The US west coast exhibits a distinct dipole relationship with ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) events [17, 18] . During El Niño events, winter precipitation is above normal in the Southwest and below normal in the Northwest. The opposite occurs during La Niña events. California is included within this large dipole pattern, where the northern portion of the state reflects the Northwest region, while southern California reflects the SW. This pattern between ENSO and precipitation is strongest in southern California and weakens northward [17, 18] . Los Angeles shows this strong relationship with 204% more precipitation in El Niño years than in La Niña years ( Figure 4) . Using the daily records, rainfall intensity and frequency were also analyzed for the Los Angeles and Sacramento stations. Figure 5 shows the average precipitation per day (for days with a measurable amount of rainfall) for the two stations. For the period 1878 to 2007, Sacramento had a trend of −0.12 ± 0.67 mm per day/century. For the period 1920-2007, Los Angeles had a trend of 0.49 ± 2.7 mm per day/century. Although the rainfall record for Los Angeles extends back to 1878, much of the daily records were missing prior to 1920. As with total rainfall trends, Los Angeles and Sacramento trends in rainfall intensity were not significant. Frequency of rainfall (number of days per rain-year with measurable rain) for Sacramento shows an increase of about 3 rain days per year in a century, while Los Angeles loses nearly 4 days of rain, or about a 10% decrease in the last century ( Figure 6 ). These rainfall frequency trends were also not significant. La Niña: 288 mm (green) Figure 5 . Average precipitation per day (for days with a measurable amount of rainfall) for the two longest daily records, Sacramento (top) and Los Angeles (bottom). Units of the slope in the trend equations are (mm of rain per rain day)/year. Neither record contains a significant trend in the daily rain rate, or rain intensity.

The US west coast exhibits a distinct dipole relationship with ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) events.

This pattern between ENSO and precipitation is strongest in southern California and weakens northward.

La Niña: 288 mm (green) Figure 5 .


The ostensible reason for providing a probability value is because probabilistic forecasts have the advantage that they can convey the uncertainty associated with the forecasts in a quantitative way (Murphy 1977) . However, any probability exceeding the average could be interpreted as meaning an event is likely to occur, when in fact a discrete amount of departure may need to be achieved between the forecast probability and the mean expectation value before any confidence can be attached to the forecast. It has been acknowledged that users of climate information will generally not alter their practices unless there is a significant shift in probabilities away from normal conditions (Hammer et al. 1996) .

The ostensible reason for providing a probability value is because probabilistic forecasts have the advantage that they can convey the uncertainty associated with the forecasts in a quantitative way.

It has been acknowledged that users of climate information will generally not alter their practices unless there is a significant shift in probabilities away from normal conditions.


The intermittency of the detected extrema, which belong to the different orthogonal components, is the main reason of mode mixing effect. EEMD is a noise assisted data analysis method and has been recently proposed to eliminate the mode mixing problem of the EMD technique [3] . Essentially, the EEMD repeatedly decomposes the original signal with added white noise into a series of IMFs, by applying the original EMD process. The means of the corresponding IMFs during the repetitive process is considered as the final EEMD decomposition result. Since white noise is added throughout the entire signal decomposition process, mode mixing is effectively eliminated. The EEMD has been already used to detect rotating machine faults such as defective bearings and gears in the past few years [4] .

EEMD is a noise assisted data analysis method and has been recently proposed to eliminate the mode mixing problem of the EMD technique.

The EEMD has been already used to detect rotating machine faults such as defective bearings and gears in the past few years.


Since these works, static and dynamic behavior of anisotropic multilayered plates have been extensively studied, as it can be seen in Carrera's and Khandan's review articles [9, 10] . Two important classes of plate theories that appear in such reviews are commonly called: the equivalent single layer theories (ESL) and the layerwise theories (LT). The latter contains theories that are based on hypothesis which are made in each layer, and lead to a number of variables which -generally-increases with the number of layers. Some of them however propose an elimination process which lead to a number of variables which does not depend on the number of layers. On the other hand, the first class contains theories that are based on variables defined in a reference plane, and generally propose polynomial developments of fields over z. However, some of them, the higher order theories propose advanced kinematic variations through the thickness, for example introducing warping functions which generally are built from the ply sequence. Accounting to these recent developments, it seems that there is a very thin line between these two class.

Since these works, static and dynamic behavior of anisotropic multilayered plates have been extensively studied, as it can be seen in Carrera's and Khandan's review articles.


Prior research has demonstrated that the frequency of misconduct is highest early in the sentence, typically reaching its peak six to nine months into the sentence, then falling steadily with the passage of time (Maguire, 1992; Toch, Adams, & Grant, 1989; Wright, 1991; Zamble, 1992) . Inmate misconduct rates, particularly for individuals with short sentences, fit an inverted U-shaped curve (Flanagan, 1980) . Besides the passage of time, a number of other factors have been shown to correlate with misconduct. Most of these other factors are from cross-sectional research. Two of these factors are age and sentence length (Brown & Spevacek, 1971; Flanagan, 1980; Flanagan, 1983; Goetting & Howson, 1986; Myers & Levy, 1978) . Being young and having a longer sentence are correlated with higher rates of misconduct. The positive correlation between sentence length and misconduct seems obvious since inmates with longer sentences have more opportunity to commit misconduct than inmates with short sentences. However, when the frequency distributions of misconduct over time are compared for inmates with short and long sentences, the positive correlation between sentence length and misconduct persists even when opportunity -that is, time at risk for misconduct -is controlled.

Prior research has demonstrated that the frequency of misconduct is highest early in the sentence, typically reaching its peak six to nine months into the sentence, then falling steadily with the passage of time.

Inmate misconduct rates, particularly for individuals with short sentences, fit an inverted U-shaped curve.

Two of these factors are age and sentence length.


Research examining the relationship between gender and misconduct has looked not only at correlates of misconduct but also the type of misconduct. While the correlates of misconduct appear to be the same for men and women, the nature of the misconduct does not. Published research shows that female inmates commit infractions less frequently and that the type of infraction is less serious in nature than that committed by male inmates (Craddock, 1996; Faily & Roundtree, 1979; Harer & Langan, 2000; Ruback & Carr, 1984) . This observation has interesting implications for the argument that drug treatment programs which were originally designed for male inmates are inappropriate for female inmates (Langan & Pelissier, 2000; Miller, 1984; Wellisch, Anglin, & Prendergast, 1991) . If so, then the drug program examined here may differentially impact men and women's misconduct, even though the correlates of misconduct do not differ. Of course, this discussion begs the question of whether programs do, in fact, have an effect on misconduct.

Published research shows that female inmates commit infractions less frequently and that the type of infraction is less serious in nature than that committed by male inmates.

This observation has interesting implications for the argument that drug treatment programs which were originally designed for male inmates are inappropriate for female inmates.


Recent years have witnessed a rapidly growing interest in coordinated control of multiagent systems due to its broad applications in various disciplines [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . As one of the important topics in this field, formation control has attracted great attention. Generally speaking, the main objective in formation control is to design appropriate protocol and algorithm such that the agents can achieve and preserve a predefined geometrical shape, such as a chain or a wedge. Potential applications of formation control include lots of cooperative tasks such as surveillance, exploration, search and rescue, transporting large objects, and control of arrays of satellites.

Recent years have witnessed a rapidly growing interest in coordinated control of multiagent systems due to its broad applications in various disciplines.


Slot antennas are receiving huge attention in microwave and millimeter wave applications. These antennas have several useful properties such as low profile, light weight, easy integration with monolithic microwave integrated circuits, low cost, easy fabrication, and stable radiation patterns [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . Slot antennas have several attractive advantages over common microstrip antennas. They provide wide frequency bandwidth, good impedance matching, and a bidirectional or unidirectional radiation patterns. The coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding mechanism also has many advantages over microstrip type feed lines, such as low dispersion, low radiation leakage, the ability to effectively control the characteristic impedance, and the ease of integration with active devices [16] [17] [18] . The antenna fed by a microstrip line may result in misalignment because of the required etching on both sides of the dielectric substrate. The alignment error can be eliminated if a CPW feed is used to excite the slot, since etching of the slot and feeding line is one sided.

These antennas have several useful properties such as low profile, light weight, easy integration with monolithic microwave integrated circuits, low cost, easy fabrication, and stable radiation patterns.

The coplanar waveguide (CPW) feeding mechanism also has many advantages over microstrip type feed lines, such as low dispersion, low radiation leakage, the ability to effectively control the characteristic impedance, and the ease of integration with active devices.


The ceramic tiles industry is one of the fields where applications of hydrophobic and bactericide surfaces are straightforward. The potential of producing self-cleaning surfaces would mean a paramount advance on this market, both for the public and for the manufacturing companies [19, 20] . The main problems that must be solved in order to incorporate new functionalities to ceramic tiles are the high temperatures used in their fabrication (about 1000 °C or higher) and the highly reactive components employed. Moreover, high production rates and low production costs are also common requirements of this market. And finally, these products must present some technical characteristics and more specifically high wear strength, being not affected by common use.

The potential of producing self-cleaning surfaces would mean a paramount advance on this market, both for the public and for the manufacturing companies.


In the Lotus leaves, surface structuring arises at different hierarchical levels. At the micro-scale, the epidermal cells create a sculpturing of the surfaces; the surface of each cell presents a further structuration at the nanoscale produced by the presence of nanosized hairs or tubules [9] . In other words, two main surface morphologies are present, one at micrometer size, due to the different cells, and another one at nanometer size, corresponding to the structures present at the surface of each cell.

