In addition to the major pain of, essentially, writing everything twice (once for batch processing and once for online processing), there was no standard online processing framework at Twitter until recently. The systems for counting events in real-time were responsible only for gathering signals and offered little support in helping a client manipulate and process them. Over the past several years, the result has been a proliferation of custom one-off processing engines for various specialized tasks. A good example that illustrates all these issues is described in a previous paper about Twitter's real-time related query suggestion architecture [28] . In that paper, we shared the case study of how a batch-oriented system was first built, only to be replaced immediately by an online system that depended on a custom processing system. Because the system was specifically built to implement a particular type of query-suggestion algorithm, it would be difficult to reuse the code for other related tasks.

A good example that illustrates all these issues is described in a previous paper about Twitter's real-time related query suggestion architecture.


Hadoop and batch analytics. A number of large Hadoop clusters comprise the core of Twitter's data warehouse. Data are imported from a variety of sources, including structured databases (e.g., user profiles and the interest graph), unstructured text (e.g., Tweets), and semi-structured interaction logs [23] . For analytics and building data products, data scientists typically use a higher-level dataflow language such as Pig or Scalding (Twitter's Scala API to Cascading). This is a mature production system, aspects of which we have previously described elsewhere [24, 25] .

Hadoop and batch analytics.

Data are imported from a variety of sources, including structured databases (e.g., user profiles and the interest graph), unstructured text (e.g., Tweets), and semi-structured interaction logs.

This is a mature production system, aspects of which we have previously described elsewhere.


OE is a promising membrane process that is usually applied to concentrate solutions under a concentration driven condition. The theoretical and practical aspects of this process have been studied since 1986. Other processes which also use as driving force the concentration gradient across the membrane are the osmotic distillation, osmotic concentration or gas membrane extraction [16, 17] .

Other processes which also use as driving force the concentration gradient across the membrane are the osmotic distillation, osmotic concentration or gas membrane extraction.


Furthermore, the lower water activity of concentrated juices in relation to natural juices provides protection against the growth of microorganisms, increasing the shelf life of the product. The process of concentrating juices also allows changes in the quality, quantity and price of fruits. Concentrated juices can be used as ingredients in various products such as ice cream, jams and fruit-based drinks [5] .

Concentrated juices can be used as ingredients in various products such as ice cream, jams and fruit-based drinks.


The membrane separation processes are present in various productive sectors. These processes do not involve phase changes and do not require chemical agents, thus representing a technological response to the demand for high quality products that are free of additives. The integration or replacement of some traditional operations by membrane separation technology allows energy consumption to be directly and indirectly rationalized, and at the same time improves the nutritional and sensory properties of the fi nal product [11] .

The integration or replacement of some traditional operations by membrane separation technology allows energy consumption to be directly and indirectly rationalized, and at the same time improves the nutritional and sensory properties of the fi nal product.


The main advantages of concentration by RO are as follows: high quality products are obtained due to a low operation temperature, resulting in the maintenance of thermosensitive compounds; it requires less power consumption. The main disadvantage of this technique is that a lower concentration level is obtained when compared to that achieved by thermal evaporation because the high osmotic pressure of fruit juice limits the efficiency of the process. Because of this limitation, the process of RO is generally used as a technique for preconcentration reaching a maximum concentration up 25° Brix to 35° Brix [13] .

Because of this limitation, the process of RO is generally used as a technique for preconcentration reaching a maximum concentration up 25° Brix to 35° Brix.


The water permeate fl ux can be increased by integrating OE and membrane distillation. In this case, the temperature difference between the solutions will also serve as a driving force. Although the aqueous solution is heated slightly during the process, the method still works under mild conditions because the temperature difference applied does not exceed 10-15°C [5] .

Although the aqueous solution is heated slightly during the process, the method still works under mild conditions because the temperature difference applied does not exceed 10-15°C.


HFD-induced obesity is also associated with the presence of higher concentrations of cholesterol, blood glucose, TG, and FFA in the circulation, and higher concentrations of markers of liver damage, such as ALT, AST, and LDH [52] . IOE ameliorated the hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia present in the HFD-fed mice, indicated by lower circulating concentrations of cholesterol, glucose, TG, and FFA. High FFA concentrations and chronic inflammation in WAT are considered to be two key factors contributing to the progression of liver pathology in NAFLD [21] . Hepatic lipid accumulation is caused by greater transfer of FFA from adipose tissue and de novo lipogenesis [53] . The resulting continual lipid accumulation in the liver can lead to the progression of NAFLD from hepatic steatosis to NASH. We have shown that IOE ameliorates hepatic TG accumulation, probably by inhibiting the uptake of excess FFA. DGAT1, a major enzyme involved in TG synthesis, plays an important role in fatty liver development [19] . Furthermore, de novo lipogenesis is mediated by SREBP1 and its downstream target, FAS [54] . IOE reduced DGAT1 expression, which is necessary for TG synthesis from diacylglycerol, as well that of SREBP1 and FAS. In addition, IOE administration induced the expression of AMPKα and CPT1, which promote or are necessary for lipid oxidation, which would facilitate the use of FFA to generate energy. Therefore, IOE inhibits hepatic steatosis by reducing TG accumulation in the liver. In this way, IOE could not only ameliorate obesity, but also obesity-associated metabolic diseases, such as dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis.

HFD-induced obesity is also associated with the presence of higher concentrations of cholesterol, blood glucose, TG, and FFA in the circulation, and higher concentrations of markers of liver damage, such as ALT, AST, and LDH.

High FFA concentrations and chronic inflammation in WAT are considered to be two key factors contributing to the progression of liver pathology in NAFLD.

Hepatic lipid accumulation is caused by greater transfer of FFA from adipose tissue and de novo lipogenesis.

DGAT1, a major enzyme involved in TG synthesis, plays an important role in fatty liver development.

Furthermore, de novo lipogenesis is mediated by SREBP1 and its downstream target, FAS.


In this paper we propose a functional ARCH model. Usually time series are defined by stochastic recurrence equations establishing the relationship between past and future observations. The question preceding any further analysis is whether such an equation has a (stationary) solution. For the scalar ARCH necessary and sufficient conditions have been derived by Nelson [23] . Interestingly, these results cannot be transferred directly to multivariate extensions (cf. Silvennoinen and Teräsvirta [25] ). Due to the complicated dynamics of multivariate ARCH/GARCH type models (MGARCH), finding the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of stationary solutions to the defining equations is a difficult problem. Also the characterization of the existence of the moments in GARCH(p, q) equations is given by very involved formulas (cf. Ling, S. and McAleer [22] ). It is therefore not surprising that in a functional setup, i.e. when dealing with intrinsically infinite dimensional objects, some balancing between generality and mathematical feasibility of the model is required.

For the scalar ARCH necessary and sufficient conditions have been derived by Nelson.

Silvennoinen and Teräsvirta).

Ling, S. and McAleer).


CAD/CAE integration remains to be a demanding research topic in the past two decades, as interfacing simulation and design tools for intelligent product development is still widely recognized as a technical gap without a general solution. Although a number of approaches have been studied, seamless CAD/CAE integration has not been fully realized. The majority of efforts focused on the front process of preparing the CAD model for CAE analysis effectively and efficiently. The close loop CAD/CAE interactions remain to be a research issue, and there are mainly two difficulties: how to synchronize the CAD and CAE models and how to interpret CAE results for design modification evaluation. In order to overcome these difficulties, this paper presents two new concepts. For the former difficulty, a CAE boundary feature concept is proposed to manage the geometric and semantic associations between CAD and CAE models based on the well-established associative feature concept [17] . This CAE boundary feature is defined as a software object class and its application is put forward as a robust tool to maintain analysis setup information consistency during CONTACT Yongsheng Ma yongsheng.ma@ualberta.ca the cyclic CAD/CAE mesh information conversion. For the latter difficulty, another class, referred to as CAE effect feature, is introduced by extracting the sensitivity information from two consecutive CAE run results; such extracted information are necessary for identifying proper design modification direction. By introducing these concepts, a new CAD/CAE integration framework has been developed which covers both the forward and reverse integrations and supports more automated cyclic product development. Before getting into the details, a brief literature review about CAD/CAE integration is presented below. From early 1980 s to 2000, CAD and CAE researchers focused on the geometry conversion and simplification. During that period, semantic information related to the CAE geometry meshes was missed during the conversion, and redundant efforts were needed to recover the lost information, i.e. the boundary conditions. Therefore, the efficiency is low, especially for cyclic design processes.

For the former difficulty, a CAE boundary feature concept is proposed to manage the geometric and semantic associations between CAD and CAE models based on the well-established associative feature concept.


One of the emotional problems resulting from blindness is anxiety. This is often triggered by an unidentified sound or smell and blind people may experience extreme anxiety until they obtain knowledge about its source from those who are not blind (Lim, 2000) . In addition, blind people may feel tense and anxious that those without blindness are watching them (Kim, 1999) . Blind people may not precisely recognize responses or evaluations around them and feel anxiety and fear due to their failure to understand information or cope with a danger or unexpected situation (Ma, 2003) .

This is often triggered by an unidentified sound or smell and blind people may experience extreme anxiety until they obtain knowledge about its source from those who are not blind.

In addition, blind people may feel tense and anxious that those without blindness are watching them.

Blind people may not precisely recognize responses or evaluations around them and feel anxiety and fear due to their failure to understand information or cope with a danger or unexpected situation.


