Our library targets power-performance adaptation of OpenMP applications and is implemented using only portable components. To use our library, applications are instrumented with function calls around each adaptable phase, which are delimited as OpenMP parallel regions. At runtime, the library controls the execution of each phase in terms of the number of threads, their placement on cores, and the DVFS level selected by the predictor for global use. During the sampling phase, configurations are set appropriately and event rates are collected automatically by the library. We use the omp_set_num_threads() call to set concurrency within OpenMP and thread bindings with the Linux processor affinity system call, sched_setaffinity(). We record hardware event rates with PAPI [2] . We set DVFS levels using the cpufrequtils library, specifically using the sysfs_set_frequency() call. After making predictions, the library uses the predicted optimal configurations for all subsequent traversals of each phase. Several forms of adaptation are possible through our runtime library. The simplest ones optimize either DCT or DVFS but not both during a given run by using the corresponding model to predict the effects of the selected power-performance knob. We consider two mechanisms to adapt both DCT and DVFS in a single program run. First, we apply the two individual models sequentially to adapt first concurrency and then apply DVFS accordingly on the cores that are kept active. We refer to this model as the sequential prediction model. Second, we create a new model that simultaneously predicts changes in both concurrency and frequency, which we refer to as the unified prediction model.

We record hardware event rates with PAPI.


Shear-thinning is an important property of polymer suspensions, such as human cervical mucus, whereby the suspended polymers align with shear flow allowing them to slip past one another more easily, resulting in regions of lower apparent viscosity. Swimmers in shear-thinning fluids generate a corridor of thinned fluid surrounding themselves that can lead to gains in propulsive velocity [15, 10] . Recent experimental work has furthermore shown that a low Reynolds number swimmer generates a thinned fluid envelope extending in all directions approximately one body-length in diameter [9] . These experiments also suggested that while shear-thinning rheology increases swimming speed and decreases the cost of swimming relative to a Newtonian fluid of the same zero-shear viscosity, the kinematics and dynamics of an undulatory swimmer in a shear-thinning fluid is nearly identical to that of a Newtonian fluid with the same effective or average viscosity [8, 9] .

Swimmers in shear-thinning fluids generate a corridor of thinned fluid surrounding themselves that can lead to gains in propulsive velocity.

Recent experimental work has furthermore shown that a low Reynolds number swimmer generates a thinned fluid envelope extending in all directions approximately one body-length in diameter.

These experiments also suggested that while shear-thinning rheology increases swimming speed and decreases the cost of swimming relative to a Newtonian fluid of the same zero-shear viscosity, the kinematics and dynamics of an undulatory swimmer in a shear-thinning fluid is nearly identical to that of a Newtonian fluid with the same effective or average viscosity.


The primary objective of the design of modern thermal systems is the achievement of the compact and effective heat exchanger systems. Heat transfer enhancement is one of the most important aspects of researchers and scientists working in the area of thermal systems design. The higher heat transfer rates achieved through various enhancement techniques results in substantial energy savings, with higher thermal efficiency and compact system design. Frequently used heat transfer enhancement techniques include extended surfaces, turbulators and winglets. The turbulators create turbulence in the core fluid flow leading to higher heat transfer rate from the roughened surfaces. A question arises with the roughened channels, as how much should be the modification required in roughened parameters for the optimization. The most of the research in this field is considering the aspect of heat transfer enhancement; on the contrary, optimization of heat transfer devices is the topic that has just been improving. The investigations pertaining to heat transfer enhancement in rectangular channel include various rectangular channels roughened with turbulators having different geometries and geometrical parameters. The heat transfer enhancement is also accompanied with increase in the pressure drop within the rectangular channel. Numerous researches have been carried out concerning the effect of turbulators on heat transfer and pressure drop in a Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/csite roughened rectangular channel [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . The experimental design proposed by Taguchi involves using orthogonal arrays to organize the parameters affecting the process and the levels at which they should be varies. Instead of having to test all possible combinations like the factorial design, the Taguchi method tests pairs of combinations. This allows for the collection of the necessary data to determine which factors most affect product quality with a minimum amount of experimentation, thus saving time and resources. Another advantage is that optimal working conditions determined from the experimental work can also be reproduced in real applications [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .

Numerous researches have been carried out concerning the effect of turbulators on heat transfer and pressure drop in a Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/csite roughened rectangular channel.

Another advantage is that optimal working conditions determined from the experimental work can also be reproduced in real applications.


The literature study shows that there are lots of heat transfer enhancement studies on turbulators [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Therefore, the present article is focussed on the determination of the optimum roughened parameters of V down perforated baffle roughened rectangular channel by using Taguchi method. As it is quite exhaustive to determine the effects of all parameters affecting the heat transfer and friction factor processes in detail because it requires a wide range of experiments, which extremely increase the experimental cost and the experimentation time. But, the quantitative estimations of the various parameters influencing the performance of the system and the principal factors for optimum design need to be determined by an optimization approach.

The literature study shows that there are lots of heat transfer enhancement studies on turbulators.


A second phenomenom observed in this work is also commonly known from nickel-based superalloys [20, 21] . Above a certain temperature, the thermal expansion coefficient of the γ matrix is larger than that of the γ phase. This difference in thermal expansion coefficients results in a change of the lattice misfit of the alloy above a certain temperature. A positive lattice mismatch decreases and can even become negative at higher temperatures, while a lattice mismatch already negative at room temperature becomes more negative at elevated temperatures. So even if alloys posses a positive lattice mismatch at room temperature, at which lattice constants and mismatches are most easily measurable, the lattice mismatch at service temperature is in many if not in all cases negative. Hence, every effect or change, especially of the γ microstructure, at service temperature is influenced by this negative misfit at elevated temperatures. This development of lattice mismatch versus temperature was already measured by other authors in different nickel-based superalloys [22, 34, 35] .

A second phenomenom observed in this work is also commonly known from nickel-based superalloys.

This development of lattice mismatch versus temperature was already measured by other authors in different nickel-based superalloys.


The measured partitioning behaviour of the different elements between γ matrix and γ phase is in good agreement with results known from literature [31, 32] . The partitioning behaviour of the solid solution strengtheners is of special interest. Some are divided equally between γ and γ like tungsten and iridium, while others like rhenium, ruthenium and molybdenum are enriched in the γ matrix. These differences in partitioning behaviour could Most of the changes of the lattice parameters and misfits of the as-received states can be easily explained based on the variations of the chemical composition. In the series of experimental alloys, the lattice constant of the γ matrix is increased in all alloys containing rhenium compared with IN792DS. Comparing IN792DS and ExAl 7, it is noted that rhenium additions only influence the γ lattice constant, which is increased in ExAl 7, while the γ lattice constants of IN792DS and ExAl 7 are nearly the same. Remembering that rhenium strongly enriches in the γ phase, it is understandable that rhenium additions solely increase the γ lattice constant. An increase of the γ lattice constant is measureable compared with IN792DS in the alloys with iridium additions like ExAl 10 and ExAl 9. This finding corresponds with the tendency of iridium to divide equally between γ and γ phase. So iridium additions should increase the γ lattice constant, as it was found in these investigations.

The measured partitioning behaviour of the different elements between γ matrix and γ phase is in good agreement with results known from literature.


Solid solution strengtheners like tungsten, molybdenum and rhenium helped to improve the mechanical properties of modern nickel-based superalloys [1] . Especially rhenium additions resulted in remarkably increased mechanical strength [2] [3] [4] . To overcome some problems which are associated with the alloying of rhenium, especially with respect to the phase stability of the alloy composition, alternative elements like ruthenium and iridium have also been alloyed in some recently developed nickel-based superalloys with the aim to investigate, whether it is possible to totally or partially substitute rhenium [5, 6] .

Solid solution strengtheners like tungsten, molybdenum and rhenium helped to improve the mechanical properties of modern nickel-based superalloys.

Especially rhenium additions resulted in remarkably increased mechanical strength.

To overcome some problems which are associated with the alloying of rhenium, especially with respect to the phase stability of the alloy composition, alternative elements like ruthenium and iridium have also been alloyed in some recently developed nickel-based superalloys with the aim to investigate, whether it is possible to totally or partially substitute rhenium.


A variety of initiation process has been used for grafting on the cellulose backbone such as chemical initiation, high energy radiation and photochemical process [1] . The free radical produced by chemical initiation process is the best choice among other radical generation methods. Thus, chemical initiation using ceric ion (Ce 4+ ) generates free radicals on the cellulose backbone resulting in the higher grafting efficiency [3] . Due to biodegradable nature, biopolymers like cellulose and its derivative has a crucial limitation for long lasting application in adsorption processes and generally cellulose-based ligands needed to recycling for cost efficient use. However, cellulose from acacia wood showed good chemical stability and mechanical strength, therefore, this acacia cellulose can be functionalized as grafted copolymers and subsequent modification into known chelating ligands.

A variety of initiation process has been used for grafting on the cellulose backbone such as chemical initiation, high energy radiation and photochemical process.

Thus, chemical initiation using ceric ion (Ce 4+ ) generates free radicals on the cellulose backbone resulting in the higher grafting efficiency.


The finding of intergenerational transmission can be explained by referring to Bowen's theory of family systems [45] . This theory provides a comprehensive conceptualization of people and interpersonal relationships from a generational perspective [46] . According to Bowen, the family is a single unit consisting of a network of relationships that are intertwined and controlled by the innate impulses of all of its members. These innate impulses have a strong effect on the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of each and every member of the family. None of the family members is completely autonomous psychologically; rather, all of the members are greatly influenced by the familial relationship [47] .