At the micro-scale, the epidermal cells create a sculpturing of the surfaces; the surface of each cell presents a further structuration at the nanoscale produced by the presence of nanosized hairs or tubules.


A bias in the sex ratio toward males during the eruption would be consistent with a scenario in which adult male ibex react more strongly than adult females to changes in climatic conditions. Ibex males likely enter the winter in worse body condition than females because of strenuous activity during the rut. A similar situation was reported for red deer in Norway, where the survival of adult stags was affected by spring weather, while the survival of adult hinds was not (Loison and Langvatn 1998) . A series of mild winters could therefore have a greater positive effect on male survival than on female survival. A detailed long-term study of marked individuals initiated in 1999 will address the hypothesis that adult males, and possibly older males in particular, are more sensitive to climatic conditions than adult females.

A similar situation was reported for red deer in Norway, where the survival of adult stags was affected by spring weather, while the survival of adult hinds was not.


If such management strategies are ineffective the next phase of treatment may be the use of restorative means where dental adhesives and/or composite restorations are employed to physically occlude patent dentinal tubules and protect exposed dentine surfaces from external stimuli. Reliable bonding depends on the removal or modification of the smear layer and associated dentine plugs, increasing the surface energy of dentine and infiltration of resin adhesive into dentine tubules and between inter-fibrillar collagen spaces [7] [8] . Theoretically the presence of dentine plug precipitates formed as result of prior toothpaste use, may resist the etching potential of phosphoric acid. This in turn may affect the strength of the bond between dentine and the overlying adhesive/ composite complex.

Reliable bonding depends on the removal or modification of the smear layer and associated dentine plugs, increasing the surface energy of dentine and infiltration of resin adhesive into dentine tubules and between inter-fibrillar collagen spaces.


Finally, putative strategy-selective neurons should be sensitive to changes in strategy, but not to changes in reward contingency when the strategy remains the same (as in reversals, [8] ). Thus, if paths and contingency change, but strategy remains the same, as in reversals, strategy-selective neurons should fire with similar rates after the change in contingency. This is indeed so in our model, since the response-strategy cell fired with similar rates during the 'before' and 'after' phases in response reversal ( Figure 3E) ; similarly, the place-strategy cell fired with similar rates before and after spatial reversal ( Figure 3F ). This is in contrast to the case when contingency, paths and strategy change, where neurons change significantly their rates as shown in Figure 3A (the figure is similar in the case of switch from place to response strategy, not shown).

Finally, putative strategy-selective neurons should be sensitive to changes in strategy, but not to changes in reward contingency when the strategy remains the same (as in reversals,).


Here we were interested to see how far we can go in explaining the behavioral and neural data by suggesting the learning algorithm is identical on both levels. The learning algorithm we use is a standard temporal-difference (TD) learning rule called Q-learning [10] . At the core of TD-learning algorithms is the minimization of a so-called reward-prediction error which is proposed to be coded by the phasic activity of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) [11] . We have analyzed the learning dynamics of the reward-prediction error in our model and compared the error propagation on the two levels. Our results suggest that a two-level organization of behavioral control with TD-learning on each level is compatible with principal experimental results [4, 8] . In addition, our model generated testable predictions concerning differences in DA signaling between HPC and PFC.

The learning algorithm we use is a standard temporal-difference (TD) learning rule called Q-learning.

At the core of TD-learning algorithms is the minimization of a so-called reward-prediction error which is proposed to be coded by the phasic activity of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

Our results suggest that a two-level organization of behavioral control with TD-learning on each level is compatible with principal experimental results.


It should also be noted that not all obese individuals are at a similar risk of these complications, since a significant proportion of obese individuals are metabolically healthy [45] . Prevalence of this healthy obese phenotype was reported to be 2 to 4 times higher in females as compared to males [46] . Interestingly, a recent study showed a positive association between metabolically healthy obese phenotypes in females having a moderate to high level of physical activity [47] . They further suggested that metabolically healthy obese individuals may have a reduced inflammatory status [47] . In agreement with this observation, our data indicated that females displayed healthier metabolic profile and lifestyle as compared to males. This suggests that factors other than simple energy imbalance, such as oxidative stress, might determine the obesity risk outcomes. Hence, the increased oxidative stress observed in the current investigation in apparently healthy females supports the concept that oxidative stress could represent a reliable predictor of obesity and CVD in females [48] . Thus, Arab females are probably more prone to the detrimental effects of oxidative stress at lower blood glucose, lipid thresholds, and inflammation than males.

It should also be noted that not all obese individuals are at a similar risk of these complications, since a significant proportion of obese individuals are metabolically healthy.

Prevalence of this healthy obese phenotype was reported to be 2 to 4 times higher in females as compared to males.

Interestingly, a recent study showed a positive association between metabolically healthy obese phenotypes in females having a moderate to high level of physical activity.

They further suggested that metabolically healthy obese individuals may have a reduced inflammatory status.

Hence, the increased oxidative stress observed in the current investigation in apparently healthy females supports the concept that oxidative stress could represent a reliable predictor of obesity and CVD in females.


This work focuses on the haptophyte microalga T. lutea, for which a mutant strain over-accumulating storage lipids (T. lutea 2Xc1) was selected by UVc random mutagenesis followed by flow cytometry selection for cell storage lipid content [21] . Previous proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that wild type (WTc1) and mutant strains behave differently during early phases of nitrogen starvation, and suggested that proteins involved in carbon homeostasis, lipid metabolism and carbohydrate catabolism are likely involved in lipid accumulation [22, 23] . A previous study investigated the metabolic strain specificities following fine-tuned changes of nitrogen availability, confirming the neutral lipid over-accumulation of 2Xc1, as well as an increase of its carbon accumulation capacity due to an increase in cell carbohydrate content [24] (Fig. 1) .

This work focuses on the haptophyte microalga T. lutea, for which a mutant strain over-accumulating storage lipids (T. lutea 2Xc1) was selected by UVc random mutagenesis followed by flow cytometry selection for cell storage lipid content.

Previous proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that wild type (WTc1) and mutant strains behave differently during early phases of nitrogen starvation, and suggested that proteins involved in carbon homeostasis, lipid metabolism and carbohydrate catabolism are likely involved in lipid accumulation.

A previous study investigated the metabolic strain specificities following fine-tuned changes of nitrogen availability, confirming the neutral lipid over-accumulation of 2Xc1, as well as an increase of its carbon accumulation capacity due to an increase in cell carbohydrate content(Fig. 1).


The family Spongicolidae includes 28 species of marine decapod crustaceans of which members of only one genus, Microprosthema, are free living. The remainder are commensal in hexactinellid sponges with paired adult shrimps (known as wedding shrimps) remaining entrapped within the cavity of the host through most of their life cycle (Saito & Takeda, 2003) . Members of the infraorder Stenopodidea, they are closely related to the caridean shrimps (Richter & Scholtz, 2001) .

The remainder are commensal in hexactinellid sponges with paired adult shrimps (known as wedding shrimps) remaining entrapped within the cavity of the host through most of their life cycle.

Members of the infraorder Stenopodidea, they are closely related to the caridean shrimps.


The motion of active particles in confined environments is commonly observed in many controlled laboratory settings, e.g. Petri dishes, droplets, thin soap films, or films in glass slides (Berke et al. 2008) . In confined environments the swimming particle volume fraction φ can range from the semidilute to dense suspensions. Numerical simulations of such suspensions require therefore the capability of resolving multiple particle interactions. Prior numerical work of fully resolved flow focuses largely on active suspensions in unbounded domains with mass transport analysis limited to single swimming particles. In this study, the effect of swimming motion on nutrient uptake in thin films is explored by means of fully resolved simulations using an immersed boundary method (IBM) for finite-size particles combined with a soft-sphere collision model (Breugem 2012) .

The motion of active particles in confined environments is commonly observed in many controlled laboratory settings, e.g. Petri dishes, droplets, thin soap films, or films in glass slides.

In this study, the effect of swimming motion on nutrient uptake in thin films is explored by means of fully resolved simulations using an immersed boundary method (IBM) for finite-size particles combined with a soft-sphere collision model.


For the research on stream ciphers, resynchronization atacks have not been studied as thoroughly as the keystream generation algorithm itself. Ten years ago, Daemen, Govaerts and Vandewalle analyzed the weakness of linear resynchronization mechanism with known output Boolean function [5] . Later Golić and Morgari studied linear resynchronization mechanisms with unknown output function [7] . However almost all the stream ciphers proposed recently use non-linear resynchronization mechanisms, so the previous attacks on linear resynchronization mechanisms could no longer be applied. Recently Armknecht, Lano and Preneel applied algebraic attacks and linear cryptanalysis to the resynchronization mechanism and obtained lower bounds for the nonlinearity required from a secure resynchronization mechanism [1] . In this paper, we apply the differential attack and slide attack to stream ciphers with non-linear resynchronization. We show that the cryptanalysis techniques used to attack block ciphers are also useful in the analysis of non-linear resynchronization mechanisms.

Ten years ago, Daemen, Govaerts and Vandewalle analyzed the weakness of linear resynchronization mechanism with known output Boolean function.

Later Golić and Morgari studied linear resynchronization mechanisms with unknown output function.

Recently Armknecht, Lano and Preneel applied algebraic attacks and linear cryptanalysis to the resynchronization mechanism and obtained lower bounds for the nonlinearity required from a secure resynchronization mechanism.


