An appropriate reaction medium is one of the influencing factors on the catalytic performance and stability of enzyme. Thus, six solvents were investigated for this lipase-mediated amidation, and the results are shown in Figure 1 . Compared with other solvents, the high yield (>90%) could be observed while acetonitrile or water was used in this reaction. Generally, the substitution of hazardous solvents with more environmentally friendly alternatives is a major purpose for green organic synthesis [42, 43] .

Generally, the substitution of hazardous solvents with more environmentally friendly alternatives is a major purpose for green organic synthesis.


Time-delay phenomena are ubiquitous in many practical systems such as communication systems, nuclear reactors, aircraft stabilization, and process control systems, which are often major sources of instability and poor performance. Hence, stability analysis and stabilization of systems with time-delays have received considerable attention in the past few decades [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . Recently, many researchers pay attention to the interval time-varying delay, wherein the delay varies in a range for which the lower bound is not restricted to be zero. A typical example with interval time delay is the network control systems [2] .

Hence, stability analysis and stabilization of systems with time-delays have received considerable attention in the past few decades.

A typical example with interval time delay is the network control systems.


Not all the commentary on increased debt has been negative, however. The University of Chicago borrowed nearly $3 billion between 2002 and 2013, but one municipal fund manager saw nothing particularly wrong with it: "It's an environment where debt is relatively cheap for [the university] to issue, so I'm not sure it's that much of a negative … I don't find it too alarming" (McDonald and Chappatta 2014) . In this light, increased debt is simply a rational response to low interest rates.

The University of Chicago borrowed nearly $3 billion between 2002 and 2013, but one municipal fund manager saw nothing particularly wrong with it: "It's an environment where debt is relatively cheap for [the university] to issue, so I'm not sure it's that much of a negative … I don't find it too alarming".


According to Moody's rating agency, university debt levels doubled from 2000 to 2011 (Martin 2012) . As the amount of debt issued by universities has grown, so too have concerns about their borrowing practices. The Moody's study, for example, argues that the "Law of More," the collective movement by universities to build lavish facilities in order to attract students, has driven this trend. Indeed, several commentators have suggested that some schools have been borrowing so much that "bond investors have grown wary of their debt" (Korn and Kuriloff 2015) . A Forbes article finds fault with debt for another reason, arguing that it is detrimental to the mission of higher education, as public schools with higher debt levels are forced to raise tuition and to admit a greater percentage of wealthy, out-of-state students (Freedman 2014) .

According to Moody's rating agency, university debt levels doubled from 2000 to 2011.

Indeed, several commentators have suggested that some schools have been borrowing so much that "bond investors have grown wary of their debt".

A Forbes article finds fault with debt for another reason, arguing that it is detrimental to the mission of higher education, as public schools with higher debt levels are forced to raise tuition and to admit a greater percentage of wealthy, out-of-state students.


The use of thermal storage in buildings is of great importance since it can smooth out daily temperature fluctuations and as a result lower the energy demand for heating and cooling. A way to increase thermal inertia of buildings is by integrating or including Phase Change Materials (PCM) on the buildings envelope and thus store heat in the form of latent heat. The main advantage of latent heat storage is that it has a high storage density in small temperature interval [1] . The general principle of operation of PCMs is that they store heat using their chemical bonds when they change phase from liquid to solid and release heat and vice versa. This transformation is also done in constant temperature.

The main advantage of latent heat storage is that it has a high storage density in small temperature interval.


One of the most effective methods for constructing solutions of a discrete chain is to find its integrable finite-dimensional reductions. In most cases, this pertains to its periodic closure. But there are other possibilities for truncating the chains while conserving the integrability property [9] , [3] , [10] . For chains that admit zero curvature representation, there is a simple and effective method for seeking cut-off constraints (boundary conditions) compatible with the conservation laws of the chain [11] - [13] .

But there are other possibilities for truncating the chains while conserving the integrability property.

For chains that admit zero curvature representation, there is a simple and effective method for seeking cut-off constraints (boundary conditions) compatible with the conservation laws of the chain.


The use of membranes to selectively remove water vapor from a humid air stream is attractive in dehydration or dehumidification processes. Membrane processes are driven by a 2 pressure gradient; no heat source is required and no regeneration is involved making it a greener approach with a lower environmental footprint. It is reported that energy efficiency of dehumidification processes can be enhanced up to 86% by using polymeric membranes [1] .

It is reported that energy efficiency of dehumidification processes can be enhanced up to 86% by using polymeric membranes.


Effective chip area, input impedance, analog input voltage range and power consumption of comparator are very important for this system that obtained with each other parallel connection of comparator [13] . Therefore, many different comparator circuits in the literature have been widely used. Some comparator structure which don't require resistance array for quantization voltage have been proposed for low power consumption [15] . Autozeroing technique comparator structure has been proposed to reduce the offset voltage [16] [17] [18] . Latched comparator structure is used to solve kickback noise problem [14, 19] . The aim of this paper is to offer a novel comparator structure for fully parallel A/D Converter. The used structure as comparator is consist of Common Gate Differential MOS Pair (CGDMP) and two-cross coupled MOSFETs. The digital block of proposed fully parallel A/D Converter includes latch circuits, multiplexer based 1 − n decoder and programmable logic array (pla-rom).

Effective chip area, input impedance, analog input voltage range and power consumption of comparator are very important for this system that obtained with each other parallel connection of comparator.

Some comparator structure which don't require resistance array for quantization voltage have been proposed for low power consumption.

Autozeroing technique comparator structure has been proposed to reduce the offset voltage.

Latched comparator structure is used to solve kickback noise problem.


Methyl bromide is still widely used to treat export forest products around the world despite its accepted role in depleting the ozone layer. Its use is still permitted for quarantine and pre-shipment purposes. Methyl bromide is also a controversial fumigant in New Zealand because of concerns over the alleged link between its use and the incidence of motor neurone disease in Nelson (Kiddle 2005) .

Methyl bromide is also a controversial fumigant in New Zealand because of concerns over the alleged link between its use and the incidence of motor neurone disease in Nelson.


The research presented in this paper used a direct exposure treatment method. No logs or timber were involved so further verification is required with insects and fungi in situ. Sulfuryl fluoride sorption by timber and penetration into wood needs to be understood before developing a successful fumigation protocol using sulfuryl fluoride. Sulfuryl fluoride is known to have better timber penetration qualities than methyl bromide (Scheffrahn et al. 1987) .

Sulfuryl fluoride is known to have better timber penetration qualities than methyl bromide.


The central problem of quantum dissipation theory is to study the dynamics of quantum system embedded in quantum thermal bath. The primary quantity of interest here is the reduced density operator, ρ(t) ≡ tr B ρ T (t), after the bath degrees of freedom are all traced out from the total composite density operator. Due to its fundamental importance, quantum dissipation theory has remained as an active topic in diversified fields [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . The challenge here, from both formulation and numerical aspects, is nonperturbative dissipation, with multiple time scales of memory, under time-dependent external field driving.

Due to its fundamental importance, quantum dissipation theory has remained as an active topic in diversified fields.


The alternative is the differential approach, especially in a linear form to maximize the numerical advantage. It has also the advantage in the study of various dynamics such as the spectroscopic or control problems [20] . The calculus-on-path-integral (COPI) method is hence proposed to construct the differential counterpart of the path integral theory, reported as the hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM) formalism [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . This formalism can also be derived via the stochastic description of quantum dissipation [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] . The COPI algorithm provides a unified approach to the influence of quantum environment ensembles, either canonical or grand canonical, and either bosonic or fermionic [28, 29] . The COPI algorithm also takes into account the combined effects of multiple memory time scales, system-bath coupling strengths, and system anharmonicity. The resulting HEOM formalism is therefore nonperturbative in nature, and always converges in principle. Moreover, the HEOM formalism is exact, not just for its propagation equivalent to the path integral theory, but also for the fact that the initial correlations between system and bath can now be incorporated by the steady-state solutions to the HEOM, before external time-dependent fields taking effect. Recently, we have further developed a numerical efficient filtering method for the propagation of the HEOM [36, 37] .

It has also the advantage in the study of various dynamics such as the spectroscopic or control problems.

The calculus-on-path-integral (COPI) method is hence proposed to construct the differential counterpart of the path integral theory, reported as the hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM) formalism.

This formalism can also be derived via the stochastic description of quantum dissipation.

The COPI algorithm provides a unified approach to the influence of quantum environment ensembles, either canonical or grand canonical, and either bosonic or fermionic.

Recently, we have further developed a numerical efficient filtering method for the propagation of the HEOM.


In canine feces, a majority of intact achenes appeared on the rind of fecal stools. The mechanism that forced achenes to the external surface is unknown. It would enhance seedling survival, however, compared to a seed germinating in the center of a hard, desiccated stool. Similarly, achenes excreted in multi-pelleted sheep feces face better conditions than achenes excreted in feces heaps produced by cattle [53] .

Similarly, achenes excreted in multi-pelleted sheep feces face better conditions than achenes excreted in feces heaps produced by cattle.


