These absorbances are characteristic of melanoidins (López-Galilea et al., 2008) . They correspond to colourless browning intermediates produced during the initial induction period. Simple structure compounds produced during the early stages of the Maillard reaction are related to absorbance in the UV region and the analysis of the spectra of the browned fraction solutions produced allowed changes related to subsequent stages of the Maillard reaction to be detected. The first stages of the browning reaction in the systems used are characterized by the appearance of absorption around 280 nm (A 280 ). This increased linearly with time, and can be related to heterocyclic derivatives (Bekedam et al., 2008) . As the reaction proceeds, this absorbing material is progressively reduced due to the appearance of more complex compounds absorbing at 325 nm (A 325 ). It is generally accepted that melanoidins contain conjugated systems which result in light absorption across the whole spectrum. On the basis of these data, it can be stated that measurement of the absorption at 280, 325, and 405 nm provides useful information on the relative amount of melanoidins fraction. Absorbance at 420 nm (A 420 ) allows the browning due to the presence of soluble premelanoidins to be measured. The majority of the colored compounds after filtration were not retained in the highmolecular-weight fraction (300-150 kDa) but below it. This result is in line with the literature describing browning in sugaramino acid systems. A much higher percentage of color was detected in the high-molecular-weight fraction (Wagner et al., 2007) .

These absorbances are characteristic of melanoidins.

This increased linearly with time, and can be related to heterocyclic derivatives.

A much higher percentage of color was detected in the high-molecular-weight fraction.


The coefficients of the firm-level variables can be interpreted as they are in ordinary binomial logit regressions (Block et al., 2012) . A significant positive (negative) coefficient implies an increase (a decrease) in the probability of finding access to bank loans difficult as the value of a particular variable increases. Regarding the country-level variables, a significant positive (negative) coefficient means that higher values for the particular variable are associated with a tendency of firms to perceive obtaining loans as difficult (easy) in such countries.

The coefficients of the firm-level variables can be interpreted as they are in ordinary binomial logit regressions.


Large acid dry soil potential in Indonesia is a chance to produce various crop commodities (food crops, estates, or livestock's feed crops). Several soils that generally had acid pH in the dry area were Entisols, Inceptisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, and Spodosols, especially for area, which has wet climate with high rainfall. The largest ordos were Ultisol and Inceptisols, with its dominan spreading was in the Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Papua (Mulyani et al. 2004) . Utisol was one of soil types which widely spreaded reaching 45794000 ha or about 25% of total of Indonesian land, which was widely used as estate area, among other oil palm, rubber, and industry plantation .

The largest ordos were Ultisol and Inceptisols, with its dominan spreading was in the Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Papua.


Filtering was performed with digital equiripple finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Pass-band and stop-band frequencies of the digital FIR filter were defined using a Fourier transformation [29] . The pass-band and stop-band frequencies were determined with discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in the region between the frequencies that are mainly the result of the piston kinematics and combustion and the frequencies of first eigen resonance spectra occurrence. The validation of the acquired transition bands was performed with short-time Fourier transform (STFT) analysis and transition bands were corrected if needed.

Pass-band and stop-band frequencies of the digital FIR filter were defined using a Fourier transformation.


Rust fungi of the genera Hyalopsora, Milesina and Uredinopsis (Pucciniastraceae) are restricted to fern hosts in their sporophytic phase (uredinia and telia) while their gametophyte (spermogonia and aecia) occurs, as far as known, on members of the Northern Hemisphere conifer Abies (Pinaceae). The uredinia of these rust fungi are characterized by a dome-shaped, delicate peridium made up by a single layer of more or less isodiametric cells (Moss 1926) . Uredinia of this morphological type are classified in the anamorph genus Milesia. Though taxonomically correct, this nomenclatural situation is unfortunate because of the deceptive similarity to the telial name Milesina and the fact that uredinia of Milesia type occur within the rust family Phakopsoraceae as well.

The uredinia of these rust fungi are characterized by a dome-shaped, delicate peridium made up by a single layer of more or less isodiametric cells.


In the multivariate analysis, older women had a higher chance of delivery in health facilities than their younger counterparts. The relations between age and institutional delivery in the literature have conflicting findings. Studies have reported that older women may believe that there is less risk to home delivery due to previous uneventful pregnancies and deliveries [12] . On the other hand, older women may become knowledgeable during successive ANC visits on the benefits of health facility deliveries. Obstetric complications may increases with age as a result older women may use health facility for delivery than younger women [11] . Hence ANC visits for younger mothers should focus on the benefits of institutional delivery as well as the unpredictability of risks and complications during the course of pregnancy and delivery.

Studies have reported that older women may believe that there is less risk to home delivery due to previous uneventful pregnancies and deliveries.

Obstetric complications may increases with age as a result older women may use health facility for delivery than younger women.


Software testing is a widely used quality assurance approach, the basic idea of which is to select a limited number of test cases as inputs, and then observe whether the outputs of the program under test are as expected, with a fault being reported when unexpected outputs are detected. In most situations, the number of possible inputs for a program may be extremely large, so it is impossible to conduct the exhaustive testing. In order to make testing efficient, various strategies have been proposed to select part of program inputs as test cases such that software failures can still be effectively detected [29] .

In order to make testing efficient, various strategies have been proposed to select part of program inputs as test cases such that software failures can still be effectively detected.


Based on the results of HRTEM and EDS, a possible growth mechanism of multi-walled CNTs filled with MgO nanorods was proposed. It is known that catalyst materials Journal of Nanomaterials at the ends of CNTs were easy to be encapsulated into the CNTs [23] [24] [25] . However, in this system, there were no magnetic catalysts to promote the encapsulation and their growth mechanism cannot be used to explain the growth of the MgO-filled multi-walled CNTs. And there are no other reports on the encapsulation of MgO nanostructures inside multi-walled CNTs. Some porous MgO nanorods with the diameters of 25-40 nm, similar in size to the MgO nanorods encapsulated by multi-walled CNTs, were observed by TEM (Figure 4(a) ). The inset in Figure 4 (a) is an enlarged individual porous MgO nanorod, which was characterized by HRTEM (Figure 4(b) ). The formation of MgO may be ascribed to the reaction of Mg power and TiO 2 . Simultaneously TiC nanoparticles form between Ti coming from TiO 2 and carbon atoms. The inset in Figure 4 (b) further proved that the porous nanorods were coated with layers of graphite. Porous structures have high specific surface area and high surface energy [26] . Therefore carbon atoms were easy to deposit on the surface of the MgO nanorods. As the reaction proceeded, the graphite layers turned into highly ordered multi-walled CNTs and finally the MgO-filled CNTs were formed.

It is known that catalyst materials Journal of Nanomaterials at the ends of CNTs were easy to be encapsulated into the CNTs.

Porous structures have high specific surface area and high surface energy.


In this way, thermal conductivity quantifies the ability of materials to conduct heat. Materials with high thermal conductivity conduct heat faster than materials with low thermal conductivity. Hence, materials with high thermal conductivity are used as heat sinks and materials of low thermal conductivity are used in thermal insulation [17] . The study of the thermal conductivity of concrete, as well as other thermal properties, is important for the analysis of temperature gradients (difference between maximum and minimum temperatures), thermal deformations, the chances of cracking, and thermal insulation capacity.

Hence, materials with high thermal conductivity are used as heat sinks and materials of low thermal conductivity are used in thermal insulation.


The analysis of the thermal behaviour of concrete is important, since this property influences the behaviour of concrete in several domains, among which is the onset of cracks with thermal origin, due to the heat of hydration. Cement hydration is an exothermic chemical process, during which significant volumetric variations occur in the concrete, which, if partially or totally restrained, can lead to the appearance of tensile stresses and, consequently, to the onset of cracks. This type of cracks can lead to serious durability problems, due to the increased permeability of concrete to the entrance of external aggressive agents [16] .

This type of cracks can lead to serious durability problems, due to the increased permeability of concrete to the entrance of external aggressive agents.


This paper has presented a methodology for developing and deploying distributed applications, exploiting many of the features of the RRT middleware. The strengths of the approach are that the application logic can be designed and implemented completely independently of distribution concerns, easing the development task, and that this gives great flexibility to alter distribution decisions late in the development cycle. The RRT middleware is available for download [1] .

The RRT middleware is available for download.


History recording and HAIG-based sequential verification have been partially implemented in ABC [4] . The SAT solver used is a modified version of MiniSat-C_v1.14.1 [10] . The benchmarks used are 20 largest public circuits from the ISCAS'89, ITC'97, and Altera QUIP benchmark suites [1] . The runtimes were measured in seconds on a workstation with two dual-core AMD Opteron 2218 CPUs with 16GB RAM, and runs x86_64 GNU/Linux. Only one core was used in the experiments.

History recording and HAIG-based sequential verification have been partially implemented in ABC.

The SAT solver used is a modified version of MiniSat-C_v1.14.1.

The benchmarks used are 20 largest public circuits from the ISCAS'89, ITC'97, and Altera QUIP benchmark suites.


The third section of Table 2 shows the parameters of the CNF from the two timeframes of the HAIG using efficient AND-to-CNF conversion [11] . The last section shows the runtimes of SAT-based verification using the HAIG (column "HSEC") and of the general-purpose SEC (column "GSEC") in ABC (command dsec [24] ). Entry 1000+ indicates a timeout at 1000 seconds.

The third section of Table 2 shows the parameters of the CNF from the two timeframes of the HAIG using efficient AND-to-CNF conversion.

