As with most fisheries, stocks in the CRFFF are affected by environmental fluctuations. Being in a tropical environment, cyclones are regular occurrences which can damage the key habitats in parts of the fishery and have also affected catchability with flow on effects to fishery operations [16] . In more recent years, coral bleaching events related to climate change have been more frequent, also adversely affecting the species' habitats and their ability to support the species [17, 18] .

Being in a tropical environment, cyclones are regular occurrences which can damage the key habitats in parts of the fishery and have also affected catchability with flow on effects to fishery operations.

In more recent years, coral bleaching events related to climate change have been more frequent, also adversely affecting the species' habitats and their ability to support the species.


Turbulent flows containing particle coagulation and breakage are of great interest in many major industries processes like manufacture of fumed silica, as well as for natural phenomena like evolution of combustion smoke [1] [2] [3] [4] . Simultaneous evolution of particles undergoing several dynamic processes along with the transport processes of diffusion, convection and thermophoresis is unfeasible to be described well by limited experimental methods in the fluid field [5] . Hence, methodologies which can capture the multi-process particle transport are needed. Numerical simulations have been proved effective on the study of multiphase flow [6] [7] [8] [9] .

Turbulent flows containing particle coagulation and breakage are of great interest in many major industries processes like manufacture of fumed silica, as well as for natural phenomena like evolution of combustion smoke.

Simultaneous evolution of particles undergoing several dynamic processes along with the transport processes of diffusion, convection and thermophoresis is unfeasible to be described well by limited experimental methods in the fluid field.

Numerical simulations have been proved effective on the study of multiphase flow.


Findings demonstrate that although some HCPs were aware of the adverse effects of opioids ('walking a fine line'), they remained concerned that deciding not to prescribe would lead to unnecessary suffering. In addition, although HCPs discuss potential harm from opioids, the focus was on preventing abuse and addiction. It could be argued that the elephant in the room is the increasing death rate from opioid-related prescription [50, 51] . Between 2003 and 2013, the age-adjusted drug poisoning death rate involving opioid analgesics in the USA increased from 2.9 to 5.1 deaths per 100,000 population [51] . In a Canadian study (1997-201), 1.8% of those prescribed opioids escalated to high dose therapy and 2% died of opioid-related causes while on treatment [50] . Our findings also support a feeling of ambiguity about the efficacy of opioid medication for people with chronic non-malignant pain ('Should I, shouldn't I?'), which indicates a gap in knowledge to be filled.

It could be argued that the elephant in the room is the increasing death rate from opioid-related prescription.

Between 2003 and 2013, the age-adjusted drug poisoning death rate involving opioid analgesics in the USA increased from 2.9 to 5.1 deaths per 100,000 population.

In a Canadian study (1997-201), 1.8% of those prescribed opioids escalated to high dose therapy and 2% died of opioid-related causes while on treatment.


Sparse reconstruction is inherently ill-posed and underdetermined inverse problem where the number of constraints (i.e., sensor quantity) are much less than the number of unknowns (i.e., high resolution field). However, if the underlying system is sparse in a feature space then the probability of recovering a unique solution increases by solving the reconstruction problem in a lower-dimensional space. The flow characteristics and classify into different stability regimes [30] . In the above, SR is embedded into the analysis framework for extracting relevant dynamical information.

The flow characteristics and classify into different stability regimes.


In this work, we conducted a systems study to explore the anti-RA mechanism of Tibetan medicated-bath therapy using Wuwei-Ganlu-Yaoyu-Keli (WGYK) as compared with oral medicine dexamethasone acetate (DMA) and topical creams Qing Peng ointment (QPO) used clinically in the treatment of RA [4, 5] . Adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rat has been widely used as an experimental model that shares some features with human RA, such as swelling, cartilage degradation, and loss of joint function [6] . Treating AA model rats by WGYK with the warm water bath, DMA through the mouth, and QPO external painting, respectively, we compared the effects of these different treatments to relieve foot swelling and applied gene chip technology to detect differentially expressed genes in synovial cells under each treatment. Then we used approaches of network pharmacology to identify signaling pathways and subnetworks influenced by the AA modeling disease and regulated by different drugs [7] . At last, we checked the overlaps between the pathways or subnetworks to deduce the effects of the drugs on the disease.

In this work, we conducted a systems study to explore the anti-RA mechanism of Tibetan medicated-bath therapy using Wuwei-Ganlu-Yaoyu-Keli (WGYK) as compared with oral medicine dexamethasone acetate (DMA) and topical creams Qing Peng ointment (QPO) used clinically in the treatment of RA.

Adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rat has been widely used as an experimental model that shares some features with human RA, such as swelling, cartilage degradation, and loss of joint function.

Then we used approaches of network pharmacology to identify signaling pathways and subnetworks influenced by the AA modeling disease and regulated by different drugs.


Vegetation patterns along gradients of fire severity NMDS on quadrats (Fig. 1) indicated that revegetation patterns on the floor differed greatly between burned and unburned surfaces since the recovery on unburned surfaces was dependent on regeneration and that on burned surfaces on colonization. Species producing wind-dispersed seeds contribute more to revegetation after a more severe wildfire (Johnson and Miyanishi 2007) . Fire severity determines community composition derived from differences in regeneration strategy and root depth among species (Hollingworth et al. 2013) .

Species producing wind-dispersed seeds contribute more to revegetation after a more severe wildfire.

Fire severity determines community composition derived from differences in regeneration strategy and root depth among species.


As the negative image of SRRs, complementary spilt ring resonators (CSRRs) have been investigated to exhibits an electromagnetic behavior which is almost the dual of that of the SRR [2] . For CSRR based transmission lines, CSRRs must be etched in the ground plane, just underneath the conductor strip, in that region where the electric field is maximal. The dominant driving mechanism for CSRRs excitation is electric coupling, the electric field must be applied in the axial direction (magnetic field parallel to ring axis).

As the negative image of SRRs, complementary spilt ring resonators (CSRRs) have been investigated to exhibits an electromagnetic behavior which is almost the dual of that of the SRR.


Decisions-even strategic decisions-are increasingly made within a context that can be characterized as time-pressured, dynamic, uncertain, and with decision makers having access to inadequate information. In some instances, the situation is so new that there is little or no historical data available. In other cases, there are vast volumes of information but not enough time to process it. In short, we live in a VUCA world. The term "VUCA" has its genesis back at the end of the Cold War and was originally coined to ring in an era marked by increasingly ambiguous, multilateral, and multifaceted challenges in conditions that are Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous (VUCA) (Hicks and Nicholas 2002) . Seminal papers such as that by Allison demonstrate VUCA in action; in particular, the way that many constituent parts combine to create unique contexts at unique time points, unique decisions, and unique consequences. VUCA means that never-to-be repeated conditions provide the background against which decisions get made. This point is further illustrated by recent events in the world around us. During the writing of this paper, geopolitical shifts such as Brexit in the United Kingdom and the election of to and/or complements current decision-making practices. These perspectives have been recently explored as possible ways to address the VUCA conditions; however, to date each has been studied in isolation, thus further fragmenting (instead of integrating) contributions to the decision-making field. Although each perspective is rooted in a different philosophy and literature, all have attempted to address the fluid nature of contemporary decision-making, and acknowledge the role of awareness in the process. Our inclusive and non-hierarchical stance avoids a reductionist approach and holds all points of view to be equally valid. This pluralistic stance models both our methodology and our contribution to theory; it also has implications for practice.

In short, we live in a VUCA world.

The term "VUCA" has its genesis back at the end of the Cold War and was originally coined to ring in an era marked by increasingly ambiguous, multilateral, and multifaceted challenges in conditions that are Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous (VUCA).


At system level, the most effective low-power techniques for real-time systems are dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) and dynamic power management (DPM) aware scheduling [9] . They take into account that the processor energy consumption depends quadratically on the supply voltage (E ∝ V are not currently used, reducing their energy consumption. When both DVS and DPM are available for an architecture, it is known that it is always advantageous to exploit DVS first [9] .

At system level, the most effective low-power techniques for real-time systems are dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) and dynamic power management (DPM) aware scheduling.

When both DVS and DPM are available for an architecture, it is known that it is always advantageous to exploit DVS first.


The most common cause of ascites is increased vascular hydraulic pressure in the venous system, which most commonly is caused by right ventricular failure (RVF), also associated with hepatic fibrosis. Elevated K+ and Na+ levels were observed in this study in chickens receiving vitamin C under stress conditions while Cichorium intybus only showed an increase in K+. High levels of Na+ may cause oedema, ascites and pulmonary hypertension-induced ascites in broilers (Mirsalimi and Julian, 1993) .

High levels of Na+ may cause oedema, ascites and pulmonary hypertension-induced ascites in broilers.


Ongoing work in this area continues to be motivated by the generation of microwave signals which is a relevant topic for myriad applications and will likely remain so for the foreseeable future. In our case, optical approaches to microwave generation provide opportunities to leverage the "speed" provided by photonics to address applications where electronics is currently a limiting factor. What remains unclear today is whether the performance of injection-locked systems operating in the period-one regime can be improved to the point where they can rival that of other available electronic sources and/or other optical approaches [6] [7] .

What remains unclear today is whether the performance of injection-locked systems operating in the period-one regime can be improved to the point where they can rival that of other available electronic sources and/or other optical approaches.


A Rogers-Ramanujan (R-R) type identity is a q-hypergeometric identity in the form of an infinite (possibly multiple) series equals an infinite product. The series is the generating function of partitions whose parts satisfy certain difference conditions, whereas the product is the generating function of partitions whose parts usually satisfy certain congruence conditions. For a discussion of a variety of R-R type identities, see Andrews [16] , Ch.9.