In Section 3 we prove definability of conjugations and symmetries in Aut(N ). First, using involutions extremal modulo IA(N ) we prove that the set of all conjugations by powers of primitive elements is definable in Aut(N ) (Lemma 3.1; note that a similar result holds for the automorphism groups of non-abelian free groups [12] ). Lemma 3.1 implies that the subgroup Inn(N ) is characteristic in Aut(N ). Next, by means of monadic second-order logic we define in Aut(N ) symmetries; this involves symmetries modulo IA(N ) and normalizers of free generating sets of the (free abelian) group Inn(N ) (Lemma 3.3).

First, using involutions extremal modulo IA(N ) we prove that the set of all conjugations by powers of primitive elements is definable in Aut(N ) (Lemma 3.1; note that a similar result holds for the automorphism groups of non-abelian free groups).


Most inter-agent communication models assume reliable point-to-point messages passing with negligeable communication costs. In particular, KQML assumes point-to-point message passing, possibly with the aid of facilitator agents [3] . Nonetheless, KQML performatives could be used for the content portions of our proposed communication scheme. KQML does not address the problems raised by having a single, low-bandwidth communication channel.

In particular, KQML assumes point-to-point message passing, possibly with the aid of facilitator agents.


Over the past decades, research on cascading failure has become an important topic in the theory of complex networks [1] . Several different models of cascading failure have been proposed. These models can be roughly divided into two categories. In the first category, only the topology of the network is considered, and the dynamics and properties of the nodes are neglected . In the second category, both the dynamics of the nodes and the topology of the network are considered [23] [24] [25] .

Over the past decades, research on cascading failure has become an important topic in the theory of complex networks.

In the second category, both the dynamics of the nodes and the topology of the network are considered.


Certain features of the equine visual system may help to explain this sensitivity of the horse to ground level stimuli. The tapetum lucidum increases retinal sensitivity by reflecting light back through the photoreceptor layer. In the horse, this reflective layer is located in the upper half of the retina, thus increasing sensitivity to light, particularly that reflected from the ground (Ollivier et al., 2004) . The amount of light entering the eye from above is further limited by the corpora nigra (projections along the dorsal margin of the pupil), which shade the lower half of the retina and accentuate information from the inferior visual field (Davidson, 1991) .

In the horse, this reflective layer is located in the upper half of the retina, thus increasing sensitivity to light, particularly that reflected from the ground.

The amount of light entering the eye from above is further limited by the corpora nigra (projections along the dorsal margin of the pupil), which shade the lower half of the retina and accentuate information from the inferior visual field.


The visual features of flooring have been found to cause hesitation and alarm reactions in horses as well as in other species. Sudden changes in colour or texture, particularly of flooring and loading ramps, in the handling and transportation facilities for livestock (cattle, pigs, sheep and horses) have been suggested as the cause of hesitation or stopping, possibly to assess whether this change signifies a hole or uneven area (Grandin, 1989) . Black rubber matting is commonly used in stables and for trailer and horsebox ramps, and the reluctance of some horses to walk up these ramps or enter an enclosed area may be partially the result of the texture or colour of this flooring. One horse that refused to walk up a black trailer ramp, although still hesitant, did walk up once a dark red carpet had been placed over it (Lucas, 1999) . This could possibly be the result of a change in the texture of the ground surface, but could also relate to the colour.

Sudden changes in colour or texture, particularly of flooring and loading ramps, in the handling and transportation facilities for livestock (cattle, pigs, sheep and horses) have been suggested as the cause of hesitation or stopping, possibly to assess whether this change signifies a hole or uneven area.

One horse that refused to walk up a black trailer ramp, although still hesitant, did walk up once a dark red carpet had been placed over it.


These findings demonstrate that visual stimuli at ground level are more salient to the horse than those at other levels. This is in agreement with the findings of a previous study into the ability of horses to perform a task of visual discrimination. The task was made easier for the horse by presenting the stimuli on the ground as opposed to at a higher level (Hall et al., 2003) . In the present study, the colour of stimuli on the ground, but not of the same stimuli in the higher position on the wall, was found to affect the behaviour of the horse. Although the level of the reaction diminished in most cases once no negative consequences had occurred, the response to the colour of the ground level stimuli continued throughout each pair of trials. Although colour seems to matter most to the horse when associated with a novel situation, its effect continues despite previous experience.

The task was made easier for the horse by presenting the stimuli on the ground as opposed to at a higher level.


The ability to predict the reaction of the horse to different stimuli is an important factor in their management and training. When training horses to perform a simple task of visual discrimination, it was advantageous to present the stimuli at ground level as opposed to at a height of 70 cm (Hall et al., 2003) . The relative salience of the stimuli in this position indicates the importance of the assessment of ground conditions to a prey species, such as the horse, whose safety is reliant on the ability to flee from predators.

When training horses to perform a simple task of visual discrimination, it was advantageous to present the stimuli at ground level as opposed to at a height of 70 cm.


Nevertheless "bulk" (i.e. transverse to 3-brane space dimensions) physics turns out to be very interesting giving alternative explanations to other puzzles of particle physics. For example, by assuming the existence of a Standard Model (SM) neutral spin 1 2 fermion in the bulk one can explain the smallness of the neutrino masses without invoking the seesaw mechanism [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . However, it is not necessary to confine the SM fields to the brane.

For example, by assuming the existence of a Standard Model (SM) neutral spin 1 2 fermion in the bulk one can explain the smallness of the neutrino masses without invoking the seesaw mechanism.


The idea of "climate-hydrology link" was conceived in this study after the recognition of coincidence between the lowest lake level record in the year 1975 with a strong La Niña year and the maximum lake level in 1998 with the strongest El Niño year. La Niña and El Niño are anomalies in ocean surface water temperature. They are commonly termed as "teleconnections" [19] .

They are commonly termed as "teleconnections".


Based on this combination of descriptor and similarity measure we have designed a coarse alignment algorithm that eliminates the need to find a group of valid correspondences (which is necessary in most algorithms, including spin images [8] ). One of the main advantages of this algorithm is that the stopping criterion is always evaluated when it finds a correspondence that exceeds the maximum similarity value found until that moment. Thus, if certain conditions are met, the algorithm ends without having to find additional correspondences.

Based on this combination of descriptor and similarity measure we have designed a coarse alignment algorithm that eliminates the need to find a group of valid correspondences (which is necessary in most algorithms, including spin images).


Experimental studies with macro-organisms Several recent studies compared the propagation properties of theoretical reaction-diffusion models vs. laboratory experiments. Yet they all used microorganisms as biological models with large number of individuals (Giometto et al., 2014; Gandhi et al., 2016) . These works have shown that the Fisher-KPP model is consistent with experimental speed when populations are not subject to any particular demographic process such as the Allee effect. Still like us they highlight the need for taking stochasticity into account in order to accurately predict speed, especially in small populations. For our experiment we chose to focus on a macro-organism with smaller population sizes (hundreds) experiencing important levels of demographic stochasticity.

Yet they all used microorganisms as biological models with large number of individuals.


In the absence of Allee effect and of density-dependent dispersal, theoretical and simulation approaches lead to consistent conclusions. When the carrying capacity is not too small the speed v is constant and independent of K. But, in the simulation approach, there is a strong relationship between the carrying capacity and the propagation speed for small populations. This dependency is induced by the stochasticity of the reproduction and dispersal step in the simulation approach. Such processes are expected to occur in all populations, but their impact is stronger in small populations (Gabriel and Bürger, 1992) . This result highlights that even without any specific demographic mechanism, propagation speed may depend on the carrying capacity in small populations.

Such processes are expected to occur in all populations, but their impact is stronger in small populations.


Understanding the pulled or pushed nature of propagation is an important issue for forecasting spread and elaborating conservation or eradication strategies. Control or eradication strategies for populations subjected to an Allee effect have been well theorized. They are based either on the increase of the Allee threshold, or on reducing population size under the existing threshold through culling or biological control (Taylor and Hastings, 2005; Tobin et al., 2011) . Unlike pulled expansions, pushed populations might also be managed indirectly, by altering the carrying capacity of the landscape.

They are based either on the increase of the Allee threshold, or on reducing population size under the existing threshold through culling or biological control.


Particle filters are a class of ensemble-based methods for solving sequential Bayesian estimation problems. They are uniquely celebrated due to their provable convergence to the correct posterior distribution in the limit of an infinite number of particles, with minimal constraints on prior and likelihood (Crisan and Doucet 2002) . Processes that are nonlinear and non-Gaussian can be filtered in this flexible framework, with rigorous assurances of asymptotically correct uncertainty quantification. These advantages stand in contrast to ensemble Kalman filters that lack convergence guarantees for nonlinear or non-Gaussian problems, and to variational methods that provide a point estimate but do not quantify uncertainty in the common case where the Hessian of the objective is unavailable.

They are uniquely celebrated due to their provable convergence to the correct posterior distribution in the limit of an infinite number of particles, with minimal constraints on prior and likelihood.