The finding of intergenerational transmission can be explained by referring to Bowen's theory of family systems.

This theory provides a comprehensive conceptualization of people and interpersonal relationships from a generational perspective.

None of the family members is completely autonomous psychologically; rather, all of the members are greatly influenced by the familial relationship.


Another way to comprehend the findings of the current study is through an analogy with intergenerational transference of trauma. In this type of transference, mental distress is experienced through one's long-term relationship with an individual who had been directly affected by a traumatic event [50] [51] . In other words, even indirect exposure to an event can lead to changes in the person who is close to the injured party. The person who is closely related to the injured party develops symptoms of trauma as a result of exposure to the manifestations of trauma demonstrated by the injured party. Given the emotional involvement between the two individuals, the relative's reaction to this exposure is secondary traumatization. In intergenerational transmission, any experiences, crises, or traumas that have remained unprocessed in the parent generation are transmitted to the children in an uncontrolled and subconscious manner [52] [53] . When intergenerational transmission occurs, the child functions as a receptacle for the parents anxieties and pain; however, despite the fact that the term relates to the transmission of experiences from negative life events, it may be assumed that the mechanism can work also in the transmission of positive experiences and coping methods. The parent's manners and strategies for coping are transmitted to the child, as are the parent's perceptions and worldview. In cases where trauma was transmitted from one generation to the next, it is possible that similar coping strategies would have developed in each of the generations [51] [54] .

In this type of transference, mental distress is experienced through one's long-term relationship with an individual who had been directly affected by a traumatic event.

In intergenerational transmission, any experiences, crises, or traumas that have remained unprocessed in the parent generation are transmitted to the children in an uncontrolled and subconscious manner.

In cases where trauma was transmitted from one generation to the next, it is possible that similar coping strategies would have developed in each of the generations.


A crisis is defined as an imbalance between the severity of a problem, in terms of the importance attributed to it, and the resources available to the individual for coping with the problem. A crisis occurs when the person under vidual assesses situations of stress and crisis [22] . The more the individual's locus of control is internal, the more likely is one to attribute to oneself the ability affect the events of one's life and the environment; as a result, less stress and anxiety are felt during crisis situations and the individual typically shows greater initiative for coping with problems encountered and tends to prefer problem-focused coping strategies to emotion-focused coping strategies [23] [24] .

A crisis occurs when the person under vidual assesses situations of stress and crisis.

The more the individual's locus of control is internal, the more likely is one to attribute to oneself the ability affect the events of one's life and the environment; as a result, less stress and anxiety are felt during crisis situations and the individual typically shows greater initiative for coping with problems encountered and tends to prefer problem-focused coping strategies to emotion-focused coping strategies.


Intergenerational transmission means copying psychological characteristics from one generation to the next: it is the process through which one generation has a psychological effect on the attitudes and approaches of the following generation [30] . Several theoretical approaches examine intergenerational transmission, for example, the behavioral, familial, and psychoanalytic theories, which differ in terms of their understanding of the process that takes place. The behavioral theories emphasize processes of imitation and empowerment as a major type of learning. Children learn not only through experience, but also by observing the behaviors of central figures in their lives [31] [32] .

Intergenerational transmission means copying psychological characteristics from one generation to the next: it is the process through which one generation has a psychological effect on the attitudes and approaches of the following generation.

Children learn not only through experience, but also by observing the behaviors of central figures in their lives.


The current study also found a positive correlation between sense of mastery and the problem-focused coping strategy among the three generations. It appears that the very belief that we are able to control various events in our lives, particularly those which we view as negative, reduces the effects of these events, even if we take no actual steps to control them [19] . These findings coincide with those of other studies, which found that sense of mastery is related to the problem-focused coping strategy [24] [61] .

It appears that the very belief that we are able to control various events in our lives, particularly those which we view as negative, reduces the effects of these events, even if we take no actual steps to control them.

These findings coincide with those of other studies, which found that sense of mastery is related to the problem-focused coping strategy.


Additionally, it is worth noting that historical Argo-meteorological disaster data are important in exploring the occurrence, development and spatio-temporal distribution of natural disasters (Du et [41, 46, 47, 49, 58, 59] . Even though this paper provides the spatio-temporal characteristics of natural disasters over the last four decades, it does not fully reveal all of their characteristics. Due to data availability issues and planting area restrictions in different regions, our findings can only partly reflect the impacts of extreme disaster events on grain production, while interaction mechanisms between natural disasters and climate change require further research and exploration. Future research focuses on the spatio-temporal characteristics of the effects of different disaster types on different grain types under the background of different climates zones and different crop growth conditions.

Additionally, it is worth noting that historical Argo-meteorological disaster data are important in exploring the occurrence, development and spatio-temporal distribution of natural disasters (Du et.


GCT is a highly vascular and locally invasive tumor with metastatic potential [17] [18] [19] . In this study we investigated an important but previously unreported signaling pathway that regulates angiogenesis and EMT in GCT. We observed that TWIST regulates the expression of angiogenic factors by the tumor cells and also regulates EMT features such as Ecadherin expression and cell migration. Previous work in our lab reported that TWIST, a master osteogenic regulator, was highly expressed in all GCT specimens examined [13, 14] . TWIST is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein that plays a central role not only in EMT but also in cell type determination and differentiation and has been shown to regulate early osteogenesis [20] . TWIST has been shown to regulate EMT indirectly through binding to the E-cadherin promoter and suppressing transcription [16, 21, 22] . Here we found that, in GCT cells, TWIST indeed regulates E-cadherin expression and increases the migration of the tumor cells. Thus, although TWIST may have a role in the osteoblastic differentiation of the tumor cells in GCT, it is also likely to play a role in the aggressive characteristics of the tumor cells.

GCT is a highly vascular and locally invasive tumor with metastatic potential.

Previous work in our lab reported that TWIST, a master osteogenic regulator, was highly expressed in all GCT specimens examined.

TWIST is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein that plays a central role not only in EMT but also in cell type determination and differentiation and has been shown to regulate early osteogenesis.

TWIST has been shown to regulate EMT indirectly through binding to the E-cadherin promoter and suppressing transcription.


Previous work in our lab has shown that TWIST is overexpressed at the transcription level in GCT patient specimens [13] . In the present study we expanded these results and reported that TWIST upregulates angiogenic factors and subsequent cell migration in GCT. Thus, TWIST acts as an upstream regulator of the angiogenic and migration associated aggressiveness of this bone tumor.

Previous work in our lab has shown that TWIST is overexpressed at the transcription level in GCT patient specimens.


Bone tumors recruit new blood vessels from preexisting vessels of the host through factors secreted from either the tumor itself or the surrounding stromal cells [7, 8] . Tumor growth is dependent upon the growth of these new blood vessels. Angiogenesis is the process of developing new capillaries from the existing circulation via a complex multistep system regulated by a delicate balance between various angiogenic inhibitors and activators [9] . Activators of angiogenesis include growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and hypoxic conditions that activate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) which in turn upregulate angiogenic proteins as well as angiogenic oncogenes [9] .

Bone tumors recruit new blood vessels from preexisting vessels of the host through factors secreted from either the tumor itself or the surrounding stromal cells.

Angiogenesis is the process of developing new capillaries from the existing circulation via a complex multistep system regulated by a delicate balance between various angiogenic inhibitors and activators.

Activators of angiogenesis include growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and hypoxic conditions that activate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) which in turn upregulate angiogenic proteins as well as angiogenic oncogenes.


In biological systems molecular motors are example of active particles, which combine directed and stochastic motion [1] . The molecular motors are proteins carrying out a large variety of intracellular transport processes. Their active dynamics is characterised by a directed stepwise motion along the cytoskeleton, a network of onedimensional filaments. The energy of this process is provided by the hydrolysis of ATP. A detailed understanding of the motor dynamics is of obvious biological interest.

In biological systems molecular motors are example of active particles, which combine directed and stochastic motion.


From a theoretical point of view, it is of interest to extract the generic nonequilibrium behaviour of these systems. Systems of interacting self-driven particles show particularly interesting behavior if open boundary conditions are applied. Then one observes so-called boundary induced phase transitions, i.e. the boundary particlereservoirs determine the bulk-properties of the system [5] . The transport properties and particle distributions are the result of a subtle interplay between boundary reservoirs and bulk properties of the system, which has been analysed in great detail. The paradigmatic model for self-driven particles is the so-called asymmetric exclusion process (ASEP) [6, 7] . In the case of the ASEP particles perform a directed random-walk on a onedimensional lattice. Particles interact via steric exclusion, i.e. lattice sites are either empty or occupied by a single particle. By using recursion relations the stationary properties of this model have been exactly calculated.

Then one observes so-called boundary induced phase transitions, i.e. the boundary particlereservoirs determine the bulk-properties of the system.

The paradigmatic model for self-driven particles is the so-called asymmetric exclusion process (ASEP).


Wave motion is ubiquitous in nature and is one of the broadest subjects. Most of wave phenomena might be described by mathematical models that are based on certain hyperbolic-type, nonlinear dispersive partial differential equations. A fundamental question in the study of those models is when and how a singularity can form, or more precisely, whether a wave breaks (a wave profile remains bounded while its slope becomes unbounded in finite time) in certain time. Breaking waves, both whitecaps and surf, are commonly observed in the ocean, which provide a source of turbulent energy to mix the upper layers of the ocean [25] .

