The idea of using a free piston combustion-based device as a pump has been around since the original free-piston patent by Pescara in 1928 [7] . The automotive industry conducted a large amount of research in the 1950's. Ford Motor Company considered the use of a free piston device as a gasifier in 1954 [5] . General Motors presented the "Hyprex" engine in 1957 [8] .

The idea of using a free piston combustion-based device as a pump has been around since the original free-piston patent by Pescara in 1928.

Ford Motor Company considered the use of a free piston device as a gasifier in 1954.

General Motors presented the "Hyprex" engine in 1957.


Three typical issues -elastic travel demand, asymmetric link travel time functions and link capacity constraints -are usually addressed to extend/modify the conventional DUE or SUE problem. Elasticity for travel demand between an OD pair is evidently a reasonable assumption because drivers would switch to a public transport mode if their travel time on a road network increases significantly. The asymmetric link travel time functions reflect interactions among link flows and Jacobian matrix of these link travel time functions is usually asymmetric. For brevity, the DUE/SUE problem with an asymmetric/symmetric Jacobian matrix of the link travel time functions is referred to as the asymmetric/symmetric DUE/SUE problem hereafter. As to the link capacity constraints, traffic flow on a link is restricted by a threshold from above due to its limited road space and/or some concerns of land transport authorities to mitigate traffic congestion or vehicle emission (Ferrari, 1997; Yang and Bell, 1997) .

As to the link capacity constraints, traffic flow on a link is restricted by a threshold from above due to its limited road space and/or some concerns of land transport authorities to mitigate traffic congestion or vehicle emission.


The promotion of organic products is to achieve better recognition of products in on market, better information of consumers and their loyalty for purchase in the long term. In promotion the brand is very important indicator for recognition of the value of organic products. The priority in the food production is to establish a sound food safety management system as well as secure the food safety for consumers (Hsu et al., 2018) .

The priority in the food production is to establish a sound food safety management system as well as secure the food safety for consumers.


The information about the organic product which can be purchased by single people, families with children, people with a high or low income, people that highly educated or less educated, can often be found in market research studies published on the Internet, books, periodicals or newspapers. There are different instrument of promotion of organic products that have influence on consumers to determine for purchase. Demand for organic products is increasing all over the world due to changes in consumer lifestyle and eating habits. Consumers have more information about the food market and are becoming more concerned about living healthily (Grubor & Djokić, 2016) . Therefore, producers should be more focused on consumer perceptions towards organic products in order to meet consumers' needs (Schleenbecker & Hamm, 2013; Xie et al., 2015; Golijan & Dimitrijević, 2018) . The Prospects of development of organic food production in Serbia can estimate on the base of state support to this form of production and requirements of customers on market for organic products.

Consumers have more information about the food market and are becoming more concerned about living healthily.

Therefore, producers should be more focused on consumer perceptions towards organic products in order to meet consumers' needs.


It is necessary that the chosen promotion instruments should be adjusted to the operational marketing objectives. It is also essential to emphasize that the chosen marketing mix should not be statically fixed and that it does not need to cover all marketing measures in all cases, but instead must adapt to the (changing) operational objectives. The costs of such measures vary considerably, depending on the country and local costs for public relations and other marketing activities. Producers of organic products can educate retailers how need efficiently give information to consumers, and to increase organic food purchase intentions (Chang & Chang, 2017) .

Producers of organic products can educate retailers how need efficiently give information to consumers, and to increase organic food purchase intentions.


Implementation science provides strategies to help guide implementation, therefore improving access to evidence-based services that fit with the culture of the population in need. The first phase usually consists of descriptive, formative research to better understand the major implementation challenges and to design potential strategies to overcome these [10] . We employed a widely-used implementation science framework, "Getting to Outcomes ® " (GTO), which incorporates continuous multilevel evaluation by stakeholders about the quality of the implementation [11] [12] [13] . GTO is a 10-step system of accountability that guides the user through the process of planning, monitoring, and evaluating programmes. The continuous evaluation facilitates adaptation of the programme to local capacity and motivation for change, which maximizes the chances of programme success.

The first phase usually consists of descriptive, formative research to better understand the major implementation challenges and to design potential strategies to overcome these.

We employed a widely-used implementation science framework, "Getting to Outcomes ® " (GTO), which incorporates continuous multilevel evaluation by stakeholders about the quality of the implementation.


In the last three decades, the number of natural disasters showed a positive trend with an increase in the number of affected populations. Disasters not only affected the poor and characteristically more vulnerable countries but also those thought to be better protected. The Annual Disaster Statistical Review describes recent impacts of natural disasters on the population and reports 342 naturally triggered disasters in 2016 (Guha-Sapir et al., 2017) . This is less than the an-nual average disaster frequency observed from 2006 to 2015 (376.4 events). However, natural disasters are still responsible for a high number of casualties (8733 death). In the period 2006-2015, the average number of causalities caused annually by natural disasters is 69 827. In 2016, hydrological disasters (177) had the largest share in natural disaster occurrence (51.8 %), followed by meteorological disasters (96; 28.1 %), climatological disasters (38; 11.1 %) and geophysical disasters (31; 9.1 %) (Guha-Sapir et al., 2017) . To face these disasters, one of the most important solutions is the use of systems able to provide an adequate level of information for correctly understanding these events and their evolution. In this context, surveying and monitoring natural hazards gained importance. In particular, during the emergency phase it is very important to evaluate and control the phenomenon of evolution, preferably operating in near real time or real time, and consequently, use this information for a better risk assessment scenario. The available acquired data must be processed rapidly to support the emergency services and decision makers.

The Annual Disaster Statistical Review describes recent impacts of natural disasters on the population and reports 342 naturally triggered disasters in 2016.

In 2016, hydrological disasters (177) had the largest share in natural disaster occurrence (51.8 %), followed by meteorological disasters (96; 28.1 %), climatological disasters (38; 11.1 %) and geophysical disasters (31; 9.1 %).


In this paper, the authors present an analysis and evaluation concerning the use of RPASs as alternative monitoring technique to traditional methods, which relate to the natural hazard scenarios. The main goal is to define and test the feasibility of a set of methodologies that can be used in monitoring and mapping activities. The study is focused in particular on the use of mini and micro RPAS systems ( Table 1 ). The following table listed the technical specifications of these two RPAS categories, again based on the current classification by UVS (Unmanned Vehicle Systems) International. Most of the mini or micro RPAS systems available integrate a flight control system, which autonomously stabilizes these platforms and enables remotely controlled navigation. Additionally, they can integrate an autopilot, which allows autonomous flight based on predefined waypoints. For monitoring and mapping applications, mini or micro RPAS systems are very useful as cost-efficient platforms that capture real-time close-range imagery. These platforms can reach the area of investigation and take several photos and videos from several points of view (Gomez and Kato, 2014) . For mapping applications, it is also possible to use this flight control data to georegister captured payload sensor data such as still images or video streams (Eugster and Nebiker, 2008) .

These platforms can reach the area of investigation and take several photos and videos from several points of view.

For mapping applications, it is also possible to use this flight control data to georegister captured payload sensor data such as still images or video streams.


Within the New World tropics, faunal similarity and geographic proximity are correlated (Simmons and Voss, 1998) . However, this relationship is based only on the presence or absence of species. It is unclear if this spatial correlation is true of community structure when the presence of species is weighted by relative abundance or biomass.

Within the New World tropics, faunal similarity and geographic proximity are correlated.


The modern economy is changing from agriculture and industrial manufacturing to a service and knowledge driven economy. Knowledge is recognized as the driver of productivity and economic growth, and statistics form the OECD studies show that the number of employees working for knowledge-intensive service sector is increasing [6] . Knowledge work is supported by a revolution in new ICT applications and communication networks. These innovations has changed our perceptions on work and made it possible to work at any location at any time [5] . The proliferating use of information has long been seen as 'the' aspect that would bring us higher productivity and better business outcomes. However aspects such as human talent can be seen of even greater importance, since that makes it possible to share knowledge, adapt and innovate [1] . It is therefore argued that employees, especially knowledge workers, should be more empowered to work more efficiently and effectively [4] . This empowerment implies offering the employees more self control and freedom by introducing flexible work arrangements. This transformation is often referred to as 'the New Ways of Working' (NWW) and consist of changes that take place at four aspects:1) the physical workspace, 2) (ICT) technology, 3) organization & management and 4) work culture. The physical workspaces refers to NWW measures that increasing the flexibility where and when to work by introducing flexible work hours, telework and creating flexible workplaces at the office that better suits the work task. Introducing ICT technologies implies that employees are supported with technologies that allows them to be connected and able to collaboration always and everywhere. The third NWW aspect: 'organization and management' is important since managing employees might become a big challenge when it is not longer visible were, when and what employees are working on. It is therefor important that managers have trust in there employees, focus more on output instead of presence at the office, and provide them with more autonomy by stimulating own initiative. Changes in work culture implies that an open culture, with focus on information sharing and collaboration in networks is created.

Knowledge is recognized as the driver of productivity and economic growth, and statistics form the OECD studies show that the number of employees working for knowledge-intensive service sector is increasing.

These innovations has changed our perceptions on work and made it possible to work at any location at any time.

However aspects such as human talent can be seen of even greater importance, since that makes it possible to share knowledge, adapt and innovate.

It is therefore argued that employees, especially knowledge workers, should be more empowered to work more efficiently and effectively.