The last section shows the runtimes of SAT-based verification using the HAIG (column "HSEC") and of the general-purpose SEC (column "GSEC") in ABC (command dsec).


Mold growth on bakery products during storage is a serious economic problem. Mold spoilage of bakery products has been the subject of many studies and a number of species have been implicated. The mold frequently involved are Penicillium, Aspergillus, Eurotium and Walemia species (Dantigny et al., 2005) .

The mold frequently involved are Penicillium, Aspergillus, Eurotium and Walemia species.


In addition to the economic losses associated with bakery products, another concern is the possibility of mycotoxin production. Therefore, the presence of toxinogenic fungi and mycotoxins in food and grains stored for long periods of time present a potential hazard to human and animal health. Improper storage conditions offer favorable environment for the growth of Aspergillus spp. Some species such as Aspergillus flavus can produce toxic secondary metabolites: like aflatoxins, ochratoxins, cyclopiazonic acid and they affect the food safety (Pardo et al., 2006) .

Some species such as Aspergillus flavus can produce toxic secondary metabolites: like aflatoxins, ochratoxins, cyclopiazonic acid and they affect the food safety.


The parametric study also shows that the operating temperature drops proportionally to the increase of the PCM width: after 3600s, T = 34.9°C when L = 0.049m whereas T=37°C when L = 0.02m. Comparing curves (c) and (d) shows that the same trend is observed when the panel height is increased but only when the PCM has completely melted. In brief, it is better to increase the PCM width than its height to lower the panel's temperature. Adding cooling fins in the PCM tank provides a faster attenuation of the operating temperature because the PCM bulk conductivity is increased. But this layout accelerates the phase transition too. When the PCM has completely melted, the operating temperature rises faster than for all other SP/PCM architectures (Fig. 6 ). This fact moderates the idea that adding cooling fins makes SP/PCM systems more efficient [4] .

This fact moderates the idea that adding cooling fins makes SP/PCM systems more efficient.


For an image classifier to gain good intra-class invariance without compromising inter-class distinctiveness, there are largely two types of approaches. One approach is to embed some mechanisms in classifiers to give robustness against intra-class variations. One of the most successful classifiers would be Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) [11] . CNN has two important building blocks: convolution and spatial pooling, which give robustness against global and small local shifts, respectively. These shifts are a typical form of intra-class variation.

One of the most successful classifiers would be Convolutional Neural Network (CNN).


Pfs-IgG3 levels reached a plateau in >17-yr olds, suggesting that the response reaches saturation in adults. This observed saturation of the IgG3 response in >17-yr olds resulted in a loss of statistical significance, in the relationship between age-adjusted Pfs-IgG3 and distance of residence from nearest water body. A spatial trend of decreasing prevalence of parasitaemia with distance of residence from nearest seasonal pond during the high transmission season was also not significant for adults. This, along with the significantly lower prevalence of parasitaemia in adults, during both low and high transmission seasons, indicates that spatial patterns in exposure cannot be serologically determined, using the present technique, from surveys of immune adults. Response saturation has previously been reported as a caveat to serological markers of exposure to malaria over macrogeographical distances [20] . This is particularly true if using seroconversion rates, which are defined by detection of a response rather than the magnitude of the response.

Response saturation has previously been reported as a caveat to serological markers of exposure to malaria over macrogeographical distances.


Many tropical pelagic fish species such as tunas (yellowfin Thunnus albacares, bigeye Thunnus obesus, skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis), dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) and wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) are known to associate with objects floating at the surface of the ocean (Castro et al. 2002) . These objects can be natural (logs, macro algae, etc.) or derived from human activities (rubbish, fishing buoys, etc.) . In all tropical oceans, artificial structures called Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) have been deployed by fishermen, with the purpose of attracting and concentrating pelagic fish to catch them (Fonteneau et al. 2000) . FADs are usually made of surface structures that can be composed of a few buoys or a bamboo raft, and of some underwater structures composed of nets, strap bands or branches. In coastal areas, they are usually moored with a chain or a rope and exploited by artisanal fisheries. Dolphinfish is one of the main target species of these artisanal fisheries worldwide: with the exception of some areas (e.g. French Polynesia), dolphinfish are only captured around FADs (Taquet 2004) . On the other hand, industrial fisheries (purse seiners) use drifting FADs to target only tunas, and more than 50% of the world catch of tropical tunas come from fish associated to FADs. Other species, however, are also caught when purse seiners set around FADs, and dolphinfish is one major by-catch species (Romanov 2002) . Understanding the influence of FADs on the spatial behaviour of pelagic species is therefore of upmost importance for fisheries management. This includes not only a good comprehension of the impact of FADs on the behaviour of associated fish, but also their ability to attract fish from larger distances. As a main target species of artisanal fisheries, a major by-catch species of purse seiners, and an emblematic species in fish aggregations around FADs, studying the behaviour of dolphinfish around FADs is essential.

Many tropical pelagic fish species such as tunas (yellowfin Thunnus albacares, bigeye Thunnus obesus, skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis), dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) and wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) are known to associate with objects floating at the surface of the ocean.

In all tropical oceans, artificial structures called Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) have been deployed by fishermen, with the purpose of attracting and concentrating pelagic fish to catch them.

Dolphinfish is one of the main target species of these artisanal fisheries worldwide: with the exception of some areas (e.g. French Polynesia), dolphinfish are only captured around FADs.

Other species, however, are also caught when purse seiners set around FADs, and dolphinfish is one major by-catch species.


The solidification kinetics calculated from the phase field-based solidification model indicates that with increasing carbon content, time for complete solidification also increases when cooling from 1800 K (Fig. 3) . In a typical resistance spot weld thermal cycle, the rate at which the weld pool is cooled can be as high as 2000 K s −1 [34] . With sufficient undercooling and fast cooling rates in practical welding conditions, it is even possible for the liquid to directly solidify to austenite as a primary solidification phase [35] . The phase field simulation also showed that with a cooling rate 1 K s −1 , the onset of peritectic reaction is found at 1738 K for Steel-2CP while Steel-CP and Steel-CPB did not show any peritectic reaction before the completion of solidification. Even after an enrichment of carbon of about 0.4 wt% at the final stages of solidification in Steel-CP and Steel-CPB, formation of non-equilibrium austenite is not found at the liquid/δ-ferrite interfaces (Figs. 5 and 7) .

In a typical resistance spot weld thermal cycle, the rate at which the weld pool is cooled can be as high as 2000 K s −1.

With sufficient undercooling and fast cooling rates in practical welding conditions, it is even possible for the liquid to directly solidify to austenite as a primary solidification phase.


The effect of the bond on concrete performance is a controversial subject, however there seems to be a relation between the strength of concrete and the strength of the bond [2] . In most of the investigations in literature, the parameters used for characterization of the interface are empirical. The experimental data parameters are not always consistent and show a wide variability.

The effect of the bond on concrete performance is a controversial subject, however there seems to be a relation between the strength of concrete and the strength of the bond.


These experimental results on the resistance, Young's modulus and the energy at rupture are expected by the scientific community interested in the change of scales in the study of the mechanical behavior of concrete. Indeed, these quantities, which are not available, are most overestimated in numerical simulations based on the Cohesive Zone Model (CZM) [13, 21] . The strategy of these models consists in transposing the local behavior on the macroscopic scale (VER) in order to deduce an equivalent behavior.

Indeed, these quantities, which are not available, are most overestimated in numerical simulations based on the Cohesive Zone Model (CZM).


Original tests at the scale of the cement paste -aggregate composite have been carried out to characterize the cement-aggregate interface properties. The results of the composite tensile tests showed that the tensile strength increases with hydration time, but with lower values than the cement paste. The composite tensile strength is almost 70 % lower than that of cement paste. Thus the composite's Young's modulus is lower than that of the cement paste. A decrease of concrete Young's modulus with the increase of the volume fraction of cement-aggregate interface at macroscopic scale is also observed [2] .

A decrease of concrete Young's modulus with the increase of the volume fraction of cement-aggregate interface at macroscopic scale is also observed.


The contents of each area of 'basic skills for jobs' needed for construction technicians by analyzing professionals of construction industry are shown in <Figure 1>. These 12 areas of basic skills for jobs needed for construction technicians are as follows: 'self-management ability', 'calculation ability', 'information application ability', 'resource management ability', 'technology application ability', 'problem solving ability', 'communication ability', 'human relationship ability', 'organization understanding ability', 'work ethic', 'foreign language ability' and 'job understanding ability'. Self-management ability means workers' self-management and development abilities to perform jobs smoothly to be given. Calculation ability means workers' ability to understand and apply calculation, statistics, and probability to jobs to be given. Information application ability means workers' ability to collect, analyze and organize information related to jobs given. Resource management ability means workers' ability to check up how much resources such as time, capital, materials, facilities, and human resources are needed, and to organize and apply them to actual jobs. Technology application ability means workers' ability to understand technologies necessary for job performance including tools and devices and to select and apply appropriate technologies to actual jobs. Problem solving ability means workers' ability to check up, evaluate and solve the problems creatively and when problems occur during job performance. Communication ability means workers' verbal ability to read, write, listen, speak and a non-verbal ability to do jobs. Human relationship ability means workers' ability to cooperate with others including cooperative ability, leadership, conflict management ability, negotiation ability and customer service ability. Organization understanding ability means workers' ability to understand organization systems and management system including international trend for smooth job performance. Work ethic means workers' ability to have responsibilities, manners and work ethic as a worker. Foreign language ability means workers' ability to read, write, listen to and speak foreign languages. The research on each area of basic skills for jobs is summarized based on the precedent researches [4, 5] . Especially, this study defines 'job understanding ability' as 'one to understand the basic practical knowledge and academic knowledge needed for jobs' based on the opinions of on-site professionals of construction industry and the research team.