For a discussion of a variety of R-R type identities, see Andrews, Ch.9.


Our finding that many hospital staff were reticent to implement the new WHO guidelines for HIV/TB co-infected patients is concerning. Lack of knowledge has similarly been identified as a barrier to implementation of optimal TB/HIV care in other studies in Tanzania and Uganda [19, 20] . Importantly, staff members in our study admitted believing that risks of IRIS, drug interactions, or pill burdens could outweigh the benefits of early ART in some patients. This highlights the need for targeted education that discusses proven mortality benefits and encourages staff to put nationally-and internationally-accepted evidence ahead of personal beliefs.

Lack of knowledge has similarly been identified as a barrier to implementation of optimal TB/HIV care in other studies in Tanzania and Uganda.


Nanolayered thin film was recognized as a coating with alternating layers of two different materials with dissimilar physical, chemical, and related characteristics. With proper control of layer composition and microstructure, multilayered coatings could yield superior mechanical properties than monolayer ones [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Chromium nitride thin films have been investigated and demonstrated to exhibit good mechanical performance, thermal properties, and antioxidation behavior [6, 7] . Also, Ni-based alloy coatings were frequently adopted as protective alloy coatings due to their various merits, including corrosion resistance, toughness, and wear resistance [8] [9] [10] . The combination of these two materials systems to form a dual layer composite coating was a possible way to further the coating properties [11] [12] [13] . Several materials systems with nanolayer configuration, such as CrN/AlN, TiN/CrN, Ag/Pd, and Au/Ag, had been developed [1, [14] [15] [16] . However, limited literature on nitride/alloy coating systems were published. The integration of CrN and Ni-alloy in a nanolayered feature was thus of great interest. Moreover, the control of the nanolayered configuration, layer microstructure, and related properties was not fully understood. In this study, Ni-P/CrN and NiAl/CrN nanolayered coatings were fabricated by dual-gun sputtering technique. The microstructure and phases of the multilayer coatings were controlled by process temperature during sputtering. The corrosion behavior of the multilayer coatings was investigated through electrochemical potentiodynamic analysis. The relationship between microstructure, phases, and corrosion behavior of the nanolayered Ni-P/CrN and Ni-Al/CrN coatings was discussed.

With proper control of layer composition and microstructure, multilayered coatings could yield superior mechanical properties than monolayer ones.

Chromium nitride thin films have been investigated and demonstrated to exhibit good mechanical performance, thermal properties, and antioxidation behavior.

Also, Ni-based alloy coatings were frequently adopted as protective alloy coatings due to their various merits, including corrosion resistance, toughness, and wear resistance.

The combination of these two materials systems to form a dual layer composite coating was a possible way to further the coating properties.

Several materials systems with nanolayer configuration, such as CrN/AlN, TiN/CrN, Ag/Pd, and Au/Ag, had been developed.


On the basis of mycorrhiza, two varieties of fruiting bodies are distinguished within the T. equestre species: one showing symbiosis with Populus sp., and the other with Betula sp. This may be the reason for the differences in the content of biologically active substances. In Poland, this species is considered edible, while in France, its distribution and consumption has been banned since 2005 [5] . Certainly, there have been many reports on the positive effects of the consumption of T. equestre on human health. The anticancer activity was demonstrated for flavomannin-6,6′-dimethyl ether isolated from the fruiting bodies of this species. It was demonstrated that even temperature-treated fungi are a good source of this compound and have a positive antiproliferative effect on the CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells [10] . T. equestre is also a source of zinc-an element that is necessary for the appropriate functioning of the human body [11] . It is a species in which unsaturated fatty acids were determined. Therefore, the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (e.g., hypertension and atherosclerosis) is indirectly attributed to this species. Among the fatty acids, T. equestre contains oleic acid (a popular component of olive oil) in the largest amounts, whose most important activity is to counteract hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, the presence of linoleic acid, which is biologically significant for the body, was determined in this species [12] .

In Poland, this species is considered edible, while in France, its distribution and consumption has been banned since 2005.

It was demonstrated that even temperature-treated fungi are a good source of this compound and have a positive antiproliferative effect on the CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells.

T. equestre is also a source of zinc-an element that is necessary for the appropriate functioning of the human body.

Moreover, the presence of linoleic acid, which is biologically significant for the body, was determined in this species.


Edible mushrooms have been valued for years because of their dietary qualities and healing properties. In recent years, the list of edible and medicinal mushrooms has been expanded [1] . In Poland, 44 species of edible and medicinal mushrooms were identified. They were included in the official list of "fungi authorized for the market or production of mushroom products and foods containing mushrooms," which is an annexure to the Ordinance of the Minister of Health of 17 May 2011. However, some scholars have reported that one of the widely admitted species on the list-Tricholoma equestre (also referred to as Tricholoma flavovirens)-can be harmful, and its excessive consumption can lead to health problems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .

In recent years, the list of edible and medicinal mushrooms has been expanded.

However, some scholars have reported that one of the widely admitted species on the list-Tricholoma equestre (also referred to as Tricholoma flavovirens)-can be harmful, and its excessive consumption can lead to health problems.


One treatment adjunct that may aid the patient in the home management setting is use of pneumatic compression devices (PCDs). PCDs utilize an air compressor unit that attaches to a garment or series of garments. The garment chambers sequentially inflate and deflate applying pressure against the skin thereby creating a treatment effect. PCDs range from simple single-chamber or multichamber devices with limited adjustability, to advanced devices with more garment options and a wide array of treatment options and adjustability to address different clinical needs such as fibrosis, truncal swelling, chronic wounds, or localized swelling. The adjustability and expanded programs available with many advanced PCDs (APCDs) provide for faster and more succinct cycles of pressure and relaxation with compression levels better approximating those applied with MLD [11] . Some APCDs provide specific garments enabling truncal treatment, which is deemed fundamental in clinical training in MLD technique and is based on lymphatic architecture and animal experimental evidence [11] [12] [13] [14] .

The adjustability and expanded programs available with many advanced PCDs (APCDs) provide for faster and more succinct cycles of pressure and relaxation with compression levels better approximating those applied with MLD.

Some APCDs provide specific garments enabling truncal treatment, which is deemed fundamental in clinical training in MLD technique and is based on lymphatic architecture and animal experimental evidence.


This study shows that biodiversity intactness in freshwater ecosystems, measured as MSA, is negatively related to two dominant categories of anthropogenic stressors, i.e. (1) land-use and eutrophication in the catchment (affecting 'water quality') and (2) hydrological disturbance by dams and/or climate change (affecting 'water quantity'). This conclusion can be drawn qualitatively from the ensemble of case studies, and underpinned quantitatively by the metaanalyses on the data of a subset of these papers. This conclusion holds for the major types of inland aquatic ecosystems: rivers, lakes and wetlands, while wetlands are also directly affected by conversion and drainage. In general, standing water bodies in heavily used catchments loose about 80% of their original species composition and running waters about 70%. Severe hydrological disturbance causes a decline of 60-80% of the original species composition in running waters and more than 50% of it in connected wetlands. This pattern was derived by scaling up and combining a number of local/regional case studies. The variation of observed effects between individual cases is large -as might be expected both from the variation in local (e.g. morphological, geochemical) and regional (e.g. hydrological, geomorphological and climatic) features of the sites, and also from the 'composite' nature of the discerned drivers. The driver 'human land use' for instance is made up of many composite factors (eutrophication, erosion/sedimentation, riparian settlements and others) that alone or in combination affects biota. As in practice several of these underlying factors will be correlated, we argue that this way of scaling up different cases is acceptable for obtaining a broad picture. The cases were selected under the condition that they had evaluated sites or periods comparable with respect to natural factors such as climate, geomorphology, stream order, catchment size and water chemistry. As for the hydrological disturbance, we chose the degree of deviation from the natural seasonal flow pattern as the crucial variable (Poff et al., 1997) . This deviation may have a different nature in different systems, e.g. increased flow variation in naturally steady rivers, versus decreased variation in naturally dynamic ones.

As for the hydrological disturbance, we chose the degree of deviation from the natural seasonal flow pattern as the crucial variable.


Defining the 'undisturbed' (or 'pristine') state of an ecosystem when calculating the MSA is often difficult. Truly pristine aquatic systems are rare, but we took a pragmatic approach by following the definitions of 'least disturbed systems' in the case descriptions in the literature used as reference systems for the driver under concern. When comparing the biota at natural and disturbed situations, we implicitly assumed that the time since the disturbance had been sufficiently long to observe the changes in biota. In many cases, the ecosystem might still be in a transient state, e.g. species that are about to disappear in the long run are still present in the first years. A related topic is that we were not able to distinguish possible hysteresis effects between an increasing disturbance and a decreasing one (restoration), as has for instance been shown for eutrophication of lakes (Scheffer et al., 1993) .

A related topic is that we were not able to distinguish possible hysteresis effects between an increasing disturbance and a decreasing one (restoration), as has for instance been shown for eutrophication of lakes.


We consider the MSA a useful indicator for the state of an ecosystem, as it reflects the intactness of the native species composition and allows comparison of different systems on the same scale. It is also an 'objective' indicator in that it uses the same baseline for all ecosystems and regions, which contributed to its acceptance in the policy arena. However, MSA is by no means the only indicator of biodiversity. Other indicators like species richness, Shannon-Wiener index and evenness provide other kinds of information and show partly different responses to disturbance than MSA. In moderately disturbed situations, the decrease of original species is often accompanied by the appearance of 'newcomers' (the 'intermediate disturbance hypothesis'), thereby increasing species richness. This is also in line with the unimodal ('humpshaped') species richness curves often found in relation to productivity and other factors (Leibold, 1999; Declerck, 2005) . Some of the newcomers may be invasive species. This is only reflected in the MSA if the newcomers lead to the decline of native species, which is not necessarily the case.