For a few patients, CABG surgery may provide the catalyst for cognitive deficit that was not present pre-operatively. In others, it may be an added burden on a neurocognitive system that is already showing decline. In these cases it is of utmost importance to explore potentially modifiable peri-operative risk factors that may be associated with further brain insult (Selnes et al., 2012) . For example EEG, transcranial Doppler sonography (embolus detection) and cerebral oximetry indicate acute deficits in brain perfusion and oxygenation during surgery; in fact the simple presence of such neuromonitoring can reduce the incidence of brain injury by half (6.1% vs. 3% in non-monitored compared to neuromonitored patients) (Edmonds, 2005) . In the majority of patients, however, CABG surgery may have a transient positive impact on a trajectory of cognitive change that is already set in motion with the ageing process and perhaps influenced by underlying vascular disease. In a few fortunate patients, we cannot discount the possibility that it may boost neurocognitive function more permanently. Genetic studies have already identified candidate markers of brain vulnerability to CABG surgery , and we have mooted the possibility that mechanisms underlying cognitive change reflect also expression of, for example, hypoxia protective genes. Thus research into those patients who make a good recovery might paradoxically explain why other patients develop cognitive decline. The only way to fully address these hypotheses is through longitudinal studies that include controls with non-surgical treatment of coronary artery disease, and bring to bear the cognitive neuroscience techniques which have developed since the consensus statement was initially formulated.

In these cases it is of utmost importance to explore potentially modifiable peri-operative risk factors that may be associated with further brain insult.

For example EEG, transcranial Doppler sonography (embolus detection) and cerebral oximetry indicate acute deficits in brain perfusion and oxygenation during surgery; in fact the simple presence of such neuromonitoring can reduce the incidence of brain injury by half (6.1% vs. 3% in non-monitored compared to neuromonitored patients).


Natural frequency of mechanical system is a core parameter of reflecting dynamic characteristics, which plays an important role in many dynamic research fields such as vibration control, fault diagnosis, and structural optimization design [1] . In a conventional dynamic test, when system natural frequency is closed to external excitation frequency, signal will produce a distortion affecting the dynamic test accuracy. Thus, improving the natural frequency of the test system is a critical factor for improvement of the accuracy of dynamic test.

Natural frequency of mechanical system is a core parameter of reflecting dynamic characteristics, which plays an important role in many dynamic research fields such as vibration control, fault diagnosis, and structural optimization design.


Plant based traditional medicine systems have continued to play an essential role in the health care of many cultures. Medicinal plants have remained vital in man's fight against disease (Phillipson, 2001) . Pterocarpus santalinoides is a plant used by Igede people of North-Central Nigeria for its antidiarrheal properties (Nworu et al., 2009; Odeh and Tor-Anyiin, 2014) . Phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of its leaf-extracts have been reported (Odeh and Tor-Anyiin, 2014) .

Medicinal plants have remained vital in man's fight against disease.

Pterocarpus santalinoides is a plant used by Igede people of North-Central Nigeria for its antidiarrheal properties.

Phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of its leaf-extracts have been reported.


One of the most important factors of a country's development is conducting worldwide collaborative research. International collaboration, as the most extensive form of scientific collaboration, is a method to enhance the scientific performance of developing countries. This does not only improve the research by more extensive researches, facilities and technologies, but also results in the dynamicity of researchers by letting them exchange experiences, skills and expertise (Gazni, Sugimoto and Didegah 2012) . Moreover, investments in high-tech, particularly in nuclear science and technology, are required for scientific development since producing value-added services and products in this industry at the international level is greatly under the influence of these technologies. Manufacturing units based on the mentioned technologies can produce very expensive products with a limited number of skilled and experienced people, as they are highly knowledgeable and are consistent with knowledge and experience more than anything. According to the development of science and scientific fields, scientific cooperation seems to be able to open new insights for the researchers and scholars. Definitely the benefits of scientific collaboration and cooperation cannot be dismissed and since one person is not able to do research in all scientific fields to find the solution to all relevant issues, it is necessary to utilize the ideas of experts in those fields (Davarpanah and Aslekia 2008) .

This does not only improve the research by more extensive researches, facilities and technologies, but also results in the dynamicity of researchers by letting them exchange experiences, skills and expertise.

Definitely the benefits of scientific collaboration and cooperation cannot be dismissed and since one person is not able to do research in all scientific fields to find the solution to all relevant issues, it is necessary to utilize the ideas of experts in those fields.


In a co-authorship context, the country having many connections with other countries through scientific outputs of its researchers is able to receive more information, knowledge and resources. The works published by these researchers are expected to have higher quality and consequently, receive more citations from other researchers. Thus, it is predicted that the countries having an extensive connection with other countries in a coauthorship network can gain advantage and receive more citations. The main objective of this study is to determine the macro-topological structure of co-authorship social network of countries in the field of nuclear science and technology. A review of the previous research conducted on the topic by means of social network analysis shows that researchers have employed the micro-level for their analysis. The present study favors a macro-level analysis since the theory of social capital acquired from the social networks, including co-authorship networks, and measurement criteria can have compatibility with the analysis at the micro-level. The functions and analysis of social capital at the macrolevel are compatible with the network analysis at the micro-level (Lin 2008) . Thus, individual and collective social capital will have theoretical and methodological coherence at the levels of analysis though the network analysis at the collective level needs further details and elaboration. A group can be considered as a nod in a given social network with the members (nods) bringing sources as the social capital gained from this group will reflect itself in the sources provided by each member of the group (Rouxel et al. 2015) . The field of Nuclear Science and Technology holds a different nature as opposed to other fields simply because this area has very strategic aspects in many countries. It might be also probable that the structure of co-authorship network and social capital obtained from this Page | 54 network might differ from other areas of science. There has been a dearth research into this topic in the area of basic sciences; thus, there exists an urgent need to investigate such issues.

The functions and analysis of social capital at the macrolevel are compatible with the network analysis at the micro-level.

A group can be considered as a nod in a given social network with the members (nods) bringing sources as the social capital gained from this group will reflect itself in the sources provided by each member of the group.


The ability to efficiently deal with process change has been identified as one of the critical success factors for any PAIS [5, 6] . PAISs facilitate changes significantly through the above described separation of concerns. According to a recent study conducted among several Dutch companies, however, enterprises are reluctant to change PAIS implementations once they are running properly [7] . High complexity and high cost of change are mentioned as major reasons for not fully leveraging the potential of PAISs. To overcome this problem flexible PAISs are needed, enabling companies to capture real-world processes adequately without leading to a mismatch between the computerized business processes and those running in reality [8, 5] . In particular, the introduction of a PAIS must not freeze existing business processes [9] . Instead, authorized users must be able to flexibly deviate from the predefined processes as required (e.g., to deal with exceptions) and to evolve PAIS implementations over time (e.g., to continuously adapt the underlying process models to process optimizations). Such changes must be possible at a high level of abstraction without affecting consistency and robustness of the PAIS [10] . In addition, PAISs must support users to deal with uncertainty by deferring decisions to run-time as required.

The ability to efficiently deal with process change has been identified as one of the critical success factors for any PAIS.

According to a recent study conducted among several Dutch companies, however, enterprises are reluctant to change PAIS implementations once they are running properly.

To overcome this problem flexible PAISs are needed, enabling companies to capture real-world processes adequately without leading to a mismatch between the computerized business processes and those running in reality.

In particular, the introduction of a PAIS must not freeze existing business processes.

Such changes must be possible at a high level of abstraction without affecting consistency and robustness of the PAIS.


Larger features of lipoplexes are less well defined. Irreversible processes such as flocculation lead to structural heterogeneity on length scales of order 1 m or larger [42, 43] . Since they depend on kinetic driven, rather than equilibrium, processes, global aggregate features are only weakly correlated with system parameters such as the charge ratio. Indeed, recent studies using microfluidics showed that the macroscopic features of lipoplexes (size, polydispersity) can be controlled by such parameters as the flow rates of the constituent solutions in both DNA and RNA systems [44, 45, 46] .

Irreversible processes such as flocculation lead to structural heterogeneity on length scales of order 1 m or larger.

Indeed, recent studies using microfluidics showed that the macroscopic features of lipoplexes (size, polydispersity) can be controlled by such parameters as the flow rates of the constituent solutions in both DNA and RNA systems.


The kinetics of the assembly process depend on additional parameters, such as the overall concentration of the components and system temperature [18] . Complex kinetics also depends on the initial form of the components (e.g. vesicle size) and complex preparation route (e.g. order and rate of mixing) [47, 48, 49] . Thus, while the ultimate local molecular lipoplex structure may be set by equilibrium, the route and rate by which the structure would be obtained, and larger scale lipoplex features, are set by the kinetics. Furthermore, some complexation rates have been found to be extremely long, on the order of hours or even days; as a result, studies conducted on moderately short time scales may be examining kinetically trapped structures rather than equilibrium systems.

The kinetics of the assembly process depend on additional parameters, such as the overall concentration of the components and system temperature.

Complex kinetics also depends on the initial form of the components (e.g. vesicle size) and complex preparation route (e.g. order and rate of mixing).


The use of nucleic acids as "drugs" to modify cellular functions was first proposed in the 1970s [1] . In the intervening period, nucleic-acid based therapies were developed where DNA and siRNA are used for the relief of diseases including cystic fibrosis and some types of cancer [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . Critically, these carriers need to condense and stabilize the nucleic acid, which is otherwise vulnerable to be delivered "naked". In addition, carriers must bind to the cell surface, transport into the cell cytosol, escape from the endosome and release the nucleic acid [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . DNA carriers must import it into the nucleus for transcription, and siRNA carriers need to target specific tissues. In vivo systemic intravenous administration requires, in addition, the ability to circulate in the bloodstream for a prolonged period of time while resisting degradation by immune-agents. Combined, these specifications mean that carriers must be responsive to the biological environment to be functional [15] [16] [17] [18] .