The research on each area of basic skills for jobs is summarized based on the precedent researches.


SAs are derivatives of sulfanilamide and the various SA analogues, that result from the various R radicals of the −SO 2 NHR group ( Figure 1 ). Each SA analogue has different physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties and as a result antibiotic effect. SAs are relatively insoluble with solubility increasing in alkaline pH, which is an important factor for the type of administration and disease treatment they are intended for [8] .

SAs are relatively insoluble with solubility increasing in alkaline pH, which is an important factor for the type of administration and disease treatment they are intended for.


Separations 2018, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 26 pharmacokinetic properties and as a result antibiotic effect. SAs are relatively insoluble with solubility increasing in alkaline pH, which is an important factor for the type of administration and disease treatment they are intended for [8] . The SA antibacterial effect relies on their ability to inhibit the conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid by competitively antagonizing 4-aminobenzoic acid (Figure 1 ) for the dihydropteroate synthetase enzyme. Tetrahydrofolic acid is essential for the nucleic acid synthesis, thus SAs inhibit the bacterial DNA and RNA synthesis and subsequently the protein synthesis. Additionally, SAs reduce the bacterial cell permeability for glutamic acid that is essential for the folic acid synthesis. SAs are effective against bacterial species that synthesize the required 4-aminobenzoic acid, but ineffective in the presence of increased amounts of 4-aminobenzoic acid and against species that receive the required 4-aminobenzoic acid from other sources or have antibiotic resistance [6] .

SAs are effective against bacterial species that synthesize the required 4-aminobenzoic acid, but ineffective in the presence of increased amounts of 4-aminobenzoic acid and against species that receive the required 4-aminobenzoic acid from other sources or have antibiotic resistance.


In energy-based target localization methods, sensors measure the signals from the target and send the measurement information to the fusion center, which uses information from the sensors to estimate the target position [12] . Usually, sensors used in WSNs have limited sources, such as energy and communication bandwidth. Therefore, saving energy and communication bandwidth are very important in WSNs.

In energy-based target localization methods, sensors measure the signals from the target and send the measurement information to the fusion center, which uses information from the sensors to estimate the target position.


Functional deterioration following crush injury is not only related to the impact of the crush itself, but also includes other important components such as ischemia of the limb. Studies on crush injury models in peripheral nerves have shown better functional recovery when therapies were directed against ischemia-reperfusion injury by using antioxidants, lipid peroxidation inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents [23] . With this in mind, the present study evaluated the nerve regeneration activity of H. erinaceus which possesses antioxidant activity as an alternative herbal pharmacotherapy for peripheral nerve repair [24] .

Studies on crush injury models in peripheral nerves have shown better functional recovery when therapies were directed against ischemia-reperfusion injury by using antioxidants, lipid peroxidation inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents.

With this in mind, the present study evaluated the nerve regeneration activity of H. erinaceus which possesses antioxidant activity as an alternative herbal pharmacotherapy for peripheral nerve repair.


The dose of 10 mL or 20 mL kg −1 body weight per day is based on repeated trials or historical practices. In a study performed in Korea, single-and repeated-dose toxicity studies of Erinacol, the water extract of H. erinaceus cultivated with Artemisia iwayomogi have been evaluated according to "Guidelines for Toxicity Tests of Drugs and Related Materials" of Korea Food and Drug Administration using Sprague-Dawley rats [35] . Erinacol up to the limited dose of 5000 mg extract kg −1 neither induced death, clinical signs and necropsy findings, nor affected body weight gain and organ weights. The yield of 10 g of fresh fruiting bodies after boiling with 10 mL of distilled water was about 10 mL of aqueous extract. Ten grams of fresh fruiting bodies is equivalent to 1 g of dried powder. Therefore 10 or 20 mL kg −1 body weight per day is comparable to 1000 or 2000 mg of dried powder per kg body weight per day. In the present study, the doses of aqueous extract have not shown any signs of immediate danger and exhibited no toxicity in rats.

In a study performed in Korea, single-and repeated-dose toxicity studies of Erinacol, the water extract of H. erinaceus cultivated with Artemisia iwayomogi have been evaluated according to "Guidelines for Toxicity Tests of Drugs and Related Materials" of Korea Food and Drug Administration using Sprague-Dawley rats.


Many researchers have studied the psychological determinants of residents' source separation or waste recycling activities all over the world [1, 24, [32] [33] [34] . A wide variety of psychological factors, such as attitude, perceived behavior control, and subjective norms, have been identified as influential in household waste recycling behavior. Furthermore, in recent years, there has been increasing awareness towards household KW, especially towards how to reduce household KW at the source in developed countries [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] . However, few researchers have considered the KW separately in developing countries, or the difference between recyclable (e.g., paper, aluminum, plastic, glass, cardboard, and batteries) and KW, and all have treated the entire waste as a whole in their studies. In China, KW is the main part of household solid waste, accounting for about 60%. As we know, KW has many special features compared with recyclable waste, like being perishable and odorous. Therefore, for the KW separation programme to be successful, the policy makers must have a thorough understanding of residents' attitudes towards KW separation and their perceptions of the barriers to separation.

Many researchers have studied the psychological determinants of residents' source separation or waste recycling activities all over the world [1, 24.

Furthermore, in recent years, there has been increasing awareness towards household KW, especially towards how to reduce household KW at the source in developed countries.


The present study focused on KW source separation behavior of residents in Beijing apartments. The questionnaire included four parts. The first part contained questions about respondents' knowledge and awareness about organic waste management in general. Respondent household KW separation behavior was reviewed in the second part. The current study followed the definition of household KW that was defined by local government in 2010. Unlike the concept of organic waste, the definition of household KW excludes some of the organic waste that is not easy to handle and belongs with other waste. To ensure the reliability of responses, the definition of not only household KW (KW refers to the perishable food waste produced by the family and mainly includes uneaten able vegetables, fruit peels, leftovers, waste food, etc.), but also that of other waste (Items such as large bones, corn cobs, nut shells, cling film, and paper towels belong to other waste.), was asked before the self-reported KW behavior was proposed to the respondents. The measures for household KW separation behavior were designed on a five-point scale from Never, Before, but Not Now, Sometimes, Most Times, and Always. The questionnaire was then designed to fulfill the key requirements presented in the research hypothesis part of this study. Respondents were asked psychologically based questions relating to KW separation that included attitude, perceived behavior control, subjective norms, moral norms, and responsibility denial. These questions (please see Appendix A) were derived from the recycling behavior literature [39, [55] [56] [57] [58] . Specifically, for each questionnaire item of these psychological aspects, individuals were asked to indicate the extent of their agreement with the proposed statements, using a five-point Likert scale in which responses could range from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Finally, respondents' socioeconomic characteristics were collected in the fifth part.

The questionnaire included four parts.

These questions (please see Appendix A) were derived from the recycling behavior literature.


Perceived behavior control, as an internalized subjective norm, directly and significantly influences KW separation behavior, thus confirming the evidence found in literature for perceived behavior control [39, 41] . It may be concluded that the option of promoting separation behavior though perceived behavior control should be an important aspect of strategy. Thus, in order to lead residents to be more environmentally responsible, detailed information should be publicized not only to raise people's consciousness, but also to make them feel more responsible regarding the consequences of not separating.

Perceived behavior control, as an internalized subjective norm, directly and significantly influences KW separation behavior, thus confirming the evidence found in literature for perceived behavior control.


Finally, we would note that prior work has documented a phenomenon of groups of individuals who are "hidden" or "hard to reach" in relation to healthcare research (e.g. illegal drug users or migrants) [37] . Understanding the experience of these groups might provide substantial benefits to healthcare technology design, but by definition, they are less unlikely to be accessible during a period of treatment. Reflective workshops may then be an appropriate a mechanism for collecting useful insights into their experience (working from an assumption that recruitment might be easier after a treatment process has taken place).

Finally, we would note that prior work has documented a phenomenon of groups of individuals who are "hidden" or "hard to reach" in relation to healthcare research (e.g. illegal drug users or migrants).


Sulfur compound is well known being present in fuel and also contribute as the source of air pollution. Sulfur gas, SOx, is generated from combustion of various activities that use oil fuel such as vehicle engines and factories. Thus, the low content of sulfur in the oil fuel is needed, and the sulfur content has been agreed worldwide have to be less than 10 ppm [1] . Traditional method to decrease sulfur content in oil fuel is hydrodesulfurization process [2] . In this method, high hydrogen pressure, high temperature reaction, and molybdenum based catalysts are used [3] . These conditions are used in refinery petroleum companies until this time but reaction under mild condition is preferred due to safety conditions. Recently, oxidative desulfurization is still developed in order to decrease sulfur content in fuel. By using oxidative desulfurization process, reaction condition could easily be controlled not only in factory but also in the laboratory under mild condition with no hydrogen requirement [4] . In the oxidative desulfurization, sulfur removed by two steps. First step is oxidation of sulfur to sulfone and the next step is removal of these compounds by extraction, adsorption, distillation, or decomposition [5] . Catalyst in the oxidative desulfurization is playing a key role, studies in depth for exploring the roles still under investigation until now.

Thus, the low content of sulfur in the oil fuel is needed, and the sulfur content has been agreed worldwide have to be less than 10 ppm.

Traditional method to decrease sulfur content in oil fuel is hydrodesulfurization process.