A second emotional problem resulting from blindness is low self-esteem. Blind children's restricted capabilities and resultant limited experiences can lead to passivity, dependence, and learned lethargy (Kim, 2005) . As a result, their self-confidence and concept of ego are negatively affected and they have difficulty with actively expressing their thoughts and feelings to others.

Blind children's restricted capabilities and resultant limited experiences can lead to passivity, dependence, and learned lethargy.


The study results verified that sandplay therapy had a positive effect in reducing the anxiety of blind college students and enhancing their self-esteem and sociality. Freedom of sandplay and relational characteristics in a protected space promotes an exchange of minds (Siegel, 1999) . This is consistent with the observation that minds mutually affect each other and signals sent from one mind to another mind directly affect the flow of mental energy. The mental sphere of sandplay therapy strengthens and supports the newly emerging mental materials of counselees. In other words, in this space where the symbolic creatures of counselees are silently shared, their relationship with the therapist is a profound experience of making meaning and connecting with the Self (Turner, 2005) . Considering there has been no previous study on sandplay therapy for blind college students, it is significant that this study has found that sandplay therapy has positive application for their psychological and mental engagement.

Freedom of sandplay and relational characteristics in a protected space promotes an exchange of minds.

In other words, in this space where the symbolic creatures of counselees are silently shared, their relationship with the therapist is a profound experience of making meaning and connecting with the Self.


During sandplay therapy a player feels sand, expresses thoughts and emotions in their subconscious, and develops the capability to resolve problems by themselves. Sandplay therapy strengthens the blind player's self-consciousness so they can activate the power of self-healing in the process of voluntary self-realization and thus develop self-respect. Furthermore, the sandplay process over the course of multiple sessions develops not only the ego but also sociality, which may lead to improvement in relationships with others (Kim, 1996) .

Furthermore, the sandplay process over the course of multiple sessions develops not only the ego but also sociality, which may lead to improvement in relationships with others.


A third emotional problem because of blindness is lack of sociality. Those with blindness are lacking in social experiences as a result of their visual impairment. In interaction between blind children and their mother, she is dominant and authoritarian (Kim, 2003) . Blind children tend to have more interaction with adults, rather than their peers, and largely play alone, not playing together with others, and frequently are responsive rather than initiating social interaction with their peers. Blind elementary school students are known to have a tendency to prefer interaction with their teachers than with peers and form isolated relationships at school, ignored by their peers. Blind students are faced with such emotional problems due to blindness and there are few methods to resolve these problems.

In interaction between blind children and their mother, she is dominant and authoritarian.


Two of the major problems when using Protozoa and Metazoa in the plant's diagnosis stems from the fact that skilled workers specialized in zoology or protozoology are needed, and that the identification process is time-consuming. Image analysis emerges, then, as a potentially alternative tool to overcome such drawbacks. However, there have been few works in this field as yet (Amaral et al., 1999; Motta et al., 2001; Golz and Lange, 2001) . Therefore, the main objective of this work being the survey of the wastewater treatment plant conditions by Protozoa and Metazoa populations, the focus was set on the development of a semiautomatic program concerning the morphological characterization of each individual organism. Subsequently, the identification of each species or group was carried out by means of the discriminant analysis statistical technique (Einax et al., 1997) .

However, there have been few works in this field as yet.

Subsequently, the identification of each species or group was carried out by means of the discriminant analysis statistical technique.


At the lowest order in derivative expansion, the anomalous transport coefficients σ 0 χ/κ are known to be dissipationless [42, 71] . Particularly, they do not contribute to entropy production in a hydrodynamic system. It would be interesting to classify all the higher derivatives/nonlinear terms in the constitutive relations in accord with their dissipative nature [82] . We do expect that the higher order gradient terms would introduce dissipation and this would potentially affect various phenomena such as the chiral drag force [83, 84] .

At the lowest order in derivative expansion, the anomalous transport coefficients σ 0 χ/κ are known to be dissipationless.

It would be interesting to classify all the higher derivatives/nonlinear terms in the constitutive relations in accord with their dissipative nature.

We do expect that the higher order gradient terms would introduce dissipation and this would potentially affect various phenomena such as the chiral drag force.


Here, we demonstrate that the compression of GeO 2 glass network around the micro-explosion sites is induced by fs-pulses. This is the first direct observation of densification in GeO 2 glass confirmed by corresponding changes of several characteristic Raman lines. In particular, the D 2 -band of three-ring tetrahedral-(GeO) 3 increases in intensity and its position moves to the larger Raman shift wavenumbers. Comparison with hydrostatic pressure induced changes of Raman bands corroborates the presence of augmented pressure around fs-laser irradiated sites. The present analysis explains the densification of silica reported recently [17] . We discuss how formation of waveguides by laser writing could be controlled via a glass composition, which defines the fictive temperature behavior of the material, and/or by thermal conditions: heating and quenching rates. This can open new ways of material processing.

The present analysis explains the densification of silica reported recently.


Alternatively, the fracture process zone was measured by utilizing various experimental techniques. For example, dye penetration was used to estimate the position and shape of a crack front [7, 8] . Acoustic emission waves resulted from microcracking were detected by acoustic sensors, and related to the formation of the fracture process zone [9, 10] . Additionally, a digital image correlation technique was employed to investigate the size and width of the fracture process zone and extract corresponding fracture parameters [11] [12] [13] . Note that the measured fracture process zone size depends on specimen geometry, structural sizes and material properties. Furthermore, it is generally different from the analytically estimated fracture process zone size listed in Table 1 .

For example, dye penetration was used to estimate the position and shape of a crack front.

Acoustic emission waves resulted from microcracking were detected by acoustic sensors, and related to the formation of the fracture process zone.

Additionally, a digital image correlation technique was employed to investigate the size and width of the fracture process zone and extract corresponding fracture parameters.


Obesity has reached epidemic proportions linked with deleterious health and socio-economic consequences [1] . More than one-third of the US adults is obese (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) having signifi-cantly higher annual medical costs compared with normal-weight individuals [2] . The ATTICA study cohort has also showed increasing prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in Greece [3, 4] . In parallel to these obesity trends, cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence remains high, constituting a major public health problem with a serious economic impact [5] . Dyslipidemia constitutes one of the key CVD risk factors; thus, it is important to assess factors affecting lipid levels in obese patients as possible therapeutic targets. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key protein in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism that plays a principal role in the hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors' degradation and consequently affects LDL particles' catabolism and serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels [6] . PCSK9 also appears to interact with receptors other than the LDL receptor [7] . Gain-of-function mutations of the PCSK9 gene are identified as a cause of familial hypercholesterolemia, whereas loss-of-function mutations are associated with significantly reduced levels of LDL-C and a lower lifetime CVD risk [7, 8] . However, clinical studies regarding the role of circulating PCSK9 level on predicting CVD risk are not always consistent. A prospective cohort study showed that serum PCSK9 concentration is associated with future CVD risk even after adjustments for established CVD risk factors [9] . In contrast, a study in patients with acute coronary syndrome showed that high baseline PCSK9 plasma levels did not predict mortality at 1 year [9, 10] . Generally, more research is needed to determine the factors that affect circulating PCSK9 concentration and its association with CVD risk. In this context, the available data regarding the effects of adiposity and weight loss on circulating PCSK9 levels are limited.

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions linked with deleterious health and socio-economic consequences.

More than one-third of the US adults is obese (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) having signifi-cantly higher annual medical costs compared with normal-weight individuals.

The ATTICA study cohort has also showed increasing prevalence rates of overweight and obesity in Greece.

In parallel to these obesity trends, cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence remains high, constituting a major public health problem with a serious economic impact.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key protein in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism that plays a principal role in the hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors' degradation and consequently affects LDL particles' catabolism and serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels.

PCSK9 also appears to interact with receptors other than the LDL receptor.

Gain-of-function mutations of the PCSK9 gene are identified as a cause of familial hypercholesterolemia, whereas loss-of-function mutations are associated with significantly reduced levels of LDL-C and a lower lifetime CVD risk.

A prospective cohort study showed that serum PCSK9 concentration is associated with future CVD risk even after adjustments for established CVD risk factors.

In contrast, a study in patients with acute coronary syndrome showed that high baseline PCSK9 plasma levels did not predict mortality at 1 year.


The SDS-FRL experiment also provided insight about CesB protein. Given the smoothness of the fractured surface, the linear TC of Acetobacter is found in the P-face (the extracellular surface of the Linear pattern of the labeling was clearly found despite a relatively high non-specific antibody labeling, which is probably due to that the antibody is a polyclonal antibody against peptide Cellulose (2017 Cellulose ( ) 24:2017 Cellulose ( -2027 Cellulose ( 2025 inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer) of the outer membrane (Kimura et al. 2001) . The successful immunolabeling of CesB protein by SDS-FRL indicates that this protein remains with the replica even after SDStreatment, indicating that CesB protein significantly interacts with the outer membrane from the periplasmic side. This interaction is likely important for guiding the cellulose chain to the extracellular side and/or the crystallization of cellulose chains into a microfibril. Further SDS-FRL experiment with other antibodies will shed light on the locations of the other subunits.

Given the smoothness of the fractured surface, the linear TC of Acetobacter is found in the P-face (the extracellular surface of the Linear pattern of the labeling was clearly found despite a relatively high non-specific antibody labeling, which is probably due to that the antibody is a polyclonal antibody against peptide Cellulose (2017 Cellulose ( ) 24:2017 Cellulose ( -2027 Cellulose ( 2025 inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer) of the outer membrane.


