Research in Tanzania found no effect of recent in-service training on provider barriers to family planning [15] . In our study, in-service family planning training reduced marital status bias among health facility providers for pills, injectables, and IUDs. The training had no, or the opposite, effect on minimum age bias. The effect of family planning training on pharmacists and PMVs was either non-existent or in the opposite direction of what would be expected. It is difficult to know why the family planning training experience for health facility providers was only partially effective and completely ineffective for pharmacists and PMVs due to the range of potential family planning training programs available in Nigeria. It is possible that the trainings focused more on the proper techniques for administering contraceptives, the limits of what each provider is legally able to do, and the medical eligibility criteria -as opposed to socially imposed medical barriers. Given the particular importance of PMVs in family planning service delivery in Nigeria, it would be imperative to find out what family planning training exists for PMVs and determine how it could be strengthened to address these providers' medical barriers to provision.

Research in Tanzania found no effect of recent in-service training on provider barriers to family planning.


Training programs must acknowledge and situate the information and skills provided within the cultural norms and attitudes that shape the social environment in which family planning service providers practice. Family planning training has been targeted to higher level providers -doctors are more likely to receive training than other tiers of providers [21] . Given how few doctors interact with family planning clients -efforts to increase family planning training experience among other types of providers, especially those most likely to interact with family planning clients -such as nurse/midwives, CHEWs, pharmacists, and PMVs, is imperative.

Family planning training has been targeted to higher level providers -doctors are more likely to receive training than other tiers of providers.


The ancillary finding that reliability of transcription was lower for the SLI-E samples may have interesting consequences for these children's interactions with adult speakers and their opportunities for language growth. A significant positive correlation was found between intelligibility and maternal use of recasts with SLI-E children (Conti-Ramsden, 1990) . The more intelligible children provided their mothers with a greater number of opportunities, and therefore their mothers used the greatest number of simple recasts. Unintelligibility appears to interfere with the parent's responsiveness to the child. Along with parental inability to attach meaning to the phonetic sequences uttered by the child, it is not particularly surprising that researchers have encountered similar difficulties in agreeing on the structure and sound sequences of some of these utterances. Although the relationship between intelligibility and phonetic transcription reliability has not been examined in the SLI-E population, it is apparent that they are related and may have important consequences for these children's languagelearning opportunities.

A significant positive correlation was found between intelligibility and maternal use of recasts with SLI-E children.


In this paper we have proposed a graph-based model (called PSTDM) for semistructured data that allows us to model in a homogeneous way (temporal) properties of data. More particularly we discussed in some detail constraints and operations on PSTDM graphs dealing with either transaction or valid times, the two well-known time dimensions of data (Jensen et al. 1998) . We showed how a PSTDM graph can represent a sequence of timestamped atemporal graphs, when the transaction time is considered; on the other side, the overall PSTDM graph encodes the real-world history represented by valid time timestamped data.

More particularly we discussed in some detail constraints and operations on PSTDM graphs dealing with either transaction or valid times, the two well-known time dimensions of data.


Clinical trials (CTs) are essential for identifying effective therapies in modern medicine [1] . When properly conducted, CTs are the fastest and safest way to determine which therapeutic strategies and diagnostic tests are most effective. As CTs require human subjects, ethical approval is mandatory to ensure safe and successful execution of a clinical trial (CT). Despite the high level of safety being given to attract participants for CTs, recruitment has always been a challenge, and most people remain unaware of CTs and how their participation contributes to the development of future drugs and devices [2] .

Clinical trials (CTs) are essential for identifying effective therapies in modern medicine.

Despite the high level of safety being given to attract participants for CTs, recruitment has always been a challenge, and most people remain unaware of CTs and how their participation contributes to the development of future drugs and devices.


The Rubiaceae family has 550 genera and approximately 9,000 species. It is one of the largest families of angiosperms (Souza and Lorenzi, 2005) . The Genipa is in the Ixoroideae subfamily and the Gardenieae tribe and is recognized as a taxon that has just two species: G. americana L. and G. infundibuliformis Zappi & Semir. The first species is native and is cultivated throughout the Neotropics, from Mexico to Patagonia, and the second species is found only in central-southern Brazil (Delprete et al., 2005) .

It is one of the largest families of angiosperms.

The first species is native and is cultivated throughout the Neotropics, from Mexico to Patagonia, and the second species is found only in central-southern Brazil.


The results obtained indicated that mature compost from swine manure does not allow the development of the house fly, registering larval mortalities of 100% with this treatment. This is due to the reduced moisture of the compost (< 30%) and the low nutritive value of composted material for the house fly larvae (Wortman et al., 2006) . Both conditions are results of the composting process.

This is due to the reduced moisture of the compost (< 30%) and the low nutritive value of composted material for the house fly larvae.


Maintaining natural appearance and resolving the disturbing effects of scars in dermal and articular structures are the main aims in post-burn rehabilitations. Physical therapy either as a passive motion of the joints or as an active and purposed motility should begin on the first day of hospitalization if the patient is otherwise healthy and does not present contraindicating manifestations [27, 28] . Physiotherapy and exercise, via releasing produced tensions made by scar tissue and also by improving tissue perfusion results in relieving articular contractures.

Physical therapy either as a passive motion of the joints or as an active and purposed motility should begin on the first day of hospitalization if the patient is otherwise healthy and does not present contraindicating manifestations.


Different from end-user applications, misconfigurations of systems may have a big impact. For example, a recent misconfiguration at Microsoft left Azure service unavailable to their western European customers for more than 2 hours [28] . In 2011, a misconfiguration of Amazon's EC2 service caused the cloud crash, affecting numbers of Internet services running on top of it [43] . In 2009, a misconfiguration brought down the entire ".se" domain for more than an hour, affecting almost 1 million end hosts [7] .

For example, a recent misconfiguration at Microsoft left Azure service unavailable to their western European customers for more than 2 hours.

In 2011, a misconfiguration of Amazon's EC2 service caused the cloud crash, affecting numbers of Internet services running on top of it.

In 2009, a misconfiguration brought down the entire ".se" domain for more than an hour, affecting almost 1 million end hosts.


Possible alternative mechanisms are ring current instabilities according to earlier discussions by other authors for radially polarized pulsations (Singer et al., 1982; Engebretson et al., 1992) . For an unambigiuous identi®cation of FLRs a more detailed examination of the possible excitation mechanism is necessary. On the one hand plasma data would allow investigations about the dynamics and the distribution function of the plasma to verify a possible excitation of a pulsation via a plasma instability. Electric ®eld data together with magnetic ®eld data on the other hand allow the computation of Poynting¯uxes to identify FLRs by the energy¯ow into the resonance region.

Possible alternative mechanisms are ring current instabilities according to earlier discussions by other authors for radially polarized pulsations.