In this method, high hydrogen pressure, high temperature reaction, and molybdenum based catalysts are used.

By using oxidative desulfurization process, reaction condition could easily be controlled not only in factory but also in the laboratory under mild condition with no hydrogen requirement.

First step is oxidation of sulfur to sulfone and the next step is removal of these compounds by extraction, adsorption, distillation, or decomposition.


Through the complex and chaotic behavior of brain activity chaos related parameters are useful to identifying epilepsy. Entropies, fractal dimensions, Lyapunov exponents are main complexity parameters. Also artificial neural network based methods and wavelet based methods used to diagnosis epilepsy. Also time-frequency methods used for feature extraction from EEG signal. Alexandros T. Tzallas has been used t-f analysis to determine the EEG segments, which contains epileptic seizures and extraction feature from power spectral density (PSD) [2] . It seems that using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is better than the Fourier and Fast Fourier Transform since by wavelet transform we have better time-frequency localization, multi-rate filtering, and scale-space analysis [3] .

Alexandros T. Tzallas has been used t-f analysis to determine the EEG segments, which contains epileptic seizures and extraction feature from power spectral density (PSD).

It seems that using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is better than the Fourier and Fast Fourier Transform since by wavelet transform we have better time-frequency localization, multi-rate filtering, and scale-space analysis.


Because of chaotic behavior of EEG signal chaos related parameter are useful to epilepsy detection [5] . Some research used correlation dimension and lyapanov exponent on feature extraction [6, 7] . In the latter research wavelet applied for preprocessing and decomposition of EEG to its sub-band and it has been shown that calculating the parameter for EEG and its sub-band is useful in epilepsy detection and other same application [8, 9] . Among lots of parameters which have been used as features, entropies have important role. Entropy is a measure of system complexity and there are several types of entropies that appropriate for our approach. Al-though there is different definition for entropy and the way to calculate it but all kind of entropies show system randomness and regularity.

Because of chaotic behavior of EEG signal chaos related parameter are useful to epilepsy detection.

Some research used correlation dimension and lyapanov exponent on feature extraction.

In the latter research wavelet applied for preprocessing and decomposition of EEG to its sub-band and it has been shown that calculating the parameter for EEG and its sub-band is useful in epilepsy detection and other same application.


Epilepsy is a common and important brain disorder and about 1% of world population suffers from this disorder. So diagnosis of epileptic activity in brain can be useful for these patients. As we know, abnormal neuronal firing in the brain is the reason of epileptic activities or seizure onsets. And these activities are evident in Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. EEG is summation of neuronal electrical Activities and widely used in diagnosis epileptic disorders and seizure onsets. Three different states (healthy, interictal and ictal) obvious in monitoring EEG signal for diagnosis epileptic activities. Brain activity in the ictal, interictal and healthy states are significantly different. Since 1970s EEG signal used for automatic diagnosis of epileptic activities in brain. Till now several methods used for this purpose, since the first days of automatic seizure detection, representations based on Fourier transform and parametric methods have been applied [1] .

Till now several methods used for this purpose, since the first days of automatic seizure detection, representations based on Fourier transform and parametric methods have been applied.


In this research, which was consisted of a sample of 82 married couples, a multi-level analysis was carried out to estimate the relationship between self-reported personality disorder symptoms with marital satisfaction level, verbal aggression, and physical violence. A person with personality disorders report more problems and tensions than others (Whisman, Tolejko, & Chatav, 2007) . The result of this research is consistent with those of the current research.

A person with personality disorders report more problems and tensions than others.


According to Millon, histrionic personality is moderate in terms of the bipolar factor of pleasure. In terms of passive-active factor, histrionic personality is active, and in terms of self-other, she mostly has tendency toward others. In terms of four-fold levels of clinical concepts, histrionic woman shows a highly exhibition and attention-seeking behavior at behavioral level, she mainly avoids recognition at phenomenological level, she shows disorganized and chaotic behaviors at inter-psychic level, and she is erratic at bio-physical level. Histrionic person is inconstant seeking of reassurance or approval, a need to be the center of attention, make loud and inappropriate appearances, and exaggerated behaviors and emotions. People with personality disorders simultaneously show some disorders in the course of their relations, and exhibit major defense against intimacy or attachment disorders that interfere with the therapeutic possibilities of the person (Magnavita, 2000) .

People with personality disorders simultaneously show some disorders in the course of their relations, and exhibit major defense against intimacy or attachment disorders that interfere with the therapeutic possibilities of the person.


The mechanisms of gap development involve both biological and physical disturbance agents. Root, butt, and stem decay fungi and insects such as bark beetles are common biological disturbance agents in the Pacific Northwest . Studies in both young forests (15-40 years) and old forests (>200 years) show that gap formation can also involve physical disturbance agents such as wind operating at multiple spatial scales (Lutz and Halpern 2006; Larson and Franklin 2010) .

Studies in both young forests (15-40 years) and old forests (>200 years) show that gap formation can also involve physical disturbance agents such as wind operating at multiple spatial scales.


Previous work had reported negative exponential distributions of gap sizes for a wide range of forest types subject to chronic small-scale disturbances (Kellner and Asner 2009) . We found a similar distribution of gap sizes (Fig. 10) . This was consistent with the observations that gap dynamics in our study region predominately results from chronic, smallscale disturbances that each cause the death of one to a handful of trees (Lertzman et al. 1996; Lutz and Halpern 2006) . It should be noted that the distribution of gap sizes likely does not strictly record the areal extent of each event, since gaps frequently grow as the result of sequential disturbances (Lertzman et al. 1996) . Smaller gaps are also likely to fill in more quickly than larger gaps. Wind disturbances covering Table 2 . Pearson correlations between LiDAR metrics (canopy closure, 95th percentile height, and rumple (rugosity), patch landscape metrics (patch count, patch size, and patch area for gaps and lower, middle, and upper third canopy surface area), and wavelet variance summed for two ranges of scales.

Previous work had reported negative exponential distributions of gap sizes for a wide range of forest types subject to chronic small-scale disturbances.

This was consistent with the observations that gap dynamics in our study region predominately results from chronic, smallscale disturbances that each cause the death of one to a handful of trees.

It should be noted that the distribution of gap sizes likely does not strictly record the areal extent of each event, since gaps frequently grow as the result of sequential disturbances.

Wind disturbances covering Table 2 .


It is noteworthy that the small amount of PPO that is freely soluble from intact wheat kernels (or solubilized from bran) is nonreactive with the monophenol tyrosine in the absence of low concentrations of diphenolic activators. This lack of monophenolase activity when using tyrosine as substrate was unexpected because high levels of PPO activity were observed with tyrosine in whole kernel assays (Fig. I) (Anderson and Morris 2001) . It is possible that bound PPO has monophenolase activity, or that endogenous phenolics or altered pH promote monophenolase activity in the microenv iron ment of the kernel surface. One may conclude from the evidence at hand that any diphenols that leach from the kernel during the assay are insufficient to activate soluble PPO when tyrosine is used as the exogenous substrate.

This lack of monophenolase activity when using tyrosine as substrate was unexpected because high levels of PPO activity were observed with tyrosine in whole kernel assays (Fig. I).


The predictions assume that staying active is indeed advantageous. It could also be hypothesized that it is better to discontinue activities and focus on metabolic adjustments that increase resistance. This may, however, be a risky strategy when temperatures are unpredictable and potentially lethal, which is certainly true for the higher of the temperatures used here (Nielsen et al. 2005) . We find it more likely that flies remain active as long as possible in an attempt to escape (behavioural avoidance) (Stevenson 1985) . Still, very little is known about thermoregulatory behaviour of adult Drosophila melanogaster in nature and further experiments are needed to establish the relative importance of the alternatives.

This may, however, be a risky strategy when temperatures are unpredictable and potentially lethal, which is certainly true for the higher of the temperatures used here.

We find it more likely that flies remain active as long as possible in an attempt to escape (behavioural avoidance).


This reduction generalises to more general strips with prescribed boundaries in the intrinsic geometry, although it may be necessary to choose a non-straight centreline (reference curve) to reduce to (κ g = 0). In this case determining the bounds of the t -integration in Eq. (7) may require the solution of algebraic equations, which may render the reduction impractical. For simple geometries, however, for instance for an annular strip, reduction, at least in the narrow limit, is straigthforward [9] .

For simple geometries, however, for instance for an annular strip, reduction, at least in the narrow limit, is straigthforward.


Curvature singularities are of interest to studies of twisted graphene-based nanoribbons. All-atom first-principle simulations of zigzag-edged graphene nanoribbons in the form of a Möbius strip show a shape evolution under varying aspect ratio that is in good agreement with our results in Fig. 5 [59] . Other simulation results reveal that the local curvature of nanoribbons increases at defect sites [4] . A seemingly related 'twist localisation' was observed in ab initio calculations of twisted cyclacenes [36] .

All-atom first-principle simulations of zigzag-edged graphene nanoribbons in the form of a Möbius strip show a shape evolution under varying aspect ratio that is in good agreement with our results in Fig. 5.

Other simulation results reveal that the local curvature of nanoribbons increases at defect sites.

A seemingly related 'twist localisation' was observed in ab initio calculations of twisted cyclacenes.