Our results clearly show that daytime acoustic estimates of mesopelagic fish biomass at 38 kHz are complicated by the small physical size of the fauna, mixed aggregations, swimbladder regression, resonance, effects of depth, ontogenetic decreases in fish body density, non-linear conversion of scattering strength to weight, and biases of the gear used for ground-truthing, as detailed below. Differing assumptions regarding depth, size distribution, and dominant species produce daytime acoustic biomass estimates spanning three orders of magnitude (Table 1) . Additional complexity is introduced by DVM, which we do not consider here. Note that day-night differences in column scattering may not be large, even in the presence of resonance at depth. At the two stations considered here, trawling found 20% of the overall mesopelagic fish abundance in the epipelagic at night (Davison et al., 2013) .

At the two stations considered here, trawling found 20% of the overall mesopelagic fish abundance in the epipelagic at night.


Specifically, we consider three different types of non-universal scenarios. These are (a) non-universality of the squark and and slepton masses, (b) non-universality of the third family sfermions with respect to the first two, and (c) non-universality due to high-scale Dterms, pertinent to an SO(10) model. While the first scenario is purely phenomenological, the second one is motivated by the so-called 'inverted hierarchy' at a high scale, which is advocated as a solution to the flavour problem [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] . The third case concerns a particular theoretical picture where physics between the Planck and GUT scales affects the masses of sfermions in different sub-representations of SO(10), leading to different low-energy mass patterns [37] [38] [39] .

While the first scenario is purely phenomenological, the second one is motivated by the so-called 'inverted hierarchy' at a high scale, which is advocated as a solution to the flavour problem.

The third case concerns a particular theoretical picture where physics between the Planck and GUT scales affects the masses of sfermions in different sub-representations of SO(10), leading to different low-energy mass patterns.


Over the years there has been a growing discussion on how to define and measure health-related QoL in cancer [5] . A patient's QoL is usually measured through selfcompletion of validated questionnaires, which can be subdivided into generic-and disease-specific instruments. Most QoL measures are multidimensional, designed to reflect multiple domains of impact. These vary by instrument, but often include physical, psychological and social components of outcome [5] . Examples of commonly used disease-specific questionnaires in cancer research are the ''European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire'' (EORCT-QLQ) and the ''Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy'' (FACT). These questionnaires mainly express QoL in terms of tumour-, treatment-and symptom-specific scores by asking patients to answer questions about, for instance, side-effects or discomfort [8, 9] . Commonly used generic QoL instruments in cancer research, on the other hand, are the EuroQol (EQ-5D) and its visual analogue subscale (EQ-VAS). The EQ-5D measures mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression at three levels of response, while the EQ-VAS represents health status on a scale from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state) [10] .

Over the years there has been a growing discussion on how to define and measure health-related QoL in cancer.

These vary by instrument, but often include physical, psychological and social components of outcome.

These questionnaires mainly express QoL in terms of tumour-, treatment-and symptom-specific scores by asking patients to answer questions about, for instance, side-effects or discomfort.

The EQ-5D measures mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression at three levels of response, while the EQ-VAS represents health status on a scale from 0 (worst imaginable health state) to 100 (best imaginable health state).


Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) was first domesticated in East Asia more than 10,000 years ago and is now one of the world's most important and ancient domesticated crops [1] . It has very short growing season (10 weeks) and, aside from wheat and barley, is the longest-used summer cereal crop [2] . Proso millet is used as a human food, feed and forage for livestock, and fuel [3] .

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) was first domesticated in East Asia more than 10,000 years ago and is now one of the world's most important and ancient domesticated crops.

It has very short growing season (10 weeks) and, aside from wheat and barley, is the longest-used summer cereal crop.

Proso millet is used as a human food, feed and forage for livestock, and fuel.


It has been proposed that for activity in the MES test, a compound should have a large hydrophobic group in the close proximity to at least two electron donor atoms [6] . The semicarbazones containing a hydrophobic moiety (aryl ring) as well as two electron donor atoms in the semicarbazone group have been shown to possess activity in MES as well as scPTZ screen. Earlier, in this laboratory a number of substituted phenyl semicarbazones (4-Cl, 4-Br, 4-NO 2 etc) have been synthesized and evaluated for anticonvulsant activity. All the compounds showed anticonvulsant activity in MES, sc PTZ, sc STY and NT screens in one or more test models.

It has been proposed that for activity in the MES test, a compound should have a large hydrophobic group in the close proximity to at least two electron donor atoms.


Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is both prevalent and underrecognized in primary care. Prior to operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, the point prevalence of PTSD among Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care patients was estimated at 11.5 percent and the diagnosis was recognized by the primary care provider in less than 50 percent of cases [1] . Routine screening with the 4-item Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD) has been implemented within the VA system to facilitate early recognition of PTSD [2] .

Prior to operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, the point prevalence of PTSD among Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care patients was estimated at 11.5 percent and the diagnosis was recognized by the primary care provider in less than 50 percent of cases.

Routine screening with the 4-item Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSD) has been implemented within the VA system to facilitate early recognition of PTSD.


In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the aerodynamic power output of 6 MW offshore wind farms composed of three sets of 2 MW wind turbines according to the interturbine spacing was performed. An actuator disc model with the addition of a momentum source was not used, and instead, a full 3-D model was used for the precise aerodynamic power output calculations by CFD analysis. CFD analysis can be used to analyze large-scale problems, and the application of CFD to the layout design of offshore wind farms is expected to proliferate rapidly as the offshore wind farm market grows. Figure 1 shows various layout designs of wind farms depending on the site conditions, access convenience and maintenance conditions. The layout design of wind farms will become increasingly important as offshore wind farm with larger capacity are developed [8, 9] . In the wake region, there is a wind speed deficit, which affects the annual energy production. Far downstream, a merged wake from the multiple wakes occurs, which makes it impossible to calculate the annual energy production analytically. The level of the wake effect on a downstream wind turbine is connected directly to the inter-turbine spacing. If the inter-turbine spacing is too narrow, the wake effect, such as the wind speed deficit, becomes dominant. If the inter-turbine spacing is wide, the wake effect is weak and the incoming wind speed to the rotor of the downstream wind turbine recovers. This results in a higher aerodynamic power output.

The layout design of wind farms will become increasingly important as offshore wind farm with larger capacity are developed.


Wind turbines are a kind of energy extractor or converter [2] . The kinetic energy of free stream air is converted into mechanical rotational energy by a rotor and finally converted into electrical energy at the generator. The recent technology trend in wind energy has been toward offshore wind farms composed of multi-MW wind turbines. Offshore wind farms have several advantages over onshore or inland wind farms, such as better wind conditions and more annual energy production but the initial investment cost is much higher than that of onshore wind farms due to the high foundation and erection costs [3] .

Wind turbines are a kind of energy extractor or converter.

Offshore wind farms have several advantages over onshore or inland wind farms, such as better wind conditions and more annual energy production but the initial investment cost is much higher than that of onshore wind farms due to the high foundation and erection costs.


The maximum velocity deficit is occurred at the reference height which is the center of rotor. After the last wind turbine, wake profile is recovered to the atmospheric boundary layer, however, the profile is not symmetric with respect to wake centerline because of shear layer and the tilting of the rotor. It should be noted that the velocity profile assumed to be a uniform profile mostly adopted for a wind farm design is invalid [4] . Figure 9 shows gage pressure profile along the centerline in streamwise direction at the reference height for case 3 (L2 = 5D). A high pressure drop occurs across wind turbine rotors. The magnitude of the pressure drop decreases through wind turbines WT2 and WT3. The amount of energy extraction is proportional to the pressure drop, which explains why the aerodynamic power output of wind turbine WT3 is the smallest. The maximum pressure in front of turbine rotors WT1, WT2, and WT3 is decreasing from 24 Pa, 12 Pa, and 7 Pa, respectively, while the minimum pressure remains constant, −12.5 Pa. It can be explained that the maximum pressure depends on the square of incoming velocity, while the minimum pressure occurs at the dead water zone of wake flows. The maximum pressure ratio based on the peak pressure in front of WT1 for WT2 and WT3 are 0.50 and 0.29, which are quite close to the corresponding power ratio, 0.41 and 0.29.

It should be noted that the velocity profile assumed to be a uniform profile mostly adopted for a wind farm design is invalid.


Several factors influence TAC absorption and metabolism in the early period after KTx, including the induction of TAC metabolism by steroids [15, 18, 25] . Therefore, to exclude the impact of early immunosuppressive regimen on TAC metabolism rate, we chose to assess TAC C/D ratio no sooner than 3 months post-KTx, when all patients receive a stabilized prednisolone dose (5 mg/day) and have completed a routine 90-day opportunistic infections preventive treatment with valganciclovir, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and nystatin. TAC C/D ratios from the 6th, 12th, and 24th month after KTx were strongly correlated with each other, but not with the TAC C/D ratio at the 3rd month after KTx, supporting the hypothesis that the C/D ratio at very early periods after KTx should not be utilized to predict long-term graft function. Hence, we chose the C/D ratio from the 6th month after KTx, a timepoint when immunosuppressive regimen is established, and most patients receive a fixed, specific treatment for comorbidities, as, in our opinion, an optimal timepoint for early prediction of kidney graft function in a long-term follow-up.

Several factors influence TAC absorption and metabolism in the early period after KTx, including the induction of TAC metabolism by steroids.


Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for prot or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the rst page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specic permission and/or a fee. In this paper, we study how contract element extraction can be automated. As a starting point, we provide a new benchmark dataset of approximately 3,500 English contracts, manually annotated with 11 types of contract elements. This dataset can be used to train and test contract element extraction algorithms. To bypass privacy issues, the benchmark dataset is provided in an encoded form, where each vocabulary word has been replaced by a unique integer identier, as in some spam ltering datasets [1] . For example, each occurrence of the word 'termination' may have been replaced by the integer identier '3156'. We also provide hand-crafted features per token (word occurrence) of the benchmark dataset, for example indicating the part-of-speech (POS) tag and length (in characters) that each token had before it was replaced by an integer identier, whether the (original) token contained numerical characters etc.

Abstracting with credit is permitted.

To bypass privacy issues, the benchmark dataset is provided in an encoded form, where each vocabulary word has been replaced by a unique integer identier, as in some spam ltering datasets.


Contracts are legal texts describing agreements. Law rms, companies, government agencies etc. need to monitor contracts for a wide range of tasks [24] . For example, law rms need to notify their clients when contracts are about to expire or when contracts are aected by legislation amendments. Large contractors need to keep track of agreed payments. Taxation authorities may need to focus on contracts involving particular parties and large payments. Many of these tasks can be automated by extracting particular contract elements (e.g., termination dates, legislation references, contracting parties, agreed payments). Contract element extraction, however, is currently performed mostly manually, which is tedious and costly.

Law rms, companies, government agencies etc. need to monitor contracts for a wide range of tasks.


Most soft soil is characterized by very high compressibility and water content, and low shear strength and permeability. Constructing embankments over such soft foundations are known to cause large total or post construction settlement, lateral movement, and excess pore pressure (Suematsu et al., 1984) . To control the settlement and lateral movement under embankments, there are two methods usually used to reinforce soft foundations. One is to enhance the soil strength such as by vacuum preloading or surcharge preloading, with the use of vertical drains to accelerate the consolidation rate during the preloading process (Johnson, 1970) . The other is to install vertical or horizontal ground improvement into the soil which is referred to as a composite foundation (Arulrajah et al., 2009; Six et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2013) . The combined shear strength and compression modulus of composite foundations are greater than those of the original soft foundations, so that the settlement and lateral movement due to embankment construction can be controlled effectively.

Constructing embankments over such soft foundations are known to cause large total or post construction settlement, lateral movement, and excess pore pressure.

One is to enhance the soil strength such as by vacuum preloading or surcharge preloading, with the use of vertical drains to accelerate the consolidation rate during the preloading process.

The other is to install vertical or horizontal ground improvement into the soil which is referred to as a composite foundation.


For example, in a rather small outbreak involving a rat, an elephant and the animal caretaker three identical HA sequences were obtained. Since the sequence had not been reported before, a rat-elephant-human transmission was assumed [9] . In another outbreak with generalized infections in banded mongooses (Mungos mungo), jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) and a time-delayed case of human cowpox, an identical and unique HA sequence indicates a common source of infection, i.e. infected food rats [13] . If HA sequences are distinct, then it can be concluded that they are not epidemiologically linked, if HA sequences are identical, they could or could not be epidemiologically linked. This scenario merits to be further investigated using a supplementary method [9] , [13] . To this end we have investigated two HA sequence groups (C029 and C030; Table S1 ) which are composed of 11 and 14 identical sequences, respectively, by determining the sequence of the entire genome which has the highest discriminatory power.

Since the sequence had not been reported before, a rat-elephant-human transmission was assumed.

In another outbreak with generalized infections in banded mongooses (Mungos mungo), jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) and a time-delayed case of human cowpox, an identical and unique HA sequence indicates a common source of infection, i.e. infected food rats.

This scenario merits to be further investigated using a supplementary method.


In cold mix asphalt concrete, the bitumen emulsion is being mixed with the aggregate, eliminating the need for high temperatures altogether. However, the asphalt produced is not as durable as HMA or Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA), CMA is therefore typically used for low traffic areas or to patch damaged HMA [4] . However, at higher temperatures, that is 28 o C and above, the rutting susceptibility of asphalt mixes needs to be studied in the laboratory and at site. Comprehensive laboratory investigation is also required in order to study the influence of physical and mechanical properties of aggregates on rutting resistance or the permanent deformation behaviour of asphalt mixes, so that appropriate rationality of cold mix asphalt adoption for a particular region can be established.

However, the asphalt produced is not as durable as HMA or Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA), CMA is therefore typically used for low traffic areas or to patch damaged HMA.


The cold asphalt has the advantage of reduced energy (working at lower temperatures) and hence contributes to reduction in global warming [2] . The influence of working temperature on the mechanical properties of the asphalt and the implication on the ability of the modified asphalt to carry normal and abnormal traffic are some of the important aspects that need necessary attention for traffic load support. Good CMA should have the under-listed properties to be advantageous over HMA [3] .

The cold asphalt has the advantage of reduced energy (working at lower temperatures) and hence contributes to reduction in global warming.

Good CMA should have the under-listed properties to be advantageous over HMA.


For "Network 3" trained with simulated data from experiments 1 and 2 simultaneously, there were estimates of gains from indirect selection of 9.30 and 7.08% using the values predicted by the network in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. These estimates are higher than those obtained using indirect selection for agronomic traits and values predicted by using the "Network 1" and "Network 2". This information is important, showing that training the ANN using information from different experiments increased the power of prediction and extrapolation of the network, enabling higher earnings estimates for indirect selection. Therefore, for breeding companies the use of data from previous experiments may provide good results for the network training. If there is no data from previous experiments to train the network, an alternative may be the use of information sufficiently small samples representative of populations in improvement (in terms of variance and covariance between traits). And then, play selection in the rest of the population (not sampled plants in respect to difficult measurement) using the results predicted by network (trained with the information of the samples). ANN presents advantages over the conventional statistical procedures, because traditionally the mean is the main parameter needed to judge the superiority between genotypes , and in cases of low heritability, the selection process has lower reliability. However, a more detailed analysis may be performed by taking into consideration not only the mean genotype, but also other relevant statistics and those of high practical aspect, although these make the decision-making process more complex for the data analyst. In the biometrics approach this additional information is neglected, but when utilizing the computational intelligence approach such information is indispensable and make up relevant inputs to be considered in the training process of the ANN (Silva et al., 2014) .

In the biometrics approach this additional information is neglected, but when utilizing the computational intelligence approach such information is indispensable and make up relevant inputs to be considered in the training process of the ANN.


Nd:YVO 4 crystals as a gain material with sufficient gain bandwidth and a high emission cross section are widely adopted in end-pumping picosecond regenerative amplifiers. Nowadays, fiber coupled high-power laser diode (LD) are an appropriate pumping source for the regenerative amplifier due to their highly compact size and relatively low cost. The pumping of Nd:YVO 4 with 888 nm LD induces less thermal stress gradient along the crystal compared with 808 nm that makes it possible for long time operation of the laser with higher stability [20, 21] . Table 1 presents the physical parameters of Nd:YVO 4 crystal pumped by 808 nm and 888 nm wavelengths [22, 23] . As the data show, the lower fractional thermal loading in 888 nm pump compared with 808 nm wavelength results in the heat reduction and optical efficiency growth. Although the absorption coefficient of 808 nm is higher compared to 888 nm wavelength, it shows different values between the two crystallographic axes that result in the varying and irreproducible absorption if without the polarization controlling of pump light. The lower pump absorption efficiency can be optimized by using a longer crystal for high output power that allows the heat load to be spread in a larger volume, thus minimizing stress and thermal gradient [24] . Additionally, the 888 nm wavelength shows a higher absorption band width than 808 nm, which decreases the sensitivity to the shift in the pump wavelength. In this study, we demonstrate a highly stable and high power industrial grade picosecond Nd:YVO 4 amplifier with the adjustable repetition rate from 200 to 500 kHz. A combination of an 888 nm optical fiber pumped Nd:YVO 4 regenerative and a traveling-wave amplifiers have been utilized. To eliminate the leakage of the regenerative amplifier in high repetition rate operation, double BBO crystal Pockels cells are adopted as one switch to improve the responsivity of the switching. The maximum output power of 24.5 W is obtained at 500 kHz with the pulse width of 16.9 ps, corresponding to the pulse energy and the peak power of 0.05 mJ and 2.9 MW, respectively. The beam quality factor M 2 is measured to be 1.25 at the full power operation. When operated at 200 kHz, the maximum pulse energy of 0.11 mJ and the maximum peak power of 6.5 MW is obtained. Our measurements show that this method effectively realizes the suppression of leakage and improves the purity of the regenerative amplified pulses.

The pumping of Nd:YVO 4 with 888 nm LD induces less thermal stress gradient along the crystal compared with 808 nm that makes it possible for long time operation of the laser with higher stability.

Table 1 presents the physical parameters of Nd:YVO 4 crystal pumped by 808 nm and 888 nm wavelengths.

The lower pump absorption efficiency can be optimized by using a longer crystal for high output power that allows the heat load to be spread in a larger volume, thus minimizing stress and thermal gradient.