Note that the determination of the azimuthal wave number in Eq. (9) and the resulting eect of a change of polarization of the wave were derived by fundamental equations, only assuming a location of the wave event and not assuming any speci®c resonant process causing the localization. Similar arguments apply for ground based observations of localized AlfveÂ n waves, where the in¯uence of the ionosphere has to be taken into account (Glassmeier, 1992) . Thus, the spatial change of polarization is an inherent characteristic of any localized AlfveÂ n wave, determined by Maxwell's equations. By itself, it cannot be considered as a sucient criteria for FLR.

Similar arguments apply for ground based observations of localized AlfveÂ n waves, where the in¯uence of the ionosphere has to be taken into account.


Over the past few years, the consensus problem of multiagent systems has attracted much attention from the researchers of different areas, including system control theory, statistical physics, biology, applied mathematics and computer science [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Generally, the main objective of consensus problem is to design an appropriate algorithm or interaction rule such that a group of agents converges to a consistent quantity of interest. Research on the consensus problem of multi-agent systems not only helps engineers better understand the mechanisms of natural collective phenomena, such as avoiding predators and increasing the chance of finding food, but also provides useful ideas for developing formation control, distributed cooperative control and coordination of multiple mobile autonomous agents/robots [6] [7] [8] .

Over the past few years, the consensus problem of multiagent systems has attracted much attention from the researchers of different areas, including system control theory, statistical physics, biology, applied mathematics and computer science.

Research on the consensus problem of multi-agent systems not only helps engineers better understand the mechanisms of natural collective phenomena, such as avoiding predators and increasing the chance of finding food, but also provides useful ideas for developing formation control, distributed cooperative control and coordination of multiple mobile autonomous agents/robots.


In the nature, the agents always have certain purposes such as achieving the desired common speed and heading, or arriving at a desired destination, which give rise to an interesting and important topic of leader-follower approach. In this approach, either an agent is chosen or a virtual one is designed as the leader, whose movement is constrained by a predefined trajectory. Then, the remaining agents track the leader according to some appropriate controllers [14] [15] [16] [17] . In order to reduce the number of controllers, a natural approach is to control a multi-agent system by pinning a small fraction of agents, known as the pinning control scheme [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] .

Then, the remaining agents track the leader according to some appropriate controllers.

In order to reduce the number of controllers, a natural approach is to control a multi-agent system by pinning a small fraction of agents, known as the pinning control scheme.


However, in the depressurizing process for the hydrate dissociation, the water encased in the hydrate is driven out to be free water flowing toward the outlet under the effect of the driving force. This flowing free water contacts methane gas in the sediment to form the hydrate again, causing the rise of the system temperature as a result of the effect of the heat released from the hydrate formation [37] . However, the phenomenon is not clear at the condition of 6.0 MPa. It is indicated that the decrease of dissociation pressure may aggravate the secondary hydrate formation.

This flowing free water contacts methane gas in the sediment to form the hydrate again, causing the rise of the system temperature as a result of the effect of the heat released from the hydrate formation.


The hydrate samples with different saturations for production model are obtained by injecting same volumes of methane, while stopping the hydrate formation process at different pressure. A similar tendency of dissociation characteristics is achieved in all experiments. To investigate the production behavior, Run 1 is the reference case in this study. Figure 2 shows time variation of five parameters such as: (a) pressure profiles, (b) production rate, (c) temperature profiles, (d) resistance profiles, (e) cumulative gas production in run 1. Due to the fact hydrate dissociation is an endothermic reaction, the temperature variation can be used to characterize the process. The resistance can be used to characterize the change of the gas hydrate reservoir [33] . Because the resistivity of gas hydrate is greater than that of water, with the dissociation of the hydrate the resistance decreases. The temperatures and resistances at four points change almost simultaneously because of the high permeability and length limit of the porous media in the experiments induce that the hydrate dissociates identically at each point in this vessel, and it further indicates that the effect of gas flow during production process can be ignored.

The resistance can be used to characterize the change of the gas hydrate reservoir.


Wind turbines (WTs) are unmanned, remote power plants. Unlike conventional power stations, WTs are exposed to highly variable and harsh weather conditions, including calm to severe winds, tropical heat, lightning, arctic cold, hail, and snow. Due to these external variations, WTs undergo constantly changing loads, which result in highly variable operational conditions that lead to intense mechanical stress [4] . Consequently, the operational unavailability of WTs reaches 3% of the lifetime of a WT. Moreover, operation and maintenance (OM) costs can account for 10%-20% of the total cost of energy (COE) for a wind project, and this percentage can reach 35% for a WT at the end of life. A preventive-centered maintenance strategy that avoids machine shutdown can considerably reduce these costs [5] [6] [7] . Therefore, WTs require a high degree of maintenance to provide a safe, cost-effective, and reliable power output with acceptable equipment life. The state-of-the-art method for determining the maintenance strategy in the WT industry is reliability-centered maintenance (RCM), which consists of preventive maintenance based on performance and/or parameter monitoring and subsequent actions. In this strategy, condition-monitoring (CM) is used to determine the optimum point between corrective and scheduled maintenance strategies [8] [9] [10] [11] . The recurrent and commonly used condition-monitoring techniques (CMTs) are: (i) vibration/acoustic-controlled and OM techniques for the turbine; and (ii) optical strain gauges for the blades. The WTs are typically designed to operate for a period of 20 years [12, 13] . As with other mechanical systems, time-based maintenance assumes that the failure behavior of WTs is predictable. Fundamentally, three failure patterns describe the failure characteristics of WT mechanical systems [14] .

Due to these external variations, WTs undergo constantly changing loads, which result in highly variable operational conditions that lead to intense mechanical stress.

A preventive-centered maintenance strategy that avoids machine shutdown can considerably reduce these costs.

In this strategy, condition-monitoring (CM) is used to determine the optimum point between corrective and scheduled maintenance strategies.

The WTs are typically designed to operate for a period of 20 years.

Fundamentally, three failure patterns describe the failure characteristics of WT mechanical systems.


In the literatures, few articles have provided a review of wind turbine condition monitoring (WTCM) and/or fault diagnosis [7, 21, [26] [27] [28] [29] . The goal of this paper is to provide a review of methods and techniques for WTCM with a classification of: (i) intrusive and nonintrusive techniques; and (ii) destructive techniques and non-destructive techniques. This work also focuses on trends and future challenges in the WTCM industry. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 is dedicated to CM-related concepts and definitions and outlines the relationships among CM, fault diagnosis, and fault prognostic and maintenance strategies; Section 3 presents a review of techniques and methods used in WECSs and CM, subdividing them into subsystem techniques and overall system techniques as well as destructive and non-destructive techniques; Section 4 discusses the new trends and future challenges that will enable the industry to address the WT challenges of the future, including reducing operational costs and improving reliability; finally, Section 5 provides conclusions to the work.

In the literatures, few articles have provided a review of wind turbine condition monitoring (WTCM) and/or fault diagnosis.


Dengue fever is a mandatorily reportable disease in Brazil since the reintroduction of the virus to the country in 1986 [7] . The dengue surveillance system relies on passive reporting from healthcare facilities (outpatient and hospital), with uniform standardized forms used throughout the country. The data from these forms are entered into the National Reportable Disease Information System-SINAN (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação), which is the main source for dengue related information in Brazil. As expected, passive surveillance likely results in under-reporting, especially with regard to undifferentiated febrile and atypical forms of dengue [9, 10] . This limitation may lead to an underestimated burden of the disease, which can result in inappropriate allocation of resources for prevention and control activities [11] [12] [13] .