Though GPUs offer tremendous thread-level parallelism, their utility for database tasks is limited by a small store of resident memory. For example, the largest amount of memory available on NVIDIA's Quadro FX GPU is currently 4.0 GB, which is much too small to hold projections of all columns from a dataset of interest [1] [2] [3] . DP-BIS presents one method for ameliorating the challenges imposed by limited GPU memory. The DP-BIS index uses a form of data encoding that is implemented through a multi-resolution representation of the base data information. This encoding effectively reduces the amount of data we must access and transfer when answering a query. As a result of the encoding, we can query dataset sizes that would otherwise not fit into the memory footprint of a GPU. Additionally, by transferring smaller amounts of data when answering a query, we utilize data bus bandwidth more efficiently.

For example, the largest amount of memory available on NVIDIA's Quadro FX GPU is currently 4.0 GB, which is much too small to hold projections of all columns from a dataset of interest.


From the above structural and optoelectronic results, we can preliminarily conclude that the presence of a small amount of In dopants (0.1 at%), combined with mainly Gadopants (4.9 at%) in the ZnO target, can significantly improve the crystallization of sputtered ZnO films. Through annealing process, especially, the high transmittance in both visible and NIR region associated with low resistivity of film is expected for well using as front electrodes in TFS-SCs. In respect of applying in front side of TFS-SCs, the required criteria for the optoelectronic properties of the transparent conducting electrodes depend on the structure and the absorber material of the solar cell. For example, with respect to amorphous silicon absorber layer, a high transmittance in visible range (400-750 nm) is sufficient, while in case of c-Si:H or "micromorph" tandem solar cells, a high transmittance in all ranges from 400 to 1100 nm is necessary. This case demands TCOs to have a reasonable carrier concentration while still retaining a low resistivity or sheet resistance [26] . Normally, for efficient transport of generated current, the TCOs must have less than 10 Ω/◻ sheet resistance and high transmittance over 80% in both ranges to increase the light reaching the absorber layer [26, 27] . The most popularly used TCOs for TFS-SCs have been SnO 2 :F (FTO) films due to their high transparency and electrical conductivity. The commercially available FTO coated glass with a sheet resistance of 6-8 Ω/◻ has been efficiently used in high performance thin film solar cell structures [28, 29] . In comparison with commercial FTO substrate, we believe that, with low sheet resistance of 6.5 Ω/◻ as shown in Figure 2 (c) and high transmittance in all ranges from 400-1100 nm shown in Figure 3 , the IGZO film can be an alternative to FTO films as front-contact for high efficiency c-Si:H or "micromorph" tandem solar cell structure.

This case demands TCOs to have a reasonable carrier concentration while still retaining a low resistivity or sheet resistance.

Normally, for efficient transport of generated current, the TCOs must have less than 10 Ω/◻ sheet resistance and high transmittance over 80% in both ranges to increase the light reaching the absorber layer.

The commercially available FTO coated glass with a sheet resistance of 6-8 Ω/◻ has been efficiently used in high performance thin film solar cell structures.


Among TCO thin films, n-type doped ZnO thin films have gained much interest in recent years due to their low resistivity, high transmittance, nontoxicity, good stability in hydrogen plasma processes, and resource availability [11, 12] . With the doping of group III elements such as B, Al, Ga, and In, the doped ZnO films become an attractive candidate for replacing tin oxide (SnO 2 ) or Indium tin oxide (ITO) as transparent conducting electrodes in TFS-SCs [13, 14] . Among the elements listed above, Ga is the most successful and efficient dopant due to its advantages such as good lattice matching with ZnO lattice even for the case of high Ga concentrations, less reactive and more resistant to oxidation than Al element, which has been used as a dopant in most of the research works based on ZnO [15] . In this study, we tend to prepare Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) films as front-contact electrode for TFS-SCs with low resistivity and high transparency in both visible and near-IR (NIR) region. In particular, we find that a small amount of additional In atoms can improve electrical property of GZO films by enhancing the carrier mobility without any change in high transparency of films. Effect of minor In impurities on fostering electrical property of GZO films is systematically investigated by changing various doping contents in sputtering targets and film thicknesses.

Among TCO thin films, n-type doped ZnO thin films have gained much interest in recent years due to their low resistivity, high transmittance, nontoxicity, good stability in hydrogen plasma processes, and resource availability.

With the doping of group III elements such as B, Al, Ga, and In, the doped ZnO films become an attractive candidate for replacing tin oxide (SnO 2 ) or Indium tin oxide (ITO) as transparent conducting electrodes in TFS-SCs.

Among the elements listed above, Ga is the most successful and efficient dopant due to its advantages such as good lattice matching with ZnO lattice even for the case of high Ga concentrations, less reactive and more resistant to oxidation than Al element, which has been used as a dopant in most of the research works based on ZnO.


During the trials at the three sites, the genotypes expressed a range of symptoms some appearing on the primary leaves shortly after germination. The symptoms ranged from leaf mosaic, necrosis, chlorosis, vein clearing, vein banding, purpling, leaf curling, leaf deformation, and blotching. It has been reported that symptom expression depends on the virus type or strain, genotype, species and plant age, time of the year and environmental conditions and some viruses cause similar or related symptoms (Shoyinka et al., 1997) . Some symptoms such as mosaic, necrosis, chlorosis, vein banding, stunted growth, leaf deformation, and mottling are associated with viruses such as Cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus (CABMV), Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BICMV), Cowpea yellow mosaic virus (CYMV) (Aliyu et al., 2012; Orawu, 2007) .

It has been reported that symptom expression depends on the virus type or strain, genotype, species and plant age, time of the year and environmental conditions and some viruses cause similar or related symptoms.

Some symptoms such as mosaic, necrosis, chlorosis, vein banding, stunted growth, leaf deformation, and mottling are associated with viruses such as Cowpea aphid borne mosaic virus (CABMV), Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BICMV), Cowpea yellow mosaic virus (CYMV).


Conventional treatment of sporotrichosis requires long periods of antifungal drug administration often accompanied by adverse effects and fungal resistance, principally during the treatment of treatment of disseminated sporotrichosis [8] . These problems have stimulated the search for new strategies for sporotrichosis management, including anti-sporothrix vaccination that has been proposed as a feasible way for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes [9, 10] . However, the development of antifungal vaccines has not been as successful as antiviral and antibacterial vaccines due to, among other things, a general under-appreciation for the impact of fungal diseases and the high cost of preclinical and clinical studies [11] . Another challenge has been the use of immunological adjuvants with an adequate safety and efficacy profile [12] . Aluminium-derived adjuvants have been used in human and veterinary vaccines for more than eight decades in licensed vaccines [13, 14] . However, they have not been successful in preventing intracellular infection due to a weak capacity to induce cell-mediated immunity when used along with small immunogenic antigens [13] . Moreover, there are reports of tumors in the inoculation site in felines vaccinated with alum-based vaccines and a possible causal association between chronic inflammation induced by alum and these tumors has been suggested [15] .

Conventional treatment of sporotrichosis requires long periods of antifungal drug administration often accompanied by adverse effects and fungal resistance, principally during the treatment of treatment of disseminated sporotrichosis.

These problems have stimulated the search for new strategies for sporotrichosis management, including anti-sporothrix vaccination that has been proposed as a feasible way for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.

However, the development of antifungal vaccines has not been as successful as antiviral and antibacterial vaccines due to, among other things, a general under-appreciation for the impact of fungal diseases and the high cost of preclinical and clinical studies.

Another challenge has been the use of immunological adjuvants with an adequate safety and efficacy profile.

Aluminium-derived adjuvants have been used in human and veterinary vaccines for more than eight decades in licensed vaccines.

However, they have not been successful in preventing intracellular infection due to a weak capacity to induce cell-mediated immunity when used along with small immunogenic antigens.

Moreover, there are reports of tumors in the inoculation site in felines vaccinated with alum-based vaccines and a possible causal association between chronic inflammation induced by alum and these tumors has been suggested.


In the case of nanoparticles with mannitol addition, three additional peaks were observed. One because of C=C stretch at 1629.56 cm -1 , C-H bending at 1366 cm -1 and the other at 1228.36 cm -1 because of COC asymmetric stretch (Peng and Thomas 2008) . From the basic chemical structure of mannitol, there was no presence of any C=C bonds. So, it has come from C=C aromatic ring of ACV. The source for other peak, i.e., COC asymmetric stretch at 1228.36 cm -1 is unclear. It can be either from out of plane COC bonds of CMCAB or from COC bonds from mannitol. Similar is the case for C-H bending at 1366 cm -1 . It is unclear whether the peak is from CH bonds of CMCAB or mannitol or ACV.

One because of C=C stretch at 1629.56 cm -1 , C-H bending at 1366 cm -1 and the other at 1228.36 cm -1 because of COC asymmetric stretch.


The particle size measurement revealed lower size and polydispersity indices for particles synthesized by the flash nanoprecipitation method. The size of the particles obtained by simple precipitation method was large *810 nm with polydispersity index of 0.71. The effect of cryoprotectant on the final particle size after freeze-drying was significant as shown in Fig. 6 . Significant agglomeration was observed during freeze-drying process as observed in the sample without cryoprotectant. Several theories have been proposed such as crystal bridge theory, capillary pressure theory, hydrogen bond theory and chemical bond theory to explain the agglomeration phenomenon (Wang et al. 2002) . The aggregation of particles in this work is possibly due to the ice crystal formation repelling foreign particles away from the interstitials. During sublimation, the ice crystals leave microscopic pores. Another cause can be during drying of water, loss of electrostatic stabilization leads to particle-particle aggregation. Also, nanoparticles become attached as a result of hydrogen bond and/or bridging of surface hydroxyl groups. This can be minimized by using cryoprotectors such as glucose, sucrose, trehalose, mannitol. In this study, addition of mannitol inhibited particle agglomeration during freeze-drying (Table 2) . Further investigations with larger amount of mannitol will be necessary to obtain well-defined particle size with narrow polydispersity index. The effect of cryoprotectant and the particle size (or polydispersity) did not affect the values of zeta potential. In all cases, the zeta potential analysis revealed colloidal stability of the nanoparticles.