Compiling the results of this and previous studies, we propose a hypothetical model for the TC of Acetobacter as shown in Fig. 6 . The CesA/CesB complex is embedded in the inner membrane, given that the ligands (UDP-glucose and c-di-GMP) are cytosolic molecules and the product cellulose is extruded outside through the membrane-spanning channel (Morgan et al. 2013) . CesC is depicted as the cellulose-translocating channel in the outer membrane according to the currently accepted model (Saxena et al. 1994; McNamara et al. 2015) . No immunolabeling from the lack of pretreatment, and weak immunolabeling from EDTA treatment alone for CesD protein indicated that CesD is located in the periplasmic space. The result of a biochemical study using marker enzyme assays also support this hypothesis (Iyer et al. 2011) . Given that the function of CesD is carried out downstream of CesA as discussed above, CesD protein is located close to the exit of the cellulose-translocation channel of CesA protein in the periplasm, as proposed based on a previous structural analysis of the Acetobacter CesA/CesB complex with electron microscopy (Du et al. 2016) .

The CesA/CesB complex is embedded in the inner membrane, given that the ligands (UDP-glucose and c-di-GMP) are cytosolic molecules and the product cellulose is extruded outside through the membrane-spanning channel.

CesC is depicted as the cellulose-translocating channel in the outer membrane according to the currently accepted model.

The result of a biochemical study using marker enzyme assays also support this hypothesis.

Given that the function of CesD is carried out downstream of CesA as discussed above, CesD protein is located close to the exit of the cellulose-translocation channel of CesA protein in the periplasm, as proposed based on a previous structural analysis of the Acetobacter CesA/CesB complex with electron microscopy.


Rolling bearing is one of the most commonly used parts in rotating machinery to support rotating shafts. Due to the fact that its health state is directly related to the safety and a stable operation of the machine, the research of rolling bearing fault diagnosis has a great significance in actual application [1] . However, the early incipient fault feature is very faint and interfered by the strong background noise [2] . When the rolling bearing is in failure due to the influence of load, friction, noise, and other factors, the measured vibration signal is a multicomponent amplitude-modulated-frequencymodulated (AM-FM) signal using system's natural frequency as carrier frequency and the fault characteristic frequency as modulation frequency, respectively. Thus, obtaining the AM-FM signal by the original signal decomposition and reducing the effect of noise are the emphasized research content in extracting the early faint fault feature of the rolling bearing.

Due to the fact that its health state is directly related to the safety and a stable operation of the machine, the research of rolling bearing fault diagnosis has a great significance in actual application.

However, the early incipient fault feature is very faint and interfered by the strong background noise.


Ultrasonic machining could be a potential solution for addressing the problems related to machinability of WC-Co material. The machined surface produced by USM does not carry any surface defects (cracks, recast layer, heat effected zone etc.) which is generally found in thermal based processes [22] . Therefore, an attempt has been made to further explore the machining efficiency in ultrasonic drilling of WC-Co composites. In the reported literature, very few investigators used the different types of tool profiles, tool feed rate as process parameters for their investigation. Moreover, few studies were reported on multi-response optimization problem. Thus, the current article is aimed to study the effect of tool profile, tool feed rate on MRR and TWR, by coupling these parameters with other critical, unexplored variables such as content of Cobalt constituent (in work material), power rating and grit size. An appraisal of independent effects of the input variables has been made and optimal parametric settings are identified. Grey relation analysis has been utilized for devising the multi-response optimization.

The machined surface produced by USM does not carry any surface defects (cracks, recast layer, heat effected zone etc.) which is generally found in thermal based processes.


Although no haplotypes were found only in the southern feeding group samples, the distribution of haplotypes was significantly different between the 2 groups, with values of 0.0125 for F ST (p = 0.0303) and 0.0311 for Φ ST (p = 0.0254). The median-joining network shows that although there is some differentiation between the haplotypes from the 2 feeding groups, for the most part the haplotypes from each are scattered throughout the network (Fig. 2) . Haplotype diversity and π were estimated at 0.928 and 0.0199, respectively, for the southern feeding group. These values are very similar to estimates obtained for samples representative of the larger population, which were 0.95 and 0.016, respectively (LeDuc et al. 2002) .

These values are very similar to estimates obtained for samples representative of the larger population, which were 0.95 and 0.016, respectively.


Nonradiating sources are defined as particular electromagnetic states that do not emit energy in the far-field region. They originate from oscillating charge-current configurations that do not generate electromagnetic fields outside a localized volume. Traditionally, nonradiating sources did not attract much attention in photonics, because it was believed that such states do not permit the energy propagation away from the source. On the contrary, the exotic states of matter attracted a lot of attention in the field of quantum mechanics in the context of radiationless motion, extended electron models, and radiation reactions, also providing possible scenarios for observing a dynamic form of the well-known Aharonov-Bohm effect [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

On the contrary, the exotic states of matter attracted a lot of attention in the field of quantum mechanics in the context of radiationless motion, extended electron models, and radiation reactions, also providing possible scenarios for observing a dynamic form of the well-known Aharonov-Bohm effect.


In the context of nonradiating sources, the theory developed during the 90-s demonstrated that different types of nonradiating states could be generated by combining classical electric and magnetic dipole modes with electromagnetic toroidal multipoles, in the configurations where the angular distribution of the energy density has the same and opposite parities [10, 11] . The simplest of these configurations is created by a toroidal dipole mode oscillating out of phase with respect to a single electric dipole. It was noted that such a particular interfering state forms a simple but nontrivial nonradiating point source, later recognized as an elementary dynamic anapole state, or simply anapole [12] .

In the context of nonradiating sources, the theory developed during the 90-s demonstrated that different types of nonradiating states could be generated by combining classical electric and magnetic dipole modes with electromagnetic toroidal multipoles, in the configurations where the angular distribution of the energy density has the same and opposite parities.

It was noted that such a particular interfering state forms a simple but nontrivial nonradiating point source, later recognized as an elementary dynamic anapole state, or simply anapole.


The symmetries of general relativity in asymptotically flat space at null infinity comprise an infinite-dimensional enlargement of the Poincaré group in four dimensions, known as the BMS group [1] [2] [3] . In addition to the expected Lorentz transformations, the BMS group also contains a subgroup of supertranslations, which act as angle-dependent translations along null infinity. The supertranslations are parameterized by functions on the celestial 2-sphere, and the Lorentz group acts on them via its natural action as the conformal isometry group of S 2 . Infinitesimally, the 2-sphere possesses a much larger conformal isometry algebra that includes generators with pole singularities, and it has been suggested that this extended algebra, together with the supertranslations, should constitute the true symmetry algebra for asymptotically flat general relativity at null infinity [4] [5] [6] [7] . The additional generators in the extended BMS group have been dubbed "superrotations," although since they can be thought of as local generalizations of the boosts of Minkowski space, they might more appropriately be called "superboosts" [8] .

The symmetries of general relativity in asymptotically flat space at null infinity comprise an infinite-dimensional enlargement of the Poincaré group in four dimensions, known as the BMS group.

Infinitesimally, the 2-sphere possesses a much larger conformal isometry algebra that includes generators with pole singularities, and it has been suggested that this extended algebra, together with the supertranslations, should constitute the true symmetry algebra for asymptotically flat general relativity at null infinity.

The additional generators in the extended BMS group have been dubbed "superrotations," although since they can be thought of as local generalizations of the boosts of Minkowski space, they might more appropriately be called "superboosts".


As a result, in this study whose aim is to represent GeoGebra as an alternative way of teaching of the periodicity of trigonometric functions that is usually taught algebraically not visually, GeoGebra assisted mathematics instruction is more effective than traditional expository mathematics instruction. The results of the study may be considered as favorable because the high school type of the working group students is not preferred often by the researchers and the mathematics achievement of students from this type of high school has been found as low (Mumcu et al., 2012) . It is recommended that some researches about this concept have to be conducted with students from different type of high schools, and also with pre-service teachers in universities.

The results of the study may be considered as favorable because the high school type of the working group students is not preferred often by the researchers and the mathematics achievement of students from this type of high school has been found as low.


The bacteria use signaling molecules which are released into the environment. The term of quorum sensing to describe the phenomenon in which bacteria converse via secreted signaling molecules called autoinducers, which regulated the expression of particular genes. In the natural environment, there are many different bacteria living together which use various classes of signaling molecules [1] . Quorum sensing allows bacteria to co-ordinate their behavior. As environmental conditions often change rapidly, bacteria need to respond quickly in order to survive. These responses include adaptation to availability of nutrients, defense against other microorganisms which may enter for the same nutrients and the avoidance of toxic compounds potentially dangerous for the bacteria. And quorum sensing inhibitors using various bacterial models, such as C.violaceum CV026, which is a violacein-gram negative double mini Tn5 mutant from C.violaceum ATCC 31532 [2] . Quorum sensing produce a natural antibiotic called violacein, which is a water-insoluble, purple pigment with antibacterial activity [3] . This research introduces quorum sensing screening of some medicinal plants from Mongolia.

In the natural environment, there are many different bacteria living together which use various classes of signaling molecules.

And quorum sensing inhibitors using various bacterial models, such as C.violaceum CV026, which is a violacein-gram negative double mini Tn5 mutant from C.violaceum ATCC 31532.