Dengue fever is a mandatorily reportable disease in Brazil since the reintroduction of the virus to the country in 1986.

As expected, passive surveillance likely results in under-reporting, especially with regard to undifferentiated febrile and atypical forms of dengue.

This limitation may lead to an underestimated burden of the disease, which can result in inappropriate allocation of resources for prevention and control activities.


An IHC test for Nestin/Ki-67, reflecting immature vascular proliferation, was recently found superior to MVD and VEGF for outcome prediction in PC patients (Gravdal et al, 2009) . Another study highlighted vascular morphology (size and irregularity of tumour-associated vessels) as a more accurate predictor of PCspecific death than MVD (Mucci et al, 2009) . Future studies should investigate if these or other emerging markers of angiogenesis will improve risk stratification further if combined with APN. Finally, it is important to note that our approach used prostatectomy specimens for the RP cohort and TURP specimens for the CT cohort. It will be interesting to investigate if the prognostic value of APN alone or in combination with a marker of angiogenesis can be transferred to prostate biopsies at the time of diagnosis.

An IHC test for Nestin/Ki-67, reflecting immature vascular proliferation, was recently found superior to MVD and VEGF for outcome prediction in PC patients.

Another study highlighted vascular morphology (size and irregularity of tumour-associated vessels) as a more accurate predictor of PCspecific death than MVD.


Moreover, it can be said that the teacher and the textbook, especially in EFL contexts, take on the culture. If the so-called pivotal roles are approved of, then the way the textbook spells out the role of different people in the target society and the way they use language to express their intentions will speakers. In addition to that, taking into account the fact that we are living in the post-method era, no single and unique method guarantees success in all language classrooms and for all learners (Kumaravadivelu, 2006) . Asit has been the case in all language teaching methods and approaches, the materials and textbooks have always demonstrated the principles and notions prevailing in a given period urgent.

In addition to that, taking into account the fact that we are living in the post-method era, no single and unique method guarantees success in all language classrooms and for all learners.


Teleconferencing systems are omnipresent in modern business environments. They range from basic phone conferencing systems, which allow many persons to join a phone conversation, to more elaborate setups using high-definition video streams displayed on large screens. Teleconferencing allows remote teams to collaborate without loss of time in traveling, which leads to cost and energy savings [1] . However, current-generation systems are lacking as users still report the need for face-to-face meetings, particularly when many participants are involved. Some of the central complaints about the current teleconferencing tools, on top of the complicated setups, are the lack of a clear overview of the entire meeting situation and the lack of the co-presence experience due to the way in which the audiovisual data is presented. The multidisciplinary ICOCOON project 4 aimed to tackle these issues by extracting knowledge by means of computer vision from audiovisual streams captured by a visual sensor network from multiple locations involved in a teleconference. This knowledge is then used to automatically select the most relevant video stream (e.g., someone presenting or asking a question) among all video streams from all locations to present to the user. Additionally, the project investigated the possibility of visualizing the captured knowledge in a virtual environment (VE) 5 resulting in our Virtual Meeting Room (VMR) application, which is the focus of this paper. Our approach aimed to visualize the high-level interpretation of captured knowledge in the context of a business meeting (see Section 3) . The main goal of the VMR is to provide the same sense of overview (and more) one has during a conventional face-to-face meeting where all parties are present in the same location. The basic premise was that this could be valuable, especially in business meetings with many participants where only one participant is shown in a video feed to remote participants. Using a virtual environment, 3D humanoid avatars can convey actions of meeting participants in a way that can be interpreted intuitively by a user. Also, this approach offers a lot of flexibility on the way knowledge is visualized. This allows for an abstract representation of what is happening in the real world which facilitates the feeling of overview.

Teleconferencing allows remote teams to collaborate without loss of time in traveling, which leads to cost and energy savings.


The synthesis result of circularly-polarized data are better than the conventional linearly-polarized data. The CP-SAR sensor can detect the presence of object from long distance, the speed of object, the specific interest map of object, such as monitoring the condition of hazards (earthquake, flood, tsunami, volcanic eruption, forest fire), monitoring the oceans (ocean wave, offshore oil drilling), mapping the surface contour (the area classification of forest and non-forest, the height approximation of tree, the extraction of the wet area and agricultural area, the map of mangrove area, the detection of snow and glacier), determining floristic composition (content and type of substance on flora) [4] . To realize the high quality and efficiency in these applications, the CP-SAR parameters including size, weight, power consumption, and type of substrate material should be thoroughly considered [2] . One of the solutions related to CP-SAR parameters is microstrip antenna that can be integrated with CP-SAR system. Therefore, in this paper we will design a basic construction of radar microstrip antenna at the Sband frequency with low power on geostationary satellite. The substrate material of this radar antenna is made from microstrip material whose relative permittivity, εr = 2.17 and loss tangent, δ = 0.0009 for obtaining high resolution and good image for any explored terrain. As compared with conventional microwave antennas, a microstrip antenna has additional advantages such as a compact size, lightweight, conformability of the substrate surface, low cost, easier to integrate with other circuits, flexible, and well established. Hence, it is suitable for the attached radar antenna on the body of geostationary satellite or the other aircraft in which be able to achieve the need of communication infrastructure that has variety platform and capable to produce the processed data with high quality and good efficiency.

The CP-SAR sensor can detect the presence of object from long distance, the speed of object, the specific interest map of object, such as monitoring the condition of hazards (earthquake, flood, tsunami, volcanic eruption, forest fire), monitoring the oceans (ocean wave, offshore oil drilling), mapping the surface contour (the area classification of forest and non-forest, the height approximation of tree, the extraction of the wet area and agricultural area, the map of mangrove area, the detection of snow and glacier), determining floristic composition (content and type of substance on flora).

To realize the high quality and efficiency in these applications, the CP-SAR parameters including size, weight, power consumption, and type of substrate material should be thoroughly considered.


Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in the microwave band is an active sensor that can produce highresolution image in the microwave band. The use of microwave frequency allows the penetration through clouds or forest canopy for lower frequency bands. Moreover, there are some limitations of the SAR sensor due to the phenomenon of propagation such as the geometrical variation between the radar system and the earth, the phase shift when the microwave touch the earth smoothly, and the reflective surfaces. This phenomenon causes the unwanted backscatter modulation signal and redistribution random back signal-energy, also makes the formed image seem blurring and defocusing spatial variants, ambiguous identification, and low different features of backscatter [2] . Especially for the propagation space, electromagnetic waves propagated through the ionosphere interact with electrons and magnetic fields.

This phenomenon causes the unwanted backscatter modulation signal and redistribution random back signal-energy, also makes the formed image seem blurring and defocusing spatial variants, ambiguous identification, and low different features of backscatter.