Several theories have been proposed such as crystal bridge theory, capillary pressure theory, hydrogen bond theory and chemical bond theory to explain the agglomeration phenomenon.


Larix species are known to have high growth rate at young age and good physical and mechanical properties of mature wood [1] [2] [3] . In addition to those characteristics, Larix wood shows good appearance and higher natural durability [4, 5] . By this nature, the wood of Larix species obtained from both natural stands and plantations is considered as valuable timber resources.

Larix species are known to have high growth rate at young age and good physical and mechanical properties of mature wood.

In addition to those characteristics, Larix wood shows good appearance and higher natural durability.


The movement of particles in rotating drums depends on of flights and shell design as well as on the operating conditions. Thus, rotary dryers represent one of the greatest challenges in theoretical modeling of dryers (Sherrit et al., 1993) . The complex combination of particles being lifted by the flights, sliding and rolling, then falling in spreading cascades through an air stream and re-entering the bed at the bottom, possibly with bouncing and rolling, is very difficult to analyze (Kemp, 2004) . Figure 1 shows a rotary dryer and Figure 2 shows a scheme of the movement of solids inside this dryer.

Thus, rotary dryers represent one of the greatest challenges in theoretical modeling of dryers.

The complex combination of particles being lifted by the flights, sliding and rolling, then falling in spreading cascades through an air stream and re-entering the bed at the bottom, possibly with bouncing and rolling, is very difficult to analyze.


Organochlorines (OCs), including PCBs and OCPs, represent an important group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that have caused worldwide concern as toxic environmental contaminants. They are strongly particle associated in aquatic ecosystems due to their hydrophobic properties, and tend to accumulate in sediments [1] . Also, residues of these chemicals have long half-life, they continue to be detected in sediment through out the world after banning 20 years later [2] . Sediments have been extensively used to assess the pollution of water bodies and to reflect the sources and history of pollution, because of the general importance of sediment phase in fate and transport of contaminants. In addition, contaminated sediments may constitute a particular threat for associated biota and even for other organisms throughout marine food web [3] . Being one of the principle reservoirs of environmental OCs, the estuary represents a source from which residues can be released to the atmosphere, groundwater and living organisms. It is one of the best media for long-term monitoring of many contaminants [4] . To date, POPs in estuarine and rivers sediments have been studied in several parts of the world [5, 6] . The results show that POPs were detected in most estuary areas, especially in estuaries close to urbanized and industrialized areas. They receive and retain large quantities of organic pollutants, and have negative impacts on both the surrounding ecological environment and human health. OCPs such as hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and DDT are ubiquitous anthropogenic environmental contaminants. They are persistent, broad-spectrum toxicants that accumulate in the food web with high risks to ecosystem and human health. Many of these compounds are considered to act as hazardous environmental hormones, which disrupt reproductive cycles of humans and wildlife [7] [8] [9] . PCBs are man-made chemicals and synthesized by substituting variable number of chlorine atoms (from 1 to 10 chlorine atoms) onto the biphenyl aromatic molecular structure to produce 209 congeners. These congeners were manufactured and processed primarily for use as insulating fluids and coolants in electrical equipment and machinery in USA from 1929-1977, with a peak production in the year 1970 about 100,000 tons [10] .

They are strongly particle associated in aquatic ecosystems due to their hydrophobic properties, and tend to accumulate in sediments.

Also, residues of these chemicals have long half-life, they continue to be detected in sediment through out the world after banning 20 years later.

In addition, contaminated sediments may constitute a particular threat for associated biota and even for other organisms throughout marine food web.

It is one of the best media for long-term monitoring of many contaminants.

To date, POPs in estuarine and rivers sediments have been studied in several parts of the world.

Many of these compounds are considered to act as hazardous environmental hormones, which disrupt reproductive cycles of humans and wildlife.

These congeners were manufactured and processed primarily for use as insulating fluids and coolants in electrical equipment and machinery in USA from 1929-1977, with a peak production in the year 1970 about 100,000 tons.


Sediments showed the presence of a wide variety of organochlorine including α, β, and γ-HCH, dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, DDT and the metabolites of DDT as well as PCBs (Tables 1 and 2). The concentrations of organochlorines ND  ND ND ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  27 ND  ND  ND ND ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND   E.H   28 ND  ND  ND ND ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND [15] [16] [17] . The concentration of total DDTs showed a range of 45% -100% of total pesticides concentration (Figure  2(a) ). These high concentrations may reflect the intensive use of pesticides (especially DDT) in cotton fields of Egypt over many years. Average concentrations of HCHs in sediments were 3.08 ng·g -1 ; dry wt with a range of 3 -13-fold lower than those of DDTs ( Table 1) . Although use of HCHs in agriculture has been greater than DDTs, the relatively low concentration of HCHs in sediments reflects their lower potential for bioaccumulation. Furthermore, higher vapor pressures of HCHs facilitate relatively rapid atmospheric dissipation in the tropics, leaving fewer residues in soil and water [18] .

The concentrations of organochlorines ND  ND ND ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  27 ND  ND  ND ND ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND   E.H   28 ND  ND  ND ND ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND  ND.

Furthermore, higher vapor pressures of HCHs facilitate relatively rapid atmospheric dissipation in the tropics, leaving fewer residues in soil and water.


In general the computerized linkage of two large files comprise of five major steps. First, the linkage variables are parsed and standardized. Second, records in the two files are compared using blocking keys. Only the pairs that agree on some blocking key are subsequently compared more extensively. Third, the linkage variables are extensively compared to produce comparison outcomes. Fourth, a decision is made for each pair. Finally, conflicting linkage decisions are dealt with, such as when linking the same census record to two death records. Linkage methodologies differ according to how linkage decisions are made in the fourth step. In a deterministic linkage, the decision may be based on arbitrary criteria, according to subject matter knowledge. In probabilistic linkage, the decision is based on a linkage weight which is a measure of the similarity between two records. This weight is typically the sum of outcome weights that correspond to the similarity of the different linkage variables. For the final decision, a pair linkage weight is compared to one or two thresholds to determine whether it should be linked, reviewed clerically or rejected (Fellegi and Sunter 1969) . The overall linkage performance is characterized by the rates of linkage errors, which are determined by the linkage weights and thresholds.

For the final decision, a pair linkage weight is compared to one or two thresholds to determine whether it should be linked, reviewed clerically or rejected.


Our current patient is the second reported Korean case of GSD IXa to date. Unlike the previous Korean case, however, our current patient had no specific symptoms such as ready fatigability or hypoglycemic events. Moreover, his growth was not significantly retarded and there was no familial history of liver disease. On the other hand, the first reported Korean case, a 5-year-old boy, presented with mild hypoglycemic symptoms, easy fatigability, and hepatomegaly since the age of two [6] .

On the other hand, the first reported Korean case, a 5-year-old boy, presented with mild hypoglycemic symptoms, easy fatigability, and hepatomegaly since the age of two.


In vitro Nitrotyrosine Results: In vitro n-BSA Model To validate the affinity enrichment of in vitro nitrotyrosinemodified BSA, the antibody-enriched n-BSA was analyzed via reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC). The RP-HPLC chromatogram in Fig. 2 displays a peak representative of in vitro n-BSA at 214 and 350 nm. Unmodified angiotensin II was added as an internal standard and the angiotensin II peak was present only in the 214 nm chromatogram. The presence of in vitro n-BSA at both 214 and 350 nm validates in vitro nitration and affinity enrichment because the peptide bond absorbs at 214 nm and the -NO 2 group attached to the tyrosine residue(s) absorbs at 350 nm. The absorbance of unmodified tyrosine is 274 nm; however, the presence of the -NO 2 group alters the physical and chemical properties of the tyrosine residue, leading to a shift in UV absorption of tyrosine. Absorption of nitrated tyrosine is pH-dependent, at acidic pH the prominent band of free nitrotyrosine was found to be at 350 nm, which represents the neutral form of nitrotyrosine [10, 11] . However, at basic pH the major band of free nitrotyrosine was found to be at 422 nm, which represents the ionized form of nitrotyrosine (Fig. 2 Inset) [10, 11] . Following RP-HPLC analysis, the co-immunoprecipitation fractions were digested and analyzed by tandem MS via LTQ-Orbitrap. The peptides identified from tryptic digestion of in vitro n-BSA are summarized in Table 1 , however, few nitrated peptides were observed in the analysis. This may be due to the differential nitration of tyrosine residues on BSA proteins and/or ion suppression during MS/MS analysis. The non-nitrated and nitrated RHPEYAVSVLLR ions were detected in the in vitro n-BSA digest (Fig. 3a-c) . The detection of both the nitrated and non-nitrated forms of the peptide may stem from the differential nitration of the BSA protein. From the total (normalized) ion chromatogram, the triply charged ion for the non-nitrated (m/z 480.61) and nitrated (m/z 495.60) form of RHPEYAVSVLLR are present in the selected ion chromatograms (Fig. 3a) . Due to the attachment of the -NO 2 group on Tyr 364 , the peptides (Fig. 3c) . The nitrotyrosine modification also shifts the immonium ion of tyrosine from m/z 136.10 to m/z 181.06, as observed in Fig. 3b . The shift in the m/z value of the tyrosine immonium ion offers an alternative route to distinguish nitrated peptides from non-nitrated peptides.