Breaking waves, both whitecaps and surf, are commonly observed in the ocean, which provide a source of turbulent energy to mix the upper layers of the ocean.


On the other hand, despite using a seasonal model, identifying the seasonal time lag at which density dependence was largest cannot be done reliably, in spite of suggestions to the contrary (Hansen et al. 1999) . This is because the seasonal auto-regressive model suffers from high serial correlation between parameters (details in ESM). The use of this model nevertheless enabled us to use data from biannual sampling occasions and our inference is based on summary annual parameters which were not affected by the issue of parameter identification.

On the other hand, despite using a seasonal model, identifying the seasonal time lag at which density dependence was largest cannot be done reliably, in spite of suggestions to the contrary.


Individuals with a high Q4 score tend to be restless, tense, impatient, anxious and emotionally volatile. They feel frustrated and maintain a level of excitement and tension which interfere with their functioning (Cattell, 1989; Craig, 1999; Landman, 1992) . Research concludes that the stress, anxiety and fear generated by exposure to violence interfere with significant normal developmental tasks (Salzinger, Feldman, Stockhammer, & Hood, 2002) .

They feel frustrated and maintain a level of excitement and tension which interfere with their functioning.

Research concludes that the stress, anxiety and fear generated by exposure to violence interfere with significant normal developmental tasks.


Factor G (Expedient -Rule-conscious) Individuals with a low G tend to have trouble in situations that require conformance to rules and regulations (Craig, 1999) . They may disrespect social and external rules and regulations and feel few obligations to others. They tend to be careless, indolent, undependable and indulgent (Craig, 1999; Landman, 1992) . A combination of factors G-and O+ suggests that the individual may break or stretch rules and then feel guilty about it. This combination may predict unconventional behaviour (Craig, 1999) . A low G may propose a plea for help. Adolescents exposed to interpersonal violence develop a sense of learned helplessness, which may seriously affect mood and the development of a sense of efficacy and self-control, indicated by Factor G.

Factor G (Expedient -Rule-conscious) Individuals with a low G tend to have trouble in situations that require conformance to rules and regulations.

They tend to be careless, indolent, undependable and indulgent.

This combination may predict unconventional behaviour.

A low G may propose a plea for help.


A high O suggests psychological distress, referring to anxiety and depression. Individuals with a high score tend to worry needlessly, are depressed, feel worthless and inadequate, have a vague sense of dread and have low self-esteem (Cattell, 1989; Craig, 1999; Landman, 1992) . They tend to be emotionally unstable and overly sensitive to criticism which tends to make them depressed and to lack self-acceptance. They are emotionally troubled and prone to guilt feelings without reasonable cause, cry easily and feel lonely (Cattell, 1989; Craig, 1999; Landman, 1992) .

Individuals with a high score tend to worry needlessly, are depressed, feel worthless and inadequate, have a vague sense of dread and have low self-esteem.

They are emotionally troubled and prone to guilt feelings without reasonable cause, cry easily and feel lonely.


Individuals with a high I tend to be intuitive and make judgements based on subjective impressions rather than their rational abilities. They tend to be vulnerable to perceived stress and wish to avoid conflict, to feel insecure and unrealistic and to be temperamental and seek help and sympathy (Craig, 1999; Landman, 1992) . Being compassionate and sensitive, they are attuned to their own areas of vulnerability (Cattell, 1989; Craig, 1999; Landman, 1992) .

They tend to be vulnerable to perceived stress and wish to avoid conflict, to feel insecure and unrealistic and to be temperamental and seek help and sympathy.

Being compassionate and sensitive, they are attuned to their own areas of vulnerability.


The last 30 years has seen an unprecedented rise in global obesity levels; from 1980-2008, worldwide obesity prevalence almost doubled [1] . The growing impact of this trend on health has been profound since obesity is a major risk factor for most non-communicable disease including cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes. This inevitably adds further economic burden on already overstretched healthcare systems [2] . The accumulation of body fat that underlies obesity is fundamentally a reflection of positive energy balance, where energy consumed as food and drink exceeds that expended through metabolism, thermogenesis and physical activity. Nevertheless, the relative stability observed in body weight over extended periods of time for most individuals highlights the existence of a regulatory system of considerable precision given the complexity and patterning of the components that need to be integrated-meals, snacks and drinks of variable energy and macronutrient composition on one side of the equation, and voluntary exercise and the obligatory components of metabolism on the other. Clearly, many of these contributors vary significantly within and between days and over the longer term, and the regulatory system needs to be able to function effectively in the face of this temporal heterogeneity.

The last 30 years has seen an unprecedented rise in global obesity levels; from 1980-2008, worldwide obesity prevalence almost doubled.

This inevitably adds further economic burden on already overstretched healthcare systems.


SC-CO 2 is a popular, green and environmentally friendly solvent, as is safe, cheap, and readily available, which is advantageous for industrial scale production. SC-CO 2 operations can be diversified based on selectivity of the solvents and their characteristics. Reverchon and De Marco have completed a review study including mathematical modeling and various applications for natural product separation using supercritical fluids and fractionation [17] . Fractionation systems can be mounted to SC-CO 2 equipment for simultaneously conducting two stages synthesis and separation of natural product material. SC-CO 2 fractionation allows the fractionation of the mixture, while operating with some separators in a series at different pressures and temperatures. With the alteration of pressure or temperature, the density of SC-CO 2 changes, and as a result there is a change in solvent properties. Because the scope of such operations changes the solvent properties, this induces the selective precipitation of different compound families as a function of their different saturation conditions in the SC-CO 2 . Compared with SC-CO 2 extraction from solids, the packed fractionation column is capable of continuous steady state operations that allow for the processing of large quantities of liquid mixtures in a short time. Therefore, the lipophilic characteristics of the SC-CO 2 are advantageous when polar compounds like FAMEs can be fractionated from a mixed biodiesel. Rezayat and Ghaziaskar used a continuous-supercritical-fluid-fractionation setup to extract glycerol acetates from a mixture of glycerol acetates, in which the single fractionation column consists of a sample container and an extraction column [18] . A selective separation of the oil components based on their polarity and molecular weight can be attained. This involves the continuous contact between SC-CO 2 and the liquid mixture in a pressurized precipitation vessel. If the process is performed at optimized conditions, the liquid solution can be fractionated by SC-CO 2 and part of the elements precipitate in a non-soluble liquid phase at the bottom of the high pressure vessel.

Reverchon and De Marco have completed a review study including mathematical modeling and various applications for natural product separation using supercritical fluids and fractionation.

Rezayat and Ghaziaskar used a continuous-supercritical-fluid-fractionation setup to extract glycerol acetates from a mixture of glycerol acetates, in which the single fractionation column consists of a sample container and an extraction column.


In seeking to answer the research questions, we address a number of unresolved issues in prior work on the performance outcomes of imitation strategies. First, the theory that underlies the process of competition and learning through imitation is incomplete. Seminal work on competition and learning in Red Queen settings excluded exogenous forces that upset the competitive equilibrium (Barnett and Hansen, 1996) . However, as outlined above, environmental uncertainty provides temporary opportunities that allow entrepreneurial rivals to disequilibrate the market process (Roberts and Eisenhardt, 2003; Smith and Cao, 2007) . Imitating the entrepreneurial rival's disequilibrating actions may be a competitive response of the leader aimed at achieving an improved competitive position. Hence, under some conditions, actions of others may trigger imitation even when own performance is above aspiration levels. As a consequence, assuming that the industry leader is the target of imitation and ignoring the role of competitive actions under varying exogenous environmental conditions draws an incomplete picture for predicting performance outcomes.

Seminal work on competition and learning in Red Queen settings excluded exogenous forces that upset the competitive equilibrium.

However, as outlined above, environmental uncertainty provides temporary opportunities that allow entrepreneurial rivals to disequilibrate the market process.


An alternative strategy could be to imitate a challenger who is a competitive threat despite being dissimilar to the leader. Focusing on similar rivals can lead to opportunities that have been discovered by more dissimilar others being overlooked (McNamara, Luce, and Tompson, 2002; Posen, Lee, and Yi, 2013) . In particular, uncertain environments provide highvariance opportunities that can enable entrepreneurial firms to catch up with a market leader (e.g., Katila and Chen, 2008; . In competition where being near the top in terms of performance matters, low performing competitors favor strategies of increasing performance variability over strategies of improving average performance, and, as a consequence, force a leader to do likewise (March, 1991) . Because imitating the actions of distant rivals destroys their opportunities to catch up, these insights suggest that a leader who faces uncertain environmental conditions could benefit from imitating the actions of dissimilar rivals whose short-term performance poses a threat to the leader's dominance.

Focusing on similar rivals can lead to opportunities that have been discovered by more dissimilar others being overlooked.

In competition where being near the top in terms of performance matters, low performing competitors favor strategies of increasing performance variability over strategies of improving average performance, and, as a consequence, force a leader to do likewise.