In this investigation, only the numerical simulation related to the microstrip antennas are performed, then the results of them are discussed. In particular, the analysis focuses on the study of the comparison of three types of antenna, namely truncated-tip without and with slot, and equilateral triangle antenna. Truncated-tip without slot antennas are c1, scope (c2), and hexagonal (c3), while truncated-tip with slot antenna is c3s. All of them can be applied for remote sensing application embedded on geostationary satellite after optimized and configured to array antenna [5, 6, 7, 8] .

All of them can be applied for remote sensing application embedded on geostationary satellite after optimized and configured to array antenna.


The Method of Moments (MoM) is chosen in the numerical analysis for fast calculation. The software used is Ensemble TM version 8 from Ansoft [9] . The numerical simulation (c1, c2, c3, c3s, and equilateral triangle antennas) and the measurement results (only equilateral triangle antenna) of the antenna configuration are shown, especially at the frequency around 2.5 GHz -2.9 GHz as a basic construction of array antenna embedded on geostationary satellite for CP-SAR application. Table 1 shows the specification and the desired target for the CP-SAR system, which in turn influence the specification of the S-Band CP-SAR geostationary satellite antenna [2] . Each antenna can generate wave that yield a Circular Polarization (CP). The technique to achieve CP can be easily obtained i.e. by properly adjusting the element parameters, determining locus feed, and designing stub-fed [6, 10, 11] . Therefore, in the simulation of equilateral triangle antenna, the significant variation performances are also affected by stub-fed, especially S-parameter, frequency characteristic, input impedance, and radiation pattern. The performances are compared with the realized measurements using a network analyzer HP 8510C in the radio anechoic chamber.

The software used is Ensemble TM version 8 from Ansoft.

Table 1 shows the specification and the desired target for the CP-SAR system, which in turn influence the specification of the S-Band CP-SAR geostationary satellite antenna.

The technique to achieve CP can be easily obtained i.e. by properly adjusting the element parameters, determining locus feed, and designing stub-fed.


In section 2.0, we discuss about the characteristic configuration of each part. Then in section 3.0, we explain about the comparison of each part. In this section, we focus on the design of a triangle patch antenna as the basic construction to form a planar array that uses probe feed and microstrip-line feed. Among these models, the model of equilateral triangle antenna using dual feed type one is more appropriate to conduct a multi-polarization (LHCP = Left Hand Circular Polarization and RHCP = Right Hand Circular Polarization) array because it is loaded with isolation parameter compared to probe feed. Then, we select the model of equilateral triangle with microstrip-line dual feed type one to discuss more detail (including simulation, fabrication, and measurement) rather than the model c1, c2, c3, and c3s (only simulation). A microstrip-line dual feed equilateral triangle microstrip element antenna has superior properties and would be a good element for the CP-SAR implementation. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the configuration of model c2 and c3 antennas, respectively. The equilateral triangle patch antenna has a side length, a = b and a conventional substrate (relative permittivity, εr = 2.17 and loss tangent, δ = 0.0009) [12] . The configuration of these antennas involve the cutting from each of the tip of an equilateral triangle patch antenna. We call these cutting as Ip and Is. The function of Ip is to make a perturbation for achieve the CP. Furthermore, the function of truncated-tips Is is to create a new phenomenon relatively for each antenna, for example in the c2 antenna if Is < Ip or in the c3 antenna if Is > Ip, that are LHCP and RHCP occur when probe feed are located on the right and the left side of the equilateral triangle patch antenna, respectively. In addition, LHCP can be obtained as follow: the effective current distribution that arise from the patch surface on the y direction is slightly shorter than in the x direction, which gives the y-directed resonant frequency slightly larger than the x-directed resonant frequency with equal amplitudes and 90° phase differences in the right side of the antenna. In the other hand, RHCP can be achieved in the opposite manner. Further, the function of two truncated-tips with length Is role as switching to change the variation of polarization, if the probe feed exist on the same place (for example probe-fed take place in the right side, if Is > Ip and Is < Ip for c2 and c3 antennas, respectively, then RHCP occur on that place). If Is = Ip, then both of c2 and c3 antennas do not have circular polarization, only linear polarization can be obtained [6] .

The equilateral triangle patch antenna has a side length, a = b and a conventional substrate (relative permittivity, εr = 2.17 and loss tangent, δ = 0.0009).

We call these cutting as Ip and Is.

If Is = Ip, then both of c2 and c3 antennas do not have circular polarization, only linear polarization can be obtained.


Microstrip antenna has several characteristics that are small shape, lightweight, relatively low manufacturing cost, and large area working frequency between 400 MHz to 60 GHz. Also, it can be integrated with the Microwave Integrated Circuit (MIC). Moreover, microstrip antenna is widely used in Personal Communication System (PCS), mobile satellite communication, Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), and radar [1] .

Moreover, microstrip antenna is widely used in Personal Communication System (PCS), mobile satellite communication, Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), and radar.


The conducting patch can be formed into several shapes, but rectangular and circular configurations are the most commonly used. The shape that the much attracting lately is the triangle shape of patch antenna. It is due to its small size compared with other shapes like the rectangular and circular patch antennas. Moreover, the triangle shape is chosen since it can easily be arranged and fabricated to produce CP radiation. The single element patches which have been optimized are then spatially arranged to form a planar array [11] . The planar array configuration is widely employed in radar systems where a narrow pencil beam is needed. A better control of the beam shape and position in space can be achieved by correctly arranging the elements along a rectangular grid to form a planar array (see Figure 1 ) [3, 11] . For the ease discussion in this paper, we separate the explanation into three parts namely (i) the model c2 and c3 antennas, (ii) the model c1, c3, and c3s antennas, (iii) the model equilateral triangle antenna. Actually the c3 antennas in the part (i) and (ii) are similar but not same, especially in parameter sizes of antenna that affect the difference of resonant frequency of antenna i.e. 2.5 GHz and 2.9 GHz, respectively.

The single element patches which have been optimized are then spatially arranged to form a planar array.

A better control of the beam shape and position in space can be achieved by correctly arranging the elements along a rectangular grid to form a planar array (see Figure 1 ).


The surface to volume ratio of a material is an important property for active sensing materials as increasing this ratio can lead to dramatic enhancement of sensor sensitivity and response time [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Recently, interest has developed in the nanofiber form of polyaniline [21, 22] . PAni nanofibers are pseudo one-dimensional objects that are 30-50 nm in diameter and up to several microns in length [16] . They combine the advantages of an organic conductor with those of a high surface area nano-material.

The surface to volume ratio of a material is an important property for active sensing materials as increasing this ratio can lead to dramatic enhancement of sensor sensitivity and response time.

Recently, interest has developed in the nanofiber form of polyaniline.

PAni nanofibers are pseudo one-dimensional objects that are 30-50 nm in diameter and up to several microns in length.


