on the computation of the long period family emanating from each equilateral equilibrium point, in the framework of the classical restricted three-body problem for the Sun-Jupiter system, showing numerically that the long period family constitutes a bridge connecting orbits of the short period family which are bifurcation points of these two families complementing thusly the results of Henrard [28] .

We also give emphasis on the computation of the long period family emanating from each equilateral equilibrium point, in the framework of the classical restricted three-body problem for the Sun-Jupiter system, showing numerically that the long period family constitutes a bridge connecting orbits of the short period family which are bifurcation points of these two families complementing thusly the results of Henrard.


As regards Total Dissolved Solids ( Figure 3D ), their concentrations remained always within the limit range recommended by legislation (≤ 500 mg L , which gives them a disagreeable flavor, are considered as of low quality for a number of purposes. However, if the values encountered are below 500 mg L -1 , they are considered satisfactory for domestic and industrial use. The sedimentation of organic solids, on the other hand, can create slush deposits at the bottom of WTS lagoons, generating accumulations with short-circuits for the treatment, as well as areas with high CID or no production of gases, and it can also cover small animals, plants and fish eggs (Farias, 2006) . Some of the parameters assessed do not yet follow the legislation regarding discharging in rivers (BOD, COD, phosphates), especially with respect to uncontrolled flow, large quantities of residual material gradually accumulating in the lagoons and forming colloids with humic and fulvic acids, and the short-circuits that reduce the volumetric capacity of the lagoons (hydraulic retention time) and hinder the homogenous action of microflora in the bioaugmented environment. However, the purpose of the treatment is to render the water compatible with its use in fertigation, and in this case, the quantity obtained from the Central Uptake is adequate. Although the phosphate levels are still much above the recommended for Class 3 waters, as already mentioned, this does not affect soil irrigation.

The sedimentation of organic solids, on the other hand, can create slush deposits at the bottom of WTS lagoons, generating accumulations with short-circuits for the treatment, as well as areas with high CID or no production of gases, and it can also cover small animals, plants and fish eggs.


When the BOD/COD rate is higher than 0.6, there is indication of high levels of biochemically oxidizable organic matter, thus the biological process must be employed to treat the wastewater. On the other hand, if this rate is lower than 0.2, the physicochemical treatment must be employed. However, when the relation between BOD and COD is within 0.2 and 0.6, the wastewater may still be treated biologically (Morais & Fonseca, 2013) .

However, when the relation between BOD and COD is within 0.2 and 0.6, the wastewater may still be treated biologically.


Coprecipitation, sol-gel, and microemulsion are some of the most common methods for superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticle synthesis, with coprecipitation being the most simple and economic method [21, 22] . It is based on the mixing of probably Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ at a 2 : 1 molar ratio in a highly basic solution, with the size and shape of the magnetite nanoparticles produced depending on the type of salt used, 2 Journal of Nanomaterials the reaction temperature, pH, and ionic strength of the media. A common method for coating magnetite nanoparticles with a uniform silica shell is the sol-gel process. This process makes use of base-catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) [23] . The shell thickness of these silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles can be adjusted by controlling the amount of TEOS used [24] .

Coprecipitation, sol-gel, and microemulsion are some of the most common methods for superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticle synthesis, with coprecipitation being the most simple and economic method.

This process makes use of base-catalyzed hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).

The shell thickness of these silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles can be adjusted by controlling the amount of TEOS used.


Given this uncertainty over the role of health professionals in supporting self-management, researchers in the Patient Engagement and Coaching for Health (PEACH) study (see below) undertook focus groups to explore the perceptions people with type 2 diabetes have of the role health professionals play in supporting them to improve their self-management strategies. The PEACH study involves General Practice based practice nurses "coaching" patients by phone about their diabetes [17] . The intervention is led by practice nurses and specifically encourages and supports the patient to be more active and engaged in managing their diabetes and in their relationship with their family medical practitioner (General Practitioner or GP).

The PEACH study involves General Practice based practice nurses "coaching" patients by phone about their diabetes.


Web spam is divided into two types: content spam and link spam [9] . In this paper, we focus on automatically generated spam, a type of content spam, since it accounts for a substantial fraction of web spam [6] . These are generated by copying from other web pages, or by using natural language processing techniques such as language model or text summarization. This characteristics makes it difficult to distinguish these spam from non-spam (ham) pages. In the paper, we propose a novel method to extract features from documents based on content analysis, and then employ the machine-learning based approach to detect web spam.

Web spam is divided into two types: content spam and link spam.

In this paper, we focus on automatically generated spam, a type of content spam, since it accounts for a substantial fraction of web spam.


Routine weighing of women at every pregnancy care visit is no longer routine practice in countries such as Australia, the UK and the US. Instead it is recommended that women be weighed at their first pregnancy care appointment and that only women with risk factors for pregnancy complications such as women with high BMI be weighed at every appointment [9, 33, 34] . At Monash Health, however, recognition of the importance of weight management during pregnancy and of Australia's obesity epidemic has prompted a recommendation to weigh women when they attend for each clinic visit. Nonetheless, weighing practices revealed in this study were inconsistent and many women reported that they had expected to be weighed throughout their pregnancy. This is consistent with other studies where women have expressed a preference for more frequent weighing and believe that it should be part of standard pregnancy care as it would provide reassurance and motivation for weight management in pregnancy and postnatally [26, 35] . Furthermore, pregnancy care providers in a recent Australian study suggested that weighing all women would avoid stigmatising those who are overweight or obese [31] .

Instead it is recommended that women be weighed at their first pregnancy care appointment and that only women with risk factors for pregnancy complications such as women with high BMI be weighed at every appointment.

This is consistent with other studies where women have expressed a preference for more frequent weighing and believe that it should be part of standard pregnancy care as it would provide reassurance and motivation for weight management in pregnancy and postnatally.

Furthermore, pregnancy care providers in a recent Australian study suggested that weighing all women would avoid stigmatising those who are overweight or obese.


Network science differs from alternative approaches in that network science is equal parts theory and methodology: "[N]etworks offer both a theoretical framework for understanding the world and a methodology for using this framework to collect data, test hypotheses, and draw conclusions" (Neal 2013, p. 5) . The network approach forces us to focus on more than a single characteristic of an individual word at time, such as word frequency or uniqueness point (Cutler 1981) . Instead, this approach prompts us to consider how the structure of the network influences dynamics within the network. That is, lexical processing is influenced by the relationships that a word has with other words in the lexicon-and the large-scale structure of the lexicon-not simply the characteristics of the word itself. We hope that, like research on phonological neighborhoods, the perspective afforded by the network approach will inspire the next generation of language scientists to theorize about language processing in novel ways, develop new computational models, and successfully apply our knowledge of language processing in humans to a wide variety of uses.