This is also in line with the unimodal ('humpshaped') species richness curves often found in relation to productivity and other factors.


The gas-liquid two-phase transport exists widely in petroleum, chemical engineering, food, urban water supply, nuclear industry, etc. Moreover, the energy performance of multiphase pumps handling gas-liquid two-phase flows will have a significant impact on the economic benefits of the relevant industries [1] [2] [3] [4] . Compared with the single-phase pumps, since the gas-liquid two-phase transport process is often accompanied with the polymerization and division of bubbles, the pulsation of phase content, the separation and intermixing of the two phases, the flow in the multiphase pumps will be more complicated. In turn, the complex two-phase flow phenomenon will inevitably affect the pressure fluctuation in the pump.

Moreover, the energy performance of multiphase pumps handling gas-liquid two-phase flows will have a significant impact on the economic benefits of the relevant industries.


Fractional order models have attracted the attentions of researchers of various discipline, in the last two decades. In fact, fractional order models can be met with in numerous fields such as processing, control theory, signals, biology, fluid dynamics,modern physics, set theory, hydrodynamics, viscoelastic theory, computer networking and others. For detailed literature connected to these topics, we refer the reader to some famous books [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Various mathematical procedures have been considered by scientists through different research oriented aspects of fraction DEs.

For detailed literature connected to these topics, we refer the reader to some famous books.


The widespread growth of the internet in the late 1990s led to considerable interest in combining online tools with communities of practice theory to create 'virtual communities of practice'. The main driver for these virtual communities of practice has been to connect people not located in the same place at the same time, thereby creating networks of people with common interests who are geographically dispersed. Virtual communities of practice have been successfully adopted by business, with significant interest from the education sector as well [17, 18] .

Virtual communities of practice have been successfully adopted by business, with significant interest from the education sector as well.


Besides the climate, one aspect that may interfere the productivity and the quality of the chia seeds is the non-uniformity of flowering and maturation among the inflorescences. This non-uniformity impairs mechanized harvesting, as the inflorescence of the main stem matures and dries while the inflorescences of the lateral branches are immature. On the other hand, waiting until all the inflorescences are dry can increase the losses caused by rainfall, bird attacks and wind damage (Jamboonsri, 2010) .

On the other hand, waiting until all the inflorescences are dry can increase the losses caused by rainfall, bird attacks and wind damage.


The experiments were carried out in five sowing dates (16/09/22, 16/10/28, 17/01/03, 17/02/08 and 17/03/24) considered to be early, intermediate and late in relation to the season more suitable for the crop that is October/November (Coelho & Salas-Mellado, 2014; Migliavacca et al., 2014) . The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Each plot consisted of five rows measuring 3.00 m, spaced 0.70 m between them, and corresponding to an experimental unit of 10.50 m 2 .

The experiments were carried out in five sowing dates (16/09/22, 16/10/28, 17/01/03, 17/02/08 and 17/03/24) considered to be early, intermediate and late in relation to the season more suitable for the crop that is October/November.


This information also can serve as a point of discussion for school communities that are considering implementation of a DL program. Recent research indicates that the number of DL programs is on the rise; however, there are concurrent reports that many DL programs revert back to more remedial forms of bilingual education due to the external influences that do not support the program (Alanis & Rodriguez, 2008) . These findings elucidate the self-regulatory processes of teachers at an academically successful DL school. Although the sample size for this study is small, these findings suggest agentic factors that may be associated with high student achievement. Thus, they can be used as a source of information in researching best practices for supporting and sustaining DL programs. Rather than focusing on the external factors, over which schools have limited, if any, control, the evidence gathered from this study suggests that agentic practices are associated with high student achievement and therefore warrant further study.

Recent research indicates that the number of DL programs is on the rise; however, there are concurrent reports that many DL programs revert back to more remedial forms of bilingual education due to the external influences that do not support the program.


The sour cassava starch production begins with the extraction of starch, which consists of cleaning, peeling, chopping, pressing and straining the cassava roots. Fibber is firstly separated from the starchy water and then the starch is separated from the water by decantation or centrifugation according to the plant scale. Cassava starch is then dried or submitted to natural fermentation to produce sour cassava starch. This fermentation process is carried out empirically, based only on the practical knowledge of the producer. It is a submerged fermentation process, with a superficial layer of 20cm of water and involves very long time periods. The fermentative process starts with the production of sugar by microorganisms that hydrolyze the starch, a step which can be accelerated by the addition of glucose (MARCON et al., 2006) .

The fermentative process starts with the production of sugar by microorganisms that hydrolyze the starch, a step which can be accelerated by the addition of glucose.


For optical ranging and computer vision applications, the calibration of three-dimensional (3D) coordinate data (range image) collected by non-contact optical methods offers significant challenges. In industry, contact measurement methods, which use a touch-trigger probe usually mounted on a coordinate measurement machine (CMM) to collect 3D surface data, are also popular. But the problems of using a probe CMM are the complicated system set-up, slow data acquisition and processing speed, high cost of the system, and measurement errors [1] . Compared with probe CMMs (such as the products made by RENISHAW), the optical-based non-contact 3D ranging systems (such as the triangulationbased ranging scanners made by CYBERWARE, the time-offlight-based ranging scanners made by OPTECH, the patternprojection-based ranging scanners made by Virtual 3D Tech., etc) offer a more flexible and efficient way to capture and measure the 3D surface data of an object, with satisfied accuracy, non-contact manner and high speed. In the recent two decades, optical systems gained more popularity in all respects, such as metrology, 3D measurement, product design, manufacturing, quality inspection and reverse engineering.

But the problems of using a probe CMM are the complicated system set-up, slow data acquisition and processing speed, high cost of the system, and measurement errors.


The idea of using piezoelectric actuators to control the shape of a thin film mirror has been explored for over a decade (Tabata et al., 1992; Ueba et al., 1994; Tabata and Natori, 1996; Paradies et al., 1996; Chellabi et al., 1997; Yoon and Washington, 1998; Paradies and Hertwig, 1999; Maji and Starnes, 2000) . Electron guns have been shown to be effective in controlling one-dimensional piezoelectric laminates (Martin et al., 2000) . The work discussed in this paper extends the use of the electron gun to controlling the shape of two-dimensional piezoelectric laminates. The theory will be developed for flat plates. However, the application can be extended to shape correction of paraboloid and other common reflector shapes.

The idea of using piezoelectric actuators to control the shape of a thin film mirror has been explored for over a decade.

Electron guns have been shown to be effective in controlling one-dimensional piezoelectric laminates.


Piezoelectric laminate actuators and electron guns offer a very attractive solution this problem, having previously been demonstrated to selectively adjust discrete surface areas (Henson et al., 2001) . One electron gun can distribute charges over a wide array of piezoelectric patches on the reflector. The patches expand or contract according to the charges, thereby changing the shape of the reflector.

Piezoelectric laminate actuators and electron guns offer a very attractive solution this problem, having previously been demonstrated to selectively adjust discrete surface areas.


Haematological and biochemical profiles of blood can provide important information about the internal environment of the organism (Masopust 2000) . Values determined in the present study suggest that internal organs and tissues of European catfish are not altered by clove oil anaesthesia. This conclusion was also confirmed by the result of histological examination of parenchymatous organs.

Haematological and biochemical profiles of blood can provide important information about the internal environment of the organism.


The lack of total lead recovery from the soil is probably due to the presence of fulvic and humic acids in the organic matter. These acids will react with lead in soil and form organic acid complexes with strong chemical bonds (Logan and Traina, 1993) . Because the mechanism of lead removal by surfactants is based on the electrostatic activities, even at low pH, some lead is in the form of complexes with very strong chemical bonds which is not leachable from soil.

These acids will react with lead in soil and form organic acid complexes with strong chemical bonds.


Our aim in this article is to obtain the Euler-Lagrange equations for a functional, where the state variables of its Lagrangian are defined on a time scale whose backward jumping operator is ρ(t) = qt − h, q > 0, h ≥ 0. This time scale, of course, absorbs the discrete, the continuous and the quantum cases. The state variables of this Lagrangian allow the presence of delay as well. Then, we generalize the results to the n-dimensional case. Dealing with such a very general problem enables us to recover many previously obtained results [3, 11, 7, 14] .

Dealing with such a very general problem enables us to recover many previously obtained results.


The worldwide demand for natural dyes is nowadays of great interest due to the increased awareness on therapeutic properties of the dyes. Natural dyes are derived from naturally occurring sources such as plants, insects, animals, and minerals. Several synthetic colorants have been banned because they cause allergy-like symptoms or are carcinogens [9] [10] [11] . Although known for a long time for dyeing as well as medicinal properties of the dye, the structures and protective properties of natural dyes have been recognized only in the recent past. Many of the plants are used for dye extraction.

Several synthetic colorants have been banned because they cause allergy-like symptoms or are carcinogens.


Oblivious RAM was first investigated by Goldreich and Ostrovsky [4, 5, 12] . Since their original work, several seminal improvements have been proposed [6, 14, 16, 17] . These approaches mainly fall into two broad categories: constructions that use O(1) client-side storage, and constructions that use O(N a ) client-side storage where 0 < a < 1.

Oblivious RAM was first investigated by Goldreich and Ostrovsky.