Microalgae are aquatic unicellular and simple multicellular, microbial organisms. They perform no cell differentiation and the lack of additional supporting structures made of structural biopolymers like roots, stems and leaves in land-based plants enhances the photosynthetic efficiency [8] . When grown in photobioreactors cultivation is also possible in arid regions (possible land coverage) and not in competition with food production. Faster growth rates and more generation cycles during the year are advantageous. Furthermore the possible recycle of water and unconsumed nutrients and the tolerance to a high CO 2 content in the gas phase which additionally increases growth kinetics make algae cultivations attractive compared to conventional agriculture.

They perform no cell differentiation and the lack of additional supporting structures made of structural biopolymers like roots, stems and leaves in land-based plants enhances the photosynthetic efficiency.


In order to obtain information about the developed phases as a function of sintering temperature-in particular the transition of amorphous into crystalline silica-X-Ray diffractometry was performed. Beside the stability and transparency of the manufactured open-celled sponges, for the successful use of the cellular material, the knowledge of its geometrical properties is necessary. In this study, these parameters are derived from calculations based on datasets of magnetic resonance imaging. Volume Image Analysis on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of porous media has been used now for several decades beginning with the aim of characterizing soil material, e. g. sandstones [15] . Increased resolution has enabled even a tomographic insight into such materials together with the possibility to analyze the structure with respect to geometrically characteristic parameters [16] . Its application to reticulated structures can therefore give the most extended view into its details and has even been used recently to generate high resolution geometrical representations for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations [17] [18] [19] . Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) were used for the characterization of the resulting transparent sponge structure.

Volume Image Analysis on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of porous media has been used now for several decades beginning with the aim of characterizing soil material, e. g. sandstones.

Increased resolution has enabled even a tomographic insight into such materials together with the possibility to analyze the structure with respect to geometrically characteristic parameters.

Its application to reticulated structures can therefore give the most extended view into its details and has even been used recently to generate high resolution geometrical representations for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations.


We hope that the algorithm can be useful in diverse areas where one needs to estimate an unknown density or marginalize a known density. Such areas range from applications to graphical models (the inference problem) to reductions of systems of differential equations. In the latter case, we are planning to apply the algorithm to estimate the density of solutions produced by finitedifference or spectral formulations of partial differential equations that do not have a natural candidate for a density. An analytical expression for the density in such situations can be helpful in the process of constructing reduced models [3] .

An analytical expression for the density in such situations can be helpful in the process of constructing reduced models.


The increasing use of radiation technologies in medicine, industry, agriculture and in scientific researches has increased the risk for over exposure to ionizing radiation. If radiation interacts with the DNA molecule, or some other critical cellular component, it is referred to as a direct effect. Indirect effects are caused by the reaction of radiation with the water molecules that make up most of the cells volume, causing the radiolysis of water and the production of radicals which attack the critical targets. Because they are able to diffuse some distance in the cell, thus, damage from indirect action is much more common than damage from direct action [1] .

Because they are able to diffuse some distance in the cell, thus, damage from indirect action is much more common than damage from direct action.


Recently, combined therapy with drugs of different therapeutic effects shows an effective way to treat diseases and cause tissue to be regenerate. In order to optimize their effects, different drugs should be used at their optimal dose and at different periods in the treatment. One of the main challenges of combined therapy is to control the release behaviour of each drug independently [1] . However, single drug delivery systems cannot fulfil the needs of such therapy. Therefore, developing dual drug delivery systems (DDDS), which can control the release behaviour of each drug, is needed. However, so far there has been limited research on dual drug delivery systems [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

One of the main challenges of combined therapy is to control the release behaviour of each drug independently.

However, so far there has been limited research on dual drug delivery systems.


Results from our greenhouse and field studies suggest that planting C. levisecta with a host may not be absolutely necessary, but may confer some advantages to field plantings. Although our findings are likely context dependent, no-host controls performed as well or better than all other host treatments in both greenhouse and field environments. Host plants can provide water and nutrients to hemi-parasites during periods of critical environmental stress (Kuijt 1969; Press 1989) . However, under horticultural growing conditions with ample water, nutrients, and light, C. levisecta individuals produced abundant biomass and had high reproductive output without hosts. In our field study, no-host C. levisecta individuals had the highest proportion surviving (x 5 0.78), although at the time of monitoring these plants had yet to experience summer drought conditions typical of the region. Natural populations of C. levisecta emerge in early March, flower in May, and senesce in July in response to dry conditions (Caplow 2004) .

Host plants can provide water and nutrients to hemi-parasites during periods of critical environmental stress.

Natural populations of C. levisecta emerge in early March, flower in May, and senesce in July in response to dry conditions.


Another area where bandwidth densities are increasing is focal plane arrays with the potential for megapixel arrays on orbital microscopes (the Kepler spacecraft has a 96 megapixel focal plane [5] ). At this scale, detectors can produce data rates of terabytes requiring kilowatts of power with traditional electronic backplanes. Silicon resonant modulators can reduce this requirement to close to a Watt using recently demonstrated technology [3] . Furthermore, fiber based technologies are inherently resistant to electromagnetic interference and don't conduct heat which can further save power on cryogenically cooled arrays. In a controlled temperature environment, resonant devices also do not suffer channel drift as they would in traditional interconnect applications. This potentially removes the requirement for thermal tuning.

Another area where bandwidth densities are increasing is focal plane arrays with the potential for megapixel arrays on orbital microscopes (the Kepler spacecraft has a 96 megapixel focal plane).

Silicon resonant modulators can reduce this requirement to close to a Watt using recently demonstrated technology.


A microblog is medium that is similar to a traditional blog in terms of being used to post personal opinions. However, it is different than a traditional blog in that the users of microblogs tend to post smaller content that is highly related to timely events (e.g., breaking news) and closely connected with offline and online social network relationships. In this paper, we focus on microblog ad-hoc retrieval, which aims to find relevant and recent content for current trend-related queries issued by anonymous users [20] . The realtime ad-hoc task of the TREC 2011 microblog track describes a similar scenario in which the goal is to find "the most recent but relevant" tweets at a specific time. To achieve this goal, participating systems need to detect topically relevant documents and arrange them according to the post time from the most recent to the oldest. In general, most microblog documents are posted by individuals who want to spread breaking news and to express their personal feelings. As a result, we can rarely be assured of the quality of microblog content. In addition, unlike other user-generated contents (e.g., Q&A and Blog), microblog documents often have constraints. For example, Twitter's 140-character limit makes it difficult to distinguish informative content, since the length limitation causes many cases of word abbreviations and poor linguistic usage. In this sense, to improve microblog retrieval, we need to take into account the quality of the document content.

In this paper, we focus on microblog ad-hoc retrieval, which aims to find relevant and recent content for current trend-related queries issued by anonymous users.


In contrast to its importance in food production, potato's role as a sustainable energy source and renewable feedstock is less well known. Potato starch is an important source for paper, plastic, and glue production (Mayer and Hillebrandt, 1997; González-Gutiérrez et al. 2010) . Over the past few years, the biotechnological impact of potato even further increased because of its potential value as a substrate for biohydrogen (BioH2) production (Claassen et al. 1999; Mars et al. 2010) . It was argued that novel, high-carbohydrate potato varieties would even be able to compete with corn, sugar beet, and other established energy plants in terms of BioH2 capacity, especially when grown on marginal soils and carrying resistance traits to the major potato diseases (Wang and Chang, 2008; Ferreira et al. 2011) .

Potato starch is an important source for paper, plastic, and glue production.

Over the past few years, the biotechnological impact of potato even further increased because of its potential value as a substrate for biohydrogen (BioH2) production.

It was argued that novel, high-carbohydrate potato varieties would even be able to compete with corn, sugar beet, and other established energy plants in terms of BioH2 capacity, especially when grown on marginal soils and carrying resistance traits to the major potato diseases.


With the advent of string dualities two things have changed. On the one hand it has been possible to control some of the non-perturbative properties (or couplings) of string theory [1] . On the other hand the SO(32) heterotic string and even more so the type I string have been investigated from the point of view of viable particle phenomenology [2] .

On the one hand it has been possible to control some of the non-perturbative properties (or couplings) of string theory.

On the other hand the SO(32) heterotic string and even more so the type I string have been investigated from the point of view of viable particle phenomenology.


The purpose of this paper is to define a notions of strictly convex and normal structure in Menger PMspace. Also, a theorem that provides existence of a common fixed point for two self-mappings defined on strictly convex Menger PM-spaces will be proved. In the proof of the main result topological methods for characterization spaces with nondeterministic distances will be used. As a consequence of main result we will give probabilistic variant of Browder's result [3] .

As a consequence of main result we will give probabilistic variant of Browder's result.


We were unable to culture S. flava under artiÞcial light and had to conduct all the studies in a glasshouse where sunlight was available. Therefore, these studies are difÞcult to compare with previous research because the temperature ßuctuated daily (Fig. 2) and photoperiod was uncontrolled. However, these conditions may mimic a natural environment more realistically than a controlled environmental study (Hagstrum and Hagstrum 1970) .

However, these conditions may mimic a natural environment more realistically than a controlled environmental study.


Sunflower is one of the major oil crops in the world. The relative thermo and photo-insensitivity of sunflower allows its cultivation throughout the year in different seasons. From the agro-eco analysis of growing seasons, it is evident that drought stress is an important factor limiting the productivity in the major sunflower growing states. In addition, certain biotic stresses, especially diseases, cause significant recurring yield losses. Some of these diseases have remained the major issues for many years demanding close attention. Sunflower production in India continues to face challenges, since the crops are often grown on marginal land which is inherently deficient in moisture and nutrients (Connor and Sadras, 1992) .