We empirically test the insights from our simulations by making use of detailed data from multi-competitor (fleet) races from the America's Cup World Series 2011 . This context provides a controlled setting with identically equipped competitors who make decisions in the absence of cooperation behavior, reputational benefits and social pressures, which typically provide alternative explanations for imitation behavior and its outcomes, and offers us fine-grained data on competitor moves and environmental conditions that change exogenously and significantly impact race outcomes. We thus provide empirical validation for propositions regarding the performance effects of different imitation strategies in exogenously changing environments emerging from an NK simulation using fine-grained data from an empirical context that provides a good match for the simulation assumptions, making this, to our knowledge, the first paper that follows the recommendation of validating empirically the results of NK simulation models in order to provide evidence of their external validity (Davis, Eisenhardt, and Bingham, 2007) .

We thus provide empirical validation for propositions regarding the performance effects of different imitation strategies in exogenously changing environments emerging from an NK simulation using fine-grained data from an empirical context that provides a good match for the simulation assumptions, making this, to our knowledge, the first paper that follows the recommendation of validating empirically the results of NK simulation models in order to provide evidence of their external validity.


The zinc content in the needles of Pinus sylvestris was changeable within the examined vegetative season (Fig. 2) . The highest variability from March to October was found in the case of zinc in 1-year-old needles of Bs (CV = 30%), and the lowest in the needles of 2-year-old needles of Bw (CV = 13%), (Tab. 3). Statistically vital positive correlations were found between the Zn content in 1-year-old needles of Pinus sylvestris and the content of Cu-1 (Bs, Bśw and Bw), Cu-2 (Bs and Bw), Mn-1 (Bs and Bw) and Mn-2 (Bs). In addition, a vital negative correlation was found between Zn-1 and Fe-2 in Bs and Bw (Tab. 4). The zinc content in the needles of Pinus sylvestris also refl ected relations to rainfall. The increase of zinc concentration along with the increase of rainfall months sums was found in 1-year-old needles of (Bw, r = 0.67, p < 0.05, n = 24) and 2 year old needles of (Bśw, r = 0.39, p < 0.05, n = 24). In the ecosystem of Bs, it was discovered that the rainfall had vital impact on the lowering of zinc concentration in 2-year-old needles of (r = -0.79, p < 0.05, n = 24). The phenomenon of washing out of ions of Zn 2+ from the foliage was described in research work done by Stachurski and Zimka [30] .

The phenomenon of washing out of ions of Zn 2+ from the foliage was described in research work done by Stachurski and Zimka.


Our mechanical approach is based on a mesostructural level. It permits to take into account the various dominating mechanics in the physics of the mechanical transformation of prepreg fabrics during the shaping process, namely large angular variations of yarns, viscoelasticity of resin and evolution of possible damages in yarns. The different advantages of this modelling is first to give the ability to obtain a very good material orientation of yarns and consequently to introduce good data in the pre-processing of the calculation of the final piece after polymerisation, secondly to give the mechanical limits of the fabric during the forming process and finally to limit the falls of the fabric by on better definition of the flat form (Cherouat et al., 2001) . Different numerical simulations and experiments of shaping process have been carried out in order to validate the proposed computational formulation. The various forming parameters examined have included the initial shape of fabric, the fibre orientations and the viscosity of resin.

The different advantages of this modelling is first to give the ability to obtain a very good material orientation of yarns and consequently to introduce good data in the pre-processing of the calculation of the final piece after polymerisation, secondly to give the mechanical limits of the fabric during the forming process and finally to limit the falls of the fabric by on better definition of the flat form.


The intensity of UHI is calculated as a difference between urban and rural air temperatures and depends on many factors such as the following: the size of the city and its population, topography, climate zone, and meteorological conditions (Oke et al. 1991) . Considering the synoptic conditions, the biggest influence on the UHI intensity is cloudiness and wind speed. The intensity of UHI reaches the highest values under cloudless sky and light wind conditions (Montavez et al. 2000; Morris et al. 2001) .

The intensity of UHI is calculated as a difference between urban and rural air temperatures and depends on many factors such as the following: the size of the city and its population, topography, climate zone, and meteorological conditions.

The intensity of UHI reaches the highest values under cloudless sky and light wind conditions.


Ammonia is a toxic gas with irritant properties that can injure the respiratory tract [1] . Anthropogenic emissions mainly comes in a 95% from agriculture, where ammonium salts are widely used as a fertilizer [2] . On the other hand, swine farms can achieve high concentrations of ammonia up to 100 ppm generated by decomposition of pig manure via metabolic activities of bacteria and fungi [3] .

Ammonia is a toxic gas with irritant properties that can injure the respiratory tract.

Anthropogenic emissions mainly comes in a 95% from agriculture, where ammonium salts are widely used as a fertilizer.

On the other hand, swine farms can achieve high concentrations of ammonia up to 100 ppm generated by decomposition of pig manure via metabolic activities of bacteria and fungi.


A digraph G is strongly connected, or irreducible, if given any vertices u and v, there exists a (directed) path from u to v in G. It is well known that a digraph is strongly connected if and only if its adjacency matrix is irreducible [1] . Here, given a cone K, we present a result which infers K-irreducibility of sets of K-quasipositive matrices from strong connectedness of associated bipartite digraphs. Graph-theoretic approaches to K-irreducibility of sets of K-positive matrices have been described in earlier work [2, 3, 4] . These approaches are somewhat different in structure and philosophy to that described here. We will comment further on this in the concluding section.

A digraph G is strongly connected, or irreducible, if given any vertices u and v, there exists a (directed) path from u to v in G. It is well known that a digraph is strongly connected if and only if its adjacency matrix is irreducible.

Graph-theoretic approaches to K-irreducibility of sets of K-positive matrices have been described in earlier work.


Motivation from dynamical systems. Motivation for examining Kirreducibility of a set of K-quasipositive matrices comes from the theory of monotone dynamical systems [7, 8] . Convex, pointed cones define partial orders in a natural way. Given a proper cone K and a C 1 vector field f : R n → R n , if the Jacobian matrix Df (x) is K-quasipositive and K-irreducible at each x ∈ R n , then the associated local flow is strongly monotone with respect to the partial order defined by K. This result and a variety of technical modifications provide useful conditions which can be used to deduce the asymptotic behaviour of dynamical systems.

Motivation from dynamical systems.

Motivation for examining Kirreducibility of a set of K-quasipositive matrices comes from the theory of monotone dynamical systems.


I employed an exploratory factor analysis of participant responses to items designed to elicit information about their perception of their own occupational identity. In this factor analysis, I used Promax rotation and Kaiser normalization, rather than an orthogonal rotation, which produces uncorrelated factors (Costello & Osborne, 2005) . Costello and Osborne argued that "in the social sciences we generally expect some correlation among factors, since behavior is rarely partitioned into neatly packaged units that function independently of one another. Therefore using orthogonal rotation results in a loss of valuable information if the factors are correlated" (p. 3). Based on this information, I utilized a Promax rotation as it was possible that participants' experiences regarding various dimensions of identity may be highly correlated. This rotation required 16 iterations to converge. As a result of the factor analysis (using a minimum eigenvalue of 1.0), six factors emerged, accounting for roughly 69% of the systematic variance in responses. As evident in Table 1 , the pattern is clear and interpretable; the majority of loadings exceeded .50 and only seven cross-loadings exceeded .30. I established sampling adequacy using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure (.87) and the assumption of sphericity using the Bartlett Test of Sphericity, χ 2 = 4,256.25, Table 2 ). The in-service music educator participants saw themselves, and believed that others saw them, as an educator, an ensemble leader, a creative businessperson, and an entertainer. However, two separate musician identities may be identified based upon participant responses: an external music identity, in which others saw them as a performer, an artist, or a scholar, or an internal identity, in which they saw themselves differently in the same roles. Music educators were more likely to believe themselves to be musicians (M = 5.03, σ = .67) than they felt others' believed them to be (M = 4.80, σ = .88). Participants responded to several items on a scale of 1 (very negative) to 5 (very positive) designed to elicit information about the importance of different interpersonal interactions (see Table 3 ). Participants indicated that their most positive interactions were with music students (M = 4.63, σ = .61) and other music educators (M = 4.43, σ = .73). Participants reported less positive interactions with district administrators (M = 3.28, σ = .94) and other students not involved in music (M = 3.37, σ = .77). Although participants indicated that interactions with building level administrators were among the least positive, responses to this item had a larger variance than any of the other items related to interpersonal interactions (σ = 1.15).

In this factor analysis, I used Promax rotation and Kaiser normalization, rather than an orthogonal rotation, which produces uncorrelated factors.


I conducted a series of multiple regression analyses to determine if any interpersonal interactions predicted participants' occupational identities using composite subscale scores as predictor variables for activity types (due to the large number of activities) and simple item scores for the interpersonal interactions. These regression models met the assumption of multicollinearity as evidenced by tolerances no lower than .70 as well as variance inflation factors ranging from 1.09 to 1.43. An observation to predictor variable of 37.5:1 was sufficient for analysis. Due to the exploratory nature of the analyses and a lack of a previous theoretical model, I used an enter method and reported adjusted R 2 to reduce the bias of R 2 (Huck, 2007) . Although Type I errors are possible given the number of analyses, some researchers have argued that "in exploratory studies, in which data are collected with an objective but not with a prespecified key hypothesis, multiple test adjustments are not strictly required" (Bender & Lange, 2001, p. 344) .

Due to the exploratory nature of the analyses and a lack of a previous theoretical model, I used an enter method and reported adjusted R 2 to reduce the bias of R 2.