The use of nucleic acids as "drugs" to modify cellular functions was first proposed in the 1970s.

In the intervening period, nucleic-acid based therapies were developed where DNA and siRNA are used for the relief of diseases including cystic fibrosis and some types of cancer.

In addition, carriers must bind to the cell surface, transport into the cell cytosol, escape from the endosome and release the nucleic acid.

Combined, these specifications mean that carriers must be responsive to the biological environment to be functional.


In mammals, the family of the growth factor called neurotrophins (NTs) comprises four molecules, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3, neurotrophins 4/5 and nerve growth factor (NGF), which are involved in the nervous system maintenance and development [1] . However, the expression of NT receptors in non-neuronal tissues and the effects strongly suggests that NTs have a broader range of actions than originally supposed. More and more data suggest a role in the regulation of non-nervous tissues of these molecules [2, 3] .

In mammals, the family of the growth factor called neurotrophins (NTs) comprises four molecules, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3, neurotrophins 4/5 and nerve growth factor (NGF), which are involved in the nervous system maintenance and development.

More and more data suggest a role in the regulation of non-nervous tissues of these molecules.


There are many perspectives, interests, perceptions, and alternatives for the use of water resources due to the diversity, positions, incomes, priorities, and locations of the people involved. However, the management of water resources should be associated with environmental sustainability, as a function of the growth of each component in the watershed. Growth of the population income implies in growth of water and food demand, but also in the contamination of water bodies (Falkenmark & Molden, 2008) . Water resources and the systemic approach have a direct relationship because both are systemic and non-linear (Ohlsson & Turton, 1999) . The basic principle of any systemic study is connectivity. A system is a set of elements with connections between each other. Any system is composed of subsystems, each being autonomous and open, directly interrelated and integrated with its environment (Santos, 1982) .

Growth of the population income implies in growth of water and food demand, but also in the contamination of water bodies.

Water resources and the systemic approach have a direct relationship because both are systemic and non-linear.

Any system is composed of subsystems, each being autonomous and open, directly interrelated and integrated with its environment.


These digital displays are increasingly accessible online. This shift to museums having an online presence also means their collections and expert knowledge associated with them is open to critique from a wider audience then before. Their displays can be used by others in ways not intended. They can be expanded and extended by the layperson determined to add their view of the history of that object, event, or record. How this modifies the relationship between museums and their audiences is not yet clear. Still, "museums must now face the realisation that their audiences" can play an active role in how this knowledge is received, perceived and controlled [2] .

Still, "museums must now face the realisation that their audiences" can play an active role in how this knowledge is received, perceived and controlled.


Th e Lohorung Rai of East Nepal differentiate a person's niwa from their lawa (Hardman, 2000) . Th e concept of niwa corresponds roughly to the English concept of mind. Th e Lohorung think of niwa as slowly increasing in strength in the course of childhood. Th ey invoke this changing strength to explain young children's lack of reflection as compared to the emerging sense of responsibility and awareness that is displayed by older children and adolescents. Similarly, the Lohorung attribute the forgetfulness of the elderly to fading of niwa. By contrast, a person's lawa comes to them when they are in the womb. It can sometimes leave the body during the person's lifetime, especially during dreams, but its permanent departure from the body is associated with death.

Th e Lohorung Rai of East Nepal differentiate a person's niwa from their lawa.


In many Western countries, non-formal education has become a recognized pillar of the educational system [1] . In Germany, a special form of non-formal student laboratories has emerged in recent years to promote primary and secondary science education, the so-called Schülerlabor [2] . The name "Schülerlabor" can be translated as student laboratory (SL). The word "Schüler" in German refers to school pupils exclusively, not to university students [3] . More than 300 such laboratories exist all over Germany. Most are connected to universities, larger research institutes and industrial plants [2] . However, every laboratory has a specific focus, thus not every science domain is presently available in every regional environment.

In many Western countries, non-formal education has become a recognized pillar of the educational system.

In Germany, a special form of non-formal student laboratories has emerged in recent years to promote primary and secondary science education, the so-called Schülerlabor.

The word "Schüler" in German refers to school pupils exclusively, not to university students.

Most are connected to universities, larger research institutes and industrial plants.


SLs were founded originally in universities for motivational purposes to overcome a shortage in young people embarking into academic careers in science and engineering. Thus, the SLs in the beginning were mainly focusing on older and higher achieving students. Over time, the idea of the SL adapted into a broader movement to support science learning on a more general level by offering students of all schooling levels out-of-school experiences and practical lab work which has been challenging to implement in traditional schools due to a lack of equipment, time, finances, or overall quality in the school lab facilities [2] . The rationale behind this educational innovation was to promote science learning and to improve students' engagement in science and engineering studies [4] . Typically, SL visits are half-or full-day excursions to well-equipped laboratories, where practical lessons take place. Visits to the SL are, in most cases, compulsory for all students, since the teacher decides to visit the SL as an officially-sponsored school event. In many cases, the activities in the SL follow a prescribed structure. The laboratory visit is not always directly connected to the school curriculum. Quite often student teachers take part in supervising the school students as part of their teacher training program making the SL also a place for pre-service teacher education [2, 3] .

Over time, the idea of the SL adapted into a broader movement to support science learning on a more general level by offering students of all schooling levels out-of-school experiences and practical lab work which has been challenging to implement in traditional schools due to a lack of equipment, time, finances, or overall quality in the school lab facilities.

The rationale behind this educational innovation was to promote science learning and to improve students' engagement in science and engineering studies.

Quite often student teachers take part in supervising the school students as part of their teacher training program making the SL also a place for pre-service teacher education.


Mapped against this background, it is expected that higher education institutions ought to be encouraged to regularly explore the diverse needs of students by replacing an 'inside-in' paradigm (i.e. decision-making resides with the institution or co-ordinators) with an 'inside-out' paradigm (i.e. emphasis is placed more on viewpoints and perceptions of students). Such a student-centred approach calls for deeper levels of learning, where responsibility and accountability are expected and where perceptions of autonomous learning are encouraged (Lea, Stephenson & Troy, 2003) . Within such a context, reflective practice is regularly portrayed as an effective mechanism in encouraging professional self-evaluation and adaptation (Meierdirk, 2016) .

Such a student-centred approach calls for deeper levels of learning, where responsibility and accountability are expected and where perceptions of autonomous learning are encouraged.

Within such a context, reflective practice is regularly portrayed as an effective mechanism in encouraging professional self-evaluation and adaptation.


Students in the twenty-first century are surrounded by direct access to mass communication and information and rapidly developing technologies. Such a dynamic context creates opportunities for students to become more aware of skills and attributes needed to function optimally in modern society. As a result, higher education is challenged to provide more learning opportunities related to the development of problem-solving and thinking skills, and, to a lesser degree, to the memorisation of content, which suggests that knowledge creation and application ought to replace mere knowledge recall (Rodgers, Runyon, Starrett & Von Holzen, 2006) . Twentyfirst century students are expected to develop meta-cognitive attributes, to demonstrate more criticality, creativity and innovation, and to be able to collaborate and communicate in diverse contexts (Jimoyiannis, 2012) . Providing students with the opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge and skills paves the way for reflective practices by which "experiences are turned into learning" (Steur, Jansen & Hofman, 2012:267) . These types of learning experiences are often included in the pursuit of the development of graduate attributes that endorse moral citizenship, scholarly skills, and lifelong learning, amongst other notions (Steur et al., 2012) . By opening the minds of students to the necessity of lifelong learning, awareness is raised for the possibility of learning within the formal curriculum, the co-curriculum, the world of work and the community (Candy, 1995) .

As a result, higher education is challenged to provide more learning opportunities related to the development of problem-solving and thinking skills, and, to a lesser degree, to the memorisation of content, which suggests that knowledge creation and application ought to replace mere knowledge recall.

Twentyfirst century students are expected to develop meta-cognitive attributes, to demonstrate more criticality, creativity and innovation, and to be able to collaborate and communicate in diverse contexts.

These types of learning experiences are often included in the pursuit of the development of graduate attributes that endorse moral citizenship, scholarly skills, and lifelong learning, amongst other notions.

By opening the minds of students to the necessity of lifelong learning, awareness is raised for the possibility of learning within the formal curriculum, the co-curriculum, the world of work and the community.


Therefore, in terms of reflective learning and continuous professional development, e-portfolios could be utilised as a way of demonstrating the acquisition of certain skills and attributes. An eportfolio is an electronic collection of evidence to demonstrate learning over a selected period. Evidence may include, but is not limited to photos, videos, research projects, interviews and reflective writing. Such evidence could be related to specific academic experiences or as evidence of lifelong learning. Key to appropriate e-portfolios practices remains the user's reflection on evidence selected, a demonstration of what has been learnt during the learning process, as well as the level of social interaction between the user and other significant role players such as peers, facilitators or teachers (Barrett, 2011) .

Key to appropriate e-portfolios practices remains the user's reflection on evidence selected, a demonstration of what has been learnt during the learning process, as well as the level of social interaction between the user and other significant role players such as peers, facilitators or teachers.