Sunflower production in India continues to face challenges, since the crops are often grown on marginal land which is inherently deficient in moisture and nutrients.


Enhanced drought tolerance is achieved by incorporating some traits that help the plant to cope with drought stress effectively (Chaves et al., 1991) . The application of Water Use Efficiency (WUE) as an important screening technique has helped in finding out the significant variation among the genotypes (Condon et al., 2004) . With this background, a research was carried out for screening the sunflower genotypes for better root system and high water use efficiency.

Enhanced drought tolerance is achieved by incorporating some traits that help the plant to cope with drought stress effectively.

The application of Water Use Efficiency (WUE) as an important screening technique has helped in finding out the significant variation among the genotypes.


The MDS analysis made use of the standardized correlation coefficients between all attitude objects as indicators of similarity. MDS is a mathematical approach in which similarities among a set of objects are represented spatially. The ideal of the approach is to minimize the discrepancy (stress) between the spatial representation and the observed data, using as few dimensions as possible in the interest of parsimony (Schiffman, Reynolds, & Young, 1981) . In the present case, the MDS analysis yielded a two-dimensional solution with satisfactory goodness of fit (stress = .18, R 2 = .78). The analysis revealed that attitudes toward a tuition increase and the mandatory service program were proximal in multidimensional space. The mean interpoint distance between the attitude objects was high (M distance = 1.38) relative to the distance between the two chosen for further study (M distance = 0.66). On the basis of these findings, the issue of a mandatory university service requirement was chosen as the focal issue, and an increase in tuition at the university was chosen as the indirect issue. Many earlier studies in the ELM tradition have made use of a tuition increase as a focal issue (Johnson & Eagly, 1989) . The earlier research was based on the reasonable assumption that few students relish the idea that they will be forced to pay more for their education. Clearly, on this issue, change should prove difficult. Past ELM research was undertaken to identify factors that enhanced the persuasiveness of communications that argued in favor of this clearly counterattitudinal issue. In this article, we detail the conditions under which attitudes toward a tuition increase become more positive as a consequence of a message in which tuition is never mentioned.

The ideal of the approach is to minimize the discrepancy (stress) between the spatial representation and the observed data, using as few dimensions as possible in the interest of parsimony.

Many earlier studies in the ELM tradition have made use of a tuition increase as a focal issue.


With this research, our interest was focused on evaluating how various components of CSR in tourism, mainly related to protecting the natural environment, are perceived by our tourism business students from their perspective as future employees in this field of activity. Anticipating future expectations of young tourism's human resources might lead to effective and efficient measures in the field of CSR implementations, as their involvement is crucial to the success of CSR programs [3] . This particular category of young, energetic employees has the potential of becoming the key element and a vector for change in order to attain significant results in CSR activities and improve the overall business performance. Furthermore, in a strategic approach to CSR, where social and business objectives are aligned, and where social initiatives are related to the main activity of the implementing business organisations, CSR programs dedicated to employees can provide significant benefits in a win-win perspective. As previously noticed, past research has tended to neglect the implications of CSR activities on the employee's professional performances, while it can be proven that CSR can play a pivotal role in employees' identification with the employer and job satisfaction, and thus to job performance [5] .

Anticipating future expectations of young tourism's human resources might lead to effective and efficient measures in the field of CSR implementations, as their involvement is crucial to the success of CSR programs.

As previously noticed, past research has tended to neglect the implications of CSR activities on the employee's professional performances, while it can be proven that CSR can play a pivotal role in employees' identification with the employer and job satisfaction, and thus to job performance.


Anti-branes in warped throat geometries are an important ingredient in many models of supersymmetry breaking in string theory. In string phenomenology they represent a generic way of uplifting a given anti-de Sitter (AdS) compactification to a de Sitter (dS) one with small cosmological constant [1] . In holography they are used to construct non-compact flux backgrounds dual to dynamical supersymmetry breaking mechanisms in field theories [2] [3] [4] . Recently, antibranes in flux compactifications have also been used to construct non-extremal black hole microstates [5, 6] . Over the past few years there has been an extensive body of work aimed at constructing explicit solutions for the geometry sourced by these anti-branes, and to study their dynamics with full backreaction taken into account.

In string phenomenology they represent a generic way of uplifting a given anti-de Sitter (AdS) compactification to a de Sitter (dS) one with small cosmological constant.

In holography they are used to construct non-compact flux backgrounds dual to dynamical supersymmetry breaking mechanisms in field theories.

Recently, antibranes in flux compactifications have also been used to construct non-extremal black hole microstates.


In this paper we study the solution and the dynamics of fully back-reacted anti-M2 branes in the CGLP background [14] . This background is dual to a supersymmetric N = 2 (2+1)-dimensional theory obtained by a mass-deformation of the world-volume theory of M2 branes at the tip of a cone over V 5,2 = SO(5)/SO(3). This field-theory deformation corresponds in supergravity to deforming the cone over V 5,2 to a Stenzel space, which has a finite-sized S 4 at the tip.

In this paper we study the solution and the dynamics of fully back-reacted anti-M2 branes in the CGLP background.


While nearly all students in the sample reported at least one close relationship with an older person, overall they demonstrated only about a 70% understanding of ageing issues, as measured by the knowledge/myths instrument. The average score of 7.8 (out of 12) or 65% success rate for those who had not attended an ageing course is comparable with rates found in undergraduate social work students in the United States prior to taking a gerontology course (pre-test) [7] . The average score of 9.6 or 80% success rate for those who had attended the course 'Reflective Practice with Older People' is slightly lower than 85% post-test success rate reported by Olson [7] . Although it should be noted that the present survey was conducted about a year after completion of the course and that this course did not specifically seek to address the issues covered in the knowledge/myths instrument.

The average score of 7.8 (out of 12) or 65% success rate for those who had not attended an ageing course is comparable with rates found in undergraduate social work students in the United States prior to taking a gerontology course (pre-test).

The average score of 9.6 or 80% success rate for those who had attended the course 'Reflective Practice with Older People' is slightly lower than 85% post-test success rate reported by Olson.


The outline of the paper is a follows: In Section 2, we describe our approach for coupling higher-derivative theories to supergravity. This formalism is then applied to various examples: In Section 3, we derive the component action for the simplest higher-derivative Kähler potential. Besides illustrating our approach, the results of this example are fundamental building blocks for the construction of more complex effective theories. We also check that our results are consistent with a linearized coupling of gravity to a Ferrera-Zumino multiplet. In Section 4, we present an application to the supersymmetric effective theory of inflation [10, 11] . We derive the basic component actions, but defer a detailed physics discussion to a companion paper [1] . We state brief conclusions in Section 5. Two technical appendices form an integral part of this work: In Appendix A, we cite key identities that proved to be invaluable for the computations presented in this paper. In Appendix B, we give detailed derivations of some of the less trivial identities. Unless indicated otherwise, our notation and conventions will follow Wess and Bagger [12] .

In Section 4, we present an application to the supersymmetric effective theory of inflation.

We derive the basic component actions, but defer a detailed physics discussion to a companion paper.

Unless indicated otherwise, our notation and conventions will follow Wess and Bagger.


Reactive extraction represents a reaction between the acid (solute) and extractant molecule at the interface of aqueous and organic phase where transfers of acid molecules take place by the diffusion and solubilization mechanism. Reactive extraction strongly depends on various parameters such as aqueous phase composition, organic phase composition, types of complexes (1 : 1, 2 : 1, etc.) formed, properties of the solvent (extractant and diluent), type of solvent, temperature, and pH [15] . The purpose should be achieving a high distribution coefficient with higher selectivity. This can be realized by utilizing an appropriate organic phase at optimum conditions.

Reactive extraction strongly depends on various parameters such as aqueous phase composition, organic phase composition, types of complexes (1 : 1, 2 : 1, etc.) formed, properties of the solvent (extractant and diluent), type of solvent, temperature, and pH.


Diluents can be broadly divided into two groups: (i) active diluents and (ii) inactive diluents. Generally, the active diluents are polar in nature due to the presence of functional groups. They are good solvating media for an ion-pair such as an acid-amine complex [13] . The category includes chlorinated hydrocarbon, ketone, alcohol, and halogenated aromatic solvents. Inactive diluents being nonpolar provide very low distribution of the acid and poor solvation of the polar complexes. Alkanes, benzene, alkyl substituted aromatics, and so forth fall in this category. These diluents limit the formation of the third phase at higher concentrations of acid in the organic phase and are useful in the stripping of acid. The equilibrium curve can be shifted towards the aqueous phase by increasing the concentration of the inert diluent in the mixture of diluents [14] .

They are good solvating media for an ion-pair such as an acid-amine complex.

The equilibrium curve can be shifted towards the aqueous phase by increasing the concentration of the inert diluent in the mixture of diluents.


The first two categories are nonreactive in nature and extract the acid molecules by solvation. The distinction between the first two categories is based on the strength of the solvation bonds and the specificity of solvation. The coordinate bonds between carbon bonded oxygen donor extractant and the acid are too weak for a specific solvation but it is significantly more for phosphorus bonded oxygen bearing extractants. The extractants in the second category make the solvation process more specific and the number of solvating molecules per extracted acid molecule can be accessible experimentally. The aliphatic amines in the third category can react with the carboxylic acid molecule and form acid-amine complexes by proton transfer or by ion pair formation. This causes a significant increase in the distribution coefficient of the carboxylic acid [11] . Among aliphatic amines, primary alkyl amines are observed to be excessively soluble in water at room temperature while secondary amines form a gel phase (third phase) at the interface which create difficulty in phase separation [3] . The extractability of tertiary amines is found to be more than that of the primary and secondary amines [5] . Aliphatic tertiary amines having more than six carbon atoms per chain are found to be effective extractants for the recovery of carboxylic acids [3] .