The network approach forces us to focus on more than a single characteristic of an individual word at time, such as word frequency or uniqueness point.


The results of the parameters analyzed were studied in De sala, Manso and Mulato varieties and in the three varieties together, grouping the chestnut samples according to zone of production ( Table 4) . No significant The mean values of oxalic acid, sucrose and total phenols in the chestnut samples harvested in the north were higher (p < 0.05) than the mean values found in the south of the island for De sala, Mulato and Manso varieties respectively. The chestnut samples harvested in the Northern zone had a higher mean moisture, sucrose and total phenols contents, and lower mean fructose content, than the chestnut from the Southern zone. Many factors associated to the production zone such as climate, soil, ripening stage or cultivation practices could be influencing the chemical composition of chestnuts, which could explain the differences found between both zones of cultivation. Many significant correlations were observed between the variables analyzed. The moisture showed correlations (p < 0.01) with oxalic acid (r = 0.492), tartaric acid (r = 0.420) and malic acid (r = 0.520). Total phenols exhibited a moderate correlation with oxalic acid (r = 0.416), and weak correlations with glutamic acid (r = −0.379) and tartaric acid (r = 0.330). The correlation glucose vs fructose can be emphasized for the high correlation coefficient (r = 0.837), which has been observed in other fruits and suggests a common origin for both sugars, probably from the sucrose. Sucrose is the sugar used for mobilization of carbon in vascular plants. It can be synthesized from trioses phosphate produced in the photosynthesis or from starch of the chloroplasts during the night [41] . Besides, the fructose presented significant correlations with the malic acid (r = 0.509), fumaric acid (r = 0.352), and inverse with pyruvic acid (r = −0.335); the sucrose with the malic acid (r = 0.345), fumaric acid (r = 0.318) and pyruvic acid (r = 0.454); and the glucose with malic acid (r = 0.462) and fumaric acid (r = 0.441). The correlation between malic and fumaric acids (r = 0.852) can be emphasized within the correlations between organic acids. Besides which the tartaric acid had correlations with citric acid (r = 0.354), oxalic acid (r = 0.780), malic acid (r = 0.486) and fumaric acid (r = 0.542), and inversely with glutamic acid (r = −0.411). The oxalic acid was weakly correlated with citric acid (r = 0.368), malic acid (r = 0.346), cis-aconitic acid (r = 0.382), and inversely with glutamic acid (r = −0.493). All the correlations found reflect that these sugars and organic acids are part of common and complex metabolic routes.

It can be synthesized from trioses phosphate produced in the photosynthesis or from starch of the chloroplasts during the night.


The interaction of waves with periodic arrays is of fundamental importance in many physical contexts. When an infinite array is excited by a plane wave, the theoretical treatment of the problem can be greatly simplified by taking account of the periodicity of the incident wave and of the array. When the excitation is due to a point or line source, however, the incident field is no longer periodic and the resulting problem is more challenging. Nevertheless, there is usually no great difficulty provided the scattered field decays to zero as one moves along the array away from the source. In this article we wish to focus on a situation where this is not the case due to the presence in the scattered field far from the source of Rayleigh-Bloch surface waves travelling along the array. We consider two-dimensional scattering by an infinite row of periodically-spaced, identical circular cylinders excited by a line source which is parallel to the generators of the cylinders. We will refer primarily to the acoustic setting in which we look for time-harmonic solutions Re[φ(x, y) exp(−iωt)] so that the acoustic potential φ satisfies the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation (∇ 2 + k 2 )φ = 0 in the region exterior to the cylinders, where k = ω/c and c is the speed of sound. The scatterers are assumed to be rigid and so the normal derivative of φ must vanish on the cylinder boundaries; the boundary-value problem is thus also applicable to the electromagnetic scattering by an array of perfect conductors of an S-polarized incident field. This geometry has been chosen because it is known that Rayleigh-Bloch surface waves can propagate along such an array [1] , [2] , [3] . These RB waves, as we will henceforth refer to them, decay exponentially away from the array but travel along the array undamped and our main objective is to develop a method by which the amplitude of the RB waves that are excited can be determined without having to solve the full scattering problem. Note that if the boundary condition on the cylinders was changed to φ = 0 then no such waves exist [4] .

This geometry has been chosen because it is known that Rayleigh-Bloch surface waves can propagate along such an array.

Note that if the boundary condition on the cylinders was changed to φ = 0 then no such waves exist.


Both in the vertex expansion and in the derivative expansion the Efimov effect shows up as a limit cycle in the solution of the flow equations at the point where the scattering length diverges. This mechanism is very interesting from a theoretical perspective. Realistic models in relativistic quantum field theory that show a similar behavior have not been found so far. Also the universality of the non-relativistic few-body physics is very interesting from a theoretical point of view. While in a renormalization group description universality is usually associated with the presence of fixed points, the Efimov effect with its limit cycle scaling and the connected discrete scaling symmetry goes beyond this standard paradigm. This generalized notion of few-body universality is expected to extend beyond the physics of three particles. First studies of four-body universality using functional renormalization have been undertaken [30] .

First studies of four-body universality using functional renormalization have been undertaken.


The method based on twisting transfer matrices also potentially allows for studying the more general γ-deformations and orbifold models based on the AdS 5 × S 5 superstring [21, 22] . These developments open up new avenues along which finite size corrections can be studied. Mainly because, in these deformed theories, wrapping corrections appear generically at lower loop orders than in N = 4 SYM. In the case of β-deformed theories wrapping corrections were found to start to contribute one loop order lower and in orbifold models potentially even two orders lower [22] .

The method based on twisting transfer matrices also potentially allows for studying the more general γ-deformations and orbifold models based on the AdS 5 × S 5 superstring.

In the case of β-deformed theories wrapping corrections were found to start to contribute one loop order lower and in orbifold models potentially even two orders lower.