The freeze-drying process is commonly used to remove water (or, more rarely, an organic solvent) from a product, aiming at increasing its shelf life. At first, the product is loaded onto the shelves of the chamber of the freeze-dryer and, then, product temperature is decreased, usually to values ranging from −40 to −50 °C, in order to freeze the water. A cold fluid flows inside the shelves to get this result. Afterwards, the temperature of the shelves is increased and the pressure in the drying chamber is lowered in such a way that ice sublimation occurs (primary drying). The drying chamber is connected to a condenser, where the solvent vapor desublimates onto cold surfaces. A vacuum pump is used to get the desired level of vacuum, and it frequently operates with a "controlled leakage" of an inert gas in the chamber to get a better pressure control. Finally, when the ice sublimation is completed, it is necessary to remove the water bound to the dried product (secondary drying): product temperature is increased to cause water desorption, thus obtaining the target value of residual humidity in the final product [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The process is particularly indicated for water removal in case of products that are damaged by the higher temperatures of other drying processes, and it is widespread in the pharmaceutical industry where the high value of the manufactured products justifies the cost (and the duration) of a freeze-drying process.

Finally, when the ice sublimation is completed, it is necessary to remove the water bound to the dried product (secondary drying): product temperature is increased to cause water desorption, thus obtaining the target value of residual humidity in the final product.


Historically, it has been taught in developed society that boys and men are expected to take part in physical activities such as sports. However, once a girl or woman expresses interest in those same masculine activities, they are type casted as being lesbians or tomboys (Harrison & Secarea, 2010) . To combat the stereotype and often negative connotations of being homosexual, most female athletes try to "emphasize [their] feminine characteristics, their sexuality, and to highlight their heterosexuality" (Harrison & Secarea, 2010) . One example of such an athlete is track star Lolo Jones, who is well known for being very attractive while also being vocal about her virginity and vow to remain so until she is married. Jones is well known in the track and field world and her failure to complete her heat of the hurdles competition in the 2008 Beijing Olympics was well covered in the 2012 London Olympics. Despite her being seen as a sexually attractive female athlete, her athletic prowess is still paramount in the media's coverage.

However, once a girl or woman expresses interest in those same masculine activities, they are type casted as being lesbians or tomboys.

To combat the stereotype and often negative connotations of being homosexual, most female athletes try to "emphasize [their] feminine characteristics, their sexuality, and to highlight their heterosexuality".


N FOOD INDUSTRY there is a need for objective highthroughput taste profiling to complement sensory panels. Sensory and instrumental techniques are traditionally used to determine the taste of food products. Consumer panels give by far the most realistic image of the taste of a product as experienced by humans. Sensory analysis, however, has some drawbacks, such as the correctness of training, standardization of measurements, reproducibility, high cost and taste saturation of the panelist [1] . Spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and other instrumental techniques determine the chemical composition of a food product and can be used to describe the taste of product. These traditional techniques have some drawbacks. They require laborious and time-consuming sample preparation. Moreover, skilled people are needed to operate the equipment.

Sensory analysis, however, has some drawbacks, such as the correctness of training, standardization of measurements, reproducibility, high cost and taste saturation of the panelist.


It has been suggested that excess waste heat from thermal power plants could satisfy the whole heat demand for buildings in Europe [7] . For the waste heat utilization to be realized, the business case has to be mutually attractive; i.e., there has to be economic potential for both the heat provider and the DH operator. Even though there have been many studies on DC waste heat utilization, many of the projects have not been realized, as the real economic incentive has been lacking from either party.

It has been suggested that excess waste heat from thermal power plants could satisfy the whole heat demand for buildings in Europe.


The energy efficiency of data centers (DC) is becoming increasingly more important as the number of DCs is rapidly growing. It is estimated that DCs already accounted for 1.1e1.5% of the world's total electricity consumption in 2010 [1] . DCs require vast amounts of cooling energy. The electricity consumed in a DC almost completely converts to heat. However, most of the heat is not utilized, even though different solutions already exist. Global warming creates an increasing amount of cooling demand at the same time as power density/floor space in DC is increasing and a demand for processing power is rising faster than processing technology is advancing [2] . With rapid increase in the capacity and size of DCs, there is a continuous increase in the energy consumption and related CO 2 emissions [2] .

It is estimated that DCs already accounted for 1.1e1.5% of the world's total electricity consumption in 2010.

Global warming creates an increasing amount of cooling demand at the same time as power density/floor space in DC is increasing and a demand for processing power is rising faster than processing technology is advancing.

With rapid increase in the capacity and size of DCs, there is a continuous increase in the energy consumption and related CO 2 emissions.


Among the various physiological biometric methods, face recognition has recently received attention from both industry and academia [17] . The developed techniques vary in sophistication, as well as in hardware and software requirements, ranging from systems based on 3D face scans, to systems based on video and systems that can work with a single still image [9] . Enhancing the security of face recognition systems is a major challenge since a secure system should be able to withstand a variety of attacks, ranging from systematic algorithmic attacks to attacks based on theft of data. In this paper, we present an experiment designed to test the resilience of face recognition systems against theft of data attacks. The first part of the experiment uses still face images collected in different ways and from various sources, i.e., instant still images taken during the experiment by a smartphone camera; ID card photos; images found through Google Image searches and images on social media platforms such as Facebook and WhatsApp. In the second part of the experiment we resize some of the still images that were successfully used to gain access to the system and we find the minimum resolution required for such an attack.

Among the various physiological biometric methods, face recognition has recently received attention from both industry and academia.

The developed techniques vary in sophistication, as well as in hardware and software requirements, ranging from systems based on 3D face scans, to systems based on video and systems that can work with a single still image.


The fluent-learning algorithm was first presented by Cohen [3] . There, the task was to partition robot experience into episodes; here, we focus on learning the outcomes of controllers. This application of fluent learning was inspired by previous work that used the MSDD algorithm to learn planning operators [8] .

The fluent-learning algorithm was first presented by Cohen.

This application of fluent learning was inspired by previous work that used the MSDD algorithm to learn planning operators.


The dynamic nonlinear partial differential equations are derived for a general beam on a nonlinear elastic foundation. These partial differential equation were reduced to ordinary nonlinear equations by introducing the Bathe composite method [Bathe and Baig 2005; Bathe 2007] . Then, the NewtonRaphson linearization, and finite difference scheme were used for solving the resulting nonlinear system of ordinary equations. An example of a beam on a softening foundation was considered to study the dynamic buckling and imperfection sensitivity under static and dynamic step loading.

These partial differential equation were reduced to ordinary nonlinear equations by introducing the Bathe composite method.


However, single mode devices, such as quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) with a distributed feedback (DFB) grating, are tunable only within a narrow tuning range of about 5 cm´1 and are thus typically limited to one or two species that can be targeted with a single laser. However, the capability to simultaneously measure multiple species is highly preferred or even required, especially, but not only, in environmental monitoring. For instance, measuring concentrations of CO and 12/13 CO 2 simultaneously is of great interest given their linkage in combustion processes. Thus, CO can be used as a tracer for the CO 2 originating from anthropogenic sources [7, 8] .

Thus, CO can be used as a tracer for the CO 2 originating from anthropogenic sources.


The expression of receptors, such as HER2 and sex hormones, in some tumors suggests a role for these receptors in tumor pathogenesis and therapy. SGC that express HER2 has been described as being more aggressive (Glisson et al. 2004) . The prognostic and predictive significance of these receptors and the clinical efficacy of endocrine treatment are not confirmed due to lack of data. This case indicated that this tumor was hormone dependent, and anti-androgen treatment provided an economical, well-tolerated treatment option that achieved sustained complete response on PET-CT.

SGC that express HER2 has been described as being more aggressive.


Control systems were realized and tested on the real objects, two-spars overhead traveling cranes with Q = 12 500 ) controller used in the swing angle feedback loop. The sum of outputs from controllers was the increment of control signal u Δ . Both algorithms, fuzzy and conventional, were tested using PC computer with control-measurement cards for the same assumptions: about 10 tons mass of the load suspended on the rope with fixed length 6 meters. Next, the TSK control algorithm was implemented on PLC controller, and tested with about 5 tons mass of the load. The results of above experiments were presented in form of swing angle of the load and power consumed by crane's motors charts (Smoczek, & Szpytko, 2006) . Basis of results from experiments with 100 [kN] transported load conducted using PC computer realized PI and TSK controller was stated. Uusing TSK controller the swing angle of the load was minimized better especially during starting (above 40%) and faster during braking the bridge mechanism (Fig. 6) . The maximal value of swing angle during starting 17th IFAC World Congress (IFAC'08) Seoul, Korea, July 6-11, 2008 was 0.028 [rad] using PI controller and 0.016 [rad] using TSK controller. By using TSK controller overloads in the driving mechanism were decreased during starting above 12% in comparison with results obtained using PI controller (Fig. 7) . Experiments conducted on the real object proved using control system based on fuzzy logic techniques in movement mechanisms of the overhead crane the improvement of device's controlling quality is possible.

The results of above experiments were presented in form of swing angle of the load and power consumed by crane's motors charts.