This causes a significant increase in the distribution coefficient of the carboxylic acid.

Among aliphatic amines, primary alkyl amines are observed to be excessively soluble in water at room temperature while secondary amines form a gel phase (third phase) at the interface which create difficulty in phase separation.

The extractability of tertiary amines is found to be more than that of the primary and secondary amines.

Aliphatic tertiary amines having more than six carbon atoms per chain are found to be effective extractants for the recovery of carboxylic acids.


Although a tertiary amine has good extractability, it must always be used with a diluent due to its viscous and corrosive nature. Further, the stability of the formed acidamine complexes in the reactive extraction is affected by the basicity of the amine which can be manipulated by using different types of diluents. Moreover, use of a diluent controls the physical properties such as density, viscosity, and surface tension of the organic phase [12] .

Moreover, use of a diluent controls the physical properties such as density, viscosity, and surface tension of the organic phase.


Our results demonstrate the possibility of writing classical equations for quantum systems, even in absence of a correspondence to classical physics. The key point is the quantum system is characterized by strong probabilistic correlations [12] . In fact, the paths derived here are not accessible by the usual semi-classical methods. Thus, our method is of direct interest to fields where new notions of emergent classicality may be required, in particular, in the study of macroscopic quantum phenomena and in quantum cosmology [27] .

The key point is the quantum system is characterized by strong probabilistic correlations.

Thus, our method is of direct interest to fields where new notions of emergent classicality may be required, in particular, in the study of macroscopic quantum phenomena and in quantum cosmology.


For the second detector, we assume, as in Sec. 2.2, that particle absorption is independent of the particle's momentum. Hence, t g 2 ( ) ∼ √ . We choose the constant C so that Prob(L 1 , L 2 ) = 1, hence, we obtain Eq. (16) .

Hence, t g 2 ( ) ∼ √ .

We choose the constant C so that Prob(L 1 , L 2 ) = 1, hence, we obtain Eq..


Infl ammation is a complex event that consists of recognizing the lesion stimulus and the consequent attempt at restoring the damaged tissue (Nathan, 2002) . This involves a series of cellular and vascular events (Rocha & Silva, 1978) . In infl ammatory reactions, nitric oxide derived from cells stimulated by the action of cytokines promotes changes in the vascular permeability of the infl amed tissue (Barnes & Karin, 1997) . The Nuclear κB (NF-κB) factor, an important transcription factor in the progression of infl ammation, is related to gene activation in many of the mediators involved in infl ammatory response, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS (Barnes & Karin, 1997; Ben-Neriah & Schmidt-Supprian, 2007) . The biodiversity found in Brazil accounts for 15 to 20% of total biodiversity worldwide and is considered a source of biologically active compounds with enormous potential as a source of new drugs (Barreiro & Fraga, 1999) .

Infl ammation is a complex event that consists of recognizing the lesion stimulus and the consequent attempt at restoring the damaged tissue.

This involves a series of cellular and vascular events.

In infl ammatory reactions, nitric oxide derived from cells stimulated by the action of cytokines promotes changes in the vascular permeability of the infl amed tissue.

The Nuclear κB (NF-κB) factor, an important transcription factor in the progression of infl ammation, is related to gene activation in many of the mediators involved in infl ammatory response, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and iNOS.

The biodiversity found in Brazil accounts for 15 to 20% of total biodiversity worldwide and is considered a source of biologically active compounds with enormous potential as a source of new drugs.


The macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1β) is a chemiokine that induces chemiotaxis and T cell adhesion (Tanaka et al., 1993) . The MIP-1β levels were found to be reduced after treatment with polysaccharides from Scleroderma nitidum. IL1ra can inhibit the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1 (Dinarello, 1992; 1994) . Polysaccharides from the fungus Scleroderma nitidum caused a three-fold increase in IL1ra levels in the peritoneal wash of mice with zymosaninduced peritonitis. In the present study a substantial increase in IL-10 levels was also found.

The macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1β) is a chemiokine that induces chemiotaxis and T cell adhesion.

IL1ra can inhibit the pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1.


Graphs are ubiquitous in data analysis, often used to model social, biological and technological systems. Often, data with a notion of distance can be modeled by a metric graph. A graph is a metric graph if each edge is assigned a positive length and if the graph is equipped with a natural metric where the distance between any two points of the graph (not necessarily vertices) is defined to be the minimum length of all paths from one to the other [13] . A metric graph is therefore a special type of metric space that captures simple forms of geometric relations in data that arise in both abstract and practical settings, such as biological networks, social networks and road networks. For example, the movement patterns that GPS systems trace for vehicles can be modeled as a metric graph for location-aware applications. Brain functional networks as metric graphs capture the blood-oxygen-level dependent signal correlations among different areas of the brain [4] . Social networks as metric graphs can encode strengths of influence between social entities (e.g., persons or corporations). Extracting the topological structures of such networks can provide powerful insights for navigating and understanding their underlying data.

A graph is a metric graph if each edge is assigned a positive length and if the graph is equipped with a natural metric where the distance between any two points of the graph (not necessarily vertices) is defined to be the minimum length of all paths from one to the other.

Brain functional networks as metric graphs capture the blood-oxygen-level dependent signal correlations among different areas of the brain.


Probably the main advantage of nucleate boiling is achieving higher heat fluxes with relatively small increments of surface temperature. For example, in most conventional cases of the automotive industry as in EGR coolers or radiators without vapour separators or condensers, this heat transfer mechanism is used within reasonable limits avoiding a net generation of vapour, which may cause problems of vapour agglomeration in recirculating and top zones. In consequence, the heat transfer process must be run under subcooled conditions [7] .

In consequence, the heat transfer process must be run under subcooled conditions.


When included into the above described translation scenario, the MaxEnt TM outperforms the baseline TM, be it used together with or without TreeLM. The results are summarized in Table 1. The improvement is statistically significant according to paired bootstrap resampling test (Koehn, 2004) . In the configuration without TreeLM the improvement is greater (1.33 BLEU) than with TreeLM (0.81 BLEU), which confirms our hypothesis that MaxEnt TM captures some of the contextual dependencies resolved otherwise by language models.

The results are summarized in Table 1.

The improvement is statistically significant according to paired bootstrap resampling test.


We found that the proportion of bariatric surgeries performed in high-volume hospitals (over 125 procedures per year) increased over time. Procedure volume was a major criterion in the hospital accreditation, where a minimum of 125 procedures per year was required to be classified as a Centers of Excellence (COE) for bariatric surgery [17] . In February 2006, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a National Coverage Determination (NCD), which restricted insurance coverage for bariatric surgeries only to COE hospitals [29] . In September 2013, however, CMS changed the policy and removed the restriction of coverage to COE hospitals [29] . In the following year, Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP), which is jointly supported by American College of Surgeons (ACS) and American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS), changed the evaluation criteria on hospital volume from 125 to 50 procedures [18] . One study analyzing in-patient claims from two states found that the percentage of procedures performed at COE hospitals increased from 60.5% in 2008 to 73.1% in 2011 [30] . In our study, the percentage of procedures performed in high-volume hospitals increased from 53.6% in 2011 to 79.9% in 2014. The observed increase of frequency of bariatric procedures in high-volume hospitals might be the result of restriction of insurance coverage to COE hospitals.

Procedure volume was a major criterion in the hospital accreditation, where a minimum of 125 procedures per year was required to be classified as a Centers of Excellence (COE) for bariatric surgery.

In February 2006, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a National Coverage Determination (NCD), which restricted insurance coverage for bariatric surgeries only to COE hospitals.

In September 2013, however, CMS changed the policy and removed the restriction of coverage to COE hospitals.

In the following year, Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP), which is jointly supported by American College of Surgeons (ACS) and American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS), changed the evaluation criteria on hospital volume from 125 to 50 procedures.

One study analyzing in-patient claims from two states found that the percentage of procedures performed at COE hospitals increased from 60.5% in 2008 to 73.1% in 2011.


The percentage of most selected comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and chronic liver disease) was stable from 2011 to 2014 in our study. Sleep apnea was an exception with a slight increase. Bariatric surgery has been proven as an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes [35] . Previous research has shown the proportion of bariatric surgery patients who had type 2 diabetes increased greatly from 1998 (14%) until 2008 (33%) but plateaued after that. In our data, about 31.2% patients had type 2 diabetes over the study period, which is similar to previous findings [7, 10] . One previous study reported an upward trend of the sleep apnea among bariatric surgery patients from 28% in 2008 to 35.8% in 2012 [10] . The proportion of sleep apnea in our data was higher than previously reported and increased continuously [7, 10] .

Bariatric surgery has been proven as an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes.

In our data, about 31.2% patients had type 2 diabetes over the study period, which is similar to previous findings.

One previous study reported an upward trend of the sleep apnea among bariatric surgery patients from 28% in 2008 to 35.8% in 2012.

The proportion of sleep apnea in our data was higher than previously reported and increased continuously.