Initially, we have performed a redocking calculation. The ligand binding process was validated by "redocking" of the cocrystallized donepezil with Torpedo californica AChE. In docking simulations, we expect that the best results generate RMSD values below 2.0Å, when compared to crystallographic structures [31] . We verified that donepezil became bound in the AChE crystal structure (Figure 1 ), similarly to preexisting cocrystallized ligand (RMSD = 0.62).

The ligand binding process was validated by "redocking" of the cocrystallized donepezil with Torpedo californica AChE. In docking simulations, we expect that the best results generate RMSD values below 2.0Å, when compared to crystallographic structures.


Several clinical studies on AChE inhibitors, such as physostigmine and tacrine, have revealed interesting results. However, side effects and oral activity restrict the application of these agents as effective drugs. In this context, recent findings show that piperidine derivatives are promising AChE inhibitors able to overcome the unfavorable side effect profile and poor pharmacokinetics related to the aforementioned compounds. Despite great importance, the study of the interaction between piperidine derivatives and AChE has received remarkably little attention. The interactions of AChE with its inhibitors, however, are not fully understood yet and still deserve investigation. The drug design of rational therapy requires insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the AChE-inhibitor interactions under physiological conditions in order to propose structures of new and more efficient inhibitors. In this line, molecular mechanics based methods involving docking studies and also molecular dynamics simulations are suitable tools to adjust ligands at target sites and to estimate interaction energy (affinity) [4] . Nowadays, that is a well-established technique applied to numerous cases [5, 6] . Thus, the aim of this work is to investigate the interactions among the potential inhibitors and AChE by docking and molecular modeling techniques in order to contribute to the elucidation of their action mechanisms.

In this line, molecular mechanics based methods involving docking studies and also molecular dynamics simulations are suitable tools to adjust ligands at target sites and to estimate interaction energy (affinity).

Nowadays, that is a well-established technique applied to numerous cases.


The social and physical distances between where people live their daily lives and where governments define national priorities are a critical, yet only recently explored, phenomena. A burgeoning area of research, studies of this 'local-national gap', seek to establish a space for national policy analyses and studies of individual motivations with community-level dynamics. Social, political, community, and market acceptance all play a role in the emergence of specific energy technologies in communities, as well as how they are deployed and to what ends [14] [15] [16] . Rather than focusing on how local opposition (or support) for an energy technology, studies of the local-national gap emphasize understanding how individual and community decision-making processes reflect the larger networks of norms and values that shape their daily lives.

Social, political, community, and market acceptance all play a role in the emergence of specific energy technologies in communities, as well as how they are deployed and to what ends.


Our results led us to speculate that BMT is unnecessary to prolong CTA survival if MSCs are used as an immunosuppressant [5] . The miniature swine hemi-facial CTA model (consisting of skin paddle, muscle, ear cartilage, and lymphoid gland tissue) had been established by our institute recently [7] . The difference between the hemifacial CTA model and the hind-limb model is that this hemi-facial model does not contain donor vascularized bone, but it does include more alloskin area and lymphoid gland tissue. However, there have not been any studies that have assessed the effects of MSCs in a large animal facial allotransplant study. To reconfirm this hypothesis and to test another CTA model for preclinical study, we designed the current protocol to investigate whether multiple treatments with MSCs combined with treatment with a transient immunosuppressant yielded reproducible results and prolonged allotransplant survival in a miniature swine hemifacial model (Fig. 1) . We also examined how the immunoregulatory effects of MSCs could contribute to prolonged CTA survival.

Our results led us to speculate that BMT is unnecessary to prolong CTA survival if MSCs are used as an immunosuppressant.

The miniature swine hemi-facial CTA model (consisting of skin paddle, muscle, ear cartilage, and lymphoid gland tissue) had been established by our institute recently.


This study contributes to existing literature on forest management by providing a theoretically sound framework to solve nonlinear optimization problem of even-aged stands. We compared the results of forest management optimizations, when the explicit and implicit approximations of the forest growth model was used. The optimization results show that the differences of the results between approximations are diminutive. This was expected as solutions of both approximation equations are proved to converge to solutions of continuous equation [5, 14] .

This was expected as solutions of both approximation equations are proved to converge to solutions of continuous equation.


In optimization, using iterative algorithms is inevitable. Higher-order algorithms are usually sensitive to the regularity of the solution, and, therefore, they usually yield a convergence rate of first order as soon as the compatibility conditions are not satisfied. Moreover, in practice, the vital rates are determined on a statistical basis and the compatibility conditions required for high-order convergence are hardly valid with real-life data. These suggest that, in most cases, a first-order method should be the most adequate. Hence, it is desirable to have a robust scheme that can produce many useful qualitative and quantitative properties of the solutions of the differential problem but requires minimum regularity of the solution [12] . Unfortunately, one could not derive the explicit formula for the optimal strategy since the strategy, the state and the costate are coupled into a complex system. The results at this stage may be regarded as a middle step to real world applications and serve as a starting point for numerical computations [13] .

Hence, it is desirable to have a robust scheme that can produce many useful qualitative and quantitative properties of the solutions of the differential problem but requires minimum regularity of the solution.

The results at this stage may be regarded as a middle step to real world applications and serve as a starting point for numerical computations.


The efficient execution of construction projects depends highly on the accuracy of the underlying construction schedules. Here, construction scheduling means to sequence relevant activities based on certain interdependencies and resource availability. Finally, a schedule defines the starting and finishing time of each construction activity as well as the allocated resources needed for each activity. For project managers, such detailed schedules are the main basis to monitor the activities on construction sites. Due to planning modifications, construction delays, or unforeseen events, schedules are often not up-to-date and must be continuously adapted. However, in practice schedules are not updated as often as they should be. Furthermore, construction schedules often have to be modified due to delays or disturbances of logistics processes. In consequence, actual information about the current state of the construction progress needs to be collected. Actual logistics data contain information about available material, equipment and personnel as well as updated delivery dates and other data on site conditions. The quality of construction schedules highly depends on the availability of reliable actual data. However, actual data is often associated with different types of uncertainties due to infrequent collections, varying transport times, or manual assessments by engineers. Considering these uncertainties is very important for evaluating actual data regarding their impact on the overall construction progress. After analyzing the actual data, an updated or so-called actual schedule can be defined. This actual schedule should be compared to the target schedule to detect significant deviations. If crucial delays are identified, the existing target schedule needs to be adapted. This procedure is known as reactive scheduling. Currently, the adaptation of construction schedules is a manual, time consuming, error prone, and therefore poorly supported process (Song and Eldin 2012) . In practice, there exists a high demand for efficient and userfriendly concepts, which can integrate and evaluate actual data as well as compare and update schedules.

Currently, the adaptation of construction schedules is a manual, time consuming, error prone, and therefore poorly supported process.


From the Hawkes models for each URL, we obtain the weight matrix W which species the strength of the connections between the dierent platforms and subreddits. The mean weight values over all URLs for alternative and mainstream news URLs, as well as the percentage dierence between them are presented in Fig. 10 . First, we look at Twitter. Background rates are high for both mainstream and alternative news URLs, which is not surprising given the large number of users on the platform. The values for W Twier!Twier are also substantially higher than all other weights: 0.1096 for mainstream news URLs and 0.1554 for alternative news URLs. This reects the ease and common practice of re-tweeting: a URL in a tweet is likely to generate other events as users re-tweet it. There are dierent possible explanations for why the Twitter to Twitter rate for alternative news URLs is much greater than the rate for mainstream news URLs. The rst is bot activity-if automated Twitter bots are used to spread alternative news URLs, it could result in a much higher rate of tweeting and re-tweeting. Another possible explanation is the behavior of users who read news stories from alternative sources; they might be more inclined to re-tweet the URL [14] .

First, we look at Twitter.

Another possible explanation is the behavior of users who read news stories from alternative sources; they might be more inclined to re-tweet the URL.


If gas production parameters in vitro that are attributable to feed characteristics can be differentiated from those attributable to rumen microbes, the GPIV can perhaps be used to assess the diet induced changes in rumen microbial characteristics. Such an approach could be useful specially to evaluate the effect of nutritional supplements like concentrate, green fodder or urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) commonly used with low quality roughages in developing countries (De and Singh, 2002; Srinivas et al., 2002) . Understanding the dynamics of rumen microbes and digestion process on such low nitrogen roughages is very essential. Therefore, this study was designed to elaborate the relationship of diet induced changes in microbial characteristics to gas production kinetics in vitro with diets differing in quality and physicochemical characteristics.

Such an approach could be useful specially to evaluate the effect of nutritional supplements like concentrate, green fodder or urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) commonly used with low quality roughages in developing countries.


K has a significant role in fruit development, yield, and quality, as well as in stress and disease resistance and other aspects (Saykhul et al., 2014; Yurtseven et al., 2005) . Studies show that the lack of K results in the improper development of the organizational structure of vegetative organs. For instance, the photophosphorylation and electron transfer capacity of chloroplasts significantly decreases; carbon assimilation is hindered; and root oxidant activity and yield decrease (Yu et al., 1996) . However, the addition of K fertilizer may extend the functional period of leaves, thus improving the photosynthetic rate and stimulating the crops (Zheng et al., 2002) . K is also an essential nutrient for plant carbohydrate synthesis, transfer, conversion, and storage and also has a role in inhibiting N absorption and adjusting its excessive growth. The results show that with the same N content, the litchi yield and plantation profit increase and then decrease as the K 2 O/N ratio improves.