Unfortunately, those solutions could have some characteristics that make knowledge preservation difficult. Typically, the projects use various combinations of runtime environments, software, and algorithms, from different vendors and Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM). The systems under scope must be considered a System-of-Systems (SoS) with all the implications to the complexity arising in those projects [4] . Finding a definite "best" solution is hard as a lot of contextual knowledge and degrees of freedom has to be known to the team implementing the solution. The knowledge and agreement on requirements, both functional as well as non-functional, become apparently more of a socio-technical than purely technical problem [4] . Various projects have addressed this issue when trying to document knowledge gained from field trials in order to disseminate the results [5] . One of the most important things to get to know to transfer a technical solution is to know its scope and applicability. To assess for this information, so-called tacit knowledge is often needed. Tacit knowledge (as opposed to formal, codified or explicit knowledge) is the kind of knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalizing it [6] . For re-use, certain important aspect of a technical solution given in a procedural context must be made formal.

The systems under scope must be considered a System-of-Systems (SoS) with all the implications to the complexity arising in those projects.

The knowledge and agreement on requirements, both functional as well as non-functional, become apparently more of a socio-technical than purely technical problem.

Various projects have addressed this issue when trying to document knowledge gained from field trials in order to disseminate the results.

Tacit knowledge (as opposed to formal, codified or explicit knowledge) is the kind of knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalizing it.


Notably, the sample was predominantly White/Caucasian (86%) and highly educated (over 50% of the sample had a college degree). Thus, although the present study used a much larger sample than most qualitative investigations of transgender employees, the generalizability of its findings to the general population of transgender employees in the United States is unclear. Specifically, because data on the demographic characteristics of transgender and lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are not gathered in population benchmarks such as the U.S. Census this makes it difficult-if not impossible-to determine the extent to which any sample of transgender individuals is representative of the population as a whole (Meyer & Wilson, 2009; Moradi et al., 2009) . Also, while the researchers attempted to reduce bias throughout the process (e.g., through self-reflection, discussions, working with an external reviewer), qualitative methods involve a degree of subjectivity that may affect the coding and interpretation of the study's results. Finally, the size of the qualitative sample limited the depth of thematic content analysis that could be have been conducted with a smaller sample.

Specifically, because data on the demographic characteristics of transgender and lesbian, gay, and bisexual people are not gathered in population benchmarks such as the U.S. Census this makes it difficult-if not impossible-to determine the extent to which any sample of transgender individuals is representative of the population as a whole.


The cost effective production strategies for obtaining alternative aggregates using fly ash can be a real sustainable material for future construction. Pelletization of aggregates is a promising technology that can be adopted for mass aggregate production. Agglomeration process is one mechanism that envisages the formation of pellets from a powder material with more stable spherical balls (Baykal and Doven, 2000) . The hardened pellets were dried by normal air curing or by heating in hot air oven. The effects of curing process of cold-bonded fly ash aggregate were also investigated earlier under accelerated curing and autoclave curing. The autoclave curing and accelerated curing showed a marginal improvement in the strength properties of aggregate (Manikandan and Ramamurthy, 2008) . The production of high strength concrete (45 to 75 MPa) using lightweight flyash aggregate depends on achieving a density of concrete in the range of 1600 to 1950 Kg/m 3 (Hugo et al., 2012) . The agglomeration of the pellets follows three paths due to the thumbing force, excluding the external compaction (Bijen, 1986) . Further enhancements of strength of cold bonded aggregates were carried out using sintering process which involves burning at 1000°C in a muffle furnace (Tommy et al., 2007) . The properties of fly ash lightweight aggregate were enhanced with the addition of binder which alters the microstructure of the aggregate. The production of LWA depends on the fineness of fly ash, water added for pelletization and the type of binder. Addition of binder plays an important role in the formation of fly ash aggregates which can lead to ball ability and increased efficiency of production (Ramamurthy and Harikrishnan, 2006) . The physical and mechanical properties of pellets depend on the particle size, shape and porosity of the aggregate (Swamy and Lambert, 1981) . The objective of this study was to evaluate the production efficiency, water absorption, bulk density, gradation and individual crushing strength of fly ash lightweight aggregate. The fly ash aggregates were produced and the effects of various binder materials (furnace slag (GGBS), bentonite and metakaolin) substituted at 10, 20 and 30% respectively of total binder material for various time duration were studied.

Agglomeration process is one mechanism that envisages the formation of pellets from a powder material with more stable spherical balls.

The autoclave curing and accelerated curing showed a marginal improvement in the strength properties of aggregate.

The production of high strength concrete (45 to 75 MPa) using lightweight flyash aggregate depends on achieving a density of concrete in the range of 1600 to 1950 Kg/m 3.

The agglomeration of the pellets follows three paths due to the thumbing force, excluding the external compaction.

Further enhancements of strength of cold bonded aggregates were carried out using sintering process which involves burning at 1000°C in a muffle furnace.

Addition of binder plays an important role in the formation of fly ash aggregates which can lead to ball ability and increased efficiency of production.

The physical and mechanical properties of pellets depend on the particle size, shape and porosity of the aggregate.


Northern and a Southern renewable energy NGO. The presented material is based on interview recordings and detailed observational records of partnership meetings during field visits in 2013. The wider case study involved a series of interviews and conversations with several members of both NGOs. The case study was selected because it lent itself for an indepth exploration and systematic micro-analysis of how NGOs deal with the 'wicked' nature of RET interventions, and how their partnerships are shaped by the ways in which they managed and negotiated knowledge. While the author made similar observations with regard to some other cases, the focus on a single case offers the advantage of preserving a high level of detail for the analysis (Flyvbjerg, 2006; Gerring, 2007) . Theoretical propositions derived from an individual case study are limited in their formal generalizability but they can provide deeper insights into complex social phenomena (Platt, 2007; Yin, 2009) . Findings presented here extend previous research on North-South partnerships by illuminating the encompassing nature of knowledge-power relations in P4SEs. Participants in this research were granted confidentiality to enable them to share success stories as well as negative partnership experiences. Therefore, the author uses acronyms when referring to the partner organisations 'Northern NGO' (NNGO) and 'Southern NGO' (SNGO). This partnership is presented in the next section.

While the author made similar observations with regard to some other cases, the focus on a single case offers the advantage of preserving a high level of detail for the analysis.

Theoretical propositions derived from an individual case study are limited in their formal generalizability but they can provide deeper insights into complex social phenomena.


Profenofos (PFF) is a highly active organophosphorous pesticide (OPP). Long-term exposure to water polluted with PFF is harmful to human health. OPPs significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and promote instability of the erythrocyte membrane (Shi et al. 2012) . Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the nervous system inhibits respiratory, myocardial, and neuromuscular transmission, which are acute toxicologic effects of OPPs (Perera et al. 2003) . Recently, environmental concerns associated with the aggregation of OPPs in food products and water supplies have focused efforts on expanding safe, accessible, and economically feasible methods for detoxification (Mahboob et al 2013; Sunitha et al 2007) . PFF residue in drinking groundwater resources of rural areas in the northwest of Iran, water and sediments of River Ravi in Pakistan is reported (Shakerkhatibi et al 2014; Mahboob et al 2013) . Wastewater containing OPPs cannot be treated efficiently by biological techniques. The toxicity of PFF for microorganisms makes its biodegradation impossible (Hincapie et al 2005) . Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of PFF.

OPPs significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and promote instability of the erythrocyte membrane.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the nervous system inhibits respiratory, myocardial, and neuromuscular transmission, which are acute toxicologic effects of OPPs.

Recently, environmental concerns associated with the aggregation of OPPs in food products and water supplies have focused efforts on expanding safe, accessible, and economically feasible methods for detoxification.

PFF residue in drinking groundwater resources of rural areas in the northwest of Iran, water and sediments of River Ravi in Pakistan is reported.

The toxicity of PFF for microorganisms makes its biodegradation impossible.


Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), physiologically, expressed by stromal cells in the bone marrow and osteoblasts in the periosteum, is a protein present on the membranes of osteoblasts and their precursors, which activates the receptor RANK, on osteoclast precursors [4] . Targeted disruption of RANK also results in severe osteopetrosis, which suggests that the RANKL/RANK interaction plays an essential role in osteoclast formation in vivo [5] . Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) has been reported to be the transcription factor most strongly induced by RANKL, which activates NF-κB and AP-1 [6] . NFATc1 regulates many osteoclast-specific genes such as Cathepsin K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and calcitonin receptor (CtR) [7, 8] . Immunoglobulin-like costimulatory molecules associated with FcRγ and DAP12 such as osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) are involved in the activation of calcium signals leading to the induction of NFATc1 [9] [10] [11] .

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), physiologically, expressed by stromal cells in the bone marrow and osteoblasts in the periosteum, is a protein present on the membranes of osteoblasts and their precursors, which activates the receptor RANK, on osteoclast precursors.

Targeted disruption of RANK also results in severe osteopetrosis, which suggests that the RANKL/RANK interaction plays an essential role in osteoclast formation in vivo.

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) has been reported to be the transcription factor most strongly induced by RANKL, which activates NF-κB and AP-1.

NFATc1 regulates many osteoclast-specific genes such as Cathepsin K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and calcitonin receptor (CtR).

Immunoglobulin-like costimulatory molecules associated with FcRγ and DAP12 such as osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) are involved in the activation of calcium signals leading to the induction of NFATc1.