Currently there is much interest in the area of 'wireless sensor networks' [1] . The concept behind such research envisages a situation whereby the status of the real world is monitored by large numbers of distributed sensors that continuously feedback data which is analyzed, has the relevant information extracted and initiates the appropriate response. Many requirements must be fulfilled before such systems can be realized, including low power usage, low cost and self-sustainability over extended periods of time. Many chemo-/biosensors are prone to degradation. They depend on responsive materials and surfaces to interact with their chosen target and must regularly be calibrated or replaced to compensate for changes in their operating characteristics over time. The development of responsive materials that are stable and continue to respond and recover after repeated exposure to a target is one of the key roles of material science in facilitating the development of ''wireless sensor networks''.

Currently there is much interest in the area of 'wireless sensor networks'.


As the composite responds most strongly to ammonia (Fig. 3) , its response/recovery behavior for this target was investigated further. Ammonia (NH 3 ) is found throughout the natural environment in the air, soil, water, and also in plants and animals including humans. High levels of NH 3 can result in irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tracts of humans. Exposure to 300 ppm is immediately dangerous to both life and health. Ammonia is also flammable at concentrations of approximately 15-28% by volume in air. An acceptable 8 h exposure limit at 25 ppm and a short-term (15 min) exposure level at 35 ppm by volume has been set as the threshold limit value for NH 3 [56] .

An acceptable 8 h exposure limit at 25 ppm and a short-term (15 min) exposure level at 35 ppm by volume has been set as the threshold limit value for NH 3.


Electron microscopy images of a CNT only film, a supported film of PAni, and a composite film are shown in Fig. 2 . In Fig 2A the CNTs are porously arranged in bundles with diameters of $10 nm. In Fig. 2B the PAni nanofibers are tangled together, their diameters ranging from 30 to 50 nm (see inset). The structure of the composite (Fig. 2C) shows clearly its porous nature. The thinner web-like tubes that appear slightly brighter (due to their higher conductivity) are the CNTs, the thicker fibers spread homogeneously among them are the PAni nanofibers. The surface area of the composite film, measured by the BET method was determined to be 371 m 2 /g. Kaner and co-workers measured the surface area of PAni nanofibers alone to be 41.2 m 2 /g [16] . We can assume that the increased value for the composite is due to the highly porous arrangement of the CNTs. CNT bucky papers have been reported to have surface areas up to 470 m 2 /g [52] .

Kaner and co-workers measured the surface area of PAni nanofibers alone to be 41.2 m 2 /g.

CNT bucky papers have been reported to have surface areas up to 470 m 2 /g.


The sensing performance of composite films may be attributed to a combination of electrical resistance changes due to doping/dedoping of the PAni, and to a lesser extent charge transfer between the electron-donating NH 3 and the SWNTs. As the composite is comprised of 50% w/w PAni nanofibers, with the rest being CNTs, the response is less than that of the supported PAni only film. The decrease in sensitivity compared to the PAni only film may be due to the smaller amount of PAni present in composite films of equivalent scale, and the mixed PAni-CNT conduction mechanisms. The CNT-only films register the lowest response in all cases. Gas sensors based on pristine SWNTs usually display poor sensitivity due to the lack of a specific mode of interaction between SWNTs and the target analyte [37] . Functionalization or defects on CNTs can contribute to improved sensing abilities; however the SWNTs used in this study are unfunctionalized and relatively defect free.

Gas sensors based on pristine SWNTs usually display poor sensitivity due to the lack of a specific mode of interaction between SWNTs and the target analyte.


Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an allotrope of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure that possess superlative thermal, electrical and mechanical properties [25, 26] . There has been considerable research interest and many suggested applications for CNTs which include conductive and high-strength composites, energy storage/conversion devices and sensors [27, 28] . Perhaps one of the most significant properties of CNTs is their large aspect ratio, which is often greater than a thousand. This anisotropy, coupled with excellent mechanical properties, makes nanotubes especially suitable for the mechanical reinforcement of polymers [26] . Much of the research on polymer reinforcement using CNTs has focused on taking a relatively strong material like a bulk thermoplastic polymer and creating an even stronger one by adding a small amount of CNTs as the filler [26, 29] . In such composites the weaker polymer acts as a matrix containing the stronger reinforcing agent, namely CNTs.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an allotrope of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure that possess superlative thermal, electrical and mechanical properties.

There has been considerable research interest and many suggested applications for CNTs which include conductive and high-strength composites, energy storage/conversion devices and sensors.

This anisotropy, coupled with excellent mechanical properties, makes nanotubes especially suitable for the mechanical reinforcement of polymers.

Much of the research on polymer reinforcement using CNTs has focused on taking a relatively strong material like a bulk thermoplastic polymer and creating an even stronger one by adding a small amount of CNTs as the filler.


Literature is full of studies on state estimation in continuous distillation columns whereas studies on the control of compositions in batch columns are rare. Batch distillation is complex, nonlinear and high-order process and it is intrinsically dynamic making the control a more challenging task. Composition profiles and operating conditions may change over a wide range of values during the entire operation and the state estimators must be designed to deal with the time-varying nature of the batch columns (Mujtaba and Macchietto, 1996; Oisiovici and Cruz, 2000) . Also, batch distillation is an attractive choice in reactive distillation, when the reaction is slow and a large resident time is required to attain high conversion and when the reaction is so fast that a significant reaction may occur before the column reaches steady state (Wajge and Reklaitis, 1999) .

Composition profiles and operating conditions may change over a wide range of values during the entire operation and the state estimators must be designed to deal with the time-varying nature of the batch columns.

Also, batch distillation is an attractive choice in reactive distillation, when the reaction is slow and a large resident time is required to attain high conversion and when the reaction is so fast that a significant reaction may occur before the column reaches steady state.


The students' attitudes and norms about sexual intercourse indicate an accepting attitude towards sex. The students' statements on their friends' attitudes and norms coincided with their own attitudes and norms. According to the SRBBS, high scores on the subscales for attitudes and norms for intercourse indicate attitudes and norms supportive of abstaining from sex while low scores predict a risk for engaging in sex [24] . Despite positive attitudes and norms for sexual intercourse in this study students had few sex partners, contrary to expected outcome in accordance to the SRBBS. Positive attitudes and norms about sexual intercourse do not necessarily imply that there will be an increase in the number of partners. The students' positive attitudes and norms for intercourse and the low number of sexual partners suggest that other factors may be more important for making the decision to abstain or engage in intercourse such as the Ideology of love in which sex belongs in a loving relationship and more effective contraceptives [30] .

According to the SRBBS, high scores on the subscales for attitudes and norms for intercourse indicate attitudes and norms supportive of abstaining from sex while low scores predict a risk for engaging in sex.

The students' positive attitudes and norms for intercourse and the low number of sexual partners suggest that other factors may be more important for making the decision to abstain or engage in intercourse such as the Ideology of love in which sex belongs in a loving relationship and more effective contraceptives.