Absorption of nitrated tyrosine is pH-dependent, at acidic pH the prominent band of free nitrotyrosine was found to be at 350 nm, which represents the neutral form of nitrotyrosine.

However, at basic pH the major band of free nitrotyrosine was found to be at 422 nm, which represents the ionized form of nitrotyrosine (Fig. 2 Inset).


Utilizing immunoaffinity-based enrichment and tandem mass spectrometry we were able to identify and characterize nitrotyrosine-modified proteins from HAND CSF. More specifically, we were able to isolate nitrotyrosine-modified L-PGDS from CSF and characterize the modification site. We conclude from previous structures of mouse L-PGDS, that nitration of Tyr 105 of L-PGDS can potentially alter its ability to transport retinoic acid, a known regulator of gene expression. A deficiency in vitamin A metabolites has been shown to contribute to the proinflammatory response observed during host invasion (e.g., HIV infection). In addition to its ligand-binding function, L-PGDS also converts prostaglandin-H 2 into prostaglandin-D 2 which is known to play a major role in the inflammatory response, sleep, and also vasodilation. Previous studies have observed elevated levels of prostaglandins in individuals diagnosed with HIVassociated neurocognitive dysfunction [16] . Therefore, further characterization of the influence of nitration on the function of L-PGDS in individuals diagnosed with HAND may lead to the development of potential clinical diagnostics or therapies for HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction.

Previous studies have observed elevated levels of prostaglandins in individuals diagnosed with HIVassociated neurocognitive dysfunction.


The presented work spotlights on novel control method for compensating current which known as PI-PSO optimized PI controller using particle swarm algorithm. The optimization of PI regulator's parameters is crucial [4] . In this work, the problem of design current PI controller is formulated as an optimization problem. The problem formulation assumes in this study two performance indexes are the integral absolute error of step response and maximum overshoot as the objective function to determine the PI control parameters for getting a well performance under a given system. We propose an optimization method for SAPF in the aim to improve the compensation performances and reduce harmonic distortion through electrical lines distribution under all voltages conditions. These objectives are obtained by minimizing the fitness function.

The optimization of PI regulator's parameters is crucial.


The second principle used to split reactant fluids into small fluid segments is the collision of reactant fluid streams by applying shear to the streams. The collision deforms fluids and shortens the diffusion length between the fluids. As a result, the mixing performance is improved. To evaluate the mixing rate quantitatively, we can consider the enhancement of mixing performance in terms of a reduction in diffusion length (fluid segment size). Collision of two fluid streams at a channel confluence is the simplest method for this mixing principle. T-and Y-shape microchannels are examples of micromixers that use this mixing principle and have been employed in investigations on the relationship between design factors such as channel sizes and flow rates in the mixers, flow pattern, and mixing performance in the micromixers [8] [9] [10] .

T-and Y-shape microchannels are examples of micromixers that use this mixing principle and have been employed in investigations on the relationship between design factors such as channel sizes and flow rates in the mixers, flow pattern, and mixing performance in the micromixers.


An examination of the previous studies in the compensation literature shows that firm size is by far the most significant determinant of the CEO compensation level while firm performance explains only a small portion of the variation in CEO compensation level (Finkelstein and Hambrick, 1988; Kroll et al., 1990) . Further evidence shows that strong governance quality, such as independent boards, accounts for some of the variation in the CEOs' compensation levels as well (Core et al., 1999; Gomez-Mejia et al., 1987; Boyd, 1994) . Inconclusive and confusingly contradicting findings have motivated further research in this particular domain of corporate governance. However, one area that has garnered less attention in the compensation literature has been the impact of firm risk on the CEO's compensation structure. Firms with a highrisk profile tend to encounter higher outcome uncertainty, which reduces executives' motivations to invest in risky projects. In this regard, one of the challenges firms (owners) encounter is to design compensation packages that are intended to motivate risk-averse agents to bear higher risk in order to undertake value-increasing projects (Murphy, 2000) . Hence, pay-premium offered to executives in an effort to increase their risk-taking propensity is one of the important contractual mechanisms to reduce agency costs (Shavell, 1979) .

An examination of the previous studies in the compensation literature shows that firm size is by far the most significant determinant of the CEO compensation level while firm performance explains only a small portion of the variation in CEO compensation level.

Further evidence shows that strong governance quality, such as independent boards, accounts for some of the variation in the CEOs' compensation levels as well.

In this regard, one of the challenges firms (owners) encounter is to design compensation packages that are intended to motivate risk-averse agents to bear higher risk in order to undertake value-increasing projects.

Hence, pay-premium offered to executives in an effort to increase their risk-taking propensity is one of the important contractual mechanisms to reduce agency costs.


In this paper, we present spatially and spectrally resolved measurements covering the full spectral range, both for (i) broadband THz emission (bandwidth ∼10 THz) using optical pump pulses with duration (full-width-at-half-maximum) T ω = 150 fs, and (ii) ultra-broadband THz-mid-IR emission (>150 THz) with T ω < 20 fs. The ultra-broadband detection is achieved using both field autocorrelation (Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR)) with a thermal detector, as well as femtosecond time-gated detection using optical-THz sum-frequency generation (up-conversion) in a χ (2) -medium. Besides a discussion of the inherent emission profile from the plasma filament, we also analyse the role of the semiconductor wafer (here high-resistivity Si) placed after the plasma to discard the optical pump beams. It will be shown that the unavoidable photoexcitation of charge-carriers in this wafer has a significant effect on the THz radiation close to the beam axis. Besides providing an experimental basis for deeper investigations of the physical plasma-THz generation mechanism, such results allow one to assess and account for the effects of such a frequency-dependent beam profile at a subsequent focus. In the final section, we provide simulation results for the predicted development of the spatio-temporal field in a focal region and discuss its impact for z-scan-based nonlinear spectroscopy experiments.

The ultra-broadband detection is achieved using both field autocorrelation (Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR)) with a thermal detector, as well as femtosecond time-gated detection using optical-THz sum-frequency generation (up-conversion) in a χ-medium.


A large number of second language acquisition (SLA) studies have focused on speech acts, with regard to both pragmalinguistics and sociopragmatics. The sociopragmatic context shouldn't be ignored and because of that, recognizing cultural contexts of speech is gaining importance, in order to pre-empt cross-cultural pragmatic failure (Fahey, 2005) . Pragmatic failure i.e. inability to respond appropriately in a particular context can be due to interlingual transfer or just due to non-exposure to the norms (Kasper, 1992) . Interlingual transfer of pragmatics is the result of the knowledge of their first language that learners bring with them.

The sociopragmatic context shouldn't be ignored and because of that, recognizing cultural contexts of speech is gaining importance, in order to pre-empt cross-cultural pragmatic failure.

Pragmatic failure i.e. inability to respond appropriately in a particular context can be due to interlingual transfer or just due to non-exposure to the norms.


For complex systems, it is inevitable that structural and dynamic models have to be intertwined or interplayed, during the development activities, at different moments and also at distinct levels of abstraction. The same combination appears to occur, at an orthogonal perspective, with specification and implementation [25] . Our approach promotes a mapping between structural (object diagram) and dynamic (DFD) models. If a proper balance between the models is achieved, the main advantage of the approach is that the benefits of both models, in terms of expressiveness and focus, apply simultaneously. However, if both models are biased towards one of the perspectives, we actually have two different diagrams for the same purpose, being thus one of them useless.

The same combination appears to occur, at an orthogonal perspective, with specification and implementation.


Within the Object-Process Methodology (OPM), the combined usage of objects and processes is recommended [9] . An Object-Process Diagram (OPD) can include both processes and objects, which are viewed as complementary entities that together describe the structure and behavior of the system. Objects are persistent entities and processes transform the objects by generating, consuming or affecting them. In addition, states are also integrated in OPDs to describe the objects. The usage of OPM, for modeling, specifying, and designing reactive and real-time systems, was also proposed, by extending the notation with notions such as timing constraints, events, conditions, exceptions, and control flow constructs [19] .

Within the Object-Process Methodology (OPM), the combined usage of objects and processes is recommended.

The usage of OPM, for modeling, specifying, and designing reactive and real-time systems, was also proposed, by extending the notation with notions such as timing constraints, events, conditions, exceptions, and control flow constructs.


The kinetic methods of analysis are highly sensitive, selective, simple, accurate, and less expensive. In recent years, several kinetic catalytic techniques have been reported for the detection of biomolecules [11] [12] [13] . In search for an alternative to those methods in which high sulphuric acid concentrations are required for paracetamol oxidation by chromium(VI) and to avoid the need for longer heating at higher temperature, complexing agents (man-ganese(II), EDTA, and bpy) and anionic and cationic surfactants (SDS and CTAB) were added to enhance the decay of chromium(VI) absorbance at 350 nm.

In recent years, several kinetic catalytic techniques have been reported for the detection of biomolecules.


In Scheme 1, the reactive species of Cr(VI) and paracetamol readily form chromate ester as the first step in the reduction of Cr(VI) [14] . Chromate ester undergoes oxidative decomposition in the next step (rate determining), leading to the formation of an intermediate and Cr(IV) [15] . The proposed mechanism is further supported by analysis of the products. Ammonia has been detected as ammonium ions in aqueous solution. Benzoquinone and acetic acid were also detected by the spot tests [16] . Similar products using the same oxidant have been also suggested by Sultan [10] . The positive catalytic effect of Mn(II) ( Table 1) is due to a one-step three-electron oxidation of paracetamol directly to chromium(III). One of the electrons transferred is donated by manganese(II) atom and the other two by paracetamol. The observed catalytic effect rules out the possibility of chromium(IV) formation in the rate-determining step [17, 18] . In presence of Mn(II), Scheme 1 mechanism can be modified to Scheme 2.