In this paper we give a formulation of the dynamics of LC circuits within the framework of Birkhoffian systems [3] . Based on the constitutive relations of the involved inductors and capacitors and on Kirchhoff's laws, we define a configuration space and a corresponding Birkhoffian that describes the "elementary work" done by a set of "generalized forces". As a matter of fact, in order to cover circuits for which the topological assumptions usually imposed in the literature, are not satisfied, we are forced to describe a single circuit by a whole family of Birkhoffian systems parameterized by a finite number of real parameters. Relevant values of these parameters correspond to initial values for the time evolution of certain state variables of the circuit. The dimension of each configuration space is given by the cardinality of a selection of loops that cover the whole circuit.

In this paper we give a formulation of the dynamics of LC circuits within the framework of Birkhoffian systems.


Also, there is a growing demand for yak meat in most areas of China as yak meat is ecologically and nonintensively produced and because of the shortage of beef supply by cattle (Bos taurus). However, meat performance and quality of meat from the yak have not been systematically determined. Yak meat is still one of the few types of meat that has not been studied in detail biochemically. Some work has been reported on meat performance and meat composition of the yak, but a single age group with limited numbers of the animals was usually used in these studies (Wei et al., 1981; Pu et al., 1987) .

Some work has been reported on meat performance and meat composition of the yak, but a single age group with limited numbers of the animals was usually used in these studies.


Agricultural commodity prices displayed exceptional volatility before the 2008-09 financial crisis. Measured as the annualized standard deviation of daily percentage price changes, corn volatility was usually below 25% from 1980 to 2005, while it reached above 40% in the first half of 2008 [1] . Since the poor are widely perceived to suffer disproportionately from food price instability, these price fluctuations have raised widespread concerns by governments and drawn considerable interest among academics. A rich literature has offered various possible reasons for the strong fluctuations in agricultural commodity prices [2] [3] [4] . One strand of the literature points to volatility spillovers from crude oil prices [5, 6] . Two main channels have been identified to transmit volatility: the biofuel and financialization channels. The financialization of commodities has not only created a channel to establish a strong connection among markets, but has also itself increased price volatility. Moreover, these two channels not only transmit volatility from crude oil to agricultural commodity markets, but also vice versa.

Measured as the annualized standard deviation of daily percentage price changes, corn volatility was usually below 25% from 1980 to 2005, while it reached above 40% in the first half of 2008.

A rich literature has offered various possible reasons for the strong fluctuations in agricultural commodity prices.

One strand of the literature points to volatility spillovers from crude oil prices.


The Yang-Baxter equation is a fundamental equation occurring in integrable models in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory [14] . Let V be a vector space. A solution of the Yang-Baxter equation is a linear mapping r : V ⊗ V → V ⊗ V such that (id ⊗ r)(r ⊗ id)(id ⊗ r) = (r ⊗ id)(id ⊗ r)(r ⊗ id).

The Yang-Baxter equation is a fundamental equation occurring in integrable models in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory.

Let V be a vector space.


The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we recall details of the connection between (involutive) biracks and (involutive) solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation to make the paper selfcontained. In Section 3 we introduce the generalized retraction relation on a birack and prove that it is a congruence of it. Theorem 3.3 is the main result of the paper. The proof of the theorem was found using the automated deduction software Prover9 [16] . Finally, in Section 4 we define the retraction of an arbitrary solution. We also show that the retraction relation plays an important role in different algebraic constructions, not only for biracks.

The paper is organized as follows.

The proof of the theorem was found using the automated deduction software Prover9.


From a strategic perspective, the image link between successful individual athletes and success oriented firms is more straightforward and decidedly compelling. Financially driven firms match well to the upscale demographics of individually oriented sports such as golf and tennis. Striving to "be the best" is exemplified by the struggles and successes of the individual athlete. This is illustrated in the extensive role that golfer, Tiger Woods has played in the repositioning of financial consulting firm, Accenture Inc. (Podmolik, 2004) . In conjunction with its sponsorship investments, Accenture is moving from the tagline of "Innovation delivered" to "High performance" (Podmolik, 2004, p. 12 ) thus expressing through sponsorship and advertising their focus on high performance business strategy.

This is illustrated in the extensive role that golfer, Tiger Woods has played in the repositioning of financial consulting firm, Accenture Inc..


Fiber optic sensors offer key advantages over other sensing technologies, which include immunity to electromagnetic interference, electrical isolation, compactness, being lightweight, and multiplexing capability [1] . Polymer optical fibers (POFs) have been regarded as a viable alternative to silica fibers in a variety of sensing applications. The reason for this is related to the special physical and chemical properties of polymers when compared with silica, leading to additional advantages such as a higher elongation, low Young's modulus, higher thermo-optic coefficient, and the capability to absorb water [2] . Additionally, polymers have biological compatibility and they do not produce sharp edges when broken as occurs with silica fibers, which makes them suitable for in vivo applications [3] .

Fiber optic sensors offer key advantages over other sensing technologies, which include immunity to electromagnetic interference, electrical isolation, compactness, being lightweight, and multiplexing capability.

The reason for this is related to the special physical and chemical properties of polymers when compared with silica, leading to additional advantages such as a higher elongation, low Young's modulus, higher thermo-optic coefficient, and the capability to absorb water.

Additionally, polymers have biological compatibility and they do not produce sharp edges when broken as occurs with silica fibers, which makes them suitable for in vivo applications.


Nowadays, one of the technological challenges is to build up better devices and structures that satisfy the new useful emergent technologies for getting a higher development of the mankind. In this sense, the creation of new materials is an important purpose for researchers and scientists. In this line, composite materials can potentially contribute to the search of novel materials by direct engineering of their microstructure (Jiang et al., 2004) .

In this line, composite materials can potentially contribute to the search of novel materials by direct engineering of their microstructure.


Aluminum cable steel reinforced (ACSR) conductors are extensively used in electric transmission systems in different countries and regions, especially in China. Because of being operated in wild environments, ACSR conductors are usually subject to fretting damage by wind excitation and atmospheric corrosion by industrial pollution and salty environments. As a type of critical component of high-voltage transmission systems, most ACSR conductors have been operated for 30-45 years, approaching to their middle life, thereby requiring very high maintenance costs [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Therefore, it is significant to explore fretting damage behaviors of ACSR conductors in dry and corrosive conditions.

As a type of critical component of high-voltage transmission systems, most ACSR conductors have been operated for 30-45 years, approaching to their middle life, thereby requiring very high maintenance costs.


The final stage of the study of structure and vibrational spectra of amorphous carbon concerns neutron scattering by a set of amorphous carbons, including anthraxolite as a representative of natural substances and products of industrial multi-tonnage production -two carbon blacks [26] . It was found that the structures of anthraxolite and one of the carbon blacks are similar to each other and to the structure of schungite carbon and the corresponding FGMs are nanometer in size. The structure of the second carbon black is similar to the structure of technical graphenes and its FGMs have a submicron size. Thus, a set of amorphous carbons with a well-defined structure of their FGMs has been available in the hands of researchers.

The final stage of the study of structure and vibrational spectra of amorphous carbon concerns neutron scattering by a set of amorphous carbons, including anthraxolite as a representative of natural substances and products of industrial multi-tonnage production -two carbon blacks.


In order to investigate the relationship between the petrographic textures and the shapes of S-sized fragments, we classified the S-sized basalt fragments into three types (Type P, P/G and G). The result shows that the shape distributions of three types are similar, distributed around mean values of the axial ratios b / a ∼0.7 and c / a ∼0.5. Hence, we concluded from our impact experiments that the petrographic textures and the crystal grain boundaries do not significantly affect the shapes of S-sized fragments by impacts. On the other hand, in thermal fatigue caused by the daynight temperature cycles on an asteroid surface, the petrographic textures and the crystal grain boundaries would affect the shapes of the fragments ( Molaro et al., 2015 ) . As the shape distribution of the Itokawa particles is similar to those of S-sized fragments from impacts, we therefore conclude that the Itokawa particles have not been produced by thermal fatigue and are likely to be impact fragments on the asteroid surface.

On the other hand, in thermal fatigue caused by the daynight temperature cycles on an asteroid surface, the petrographic textures and the crystal grain boundaries would affect the shapes of the fragments.


One of the current limitations of the framework is how it handles conditionals (Vera and Xue, 2002) . Conditionals come in different forms and each form needs to be handled differently. In the codes we analyzed, the branches contain the same number of memory accesses and only the values assigned to the variables are different. Thus, we only need to analyze one of the if-clauses. When conditionals lead to thread divergence (gaps in the iteration space), we would like to be able compute the data movement by weighting each branch. If the branches introduce workload imbalance, the model can be parameterized by a branch-taken probability computed from sample runs or provided by the user.

One of the current limitations of the framework is how it handles conditionals.


The brain is capable of encoding multiple objects presented simultaneously. But the neural computing behind this complex operation -of great relevance to computational and cognitive neuroscience -remains poorly understood. Presently lacking are statistical models and tools to quantify the relationship between an individual cell's response to a bundle of stimuli presented together, and the ensemble of its response patterns evoked when each stimulus is presented in isolation. We fill this gap with a novel statistical analysis framework, developed under the theory that a cell's response to a stimuli bundle is a stochastically varying, dynamic combination of its single stimulus response patterns. Such a theory allows the possibility that each item in the stimuli bundle dominates the cell's response pattern during distinct periods of time. We have recently presented evidence in favor of such an interpretation for auditory and visual stimuli (Caruso et al., 2018) .

We have recently presented evidence in favor of such an interpretation for auditory and visual stimuli.