In this work, we applied the developed biosensor for the quantitative detection of human serum albumin (HSA) in urine samples, which is considered a biomarker suitable to identify and monitor patients with kidney damage [29] . Normal HSA level in urine is lower than 25 mg L Indeed, the level of urinary albumin excretion indicates kidney damage and it is recognized as a risk factor for pro-gression of kidney disease and damage [29] . In particular, the condition of microalbuminuria can be used to predict diabetic nephropathy [31] . Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management educa-tion to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Generally, while type I diabetes is manifested by acute symptoms such as markedly elevated blood glucose levels, type II diabetes is frequently not diag-nosed until complications appear. Diabetic nephropathy oc-curs in 20-40 % of patients with diabetes and is the single leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Persistent microalbuminuria has been shown to be the earliest stage of diabetic nephropathy in type I diabetes and a marker for development of nephropathy in type II diabetes. Patients with microalbuminuria who progress to macroalbuminuria are like-ly to progress to ESRD over a period of years [32] . The pos-sibility to promptly detect kidney damage allows starting treatment when the damage is minimal and reversible and the monitoring of urinary albumin represents a principal com-ponent of treatment for both type I and type II diabetes mellitus [33] . Moreover, higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are seen in patients with moderate and even mild renal dysfunction. Recent studies have indicated that even modest elevations in serum creatinine and urinary albumin excretion are associated with increased CVD risk, not only in subjects with diabetes or hypertension but also in the general popula-tion [34] . Therefore monitoring HSA can be useful for both diabetic and healthy patients in order to prevent future renal and cardiovascular adverse events [35] .

In this work, we applied the developed biosensor for the quantitative detection of human serum albumin (HSA) in urine samples, which is considered a biomarker suitable to identify and monitor patients with kidney damage.

Normal HSA level in urine is lower than 25 mg L Indeed, the level of urinary albumin excretion indicates kidney damage and it is recognized as a risk factor for pro-gression of kidney disease and damage.

In particular, the condition of microalbuminuria can be used to predict diabetic nephropathy.

Patients with microalbuminuria who progress to macroalbuminuria are like-ly to progress to ESRD over a period of years.

The pos-sibility to promptly detect kidney damage allows starting treatment when the damage is minimal and reversible and the monitoring of urinary albumin represents a principal com-ponent of treatment for both type I and type II diabetes mellitus.

Recent studies have indicated that even modest elevations in serum creatinine and urinary albumin excretion are associated with increased CVD risk, not only in subjects with diabetes or hypertension but also in the general popula-tion.

Therefore monitoring HSA can be useful for both diabetic and healthy patients in order to prevent future renal and cardiovascular adverse events.


Lateral flow immunoassays represent a well-established and very appropriate technology for developing easy-to-use and robust POC analytical devices. Their coupling with CL detec-tion has previously shown to improve analytical performance, including a higher sensitivity and the ability to provide quan-titative information [15] [16] [17] [18] . This would therefore bring the range of applications as well as the analytical performance of LFIAs closer to that of conventional analytical instrumenta-tion. Nevertheless, CL-LFIAs require multiple steps and dif-ferent reagents; thus, LFIAs devices should be properly de-signed to maintain the peculiarities of the LFIA technique, such as its amenability for on-field application. In this con-text, it is also important to implement simple, easy-touse and cheap but still highly sensitive signal detectors to fully exploit the quantitative potentiality of CL detection [18] . Indeed, integration of LFIAs with objective measurement technologies is considered one of the key aspects for next generation LFIAs [1] .

Their coupling with CL detec-tion has previously shown to improve analytical performance, including a higher sensitivity and the ability to provide quan-titative information.

In this con-text, it is also important to implement simple, easy-touse and cheap but still highly sensitive signal detectors to fully exploit the quantitative potentiality of CL detection.

Indeed, integration of LFIAs with objective measurement technologies is considered one of the key aspects for next generation LFIAs.


In this work, we propose for the first time an array of thin-film a-Si:H photosensors as detector for CL-LFIA. The analytical performances of these sensors have been previ-ously demonstrated in bioanalytical applications such as enzyme assays, immunoassays and gene probe assays [19, 26, 27] . In order to develop a fully integrated device, we coupled the miniaturized detector with a disposable PDMS microfluidic cartridge that houses the LFIA strip and all the reagents required for performing the analysis and enables easy manual dispensing of the reagents accord-ing to the analytical protocol. This analytical device will thus combine the simplicity and specificity of LFIA assays with the sensitivity of CL as reporting technique and with the low cost and easy integration of thin-film a-Si:H photosensors in miniaturized, portable instrumentation.

The analytical performances of these sensors have been previ-ously demonstrated in bioanalytical applications such as enzyme assays, immunoassays and gene probe assays.


Soil health is fundamentally underwritten by the assemblages that carry out the various key processes. These assemblages are predominantly biological in origin, but actually involve a particular configuration of the biology, physics, and chemistry of the soil constituents. What is quite clear is that any measure of soil health must be multivariate-single properties will not adequately encompass or integrate the features or issues that underwrite soil health [21] .

What is quite clear is that any measure of soil health must be multivariate-single properties will not adequately encompass or integrate the features or issues that underwrite soil health.


Many different kinds of excitations exist in rotor systemfor example, mechanical unbalance and misalignment of the coupling-which may cause vibrations [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . Besides these typical excitations, also specific excitations associated with the type of the rotating machine occur. This paper focuses on vibrations of rotor system supported by active electromagnet bearing; therefore, also electromagnetic forces have to be considered, which may cause vibrations by an eccentricity. The eccentricity can be divided into static eccentricity and dynamic eccentricity. Static eccentricity is, for example, caused by production tolerances regarding concentricity and fitting tolerance between stator housing, bearing housing, and so on. Dynamic eccentricity is caused if the rotor is bent or if the rotor core is eccentrically positioned on the rotor shaft and so on.

Many different kinds of excitations exist in rotor systemfor example, mechanical unbalance and misalignment of the coupling-which may cause vibrations.


Later in the 1970s, flywheel energy storage was proposed as a primary objective for electric vehicles and stationary power backup [1] . With the improvements in materials, magnetic bearing technology, and power electronics, flywheel energy storage technology has large developments. Compared with traditional battery energy storage system, flywheel energy storage system has many advantages such as higher energy storage density, higher specific power and power density, lower risk of overcharge or overdischarge, wide range of operation temperature, very long life cycle, and environmental friendliness [2] .

Later in the 1970s, flywheel energy storage was proposed as a primary objective for electric vehicles and stationary power backup.

Compared with traditional battery energy storage system, flywheel energy storage system has many advantages such as higher energy storage density, higher specific power and power density, lower risk of overcharge or overdischarge, wide range of operation temperature, very long life cycle, and environmental friendliness.


Denmark's history of wind power development, in addition to a large degree of local control and an active government promotion of wind power, laid the foundation for establishing the wind power industry that Denmark has today. Eventually, however, wind power became controversial in Denmark. Conflicts centre around noise, land use, and the visual impact of wind turbines. The Danish government has attempted to resolve these 3 conflicts by increasing pressure on local communities and by developing offshore sites for wind power parks (Meyer 1995) .

The Danish government has attempted to resolve these 3 conflicts by increasing pressure on local communities and by developing offshore sites for wind power parks.