Furthermore, ALP staining and ALP activity showed that EGCG inhibited the differentiation of murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. RT-PCR analysis of RANKL in osteoblasts revealed that EGCG did not change the mRNA expression level of RANKL [17] . Because RANKL produced by osteoblasts results in the differentiation of osteoclasts, it is possible that apart from the direct inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis, EGCG will also influence osteoclastogenesis indirectly by affecting the differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells in vivo. Therefore, the indirect effect of EGCG by inhibition of the differentiation of osteoblasts was excluded by applying a co-culture system of calvaria-derived osteoblasts and bone marrow cells from a 6-week-old male mouse was used to obtain physiological proof of the ability of EGCG to induce osteoclastogenesis. The results showed the effect of EGCG in physiological condition.

RT-PCR analysis of RANKL in osteoblasts revealed that EGCG did not change the mRNA expression level of RANKL.


In mammalian cells, SIRT1 has a dual effect on FOXO3a function: SIRT1 increases the ability of FOX-O3 to induce cell cycle arrest and resistance to oxidative stress but inhibits its ability to induce cell death [12] . Cell death is also regulated by complex interactions between the members of the Bcl-2 family [13] . Among the members of the BCL-2 homology domain 3 (BH3) family, proapoptotic member Bim has been classified as an "activator" in view of its purported ability to directly engage and activate Bax and Bak. Bax and Bak, when engaged, trigger mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which results in the release of proapoptoticproteins (e.g., cytochrome c) from the mitochondria to the cytosol, thereby initiating the caspase cascade [14] . In addition, Caspase-3-Bim axis has been reported to play an important role in regulating the apoptosis of osteoclasts [15] .

In mammalian cells, SIRT1 has a dual effect on FOXO3a function: SIRT1 increases the ability of FOX-O3 to induce cell cycle arrest and resistance to oxidative stress but inhibits its ability to induce cell death.

Cell death is also regulated by complex interactions between the members of the Bcl-2 family.

Bax and Bak, when engaged, trigger mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), which results in the release of proapoptoticproteins (e.g., cytochrome c) from the mitochondria to the cytosol, thereby initiating the caspase cascade.

In addition, Caspase-3-Bim axis has been reported to play an important role in regulating the apoptosis of osteoclasts.


Job satisfaction has identified a number of factors like reward system in work, perceived quality of supervision, working conditions, and individual determinates such as status and seniority, age group, marital status, and years of experience that cause people to become satisfied or dissatisfied with their job (Mosadeghrad et al., 2008 ) . The current study examines the relationship between job satisfaction and work-life balance among IT employees in India. Firstly, the relationship is examined between the different constructs Career opportunities, Recognition, Work task, Pay, Work/life balance, Superior subordinate relationship, and employee satisfaction. Second, keeping the work-life balance as a mediating construct, it is analyzed whether it leads to employee satisfaction.

Job satisfaction has identified a number of factors like reward system in work, perceived quality of supervision, working conditions, and individual determinates such as status and seniority, age group, marital status, and years of experience that cause people to become satisfied or dissatisfied with their job.


Tissue injury depends upon the balance between the generation of toxic radicals and tissue antioxidant status [19, 22] . GSH, an antioxidant, may act either by protecting cells from lipid peroxidation or by protecting protein sulfhydrl groups from irreversible oxidation after oxidant injury. In addition, GSH released by liver parenchymal cells are thought to trap reactive oxygen species generated by Kupffer cells and neutrophils in the vasculature and therefore attenuate liver injury [23] . However, in the present study, the level of GSH was increased despite an increased severity of infection, suggesting that GSH might have a dual role in vivo. In contrast, an increased level of GSH during infection by malaria may be an attempt by the host to neutralize oxidative stress generated by the parasite.

Tissue injury depends upon the balance between the generation of toxic radicals and tissue antioxidant status.

In addition, GSH released by liver parenchymal cells are thought to trap reactive oxygen species generated by Kupffer cells and neutrophils in the vasculature and therefore attenuate liver injury.


Borrowing constraints play an important role in our analysis. They govern to what extent households are indebted, a crucial determinant of the overall welfare effects. Moreover, the response of households to changes in distorting taxes also depends on their ability to borrow. We assumed that borrowing limits are exogenous, and do not change if public policy changes. In an extension to this project, we relax this assumption and endogenize borrowing constraints by assuming limited commitment (Röhrs and Winter, 2012) . Our results suggest that endogenous borrowing constraints reinforce the negative effects of government debt.

In an extension to this project, we relax this assumption and endogenize borrowing constraints by assuming limited commitment.


One way through this dilemma is to make sure that every computation on sensitive data satisfies differential privacy [16] . This gives a very strong guarantee: if an individual's data is used in a differentially private computation, the probability of any given result changes by at most a factor of e ε , where ε is a parameter controlling the tradeoff between privacy and accuracy. Differential privacy impresses by the long list of assumptions it does not require: it is not necessary to know what information an attacker has, whether attackers are colluding, or what the attackers are looking for.

One way through this dilemma is to make sure that every computation on sensitive data satisfies differential privacy.


This important growth of FDI has revived the question about the cost and benefits of MNFs. From the point of view of the recipient economy, apart from being a source of extra capital, FDI is desirable for stimulating technology transfer and fostering exchange of managerial know-how (Kokko, et al., 1996) . It is also expected to enhance productivity and output growth through an increased rivalry arising in sectors where multinational corporations, with higher productivity enter (Markusen and Venables, 1999) . FDI is hence believed to improve efficiency and to make the economy more competitive. However, some of these benefits might be partly fictitious if a substitution process of imports results from these investment projects. According to conventional wisdom, trade and FDI are alternative modes of supplying foreign markets. From this perspective, foreign production will represent both a substitution for trade and an interchange of the conventional benefits of trade for the potential gains from FDI. Therefore, a negative relationship between imports and foreign production should be contemplated as "bad news", since it partly diminishes the benefits of FDI.

From the point of view of the recipient economy, apart from being a source of extra capital, FDI is desirable for stimulating technology transfer and fostering exchange of managerial know-how.

It is also expected to enhance productivity and output growth through an increased rivalry arising in sectors where multinational corporations, with higher productivity enter.


The way features evolve is more complex and dynamic than previously thought. The more it becomes possible to track fine-grained evolutionary changes of features based on ever more refined phylogenetic analyses, the more it becomes clear that within a family or genus a feature may have evolved many times. A good example for such a complex evolutionary situation is floral symmetry in Old World Malpighiaceae (Davis and Anderson 2010) . This does not mean that we step back to an earlier stage of knowledge. On the contrary, we know much more about evolution, and we should now actively concentrate on the detailed mechanisms of the evolution of prominent floral features.

A good example for such a complex evolutionary situation is floral symmetry in Old World Malpighiaceae.


Magpies build very large nests for their body size (J. J. and a hypothesis explaining this extravagant nest size is sexual selection: male magpies bring sticks and other nest material to the nest and females may evaluate the working ability of their mate and, hence, potentially their parenting ability from this activity (J. J. . There is experimental evidence for magpies that nest size directly a¡ects female reproductive decisions such as clutch size, the start of incubation and, hence, the degree of hatching asynchrony, suggesting that nest size plays a direct role in sexual selection (Soler et al. 1999a) . Great spotted cuckoos preferentially parasitize large magpie nests as indicated by a signi¢cant correlation between nest size and risk of parasitism in the Guadix magpie population in southern Spain (Soler et al. 1995) . The functional basis for this preference appears to be the high-quality parental care provided by magpies with large nests: experimental parasitism of magpie clutches in relation to nest size has revealed a signi¢cantly higher probability of successful £edging for cuckoo o¡spring in large nests (Soler et al. 1995) . Thus, there is natural and sexual selection pressures of opposite direction on magpie nest size: sexual selection for a larger nest size and natural selection imposed by cuckoos for a smaller nest size. The evolutionary equilibrium nest size in di¡erent magpie populations should thus depend on the net selection pressure on nest size. Consistent with this expectation we found that nest size was 33^37% smaller in sympatric than in allopatric magpie populations (table 1) .

There is experimental evidence for magpies that nest size directly a¡ects female reproductive decisions such as clutch size, the start of incubation and, hence, the degree of hatching asynchrony, suggesting that nest size plays a direct role in sexual selection.

Great spotted cuckoos preferentially parasitize large magpie nests as indicated by a signi¢cant correlation between nest size and risk of parasitism in the Guadix magpie population in southern Spain.

The functional basis for this preference appears to be the high-quality parental care provided by magpies with large nests: experimental parasitism of magpie clutches in relation to nest size has revealed a signi¢cantly higher probability of successful £edging for cuckoo o¡spring in large nests.


Present work was focused on reduction of hexavalent chromium by indigenous bacteria along with aquatic plant (Eichornia). Bacterial strains isolated from Ittehad Chemicals drainage effluent, showed resistance to high Cr (VI) stress (0.5 mg/L -1 mg/L). Three bacterial strains were selected and named as S-4 (Ochrobactrum spp., KR095626), SF-5 (Bacillus subtilis, KP299171) and S-6 (Ochrobactrum grignonense, KR095627). Bacterial strain S-4 and SF-5 with Gram positive behavior showed less Cr (VI) reduction, while S-6 showed higher chromate reduction with gram negative morphology. Faisal and Hasnain in 2005 reported, gram negative bacteria were commonly found to reduce more hexavalent chromium than gram positive species due to presence of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and phospholipids in the outer membrane [14] .

Faisal and Hasnain in 2005 reported, gram negative bacteria were commonly found to reduce more hexavalent chromium than gram positive species due to presence of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins and phospholipids in the outer membrane.