Quorum sensing produce a natural antibiotic called violacein, which is a water-insoluble, purple pigment with antibacterial activity.


With the rapid development of the economy and the accelerating process of industrialization, the demand for hazardous materials has been increasing year by year, resulting in a significant increase of traffic volume. Various types of vicious accidents have frequently occurred; therefore, all sectors of society have paid great attention to the safe transportation of hazardous materials. The special physical and chemical properties of hazardous materials can easily lead to secondary accidents when the accident occurred, resulting in dangerous goods leakage, explosion, poisoning and so on. According to statistics, in China, there are hundreds of security accidents caused by hazardous materials transportation every year (Lu, 2018) . It has caused great losses and potential threats to the lives and property safety of the state and the people.

According to statistics, in China, there are hundreds of security accidents caused by hazardous materials transportation every year.


With the increasing of ingot size, the quality problem is increasingly highlighted. Such as the segregation, porosity, surface defects, etc [1] . Numerical simulation of solidification is useful in getting high quality castings and minimising product cost and scrap and it has been used in ingot casting for many years [2, 3] . The microstructure control in large steel ingots is one of the most well-known and now classical problems in the field of solidification and casting [4] . J P GU got that the variation of the final solidification temperature due to macrosegregation is important for a large steel ingot [5, 6] . Z H Zhang built a three dimensional incompressible gas-liquid two-phase flow model to simulate the fluid flow of casting's mould filling process [7] . K Marx performed an systematic investigations concerning the filling process phenomena by application of advanced physical and numerical simulation methods [8] . Z H Duan investigated the formation of macrosegregation in a large steel ingot by analyzing the whole filling and solidification processes [9] . J Guo developed a dimensionless Niyama model to predict local microporosity by accounting for local thermal conditions during casting as well as the properties and solidification characteristics of the cast alloy [10] .

Such as the segregation, porosity, surface defects, etc.

Numerical simulation of solidification is useful in getting high quality castings and minimising product cost and scrap and it has been used in ingot casting for many years.

The microstructure control in large steel ingots is one of the most well-known and now classical problems in the field of solidification and casting.

J P GU got that the variation of the final solidification temperature due to macrosegregation is important for a large steel ingot.

Z H Zhang built a three dimensional incompressible gas-liquid two-phase flow model to simulate the fluid flow of casting's mould filling process.

K Marx performed an systematic investigations concerning the filling process phenomena by application of advanced physical and numerical simulation methods.

Z H Duan investigated the formation of macrosegregation in a large steel ingot by analyzing the whole filling and solidification processes.

J Guo developed a dimensionless Niyama model to predict local microporosity by accounting for local thermal conditions during casting as well as the properties and solidification characteristics of the cast alloy.


The Inert Doublet model (IDM) is one of the most straighforward extensions of the Standard Model (SM) [1] [2] [3] . It belongs to the class of Two Higgs Doublet Models (2HDM) which contain two SU (2) doublets in the scalar sector. One of these doublets, φ S , has a nonvanishing vacuum expectation value (vev) which is responsible for the spontaneous breaking of electroweak symmetry in the Standard Model while the second scalar doublet φ D by construction does not acquire such a vev. This second doublet is hence not involved in the spontaneous mass generation in the Standard Model and does not couple to the SM fermions.

The Inert Doublet model (IDM) is one of the most straighforward extensions of the Standard Model (SM).


We faced this problem while attempting to prove the soundness of a separation logic for Cminor, an intermediate language in the CompCert certified compiler stack [14] . CompCert's compiler correctness proof is dependent on the specific memory model used to define the operational semantics of Cminor and the other languages in the stack. Because this memory model makes the formulation of these operational semantics quite natural and well-suited to proofs by bisimulation, we found it undesirable from an engineering standpoint to modify the memory model and the operational semantics of Cminor to support the sorts of extra information useful in our proof of soundness of the separation logic. Instead, we chose to prove our separation logic sound with respect to a decorated semantics and then show that the decorated semantics corresponds to the intuitive semantics already used in CompCert.

We faced this problem while attempting to prove the soundness of a separation logic for Cminor, an intermediate language in the CompCert certified compiler stack.


A clear-cut example studied within ecological theory is the example of optical flow, defined as the apparent motion of objects, surfaces and edges in a visual scene, caused by the relative motion between an observer and the scene [6, 7] . Optical flow provides information about environmental properties such as time to contact (TTC), defined as the time remaining for an observer to be in contact with an object if the respective velocities stay constant [8] . TTC may be perceived directly through the detection of a unique variable (τ) that is defined as the ratio of the angular size of an object in the visual field and its rate of expansion [9, 10] .

A clear-cut example studied within ecological theory is the example of optical flow, defined as the apparent motion of objects, surfaces and edges in a visual scene, caused by the relative motion between an observer and the scene.

Optical flow provides information about environmental properties such as time to contact (TTC), defined as the time remaining for an observer to be in contact with an object if the respective velocities stay constant.

TTC may be perceived directly through the detection of a unique variable (τ) that is defined as the ratio of the angular size of an object in the visual field and its rate of expansion.


In this paper, we model distributed network attack-defense game as one-many game and formulate the game groupplayer's imitation behaviors as evolutionary process. Taking advantage of defenders' information superiority and attackers' imitation behaviors, we propose a dynamic game method to help defender gain more payoffs through inducing attackers' evolutionary process. The experiments prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. In our future research, we will apply the proposed method in other areas to verify the effectiveness, such as state estimation, dynamics control, resources allocation, or information management [16] [17] [18] .

In our future research, we will apply the proposed method in other areas to verify the effectiveness, such as state estimation, dynamics control, resources allocation, or information management.


Recently, a growing number of studies examined the role of tumor-induced systemic inflammation. Neutrophils cover an important role in the tumor microenvironment. These cells are able to produce cytokines and oxidative stress derivatives, and may favor tumor promotion, progression and distant spread by inhibiting the antitumor activity of the immune system [7, 8] . Among inflammatory markers, the prognostic significance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been extensively investigated in the very last few years. Many studies demonstrated that high NLR value is predictive of reduced overall survival (OS), cancer-related survival, DFS, progression-free survival, and enhanced resistance to therapies in a multitude of solid neoplasms [7, 9] . NLR could therefore represent an easily available and cost-effective indicator of tumor-related inflammatory response for therapeutic planning and follow-up.

These cells are able to produce cytokines and oxidative stress derivatives, and may favor tumor promotion, progression and distant spread by inhibiting the antitumor activity of the immune system.

Many studies demonstrated that high NLR value is predictive of reduced overall survival (OS), cancer-related survival, DFS, progression-free survival, and enhanced resistance to therapies in a multitude of solid neoplasms.


Carbide-free bainitic steel (CFBS) is considered to be one of the most promising candidates for heavy-duty railway crossings due to its excellent and compressive properties, such as high strength and toughness. However, some report indicated that brittle spalling and fracture occurred in the CFBS during the service and it was very sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) [1] . Hydrogen can greatly change the mechanical properties of alloys and steels and therefore can bring about material failure. It has been well proved that the probability of HE increases with the increase in strength. There was an appropriate silicon concentration (about 2 wt%) in CFBS, which suppressed the precipitation of cementite from austenite during the process of bainite transformation [2] . Previous studies proved that aluminium played a similar role to Si, and partial replacement of Si by Al had been studied in transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels [3] [4] [5] [6] . Besides, experimental results showed that the sensitivity of HE to CFBS was reduced due to the partial replacement of Si by Al [7] . However, its exact mechanisms are still only partly understood.

However, some report indicated that brittle spalling and fracture occurred in the CFBS during the service and it was very sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement (HE).

There was an appropriate silicon concentration (about 2 wt%) in CFBS, which suppressed the precipitation of cementite from austenite during the process of bainite transformation.

Previous studies proved that aluminium played a similar role to Si, and partial replacement of Si by Al had been studied in transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels.

Besides, experimental results showed that the sensitivity of HE to CFBS was reduced due to the partial replacement of Si by Al.


Whereas fluctuations in economic growth impact the situation in the labor market, labor adjustment affects aggregate GDP dynamics as well. With limited fiscal capacity and no room for monetary adjustment between the member states of the Euro Area, the role of labor mobility as a possible vehicle of adjustment to such asymmetric economic shocks became ever more important (Arpaia et al. 2016) . However, the debates surrounding the UK leaving the EU (Brexit) or the Hungarian anti-refugee referendum of October 2nd, 2016, document, that many EU citizens perceive labor mobility unfavorably. On that background, it is important to inform the mobility debate in Europe with hard analysis and data about immigration's effects on EU member states' labor markets.

With limited fiscal capacity and no room for monetary adjustment between the member states of the Euro Area, the role of labor mobility as a possible vehicle of adjustment to such asymmetric economic shocks became ever more important.


This online study had a 2 (creative achievement: high, low) X 2 (creative goals: high, low) X 2 (mortality salience: high, low) between-subjects design and was presented as a study on personality. Participants completed measures of creative achievement and creative goals that were embedded within filler questionnaires. Next, participants were randomly allocated to the MS condition or the control condition, and completed either the MS or control measurement, respectively. This was followed by the PANAS, which served as a delay and distraction task because previous research has shown that MS effects are manifested when persons no longer attend consciously to thoughts elicited by the manipulation (Greenberg et al., 1994) . Participants proceeded to complete the dependent variable, the DTA measure (Greenberg et al., 1994) .