Since their original work, several seminal improvements have been proposed.


The community's interest in O-RAM has recently rekindled, partly due to its potential high impact in privacy-preserving storage outsourcing applications. One of the best schemes known to date is a novel construction recently proposed by Goodrich and Mitzenmacher [6] . Specifically, let N denotes the total storage capacity of the O-RAM in terms of the number of blocks. The Goodrich-Mitzenmacher construction achieves O((log N ) 2 ) amortized cost when parametrized with O(1) client-side storage; or it achieves O(log N ) amortized cost when parametrized with O(N a ) client-side storage where 0 < a < 1. In this context, an amortized cost of f (N ) means that each data request will generate f (N ) read or write operations on the server.

One of the best schemes known to date is a novel construction recently proposed by Goodrich and Mitzenmacher.


Accurate household-level forecasts can be utilised in smart control algorithms to plan the charging/discharging of a battery on LV networks which are close to maximum capacity (Molderink et al., 2010; Rowe et al., 2012) . Hence, a principal motivation for the new forecast measure presented in this paper is to identify those LV networks in which smart storage could be an effective solution for peak demand reduction. In addition, it is arguably more appropriate for the forecast measure to impose heavier penalties on peaks which are forecasted too late than on those which are forecasted too early, to ensure that the battery is charged sufficiently before the anticipated peaks, in order to maximise peak reductions. In future work, we consider how the size of the adjustment window and allowing for biases in timing can affect the potential peak reduction via the smart control of storage devices at the household to LV substation-level. In addition, we will also consider the accuracy of more traditional forecast methodologies which are used in higher voltage load forecasting relative to that of our new measure, to test their suitability for forecasting electricity demand at the household level.

Accurate household-level forecasts can be utilised in smart control algorithms to plan the charging/discharging of a battery on LV networks which are close to maximum capacity.


One approach to the calculation of displacement errors, which was also pioneered in meteorology, has been to formulate errors using an optimal distortion of the original field, i.e., smooth changes in position and amplitude that minimise the misfit between the data and the forecasts (Hoffman et al., 1995) . Although such verification methods have been developed widely, they have limited appeal in the setting in which we are interested primarilyvolatile, noisy and irregular data. In this case, it may 1 http://www.thamesvalleyvision.co.uk/. be more appropriate to use verification measures that deform the forecast discontinuously. To some extent, such techniques are employed in 'fuzzy' verification techniques for high-resolution weather forecasting (Ebert, 2008) . These typically compare the average states of 'events' occurring within a neighbourhood of interest. For realvalued variables, such as the amount of rainfall or the wind intensity, events are defined relative to some threshold. In essence, these methods produce new fields for both the observed and forecasted data, which are then compared using a traditional point-wise metric. Such measures are both scale and threshold dependent, and thus, one must consider a matrix of errors that captures both of these variations.

One approach to the calculation of displacement errors, which was also pioneered in meteorology, has been to formulate errors using an optimal distortion of the original field, i.e., smooth changes in position and amplitude that minimise the misfit between the data and the forecasts.

To some extent, such techniques are employed in 'fuzzy' verification techniques for high-resolution weather forecasting.


Many algorithms and metrics have been developed for measuring the similarity of time series, such as Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), longest common subsequence, edit distance on real sequences, and edit distance with real penalty (Chen & Ng, 2004) . Often, these algorithms are applied in information retrieval and data mining techniques in order to measure the cost of morphing one time series into another. Dynamic Time Warping is one of the most popular techniques for measuring time series similarity, and has been used successfully in automatic speech recognition algorithms (Muller, 2007) . DTW measures the differences between sequences which may vary in time or speed by stretching the time series through the duplication of local points. The difference in the deformed time series is then calculated using a standard L p metric. A more recent method, called the Move-Split-Merge (MSM) metric, is similar to DTW, except that duplicated and deleted values incur a fixed cost (Stefan, Athitsos, & Das, 2013) . For time series matching methods, although suitable for comparing series with the same (but perhaps stretched) shape in time, they are biased toward preserving ordering, and therefore are not flexible enough, in the context of energy demand, to cope with the natural irregularities in household energy usage behaviour. In addition, DTW and MSM will tend to underestimate the costs of repeated peaks by simply merging/duplicating the local peaks, with little or no penalty incurred for the inaccurate repetition. The additional complications and restrictions introduced by such techniques make them unsuitable for measuring the errors of household-level forecasts. This motivates the development of a new forecast error measure, which is the topic of this paper.

Many algorithms and metrics have been developed for measuring the similarity of time series, such as Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), longest common subsequence, edit distance on real sequences, and edit distance with real penalty.

Dynamic Time Warping is one of the most popular techniques for measuring time series similarity, and has been used successfully in automatic speech recognition algorithms.

A more recent method, called the Move-Split-Merge (MSM) metric, is similar to DTW, except that duplicated and deleted values incur a fixed cost.


Although TEM observations yield access to atomic structures, they do not provide direct access to the dynamics of the deformation or phase transition. The mechanism of atomic displacements is merely a matter of interpretation. Moreover, the high-P CEn phase is not quenchable to ambient conditions but transforms to the low-CEn phase (space group P2 1 /c). Hence the recovered samples for TEM investigations are necessarily altered, although small amounts of the high-P clinopyroxene phase persisted in quenched samples of ferrosilite (Hugh-Jones et al., 1996) .

Hence the recovered samples for TEM investigations are necessarily altered, although small amounts of the high-P clinopyroxene phase persisted in quenched samples of ferrosilite.


Various sensory cues are essential for insects to locate and reach the host plants properly and then perform the appropriate behavior on those plants (Bernays and Chapman, 1994) . When insects locate host plants from far away and approach them, visual and olfactory cues play essential roles (Prokopy and Owens, 1983) . After landing, insects recognize the species and the quality of a plant to decide what behavior they should perform (Renwick and Chew, 1994) . In the coevolution of herbivores and foodplants, the plants are selected to prevent herbivores from feeding or ovipositing (Futuyma, 1986) . It follows that most plants produce secondary metabolites that hinder the normal development of herbivores. Since in many herbivores the metabolism that detoxifies some secondary metabolites has evolved, these herbivores feed on plants of specific taxa. The contact chemical sense is, therefore, crucial for phytophagous insects to recognize whether or not the plant is an appropriate host (Renwick and Chew, 1994) .

Various sensory cues are essential for insects to locate and reach the host plants properly and then perform the appropriate behavior on those plants.

When insects locate host plants from far away and approach them, visual and olfactory cues play essential roles.

After landing, insects recognize the species and the quality of a plant to decide what behavior they should perform.

In the coevolution of herbivores and foodplants, the plants are selected to prevent herbivores from feeding or ovipositing.

The contact chemical sense is, therefore, crucial for phytophagous insects to recognize whether or not the plant is an appropriate host.


Visual cues are also important for phytophagous insects to land on appropriate foodplants effectively. The experimental study indicates that the Japanese pierid butterfly Eurema hecabe also uses visual cues to locate their foodplants. Females of E. hecabe visit and lay eggs predominantly on artificial plant models that have a similar color (yellow green) and leaflet morphology to the appropriate foodplants, even when all models are treated equally by the chemicals of foodplants (Hirota and Kato, 2001) . However, the previous study is insufficient to prove that E. hecabe discriminate color by hue to locate the foodplants, since the preference to lightness is not evaluated using gray models (Kinoshita et al., 1999) .

Females of E. hecabe visit and lay eggs predominantly on artificial plant models that have a similar color (yellow green) and leaflet morphology to the appropriate foodplants, even when all models are treated equally by the chemicals of foodplants.

However, the previous study is insufficient to prove that E. hecabe discriminate color by hue to locate the foodplants, since the preference to lightness is not evaluated using gray models.


For optimizing recruitment of native bee populations in the surrounding of apple orchards, we recommend to place nesting aids at the edge of fields, as these have a much higher number of occupied nesting tubes than nesting aids placed inside an orchard. Further, it provides an efficient way to attract natural occurring bees to nest there and in addition promotes the distribution of bees across the orchard, as no crossing of lines of trees is required. For O. bicornis, we further recommend to use nesting tubes with about 15-20 cm in length to achieve an about even sex ratio, hence favoring the production of more pollination effective females. A sex ratio towards females is beneficial as females contribute substantially more to pollination by provisioning brood cells with collected pollen, whereas males do have a much lower pollinating effect due to the lack of provisioning flights (Bosch and Blas 1994) . To achieve a high pollination effort inside an orchard, placements of nesting aids every 50-100 m depending on the shape of the orchard may prove to be necessary as dispersal across lines of trees is limited. In addition to this, release of bees inside an orchard seems to be very important as density of bees inside orchard is much lower compared to the edge of orchards. Following preliminary results from a recent field experiment we could demonstrate that dispersal distance across lines of trees was very low past 100 m. Recruitment can be optimized further by additional food supply, if no other food resources after the blossom of the main orchard tree are available.

A sex ratio towards females is beneficial as females contribute substantially more to pollination by provisioning brood cells with collected pollen, whereas males do have a much lower pollinating effect due to the lack of provisioning flights.


The true electric energy density also can be calculated in the same manner using the volume and electric resistance at the moment of electric current. The true electric energy density then can be simply related to the nominal electric energy density [14] . The calculation is quite straightforward and is not presented here. Note that since the engineering strain at the moment of electric current is fixed through all experiments, the same nominal electric energy density means the same true electric energy density. In the present study, the nominal electric energy density is used to discuss the mechanical behavior of the selected alloy under a single pulse of electric current. For calculation of electric energy, the electric resistance of the specimen was measured by a four-point measurement system, which applies a constant electrical current to the specimen and measures the resulting voltage drop by a separate set of leads [17] .