K has a significant role in fruit development, yield, and quality, as well as in stress and disease resistance and other aspects.

For instance, the photophosphorylation and electron transfer capacity of chloroplasts significantly decreases; carbon assimilation is hindered; and root oxidant activity and yield decrease.

However, the addition of K fertilizer may extend the functional period of leaves, thus improving the photosynthetic rate and stimulating the crops.


Competing Confirmatory Factor-Analytic Models of the PA and NA Scales Data-analytic strategy. Two series of CFA tested the assumptions that within both the PA and NA scales one can differentiate three facets of discrete affects. These three-factor models were compared to the alternative twofactor and one-factor models via chi-square difference tests. The two-and one-factor models were more restricted versions of the three-factor models that were obtained by fixing the correlations between the factors to equal 1; each of the three possible two-factor models was examined in turn. Under certain parameter specifications, models that differ in the number of latent factors can be regarded as nested models (Brown, 2006) . For example, a onefactor solution is considered to be nested within a correlated two-factor model when the correlation between the two factors is fixed to 1.00 (i.e., by setting the correlation to 1.00 the factors are considered to be identical or collapsed into a single factor). Similarly, the one-factor solution can be considered to be nested within a correlated three-factor solution by fixing the correlations between the three pairs of correlations to 1.00. The same principle generalizes to two-and three-factor solutions, whereby a two factor-solution is considered a more constrained version of the three-factor solution when the correlation between any of the three factors is fixed to 1.00. In our analysis, by fixing the appropriate correlations, the one-factor and the two-factor-models were considered nested within the correlated three-factor model, and were compared via a chi-square difference test.

Under certain parameter specifications, models that differ in the number of latent factors can be regarded as nested models.


Participants in our studies were mainly university students and women. This may limit the generalizability of our findings particularly in the light of recent evidence that older adults (above the age of 70) might discriminate less among the facets of PA (Ready et al., 2011) . In our study the eldest participant fell below this age category suggesting that our findings might not be influenced by age-related changes; however, it is still not clear how the scale would function in the Serbian elderly. All instruments were self-reports. The use of self-ratings of personality and affectivity raises the concern that we only detected semantic similarities but not behavioural or emotion-expressive similarities.

This may limit the generalizability of our findings particularly in the light of recent evidence that older adults (above the age of 70) might discriminate less among the facets of PA.

All instruments were self-reports.


To estimate reliability of the specific affect subscales, composite reliabilities (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) were reported. CR and AVE estimate the degree to which score variance is accounted for by the underlying latent factor in relation to the variance due to random measurement error (Fornell & Larcker, 1981; Raykov, 2001) . CRs are preferred to alpha coefficients when using multidimensional scales (Raykov, 2001) .

CR and AVE estimate the degree to which score variance is accounted for by the underlying latent factor in relation to the variance due to random measurement error.

CRs are preferred to alpha coefficients when using multidimensional scales.


Numerous factors contribute to the obesity epidemic, including environment, genetics, socio-demographics, and cultural influences, such as knowledge and attitude [18] . Characteristics of the job may increase the need for adequate knowledge of healthy lifestyle behaviors that contribute to weight gain. For example, lack of access to healthy foods in the workplace and unique job stress may make it more challenging to engage in healthy behaviors if coping mechanisms and knowledge are inadequate. Understanding the relationships between knowledge, attitude and health behaviors related to dietary intake, physical activity and body weight could play an important role in developing intervention strategies targeting energy balance and reducing the prevalence of obesity.

Numerous factors contribute to the obesity epidemic, including environment, genetics, socio-demographics, and cultural influences, such as knowledge and attitude.


The hierarchical description of surface states proposed above for the various forms of the CueCeeZr catalysts is represented in Fig. 8 where we have assumed occurrence of all the three copper related phases (Cu 2þ as CuO, Cu þ and Cu 0 ) on the CeeZr oxide surface. Note that the presence of partially reduced copper component Cu þ in all the three forms of the catalysts leads to the varied Cu þ /Cu 0 molar ratio. Presence of Ce 4þ 4 Ce 3þ redox couple helps to protect a portion of copper from complete reduction to Cu 0 , maintaining it in þ1 state at the cost of reduction of some amount of Ce 4þ to Ce 3þ . This is clearly evidenced from the Ce 3d spectra of MSR 300 sample of Cu10CZ60 justifying our speculation (see Fig. 6(d) ). The similar partial reduction of copper has been also recently observed in Cu/CeO2 catalysts [48] . The partially reduced copper (Cu þ ) thus formed is subsequently stabilized by zirconia on the catalyst surface and are in agreement with some studies in the literature for steam reforming reactions up to 300 o C [18, 28, 49] . We have thus proposed formation of partly reduced CeeZr phase during MSR and in the aged sample in Fig. 8 .

The similar partial reduction of copper has been also recently observed in Cu/CeO2 catalysts.

The partially reduced copper (Cu þ ) thus formed is subsequently stabilized by zirconia on the catalyst surface and are in agreement with some studies in the literature for steam reforming reactions up to 300 o C.


CeO eZrO oxide supports have been prepared by varying the the methanol decomposition reaction is the less significant 2 CeO2 2 to ZrO2 molar ratio via a surfactant assisted coprecipione [6] . The selectivity towards primary products CO2 and H2 and the secondary product CO depends on the type of catalyst. The Cu(111) model system is more selective towards CO2 and H2 while Pd(111) model systems are more selective towards CO and H2 [10] .

CeO eZrO oxide supports have been prepared by varying the the methanol decomposition reaction is the less significant 2 CeO2 2 to ZrO2 molar ratio via a surfactant assisted coprecipione.

The Cu(111) model system is more selective towards CO2 and H2 while Pd(111) model systems are more selective towards CO and H2.


An alternative finite element based topology optimization scheme is described briefly in this paper (Taggart and Dewhurst [28, 29] ). This procedure is based on an iterative prescribed material redistribution scheme in which the desired material distribution at each iteration is imposed directly. A family of Beta probability density functions is utilized to provide a gradual transition from an initial unimodal material density distribution to a bimodal distribution of fully dense and essentially void regions. The efficiency and validity of the scheme has been demonstrated through a number of 2-D and 3-D test cases for which the optimal topology is known. These test cases include classical minimum weight Michell structures as well as newly derived optimal topologies for 3-D structures. In the present work the results of application of this method to general cylindrical structures is described. The described method is the subject of international patent application number PCT/US2006/062302.

An alternative finite element based topology optimization scheme is described briefly in this paper (Taggart and Dewhurst).


As a final comment, we mention that asymptotically flat Riemannian manifolds have been extensively studied in General Relativity in connection with the constraint equations (see the review article [3] ). On the other hand very little is known about manifolds with cylindrical ends which appear naturally in extreme black holes. The solution presented here represents a non-stationary and non-trivial example of such manifolds.

As a final comment, we mention that asymptotically flat Riemannian manifolds have been extensively studied in General Relativity in connection with the constraint equations (see the review article).


Studies showed that the most depressed survivors were difficult to be recruited into trial as they preferred to stay at home (Danhauer, 2009) . Hence, participants that were recruited might have less distress at the baseline state. The low power due to high attrition rate may be a likely factor for the non-statistically significant changes observed (Pallant 2010) .

Studies showed that the most depressed survivors were difficult to be recruited into trial as they preferred to stay at home.

The low power due to high attrition rate may be a likely factor for the non-statistically significant changes observed.


Effective management of wastewater treatment plays a crucial role in protecting the health of people and safeguarding the fragile environments of the Pacific islands [4] . The existing treatment facilities in the FSM, though, are not adequately inventoried and the limited information that is available is largely esoteric in nature, thus making it difficult to evaluate their effectiveness. Accordingly, a knowledge base is needed to allow for comparisons of methods being used at different locations with the goal of building upon success and, where applicable, avoiding the duplication of mistakes in our quest for development of sustainable infrastructures throughout the region.

Effective management of wastewater treatment plays a crucial role in protecting the health of people and safeguarding the fragile environments of the Pacific islands.


On the island of Yap, it would be beneficial to find a cost-effective means of upgrading the well-functioning Imhoff tank system so as to provide a more advanced level of treatment. One positive feature of the existing system, though, is that no energy input is required to operate the plant (following the last lift-station in the collection network). However, to achieve a secondary level of treatment, aeration of the tank would be necessary to enhance biological activity, which would constitute significant energy consumption and operational cost. Furthermore, for traditional biological treatment, pumping is required to retain and circulate the biomass (activated sludge) in the system, which would be yet an additional energy requirement. However, another method to harness biological treatment power that requires less energy input would be to use an attached-growth process, which eliminates the internal pumping requirement to retain effective biomass [7, 8] . As a relatively simple retrofit, a frame with the attachment medium, or fabric, could be fitted to the existing tank. As a point of inquiry, though, some testing would be necessary to see what level of aeration (if any) would be required to achieve adequate results. Fortuitously, the existing Imhoff tank system consists of two parallel units, which would allow for retrofitting only one unit and making a comparison of results. However, as an unavoidable tradeoff for improved effluent quality, some increase in waste sludge production would occur; there are, though, some beneficial uses of waste sludge worth considering (see below).

However, another method to harness biological treatment power that requires less energy input would be to use an attached-growth process, which eliminates the internal pumping requirement to retain effective biomass.