The need for higher data rates at the user end is the major motivation for new multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) schemes in modern communication systems. These modern techniques dispensing with the large number of antennas also enable spectral efficiency and increased transmit-energy efficiency, although all antennas do not contribute equally [1] [2] [3] [4] . This is laudable in the study of massive MIMO (mMIMO) systems that are being pursued by researchers and industrialists alike for coping with the growing demand for higher data rates in modern telecommunication services. In the 5G standard, for example, the mmWavebands have been selected due to the abundance of unused spectrum resources [5] . However, while the high data rate problem can be overcome easily by deploying large bandwidths, the scarcity of the electromagnetic spectrum subtends some efficiency limitations in using large bandwidths to satisfy the high data rate demand. One of the ways of realizing such data rates (on which the mMIMO can rely), for example in wireless communication systems, is by enabling higher antenna configurations or by optimizing the available/known configuration techniques. In this study, we explore the methods of both optimizing the present MIMO design methods and exploring higher order antenna configurations with potentials for mMIMO.

These modern techniques dispensing with the large number of antennas also enable spectral efficiency and increased transmit-energy efficiency, although all antennas do not contribute equally.

In the 5G standard, for example, the mmWavebands have been selected due to the abundance of unused spectrum resources.


YAGO2 is the new version of the YAGO project. It uses Geonames as an additional source of data. YAGO2 introduces the integration of the spatio-temporal dimension. In contrast to the original YAGO, the methodology of building YAGO2 (and also maintaining it) is systematically designed top-down with the goal of integrating entity-relationshiporiented facts with the spatial and temporal dimensions. Moreover, YAGO represent facts in the form of subject-property-object triples (SPO triples) according to the RDF data model. YAGO2 introduces a new spatio-temporally model, which represents facts in the form of SPOTL tuples (i.e. SPO + Time + Location). This new knowledge representation scheme is very beneficial. For example, with the old representation scheme a knowledge base may store that a certain person is the president of a certain country, but presidents of countries change. So, it is crucial to capture the time periods during which facts of this kind actually happened (Hoffart et al., 2010) . Both YAGO and YAGO2, however, do not focus on extracting data from Wikipedia infoboxes.

So, it is crucial to capture the time periods during which facts of this kind actually happened.


YAGO2: is an extension of the YAGO knowledge base (Suchanek et al., 2008) . YAGO2 uses Wikipedia, Geonames, and WordNet as sources of data. The predecessor of YAGO2, i.e. YAGO just used Wikipedia as its main source of data. It extracts several relations (e.g. subClassOf, and type) mainly from the category pages of Wikipedia. Category pages are lists of articles that belong to a specific category. For instance, William Shakespeare is in the category English poets. These lists give candidates for entities (i.e. William Shakespeare), candidates for concepts (IsA(William Shakespeare, Poet)), and candidates for relations (e.g. isCitizenOf(William Shakespeare, England)). YAGO, then links the Wikipedia category hierarchy to the WordNet hierarchy, in order to enhance its classification hierarchy (Suchanek et al., 2008) .

YAGO2: is an extension of the YAGO knowledge base.

YAGO, then links the Wikipedia category hierarchy to the WordNet hierarchy, in order to enhance its classification hierarchy.


The hepatotoxic agent in these cases is a byproduct of APAP metabolism. As part of phase II drug metabolism, the bulk fraction of APAP is glucuronidated (APAP-G) and sulfated (APAP-S) to form conjugates that are more water-soluble than APAP. These compounds are primarily excreted through urine (Bessems and Vermeulen, 2001) . Approximately 55 and 30 percent of the administered drug is excreted via urine as APAP-G and APAP-S respectively (Howie et al., 1977) .

These compounds are primarily excreted through urine.

Approximately 55 and 30 percent of the administered drug is excreted via urine as APAP-G and APAP-S respectively.


Whole-body PBPK models provide a framework for integrating and interpreting data from disparate sources in order to predict the time-course of xenobiotic metabolism. PBPK models dynamically simulate outcome of metabolism of various therapeutic and/or toxic compounds on the basis of their structure and other important physiological input parameters such as tissue volumes, organ composition, blood flow rate, and systemlevel clearance rates. Thus, PBPK models are ideal tools for assessing toxicological risks early in the drug development pipeline (Clark et al., 2004) .

Thus, PBPK models are ideal tools for assessing toxicological risks early in the drug development pipeline.


However, a crucial issue for structural applications of CNT based materials is that individual CNTs cannot be grown to relevant scales of meters and beyond. This necessitates a need to connect distinct CNTs such that mechanical strong interfaces are created. Functionalized CNTs can be used to extend the effective CNT length, to create longer fibers that reach macroscale dimensions, by connecting them through chemical groups, which serve as a chemical glue, attached to their surface. Functional groups can be, for example, carboxyl (COOH) groups as shown in Fig. 1(a) . Here, each carboxyl group has an oxygen atom, which is covalently bonded to the hydrogen atom and acts as a donor. Another oxygen atom acts as an acceptor for the hydrogen bond. Therefore, two hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) form between two pairing carboxyl groups. A variety of other functional groups (e.g. OH, NH n , CH n ) can be explored to engineer the bonding between functionalized CNTs (Chen et al., 2002; Peng et al., 2008; Jacobs et al., 2011) . Despite these superior properties that can potentially be exhibited by multiwall functionalized nanotubes, few studies have been conducted to systematically understand and quantify the interfacial bonding mechanisms involved at the nanoscale.

A variety of other functional groups (e.g. OH, NH n , CH n ) can be explored to engineer the bonding between functionalized CNTs.


In this work, we developed cell-based model of lapatinib resistance using HER2-overproducing SKBR-3 cells that were cultured for a few months in the presence of increasing drug concentrations. IC50 for the parental cell line was 120 nM, while their lapatinib-resistant derivatives were able to grow in the presence of more than 600 nM drug. Resistance was not associated with the loss of HER2 expression or sensitivity to lapatinib because phosphorylation of its downstream effectors, such as Akt, was still inhibited in resistant cells. It indicates that resistance occurred by an alternative pathway, similarly as has been previously observed in the case of lapatinib-resistant BT474 cells [36] . We further worked on mixed cell populations consisting of the drug-sensitive and the drug-resistant cancer cells in various proportions which might mimic heterogeneity of breast tumor in vivo in context of the resistance acquisition process. We tested efficiency of anticancer activity of lapatinib, one of isothiocyanates (sulforaphane, erucin or sulforaphene) and their combinations applied in relatively low concentrations which have been previously shown to work in a synergistic way and inhibit downstream elements of the HER-2 pathway in lapatinib-sensitive cells [18] . Our findings support hypothesis that isothiocyanates sensitize lapatinib-resistant cells to the drug. Even when percentage of the resistant cells increased, and drug sensitivity decreased, combination of lapatinib with any of the isothiocyanates tested caused a decline in cell viability and migration potential, as compared to activity of each agent alone.

It indicates that resistance occurred by an alternative pathway, similarly as has been previously observed in the case of lapatinib-resistant BT474 cells.

We tested efficiency of anticancer activity of lapatinib, one of isothiocyanates (sulforaphane, erucin or sulforaphene) and their combinations applied in relatively low concentrations which have been previously shown to work in a synergistic way and inhibit downstream elements of the HER-2 pathway in lapatinib-sensitive cells.


The amount of mtDNA molecules per cell shows an important variation depending on cell type, but is observed to be constant within each type (Robin & Wong 1988) . The use of total DNA from complete larvae obviates this variation. Therefore, quantification is based on the fine correlation of the number of mtDNA genomes with the cell number. Consequently, the same number of larvae from different developmental stages will yield different C T values. If so, then estimations based on standards prepared with a given larval size will yield inconsistent values for environmental samples containing different larval sizes. Values are therefore related to cell numbers and not larval number. However, the quantification assay of pinto abalone species Haliotis kamtschatkana suggests an absence of any detectable effect of larval size on larval number estimates (Vadopalas et al. 2006) . Our experience with C T values observed for a variable number (2, 8, and 32) of R. philippinarum larval sizes (100, 160, and 220 mm) nevertheless shows a relationship between larval size and C T . Thus, C T estimates for the same larval number of 100-mm larvae are significantly higher than those for 160-and 220-mm larvae. Such size-dependent C T values can consequently lead to underestimates of the number of 100-mm larvae. This situation can be avoided by estimating mean size of sampled larvae using a lens. Alternatively, the adequate and homogeneous EPS must be obtained by size-selecting filtration (Vadopalas et al. 2006) . In both cases, samples are then quantified using an appropriatesize standard. For instance, the number of Manila clam larvae, with a size range from 160-220 mm, can be estimated correctly from a standard curve based on a 220-mm size standard. In like manner, any identical C T values estimated from 160-220-mm larval sizes are the result of an undistinguishable variation in the mitochondrion-per-cell number or a loss of correlation between tissue development and measured shell size.

The amount of mtDNA molecules per cell shows an important variation depending on cell type, but is observed to be constant within each type.

However, the quantification assay of pinto abalone species Haliotis kamtschatkana suggests an absence of any detectable effect of larval size on larval number estimates.

Alternatively, the adequate and homogeneous EPS must be obtained by size-selecting filtration.


The main goal of this paper is to introduce a new generalized CMLI topology that could be employed to extend any existing single-phase CMLI topology to a three-phase structure without tripling the devices used within the single-phase structure. The proposed topology can also be employed by existing three-phase CMLI topologies to reduce its device count without compromising its performance. Besides, a low frequency space vector modulation (SVM) technique is applied to generate switching pulses. The proposed topology provides an optimized design solution to CMLI in terms of reducing the implementation cost and physical size while maintaining the quality of the output voltage waveform. Three-phase CMLI has been widely used in large-scale renewable energy applications to comply with the high-power conversion requirement [1] [2] [3] [4] . In order to improve the quality of the output voltage waveform, the number of components required to implement the three-phase CMLI should be significantly increased which increases the implementation cost, inverter physical size and complicates the control system. Although several topologies have been proposed in the literature in order to reduce the device count and increase the number of levels in the output voltage of single phase CMLIs, the majority of these topologies have not been extended to three-phase structure yet. It is a common trend that the number of components of single phase topologies is tripled when they are extended to three-phase structures [13, 14, [26] [27] [28] .