The outbound OSS approach can help in diffusing new technologies. Approach can be useful if a company has a core infrastructure technology that is an enabler to other products and solutions in the company's portfolio [5] . OSS could then be used as a method to make the company's technology pervasive, or adopted as a standard. OSS development is a useful way to promote standardization [22] . Compatibility is a challenge on the software and hardware markets where there are a vast number of different manufacturers and products. Therefore large companies like IBM want to become active participants in the OSS development and to shape it in their interest [22] . On the other hand, by embracing and supporting OSS projects companies can pre-empt the development of a standard around a technology owned by a powerful rival [13] . Finally, OSS has an effect of encouraging collaboration and it can be used as a way to work with partners and competitors on very large projects, sometimes even involving customer at earlier stages of development [5] .

Approach can be useful if a company has a core infrastructure technology that is an enabler to other products and solutions in the company's portfolio.

OSS development is a useful way to promote standardization.

Therefore large companies like IBM want to become active participants in the OSS development and to shape it in their interest.

On the other hand, by embracing and supporting OSS projects companies can pre-empt the development of a standard around a technology owned by a powerful rival.

Finally, OSS has an effect of encouraging collaboration and it can be used as a way to work with partners and competitors on very large projects, sometimes even involving customer at earlier stages of development.


An increasing number of water reuse standards, guidelines and projects are promoting the Water Safety Plan (WSP) risk management approach. For example, the latest edition of the US EPA Guidelines for Water Reuse 13 promotes the use of a risk management system such as the WSP. Despite this growing interest, only a limited number of schemes have documented the application of a WSP-based approach to water reuse schemes 12, [14] [15] [16] . These limited and context specific examples are currently not sufficient to fully understand the broader suitability of this risk management process for water reuse.

Despite this growing interest, only a limited number of schemes have documented the application of a WSP-based approach to water reuse schemes 12.


Regional development classification activities carried out in order to see the inequality of outcome achievement of development of an area according to specific indicators. Several methods are often used to classify the level of development among others shift share analysis, Gain Index, Index Williamson and typology Klassen [1] . The development of data mining has change many aspect. It is encouraging the scientists to implement it into the process of grouping the level of development according to certain indicators based on clustering techniques. The goal of its, is to see the level of achievement of development disparities between one region to another.

Several methods are often used to classify the level of development among others shift share analysis, Gain Index, Index Williamson and typology Klassen.


The employees' contribution and involvement in organization would be greater when they feel they are supported by the organization [13] . The organization supports can improve their commitment in their job. It is even getting greater when they are provided with good working condition [14] .

The employees' contribution and involvement in organization would be greater when they feel they are supported by the organization.

It is even getting greater when they are provided with good working condition.


The presence of highly-committed employees will lead the organization to a beneficial condition since they will work more effectively and will participate in any activities to maintain its survival. High commitment will encourage the employees to work hard in accomplishing their tasks in relation to their responsibility for the organization (extra-role behavior) and they are willing to carry out activities out of his [8] . Koch and Steers concluded in his research that highlycommitted employees will do their work better than those with low commitment. Lack of organizational commitment makes the employees unwilling to retain the job and thus they tend to leave it or turn over [9] .

High commitment will encourage the employees to work hard in accomplishing their tasks in relation to their responsibility for the organization (extra-role behavior) and they are willing to carry out activities out of his.

Lack of organizational commitment makes the employees unwilling to retain the job and thus they tend to leave it or turn over.


The fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fu¨ckel) Schroeter (anamorph state: Septoria tritici Rob.ex.Desm.) is the causal agent of septoria tritici leaf blotch of wheat, one of the most economically important diseases of wheat. Typical symptoms of the disease are irregular chlorotic lesions on infected leaves, that under favourable conditions develop to necrotic spots covered with dark brown to black pycnidia or pseudothecia of the fungus (Eyal et al., 1987) .

Typical symptoms of the disease are irregular chlorotic lesions on infected leaves, that under favourable conditions develop to necrotic spots covered with dark brown to black pycnidia or pseudothecia of the fungus.


Authentic assessment paradigmatically requires the realization of authentic instruction and authentic learning. It is assumed that authentic assessment can to provide learners' ability holistically and validity. Authentic assessment is an actual assessment with a measurement significantly of learners' outcomes for the sphere of attitude, skills, and knowledge. The reality in the field teachers has not done authentic assessment because teachers still have difficulty in making the authentic assessment. If the authentic assessment is to acquire the sort of legitimacy that the assessment practices of the measurement community have acquired, then we are as critics of these assessment practices need to find ways and means of confronting the criticisms leveled at alternative assessment [1] .

If the authentic assessment is to acquire the sort of legitimacy that the assessment practices of the measurement community have acquired, then we are as critics of these assessment practices need to find ways and means of confronting the criticisms leveled at alternative assessment.


Based on the result of questionnaire analysis, the average of authentic assessment given to the teacher is 0,52 so that the value is < 1, whereas based on the average questionnaire result analysis given to the students, it is obtained 0,7 so the value < 1. Because the teachers and students value <1 then the need for the development of the authentic assessment. Based on the results of questionnaire analysis given to teachers about the knowledge of global warming concept is only 32.31% of teachers who know it, while based on the results of questionnaire analysis given to students only 27.69% students who understand about the concept of global warming. By lack of the global warming knowledge so wild be done the authentic assessment to know the achievement the aims og global warming competence. Increased CO 2 emissions are one of the causes of global warming. The increased use of motor vehicles adds to the volume of it gas also increases. Humans do not realize if all that happens because of their lack of understanding about the impact of human activity itself. Global warming is caused by the use of electricity from fossil fuel plants that can increase in CO 2 emissions so that by suppressing electricity consumption in homes can reduce the problem of global warming [5] . Global warming will cause epidemiological changes in infectious diseases. Global warming is increasing due to the increasing use of CO 2 gas and the impact of global warming, one of which will affect human health due to climate change [6] . Based on the background and the result of needs analysis on the concept of global warming, the problem in this research is how is the development of authentic assessment instrument that can measure critical thinking skill in global warming learning by scientific approach?

Global warming is caused by the use of electricity from fossil fuel plants that can increase in CO 2 emissions so that by suppressing electricity consumption in homes can reduce the problem of global warming.

Global warming is increasing due to the increasing use of CO 2 gas and the impact of global warming, one of which will affect human health due to climate change.