Dialogue between wind power developer and the local community is important. A recent Norwegian survey showed that inhabitants in smaller communities overall was more satisfied with the level of community service. One possible reason for this difference is the smaller distance between inhabitants and politicians than in large communities. The population also tends to be more homogenous in small local communities than in larger ones (Monkerud and Sørensen 2010) .

The population also tends to be more homogenous in small local communities than in larger ones.


Arm manipulators are the most commonly used robots in industrial applications. Arm manipulator consists of a series of links, connected by joints, which can be moved translationally or rotationally. Parts of all of the joints are actuated and extend from a base to an end-effector. Arm manipulator is analogous to the human hand, and the end-effector can be designed to perform any desired task [1] . To successfully fulfil the desired task, the kinematics and dynamics of a manipulator must be studied first, and then the controllers also need to be designed and implemented in the mechanical manipulator system.

Arm manipulator is analogous to the human hand, and the end-effector can be designed to perform any desired task.


If FB consistency influences frequency ratings, words from lower consistency classes should be judged less frequent than words from higher consistency classes in spite of the fact that they were of comparable objective frequency. Table 7 shows the mean frequency values obtained for the ten classes of items. Correlation analyses indicated a large correlation between log frequency and subjective frequency (r ϭ Ϫ.90, p Ͻ .001), but no significant correlation between FB consistency and subjective frequency (r ϭ Ϫ.04, p ϭ .59). Hence, the results of Experiment 5c strengthen the conclusions reached in Experiment 5b and demonstrate that the differences in subjective frequency observed in Experiment 5b are not due to FB consistency. The observation that subjective frequency and consistency do not correlate parallels the finding that subjective judgments of the number of spelling variants of phonemes occurring in words are unrelated to objective word frequency (Kreiner, 1996) . Given that the lexical decision experiments used only low-frequency items, additional analyses were conducted on the 74 low-frequency words which had a log frequency lower than 1.20. The number of items in each of the ten consistency classes was 8, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 8, 6, 7, and 7 , from class 1 to 10, respectively. The pattern of correlations was similar to that observed for the whole set, with a significant correlation between subjective frequency and log frequency (r ϭ .52, p Ͻ .001) and no correlation between FB consistency and either frequency estimate (r ϭ Ϫ.11, p ϭ .33 and r ϭ Ϫ.13, p ϭ .26 for log frequency and subjective frequency, respectively). In fact, the correlations indicate small trends in the direction opposite to the hypothesis. In sum, FB consistency does not seem to affect frequency ratings even within a pool of low-frequency words.

The observation that subjective frequency and consistency do not correlate parallels the finding that subjective judgments of the number of spelling variants of phonemes occurring in words are unrelated to objective word frequency.


As can be seen from Figure 1 , MIH messages are exchanged over various wireless media between mobile nodes and access networks. Thus the MIH services can be a new target to attackers, which will be the main concern for equipment vendors and service providers [16] . Some typical threats about MIIS are listed below.

Thus the MIH services can be a new target to attackers, which will be the main concern for equipment vendors and service providers.


Real-time multimedia services such as voice over IP and interactive streaming become more and more popular in current wireless networks, so ubiquitous roaming support for real-time multimedia traffic in an access independent manner becomes increasingly important. Seamless mobility can be achieved by enabling mobile terminals to conduct seamless handovers across diverse access networks, that is, seamlessly transfer and continue their ongoing sessions from one access network to another. Vertical handover in the heterogeneous networks is one of the major challenges for seamless mobility with ubiquitous connectivity, since each access network may have different mobility, quality of service,Fn and security requirements [2] . Moreover, realtime applications have stringent performance requirements on end-to-end delay and packet loss. In general, the vertical handover process can be divided into three main phases, efforts to methods about discovering neighbor networks and related information [4, 5] . Some of them focused on the issue of choosing the next network based on factors like bandwidth, cost, date rate, and so forth when the device is moving out of the current network [6] [7] [8] . Also, several approaches were published showing how to perform a fast authentication between different access technologies when handover-took place [9] [10] [11] . Apart from these, a number of works have also been carried out towards addressing other handover related issues [12] [13] [14] .

Vertical handover in the heterogeneous networks is one of the major challenges for seamless mobility with ubiquitous connectivity, since each access network may have different mobility, quality of service,Fn and security requirements.

In general, the vertical handover process can be divided into three main phases, efforts to methods about discovering neighbor networks and related information.

Some of them focused on the issue of choosing the next network based on factors like bandwidth, cost, date rate, and so forth when the device is moving out of the current network.

Also, several approaches were published showing how to perform a fast authentication between different access technologies when handover-took place.

Apart from these, a number of works have also been carried out towards addressing other handover related issues.


The seed-to-seedling transition is an important phenological transition and every plant species exhibits a unique suite of requirements for germination and seedling establishment [1] [2] [3] . The determination of these requirements is a prerequisite for successfully growing tree species that are important in large-scale horticulture and silviculture. Similarly, the germination requirements for tree species that are threatened with extinction must be known for successful conservation nursery management with limited access to seeds.

The seed-to-seedling transition is an important phenological transition and every plant species exhibits a unique suite of requirements for germination and seedling establishment.


Serianthes nelsonii is a critically endangered legume tree species restricted to the islands of Guam and Rota [4] . Thousands of container-grown transplants will be required to fulfill the goals of the published species recovery plan [5, 6] . Yet germination treatments that maximize the propagation success of this species have been only minimally studied. A single mature tree remains as the sole seed source for Guam's population of S. nelsonii. Even a modest increase in the germination success of this severely limited seed source may benefit species recovery efforts.

Serianthes nelsonii is a critically endangered legume tree species restricted to the islands of Guam and Rota.

Thousands of container-grown transplants will be required to fulfill the goals of the published species recovery plan.


Due to these dynamical instabilities present in freerunning lasers there is profound interest in control schemes. A very powerful tool is optical feedback, in many cases in conjunction with filtering techniques [6, [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . Promising progress was achieved in controlling the emission of broadarea edge-emitting semiconductor lasers [11, [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Some of these works also witnessed interest in stabilizing other spatial distributions than the fundamental/homogeneous mode as long as the mode stability and thus the temporal coherence can be improved. In VCSELs, the stabilization of the fundamental mode as well as some high order modes was demonstrated in a small Fresnel number situation where Gaussian modes were emitted [20] . It was also shown that small bistable microlasers-a special type of spatial dissipative solitoncan be stabilized within a broad-area VCSEL with frequencyselective feedback [21, 22] .

A very powerful tool is optical feedback, in many cases in conjunction with filtering techniques.

Promising progress was achieved in controlling the emission of broadarea edge-emitting semiconductor lasers.

In VCSELs, the stabilization of the fundamental mode as well as some high order modes was demonstrated in a small Fresnel number situation where Gaussian modes were emitted.

It was also shown that small bistable microlasers-a special type of spatial dissipative solitoncan be stabilized within a broad-area VCSEL with frequencyselective feedback.