In Scheme 1, the reactive species of Cr(VI) and paracetamol readily form chromate ester as the first step in the reduction of Cr(VI).

Chromate ester undergoes oxidative decomposition in the next step (rate determining), leading to the formation of an intermediate and Cr(IV).

Benzoquinone and acetic acid were also detected by the spot tests.

Similar products using the same oxidant have been also suggested by Sultan.

The observed catalytic effect rules out the possibility of chromium(IV) formation in the rate-determining step.


At the same time, due to a significant loss of population in the East and the consequent shortage of manual workers, the eastern provinces of Germany experienced a growing demand for foreign workers. The population loss was caused by two factors: overseas migration to the U.S., which began in the late 1860s, and internal migration to the industrial centers of the western provinces that started to replace overseas migration in the 1880s. The shortage was exacerbated by the intensification of German agriculture. By the end of the 19th century, with the introduction of new crops, in particular sugar beets (a very labor intensive crop), and the adoption of new technologies, farmers needed many workers during the summer but just a few during the winter. Before, workers were needed much more evenly throughout the year. These factors combined to create a growing demand for a foreign seasonal workforce (Bade, 1980; Olsson, 1996) .

These factors combined to create a growing demand for a foreign seasonal workforce.


Although in some sense networks can be perceived as a manifestation of tradition, we do not equate tradition with networks because each can impact on migration processes and outcomes differently. Whereas networks can act as purveyors of tradition, they can evolve for reasons that have nothing to do with tradition (Stark and Jakubek, 2013) . Conversely, tradition can maintain the tendency to resort to and restore migration even in the absence of networks.

Whereas networks can act as purveyors of tradition, they can evolve for reasons that have nothing to do with tradition.


The aim of this work is to develop a model of PD activity which is informed by plasma dynamic simulations of single discharges. It should be noted that this work has signicant overlap with the literature on dielectric barrier discharges, which often use more complex models of plasma dynamics that capture chemistry and the dynamics electron energy distributions [14] . There are also similarities with work conducted by the plasma display panel community [15] . The emphasis in this work is to use a simple model which can give a reasonable description of the plasma dynamics of individual discharges to develop a model of PD activity. The intention is to provide insight into the qualitative plasma dynamics of PD in cylindrical voids during the initial stage of discharge activity, and to use the results from the model develop a PD activity model with a reduced number of free parameters.

It should be noted that this work has signicant overlap with the literature on dielectric barrier discharges, which often use more complex models of plasma dynamics that capture chemistry and the dynamics electron energy distributions.

There are also similarities with work conducted by the plasma display panel community.


The rst investigation was performed to determine the inception electric eld of the void. This is dened as the minimum electric eld across the void required for a PD to take place [4] . Note that this is somewhat confusing terminology, in that this electric eld does not correspond to the discharge inception voltage PDIV.

This is dened as the minimum electric eld across the void required for a PD to take place.


This means that there will be half cycles where PDs nearly completely neutralise all surface charge. This is supported experimentally by Pockel's cell measurements [26] . Therefore the applied eld alone, i.e. a virgin void scenario, must be sucient at the peak of the waveform to initiate a PD. If it is not PD activity will cease, the applied voltage will be at PDEV. This is the reason why the simulated value is more representative of the PDEV than the PDIV.

This is supported experimentally by Pockel's cell measurements.


The concentration of minerals was very low. The highest concentration of sodium (0.7 g/100 g) was in SZE1/15 (Sheikh Zaid Enclosure); the lowest concentration (0.2 g/100 g) was in samples from LS1/3 (Lal Suhanra site). These results confirm that the soils of Cholistan Desert are poor in sodium concentration (Ashraf et al., 1990) . The low concentration of minerals in Cenchrus ciliaris may be due to the reason that the Cholistan Desert soils, in particular the sand dunes, have very poor mineral composition (Ashraf et al., 1990) . Minerals move from the soil into plants, and if they are not replaced by decaying organic matter, the soils will be gradually have a reduced mineral content and will be unable to support plants growth (Ganskopp and Bohnert, 2001) .

These results confirm that the soils of Cholistan Desert are poor in sodium concentration.

The low concentration of minerals in Cenchrus ciliaris may be due to the reason that the Cholistan Desert soils, in particular the sand dunes, have very poor mineral composition.

Minerals move from the soil into plants, and if they are not replaced by decaying organic matter, the soils will be gradually have a reduced mineral content and will be unable to support plants growth.


Vibration is probably the most important risk connected with the use of portable machines for olive harvesting. Their large utilisation is aimed at reducing the production costs when farm fragmentation, tree structure, irregular tree layout, sloping lands, prevent the mechanical harvesting. In these cases, hand-held vibrating tools are approximately capable of triplicate the productivity of the workers with respect to the manual harvesting (Famiani et al., 2008) .

In these cases, hand-held vibrating tools are approximately capable of triplicate the productivity of the workers with respect to the manual harvesting.


Gold is one of the basic assets ensuring stability of national currency. In an economic downturn, people tend more towards gold as a safe asset while reducing their investments that leads to deeper economic downturn [5] . Iran's gold bar and coin sales tripled to 15.2 tons in the second quarter of 2018, the highest in four years as announced by the World Gold Council. According to Bloomberg, Iran's demand for gold bars and coins may remain strong for the rest of the year and even increase as the US reimposes sanctions [6] . The gold price volatility should strongly affect the Tehran Stock Exchange index (TSE). The main objective of this paper is to estimate stochastic dependence between the daily log-returns for oil and gold and TSE by applying the copula method for constructing non-Gaussian multivariate distributions and understanding the relationships among multivariate data. We also assess the degree of dependence between extreme events on the national oil and gold markets and TSE. Although the linear correlation analysis shows positive correlations between the quantities of interest, the copula method indicates that the degree of dependence between oil and TSE is weak while there might be a significant left tail dependence between TSE and gold that can be thought of as a proxy for systemic risk of default.

In an economic downturn, people tend more towards gold as a safe asset while reducing their investments that leads to deeper economic downturn.

According to Bloomberg, Iran's demand for gold bars and coins may remain strong for the rest of the year and even increase as the US reimposes sanctions.


The lack of significant results in the analysis of variance of PA levels between quartiles of BF and BMI may be explained by the worse Hawthorne effect (reactivity to their awareness of being observed). Some participants may have been more active than normal, thus influencing the results. On the other hand, an interesting and singular study that tracked the long-term effect of leisure time PA in 3653 women and 2626 men revealed that the results did not support the fact that medium or high PA at baseline prevents obesity in the long term [20] . In fact, the authors suggested that among the more active subjects there were more obese ones later on [20] . Despite the small and nonusual evidence, our results suggested a balanced bias in PA levels of different groups of BF and BMI.

On the other hand, an interesting and singular study that tracked the long-term effect of leisure time PA in 3653 women and 2626 men revealed that the results did not support the fact that medium or high PA at baseline prevents obesity in the long term.

In fact, the authors suggested that among the more active subjects there were more obese ones later on.


Finally, analysis of variance revealed significant differences in body composition and PA patterns between sexes. It was observed that males are significantly more active than females, especially doing more moderate-to-vigorous activities. On the other hand, females were significantly more sedentary and revealed significantly greater values of BF but not BMI. Our results are in line with previous studies that showed higher PA levels of men in comparison with women [2, 4] . The differences in BF are normal considering the specific composition of men and women and the differences in fat metabolism [3] . Such results may be used to define some different interventions taking into account the specificities of each sex.

Our results are in line with previous studies that showed higher PA levels of men in comparison with women.

The differences in BF are normal considering the specific composition of men and women and the differences in fat metabolism.


Besides the association of PA levels to explain BF and BMI, a reverse analysis tried to analyse whether BF and BMI can explain the PA levels (based on sociocultural and psychological engagement). For the dummy variable of female sex, the results revealed that BF and BMI explained 7.1% of the variance in light PA, 2.3% of moderate PA and 7.6% of vigorous PA. Therefore, it is possible that body composition may constrain PA levels. Thus such a hypothesis must be considered in future studies: Is it the body composition that influences physical activity, or vice versa? We found no studies that analysed the psychological conditions that associate the body image with the pursuit of an active life style in university studies. This should be considered in future studies. Finally, the model that used light PA was able to predict overweight in university students (BMI >25) with a rate of 84%, thus suggesting that the time spent in light activities may be crucial to a healthy life style [14] .

Finally, the model that used light PA was able to predict overweight in university students (BMI >25) with a rate of 84%, thus suggesting that the time spent in light activities may be crucial to a healthy life style.


The rationale to study university students is the great change in life style and the critical period that they experience after finishing high school [8, 13] . The standard multiple linear regression for female sex (dummy variable) revealed that light PA and vigorous PA were significant predictors of BF, thus suggesting that being active or inactive may be associated with changes of body composition that conversely may lead to a healthy or non-healthy status. The American College of Sports Medicine highlights that light PA is not enough to prevent overweight, thus suggesting cardiorespiratory exercise at moderateto-vigorous intensity for 150 min per week, at least [19] . In female participants, the analysis per BF quartile only revealed significant differences in light PA. Surprisingly, the upper group of BF (>29.4% BF in females) spent significantly greater time in light PA than middle and lower quartiles. In the case of male participants, the analysis of variance between quartiles of BF revealed that the upper limit (>12.8% BF) had significantly lower levels of light PA, moderate PA and vigorous PA time per day than the lower limit (<6.5% BF). Interestingly, the upper group had greater values of activity than the middle group. Such a result may be justified by the fact that the middle group represents two quartiles (2 nd and 3 rd ) and such a methodological decision may have covered the evidence. Another explanation could be the Hawthorne effect that may have occurred in the upper group since they only wore the accelerometer for one week.