The true electric energy density then can be simply related to the nominal electric energy density.

For calculation of electric energy, the electric resistance of the specimen was measured by a four-point measurement system, which applies a constant electrical current to the specimen and measures the resulting voltage drop by a separate set of leads.


As an important part of generator, the electromagnetic forces acted on the end windings have always been noticed by engineering designers and testing specialists [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . There are two directions for the analysis of the end windings. The first one is numerical calculation based on the simplified model of end windings and the other is analog simulation based on the finite element method (FEM).

As an important part of generator, the electromagnetic forces acted on the end windings have always been noticed by engineering designers and testing specialists.


Generator stator end windings is one of the highest frequency vibration component, because of the influence caused by the alternating electromagnetic force in normal operation and the sudden huge electromagnetic force in short circuit condition. The fault analysis of generator showed that long-term excessive vibration would cause the fastening structure loose, insulation wear, mechanical fatigue and fracture of the end windings, serious fault even cause interphase short circuit in the end [1] [2] [3] . In order to find the fault and ensure the safety of generator operation, it is necessary to analyze the electromagnetic force and the dynamic characteristics of stator end windings.

The fault analysis of generator showed that long-term excessive vibration would cause the fastening structure loose, insulation wear, mechanical fatigue and fracture of the end windings, serious fault even cause interphase short circuit in the end.


Using mass balance and transport formulations, the model tracks 16 solution-phase components including the major cations and anions (analytical totals), acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), an organic acid analog, and total monomeric aluminum (Liu et al., 1991) . The concentrations of hydrogen ion, aluminum and carbonate species, and organic acid ligands and complexes are then calculated based on the 16 components. The model routes precipitation through the canopy and soil layers, and simulates evapotranspiration, deep seepage, and lateral flow. The movement of water through the system is simulated using the continuity equation, Darcy's equation for permeable media flow, and Manning's equation for free surface flow.

Using mass balance and transport formulations, the model tracks 16 solution-phase components including the major cations and anions (analytical totals), acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), an organic acid analog, and total monomeric aluminum.


Environmental monitoring is another application in which many citizen platforms have emerged over the last 10 years [6] . We refer to these platforms as citizen observatories when public bodies act as key stakeholders, which then use the citizen and community-based information for decision-making, and which integrate new technologies and Earth Observation [7] . The European Commission has recently funded a number of citizen observatory projects including LandSense, which is focused on the monitoring of land use (LU), land cover (LC), and change over time by citizens and other stakeholder groups such as local governments. Using different online and mobile technologies, LandSense is running a number of case studies across Europe and internationally to demonstrate the feasibility of different monitoring approaches to LULC, which are available from the LandSense Engagement Platform (LEP) [8] . One innovative component of the LEP is the federated authentication system, which allows users to log into any application hosted by the system using a single account; this is intended to simplify access to the diverse set of resources being developed within LandSense. Another component is the development of different services, particularly the change detection and data quality assurance services. The change detection service applies algorithms to satellite imagery in order to automatically detect potential changes in LULC, which can then be verified by citizens. The quality assurance service is tailored towards processing data from citizens and hence uses various techniques for quality checking that can add confidence to the data collected.

Environmental monitoring is another application in which many citizen platforms have emerged over the last 10 years.

We refer to these platforms as citizen observatories when public bodies act as key stakeholders, which then use the citizen and community-based information for decision-making, and which integrate new technologies and Earth Observation.

Using different online and mobile technologies, LandSense is running a number of case studies across Europe and internationally to demonstrate the feasibility of different monitoring approaches to LULC, which are available from the LandSense Engagement Platform (LEP).


Among the species recorded from Pará, 21 species have been nowhere else in Brazil, but have been recorded or observed in other countries (Table 1) . Most of those species had only been previously found in Northern localities of the Neotropical region, particularly Colombia, Central America and Caribbean (Bächli 2015) . This finding suggests an affinity between the Amazon fauna and the fauna of those other regions.

Most of those species had only been previously found in Northern localities of the Neotropical region, particularly Colombia, Central America and Caribbean.


There is still a lot to be learnt about the richness and composition of Drosophilidae species in the Amazon biome. Despite being the second largest state of Brazil, and being within the Amazon biome, Pará comes third in Drosophilidae species richness in the country, with 17% of locally native species, behind the states of São Paulo and Santa Catarina (Gottschalk et al. 2008) . Considering the geographic coverage of the records in the collections and literature records, it is obvious that there is still much to be learned about the region's biodiversity. The known distribution of poorly sampled, diverse groups such as the Drosophilidae often reflects where past collecting efforts were more concentrated, rather than the real local diversity. Only 24% of the species known to occur in the state were not represented in the collections studied and those, in turn, have contributed to widen the known geographic distribution of 21% of the species in the list. This result highlights the importance of scientific collections as a source of information on local biodiversity. Most records, either in the literature or in the collections, are from material collected with banana baits. It is possible that the list presented here can be enriched not only by collecting in places that have not been sampled, but also by using other sources, such as flowers, fungi, decomposing leaves and other attractants.

Despite being the second largest state of Brazil, and being within the Amazon biome, Pará comes third in Drosophilidae species richness in the country, with 17% of locally native species, behind the states of São Paulo and Santa Catarina.


Within the frontal brain increases of alpha1 spectral power were also observed in the presence of Zembrin ® . Higher spectral alpha1 power indicates relaxation and a higher degree of calmness [31] . In addition, there is evidence from a study in Parkinson patients that those suffering from depressive symptomatology showed significantly lower absolute alpha1 spectral power [32] . The increase observed in the presence of Zembrin ® may be interpreted as a positive effect on calmness and mood.

Higher spectral alpha1 power indicates relaxation and a higher degree of calmness.

In addition, there is evidence from a study in Parkinson patients that those suffering from depressive symptomatology showed significantly lower absolute alpha1 spectral power.


It has long been recognized that a potential key bene t of a MU is the elimination of exchange rate risk, while a "cost" of MU is the loss of monetary policy autonomy. A widely held view is that the (net) bene t from a MU is positively linked to trade openness (McKinnon 1963) . Unfortunately, analyses of these issues have traditionally been based on standard Keynesian stickyprices models that lack a clear welfare metric.

A widely held view is that the (net) bene t from a MU is positively linked to trade openness.


Analysis of the IF-TiNbP steel ODFs revealed that the rolling processes completely annulled the gamma fiber on the surface of the laminated sheet (Fig. 4c ). However, this fiber was strongly favored in the half thickness (Fig. 4f) . The sheet surface displayed the highest value found in all three steels, regarding the Goss component, reaching a level of 2.5. This result compromises the stamping properties, mainly because, as previously mentioned, gamma fiber has been completely suppressed in this same region. It is interesting to note that, despite the unsatisfactory result on the surface of the IF-TiNbP steel, the values of the fibers at half thickness are considered good in terms of deep drawing applications, i.e., low Goss value, high gamma fiber value and low alpha fiber value. The results obtained for normal and planar anisotropy coefficients presented the best combination of values among the three steels, despite the lower normal anisotropy value [17] .

The results obtained for normal and planar anisotropy coefficients presented the best combination of values among the three steels, despite the lower normal anisotropy value.


IF steel with additions of titanium and niobium exhibited different intensities for gamma fiber in the surface and in the half-thickness ( Fig. 4b and e ). Comparing the results obtained for planar and normal anisotropy to the IF-Ti steels, it was observed that the absolute values of these coefficients decreased. It is important to note that the gamma fiber from the surface of the rolled sheet of the IF-TiNb steel presents similar values throughout its length, being, therefore, more homogeneously distributed along the material. Gamma fiber improves formability and decreases the influence of the planar anisotropy coefficient on the material, mainly by the contribution of the {111} 112 component, which in this case, presented a maximum value of 5.1 [13] . This might be the reason why the r m value remained above 1.0 and the value of r decreased. Even so, the value of the planar coefficient remains high (in relation to the ideal value of zero) and, once again, that phenomenon can be associated with the presence of a Goss component.

Gamma fiber improves formability and decreases the influence of the planar anisotropy coefficient on the material, mainly by the contribution of the {111} 112 component, which in this case, presented a maximum value of 5.1.


The truncation in this case retains not only the gauge bosons of the isometry group, but the gauge group of the lower-dimensional theory enhances to the full non-compact G L × G R . At the scalar origin, the non-compact gauge group is broken down to its compact part K L × K R . This is a standard scenario in supergravity. For the known sphere reductions the corresponding generalisation describes the compactification on non-compact hyperboloidal spaces H p,q inducing lower-dimensional theories with SO(p, q) gauge groups [29, 30, 25, 31] . Similar to (45), the background 2-formC mn is read off from (33) and in this case differs fromC mn by a contribution from the second term.

For the known sphere reductions the corresponding generalisation describes the compactification on non-compact hyperboloidal spaces H p,q inducing lower-dimensional theories with SO(p, q) gauge groups.


Attachment, sensory and behavioural activities all take place within an environment of felt safety. This concept of felt safety is critical as research has shown how chronic hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis activity prevents learning in animals (Garner, Wood and Pantelis, 2007) . This atmosphere of felt safety creates an environment designed to lessen the chronic anxiety that has been associated with fearful and/or deficient interactions with caregiver and environment, often a result of institutionalisation. The freedom from chronic anxiety allows cognitive and emotional processes to begin to develop.

This concept of felt safety is critical as research has shown how chronic hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis activity prevents learning in animals.