Three-phase CMLI has been widely used in large-scale renewable energy applications to comply with the high-power conversion requirement.

It is a common trend that the number of components of single phase topologies is tripled when they are extended to three-phase structures.


Other CMLI topologies which are able to generate bipolar voltage without using polarity generator as shown in Figure 1b were proposed in the literature [16] . CMLI topologies such as cross-switched and modified H-bridge topologies were also recently proposed in the literature [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . Among the literature [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . Among the above mentioned CMLI topologies, some were mainly developed for three-phase multilevel voltage generation and cannot be directly utilized for single phase applications e.g., Figure 1c [24, 25] . Three-phase CMLI has been widely used in large-scale renewable energy applications to comply with the high-power conversion requirement [1] [2] [3] [4] . In order to improve the quality of the output voltage waveform, the number of components required to implement the three-phase CMLI should be significantly increased which increases the implementation cost, inverter physical size and complicates the control system. Although several topologies have been proposed in the literature in order to reduce the device count and increase the number of levels in the output voltage of single phase CMLIs, the majority of these topologies have not been extended to three-phase structure yet. It is a common trend that the number of components of single phase topologies is tripled when they are extended to three-phase structures [13, 14, [26] [27] [28] .

Other CMLI topologies which are able to generate bipolar voltage without using polarity generator as shown in Figure 1b were proposed in the literature.

CMLI topologies such as cross-switched and modified H-bridge topologies were also recently proposed in the literature.

Among the literature.

Among the above mentioned CMLI topologies, some were mainly developed for three-phase multilevel voltage generation and cannot be directly utilized for single phase applications e.g., Figure 1c.


Both high frequency and low frequency modulation techniques have been reported as reliable control strategies for CHB MLI [29, 30] . The most common high frequency modulation strategy is carrier-based sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) strategy and a wide range of carrier frequency (1-12 kHz) is employed to get the switching pulses [27, 28, 31, 32] . The main problem of SPWM strategy is that it has severe consequences on switching losses [33] . On the other hand, low frequency modulation strategies provide better output voltage waveform with low total harmonic distortions (THD) [25, 34] .

Both high frequency and low frequency modulation techniques have been reported as reliable control strategies for CHB MLI.

The most common high frequency modulation strategy is carrier-based sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) strategy and a wide range of carrier frequency (1-12 kHz) is employed to get the switching pulses.

The main problem of SPWM strategy is that it has severe consequences on switching losses.

On the other hand, low frequency modulation strategies provide better output voltage waveform with low total harmonic distortions (THD).


Supplementation with the amino acids, asparagine, aspartic acid and glutamine, increased seedling vigor, but decreased the starch content of embryos; however the quality of mature somatic embryos correlated with embryo size and was affected by the amount of storage protein and free amino acid, but not by starch [23] . The combination of pyroglutamic acid (a derivative of glutamine), ammonium, and sulphate in the maturation phase 1 medium dramatically increased accumulation of the 2S proteins and all subunits of the 11S medicagin. Application of ammonium nitrate as the major inorganic nitrogen source did not replace the requirement for pyroglutamic acid. Ammonium sulphate and pyroglutamic acid had nutritive and regulatory roles in storage protein accumulation [24] . In the presence of 50 mM glutamine the quantity of high salt soluble S-2 proteins, consisting of mainly medicagin (11S) along with other polypeptides of the storage proteins, increased 2-fold in somatic embryos [18] . A failure to synthesize the full complement of storage proteins (7S, 2S, 11S) was a serious limitation in producing quality embryos in Medicago sativa L [25] . In Musa acuminata glutamine also had a positive effect on embryo number [26] . The use of the two amino acids increased the embryo number because they probably provided a quick way to assimilate nitrogen into the embryo cells and increase the protein storage linked to production of somatic embryos.

Supplementation with the amino acids, asparagine, aspartic acid and glutamine, increased seedling vigor, but decreased the starch content of embryos; however the quality of mature somatic embryos correlated with embryo size and was affected by the amount of storage protein and free amino acid, but not by starch.

Ammonium sulphate and pyroglutamic acid had nutritive and regulatory roles in storage protein accumulation.

In the presence of 50 mM glutamine the quantity of high salt soluble S-2 proteins, consisting of mainly medicagin (11S) along with other polypeptides of the storage proteins, increased 2-fold in somatic embryos.

A failure to synthesize the full complement of storage proteins (7S, 2S, 11S) was a serious limitation in producing quality embryos in Medicago sativa L.

In Musa acuminata glutamine also had a positive effect on embryo number.


There is an abundance of biomass resources in Canada. About 42% of the 910 million hectares of land is forested, of which 245 million hectares is timber productive forest [1] . According to the World Bank, more than 7% (67.6 million hectares) of the land area is suited for agricultural purposes, of which 36.4 million hectares are used to grow crops [1] .

About 42% of the 910 million hectares of land is forested, of which 245 million hectares is timber productive forest.

According to the World Bank, more than 7% (67.6 million hectares) of the land area is suited for agricultural purposes, of which 36.4 million hectares are used to grow crops.


Amber is a natural resin fossilized by various geological formation. At present, there are usually 3 types of amber imitations in the market, which are natural resin, synthetic resin and other imitation. Based on different geologic age of formed natural resin, they are copal resin, anime and rosin, but rosin dose not have the geological effect. Synthetic resin is a high molecular weight resin formed by artificial polymerization and polycondensation reaction. Other imitations are mainly artificial heat-pressurized treatment (HPT) copal resin, reconstituting amber, pressing amber and covering film amber. Three types of amber imitations are similar to amber in the gemological parameters. It is very difficult to identify amber from its familiar imitations only based on the gemmological parameters [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . In this paper, amber and its common imitation samples were tested by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in order to analysing the kinds and characteristics of carbon functional group in amber and searching for difference between amber and its imitation samples, for identification between amber and its imitation provide a scientific basis.

It is very difficult to identify amber from its familiar imitations only based on the gemmological parameters.


Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have multiple indoor sources. VOC emitting materials can introduce carcinogens, chemical mutagens, endocrine disruptors, neurotoxins, reproductive toxins and other harmful chemicals into indoor air. Besides, many VOCs are odorous compounds that may affect the perceived air quality in negative ways [1] . Such emissions should be minimized to reduce people's exposure and associated health risks and to improve human comfort. VOCs from indoor building materials include primary and secondary emissions. The primary emission is related to VOCs released directly from the materials into indoor air. The level of this emission is typically high immediately following the application or introduction of a building product in indoor environments, and decays over a long period. This emission is a direct result of chemical constituents from the materials. On the other hand, the secondary VOC emission can occur when other indoor materials adsorb VOCs in the air, which are either emitted by other materials or generated from ozone-initiated chemical reactions [1, 2] .

Besides, many VOCs are odorous compounds that may affect the perceived air quality in negative ways.

On the other hand, the secondary VOC emission can occur when other indoor materials adsorb VOCs in the air, which are either emitted by other materials or generated from ozone-initiated chemical reactions.


In this study we conducted a collaborative autoethnographic exploration of our experiences as non-traditional doctoral students self-organizing as a cohort between 2012 and 2014. Autoethnography is an approach to research and writing that seeks to describe personal experiences (auto) and systematically analyze (graphy) in order to understand cultural experiences (ethno) [20] - [22] . In the case of this study autoethnography is also a form of narrative inquiry further legitimatizing the personal stories and experiences we shared as we formed our own cohort within a community of doctoral learners. As a result, the concept of collaborative autoethnography ultimately defines this study as it is an intimate version of autoethnography where a group of researchers co-construct the culture and reality, which engenders "a sense of community amongst the researchers"… and where "…the process becomes as much of team-building activity as it is an approach to the production of knowledge" [23] (p. 58). The collaborative efforts we shared as researchers in this study became both the process and product of our own ensemble performance.

Autoethnography is an approach to research and writing that seeks to describe personal experiences (auto) and systematically analyze (graphy) in order to understand cultural experiences (ethno).

As a result, the concept of collaborative autoethnography ultimately defines this study as it is an intimate version of autoethnography where a group of researchers co-construct the culture and reality, which engenders "a sense of community amongst the researchers"… and where "…the process becomes as much of team-building activity as it is an approach to the production of knowledge"(p. 58).