To achieve the previous objectives, one should make the corpora comparable. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate the task of aligning comparable documents. Given a multilingual corpus which is not aligned, the objective is to automatically align source and target documents which are related to the same context. In this article, we tackle the comparability of documents in three languages: Arabic, English and French. There are two kinds of methods are tested in this paper to reach the objective of aligning documents; the first kind is based on lexical information and the second relies on latent information. We compare these methods on three different multilingual corpora; one is provided by the evaluation campaign: BUCC 2015 (Sharoff, Zweigenbaum, and Rapp, 2015) . This corpus is extracted from Wikipedia, the experiments consist in aligning French and English documents. The second one; is more suitable for our objective, since it concerns the press. This corpus has been built in a previous work and concerns documents of Euronews (Saad, Langlois, and Smaïli, 2013) . For this second corpus, experiments concern the alignments of the three languages Arabic, French and English. The third corpus is more challenging since, the objective is to align two different medias with two different editorial lines in different languages. The concerned medias are BBC and Al Jazeera. It is remarkable that building a comparable corpus from BBC and Al Jazeera is more difficult, since inter-lingual hyper links are missing, contrary to Wikipedia or Euronews.

We compare these methods on three different multilingual corpora; one is provided by the evaluation campaign: BUCC 2015.

This corpus has been built in a previous work and concerns documents of Euronews.


Natural antioxidants, especially phenolics and flavonoids, are safe and bioactive [6] . The natural antioxidants help to clear away harmful free radicals from our bodies. A free radical is any species that has the ability to independently exist, containing one or more unpaired electrons that react with the other molecule by taking or donating electrons [7] . Free radicals have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and other chronic diseases [8] . Therefore, antioxidant research is important for the formula of healthy life.

Natural antioxidants, especially phenolics and flavonoids, are safe and bioactive.

A free radical is any species that has the ability to independently exist, containing one or more unpaired electrons that react with the other molecule by taking or donating electrons.

Free radicals have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and other chronic diseases.


The tendency towards natural products to live a healthy life is increasing day by day. One of the practical prepared and most consumed of these natural products is herbal teas [1] . Thanks to the climate and soil, Turkey has a very wide range of plant that can be consumed as tea [2] . Plants have many phytochemicals that are potential sources of natural antioxidants such as phenolic diterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic acids [3] . These phytochemicals were reported that have bioactive properties e.g. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, anticancer and immuno-modulatory characteristics [4] . It has been advocated that there is a direct correlation between the increase of antioxidant-rich foods and the decrease in the number of human diseases [5] .

One of the practical prepared and most consumed of these natural products is herbal teas.

Thanks to the climate and soil, Turkey has a very wide range of plant that can be consumed as tea.

Plants have many phytochemicals that are potential sources of natural antioxidants such as phenolic diterpenes, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic acids.

These phytochemicals were reported that have bioactive properties e.g. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, anticancer and immuno-modulatory characteristics.

It has been advocated that there is a direct correlation between the increase of antioxidant-rich foods and the decrease in the number of human diseases.


Korean has a syllabic writing system like Chinese but unlike Chinese, it is also alphabetic (thus called alphasyllabary). Given the existing similarities and differences, the preview effects found in the present study may be attributed to forces operating on two levels, one related to the orthographic characteristics implemented in the Hangul writing system and the other deeply rooted in structural characteristics. The critical structural feature is the left-branching nature of the Korean language. Left-branching or head-final languages such as Turkish, Japanese, Tamil, Basque and Korean tend to place dependents before head words (e.g., direct objects before verbs) and information critical for meaning processing is often delayed. As a matter of principle, "the amount and the type of left-ward embedding" allowed is endless (Mazuka & Lust, 1990, p. 168 ) so that clause boundaries as well as processing of many words within a sentence may remain highly uncertain (Koh, 1997) . Therefore, there is a high demand for spatially distributed (parafoveal) processing, as any source of disambiguating information such as case markers, connectives, or verbs (all located at the end of the respective nominals, clauses, or sentences) must be accessed as quickly as possible to clarify meanings on the word and sentence level.

As a matter of principle, "the amount and the type of left-ward embedding" allowed is endless (Mazuka & Lust, 1990, p. 168 ) so that clause boundaries as well as processing of many words within a sentence may remain highly uncertain.


During the last two decades, eye movements have been used very successfully to study many aspects of reading. One of the shortcomings in this line of research has been that most of the work was focused on languages like English, German and French which use the Roman alphabetic writing system (Radach & Kennedy, 2004) . However, more recently, the field has started to close this gap, paying more attention to other languages and writing systems. A growing number of studies is focusing on Chinese, making it the prototypical alternative research environment, in which many of the issues are now being addressed that have been central to research in European languages. In contrast, only a few studies have looked at other writing systems, such as Hebrew, Japanese, Arabic or Thai.

One of the shortcomings in this line of research has been that most of the work was focused on languages like English, German and French which use the Roman alphabetic writing system.


Dengue is an infections mosquito-borne viral disease. It is estimated that about 50 million infections occur annually in over 100 countries [1] . There is no specific treatment for curingdengue patients. Hospital treatment in general is given as supportive care which includes bed rest, antipyretics, and analgesics. Most dengue infections are asymptomatic. Few of them suffer dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever, which may end up in fatality.

It is estimated that about 50 million infections occur annually in over 100 countries.


Constants a and b of Elovich equation may be used as an index of K release rate and initial rate of K release, respectively (Martin & Sparks 1983; Jalali 2007) . The constants for five soils as a function of four treatments are shown in Table 6 . The a value ranged from -614.9 to 120.9 mg/kg. The highest values were found for samples treated with vermicompost, and a values for samples treated with vermicompost were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than others. Control, zeolite, and vermicompost + zeolite treated samples did not show a significant difference in a values.

Constants a and b of Elovich equation may be used as an index of K release rate and initial rate of K release, respectively.


The majority of bladder cancer (~80%) is known as Non Muscle Invading Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) and generally presents with painless symptoms, either haematuria (blood in the urine which is not always visible) or urinary symptoms easily attributed to infection such as dysuria (pain while passing urine) [4, 5] . NMIBC ranges from lowgrade to high-grade with associated rises in risk of mortality but even slow-growing, low-grade tumours have an extremely high rate of recurrence post treatment of around 31% rising to 78% for high-grade tumours [2, 6] . These recurrences require multiple follow-up procedures and lengthy surveillance over several years. Late presentation to health care providers, aggressive disease and high recurrence rates combine with technological strategies for diagnosis and management that are expensive and require a high degree of clinical expertise to cause NMIBC to be considered one of the costliest cancers per capita. This is both in terms of financial and human cost; diagnosis, treatment and subsequent long term surveillance can have a substantial and negative impact on quality of life [6] [7] [8] .

The majority of bladder cancer (~80%) is known as Non Muscle Invading Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) and generally presents with painless symptoms, either haematuria (blood in the urine which is not always visible) or urinary symptoms easily attributed to infection such as dysuria (pain while passing urine).

NMIBC ranges from lowgrade to high-grade with associated rises in risk of mortality but even slow-growing, low-grade tumours have an extremely high rate of recurrence post treatment of around 31% rising to 78% for high-grade tumours.

This is both in terms of financial and human cost; diagnosis, treatment and subsequent long term surveillance can have a substantial and negative impact on quality of life.


In general terms, the kinetics of fi bril formation by Aβ, as well as many other disease-related and synthetic amyloidogenic peptides, consists of a lag phase, during which a thermodynamically stable nucleus needs to accumulate, which is then followed by a rapid elongation phase that sees the formation of mature amyloid fi brils [29] . However, on a structural level there is signifi cant debate over which conformational changes are essential for the timing of the reaction. Most proposed pathways for the initial stages of Aβ amyloid fi bril formation amount to a sequence of events that can be summarized as follows: unordered monomeric Aβ in solution converts into an 'activated' monomer that then recruits other Aβ molecules to form low-n oligomers [30] .

In general terms, the kinetics of fi bril formation by Aβ, as well as many other disease-related and synthetic amyloidogenic peptides, consists of a lag phase, during which a thermodynamically stable nucleus needs to accumulate, which is then followed by a rapid elongation phase that sees the formation of mature amyloid fi brils.

Most proposed pathways for the initial stages of Aβ amyloid fi bril formation amount to a sequence of events that can be summarized as follows: unordered monomeric Aβ in solution converts into an 'activated' monomer that then recruits other Aβ molecules to form low-n oligomers.


After completion of the balance tasks, subjects were allowed to warm-up on a stationary bike for 5 minutes and then perform simple lower extremity stretches for the hip, knee, and ankle musculature. Isokinetic muscle testing for the dominant hip, knee, and ankle joints were performed. Leg dominance was determined as the foot the subject would use to kick a ball or stamp out a fire. The reliability and validity of isokinetic lower extremity muscle performance has also been well documented in the literature [7, 10, 12, 17, 18, 35, 38] .

The reliability and validity of isokinetic lower extremity muscle performance has also been well documented in the literature.


The calculation of the final state is quite straightforward [10] . First one re-expresses the above state in terms of the fermion field via the replacement ∂ϕ = ψ † ψ. Next one applies the single particle S-matrix to each fermionic mode to obtain the corresponding fermionic out-state. The bosonic target space out-state is then obtained by rebosonization and applying the leg-pole transform.

The calculation of the final state is quite straightforward.