Computer simulations of indentation tests are often associated with efforts to develop material characterisation techniques based on indentation data [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In such context, FE modelling of conical, pyramidal and spherical indentations has been extensively used to simulate experiments and provide output suitable for the development of characterisation schemes applicable to materials of various constitutions and compositions. However, critical issues relating to the accuracy and reliability of the modelling have not always been discussed in great depth.

Computer simulations of indentation tests are often associated with efforts to develop material characterisation techniques based on indentation data.


The response of linear elastic materials during indentation can be predicted by exact elasticity solutions as long as the indenter is described as a solid of revolution [1] . However, modelling the indentation process in the elasto-plastic region is a more complex problem. Since the constitutive equations are non-linear and a number of plastic properties must be included to describe material behaviour, an analytical solution is not easily obtained. As a result, understanding of elasto-plastic indentation behaviour can be better achieved through finite element (FE) simulation.

The response of linear elastic materials during indentation can be predicted by exact elasticity solutions as long as the indenter is described as a solid of revolution.


The paper is structured as follows. In § 2 we consider a passive scalar in a given flow with circular streamlines and an exactly quadratic angular velocity profile α(r). This problem may be solved analytically for arbitrary Péclet number. The solution shows how scalar is destroyed by the shear-diffuse mechanism and reveals the new scalings for destruction of passive scalar at the origin, in particular the longer time scale there. We consider the general case of passive scalar in smooth flows with circular stream lines ( § 3). The problem becomes reduced to an inner problem close to the origin, which is identical to the exact problem discussed in § 2. We relate this to flux expulsion in § 4, and ask the question: in flux expulsion from circular streamlines how does the magnetic field at the centre of the streamlines decay (Weiss 1966) ?

The paper is structured as follows.

We relate this to flux expulsion in § 4, and ask the question: in flux expulsion from circular streamlines how does the magnetic field at the centre of the streamlines decay?


Plasma analysis is another application field where GrO-based spectrometers characterize the temperature, density and ionization stage of warm dense plasma [9] . High thermal and radiation stability is a key advantage of GrO for the application. The optics is able to work in high fluencies of neutrons and laser-plasma debris.

Plasma analysis is another application field where GrO-based spectrometers characterize the temperature, density and ionization stage of warm dense plasma.


One of the alternative liquid is palm oil. Investigation on electrical, physical and chemical properties of palm oil shows that this palm oil possesses good properties to be used as substitutes of mineral oils for high voltage equipment. Table 1 shows the electrical, physical and chemical properties of palm oil and mineral oil and the corresponding value from ASTM D6871 standard as standard specification of natural (vegetable oils) ester to be used in electrical apparatus [2] .

Table 1 shows the electrical, physical and chemical properties of palm oil and mineral oil and the corresponding value from ASTM D6871 standard as standard specification of natural (vegetable oils) ester to be used in electrical apparatus.


This paper experimentally confirmed the true of that assumption. Phase of applied voltage where PD pulses took place was analyzed for several applied voltage level to obtain the polarity where the PD pulses were initiated. PD data was then presented in the form of ф-q-n and ф-n patterns, where ф is applied voltage phase of PD occurrence, q is PD magnitude and n is number of PD pulse. These kind of presentations were intended to assess dependency of PD pulses magnitude and PD number on instantaneous value of applied voltage. In addition, PD pulses representation in the form of ф-q-n and ф-n patterns can be used to distinguish PD source in liquid-filled electrical equipment such as transformer. In liquid insulation PD pulses usually concentrated around the peak of applied voltage wave, both positive and negative polarity's. PD in air (corona) is indicated by PD pulses concentrated around the peak of applied voltage wave at only negative polarity, whereas, PD pulses in solid insulation usually take place at the zero point of applied voltage wave [3] , [8] .

PD in air (corona) is indicated by PD pulses concentrated around the peak of applied voltage wave at only negative polarity, whereas, PD pulses in solid insulation usually take place at the zero point of applied voltage wave.


Electric force works on electron under influence of electric field is expressed by equation (3), with the resulting acceleration as described by equation (4) . Electron velocity is increase during acceleration leads to an increase in its kinetic energy based on equation (5) . If the kinetic energy of electron was greater than or equal to the dissociation energy of oil molecules it collides, then molecules with lower molecular weight are generated in gaseous phase. Gas molecules, under influence of electric field, may be ionized by photo ionization result in secondary electron which is required to develop the secondary avalanche process [13] , [14] , [15] .

Electric force works on electron under influence of electric field is expressed by equation (3), with the resulting acceleration as described by equation.

Electron velocity is increase during acceleration leads to an increase in its kinetic energy based on equation.

Gas molecules, under influence of electric field, may be ionized by photo ionization result in secondary electron which is required to develop the secondary avalanche process.


The use of acrylic in our experimental set up was another difference with the experiment conducted by Suwarno and T. Mizutani [8] . The presence of acrylic in our experimental set up gave rise the time needed by the negative space charge to move through the edge side of the acrylic before penetrate into plane electrode. Figure 12a illustratively shows the electric field change in the electrode gap due to the presence of the negative space charge. The acrylic also prevented a secondary emission process to take place in the side of acrylic and plane electrode. The acrylic we used in the experiment was attached on the surface of plane electrode. Electrons need space to accelerate under influence of electric field before the electrons gain enough kinetic energy to dissociate oil molecules by collision and developing avalanche in gaseous phase to produce secondary process [13] , [14] , [15] .

The use of acrylic in our experimental set up was another difference with the experiment conducted by Suwarno and T. Mizutani.

Electrons need space to accelerate under influence of electric field before the electrons gain enough kinetic energy to dissociate oil molecules by collision and developing avalanche in gaseous phase to produce secondary process.


The explanations we propose to explain these evidences as follows. The electrode gap we used in our experiment, 5 mm, was longer than one used by Suwarno and T. Mizutani, 4 mm [8] . When the needle electrode was negative, a positive charge left near the electrode. As the electron has much higher velocity than the positive ion's velocity, then the longer gap made possible for the positive ions, formed at the pervious discharge, arrived late at the needle electrode and left at the area near the needle electrode, increased the electric field at the tip which is tend to increase electron multiplication. At some distance from the needle electrode, electrons trapped by gas molecules produced negative space charge, resulted in a lowering electric field and decrease electron multiplication. The negative space charge must be firstly swept out towards the plane electrode before the next discharge took place [12] . As a consequence, there must be a time delay between two consecutive discharges, and it was represented by the phase shift of PD occurrence (Figure 11b) .

The electrode gap we used in our experiment, 5 mm, was longer than one used by Suwarno and T. Mizutani, 4 mm.

The negative space charge must be firstly swept out towards the plane electrode before the next discharge took place.


Over time, the baby starts managing its own interests and needs thus giving clearer signals. The mother starts perceiving these signals better. The child knows that his/her mother perceives him/her and also learns his/her own effect in the satisfaction of his/her needs. The child wants to move around and get to know his/her environment out of not only attracting attention but also out of a desire for freedom. It is important at this point that the mother is able to leave him/her alone. The child realizes that he/she can trust his/her mother since the mother is there when he/she needs her and that she leaves him/her alone whenever he/she wants to be left alone. The mother becomes the source of trust and consolation. Thanks to the emotional behaviors of the mother, the child learns to trust personal relations; that is he/she learns fundamental trust. This is also the sense of trust, favorable reception and acceptance (Stahl, 2014) .

This is also the sense of trust, favorable reception and acceptance.


Babies are born with needs and emotions. The world of emotions consists solely of happiness and unhappiness. Unhappiness may arise due to hunger, thirst, cold and hot or bodily complaints. Babies cannot cope with unhappiness, they start crying and shouting when faced with a strong stress. The mother is responsible from reducing the stress of the baby and calming it as well as feeding and warming it. In addition to removal of its unhappiness, the baby also needs social relations and human attention from birth (Schneider, 1991) . So, the mother is responsible not only from calming and relaxing the baby but also making it part of the happiness due to the interest and dialogue among people.

In addition to removal of its unhappiness, the baby also needs social relations and human attention from birth.


Daily total solar radiation is considered as the most important parameter in meteorology, solar conversion, and renewable energy applications, particularly for the sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems. The knowledge of the amount of solar radiation falling on the surface of the earth is of prime importance to engineers and scientists involved in the design of solar energy systems. In particular, many design methods for thermal and photovoltaic systems require information about the daily radiation on a horizontal surface in order to predict the energy production of the system, and its prediction precision is extremely instructive for the stable operation of the power grid as well as the formulation of a scheduling plan [1] .

In particular, many design methods for thermal and photovoltaic systems require information about the daily radiation on a horizontal surface in order to predict the energy production of the system, and its prediction precision is extremely instructive for the stable operation of the power grid as well as the formulation of a scheduling plan.


The traditional method of heatsink design is to utilize finite element analysis (FEA) and iterate on flow patterns and heat dissipation pathways for a heat source. New optimization techniques are continuing to be developed to improve the heat transfer efficiencies [1] . Genetic Algorithms have also been used for optimizing the heatsink to improve the thermal resistance, especially for air cooling [2] . The design space and the selection criteria are finally limited by the manufacturing processes and techniques used to build the heatsink. However, 3D printing technology has brought a new dimension to the world of design and has been proven to be an effective tool to bring the imagination of the designer to reality. Although the 3D printing processes have breathed fresh air into the field of mechanical design, it is currently impaired for mass production by the materials, speed of manufacturing and post processing methods. While the manufacturing experts explore those challenges, the designers have not yet completely understood the benefits of 3D printing technology when compared to the traditional methods. There has been a lack of comprehensive methodology to optimize the heatsink designs with a multi-objective optimization approach.