The purpose of the search was to identify peer-reviewed, full-length reports examining EEG deviations in children or adults with ASD. As expected, the majority of studies were conducted in children. For the purposes of this review, studies can be assumed to be related to children and adolescents unless otherwise specified, as studies in adults were not excluded. Papers examining the standard or C-EEG in ASD individuals who were not diagnosed with epilepsy constituted the focus of the search. Extensive searches of PubMed and Google Scholar were conducted using the following terms: autism, Autistic Disorders, Asperger's Disorder, Rett's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) and EEG. The search was first limited by two main terms: English and Human. A total of 500 entries were returned. Titles of articles and abstracts, if necessary, were reviewed to judge if the report should be included. Majority of reports pertained to investigations of epilepsy in ASD, evoked potentials, quantitative EEG studies, neurofeedback and other treatment modalities, and tuberous sclerosis. All papers not addressing either abnormalities in the standard EEG or the quantified EEG were excluded. Papers including only epileptic patients were also excluded. Review articles were utilized as sources for additional papers and as sources for proposed hypotheses. A total of 20 reports addressed the prevalence of IEDs in non-epileptic ASD individuals as detected by the standard-EEG. One paper had two distinct ASD samples (children with and without regression), and the two samples were entered in Table 1 as two studies (Ošlejšková et al. 2008) . Papers were then reviewed for sample size, characteristics of subjects, EEG methodology, prevalence of IEDs, and location of IEDs, if reported. The included 21 studies either reported the percent of records with IEDs in non-epileptic subjects or that percentage was calculable based on information provided. Twenty-two papers were identified addressing C-EEG in ASD. C-EEG papers were similarly reviewed for sample size, characteristics of subjects, EEG methodology, and reported deviations. Additional searches of Google Scholar did not yield additional reports.

A total of 500 entries were returned.

One paper had two distinct ASD samples (children with and without regression), and the two samples were entered in Table 1 as two studies.


During the past few years, codimension-one branes have been the subject of intense activity. Much of this work was sparked by Randall and Sundrum, who showed how codimension-one branes can solve the gauge hierarchy problem [1] . In this paper we consider supersymmetric extensions of the original five-dimensional Randall-Sundrum scenario. We compactify the fifth dimension on an S 1 /Z 2 orbifold, and place codimension-one branes at the orbifold fixed points. We require odd bosonic fields to be continuous across the branes, but we let odd fermionic fields jump in a way that is consistent with their five-dimensional equations of motion.

Much of this work was sparked by Randall and Sundrum, who showed how codimension-one branes can solve the gauge hierarchy problem.


A total of 3285 individuals were distributed in 235 species and flowered in the studied area. The mean date of flowering species was significant (z = 20.60; P < 0.001), with a concentration of species occurring around April (r = 0.16) (Figure 1(a) ). The highest numbers of flowering species were observed during March and April 2010, with 97 and 98 species, respectively. The mean date was also significant for the flowering individuals (z = 167.50; P < 0.001) with a concentration of them in May (r = 0.23). The majority of the plant individuals flowered in July (n = 450) (Figure 1(b) ). The number of returning pollen workers differed across the study period, with a significant peak in December (z = 1171.24; P < 0.001), revealing an accentuated seasonal pattern (r = 0.45) (Figure 2 ). Out of all the climatic variables evaluated on the collection days, only temperature was positively correlated with the number of workers returning with pollen loads (Table 1) . This result could explain the lower mean number of workers returning with pollen loads observed in June, as this collection day had the lowest mean temperature (16.6 • C) recorded over the year (Figure 3) . The reduced number of workers observed in June was apparent when the colonies were analyzed separately ( Figure 4) . Temperature is an important determining factor for the normal activity of bees, being perhaps the most important factor for regulating the onset of flight [45] [46] [47] [48] . Low temperatures reduce metabolic rates, thereby impeding flight activity and other movements in bees [49] .

Temperature is an important determining factor for the normal activity of bees, being perhaps the most important factor for regulating the onset of flight.

Low temperatures reduce metabolic rates, thereby impeding flight activity and other movements in bees.


The Meliponini, popularly known as stingless bees, are highly social organisms that occur in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world [1] . One of the many important activities performed by workers is the collection of nectar (an important source of carbohydrates) and pollen (a source of protein and vitamins) [2, 3] . These resources are collected and stored in the colonies to feed adult and immature bees. The collection of these resources is primarily regulated by abiotic factors such as environmental temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed [4, 5] . Among the biotic factors that can influence foraging are the morphological and physiological characteristics of the bee species, resource availability, and the reproductive status of the colony [6, 7] .

The Meliponini, popularly known as stingless bees, are highly social organisms that occur in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world.

One of the many important activities performed by workers is the collection of nectar (an important source of carbohydrates) and pollen (a source of protein and vitamins).

The collection of these resources is primarily regulated by abiotic factors such as environmental temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed.

Among the biotic factors that can influence foraging are the morphological and physiological characteristics of the bee species, resource availability, and the reproductive status of the colony.


China's wind power has been experiencing rapid development in recent years and the wind power penetration in some areas has reached a relatively high level. By the end of 2012, the installed capacity proportion of wind power in East Inner Mongolia, West Inner Mongolia and Gansu province has reached 20.2%, 22.1% and 20.7%, respectively. According to the wind power operation experience in Europe and the United States, once wind power penetration has reached a relatively high level, the impact of wind power on active power balance would become prominent gradually. For example, the emergency load shedding was applied in the United States Texas Power Grid (ERCOT) in 18:41, February 26, 2008, and investigation has shown that the rapid decline of 1640MW wind power was an important source of this accident [1] . Therefore, studying the active power balance mechanism and relevant operation scheduling strategy in system with high wind power penetration has attracted much interest.

For example, the emergency load shedding was applied in the United States Texas Power Grid (ERCOT) in 18:41, February 26, 2008, and investigation has shown that the rapid decline of 1640MW wind power was an important source of this accident.


The accumulation of pristane was shown to hinder a further increase in the degradation rate for the disposal of crude oil in previous studies [16] . In this study, we found that not only did pristane accumulate during crude oil degradation by the H9-3 strain, but also 2,6,10-trimethyl-pentadecane, which has a very similar structure. This proves that there is no benefit to bacterial growth from the production and accumulation of homologues with pristane analogues.

The accumulation of pristane was shown to hinder a further increase in the degradation rate for the disposal of crude oil in previous studies.


Leaders in a military organization are usually identified with managerial personnel; so to be a leading serviceman (commander, officer) means to appropriately deal with subordinate soldiers, that is to know and be able to inspire them to conduct joint activities (sometimes under very difficult environmental conditions) in order to achieve the established objective. The leader's (officer's) behavior is appropriate when he is held up as an example to others, not when he only exercises his power and gives orders. Although leadership in a military organization is usually based on situational leadership and subordinates' motivation, the practical application of leadership theories and leadership itself can be effective only if the chosen leadership style and the ways, forms and means of influence are suitable to the subordinates [1] . The Lithuanian army seeks to develop a military leadership identity as a way to promote mission success.

Although leadership in a military organization is usually based on situational leadership and subordinates' motivation, the practical application of leadership theories and leadership itself can be effective only if the chosen leadership style and the ways, forms and means of influence are suitable to the subordinates.


It has been suggested that kin structuring might have additional advantages in migratory salmonid species such as S. salar, by improving subsequent natal homing to rivers of origin (Ols en, 1989; Quinn & Busack, 1985) . However, perhaps the same advantages can be achieved by maintaining population-structured schools. Indeed, although no evidence of kin structuring has been found in S. salar adults at sea, a weak tendency for individuals from the same river to co-occur has been reported (Palm et al., 2008) .

It has been suggested that kin structuring might have additional advantages in migratory salmonid species such as S. salar, by improving subsequent natal homing to rivers of origin.

Indeed, although no evidence of kin structuring has been found in S. salar adults at sea, a weak tendency for individuals from the same river to co-occur has been reported.


In aqueous solution, surfactants form micelles with a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell because surfactants are amphipathic, that is, they contain both a hydrophobic group and a hydrophilic group. The properties of surfactant micelles in aqueous solution have been investigated extensively, but there has been little research on the behavior of micelles in aqueous solutions of water-soluble polar organic solvents such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, formamide, and hydrazine [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . In those solvents, mixtures of ethylene glycol and water and those of glycerol and water have been mainly studied. However, there has been extremely little research on clarifying how surfactant molecules formed micelles, and how changing the solvent from 100% water to a mixture of water and each polar solvent affected the shape and size of micelles.

The properties of surfactant micelles in aqueous solution have been investigated extensively, but there has been little research on the behavior of micelles in aqueous solutions of water-soluble polar organic solvents such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, formamide, and hydrazine.


For highly non-Gaussian problems like supersymmetric parameter determination, inference can depend strongly on whether one chooses to work with the posterior distribution (Bayesian) or profile likelihood (frequentist) [14, 21, 22] . There is a growing consensus that both the posterior and the profile likelihood ought to be explored in order to obtain a fuller picture of the statistical constraints from present-day and future data. This begs the question, which we address in this paper, of the algorithmic solutions available to reliably explore both the posterior and the profile likelihood in the context of SUSY phenomenology.

For highly non-Gaussian problems like supersymmetric parameter determination, inference can depend strongly on whether one chooses to work with the posterior distribution (Bayesian) or profile likelihood (frequentist).


On other hand solid form diversity of pharmaceutical substances may influence the efficacy and safety of drug products. Physical and chemical characterization of different solid phases that may occur during crystallization and pharmaceutical formulation processes, i.e. polymorphs, pseudopolymorphism, solvates, desolvated solvates and amorphous materials are advisable for both drugs and excipients. It is very important to control the crystal form of the drug during the various stages of drug development, because any phase changes and change in the degree of crystallinity can alter the bioavailability of the drug. Thermal analysis is one of the most frequently used instrumental techniques on pharmaceutical researches [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] .

Thermal analysis is one of the most frequently used instrumental techniques on pharmaceutical researches.


Classical statistical approaches. The problem of missing values has been a long-standing challenge in many time series applications, especially in the field of medicine [34] . The earliest approaches to deal with this problem often relied on heuristics, such as mean imputation or forward imputation. Despite their simplicity, these methods are still widely applied today due to their efficiency and interpretability [15] . Orthogonal to these ideas, methods along the lines of expectationmaximization (EM) have been proposed, but they often require additional modeling assumptions [4] .