A scientific approach or a scientific-based approach can use some strategies such as contextual learning. The scientific approach is learning directly of learners to observe, ask, analyze, then process data or information, present data or information, followed by analyzing, reasoning, then concluding, and creating. Physics subjects are the subjects most disliked by students because it is always identic with the formulas. Global warming is a new material of subject matter in the class XI in the 2013 curriculum; basic competence in global warming materials has the goal to form students' critical thinking skills. In everyday life and every activity, people are always involved in making a decision, in the easy and difficult decisions. The process of decision making is always related to the process of critical thinking. Based on the previous research it has been done in research data, educational background of they do not affect the level of knowledge of global warming. In addition, teachers and students have little one. This condition is reasonable because they do not learn about it in their previous studies. Thus, it can be explained that teachers and students are required to learn about it in order to understand well about global warming. This situation means the government must increase global warming materials with the educational curriculum. With their knowledge, they are expected to behave pro environment. They always think twice to perform daily activities whether it can destroy or preserve the environment [2] .

They always think twice to perform daily activities whether it can destroy or preserve the environment.


While DC approaches are straightforward, the fundamental difficulty in their development lies in the inherent differences between the atomistic and continuum computational models. The physical state of the atomistic region is described through nonlocal interatomic forces between discrete atoms of given position and momentum, while the physical state of the continuum region is described through continuous stressstrain fields that reflect local statistical averages of atomic interactions at larger length and time scales. In general, the formal connection between continuum and discrete quantities can only be achieved through an adequate statistical averaging over scales where the discreteness of the atomic structure can be approximated as a continuum. A consequence of some DC interfacing strategies in their initial formulation, such as QC, required that the analysis be performed quasistatically at 0 K. Further details of the direct coupling methods may be found in the original publications and in several general review papers [4] [5] [6] .

A consequence of some DC interfacing strategies in their initial formulation, such as QC, required that the analysis be performed quasistatically at 0 K. Further details of the direct coupling methods may be found in the original publications and in several general review papers.


EXPECTED restrictions on the use of sulphur hexafluoride (SF ) gas in medium voltage (MV) switchgear has triggered research efforts to develop environmentally friendly insulation techniques. SF has a 100-year global warming potential (GWP) of roughly 23900 [1] . Using air as insulation has obvious advantages, but it poses dielectric challenges as the equipment must be compact to meet standardized requirements. The field strengths required to initiate discharges are roughly three times lower in air than in SF [2] . Up to three times greater electrode clearances are therefore needed in air than in SF for similar geometries. Accurate withstand voltage prediction models are therefore needed to optimize the dielectric design.

SF has a 100-year global warming potential (GWP) of roughly 23900.

The field strengths required to initiate discharges are roughly three times lower in air than in SF.


Given the role of pulmonary vasoconstriction in the pathogenesis of pulmonary embolism-associated pulmonary hypertension, the potential benefit of pulmonary vasodilators is important. There is experimental evidence suggesting that antagonising pulmonary vasoconstriction by administration of selective vasodilators is beneficial. In animal models of acute pulmonary embolism prostacyclin, a relatively selective pulmonary vasodilator, prevented or partially reversed the rise in pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure [14, 15] . Pretreatment with a prostacyclin analogue protected mice from pulmonary embolism-related death in a dosedependent manner [16] . In humans, a case report suggested that inhaled prostacyclin may also be beneficial for acute pulmonary hypertension associated with pulmonary embolism [17] . However, the potentially beneficial role of pulmonary vasodilatory therapy in acute pulmonary embolism has never been studied in a systematic way.

In animal models of acute pulmonary embolism prostacyclin, a relatively selective pulmonary vasodilator, prevented or partially reversed the rise in pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure.

Pretreatment with a prostacyclin analogue protected mice from pulmonary embolism-related death in a dosedependent manner.

In humans, a case report suggested that inhaled prostacyclin may also be beneficial for acute pulmonary hypertension associated with pulmonary embolism.


Throughout this paper we work in the piecewise linear category. Let G be a finite graph. An embedding of G into the 3-sphere is called a spatial embedding of G or simply a spatial graph. A graph G is said to be planar if there exists an embedding of G into the 2-sphere, and a spatial embedding of a planar graph G is said to be trivial if it is ambient isotopic to an embedding of G into the 2-sphere in the 3-sphere. Note that a trivial spatial embedding of a planar graph is unique up to ambient isotopy [7] .

Let G be a finite graph.

Note that a trivial spatial embedding of a planar graph is unique up to ambient isotopy.


With further analysis, this study also found that students' degree of learning engagement caused variance in their perception of the helpfulness of multimedia-assisted learning in the course. Students who would actively review multimedia videos after class showed higher appreciation for this multimedia-assisted instruction. It would confirm the previous literature that the more students are motivated to learn, the more likely they are to perceive the effectiveness of instructional technology (Hunt et al., 2001; Kikuchi & Kenjo, 1996; Maby et al., 1997; Nortcliffe & Middleton, 2008; Sutcliffe & Faraday, 1994) . The results of this study also showed, based on different degrees of learning engagement, a significant difference among the three groups in how much multimedia video could help improve their learning. The researchers therefore propose that engineering educators should be aware of the effect of positive student engagement on attitude toward learning, and should design more complementary learning activities such as multimedia assisted instruction, online learning assignment as well as collaborative teamwork assignments, which would help engagement students more in deeper learning.

It would confirm the previous literature that the more students are motivated to learn, the more likely they are to perceive the effectiveness of instructional technology.


Chronic pain may be considered an epidemic in many westernized countries affecting 25% of the population, and where quality of life of chronic pain patients is reported to be lower than other disorders such as heart failure, renal failure and even depression (O'Connor, 2009) . Pain is a multidimensional experience comprised of sensory, cognitive, and emotional (subjective) components, which are processed within discreet but interacting brain structures. Many chronic pain states are accompanied by dramatic sensory disturbances that result in pain hypersensitivity (allodynia and hyperalgesia) and tonic (unprovoked) ongoing pain. However, the negative affect, or how much the pain is 'bothersome' significantly impacts the quality of life of the sufferer. Notably, the emotional component of pain has been argued to be a greater metric of quality of life than its sensory component, and thus understanding the processes that influence this pain characteristic is essential to developing novel treatment strategies.

Chronic pain may be considered an epidemic in many westernized countries affecting 25% of the population, and where quality of life of chronic pain patients is reported to be lower than other disorders such as heart failure, renal failure and even depression.