New optimization techniques are continuing to be developed to improve the heat transfer efficiencies.

Genetic Algorithms have also been used for optimizing the heatsink to improve the thermal resistance, especially for air cooling.


A major challenge in precision medicine is the transformation of multi-omic data into knowledge that enables stratification of patients into treatment groups based on predicted clinical response. Some progress has been made to associate genetic lesions and expression profiles with drug response. The link between a patient's therapeutic response and somatic alterations in the cancer genome was established by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) using the NCI60 human tumor cell line anticancer drug screen [1] . The analysis done by the NCI led to the discovery that mutations in BRAF and EGFR are highly predictive of clinical response to kinase inhibitors [2, 3] . Recently, the use of imatinib to selectively target the protein product of the BCR-ABL translocation revolutionized treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia [4] . Nevertheless, many cancer drugs have yet to be linked to the biomarkers necessary for assessing the effectiveness of the proposed therapeutic intervention.

The link between a patient's therapeutic response and somatic alterations in the cancer genome was established by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) using the NCI60 human tumor cell line anticancer drug screen.

The analysis done by the NCI led to the discovery that mutations in BRAF and EGFR are highly predictive of clinical response to kinase inhibitors.

Recently, the use of imatinib to selectively target the protein product of the BCR-ABL translocation revolutionized treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.


The initial water content of the seeds lots (Table 2) presented similar values, crucial condition for the execution of the experiments, standardization of the evaluations and the obtaining of consistent results (Marcos-Filho, 2015) . The results of the germination test (Table 2 ) indicated a separation into two groups regarding quality, that is, lots 1 and 2 were classifi ed as superior physiologic quality and lots 3 and 4 as lower quality. Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Tukey test, at 5% probability. Table 1 shows the preliminary tests carried out for the defi nition of the combinations of more effi cient methodologies to be tested in this paper. It was observed that, for the preparation of the seeds, the methodologies that recommend the removal of the integument make the seed handling diffi cult because of its reduced size and jelly-like aspect. Considering the above, the preparation from the longitudinal incision through the integument and the cotyledons was the one that best adapted to the species.

The initial water content of the seeds lots (Table 2) presented similar values, crucial condition for the execution of the experiments, standardization of the evaluations and the obtaining of consistent results.


In many single-molecule experiments, it is still a challenge to collect data on many molecules at once. For example, the pace of molecular motors research has often been limited by the low throughput of current methods for studying structural dynamics and mechanochemical activities in individual molecular machines. The controlled manipulation of single actin filaments (or F-actin) could thus open new possibilities for understanding how molecular motors, responsible for many key cellular processes, function. Another example concerns the fields of genetics and epigenetics. In the study of a variety of diseases, there is an active effort to map genome-wide genetic and epigenetic patterns across cell types. Interrogation of single elongated DNA or chromatin molecules could serve as a tool for medical diagnosis and monitoring of treatment effectiveness [1] .

Interrogation of single elongated DNA or chromatin molecules could serve as a tool for medical diagnosis and monitoring of treatment effectiveness.


Land is a multi-functional comprehensive system; humankind uses land for a multitude of purposes, obtaining many functions (economic, environmental and social) from any particular form of land use [1] . In recent decades, along with rapid industrialization, urbanization and economic development, dramatic changes in land use have been observed in China. On the other hand, the conflict between population, resources and the environment is becoming more serious, and the competition between various lands is becoming increasingly fierce [2] . For example, wetlands or other ecological land have been destroyed or have even disappeared. The quantity and quality of productive land, such as cultivated land, have been reduced. Living land, such as residential land, has been created in a disordered way, and its layout has been chaotic. That has caused increasingly serious problems in China, such as resource constraints, environmental pollution and ecosystem degradation [3, 4] . The report of the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that China should ensure "the space for production is used intensively and efficiently, that the living space is livable and proper in size, and that the ecological space is unspoiled and beautiful". Optimizing the production-living-ecological space has become one of the core contents of China's ecological civilization and sustainable development strategy. Moreover, it will become the foundation of the spatial planning system [5] . However, the current land use classification published by the Chinese government is based on the economic and social functions of land, with inadequate consideration of ecological processes and ecosystem services [6] [7] [8] . Therefore, it is necessary to establish a land classification system based on the multifunction of land use in China.

Land is a multi-functional comprehensive system; humankind uses land for a multitude of purposes, obtaining many functions (economic, environmental and social) from any particular form of land use.

On the other hand, the conflict between population, resources and the environment is becoming more serious, and the competition between various lands is becoming increasingly fierce.

That has caused increasingly serious problems in China, such as resource constraints, environmental pollution and ecosystem degradation.

Moreover, it will become the foundation of the spatial planning system.

However, the current land use classification published by the Chinese government is based on the economic and social functions of land, with inadequate consideration of ecological processes and ecosystem services.


Although no official data have been released regarding the amount of land abandoned in China, some research has been done on the severity of land abandonment (Dong et al., 2011) . In particular, a literature review revealed reports of land abandonment from 26 provinces (about 2/3 of the total) (Liu and Li, 2006) . Moreover, by interpreting remote sensing images, our research group has found that about 15% of land was abandoned in south China between 2003 and 2013 .

Although no official data have been released regarding the amount of land abandoned in China, some research has been done on the severity of land abandonment.

In particular, a literature review revealed reports of land abandonment from 26 provinces (about 2/3 of the total).


In the system we investigated, because the land parcels are not readily accessible to motor vehicles, land distance to the homestead is crucial for labor cost, as it strongly influences both traveling time cost and transportation time cost, both included in the labor cost. Indeed, since pack baskets are used to carry products home on foot, the distance between farmland and home should be especially important in determining whether farming a particular parcel is a profitable use of time. More generally, when the distance reaches the zero profit distance, rational farmers will stop cultivation. This finding is in accord with the influence of distance to road on land abandonment found in an area where motor vehicles could use main roads (Mottet et al., 2006) .

This finding is in accord with the influence of distance to road on land abandonment found in an area where motor vehicles could use main roads.


Our model explains most of the observed land abandonment, because the predicted land abandonment is close to that observed, although there are still some differences between them. There are at least two possible explanations for these differences. First, the predictions were made based on the zero profit distances of common crops, but there are some cash crops, such as tobacco, whose positive profit can support a greater traveling distance. Second, there may be some factors other than land quality rank and land distance that influence land abandonment. For example, the wild boar population affects land use patterns, but would not be incorporated into the factors that we explored (Hua and Yan, 2015) .

For example, the wild boar population affects land use patterns, but would not be incorporated into the factors that we explored.


Psidium guajava L., is a shrub, perennial and evergreen fruit tree up to 25 feet (8 m) tall, commonly named guava, found in subtropical and tropical regions. It is common in the backyards. Guava fruit is small, 3 to 6 cm long, pear-shaped, reddish-yellow when ripe. It is native to South American countries and was introduced to subcontinent by the Portuguese during 17th century [1] . There are many varieties of Cultivated and uncultivated guavas in Bangladesh. As Bangladesh is in subtropical area and its land is fertile, farmers get benefited easily by cultivating guava. Bangladesh is in eleventh position for the production of guava [2] .

It is common in the backyards.

It is native to South American countries and was introduced to subcontinent by the Portuguese during 17th century.

Bangladesh is in eleventh position for the production of guava.


We have investigated the role of the O 2 /CO 2 ratio for the O( 1 D) mediated isotope transfer between O 3 and CO 2 . We indeed found a strong dependence of the isotope equilibrium on the O 2 /CO 2 ratio. This implies that CO 2 itself may affect the exchange process, for example via non-quenching exchange with O( 1 D). However, this exchange will not be relevant for the atmosphere with very high O 2 /CO 2 ratios. Although a deeper understanding of the exchange mechanism has now been obtained, our results do not offer an explanation for the stratospheric three-isotope slope of 1.7. This clearly indicates that other parameters like temperature and ozone photolysis wavelength, some of which are well known to produce large effects in the isotopic composition of ozone, need to be addressed in future studies in order to understand the isotopic composition of stratospheric CO 2 . In particular, we suggest that multi-wavelength ozone photo-dissociation effects could possibly explain the discrepancy with the atmospheric observations. The proposed mechanism also appears to be in accordance with the only study that has reported such a slope close to 1.7 (Chakraborty and Bhattacharya, 2003) . However, as long as this hypothesis has not been veryfied, we must conclude that the origin of the striking isotopic composition of stratospheric carbon dioxide remains an open question.

The proposed mechanism also appears to be in accordance with the only study that has reported such a slope close to 1.7.


The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the highest and most extensive plateau on Earth. As a unique geomorphic unit, the TP plays a key role in the Asian monsoon system and it greatly influences the climate of Asia. The atmosphere over TP remains pristine due to the sparse human population and minimal industrial activities (Wang et al., 2006) .

The atmosphere over TP remains pristine due to the sparse human population and minimal industrial activities.