The rationale to study university students is the great change in life style and the critical period that they experience after finishing high school.

The American College of Sports Medicine highlights that light PA is not enough to prevent overweight, thus suggesting cardiorespiratory exercise at moderateto-vigorous intensity for 150 min per week, at least.


University students undergo physiological and psychological changes affecting their PA levels and nutrition habits, which in turn result in considerable gains in body mass [8, 13] . Also, prevalence of overweight and plasma lipid levels were found to be above normal in university students [11] . Although the abovementioned studies enhanced our understanding of the relationship between PA and markers of overweight and obesity, there is a lack of information about objectively measured PA and domains of PA, such as sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous during emerging adulthood. Instead of using objective assessment methods (e.g. accelerometer), previous studies have relied mostly on subjective methods (e.g. questionnaire) [7, 21] . In addition, sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous PA might be associated differently with BMI and BF [23] . Such information would be valuable for both researchers and health professionals involved in the management of overweight and obesity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between objectively measured PA and markers of overweight and obesity in young female and male adults.

University students undergo physiological and psychological changes affecting their PA levels and nutrition habits, which in turn result in considerable gains in body mass.

Also, prevalence of overweight and plasma lipid levels were found to be above normal in university students.

Instead of using objective assessment methods (e.g. accelerometer), previous studies have relied mostly on subjective methods (e.g. questionnaire).

In addition, sedentary, light, moderate and vigorous PA might be associated differently with BMI and BF.


This study had some limitations. The use of accelerometers for only 7 consecutive days may have contributed to the occurrence of the Hawthorne effect, particularly in groups in upper limits of BF and BMI. An extended period up to four weeks may help to avoid this problem in future studies. Another limitation of this study was that some of the participants were sports students or amateur athletes (26.19%), thus increasing the PA patterns in some of them, even in students with greater values of BF or BMI. Future studies should consider not including these particular groups to test the homogeneity of the sample. Finally, this study did not use the most precise and up-to-date devices to test BF. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or air displacement plethysmography technology would be more accurate methods to determine BF than electronic scales. Nevertheless, despite the bioelectrical impedance analysis used in this study not being the most appropriate choice for body composition measurement, the appropriate algorithms for the population can accurately measure BF [6] .

This study had some limitations.

Nevertheless, despite the bioelectrical impedance analysis used in this study not being the most appropriate choice for body composition measurement, the appropriate algorithms for the population can accurately measure BF.


It becomes crucial to study the pattern and level of growth of productivity and efficiency of the manufacturing sector at the regional level for different states of the Indian union in particular as the Indian economy is about to complete two decades of economic reforms and this type of micro level study would prepare an empirical and true picture of the performance of the manufacturing sector at the regional level. On the similar lines, the present attempt seeks to analyze the intertemporal and inter-industry comparison of TFP of the organized manufacturing sector of Haryana by Malmquist productivity index (MPI) using non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis. The growth of manufacturing sector in Haryana state is the need of the hour, as the agriculture growth appears to have already reached a plateau after enjoying a period of high growth in the wake of Green Revolution (Sharma, 2011) . With the same commitment and passion an attempt has been made in the present endeavor to prepare in depth analysis of manufacturing sector of the state of Haryana, which is one of the emerging and important economies of the country.

The growth of manufacturing sector in Haryana state is the need of the hour, as the agriculture growth appears to have already reached a plateau after enjoying a period of high growth in the wake of Green Revolution.


The objective of this paper is to provide additional evidence on the characteristics of bubble size distributions in a usual engine coolant (a mixture of 50% water and 50% ethylene glycol) at low velocities representative of those expected when advanced engine cooling concepts are used, and in which the effect of boiling may be dominant over that of convection (Lee et al. 2013) . Experimental estimates of the diameter of the bubbles were obtained from high-speed photographic images for several flow velocities. The analysis was carried out following two main lines: the study of the ability of available mechanistic models for reproducing the mean bubble diameter under certain flow and superheating conditions, and the evaluation of the possibility of complementing those mean values with a suitable estimate of the diameter distribution, so that any issue related with the relative sizes of the bubbles and the cooling passages may be considered.

The objective of this paper is to provide additional evidence on the characteristics of bubble size distributions in a usual engine coolant (a mixture of 50% water and 50% ethylene glycol) at low velocities representative of those expected when advanced engine cooling concepts are used, and in which the effect of boiling may be dominant over that of convection.


This study provides a rare evaluation of whether species differences versus regional factors control ecosystem processes and properties following the introduction of a non-native species. The differences among the Canadian and Swedish forest types that we observed suggest that regional factors that differ between the native and introduced range appear to exert a stronger influence on most forest floor properties and processes than do species differences, whereas some forest floor properties, notably litter and forest floor depth, appear to be driven by a positive interaction between P. contorta and its introduced location. Contradicting our first hypothesis, that canopy species would exert a stronger control than regional factors on N cycling attributes, we alternatively found significantly lower potential net mineralization rates for CaPc than for SwPc and SwPs, and SwPc and SwPs did not differ. This analysis showed that CaPc stands exhibited net immobilization, whereas both Swedish forest types exhibited positive net mineralization rates. Nitrogen mineralization from decomposing plant litter is a major source of N for forest trees (Fisher and Binkley 2000) . Typical of most boreal forests, all three forest types had relatively high forest floor C:N ratios, which generally stimulates net immobilization. One factor that might explain the differences in mineralization that we saw among regions is that in situ decomposition rates may be faster for CaPc than for the Swedish forest types. If decomposition rates were higher for CaPc, then we would expect initial NH 4 + -N concentrations to be higher and lower concentrations of labile organic N left to mineralize (i.e., because it has already mineralized), leading to very small changes in NH 4 + -N concentrations during the controlled incubation. Although we did not directly measure decomposition rates, our findings of higher bulk density levels in the CaPc stands than in both Swedish forest types and a shallower F-H layer in the CaPc forest floor relative to the Table 2 . Means, SEs, and P values for one-way ANOVA and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests to test for significant differences in the response of variables among the three forest types, Canadian Pinus contorta (CaPc), Swedish Pinus contorta (SwPc), and Swedish Pinus sylvestris (SwPs).

Nitrogen mineralization from decomposing plant litter is a major source of N for forest trees.


It is important to distinguish the eigenvalue y from the Liouville coordinate φ. The spaces parameterized by them are related to each other through a nonlocal transform [40, 51] . The time-dependence of an eigenvalue (the open string tachyon) does not describe motion of a D0-brane in φ; rather, it describes the decay of a D0-brane localized at large φ [1] . The time dependence in the φ description arises only from the boundary interaction (1.1).

The spaces parameterized by them are related to each other through a nonlocal transform.

The time-dependence of an eigenvalue (the open string tachyon) does not describe motion of a D0-brane in φ; rather, it describes the decay of a D0-brane localized at large φ.


The long-range goal is to use the attention battery to evaluate the driving skills of the elderly and cognitively impaired. Several companies have developed assessment batteries for driving similar to what we attempted. The best known of these is probably the Useful Field of View test (Ball et al., 2000) . Others include a battery used in the DriveABLE ™ assessment, the Multi-dimensional Attention Test (MAT), the Test for Attentional Performance-Mobility Version (TAP-M) (Moosbrugger et al., 2006) . We believe that the multivariate approach used in the present study may provide more diagnostic information about a wider range of attention abilities than these other batteries.

The best known of these is probably the Useful Field of View test.

Others include a battery used in the DriveABLE ™ assessment, the Multi-dimensional Attention Test (MAT), the Test for Attentional Performance-Mobility Version (TAP-M).


In summary, the ASAP tasks were found to provide good measures for the extraction of attention abilities with one exception, the ANT task. In this study the ANT task was shortened from its original length, which resulted in significant flanker, but not the expected cue and cue by flanker, effects (Fan et al., 2002) . Increasing the number of trials in future studies should improve estimation of the alerting, orienting, and executive measures that were important to the extraction of the divided and orienting components. Addition of the Trails A and B tasks, and perhaps other executive function tests such as the Wisconsin Card Sort task, should improve estimation of the visual search, divided, and switching components in future studies. The physiological measures did explain additional simulated driving performance variance beyond the attention components, but it is clear that much work remains to be done to improve physiological predictors.

In this study the ANT task was shortened from its original length, which resulted in significant flanker, but not the expected cue and cue by flanker, effects.


Here C µν is the Cotton-York tensor of the boundary geometry. In the Euclidean case, (anti-)self-duality corresponds precisely to the choice w = ± 3k 3 /κ (k is related to the cosmological constant, Λ = −3k 2 , and κ to Newton's constant, κ = 3k /8πG N ). Equation (1.1) appears as the natural extension of this duality -and integrability, in the spirit of the above discussionrequirement, irrespective of the signature of the metric, with arbitrary real w. This answers questions (i) and (ii). Furthermore, the boundary condition (1.1) can be recast as δS δg µν = 0 (1.2) with S = S matter + 1 w ω 3 (γ), (1.3) where S matter is the action of the holographic boundary matter and ω 3 (γ) the Chern-Simons density (γ is the boundary connection one-form). The reader will have recognized the dynamics of matter coupled to a topological mass term for gravity [24] . Exact bulk Einstein spaces satisfying this boundary dynamics turn out to provide laboratories for probing transport properties of three-dimensional holographic fluids, and this is an important spin-off of the present analysis that will answer question (iii).

This answers questions (i) and (ii).

The reader will have recognized the dynamics of matter coupled to a topological mass term for gravity.