In general, wideband equivalent circuits of microstrip antennas are determined by using optimization techniques [11] [12] [13] [14] . In case of the equivalent circuit that models double resonant microstrip antennas, Kajfez devised a systematic approach to calculate the starting values of the involving optimization [11] . On one hand, no systematic method has been provided to estimate the starting values of the optimization process in case of wideband equivalent circuits that model antennas in more than two radiation resonances, on the other hand, as the number of resonances that equivalent circuits of antennas should model increases, the number of the parameters of the equivalent circuit increases too and thus, the convergence and computation cost of the involving optimization technique becomes critically sensitive to the starting values of the optimization such that optimization methods will not converge unless starting values are "close enough" to the final parameters of the equivalent circuit. The proposed method overcomes this problem, as well.

In general, wideband equivalent circuits of microstrip antennas are determined by using optimization techniques.

In case of the equivalent circuit that models double resonant microstrip antennas, Kajfez devised a systematic approach to calculate the starting values of the involving optimization.


Data were analyzed to answer each of the three research questions. All analyses comprised a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with least significant difference (LSD) comparisons of the means. In addition to the F-and p-values, the effect-size was calculated by means of eta-squared. Eta-squared represents the ratio of variance explained in the dependent variable by a predictor while controlling for other predictors. Generally, .10 is considered a "small" effect, .25 is considered a "medium" effect and >.40 is considered a "large" effect (Cohen, 1992) .

Generally, .10 is considered a "small" effect, .25 is considered a "medium" effect and >.40 is considered a "large" effect.


In order to analyze the responses to the open-ended question, the mean and standard deviations of the frequency counts for each category were calculated. An independent samples t-test was then used to analyze whether there are significant differences in the mean categorical values between the mathematics and none-mathematics courses. In addition to the t and p-values, Cohen's d was computed as a measure of effect-size. Cohen's d is an effect size used to indicate the standardized difference between two means. Generally an effect size of .20 to .30 is considered "small", around .50 is considered "medium" and >.80 is considered a "large" effect (Cohen, 1992; Salkind, 2010) .

Generally an effect size of .20 to .30 is considered "small", around .50 is considered "medium" and >.80 is considered a "large" effect.


Learning support (t = -4.49, p< .01) with a small effect size. The difference in categorical frequency count of the learning support category suggests that the mathematics courses, relative to other courses, fall short in providing sufficient support to help students learn. For instance, students stated that more supportive worksheets should be used in the mathematics courses: "a worksheet should be used for all lessons" and "answers to the worksheets should be provided at the end of the week" (15% of all responses in the mathematics courses included the term "worksheet"). Instructional worksheets typically consist of questions and assignments, which provide students with structure and help them to work on a specific topic in a systematic manner (Choo, Rotgans, Yew, & Schmidt, 2011) . Students also frequently stated: "more learning resources should be provided" and "more examples should be provided in the resources" (41% of all responses in the mathematics courses included the term "resource"). But also the teacher seems to play a significant role as a provider of information: "maybe the teacher can explain the terms to the students so that they would be able to understand better" and "the teachers should also recap of past lessons and help trigger students' thinking process" (47% of all responses in the mathematics courses included the term "teacher"). The results of the content analysis imply that the low interest in mathematics courses seems not directly related to conceptual factors, such as difficulty level or abstraction level of mathematics concepts, or study management issues, but it seems related to instructional shortcomings, such as lack of guidance and structure.

Instructional worksheets typically consist of questions and assignments, which provide students with structure and help them to work on a specific topic in a systematic manner.


When it comes to the studies on burnout, various studies in different fields can be observed. For instance, according to a study conducted on kindergarten teachers, it was observed that young teachers experience more emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. In addition, it was also observed that married teachers had less burnout and depersonalization than single teachers (Cheng, 2008) . Similar and different results have been gathered. The reasons for these varieties might be caused by variety of age groups, the discrepancy of medium of the study and the process of implementation of person who did the study.

In addition, it was also observed that married teachers had less burnout and depersonalization than single teachers.


As for another research carried out on high school students demonstrated that while there was no indication of a significant change at the lower level of burnout in terms of gender, male students experienced much more burnout at the bottom scale of depersonalization and competence (Çapri and Sönmez, 2013) . As to the current study, the results have similarities with the other studies, but the extent is different. For instance, the scores of women were less than men at the burnout and depersonalization levels in this study and another difference can be seen only at the bottom level of competence where women had higher scores than men, which had a parallelism with literature. According to an assessment conducted considering the classrooms of students there was a difference in burnout scale at the depersonalization level but no other differences were found at two other extents.

As for another research carried out on high school students demonstrated that while there was no indication of a significant change at the lower level of burnout in terms of gender, male students experienced much more burnout at the bottom scale of depersonalization and competence.


The lack of personal accomplishment can be illustrated by the example of people who have been exhausted emotionally and in a negative attitude state have lost their competent emotions because they are unable to fulfill required demands of the job. In this sense, the lack of personal accomplishment can be seen in two other structures. In addition, personal failure is a person's tendency of negative self-evaluation in terms of selfservice given to individuals by him or her (Gündüz, 2005) .

In addition, personal failure is a person's tendency of negative self-evaluation in terms of selfservice given to individuals by him or her.


Upper extremity (UE) function plays an important role in one's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) [1] . UE function may become reduced for a variety of reasons such as age, injury or disease. Accurate measurement of UE function is important in evaluating the effectiveness of surgical procedures or rehabilitation strategies. UE function includes motor coordination, manual dexterity, muscle strength and sensibility [2] .

Upper extremity (UE) function plays an important role in one's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL).

UE function includes motor coordination, manual dexterity, muscle strength and sensibility.


Grip and pinch strength are considered to provide an objective measurement of UE integrity [5] . Grip strength is typically measured with a dynamometer where the base rests against the heel of the palm and the handle on the middle of the four fingers. The user then squeezes with maximum effort which is measured by the device. Pinch strength can be measured in a number of ways. One is a 'tip pinch' in which the user pinches using the tip of the thumb to the tip of the index finger. Another is the 'key pinch' where the thumb pad is pressed to the lateral aspect of the middle phalanx of the index finger [3] . Strength is measured by the user executing the pinches on a pinch meter.

Grip and pinch strength are considered to provide an objective measurement of UE integrity.

Another is the 'key pinch' where the thumb pad is pressed to the lateral aspect of the middle phalanx of the index finger.


Despite the small sample, there are indications that it may be useful to look at dexterity limitation regardless of its cause. A number of comparisons can be made with the normative grip, key pinch and tip pinch strength data gathered by Mathiowetz [3] . Normally, men register higher values for grip, key pinch and tip pinch strength than women. In this study, men were also stronger on average than women in all three tests. The average strength values recorded on the tests for both men and women were lower than normative values. For example, normal right handed grip value for a male would be approximately 104 pounds though was only observed to be 70.2 in this study. These relationships might be guessed: although people may be weaker on average due to limited dexterity, men are still generally stronger.