This was followed by the PANAS, which served as a delay and distraction task because previous research has shown that MS effects are manifested when persons no longer attend consciously to thoughts elicited by the manipulation.

Participants proceeded to complete the dependent variable, the DTA measure.


To follow-up on the 3-way interaction, we used the SPSS PROCESS macro, Model 3 (moderated moderation) (Hayes, 2013) . The independent variable (X) was condition (dummy coded). The moderator (M) was creative achievement (centered). The proposed moderator (W) was creative goals (centered). The dependent variable (Y) was DTA. The breakdown of the 3-way interaction is shown in Figure 1a for high levels of creative goals and in Figure 1b for low levels of creative goals. It was found that the relationship between creative achievement and condition was significant at high levels (+1SD) of creative goals, B = -.96, SE = .42, t = -2.29, p = .02, 95% CI = -1.79 --0.13, and nonsignificant at low levels (-1SD) of creative goals, p > .85.

To follow-up on the 3-way interaction, we used the SPSS PROCESS macro, Model 3 (moderated moderation).

The dependent variable (Y) was DTA.


In current nanoparticle fabrication processes, control of the particle size and composition is still empirical, which means that a large number of experimental trials are required to optimize any given process [48] . Plasma properties such as size, gradient temperature, thermal conductivity, and cooling rate mainly depend on the used inert gases. Consequently, all parameters are kept constant to study the influences of helium and nitrogen on morphologies properties as well as magnetic properties. Here, we present the synthesis of both CEINPs and carbon encapsulated multi-iron nanoparticles. The morphological properties were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In order to verify the absence of iron oxide, the samples were analyzed by selected area diffraction (SAED), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques as well as fast Fourier transform (FFT). In addition, carbon shell crystallinity was investigated by Raman spectroscopy. Afterward, the magnetic properties were obtained from superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) characterization technique.

In current nanoparticle fabrication processes, control of the particle size and composition is still empirical, which means that a large number of experimental trials are required to optimize any given process.


Since nitrogen is diatomic gas, its plasma has higher energy contents for a given temperature than the atomic gases such as helium [53] . Because of high electronegativity of nitrogen, more energetic electrons are necessary to produce self-sustained arc discharge. Consequently, when nitrogen is used due to the high temperature the carbon electrodes were deformed during the experiment ( Figure S1 in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/450183). Regardless of inert gas type, in this arc discharge reactor the electron bombardment begins from cathode to anode and therefore the carbon from the anode electrode was consumed and deformed. This deformation caused changes in plasma shape, made it unstable and prevented continuous synthesis. Moreover, it has negative effect on formation and size distributions of CEINPs and CEMINPs. The size distributions of each sample are shown in Figure S2 . N0 sample reveals the best iron size distribution comparing to the other samples, because by using only helium the carbon electrodes show smaller deformation. In spite of usefulness of presented method for CEINPs and CEMINPs synthesis, plasma instability and discontinuous synthesis are the chief drawbacks. A brief investigation on the deformed carbon electrode by SEM has been done. SEM image from carbon piece taken from anode electrode is presented in Figure 3 and it revealed formation and deposition of spherical carbon particles on top of each other. Spaces between particles are visible clearly; therefore possibly this technique can be used for the synthesis and formation of carbon porous materials. Structure of carbon piece on anode suggests a mechanism of growth, which is large cross section of nanoparticles that facilitates the attachment of free electrons to the nanoparticles in the plasma region, therefore becoming attracted by anode due to the electrostatic forces. This contributes to forming very structured carbon deposition on anode electrode in Figure 3 . Thinner carbon deposition on cathode was observed probably due to the neutral nanoparticles and negative radicals of carbon. Moreover, the cathode suffers a significant ion bombardment (e.g., CH 3 + [54] ). In addition, according to the given growth mechanism of CEINPs, the nitrogen plasma has higher temperature compared to helium plasma, which results in higher availability of carbon species. According to our observation, higher contribution of nitrogen shows an increase in deposition of carbon related structure on the electrodes.

Since nitrogen is diatomic gas, its plasma has higher energy contents for a given temperature than the atomic gases such as helium.

Moreover, the cathode suffers a significant ion bombardment (e.g., CH 3 +).


Approximately 57% of all TTIs and 16% of transfusion-related deaths have been associated with bacterial contamination [8] . Bacteria implicated include Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In a study carried out in Ghana on bacterial contamination of blood products, whole blood accounted for the greatest percentage of contaminated blood products (13%), followed by platelets (9%) and plasma (3%) [9] . Gram-positive bacteria isolated were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, S. aureus, and Bacillus spp., while Gram-negative bacteria included Yersinia enterocolitica, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pnuemoniae. These bacterial species have also been implicated in studies carried out in Nigeria, the United States, France, and Japan, clearly indicating that they are a real threat to blood supplies worldwide [10] [11] [12] [13] . The prevalence of bacterial contamination and the clinical implications of contaminated blood and its products in Zimbabwe are not yet known.

Approximately 57% of all TTIs and 16% of transfusion-related deaths have been associated with bacterial contamination.

In a study carried out in Ghana on bacterial contamination of blood products, whole blood accounted for the greatest percentage of contaminated blood products (13%), followed by platelets (9%) and plasma (3%).

These bacterial species have also been implicated in studies carried out in Nigeria, the United States, France, and Japan, clearly indicating that they are a real threat to blood supplies worldwide.


Until there is a method for identifying, estimating, evaluating and trading-off visible and hidden benefits and impacts e i.e. positive and negative changes in the social, environmental, economic, and technical domains of value e poorly-informed decisions and inappropriate interventions will continue to be made. A more sophisticated method for assessing systems from the extraction to the recovery and management of materials, components and products (MCPs) is required to gain insights on how to best preserve and recover the multi-dimensional 'complex value' of resources, defined herein as measurable benefits (positive value) and impacts (negative value) in the environmental, economic, social and technical domains (Iacovidou et al., 2017b) . Such an approach could allow better support of policy and decision-making processes, preventing unintended consequences and problemshifting; benefiting concurrently the society, economy and the environment by delivering global optimal resource recovery scenarios; and catalysing the development of new business opportunities that exploit previously overlooked residual value hiding in waste MCPs.

A more sophisticated method for assessing systems from the extraction to the recovery and management of materials, components and products (MCPs) is required to gain insights on how to best preserve and recover the multi-dimensional 'complex value' of resources, defined herein as measurable benefits (positive value) and impacts (negative value) in the environmental, economic, social and technical domains.


There are no published data on the effect of ammonia injection on MAO-A activity in the isolated brain mitochondria. Previously we observed an increase in MAO A+B activity in brain non-synaptic mitochondria following injection of rats with ammonia [15, 18] . Because the activity of MAO-B remained unchanged, we concluded that MAO-A activity increased selectively in hyperammonemia. In the current study, we have shown the first direct evidence that MAO-A activity in isolated brain mitochondria increases in hyperammonemia.

Previously we observed an increase in MAO A+B activity in brain non-synaptic mitochondria following injection of rats with ammonia.


These combined observations certainly argue for examination of the relation between ammonia, NMDA receptors and MAO. Our previous work has produced promising results such as the prevention of ammoniainduced activation of brain MAO A+B with MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist [15] . Here, we hypothesize that the NMDA receptor in the brain is associated with regulating the MAO-A activity.

Our previous work has produced promising results such as the prevention of ammoniainduced activation of brain MAO A+B with MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist.


In this paper, we presented a representative set of QoS-models and QoS-routings for MANETs with an emphasis on QoS-aware on-demand routing and their support for QoS provision. Although most of the research focus on different problems, they are related to each other and have to deal with some common difficulties, which include mobility, limited bandwidth and power consumption, and broadcast characteristic of radio transmission in MANETs. A detailed and comprehensive comparison table is also provided for better understanding of QoS provision in MANETs through on-demand routing mechanisms. Cross-layer approach to QoS provision in MANETs has to be carefully researched to exploit the layer interactions effectively. Though layers with strict and well defined boundaries lend themselves to modular design/testing and interoperability, they could pose some challenges in the overall system implementation [33, 34] .

Though layers with strict and well defined boundaries lend themselves to modular design/testing and interoperability, they could pose some challenges in the overall system implementation.


Previous research realised that data pre-processing is of considerable importance in most classification tasks [3] [4] [5] . Feature transformation and feature selection are some forms of data pre-processing tasks that have been commonly used in the literature [4, [6] [7] [8] . These forms are generally aim to change the data into a simpler dimension that enable the machine learning algorithms to learn faster. Feature construction and feature extraction are two models of feature transformation. The former is defined as a process that discovers missing information about the relationship between features and adds the space of features by inferring or creating new features [9] . Feature extraction is defined as a process that extracts a set of new features from the original features based on some transformation functions and usually only the transformed features are used [10] . From the transformation view, feature construction usually expands the feature space that causes the number of features to be larger than the original features whereas feature extraction reduces the feature space that causes the number of features to be smaller than the original features. Feature selection (FS) takes another view whereby no new features will be generated, instead only a subset of original features is selected from the original features by removing the irrelevant and redundant features. Therefore, it reduces the feature space and at the same time does not change the semantics of the original features. These are the merits of FS that make it preferable over the others.

Previous research realised that data pre-processing is of considerable importance in most classification tasks.

Feature transformation and feature selection are some forms of data pre-processing tasks that have been commonly used in the literature.