Furthermore, two of the CBCL subscales showing significant improvement -attention problems and thought problems -may be interpreted as the subscales relevant to executive functioning and self-regulation. A third CBCL subscale showing significant improvements -aggressive behaviour -is believed to have bearing upon pro-social behaviour. The final significant CBCL result, decreases on the other problems subscale, is also interesting as this subscale includes items tapping into aberrant behavioural issues (especially eating and sleeping) commonly displayed by internationally adopted children (Johnson, 2000) .

The final significant CBCL result, decreases on the other problems subscale, is also interesting as this subscale includes items tapping into aberrant behavioural issues (especially eating and sleeping) commonly displayed by internationally adopted children.


First, although many people believe that sentencing is divorced from the community, in 2009 fully 93% of all offenders were sentenced by members of the public sitting as magistrates (Ministry of Justice, 2010) . The community -represented by the lay magistracy --has a much greater influence over sentencing in this jurisdiction than any other. In all other common law countries sentencing is the exclusive preserve of professional judges, not laypersons. The limited research to date (discussed below) suggests that people in Britain are unaware of the true extent of the public's involvement in sentencing. The public may also fail to appreciate the increasingly representative nature of the contemporary magistracy; recruitment in recent years has led to a considerable diversification in the magistracy.

First, although many people believe that sentencing is divorced from the community, in 2009 fully 93% of all offenders were sentenced by members of the public sitting as magistrates.


Current single-use pVNS devices apply three needle electrodes in the auricle to stimulate afferent nerve fibers [2] . An additional reference electrode is required, which is affixed by an adhesive at the neck of the patient (see Figure 1A ). Stimulation is performed continuously over several days and can be extended by changing the device each week. However, the current pVNS treatment is suboptimal. The implemented fixed stimulation pattern leads to undesired effects due to highly patient-specific reactions to pVNS. Recent studies indicate that the stimulation pattern affects therapeutic outcome and emphasises the need for a patient-specific stimulation pattern adjustment [3, 4] . Our personal communication with patients has also revealed deficiencies in wearability and operability of current pVNS devices.

Current single-use pVNS devices apply three needle electrodes in the auricle to stimulate afferent nerve fibers.

Recent studies indicate that the stimulation pattern affects therapeutic outcome and emphasises the need for a patient-specific stimulation pattern adjustment.


While at the upper wall (with a weaker pressure gradient), the stability results are dominated by the streak's contribution to the base flow, for the strong adverse pressure gradient near the lower curved wall the mean velocity component in the streak base flow also contributed to the sudden onset of the instability. These different stability results provide strong evidence that in the present APG wall turbulence, the averaged streak instability dynamics is related to the local onset of strong production of kinetic energy. This behaviour is different from what is observed for zero-pressure-gradient channel flow. In that case, modal instability is possible only for streaks extracted from the simulation data with some threshold amplitude, or for very specific set of streaks, and transient growth mechanisms possibly dominate (Schoppa & Hussain 2002; Asai et al. 2007) .

In that case, modal instability is possible only for streaks extracted from the simulation data with some threshold amplitude, or for very specific set of streaks, and transient growth mechanisms possibly dominate.


The primary goal of impact analysis is to identify software objects affected (or possibly affected) by proposed changes. With knowledge of these identified affected objects the software maintainer can construct resource estimates that can be used to guide maintenance activities. Impact analysis has three primary benefits for a software maintainer: improved accuracy of resource estimates, and thus better maintenance scheduling and reduced change costs; a reduction in the amount of corrective maintenance because of fewer introduced errors and improved software quality [10] .

Impact analysis has three primary benefits for a software maintainer: improved accuracy of resource estimates, and thus better maintenance scheduling and reduced change costs; a reduction in the amount of corrective maintenance because of fewer introduced errors and improved software quality.


Finally, to help pupils who initially achieve well above most other pupils, it is necessary to design and check educational practices for high ability pupils. Research, in general, indicates that the educational performance of gifted pupils can be improved considerably (Brown et al. 2005; Scott and Delgado 2003) . The required instructional and learning processes could be designed first of all by these pupils themselves, with the assistance of the PDKS and DIMS.

Research, in general, indicates that the educational performance of gifted pupils can be improved considerably.


The general lack of understanding of the relationship between kaolin platelet-platelet interactions and particle packing density within mineral tailings has caused significant problems to the mining and minerals processing industry [1] [2] [3] . Weak and dispersed microstructures formed by these negatively charged particles via van der Waals forces of attraction and hydrogen bonding have resulted in poor dewatering of tailings [4, 5] . To address this issue, studies have been carried out on the effects of polymeric flocculants on the consolidation behaviors of kaolin slurries [2, 3, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .

The general lack of understanding of the relationship between kaolin platelet-platelet interactions and particle packing density within mineral tailings has caused significant problems to the mining and minerals processing industry.

Weak and dispersed microstructures formed by these negatively charged particles via van der Waals forces of attraction and hydrogen bonding have resulted in poor dewatering of tailings.

To address this issue, studies have been carried out on the effects of polymeric flocculants on the consolidation behaviors of kaolin slurries.


Forecasting frost by weather forecast models presents a particularly difficult challenge for two reasons. Forecasting rare events like frost usually is difficult for forecast models because models frequently cannot resolve the weather scenario with enough detail to determine if the rare event will occur. Forecasting frost is doubly difficult because components of the surface water budget are highly nonlinear, are often binary, and are highly heterogeneous in space. Furthermore, light precipitation, a key factor for frost nonoccurrence, is highly dependent on the particular cloud parameterizations used and may be subject to large errors (Gutowski et al. 2003) .

Furthermore, light precipitation, a key factor for frost nonoccurrence, is highly dependent on the particular cloud parameterizations used and may be subject to large errors.


According to Equations (1) and (2), the corrosion rates of TiZr0.5NbCr0.5, TiZr0.5NbCr0.5V and TiZr0.5NbCr0.5Mo alloys are 3.55 × 10 −3 mm/y, 1.44 × 10 −4 mm/y and 3.69 × 10 −4 mm/y, respectively, in in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 25 °C. It has been reported that CoCrFeNi alloy has the best resistance to corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution than other HEAs, and its corrosion rate is 0.12 mm/year [21] . However, compared with our alloys, its corrosion rate is much larger, indicating that the corrosion resistance of the three alloys in H2SO4 solution is better than CoCrFeNi alloy. Generally, the austenitic stainless steels are ternary iron-chromium-nickel alloys, and their structures are FCC type. The austenitic stainless steels normally have greater corrosion resistance than the ferrite stainless steels (BCC structure) [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] . Generally, there are always potential differences between different phases, and which facilitate to form micro-batteries. So, the resistance to corrosion of single DSS phase is better than that of multiphase alloys. Furthermore, single DSS FCC phase has a good resistance to corrosion than BCC phase or other multiphase structure, possibly due to its higher atomic packing density. Compared with traditional HEAs, especially CoCrFeNi alloy which has a FCC structure, this system of alloys that are composed of BCC DSS phase and Cr2Zr phase has excellent corrosion resistance in the H2SO4 solution, possibly due to the passive elements and the high entropy phase structure in the alloys. TiZr0.5NbCr0.5V and TiZr0.5NbCr0.5Mo alloys have lower corrosion rate than TiZr0.5NbCr0.5 alloy in H2SO4 solution, related with the strong ability to passive for Mo and V which can form protective passivation coatings on the surface of alloys in the acid solutions.

It has been reported that CoCrFeNi alloy has the best resistance to corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution than other HEAs, and its corrosion rate is 0.12 mm/year.

The austenitic stainless steels normally have greater corrosion resistance than the ferrite stainless steels (BCC structure).


Glyphosate acts in the shikimic acid pathway and is classified as an inhibitor of the EPSP enzyme, which is involved in the formation of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, essential for plant growth, development, and maintenance. Glyphosate rapidly translocates through the symplast when absorbed by leaves and other parts of plant shoots and usually follows the source-drain photoassimilate flow after reaching the phloem, accumulating in active growth areas (meristems) and thus blocking the growth of plants. The production of indolylacetic acid (IAA), a hormone responsible for growth, is completely dependent on the shikimic acid pathway. Changes in EPSP enzyme activity may significantly alter the concentrations of IAA (FERREIRA et al., 2005; VELINI et al., 2009; OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, 2011) . These impacts can explain the reduced lawn grass growth upon glyphosate application.

Changes in EPSP enzyme activity may significantly alter the concentrations of IAA.


Fault detection and isolation is of paramount importance to deal with anomalous situations of autonomous systems. A well-established solution to sensor fault diagnosis is the use of physical redundancy and simple decision-making schemes (e.g. voting schemes). However, in many safetycritical systems such as aerospace and petrochemical systems, physical sensing redundancy can be cost consuming and increase hardware complexity (Blanke et al., 2006) . For this reason, researchers have proposed the use of analytical redundancy where mathematical models describing the system operation are implemented in software (Blanke et al., 2006; Ding, 2008) . However, uncertainty remains always present when modelling a system. Fault diagnosis methods that are able to deal with uncertainty are known in the literature under the attribute robust. One way to deal with uncertainty is to assume an unknown but bounded description (Puig, 2010) . This description is exploited in the design of fault detection criteria checking the boundedness of the state and output estimation error of ⋆ This work was financially supported by Research Mobility Grant awarded by the University Paris-Saclay and a cooperation between Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain and CentraleSupelec, France observer-based fault diagnosis method. When the property of boundedness is not satisfied, then faults are detected.

However, in many safetycritical systems such as aerospace and petrochemical systems, physical sensing redundancy can be cost consuming and increase hardware complexity.