A number of comparisons can be made with the normative grip, key pinch and tip pinch strength data gathered by Mathiowetz.


First, descriptive analyses are presented as a function of family type. Next, correlations are presented between our variables of interest to assess which variables should be considered in HLM analyses. HLM analyses were conducted to evaluate the first and second hypothesis regarding whether child, parent, and couple outcomes varied as a function of parental sexual orientation based on parent-report measures. To evaluate differences in teacher-reported child behavior problems as a function of family type, ANCOVAs were conducted. Lastly, to evaluate the third hypothesis that family processes would be more strongly associated than family structure with child behavior problems, additional HLM analyses were conducted. Table 2 shows means and standard deviations for all measures of child, parent, and couple variables for each family type as reported by parents and teachers. Both parents and teachers reported that, on average, children in all three family types were functioning well and had relatively few behavior problems. Across the sample, parent-and teacher-reported means for internalizing problems were 43.35 AE 9.63 and 45.25 AE 8.60, respectively. For externalizing problems, these were 46.46 AE 8.98 and 50.12 AE 8.55, respectively. For total behavior problems, parent-and teacher-reported means were 45.05 AE 9.57 and 48.12 AE 8.66, respectively. Thus, average scores for internalizing, externalizing, and total behavior problems as reported by both parents and teachers were comparable to population averages. In terms of gender role behavior, activities, and characteristics as measured by age-adjusted scores on the PSAI, children were within the expected range of age-adjusted scores near population average scores of 40 for girls and 60 for boys (Golombok & Rust, 1993) . For the sample, parents reported the mean for girls to be 41.24 AE 11.05, and for boys, this was 62.15 AE 9.75. Similarly, parents described themselves on average to be well-adjusted as compared to available population norms with regard to parenting stress, parent discipline techniques, and couple adjustment. Across the sample, the means for parenting stress, parent discipline techniques, and couple adjustment were 60.42 AE 13.78, 2.56 AE 0.46, and 116.78 AE 13.17, respectively.

In terms of gender role behavior, activities, and characteristics as measured by age-adjusted scores on the PSAI, children were within the expected range of age-adjusted scores near population average scores of 40 for girls and 60 for boys.


Most parents reported relatively low levels of parenting stress and described themselves as using generally effective parenting techniques. These findings are consistent with those from earlier research with adoptive families, in that adoptive parents often report lower levels of parenting stress than do biological parents (Brodzinsky & Pinderhughes, 2002; Ceballo, Lansford, Abbey, & Stewart, 2004) . This may reflect the fact that adoptive parents undergo a rigorous screening process before completing an adoption. Indeed, all parents in this sample had been evaluated by adoption agency personnel, particularly in terms of having positive mental health and high couple relationship quality, prior to adopting their children .

These findings are consistent with those from earlier research with adoptive families, in that adoptive parents often report lower levels of parenting stress than do biological parents.


This manuscript is not intended to show a highly competitive material for forming display holograms, such as dichromated gelatin or some commercial films, such as (Slavich ® , Pereslavl-Zalessky, Russia). Although the mixture of PVA: FeCl 3 is a material that has been reported in other studies. This material is well known by its limitation as of the large amount of energy required to obtain good diffraction gratings. The intention of this manuscript is to show interesting results and update the published information, as is known in these materials, 12 J/cm 2 of energy is the optimal energy to produce a diffraction grating with a diffraction efficiency >34% [19] . However, some studies show a symmetrical distribution between energy vs. efficiency, which is not entirely correct. In this manuscript, we show experimental results that do not follow this symmetry for all cases and concentrations with which we work. This manuscript reports interesting original results on the behavior of polymer holographic diffraction gratings when a voltage is applied.

The intention of this manuscript is to show interesting results and update the published information, as is known in these materials, 12 J/cm 2 of energy is the optimal energy to produce a diffraction grating with a diffraction efficiency >34%.


Current state of the art. To some extent, fortunately, it is possible to combine different simulation approaches. In artifact simulation, the two main issues of integration are (i) bringing together the various observed physical behaviors into multiphysics simulation and (ii) combining observed and interpreted physical behavior into hybrid simulation [4] . The highest potential for multiphysics is offered by the various 3D discretized model-based approaches. Solutions for hybrid simulation have also been proposed but these require casespecific models of the observed-physical behavior. Such dedicated models are difficult to embed in a design environment, because they require preparation of a new dedicated model from scratch for every different product.

Current state of the art.

In artifact simulation, the two main issues of integration are (i) bringing together the various observed physical behaviors into multiphysics simulation and (ii) combining observed and interpreted physical behavior into hybrid simulation.


Alternatively, modeling based on a completely new paradigm might open up new opportunities, but what is this paradigm? A novel uniform object modeling approach could bridge the incompatibility between the distinct types of models. A suitable candidate could be nucleus-based modeling [88] . This conceptual-design oriented modeling approach, which is currently at an early stage of development, allows multiphysics simulation (including kinematics) using particlebased discretized geometries and, if needed, it can also incorporate non-discretized modeling elements.

A suitable candidate could be nucleus-based modeling.


While applications of DEL to DEL models are innumerable, applications of a VOL component in the literature of management education and development are somewhat rare (Gosen & Washbush, 2004) . However, the applications of VOL components that do exist, including this study, demonstrate the potential breadth and depth of VOL approaches. Let us be clear and state that we are not advocating that vicarious observational learning should be considered as a complete replacement for direct experience. We are saying that VOL processes can function quite effectively as a complement to DEL, especially in the creative design and application of VOL and DEL hybrids.

While applications of DEL to DEL models are innumerable, applications of a VOL component in the literature of management education and development are somewhat rare.


This application runs in the background, which makes the data acquisition process, a completely transparent one from the point of view of the student. The system was developed to acquire data from normal working routines, compiling information from the students' activities through the mouse and the keyboard, which act as sensors. The Mouse and Keyboard Sensing layers are responsible for capturing information describing the behavioral patterns of the students, and receiving data from the events generated by their mouse and keyboard [8] . These data are further processed, stored and then used to calculate the values of the behavioral biometrics.

The Mouse and Keyboard Sensing layers are responsible for capturing information describing the behavioral patterns of the students, and receiving data from the events generated by their mouse and keyboard.