The former is defined as a process that discovers missing information about the relationship between features and adds the space of features by inferring or creating new features.

Feature extraction is defined as a process that extracts a set of new features from the original features based on some transformation functions and usually only the transformed features are used.


Further investigation is warranted, particularly because of the existing excess burden of obesity in children in a lower SEP. Given the health risks associated with excess weight, and the observed socioeconomic patterning in chronic diseases, if trends in obesity prevalence are not improving at the same rate across socioeconomic groups, this will likely lead to further inequalities across a range of health and wellbeing outcomes. Understanding the differences between subgroups of the population is critical to ensuring policy makers can make informed decisions as to where preventive efforts should be focused. This is particularly important in light of evidence that demonstrates differential effectiveness of a number of obesity prevention interventions according to SEP [9] .

This is particularly important in light of evidence that demonstrates differential effectiveness of a number of obesity prevention interventions according to SEP.


The intrinsic properties assessed in this work were important parameters for the adherence and establishment of microbial communities on the stone surfaces. Adhesion of the microorganisms is regulated biologically by the microbial cell structure and their surface charge. It is physically controlled by the stone surface, which partially determines the availability of water, nutrients, niche possibilities, and thus the survivability of the microbes (Koestler et al., 1996) . Yet clearly, microbial colonisation of stone monuments is dependent on the availability of water allowing microorganisms to form biofilms on the stone surfaces. Rain or inundation penetration, water vapour condensation and drying by shrinkage are some examples of water availability on buildings. These water and moisture availability lead to microorganisms growth and spreading on and within the material causing significant damage.

It is physically controlled by the stone surface, which partially determines the availability of water, nutrients, niche possibilities, and thus the survivability of the microbes.


NE OF THE AREAS in which low frequency vibrations occur is ground transportation. The frequency content may vary from well below 1 Hz up to 80 Hz. Exposure to low frequency vibrations and shocks may affect human comfort and in some cases prolonged exposition to excessive vibrations may impair health. In many industrial vehicles, forestry and agricultural machinery, building and mining vehicles and machinery, due to their principle of operation, it is not possible to use axis suspension for vibration suppression, as it is the case in passenger cars, buses, railway vehicles, etc. It is necessary to undertake technical measures to minimize the effects of the vibration influence on workers by designing suitable driver's seats. Various national and international regulations limit the vibration exposure of workers. In Europe, this important issue is regulated by the Physical Agents (Vibrations) Directive 2002/44/EC [1] . According to this Directive, there are vibration exposure limits for workers subjected to the whole body vibration for a standardised 8-hour shift, which must not be surpassed. The particulars of measurement of exposition to vibrations are governed by the standard [2] .

In Europe, this important issue is regulated by the Physical Agents (Vibrations) Directive 2002/44/EC.

The particulars of measurement of exposition to vibrations are governed by the standard.


The embeddings of different encoders vary across various dimensions, the most obvious being their size. E.g., the literature has proposed embeddings ranging from 300d average word embeddings to 700d n-gram embeddings, to 4096d InferSent embeddings, to 24k dimensional random embeddings (Wieting and Kiela, 2019) . Unsurprisingly, comparing embeddings of different sizes is unfair when size itself is crucially related to performances in downstream tasks, as has been highlighted before (Rücklé et al., 2018; Wieting and Kiela, 2019) .

E.g., the literature has proposed embeddings ranging from 300d average word embeddings to 700d n-gram embeddings, to 4096d InferSent embeddings, to 24k dimensional random embeddings.

Unsurprisingly, comparing embeddings of different sizes is unfair when size itself is crucially related to performances in downstream tasks, as has been highlighted before.


We were surprised to note that the sham procedure was followed by an equivalent degree of HIF1α up-regulation as seen following SBR. This suggests that HIF1α alone is not responsible for the adaptation hemodynamic changes seen post-SBR. Alternatively, it must be considered that changes in HIF1α expression may have a differential effect on downstream targets in the SBR setting as compared to sham. Surprisingly, VEGF, a major downstream target for HIF1α was not up-regulated in response to SBR or sham. In fact, VEGF mRNA expression was decreased at 6 h post-procedure. Using PAM, VEGF has been established to be essential in epithelial cells for HIF1α mediated neovascularization, but is not required for the angiogenic process of endothelial sprouting [48] . Within the intestine, VEGF has been previously determined to be critical for a complete histological adaptive response to SBR and has been shown to increase the vascular density in the adapting bowel [49] . However, the timing and degree of VEGF expression following SBR in order for a complete adaptive response to occur are presently unknown.

Using PAM, VEGF has been established to be essential in epithelial cells for HIF1α mediated neovascularization, but is not required for the angiogenic process of endothelial sprouting.

Within the intestine, VEGF has been previously determined to be critical for a complete histological adaptive response to SBR and has been shown to increase the vascular density in the adapting bowel.


SBR results in villus angiogenesis and intestinal adaptation [1, 19] . The immediate, relative hypoxic environment following SBR has been previously reported and is manifested by decreased blood flow, decreased oxygen saturation, and increased tissue oxygen extraction [4] . The results of our present study demonstrate that this hypoxic environment is accompanied by early up-regulation of HIF1α and followed by a later increase in intestinal blood flow consistent with angiogenesis.

SBR results in villus angiogenesis and intestinal adaptation.

The immediate, relative hypoxic environment following SBR has been previously reported and is manifested by decreased blood flow, decreased oxygen saturation, and increased tissue oxygen extraction.


The notion that learning might be involved in nest building was not lost on inquiring minds in the 19th century, including that of Alfred Russell Wallace (1823 Wallace ( -1913 . He may have been the first to argue that nest building in birds was not due entirely to instinct: " [t] his point [. . .] is always assumed without proof, and even against proof, for what facts there are, are opposed to it" (Wallace, 1867) . Ironically, despite the passing of nearly 150 years, Wallace's statement is as relevant today with regard to both the popular and scientific opinion as it was in his time. Indeed, at present nest building in birds is a behaviour considered to reflect nothing more than genes (Bluff, Weir, Rutz, Wimpenny, & Kacelnik, 2007; Hansell & Ruxton, 2008; Raby & Clayton, 2009; Seed & Byrne, 2010; Zentall, 2006) . This view, however, continues to be based largely on untested assumptions, as there are very few data on how birds 'know' what type of nest to build.

He may have been the first to argue that nest building in birds was not due entirely to instinct: " [t] his point [. . .] is always assumed without proof, and even against proof, for what facts there are, are opposed to it".

Indeed, at present nest building in birds is a behaviour considered to reflect nothing more than genes.


Hibiscus rosa-sinesis (commonly called shoe flower, in tamil Semparuthi Poo) is wealthy in polyphenolic phytochemicals similar to tannins and phenolic proteins, triterpenoids, 2, 3-hexanediol, nHexadecanoic acid, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid and squalene [6, 7] . These compounds have excellent antimicrobial, anti-oxidative and anti-proliferative activity and therefore be used to treat cancer, especially lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma and pulmonary role [8, 9] . In adding together, the phytochemicals are believed to act as capping agent to stabilize the synthesized Copper nanoparticles and to prevent its coalescence. Such nanoparticles may have the advantage of offering synergistic biomedical effects. For example, antibiotic-coated nanoparticles exhibited a synergistic antimicrobial effect [10, 11] . Hence it can be hypothesized that Hibiscus flower extract may result in phytochemicals stabilized nanoparticles with better bio medical activity [12] [13] [14] .

Hibiscus rosa-sinesis (commonly called shoe flower, in tamil Semparuthi Poo) is wealthy in polyphenolic phytochemicals similar to tannins and phenolic proteins, triterpenoids, 2, 3-hexanediol, nHexadecanoic acid, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid and squalene.

These compounds have excellent antimicrobial, anti-oxidative and anti-proliferative activity and therefore be used to treat cancer, especially lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma and pulmonary role.

For example, antibiotic-coated nanoparticles exhibited a synergistic antimicrobial effect.

Hence it can be hypothesized that Hibiscus flower extract may result in phytochemicals stabilized nanoparticles with better bio medical activity.


D-chiro-inositol (DCI), a naturally occurring isomer of myo-inositol, is the main active nutritional ingredient in buckwheat. It acts as a component of a putative insulin mediator, a galactosamine D-chiro-inositol with an insulin like bioactivity [4] . DCI increase insulin sensitivity and decrease plasma glucose in obese rhesus monkeys with spontaneous insulin resistance [5] . In humans, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has also been associated with decreased urinary DCI excretion [6] . Therefore, DCI has great potential to work as an adjunctive drug in the treatment of insulin resistance ailments such as type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome [7] .

It acts as a component of a putative insulin mediator, a galactosamine D-chiro-inositol with an insulin like bioactivity.

DCI increase insulin sensitivity and decrease plasma glucose in obese rhesus monkeys with spontaneous insulin resistance.

In humans, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) has also been associated with decreased urinary DCI excretion.

Therefore, DCI has great potential to work as an adjunctive drug in the treatment of insulin resistance ailments such as type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome.