As we have seen in the previous section, such an orbit does not exist in the present model. It is excluded by the axial symmetry of the solar system. Of course, this does not mean that it could not be observed in extrasolar systems. Actually, orbits with radius around this value were already observed [11] . This fact could suggest that, in contrast to our solar system, the corresponding planetary systems possess spherical symmetry, which could indicate that they were originated in a different way.

Actually, orbits with radius around this value were already observed.


On the other hand, the dynamical behavior analysis of the complex-valued neural networks model has undergone a research upsurge, due to the more extensive applications, including radar imaging, electromagnetic waves, remote sensing, quantum devices, and so on [30] . As an extension of the real-valued neural networks, the complex-valued system with complex-valued states, activation functions and connection weights possesses more complicated and abundant properties than real-valued one. Moreover, they can be used to solve many complicated real-life problems that the real-valued model cannot do, such as the speed and direction in wind profile model [31] . So far, effective achievements on the dynamical behaviors of complex-valued neural networks have emerged in large numbers [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] . Moreover, for memristor-based complex-valued neural networks, abundant relevant results have also been achieved [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] . However, there are only a few results focusing on the state estimation problem for complex-valued networks [47] [48] [49] . Moreover, there is still no information published about the state estimation problem for memristorbased complex-valued neural networks. This situation prompts our current research.

On the other hand, the dynamical behavior analysis of the complex-valued neural networks model has undergone a research upsurge, due to the more extensive applications, including radar imaging, electromagnetic waves, remote sensing, quantum devices, and so on.

Moreover, they can be used to solve many complicated real-life problems that the real-valued model cannot do, such as the speed and direction in wind profile model.

So far, effective achievements on the dynamical behaviors of complex-valued neural networks have emerged in large numbers.

Moreover, for memristor-based complex-valued neural networks, abundant relevant results have also been achieved.

However, there are only a few results focusing on the state estimation problem for complex-valued networks.


A total of 52 serum samples from 52 pigs were tested by C-ELISA, of which 53% (n=28/52) serum samples were found to be seropositive for antibodies against JEV (Figure 1) . Livestock rearing system is closely associated with the transmission of the disease. Prior to sampling, a survey was conducted in the areas where pigs were maintained both by extensive and intensive systems. This fact has been known to cause JE by vectors (Culex mosquitoes) that can easily transmit JEV from pigs to humans (Liu et al., 2010) . Moreover, the location of pig maintenance with home has become an important source of disease transmission.

This fact has been known to cause JE by vectors (Culex mosquitoes) that can easily transmit JEV from pigs to humans.


Pigs play an important role as major amplifying host of JEV exerting potential health risk to human (Ritchie et al., 2007; Yamanaka et al., 2010) . Culex mosquitoes may act as the amplifying intermediate host of JEV (Hurk et al., 2008) . The clinical manifestations of JE in human include febrile illness, aseptic meningitis or encephalitis which manifests sensorium, seizures and focal neurological deficit and acute flaccid paralysis (Liu et al., 2010) .

Pigs play an important role as major amplifying host of JEV exerting potential health risk to human.

Culex mosquitoes may act as the amplifying intermediate host of JEV.

The clinical manifestations of JE in human include febrile illness, aseptic meningitis or encephalitis which manifests sensorium, seizures and focal neurological deficit and acute flaccid paralysis.


Vascular cognitive impairment with no dementia (VCIND) is the early phase of VD, and manifests mainly as impairment of concentration and executive function [6, 7] . The presence of VCIND means that the patient's current cognitive function has been impaired and implies further deterioration. However, with timely diagnosis and following effective treatment, the progression of VCIND, and even its development into VD, can be delayed. Furthermore, cognitive function is one of the essential factors that influence the prognosis of stroke rehabilitation. Thus, together with the activities of daily living, improving cognitive function is very important in the overall rehabilitation process for stroke patients [8] .

Vascular cognitive impairment with no dementia (VCIND) is the early phase of VD, and manifests mainly as impairment of concentration and executive function.

Thus, together with the activities of daily living, improving cognitive function is very important in the overall rehabilitation process for stroke patients.


Early and frequent antenatal care attendances are important to identify and alleviate risk factors in pregnancy and to encourage women to prepare for birth [29] . Findings from this study show that very few women booked for ANC during the first trimester and those who did so were more likely to be prepared for birth and its complications compared to those who booked after first trimester. In contrast, a study done in Nigeria found that those who booked late were more likely to be prepared for birth and its complications [24] . The difference in these findings may be due to the fact that in Tanzania counseling on BPCR is done on each ANC visit and repeated counseling among those who book early for ANC may lead to adhere to counseling. Also the study in Nigeria used a different study population who were pregnant women while our survey used RDW's. Issue of recall bias was minimal in study of Nigeria since survey on pregnant women were more likely to remember compared to survey on women who delivered years ago.

Early and frequent antenatal care attendances are important to identify and alleviate risk factors in pregnancy and to encourage women to prepare for birth.

In contrast, a study done in Nigeria found that those who booked late were more likely to be prepared for birth and its complications.


In operational applications, the classical Gaussian diffusion models are largely employed in assessing the impacts of existing and proposed sources of air contaminants on local *Address correspondence to this author at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Física/CCNE, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Tel: +55 55 32208616; Fax: +55 55 32208032; E-mail: degrazia@ccne.ufsm.br and urban air quality [1] . Simplicity, associated to the Gaussian analytical model, makes this approach particularly suitable for regulatory usage in mathematical modeling of the air pollution. Indeed, such models are quite useful in short-term forecasting. The lateral and vertical dispersion parameters, respectively y and z , represent the key turbulent parameterization in this approach, once they contain the physical ingredients that describe the dispersion process and, consequently, express the spatial extent of the contaminant plume under the effect of the turbulent motion in the PBL [4] .

In operational applications, the classical Gaussian diffusion models are largely employed in assessing the impacts of existing and proposed sources of air contaminants on local *Address correspondence to this author at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Física/CCNE, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil; Tel: +55 55 32208616; Fax: +55 55 32208032; E-mail: degrazia@ccne.ufsm.br and urban air quality.

The lateral and vertical dispersion parameters, respectively y and z , represent the key turbulent parameterization in this approach, once they contain the physical ingredients that describe the dispersion process and, consequently, express the spatial extent of the contaminant plume under the effect of the turbulent motion in the PBL.


The following study aims at using Lagrangian decorrelation time scales and turbulent velocity variances, described in terms of the characteristics of the turbulent field in a convective boundary layer, to obtain simple algebraic expressions for the dispersion parameters. The hypothesis to be tested in the present analysis is that complex integral formulations for dispersion parameters, which are only numerically solvable, can be represented by simple algebraic relations constructed from equation (1) . To demonstrate that this hypothesis is valid, we compare the values of the lateral and vertical dispersion parameters evaluated from the algebraic expression (1) with those numerically obtained from an integral formulation. Furthermore, the algebraic and integral dispersion parameters are put together with measured values of y and z . As an additional purpose, this paper presents the formulation of a simple short-range Gaussian model which evaluates ground-level concentrations from elevated sources in a boundary layer, dominated by moderate convection. The performance of this Gaussian model incorporating simple algebraic relationships and integral formulations for the lateral and vertical dispersion parameters are compared to ground-level concentrations from atmospheric dispersion experiments that were carried out in the Copenhagen area under moderately unstable conditions [24] .

The hypothesis to be tested in the present analysis is that complex integral formulations for dispersion parameters, which are only numerically solvable, can be represented by simple algebraic relations constructed from equation.

The performance of this Gaussian model incorporating simple algebraic relationships and integral formulations for the lateral and vertical dispersion parameters are compared to ground-level concentrations from atmospheric dispersion experiments that were carried out in the Copenhagen area under moderately unstable conditions.


Today, children comprise the largest proportion of multicultural Americans, which illustrates the trend toward diversity-expansion within the U.S. population. Ethnic diversity is being recognized as one of the United States' greatest assets, providing a richness and strength to its economy and culture. Consequently, we have observed that a larger number of organizations are instituting diversity initiatives to effectively execute their objectives and compete advantageously (Harvey, 1999; Kuczynski, 1999) . Thus, we explore the success of such successful diverse management strategies and seek to extend implications from these findings to the academic sector. Specifically, we suggest approaches for improving the diversity pipeline in management education. We approach this topic from a sector-level talent management perspective; that is, we conceptualize diversity as a talent management strategy that creates value by recruiting, developing, leveraging, and retaining diverse individuals.

Consequently, we have observed that a larger number of organizations are instituting diversity initiatives to effectively execute their objectives and compete advantageously.


Another important factor affecting motivation is that URM students have an observable desire to start serving within their community as soon as possible (Hammond, 1995) . Family responsibilities and the need to give back to ethnic communities are important cultural issues affecting minorities (Elliott, 1994) . Having fewer examples of family members in the professoriate, URM students are potentially more likely to choose "less-challenging" careers as more realistic opportunities to give back to the community (Payton, White, & Mbarika, 2005) .

Another important factor affecting motivation is that URM students have an observable desire to start serving within their community as soon as possible.

Family responsibilities and the need to give back to ethnic communities are important cultural issues affecting minorities.

Having fewer examples of family members in the professoriate, URM students are potentially more likely to choose "less-challenging" careers as more realistic opportunities to give back to the community.