Education, training, skills development, and learning are processes that are continuously performed since we are born. These characteristics and the ability to learn and teach, allow us to grow as a person. Besides, learning is inevitably linked to the History of Humanity, to its construction as a social being capable of adapting to new situations. The learning process is described as the act of acquiring knowledge, behaviors, abilities, standards or preferences and the study of learning has been closely linked to the development of psychology as a science [1] . Many contemporary educators argue the value of a constructivist approach to teaching. Advocates argue that constructivist learning better equips learners to successfully master new and novel situations [2] . It emphasizes problem solving over the mere accumulation of facts. One of the central arguments for the use of Web-based resources in the classroom is that it gives learners access to information resources in ways that allow them to search for relevant data, synthesize that information, and draw their own conclusions.

The learning process is described as the act of acquiring knowledge, behaviors, abilities, standards or preferences and the study of learning has been closely linked to the development of psychology as a science.

Advocates argue that constructivist learning better equips learners to successfully master new and novel situations.


Many researchers suggest that higher concentration of sodium hydroxide is essential for achieving high strengths in geopolymer concrete [39] . However due attention is to be paid on the ill effects of higher concentration. Mild to moderate respira-tory irritation is experienced at a higher concentration of sodium hydroxide [40] . Sodium hydroxide is strongly corrosive and a powerful irritant by all means of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, skin contact and eye contact). When inhaled, mist or dust containing sodium hydroxide will cause irritation and burning of the nasal passages. Furthermore,a large extent of work on geopolymers have revealed that Steam or Heat curing enhances Geopolymerisation.

Many researchers suggest that higher concentration of sodium hydroxide is essential for achieving high strengths in geopolymer concrete.

Mild to moderate respira-tory irritation is experienced at a higher concentration of sodium hydroxide.


The rate of increase in compressive strength with the age of concrete is more significant in the case of ambient curing when compared to heat curing at 60°C [37] . Moreover the density of Geopolymer concrete is taken in the range of 2300 to 2400 Kg/m 3 as in the case of OPC. Besides, with the selection of suitable Density and Molar ratio of NaOH solution it is feasible to achieve a more user friendly products. The present study is undertaken with the objective of using, low concentrations of NaOH solution from 4 M to 8 M which would be human friendly, utilizing BA, GGBFS and Foundry sand with minimal processing with variation in density and to find the probable mix composition for BA-GGBFS-FS Geopolymer concrete blocks at ambient temperature.

The rate of increase in compressive strength with the age of concrete is more significant in the case of ambient curing when compared to heat curing at 60°C.


To distinguish ozone with stratospheric origin (O 3 s) and ozone produced in the troposphere (O 3 t) we use a diagnostic tracer (Roelofs and Lelieveld, 1997; Collins et al., 2003; Jöckel et al., 2016) . This tracer is reset in each model time step (by nudging with a relaxation time equaling the model time step length) to the interactive ozone above the model tropopause. In the troposphere the chemical production of O 3 s is omitted, while the sinks of O 3 s, i.e., chemical loss and dry deposition are considered in the same way as for O 3 . The statistical significance of the future changes is tested by applying the Student's t test.

To distinguish ozone with stratospheric origin (O 3 s) and ozone produced in the troposphere (O 3 t) we use a diagnostic tracer.


The flow patterns of the confined co-axial swirling airflows in a twin-swirl combustor with a construction near the exit have been investigated in this study [3] . The axial and tangential mean velocity are discussed and compared for several different cases, which differs only in the swirl intensity adjusted by the secondary airflow. The first simulation case, named C1, has an inlet swirl intensity of 0.476. In Case C2, the inlet swirl intensity is 0.518. The inlet swirl intensity of the third case, C3, is 0.567. Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustrate, respectively, the mean axial and tangential velocity profiles along the radial direction at different axial positions, normalized by the bulk velocity of each case. To give a global structure of mean flow field, the profiles are plotted in the x (axial direction)-r (radial direction) plane, in which the x axis also gives the value, when compared with the scaling in the upper-right corner of each figure. The dashed lines indicate the axial position of calculated velocity group, and they also stand for the zero value level of corresponding quantities. The red curves are the results obtained from RNG k-ε model and the blue ones are from SST model.

The flow patterns of the confined co-axial swirling airflows in a twin-swirl combustor with a construction near the exit have been investigated in this study.


The Precessing Vortex Core (PVC) is a rotating flow structure, which precesses around the central axis. The PVC locates in the IRZ and is determined by swirl number, equivalence ratio and geometry of the combustor [4] . It is a coherent structure which can lead to combustion instability and oscillations. The instantaneous structure of PVC in the TSC chamber of C2 was visualized by instantaneous 3D SAS simulation. Figure 3 demonstrates the vortex core regions using different Q-criteria, colored by the eddy viscosity ratio. When the actual value of Q increases, more detailed cortex structures around the axis have been revealed. The PVC in the TSC was seen from the primary air inlet and propagated to the end near the constriction part . A hurricane shaped vortical structure was observed inside the PVC in the rear, propagating to the exit of the combustor. This structure is generated by the increasing angular velocity, which is caused by the contraction part in the end of the chamber [4] . It can interact with the PVC. Furthermore, the location and shape of both IRZ and PVC can be influenced by this hurricane-shaped vortical structure.

The PVC locates in the IRZ and is determined by swirl number, equivalence ratio and geometry of the combustor.

This structure is generated by the increasing angular velocity, which is caused by the contraction part in the end of the chamber.

It can interact with the PVC.


It is clear that the discussion in this paper can be straightforwardly generalized putting branes on transversal singularities or discussing Hanany-Witten type of brane constructions. Consider for example the case of D3-branes probing a transversal, non-compact Z Z K orbifold. Via T-duality this is equivalent to K NS 5-branes intersected by D4-branes [57, 58] . For the type II case, supersymmetry is broken to N = 2 and the gauge group is now given by G = U (N ) K . In the corresponding type 0 string the same construction leads to a non-supersymmetric gauge theory with gauge group [U (N ) × U (N )] K plus certain matter fields. Again the large N β-function is the same as in the N = 2, type II parent model. As before the freely acting orbifold construction implies that one can interpolate between these two N = 2 and N = 0 gauge theories. For orbifolds or conifolds which break the amount of supersymmetry on the brane down to N = 1, an interpolating model can be build in an analogous way.

Via T-duality this is equivalent to K NS 5-branes intersected by D4-branes.