The present study focuses on to study the general pattern of urban expansion and land transformation in Srinagar city, further it also try to investigate specifically the impact of these land transformation on city's water bodies, considered as lifeline of the city. The rivers and lakes are notable not only for their size and volume, but also for providing habitats for aquatic fauna and flora, especially for a number of endemic species. Unfortunately, these bodies of water have been greatly affected by human-induced land use changes. The degradation of these bodies are largely attributed to extensive agricultural reclamation, resulting in negative ecological consequences, such as frequent flooding, a decline in biodiversity and the extinction of a number of endemic species [7] . In addition, water quality in most wetlands has also been heavily degraded, mainly due to wastewater discharges, all of which cause widespread eutrophication [8] [9] [10] . The Indian cities are found to be discharging up to 95% of wastewater directly into rivers, lakes and streams without any treatment at all. Consequently, the bacterial level resulting from human waste found in these water bodies are threefold higher than the world average and 50-fold higher than World Health Organization guidelines [11] . Moreover, land use activities such as deforestation and wetland reclamation also affect the quality and condition of freshwater bodies [12, 13] . These land use activities are widespread across the Asian continent and are particularly pervasive in India.

The degradation of these bodies are largely attributed to extensive agricultural reclamation, resulting in negative ecological consequences, such as frequent flooding, a decline in biodiversity and the extinction of a number of endemic species.

In addition, water quality in most wetlands has also been heavily degraded, mainly due to wastewater discharges, all of which cause widespread eutrophication.

Consequently, the bacterial level resulting from human waste found in these water bodies are threefold higher than the world average and 50-fold higher than World Health Organization guidelines.

Moreover, land use activities such as deforestation and wetland reclamation also affect the quality and condition of freshwater bodies.


Alteration is nearly inseparable from human occupation and use, and the goal is to encourage improvement and to counter forces that encourage degradation [3] . To assess what effect a particular land transformation and its consequences will have involves difficult issues of forecasting (future resource demands and opportunities as affected by technical and socioeconomic change) and evaluation (distribution and the rights of future generations). However, we now possess a better scientific knowledge of the physical extent, character and consequences of land transformation, which serves as the foundation for any such assessment. The simultaneous rapid growth in both population and economic output per capita, and the consequent changes in land use pattern come at a cost to the natural environment [4] [5] [6] . Demographic growth stimulates structural change through multiplier effects and behavioural changes attract immigrants. Urban areas have become the centre of all the activities -they are expanding in size, land use is changing quickly, constantly intensifying urban lands and large-scale land transformation is taking place due to substantial increases in urban land value and thus these areas have acquired centre stage. Cities are man -made physical structure, placed in natural settings. If the cities are well placed, well planned, well built, they remain in aesthetic harmony with nature. But cities with rapid growth (mostly in developing countries) grow without planning and relationship between urban form (the built environment) and nature generates an unending source of tensions and controversies. Cities need more resources and thus constantly keep on expanding, from the urban core into suburbs in exurbs, separating people more and more distantly from natural landscape.

Alteration is nearly inseparable from human occupation and use, and the goal is to encourage improvement and to counter forces that encourage degradation.

The simultaneous rapid growth in both population and economic output per capita, and the consequent changes in land use pattern come at a cost to the natural environment.


Subclinical Hypomagnesemia in ruminants may occur in some animals for a long time, often for months (Simesen, 1977) . When serum magnesium (Mg) approaches critically low levels, it may be accompanied by mild clinical signs such as nervousness and increased excitability. Certain conditions, such as fasting or reduced feed intake, may result in tetany or paresis.

Subclinical Hypomagnesemia in ruminants may occur in some animals for a long time, often for months.


In pancreatic β-cells, ATP-dependent potassium channels (K ATP ) have been reported to regulate insulin secretion by coupling the cell metabolism to the membrane excitability [1] . A key stimulus for insulin secretion is an increased blood glucose level that increases cytosolic ATP ([ATP] c ). However, this change is only a 30% to 40% above the basal ATP level [2] . The increase in [ATP] c in β-cells is believed to initiate the stimulus-secretion coupling cascade: promotes closure of K ATP channels, membrane depolarization of the β-cell syncytia and opening of the voltage-activated calcium channels (VACC), together resulting in the elevation of cytosolic calcium and triggering the release of insulin-containing granules [3] .

In pancreatic β-cells, ATP-dependent potassium channels (K ATP ) have been reported to regulate insulin secretion by coupling the cell metabolism to the membrane excitability.

However, this change is only a 30% to 40% above the basal ATP level.

The increase in [ATP] c in β-cells is believed to initiate the stimulus-secretion coupling cascade: promotes closure of K ATP channels, membrane depolarization of the β-cell syncytia and opening of the voltage-activated calcium channels (VACC), together resulting in the elevation of cytosolic calcium and triggering the release of insulin-containing granules.


A Kir6.2 -/-mice have been originally produced as an animal model for congenital hyperinsulinaemia. The main novelty of this study is that we assessed the physiology of Kir6.2 -/-β-cells in fresh pancreatic slice preparation in which cell-to-cell contacts, intercellular communication and tissue architecture are well preserved. In this study, we conclude that despite the predicted depolarized membrane potential in Kir6.2 -/-β-cells, both the functional expression of VACCs as well as modified exocytotic efficacy contribute to the observed age-dependent reduction of the β-cell activity. These results may help us to better understand the pathophysiology of PHHI in human patients. More importantly, despite the fact that the expression of the K ATP channels in β-cells seems to be the key element connecting glucose metabolism to insulin release, the loss of function mutations of the K ATP channels or complete absence of the K ATP channels may have an impact on time-dependency in the development of the phenotype. This time-dependent component should be considered in the design of the less robust therapeutic strategies for PHHI patients and other related human diseases. The gross appearance and the density of the β-cell packing in Kir6.2 -/-mice younger than 4 weeks did not differ from the islets from control C57/B6 mice (Figure 1(a) ). This result implies that K ATP channels are not critical in the early postnatal morphogenesis, however on the longterm they seem to be indispensable for the survival of insulin-secreting β-cells. This is in agreement with previous studies that showed that hyperexcitability of the Kir6.2 -/-β-cells may result in cell death or apoptosis due to calcium toxicity in aged mice [19] .

This is in agreement with previous studies that showed that hyperexcitability of the Kir6.2 -/-β-cells may result in cell death or apoptosis due to calcium toxicity in aged mice.


For grammar-based systems, a variety of tasks can be described using the general concepts of input product and output product (Maletti, 2010b) . Roughly speaking, these products restrict the translation described by the grammar to a given tree or string language on the input or output side. For practical purposes, the derivations of the restricted translation are represented in a compact way, e.g., using a weighted regular tree grammar (WRTG) (Alexandrakis and Bozapalidis, 1987) . The process of obtaining this representation is called tree parsing or string parsing, depending on the type of restriction. We illustrate the importance of input and output product by considering its role in three essential tasks of SMT.

For grammar-based systems, a variety of tasks can be described using the general concepts of input product and output product.

For practical purposes, the derivations of the restricted translation are represented in a compact way, e.g., using a weighted regular tree grammar (WRTG).


Portals acting as information aggregators can access different information resources [2] [3] . It is a Web-based application allowing users to access range of different high-level services using a browser interface. A portal framework can provide presentation abilities for Grid services in additional to personalization and content management [4] [5] . A so-called 2 nd generation portal normally consists of different portlets to process consumer requests to these services and generate dynamic content from the response [6] . Portlets usually act as components managed by portlet container to access a set of information resources. Portlet standard provides the possibility of resource reusability [7] [8] . For example, JSR 168 portlet can be plugged and played in a portal framework which supports JSR168 standard without source code modification. The supports of JSR 168 to window status and page mode provide the personalization to the end-users. The usage of Java Server Page ( JSP ) successfully divides the control and presentation function, and hide the complex resource calling and control logic in the back. It is possible to represent friendly User Interface ( UI ) easily. In Grid portal system, portlets as executing components are linked to the remote resources eventually, the portal performance is highly relayed by the implementation of Grid portlets [16] .

Portals acting as information aggregators can access different information resources.

A portal framework can provide presentation abilities for Grid services in additional to personalization and content management.

A so-called 2 nd generation portal normally consists of different portlets to process consumer requests to these services and generate dynamic content from the response.

Portlet standard provides the possibility of resource reusability.

In Grid portal system, portlets as executing components are linked to the remote resources eventually, the portal performance is highly relayed by the implementation of Grid portlets.


When using combined cycle power plants for ships, either the turbines can directly drive propeller shafts or a turbo-electric transmission can be used [2] . Turbo-electric transmission implies that electric generators convert the mechanical energy of the turbines (steam and/or gas) into electric energy, and an electric motor powers the propeller shaft. In this work, combined cycles with the gas and steam turbines connected to generators rotating with constant speeds are considered.

When using combined cycle power plants for ships, either the turbines can directly drive propeller shafts or a turbo-electric transmission can be used.


Considering large ship types like container vessels, bulk carriers and tankers, it is the container vessel that requires the greatest propulsion powers. In terms of load capacity, the majority of container ship orders today are in the Post-Panamax (i.e. not able to pass the Panama Canal) and New Panamax (i.e. able to pass the Panama Canal after a widening) classes, carrying in the range of 5 101-14 500 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) containers [27] . The largest vessels currently delivered can carry 15 500 TEU, which corresponds to a propulsion power demand of about 76 MW. In the future, ultra large vessels carrying up to 22 000 TEU are expected, requiring a propulsion power of about 90 MW.

In terms of load capacity, the majority of container ship orders today are in the Post-Panamax (i.e. not able to pass the Panama Canal) and New Panamax (i.e. able to pass the Panama Canal after a widening) classes, carrying in the range of 5 101-14 500 twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) containers.