Acoustic survey techniques are used widely to provide data on fish abundance and distribution (Simmonds and MacLennan, 2005) . Such techniques are particularly well suited to pelagic fish, such as Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), which form distinct schools in midwater that can be detected effectively by echosounders. The general approach is that echo intensities of acoustically insonified fish schools are integrated and converted into fish numbers (or density) using species-specific target-strength (TS) relationships. TS relationships quantify the sound backscattering potential of a target species, which is largely dependent on acoustic frequency, body size, presence/absence of a swimbladder, and target orientation (McClatchie et al., 1996; Horne and Jech, 1999) . Acoustic estimates of abundance are, therefore, highly dependent on accurate measurements of TS (Demer and Conti, 2005) . Acoustic surveys are an effective tool for monitoring commercially targeted fish stocks because they enable almost continuous detection of fish throughout the water column at high resolution (typically one sample s 21 by 20 cm in the vertical with 1 ms pulse duration at 38 kHz) over a relatively broad spatial scale. Acoustically derived estimates of herring abundance are now an integral component of routine stock assessments that are usually treated as indices to tune population assessment models (Simmonds, 2003) .

Acoustic survey techniques are used widely to provide data on fish abundance and distribution.

TS relationships quantify the sound backscattering potential of a target species, which is largely dependent on acoustic frequency, body size, presence/absence of a swimbladder, and target orientation.

Acoustic estimates of abundance are, therefore, highly dependent on accurate measurements of TS.

Acoustically derived estimates of herring abundance are now an integral component of routine stock assessments that are usually treated as indices to tune population assessment models.


Niger is a landlocked West African country located directly north of Nigeria. It is the world's poorest nation, listed at 187 out of 187 ranked countries in the 2014 United Nations Human Development Index [5] . According to the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) which identifies multiple deprivations in education, health and living standards in the same household, 90% of the population of Niger is Bmultidimensionally poor^ [5] . Maternal mortality is high, with a maternal mortality ratio of 630 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births [6] . The overall rate of cesarean delivery is only 1%, far below the absolute minimum required to deal with obstructed labor and other maternal health needs [7] . The combination of dire poverty, extremely high rates of population growth, and poor access to reproductive healthcare means that obstetric fistulas are common in Niger.

It is the world's poorest nation, listed at 187 out of 187 ranked countries in the 2014 United Nations Human Development Index.

According to the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) which identifies multiple deprivations in education, health and living standards in the same household, 90% of the population of Niger is Bmultidimensionally poor^.

Maternal mortality is high, with a maternal mortality ratio of 630 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

The overall rate of cesarean delivery is only 1%, far below the absolute minimum required to deal with obstructed labor and other maternal health needs.


A business model provides managers critical points to monitor, and changes in these points lead to changes in the logic of the business. Thus, the recognition of the effective factors for each of the components in the business model helps managers make timely changes in their business models (Osterwalder, Pigneur, & Tucci, 2005) . However, due to the accelerating pace in the growth of information and communication technologies and their effects on these critical points, traditional businesses have had to develop new business models in order to explore new opportunities made possible by technological innovation. That is why there have been recent increases in the debates concerning business models and concerning the effects of the Internet on them (Pateli & Giaglis, 2003) .

Thus, the recognition of the effective factors for each of the components in the business model helps managers make timely changes in their business models.

That is why there have been recent increases in the debates concerning business models and concerning the effects of the Internet on them.


Adversaries can employ two types of attacks: active and passive [27, 36] . An active attack occurs when the adversary attempts to alter the network traffic by modifying the packets' header, the packets' content, or even by injecting new packets into the network to apply some attacks such as Denial-of-Service (DoS). In contrast, a passive attack occurs when an adversary analyzes the network traffic without alteration by observing which sensor nodes are transmitting and which sensor nodes are not. A passive attack is more difficult to detect than an active attack because no modifications are noticed by the system. This work attempts to defend against passive attacks.

Adversaries can employ two types of attacks: active and passive.


There are several kinds of security attacks against WSNs such as DoS, routing attacks, transport layer attacks, data aggregation attacks, and privacy attacks, as depicted in Figure 3 . DoS occurs when an adversary prevents the network from functioning or providing the expected services to applications. DoS could attack the physical layer and link layer. One of the attacks on the physical layer is the Jamming attack where an attacker interferes with radio frequencies of the sensor nodes to prevent them from transmitting and receiving meaningful data. Tampering attack is also a physical layer attack that attempts to destroy or modify the sensor node physically. This attack might lead the adversary to obtain sensitive information which could compromise the entire network. A Collision attack is a link layer attack that interferes with packet transmissions to make the network re-transmit the same packets repeatedly, which increases the overhead and power consumption [37] .

A Collision attack is a link layer attack that interferes with packet transmissions to make the network re-transmit the same packets repeatedly, which increases the overhead and power consumption.


Breast hamartomas contain glandular epithelium, adipose tissue, and fibrous tissue in variable proportions [2] . They are characterized by slow growth and vary in size from tiny masses to tumor-like formations measuring 10-12 cm in diameter, which may occupy almost the entire breast. Hamartomas represent 4-8 % of the benign breast lesions diagnosed in women. They are extremely rare in males [1, 4] . They can develop at any age after puberty. Up to 60 % of hamartomas are subclinical, that is, they cannot be detected by palpation. Clinically evident forms present on physical examination as soft, round, or oval nodular formations that are smooth surfaced and mobile against the surrounding tissues. They are generally not associated with any symptoms. The increasing use of screening mammography has led to an increase in the diagnosis of breast hamartomas [4] .

Breast hamartomas contain glandular epithelium, adipose tissue, and fibrous tissue in variable proportions.

They are extremely rare in males.

The increasing use of screening mammography has led to an increase in the diagnosis of breast hamartomas.


The number of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract is the largest in the duodenum, followed by the rectum [25] . Moreover, the duodenum contains the largest number of gut endocrine cell types, namely, serotonin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), somatostatin, and motilin [20] . Of these, the densities of four cell types were shown to be reduced in patients with IBS: secretin, CCK, GIP, and somatostatin cells [8] . The reduction in the densities of these cells may account for the reported reduction in the density of duodenal CgA cells in IBS patients [9] . The duodenal CgA cell density thus reflects structural abnormality occurring in the duodenal endocrine cells of IBS patients [26] .

The number of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract is the largest in the duodenum, followed by the rectum.

Moreover, the duodenum contains the largest number of gut endocrine cell types, namely, serotonin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), somatostatin, and motilin.

Of these, the densities of four cell types were shown to be reduced in patients with IBS: secretin, CCK, GIP, and somatostatin cells.

The reduction in the densities of these cells may account for the reported reduction in the density of duodenal CgA cells in IBS patients.

The duodenal CgA cell density thus reflects structural abnormality occurring in the duodenal endocrine cells of IBS patients.


Greater deviations occur when gravity currents are developing over a substrate with higher permeability, formed by the simple grid, as figure 4 shows for some typical cases. During the slumping phase the front velocity is clearly non-constant and the second self-similar stage is not present. Note the striking variety of behaviour. The slowing down of the front position is related to the greatest values of the lock length and of the reduced gravity used. This behaviour resembles that obtained from particle-driven gravity flows where the length of the current increases more slowly as g increases, for increasing particle size or initial masses of sediment released (Bonnecaze et al. 1993) .

Note the striking variety of behaviour.

This behaviour resembles that obtained from particle-driven gravity flows where the length of the current increases more slowly as g increases, for increasing particle size or initial masses of sediment released.


Dofetilide (N- [4-[2-[methyl[2-[4-(methylsulfonyl) amino]phenoxy] ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]-methanesulfonamide) is a Class III antiarrhythmic drug (TIKOSYN ® ) that selectively inhibits the rapid component of the delayed rectifier cardiac potassium current (I Kr ) with high potency (50% effective concentration (EC 50 ) in the nanomolar range) [1] [2] [3] . Dofetilide is considered to be a good adjunct to catheterbased ablation and alternative pharmacological approach for the treatment of atrial arrhythmias [4] . Dofetilide's chemical structure is shown in Figure 1 .

Dofetilide (N- [4-[2-[methyl[2-[4-(methylsulfonyl) amino]phenoxy] ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]-methanesulfonamide) is a Class III antiarrhythmic drug (TIKOSYN ® ) that selectively inhibits the rapid component of the delayed rectifier cardiac potassium current (I Kr ) with high potency (50% effective concentration (EC 50 ) in the nanomolar range).

Dofetilide is considered to be a good adjunct to catheterbased ablation and alternative pharmacological approach for the treatment of atrial arrhythmias.


Researchers and utilities have tried to solve this problem by providing customers with in-home electricity displays (IHDs) that can give near-real-time information about electricity usage. One of the earliest examples of a simple and particularly effective IHD was that used in the Twin Rivers study [9, 10] . In this study, participants were given a simple light that flashed blue when one could cool the home by opening the windows rather than using the air conditioner. This yielded an almost 20% reduction in monthly electricity use over the short duration of the study. Paired with the digital meters ('smart-meters') of the smart grid, more sophisticated IHDs can provide customers much higher resolution feedback about their electricity consumption. If this feedback is presented in the right way, customers should be able to correct their mental models of how appliances use energy in much greater detail, allowing them to more easily engage in energy efficient behavior.

One of the earliest examples of a simple and particularly effective IHD was that used in the Twin Rivers study.


While these findings are encouraging, the small sample sizes of these studies (N = 20, 99, 101, and 8, respectively) alone should raise doubts about their real-world effectiveness. Casting further doubt, field studies of IHDs report methodologies and measurements that vary so much it is difficult to quantitatively aggregate them, or even compare them to one another [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . While studies that demonstrated large versus small effects differed in many ways, an important difference was the type of IHD they used, suggesting that specific features of the displays may play a unique role in spurring energy reducing behavior.

Casting further doubt, field studies of IHDs report methodologies and measurements that vary so much it is difficult to quantitatively aggregate them, or even compare them to one another.