As it became clear during the recent years, the emergence of (p + 1)-dimensional, supersymmetric gauge theories from open strings living on the world volumes of Dp-branes in closed string theories provides very important insights into the perturbative and nonperturbative gauge theory dynamics. Of particular interest is the limit in which the closed (bulk) string degrees of freedom decouple from the open (boundary) degrees of freedom; this limit is provided on the U (N ) gauge theory side by taking the number of color degrees of freedom to be very large, N → ∞, whereas on the closed string side the same limit is achieved by considering the classical weak coupling limit, g s → 0. Quite surprisingly, there is in fact a very striking duality between the open string gauge theories on the boundary and the closed string gravitational theories in the bulk, stating that superconformal gauge theories in the large N limit are dual to type II superstring theories in anti-de-Sitter background spaces [1] [2] [3] . The most well understood example is given by the duality between N = 4, U (N ) Yang-Mills gauge theory and supergravity in an AdS 5 × S 5 background.

Quite surprisingly, there is in fact a very striking duality between the open string gauge theories on the boundary and the closed string gravitational theories in the bulk, stating that superconformal gauge theories in the large N limit are dual to type II superstring theories in anti-de-Sitter background spaces.


Consequently, the discussions on the issues of the effectiveness of learning a foreign language in early ages or the way how this affects the attitudes, and of the contribution of socio-cultural variables on learning a foreign language do still continue. However, age variable has a significant effect on using the language rapidly and the pronunciation more properly [38] . Therefore, we are advised to give up the notion of teaching foreign language to our kids at young ages, and to make an effort to increase their attitudes.

However, age variable has a significant effect on using the language rapidly and the pronunciation more properly.


Biodiesel is now mainly being produced from soybean and rapeseed oils. Soybean oil is of primary interest as biodiesel source in the United States, while many European countries are concerned with rapeseed oil and countries with tropical climate prefer to utilize coconut oil or palm oil. However, any vegetable oilcorn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower or palm-could be used to produce biodiesel (Ayhan, 2007) . Furthermore, other sources of biodiesel studied include animal fats and used or waste cooking oils. Researchers are also developing algae that produce oils, which can be converted to biodiesel.

However, any vegetable oilcorn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower or palm-could be used to produce biodiesel.


Most patients with isolated moyamoya-pattern collateral vessels do not have severe perfusion impairment [3] . In our case, the moyamoya-pattern collateral vessels were visible in the bilateral PCAs region, and the transdural compensation from the posterior meningeal artery to the distal part of the PCA was also visible. Due to the sufficient collateral circulation, the CT scan did not show signs of ischemia in the territory of vertebrobasilar artery system (Figs. 1 and 4) . The posterior meningeal artery transdural anastomosis observed in our case is rare, and the compensation pattern was the same as that seen in the middle meningeal artery in moyamoya disease [12, 13] .

Most patients with isolated moyamoya-pattern collateral vessels do not have severe perfusion impairment.

The posterior meningeal artery transdural anastomosis observed in our case is rare, and the compensation pattern was the same as that seen in the middle meningeal artery in moyamoya disease.


Numerical simulation of machining had a tremendous development in the last twenty years [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Thanks to the increasing computer power, it can provide excellent results with reasonable computational times. Thanks to its flexibility and robustness commercial FEM codes are standard tools in the industry.

Numerical simulation of machining had a tremendous development in the last twenty years.


However, the main limitation of the FEM in this kind of application is that the quality of the results depends on the mesh. In the problems characterized by large deformations, such as the machining processes, if a Lagrangian formulation is used, the mesh moves with material and the elements become so distorted that numerical results lose their validity, unless a remeshingrezoning technique is used [1, 2] . This improves robustness but, at the same time, the computational time increases and supplementary computational errors are introduced, in the form of numerical, artificial, diffusion of the results.

In the problems characterized by large deformations, such as the machining processes, if a Lagrangian formulation is used, the mesh moves with material and the elements become so distorted that numerical results lose their validity, unless a remeshingrezoning technique is used.


In this study, a concept of "green" lubricant was investigated. As an attractive alternative to petroleum based oil, vegetable oil was selected as base oil due to its renewable property and environment friendly characteristics [12] [13] . Friction reduction and anti-wear properties of sunflower oil with lubricant additive zinc borate were studied using both pin-on-disc and 4-ball tribo testers. The morphology and mechanical properties of worn surface were analysed using SEM and Nano-indentation facility.

As an attractive alternative to petroleum based oil, vegetable oil was selected as base oil due to its renewable property and environment friendly characteristics.


Without ZBUP, the pure sunflower oil demonstrated the highest friction coefficient and the worst anti-wear behaviour. The morphology of the tribo-films and low hardness of the substrate could be responsible for the bad performance. The complex surface topography introduced by very thick tribo-films may also cause a barrier effect which leads to local breakage of oil film [22] [23] .

The complex surface topography introduced by very thick tribo-films may also cause a barrier effect which leads to local breakage of oil film.


Zinc, an essential trace element, is important for growth and stimulation of bone formation. Additionally, zinc could inhibit the effect on osteoclastic bone resorption [18] . Therefore, the release of zinc incorporated into an implant material could enhance the bone formation around the implant site. However, zinc must be released slowly from the implant because zinc at an elevated level induces adverse reactions [19] . For the slow release of zinc, we have chosen -TCP, which could be the adequate zinc carriers.

Additionally, zinc could inhibit the effect on osteoclastic bone resorption.

However, zinc must be released slowly from the implant because zinc at an elevated level induces adverse reactions.


The HAp is thermodynamically the stable phase at physiological pH and forms a direct chemical bond with hard tissues [2] . On the other hand, the TCP is typically more soluble and less crystalline than HAp, and its cell-mediated bioresorption is faster. Therefore, TCP permits a gradual replacement of the implant by the newly formed bone [3] .

The HAp is thermodynamically the stable phase at physiological pH and forms a direct chemical bond with hard tissues.

Therefore, TCP permits a gradual replacement of the implant by the newly formed bone.


New technologies and algorithms for chromosome-scale genome assembly have improved the contiguity of reference genomes in the past several years [1] . These new methods are more efficient than previous methods, allowing high-quality assemblies of the genomes of a wider variety of organisms, rather than for model organisms only. In addition to increasing assembly efficiency, these technologies have focused on addressing two of the foremost challenges of genome assembly: long repetitive regions and heterozygosity of diploid genomes.

New technologies and algorithms for chromosome-scale genome assembly have improved the contiguity of reference genomes in the past several years.