Today the great majority of prime movers and auxiliary plants of ocean-going ships are diesel engines. In terms of maximum installed engine power of all civilian ships above 100 gross tons, 96% is produced by diesel engines [1] . As for large ships, almost all are powered by slow-speed, two-stroke diesel engines. The primary reasons for this dominance are their high efficiency (also at part-load), and that they can run on heavy fuel oil (residual fuel oil manufactured at the "bottom end" of the oil refining process).

In terms of maximum installed engine power of all civilian ships above 100 gross tons, 96% is produced by diesel engines.


Online peer reviews give consumers easy access to a variety of information about products that would otherwise be difficult to find, and extend interpersonal influence into the online realm. People are choosing to get information about products from online sources prior to making purchasing decisions. As consumers adapt their product evaluation process to take advantage of information online, they are increasingly relying on eWOM and peer reviews to supplement information from the company selling the product [6, 9] . This project examined how people use online peer reviews and the role of visual characteristics of images and the quality of text in their attribution of source credibility and how all this worked together to influence purchase intention.

As consumers adapt their product evaluation process to take advantage of information online, they are increasingly relying on eWOM and peer reviews to supplement information from the company selling the product.


As with any experiment, the added control that allows for the manipulation of certain factors also functions to limit external validity. While the online website used closely mirrored online sales sites, it would not be exactly the same as a truly interactive website advertising a product. We also recognize that people's motives to go online are different in this experimental context than when people are really shopping online, or have a goal of shopping for a particular item, and the implications of these results are further limited to responses to products and purchase intention and may not be applicable to responses to other types of information [10] . Secondly, while participants were asked how interested they were in purchasing televisions in the future, no manipulation can create the degree of investment associated with an individual actively preparing for (and researching) such a major purchase. This may be a particular issue given that these participants were undergraduates. We manipulated the text written by the source and the image representing the source, there was no other information about the source such as the number of recommendations of each comment or previous purchases, which have been shown to influence source trustworthiness [9] . It is also true that the results could be different if participants had evaluated another type of product, such as a water bottle or a car, instead of a television. Future researchers should explore these variables and the influence on this process.

We also recognize that people's motives to go online are different in this experimental context than when people are really shopping online, or have a goal of shopping for a particular item, and the implications of these results are further limited to responses to products and purchase intention and may not be applicable to responses to other types of information.

We manipulated the text written by the source and the image representing the source, there was no other information about the source such as the number of recommendations of each comment or previous purchases, which have been shown to influence source trustworthiness.


The perceptions of an image's credibility are driven by perceptions of anthropomorphism beyond the manipulated characteristics of the image, therefore, pre-testing and targeting images to specific populations will continue to be important in online research or when choosing an avatar, or image, to represent a product or person online. This is likely because of the well-established association between anthropomorphic entities and social potential, or intelligence [43] . Given the impact of these characteristics on credibility and the impact of the perceived credibility on purchase intention, future research should investigate how manipulations in these characteristics can increase or decrease perceived credibility and, in turn the ultimate purchasing decision by consumers while remaining wary of the fact that these are subjective perceptions and can vary across individuals.

This is likely because of the well-established association between anthropomorphic entities and social potential, or intelligence.


The hypotheses were tested using path modeling techniques in AMOS (v. 20). After the successful manipulation check reported above, the image manipulation was coded as high or low anthropomorphism and credibility (1 or −1), and the text manipulation was coded as high or low text credibility (1, −1). The tested path model (as shown in Figure 3 ) provided a good fit of the data, X 2 (11) = 14.6, p = 0.01. The root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA) (0.027) and the comparative fit index (CFI) (0.99) also suggest that the data was a good fit of the predicted model. This RMSEA value is less than 0.05, which is in the ideal value range [48] . In addition to this, all of the identified paths were moderate to large, significant (except for the path from image condition to perceived image credibility), and in the predicted direction. A correlation matrix for path variables is included in Table 1 . Individual hypotheses and the process model as a whole will be discussed below. As predicted by H1; the path from anthropomorphism to image credibility shows that images perceived to be more anthropomorphic were also perceived to be more credible. Interestingly; there is no significant direct path from the image manipulation to perceived image credibility; and the non-significant path is only β = 0.04. There is a significant path from image condition to anthropomorphism and from anthropomorphism to perceived credibility; showing an indirect path from image manipulation to image credibility through anthropomorphism. This means that perceived anthropomorphism is driving predicted social potential; which influence credibility directly; and image the manipulation itself only influenced perceived credibility because of the variance in anthropomorphism. To show this relationship in another way; we tested the effect of anthropomorphism and the image manipulation on image credibility using a multiple linear regression. The overall model is significant (R 2 = 0.27; F(2; 380) = 70.89; p < 0.001); as is the effect of anthropomorphism on perceived image credibility (β = 0.36; p < 0.001); but the beta weight for the effect of the manipulation on perceived credibility is not significant (β = 0.09, p = 0.55). This reinforces the conclusion of the path model that it is the perceived image anthropomorphism that is driving perceived credibility and social potential.

This RMSEA value is less than 0.05, which is in the ideal value range.


To ensure the safe and stable operation of the ventilation system, mine ventilation network (MVN) models have been widely applied in simulating and optimizing ventilation systems. This is an effective tool for ventilation planning prior to mining, understanding the current ventilation condition, and predicting the condition for further ventilation development [7, 8] . To avoid air disorder or air inversion, mine ventilation simulation needs to be done before reforming the ventilation systems. Through applying a number of changes (adding/removing branches and nodes, changing resistance of roadways, revising parameters of fans, etc.) to the original model, simulation experiments are conducted to obtain the air distribution situation after new development or ventilation upgrade. These numerical model experiments can provide quick feedback, diagnose existing or potential problems, and help the ventilation engineer to evaluate the proposed ventilation plan [9] .

This is an effective tool for ventilation planning prior to mining, understanding the current ventilation condition, and predicting the condition for further ventilation development.

These numerical model experiments can provide quick feedback, diagnose existing or potential problems, and help the ventilation engineer to evaluate the proposed ventilation plan.


In an MVN with b branches and j junctions, there are (b − j + 1) independent circuits [16] . The most common way to obtain the number of independent circuits in an MVN is through calculating the independent circuit matrix. The process is shown as below. Firstly, all of the the branches and nodes in the MVN are numbered. Secondly, a minimum spanning tree weighted by ventilation resistance is selected. Then, the fundamental incidence matrix B is obtained through combining the cotree's branches with the tree's branches, as shown in Equation (1).

In an MVN with b branches and j junctions, there are (b − j + 1) independent circuits.

The process is shown as below.


Another group of detection strategies uses electrical characterization, which scans the detection volume with an electrical frequency sweep over a range of frequencies. One method is electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), inspecting both real and imaginary parts of impedances typically from tens of hertz to mega hertz. EIS systems are simpler to construct than optical systems, more compatible with microtechnology, as well as more reliable [1] . There have been reports on microfabricated EIS prototypes intended for microfluidic systems, which are based on changes in solution conductivity [2, 3, 4] .

EIS systems are simpler to construct than optical systems, more compatible with microtechnology, as well as more reliable.

There have been reports on microfabricated EIS prototypes intended for microfluidic systems, which are based on changes in solution conductivity.


However, for particle detection, micro-EIS systems present another advantage, that is, utilizing dielectrophoresis (DEP) to concentrate particles for enhanced sensitivity. Particles suspended in fluid could experience forces when subjected to AC electric fields, either attracted or repelled from the electrodes according to their dielectric properties. Due to proximity of microfabricated electrodes, sufficient electric field strength can be obtained with relatively low voltages applied over the electrodes. Recent experiments have demonstrated the use of DEP for manipulation and characterization of particles, and the separation of mixtures, such as cells, bacteria, and latex spheres [5, 6, 7, 8] . Since AC scanning signals are adopted in EIS detection, DEP can be readily combined with EIS. In some cases, the trapped bioparticles are even perforated by the electrodes using a ramped voltage to further enhance the EIS sensitivity [9] . There is a general belief that the DEP phenomenon has yet to be fully exploited for attracting target bioparticles to biosensors, thus enhancing the sensitivity of the sensor. The experiments in our work show that DEP is not species sensitive and hence species-sensitivity remains a major task o f the sensor -DEP only removes the transport limitation to the sensor.

Recent experiments have demonstrated the use of DEP for manipulation and characterization of particles, and the separation of mixtures, such as cells, bacteria, and latex spheres.

In some cases, the trapped bioparticles are even perforated by the electrodes using a ramped voltage to further enhance the EIS sensitivity.


One appealing aspect of CMPs is the inherent redundancy of hardware resources, which can be exploited for error detection and recovery. Current proposals for DMR-based CMPs statically bind core pairs at design time and rely on dedicated cross-core communication [7, 24, 29] . This presents important limitations. For example, when a core fails due to a manufacturing defect or early lifetime failure, the remaining core in its DMR pair can no longer be checked for hard or soft errors. This effectively doubles the number of unavailable cores for fault-tolerant execution. In the presence of process variations, functional DMR pairs consisting of cores with different frequency or leakage characteristics may have to run at the speed of the slower core, leading to additional performance degradations. Hardwired DMR also presents limitations to effective power density/thermal management, as DMR pairs running code with similar power/thermal characteristics are necessarily placed next to each other on the die.

Current proposals for DMR-based CMPs statically bind core pairs at design time and rely on dedicated cross-core communication.

This presents important limitations.