Classical statistical approaches.

The problem of missing values has been a long-standing challenge in many time series applications, especially in the field of medicine.

Despite their simplicity, these methods are still widely applied today due to their efficiency and interpretability.

Orthogonal to these ideas, methods along the lines of expectationmaximization (EM) have been proposed, but they often require additional modeling assumptions.


Fresh virgin olive oil (VOO) has a characteristic odor, taste and nutritive properties that distinguish it from other edible oils. The delicate and unique odor of VOO is related to the volatile compounds, mainly C5 and C6 volatile compounds, enzymatically produced by the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipoxygenase pathways (Kalua et al., 2007) . Hydrophilic phenols are responsible for the bitter and pungent taste of VOO as well as for its oxidative stability. These natural antioxidants are also important in the prevention of severe diseases which have the highest incidence in the late aged classes, for example cancer and chronic degenerative disease (Servili et al. 2004) .

The delicate and unique odor of VOO is related to the volatile compounds, mainly C5 and C6 volatile compounds, enzymatically produced by the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipoxygenase pathways.

These natural antioxidants are also important in the prevention of severe diseases which have the highest incidence in the late aged classes, for example cancer and chronic degenerative disease.


Few LC methods were reported in the literature for the analysis in biological samples [8] . Extensive literature survey reveals there is no stability indicating UPLC method for determination of related substances and quantitative estimation of Candesartan in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical dosage forms. An ideal stability indicating chromatographic method should estimate the drug to be able to resolve from its potential impurities and degradation products. The present drug stability test guide line Q1A (R2) issued by International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) suggested that stress studies should be carried out on a drug to establish its inherent stability characteristic, leading to separation of degradation products and hence supporting the stability of the proposed analytical procedures. It also requires that analytical test procedures for stability samples should be stability indicating and they should be fully validated [9] .

Few LC methods were reported in the literature for the analysis in biological samples.

It also requires that analytical test procedures for stability samples should be stability indicating and they should be fully validated.


SU(2) Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) theory possesses regular static spherically symmetric solutions [1] . These solutions are aymptotically flat and have non-trivial magnetic gauge field configurations, but no global charge. They have a high-density interior region, followed by a near-field region with approximately Reissner-Nordstrøm metric and a far-field region with approximately Schwarzschild metric [1] .

SU(2) Einstein-Yang-Mills (EYM) theory possesses regular static spherically symmetric solutions.

They have a high-density interior region, followed by a near-field region with approximately Reissner-Nordstrøm metric and a far-field region with approximately Schwarzschild metric.


We consider the above set of solutions to be the simplest type of gravitating nonspherical regular solutions of EYMD and EYM theory. We conjecture, that there are gravitating regular solutions with much more complex shapes and only discrete symmetries left. This conjecture is based on the observation, that for some types of solitons in flat space the symmetry structure of the (energetically lowest) solutions becomes increasingly complex with increasing winding number or charge n. For instance for skyrmions, the lowest n = 1 solution is spherically symmetric, the lowest n = 2 solution has axial symmetry, and the lowest n ≥ 3 solutions respect only discrete crystal-like symmetries [15] .

This conjecture is based on the observation, that for some types of solitons in flat space the symmetry structure of the (energetically lowest) solutions becomes increasingly complex with increasing winding number or charge n. For instance for skyrmions, the lowest n = 1 solution is spherically symmetric, the lowest n = 2 solution has axial symmetry, and the lowest n ≥ 3 solutions respect only discrete crystal-like symmetries.


But EYMD and EYM theory also possess black hole solutions. The non-abelian spherically symmetric black hole solutions may be regarded as black holes inside sphalerons [14] . We conjecture, that also the gravitating axially symmetric solutions can accommodate black holes in their interior. And this conjecture naturally extends to gravitating solutions with more complex shapes and less symmetry. The existence of such black hole solutions without rotational symmetry inside multimonopoles has also been conjectured from a stability argument [16] . Table 1 The dimensionless mass µ of the EYMD solutions with winding number n = 3 and up to 4 nodes for several values of the dilaton coupling constant γ. For comparison, the last row gives the mass of the limiting solutions, the first column gives the mass of the EYM solutions, and the last column the scaled mass of the corresponding YMD solutions [5] . Table 2 The dimensionless mass µ, the maximum of the energy density ǫ max and the location ρ max of the maximum of the energy density of the EYMD solutions of the sequences n = 1 − 4 with node numbers k = 1 − 4 and γ = 1. For comparison, the mass of the limiting solutions is also shown. Note, that µ/n decreases with n for fixed finite k.

The non-abelian spherically symmetric black hole solutions may be regarded as black holes inside sphalerons.

The existence of such black hole solutions without rotational symmetry inside multimonopoles has also been conjectured from a stability argument.

For comparison, the last row gives the mass of the limiting solutions, the first column gives the mass of the EYM solutions, and the last column the scaled mass of the corresponding YMD solutions.


To every regular solution in SU(2) EYM theory, there exists a corresponding family of black hole solutions with regular event horizon x H > 0 [2] . Outside their event horizon these black hole solutions possess non-abelian hair. Like the regular solutions, the black hole solutions are unstable [3] .

To every regular solution in SU(2) EYM theory, there exists a corresponding family of black hole solutions with regular event horizon x H > 0.

Like the regular solutions, the black hole solutions are unstable.


Like EYM theory, Einstein-Yang-Mills-dilaton (EYMD) possesses static, spherically symmetric non-abelian regular and black hole solutions [4] . Here the dilaton coupling constant γ represents a parameter. In the limit γ → 0 the dilaton decouples and EYM theory is obtained, for γ = 1 contact with the low energy effective action of string theory is made, and in the limit γ → ∞ gravity decouples and Yang-Mills-dilaton (YMD) theory is obtained.

Like EYM theory, Einstein-Yang-Mills-dilaton (EYMD) possesses static, spherically symmetric non-abelian regular and black hole solutions.


In the production of bleached kraft pulp, a large part of the resin originally present in wood is removed in the kraft cooking. However, the wood extractives remaining in the brownstock pulp will be carried over to the bleach plant where they will react with the bleaching chemicals to various degrees depending on their chemical structure and on the bleaching agent used (Jansson et al. 1995) . The species that survive the bleaching processes can be found as pulp extractives and are detrimental for product quality. The new trends to use environmentally-sound bleaching processes such as "totally chlorine free" (TCF) in place of "elemental chlorine free" (ECF) sequences, are increasing the severity of pitch problems during kraft pulping of some types of wood.

However, the wood extractives remaining in the brownstock pulp will be carried over to the bleach plant where they will react with the bleaching chemicals to various degrees depending on their chemical structure and on the bleaching agent used.


Wood resin, which consists of complex mixtures of different lipophilic wood extractives including fatty acids, resin acids, waxes, sterols, sterol esters and glycerides, causes significant technical and economic troubles during pulp and paper manufacturing (Sjöström 1993) . During wood pulping and refining of pulp, extractives in the resin canals and ray parenchyma cells can be released forming colloidal pitch. Pitch particles, which can be small in size, then coalesce into larger droplets which deposit on the surface of fibers or equipment being responsible for production troubles and an increased incidence of quality defects (Hillis and Sumimoto 1989) .

Wood resin, which consists of complex mixtures of different lipophilic wood extractives including fatty acids, resin acids, waxes, sterols, sterol esters and glycerides, causes significant technical and economic troubles during pulp and paper manufacturing.

Pitch particles, which can be small in size, then coalesce into larger droplets which deposit on the surface of fibers or equipment being responsible for production troubles and an increased incidence of quality defects.


The success of the completed design depends on the selection of the appropriate concept design alternative [25, 29, 30] . A mismatch between the customer"s need and the product and manufacturing process causes loss of quality, delay to market and increased costs [31] . Changes made early in the design process are less costly than those made during detailed design and later stages [32] . Any design defect in the conceptual design is very difficult to correct in the detailed design stage and will incur further costs in the future [33] . The process of choosing the concept design is frequently iterative and may not produce immediately a dominant concept design [34] . An initially large set of concept design alternatives should be screened down to a smaller set, because some would clearly not be feasible for reasons, such as infeasibility of manufacturing or the cost of production [35] . Failing to choose the most appropriate concept design alternative might lead to reworking or redesigning and waste of resources. To choose a concept design, a company should pay attention to its manufacturing process but also consider the criteria of potential customers.

The success of the completed design depends on the selection of the appropriate concept design alternative.

A mismatch between the customer"s need and the product and manufacturing process causes loss of quality, delay to market and increased costs.

Changes made early in the design process are less costly than those made during detailed design and later stages.

Any design defect in the conceptual design is very difficult to correct in the detailed design stage and will incur further costs in the future.

The process of choosing the concept design is frequently iterative and may not produce immediately a dominant concept design.

An initially large set of concept design alternatives should be screened down to a smaller set, because some would clearly not be feasible for reasons, such as infeasibility of manufacturing or the cost of production.


Nowadays some research based on desalination have been developed [32] [33] [34] . The use of microbial desalination cell (MDC) represents a new approach for desalination. Some operational condition and the reactor design have varied widely, but the use of yeast as a biocatalyst is a new application. Yeast fuel cell has a great potential for desalination as a low-cost desalination process with significant environmental benefits. Therefore, it is evidence that some studies should be studied intensively to investigate this novel process and to enhance the performance of yeast fuel cell and desalination process.

Nowadays some research based on desalination have been developed.