For this reason, researchers have proposed the use of analytical redundancy where mathematical models describing the system operation are implemented in software.

One way to deal with uncertainty is to assume an unknown but bounded description.


In nature, C. elegans worms are most often isolated from solid decomposing plant material. However, there are rare reports of isolation of C. elegans from freshwater as well [26] . In addition, it has been hypothesized, but not yet documented, that C. elegans could encounter liquid environments in the wild, in cases of excessive decomposition, especially of fruits [27] .

However, there are rare reports of isolation of C. elegans from freshwater as well.

In addition, it has been hypothesized, but not yet documented, that C. elegans could encounter liquid environments in the wild, in cases of excessive decomposition, especially of fruits.


In this manuscript, we show that growth in liquid media under laboratory conditions changes the morphology of the worms and the morphology of their progeny. As briefly described above, there are rare reports of isolation of C. elegans from fresh water habitants [26] . There are also phenotypes, which are specific to worms that grow in liquid.

As briefly described above, there are rare reports of isolation of C. elegans from fresh water habitants.


Intravitreal aflibercept (IVT-AFL), which is composed of extracellular domains from human VEGF receptors 1 and 2 fused to the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin-G1 (IgG1), is a VEGF-A and PIGF inhibitor that blocks retinal cell migration and proliferation. Preclinical studies have shown that it has a longer duration of action than other anti-VEGF agents, and has 100-fold greater binding affinity to VEGF-A than intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) (a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits VEGF-A) [7] [8] [9] [10] . Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of these anti-VEGF agents compared with laser in DME patients [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . The IVT-AFL studies have supported its European license (i.e., five 2 mg injections every 4 weeks followed by 2 mg injections every 8 weeks [2q8]; with no requirement for monitoring between injections; after the first 12 months of treatment with IVT-AFL, the treatment interval may be extended based on visual and anatomic outcomes; the schedule for monitoring should be determined by the treating physician).

Preclinical studies have shown that it has a longer duration of action than other anti-VEGF agents, and has 100-fold greater binding affinity to VEGF-A than intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) (a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits VEGF-A).

Clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of these anti-VEGF agents compared with laser in DME patients.


The jazz players did however excel in the predicted test: hearing notes that they then reproduced on a piano. Although we cannot separate out genetic predisposition from training (and they are no doubt intimately linked), it is notable that memory span on this test among the jazz students was positively related to years of jazz ensemble experience. One or both of those influences seems to have conferred a superior ability to take in sound patterns, maintain them during competition, and translate the memory into kinesthetic patterns. This sort of skill is no doubt useful in jazz situations where improvisation as a soloist or ensemble member requires in-the-moment translation of sound to action, forming automatized auditory-motor patterns (Norgaard, 2014) . Our results thus provide evidence for effects on domain-specific WM, comparable with findings on jazz musicians' superior perception skills in comparison with other groups of musicians (Tervaniemi et al., 2016) . It is interesting that the two groups did not differ in self-reported auditory imagery scores (BAIS), the mean ratings were equivalent to those reported by a group of students unselected for musical background in the original sample during the scale This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.

This sort of skill is no doubt useful in jazz situations where improvisation as a soloist or ensemble member requires in-the-moment translation of sound to action, forming automatized auditory-motor patterns.

Our results thus provide evidence for effects on domain-specific WM, comparable with findings on jazz musicians' superior perception skills in comparison with other groups of musicians.


In the equilibrium approach, spatial separation, as measured by travel time, along with the price of land, housing, and commercial development serve as the central variables. It is assumed that aggregate demand curves (e.g. willingness to commute daily a certain amount) and aggregate supply curves (e.g. number of jobs at a given time-distance away from home) intersect at the average price (commute time). However, it has been found that the amount of travel far exceeds the "minimum required commute" (Giuliano and Small 1993) . This suggests that location and commuting decisions include factors beyond simple commuting times, wage rates, and housing prices.

However, it has been found that the amount of travel far exceeds the "minimum required commute".


While the results for vulnerability in Table 4 clearly indicate which fuelbreaks are comparatively more likely to prove inadequate, the breakdown of these results in Figure 7 gives more detail that may usefully guide management decisions. For example, the relatively poor result for Ryans spur (R VUL = 1.33) is largely driven by a small proportion of the fuelbreak being in a very high fire intensity area. Relocating this portion of the Ryans spur fuelbreak would give a substantial improvement in vulnerability, and make this fuelbreak a safer control line, with a better chance of being effective. The low vulnerability of Morris track (R VUL = 0.94) gives confidence that this particular fuelbreak is more likely to be an effective control line than other alternatives, all else being equal. Although R VUL is based only on fireline intensities, future studies could perhaps also consider convection processes that may compromise suppression efficiency and safety, such as smoke columns or convective heat transfer towards specific roads at midslopes (Molina et al., 2009) .

Although R VUL is based only on fireline intensities, future studies could perhaps also consider convection processes that may compromise suppression efficiency and safety, such as smoke columns or convective heat transfer towards specific roads at midslopes.


Normative information. The means and standard deviations for the SEE total and four factors are as follows: SEE total: M ϭ 4.2, SD ϭ 0.75; EFE: M ϭ 4.3, SD ϭ 0.86; EP: M ϭ 3.4, SD ϭ 1.0; AC: M ϭ 4.6, SD ϭ 0.98; EA: M ϭ 4.6, SD ϭ 0.99. These numbers are similar to the previous findings of the exploratory factor analysis conducted in Study 1. In addition, skewness and kurtosis indices were scrutinized for the SEE total and factors, ranging from -.67 to .24 and -.55 to .51, respectively. These low numbers reveal that the distributions of the SEE total and factor scores are approximate to a normal distribution (Tabachnick & Fidell, 1996) .

Normative information.

These low numbers reveal that the distributions of the SEE total and factor scores are approximate to a normal distribution.


Exploratory factor analysis. Prior to the analyses, we screened the data by using the 3 validity items in the 62-item scale. Any observations with one or more incorrectly answered validity items were removed from the sample; a total of 16 observations were excluded from the following analyses. Prior to analysis of the factor structure, 9 items were removed for having skewness or kurtosis greater than 2.0. The 323 observations in the final data set for this analysis provided a ratio of 5.2 cases per item, thus fulfilling a minimum requirement of 5 cases per item for factor analysis (Stevens, 1996) . Also, as a general rule of thumb, at least 300 cases were recommended for factor analysis (Tabachnick & Fidell, 1996) . Additionally, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was calculated to be .90, further attesting to the factorability of the data set (Kaiser, 1970) .

Exploratory factor analysis.

The 323 observations in the final data set for this analysis provided a ratio of 5.2 cases per item, thus fulfilling a minimum requirement of 5 cases per item for factor analysis.

Also, as a general rule of thumb, at least 300 cases were recommended for factor analysis.

Additionally, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was calculated to be .90, further attesting to the factorability of the data set.


A maximum-likelihood method through CALIS in the SAS program was used to estimate goodness of fit of the four-factor model (see Figure 1) . In confirmatory factor analysis, the variances of the factors were initially fixed to 1.0 (Hatcher, 1994) . The estimation of the initial model suggested that the model was an excellent fit of the data, as indicated by the following indices: 2 (21, N ϭ 340) ϭ 26.60, p ϭ .18; 2 /df ϭ 1.27; NNFI ϭ .99; NFI ϭ .98; RMSEA ϭ .03. In addition, all factor loadings were significant at the p Ͻ .01 level (ranging from .76 to .96), suggesting that the four factors were well constructed by the bundles. The four factors shared approximately 81% of the total variance.

In confirmatory factor analysis, the variances of the factors were initially fixed to 1.0.


Theoretically and conceptually, there could also exist a higher order, more abstract construct (i.e., SEE: general ethnocultural empathy) that affects more specific ethnocultural empathy factors (i.e., the EFE, EP, AC, and EA). Thus, we performed another CALIS procedure with a maximum-likelihood method to assess the fit indices of this second-order hierarchical factor model (see Figure 2 ). The second-order factor (SEE) has direct effects on each first-order factor (EFE, EP, AC, and EA) and accounts for the intercorrelations among the four separate factors (Kline, 1998) . Per Kline's recommendation, one loading on each first-order factor was fixed to 1.0. The analysis generated the following fit indices: 2 (23, N ϭ 340) ϭ 27.56, p ϭ .23; NNFI ϭ .99; NFI ϭ .98; Figure 1 . The four-oblique-factor model. The large circles designate the latent constructs, the small circles indicate the residual variances, and the rectangles are the measured variables. Factor loadings are standardized (all ps Ͻ .01). EFE ϭ Empathic Feeling and Expression; EP ϭ Empathic Perspective Taking; AC ϭ Acceptance of Cultural Difference; EA ϭ Empathic Awareness.

The second-order factor (SEE) has direct effects on each first-order factor (EFE, EP, AC, and EA) and accounts for the intercorrelations among the four separate factors.

The four-oblique-factor model.


Normative information. The means and standard deviations for the SEE total and four factors are as follows: SEE total: M ϭ 4.3, SD ϭ 0.71; EFE: M ϭ 4.5, SD ϭ 0.85; EP: M ϭ 3.4, SD ϭ 1.1; AC: M ϭ 4.8, SD ϭ 0.88; EA: M ϭ 4.7, SD ϭ 0.89. In addition, skewness and kurtosis indices were computed for the SEE total and factors, ranging from -.56 to .28 and -.51 to .37, respectively. These low numbers reveal that the distributions of the SEE total and factor scores are approximate to a normal distribution (Tabachnick & Fidell, 1996) .

Normative information.

These low numbers reveal that the distributions of the SEE total and factor scores are approximate to a normal distribution.


We point out that, considering a chemotaxis model on the whole space, it is important to study the spatial spreading and propagating properties of the mobile species in the model. Traveling wave solutions and spatial spread speeds are among those used to characterize such properties. There are many studies on traveling wave solutions of various types of chemotaxis models, see, for example, [1, 2, 15, 18, 24, 27, 29, 42] , etc. In particular, the reader is referred to the review paper [42] .

There are many studies on traveling wave solutions of various types of chemotaxis models, see, for example,, etc.

In particular, the reader is referred to the review paper.


In wireless communication systems, antennas with shaped-beam radiation patterns have been widely used for better power managements [1] [2] [3] . The shaped radiation patterns are usually realized by controlling the feeding amplitudes and phases of antenna array elements. This problem has received much attention in recent years [4] [5] [6] . However, most reported literatures regarded the element patterns as identical and isotropic in the array pattern synthesis. This will surely make the synthetical results inaccurate. Moreover, both the optimized feeding amplitudes and phases of array elements shouldn't fluctuate acutely for easy realization of the feeding network.

In wireless communication systems, antennas with shaped-beam radiation patterns have been widely used for better power managements.

This problem has received much attention in recent years.


One explanation for the stressed area effect is that increasing the locally stored energy raises the probability that a weak initiating event grows into a breakdown event. This proposes that the area effect is simply a consequence of the correlation between the SEA and inter-electrode capacitance [26, 27] . In XeBrA, the capacitive energy available to the electrodes is dominated by the capacitance of the HV supply cable. This provides an opportunity to test whether the available capacitive energy affects breakdown behavior by simply increasing the length of the cable.

This proposes that the area effect is simply a consequence of the correlation between the SEA and inter-electrode capacitance.


Consequently, with the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, taking Pengchongjian small watershed with rich precipitation as a study area, we quantitatively assessed the impacts of multiple factors on both surface runoff and base flow (Figure 2 ). This study could help to understand how precipitation variation, ET and vegetation restoration affect runoff, and provide scientific foundations for the sustainable utilization of water resources and the evaluation of hydrological benefits for natural forest protection and afforestation projects. Base flow is a relatively stable part of streamflow. Base flow studies are not only helpful for reasonable regulation of water quantity and high-efficiency utilization of water resources, but also beneficial for hydrological analysis, evaluation and the management of water resources [19, 20] . At present, studies on base flow mainly focus on regression models, improvement of base flow separation methods and influencing factors. The studies of base flow in China began in the 1960s, and mainly dealt with qualitative analysis of base flow evolution principles and its driving factors, base flow separation and estimation. Nonetheless, quantitative studies on the contribution rates of different factors to base flow are rarely reported.

Base flow studies are not only helpful for reasonable regulation of water quantity and high-efficiency utilization of water resources, but also beneficial for hydrological analysis, evaluation and the management of water resources.


Different reactions are required for the maintenance of metabolism and energy production in the cell, during which potentially toxic oxygen free radicals are also produced (Chester and Arthur, 1988) . The body is protected against reactive oxygen metabolites by the biological antioxidant defence system, which includes antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight antioxidants (Surai, 2002) . It has been suggested that the cellular fi rst line of antioxidant defence is based on the activity of three types of enzymes: superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidases (GSHPx) and catalase.

Different reactions are required for the maintenance of metabolism and energy production in the cell, during which potentially toxic oxygen free radicals are also produced.

The body is protected against reactive oxygen metabolites by the biological antioxidant defence system, which includes antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight antioxidants.


The increased levels of particulate matter in a given geographical area are mainly influenced by the intrusion of natural origin such as those related to the advection of dust from the desert [1] . Obviously, the areas which are closer to the great deserts are the most affected by this type of events. In the case of the Saharan desert, Southern European countries are largely influenced by dust intrusions [2] . Dust particles can also be transported over long distances by atmospheric circulation, reaching the Near East end the Americas [3] .

The increased levels of particulate matter in a given geographical area are mainly influenced by the intrusion of natural origin such as those related to the advection of dust from the desert.

In the case of the Saharan desert, Southern European countries are largely influenced by dust intrusions.

Dust particles can also be transported over long distances by atmospheric circulation, reaching the Near East end the Americas.


Next, we analyze the impact of providing e-textbook selling price. Evidence is found that the e-textbook selling price exerts a significant and positive influence on the pricing difference in all four models (p<0.001), so H5 is supported. This finding suggests that retailers' positive signal of book value (higher selling price) helps promote the e-textbook rental for the same book. As a result, retailers might achieve price advantage in the market. This is consistent with the finding of the relationship between free and premium online game service [29] . In addition, this finding reflects that the retailer with the value added option of switching from rental to purchase is able to increase consumers' price perception for the e-textbook rental. Overall, our results gave consistent and significant support to most of the proposed hypotheses. We summarize the results of hypothesis testing in the following table.

This is consistent with the finding of the relationship between free and premium online game service.


One of the few first works dealing with this is [17] . The authors propose to avoid static resource allocation through a Backhaul Resource Manager (BRM). This BRM is actually a controller like entity with global knowledge of the link state. This knowledge enables also in a second step to implement a capacity-aware path computation where surprisingly sometimes longer path should be selected over shorter path to avoid congested link. However no practical insight on the implementation of these ideas was provided.

One of the few first works dealing with this is.


One question concerns the role of cortical states for perception across sensory modalities. In primates performing visual tasks, cortical states strongly influence stimulus detection (Gilbert and Li, 2013; Reynolds and Chelazzi, 2004; Spitzer et al., 1988) . However, recent studies in mice show that somatosensory perception occurs in a wide variety of cortical states-even those with correlations and activity patterns similar to sleep (Sachidhanandam et al., 2013) . It is unknown how cortical states influence visual perception in mice, and if the underlying mechanisms are like those in other mammalian visual systems, or like those in other mouse sensory cortical areas.

In primates performing visual tasks, cortical states strongly influence stimulus detection.

However, recent studies in mice show that somatosensory perception occurs in a wide variety of cortical states-even those with correlations and activity patterns similar to sleep.


IOP is determined by the balance between the amount and rate of aqueous production and drainage. Both the aqueous production and the outflow facilities are affected by the humoral and vascular response, which is in turn governed by the central nervous system. Therefore, a unilateral change in IOP could lead to a change in IOP of the contralateral eye. This phenomenon is termed consensual ophthalmotonic response (COR). COR has been observed in various animal studies. Intracameral injection of prostaglandin A, E2 and F2a into one eye was shown to result in delayed IOP rise in both the treatment eye and the untreated fellow eye, while the miotic effect was observed in only the treated eye [11] . In another study, a significant rise in aqueous flow was observed in the fellow eye after unilateral trabeculectomy, suggesting the central influence on aqueous production in both eyes following unilateral IOP reduction [12] .

Intracameral injection of prostaglandin A, E2 and F2a into one eye was shown to result in delayed IOP rise in both the treatment eye and the untreated fellow eye, while the miotic effect was observed in only the treated eye.

In another study, a significant rise in aqueous flow was observed in the fellow eye after unilateral trabeculectomy, suggesting the central influence on aqueous production in both eyes following unilateral IOP reduction.


The cumulus convection scheme is the Kain-Fritsch scheme (Kain, 2004) . Convection is triggered when the temperature of a 60 hPa layer is higher than the environment temperature at its condensation level. A temperature deviation is added to the parcel depending on the larger scale vertical velocity in order to trigger convection in a converging environment. The updraft initial velocity depends on the buoyancy difference with the environment at the lifting condensation level. The updraft velocity is then influenced by entrainment, detrainment and water loading. If the updraft reaches a minimum cloud depth, which depends on the base cloud temperature, deep convection is triggered. Otherwise, the algorithm proceeds to the same test with the 60 hPa layer one level above the former one and the algorithm goes on. Convective updrafts are represented using a steady-state entraining/detraining plume model where entrainment and detrainment rates are inversely proportional. Downdraft mass flux is estimated as a function of the relative humidity and stability just above cloud base. Downdraft stops when it reaches the surface or when it becomes warmer than the environment. It is then forced to detrain into the environment within and immediately above the termination level. The convection stops when the CAPE calculated for a parcel with entrainment is consumed.

The cumulus convection scheme is the Kain-Fritsch scheme.


Recent years have seem dramatic progress in the understanding of non-perturbative aspects of string theory [1] . With these studies has come the realization that solitonic extended objects, other than just strings, play an essential role. An important object in these investigations has been Dirichlet branes [2] . D-branes are non-perturbative states on which open string can live, and to which various closed strings including Ramond-Ramond states can couple.

Recent years have seem dramatic progress in the understanding of non-perturbative aspects of string theory.

An important object in these investigations has been Dirichlet branes.


Piezoelectric motors have been seen as successors of the electromagnetic ones in areas such as robot joints, high precision machines, micro robots and MEMS. The commercial application in a camera auto-focus system has verified its unique advantage. Furthermore, it has been successfully used in lunar rover Yutu of China, which also shows its advantage for driving aerospace mechanism as the merits of simple structure without coils, quick response at millisecond, high precision and resolution at nanometer, low speed without reducer, self-locking in the power-off state and absence of electromagnetic radiation [1] [2] [3] .

Furthermore, it has been successfully used in lunar rover Yutu of China, which also shows its advantage for driving aerospace mechanism as the merits of simple structure without coils, quick response at millisecond, high precision and resolution at nanometer, low speed without reducer, self-locking in the power-off state and absence of electromagnetic radiation.