In the study of conversing pairs, we found it easier to detect characteristics associated with testosterone differences when judging sets of high-or low-testosterone individuals grouped together than when judging individuals one at a time. Sets of individuals together may be more revealing because expressions and actions not noticed in isolation take on significance when viewed together. This has been noticed before, where it proved easier to detect facial expressions associated with high-or low-testosterone levels in judging whole sets of photographs of high-or low-testosterone subjects together than it is in judging individual photographs of high or low testosterone subjects alone (Dabbs, 1997) .

This has been noticed before, where it proved easier to detect facial expressions associated with high-or low-testosterone levels in judging whole sets of photographs of high-or low-testosterone subjects together than it is in judging individual photographs of high or low testosterone subjects alone.


We did not find all the effects we expected. For example, in the dyadic conversations we expected judges to describe higher testosterone subjects as more ''dominant'' (Mazur, 1985) . They did not do so, even though they rated high-testosterone subjects as more confident, relaxed, and at ease and low-testosterone subjects as more attentive, friendly, fidgety, and tense or nervous. We conclude that the concept of dominance is broader than often indicated in psychological writing, where it is associated with force and hostile action. Especially in non-threatening or friendly settings, one may achieve dominance simply by being engaging and attractive. To be dominant it is often sufficient simply to have ''presence,'' a quality of implied power that elicits cautious respect from others. A person with presence does not have to perform any particular act to seize dominance, because others automatically behave in a deferential fashion . Elements of energy, confidence, and focus associated with testosterone may contribute to dominance by eliciting deference from others.

For example, in the dyadic conversations we expected judges to describe higher testosterone subjects as more ''dominant''.


Readers might question whether the effect sizes reported here are even worthy of note. Aside from the relatively large effect size reported in Study 4 (see footnote) the testosterone effects in terms of r ranged between .20 and .25. Of what impact is testosterone if it is contributing a mere 4% of the observable variance in behavior? Two points need to be made. First, unlike many social psychological experiments that attempt to explain or influence some critical and singular decision, behavioral event, or unidimensional judgment, the present investigation was studying nonverbal self-presentational behavior (DePaulo, 1992) . This was not a study of what precisely people do at critical, theoretically derived moments but an attempt to reveal individual differences in expressive style, movement through space, and interpersonal orientation. The main point was not the identification of universal one-to-one relationships between testosterone level and subjects' tendency to ''look left'' within our very idiosyncratic social/environmental context. Rather, our point was that testosterone has some effect on operant, freeflowing behavior, the kind of behavior that might otherwise be considered ''error variance'' in typical investigations of social interaction.

Two points need to be made.

First, unlike many social psychological experiments that attempt to explain or influence some critical and singular decision, behavioral event, or unidimensional judgment, the present investigation was studying nonverbal self-presentational behavior.


Subjects were 45 male and 100 female undergraduate students. Five subjects had missing data and were not included in the analysis. After signing a consent form and providing a saliva sample, each subject walked down a hallway, knocked on the door of a room, entered, and walked about 10 ft into the room to join an interviewer seated at a table. The interviewer was a female student of about the same age as the subjects. She introduced herself and asked questions for 5-10 min about the subject's background, worry and stress, extraversion or introversion, dominance toward others, religion, and the subject's description of himself or herself. A video camera behind and to one side of the interviewer recorded a full view of the subject entering the room and a view of the face and upper body of the subject seated at the table. After the interview, the subject returned to a waiting room and completed the NEO-PI-R personality inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992) . There were no significant effects related to this inventory.

After the interview, the subject returned to a waiting room and completed the NEO-PI-R personality inventory.


From an economic point of view, more and more jobs require an education, making educational access and attainment for all essential to economic growth. At the same time, the benefits of tertiary education qualifications have major implications for social justice, as education is a powerful factor promoting equality and social mobility, while helping to close existing income gaps for future generations (Bailey & Dynarski, 2011) . Consequently, a dual imperative exists to provide educational-interventions that increase higher education access and opportunity for low-SES groups.

At the same time, the benefits of tertiary education qualifications have major implications for social justice, as education is a powerful factor promoting equality and social mobility, while helping to close existing income gaps for future generations.


The intense noise generation when passing a flow in a corrugated pipe has intrigued researchers for more than a century [3] . Works carried out in recent years agree to show that the sound generation is related to an interaction between the flow and acoustic resonance in the pipe [10, 12, 4] . The turbulence of the flow, the interaction between the cavities forming the corrugation and finally the feedback whistling of the flow are related to the geometry of the pipe. Due to their flexibility and local stiffness, corrugated pipes are used in many engineering applications. In particular, they are widely used in the oil industry as for the transport of natural gas. Under certain conditions of geometries and flow, the pipes may whistle, generating harmful vibrations to the adjoining industrial facilities. A well-known example is the "singing riser" phenomenon observed on some natural gas installations in the North Sea.

The intense noise generation when passing a flow in a corrugated pipe has intrigued researchers for more than a century.

Works carried out in recent years agree to show that the sound generation is related to an interaction between the flow and acoustic resonance in the pipe.


Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an inherited disorder that is associated with accumulation of mineralized and fragmented elastic fibers in the skin, vascular walls and Bruch's membrane in the eye [1] . ABCC6, an ATPbinding cassette transporter gene encoding a multidrug resistance protein (MRP6), had been identified as the defective gene [2] . Ocular manifestations include angioid streaks, peau de orange, optic disc drusen and comet lesions [3] . Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is one of the most common causes of acute vision loss in PXE patients [4] . We report the presentation and management of a case of CNV in a patient with PXE in whom there was absence of obvious leakage during fluorescein angiography (FA) and the presence of subretinal fluid (SRF) as well as an intraretinal hyper-reflective structure in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an inherited disorder that is associated with accumulation of mineralized and fragmented elastic fibers in the skin, vascular walls and Bruch's membrane in the eye.

ABCC6, an ATPbinding cassette transporter gene encoding a multidrug resistance protein (MRP6), had been identified as the defective gene.

Ocular manifestations include angioid streaks, peau de orange, optic disc drusen and comet lesions.

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is one of the most common causes of acute vision loss in PXE patients.


Finally, with a view to investigate the effect of the natural frequency of the structure on the derived critical ground acceleration and associated structure inelastic response, an additional study is carried out. Herein, the structure natural frequency was varied (by varying the structure mass while stiffness is kept unchanged) and the critical acceleration is computed. These results are presented in figure (12) . It follows from this figure that the natural frequency of the linear system significantly influences the computed criticalü g (t) and the associated structure inelastic response. If the structure fundamental natural frequency is close to the dominant frequency of the site under consideration high inelastic deformation is produced.

These results are presented in figure.


In contrast, when the forage crop was added to diversify the rotation, grazing-based management resulted in large yield reductions relative to conventional tillage and minimum tillage fallow management, effectively eliminating any potential yield advantage of the FR-F-W rotation over CSW. Longer-term experiments are required to draw definitive conclusions concerning the efficacy of this diversified integrated system. However, the yield reductions associated with grazing in the FR-F-W rotation appear to be caused by interactions of environmental conditions, including increased spring rainfall in 2009 and 2010 relative to the previous 5 yr, the pre-existing weed community, and the absence of herbicide use in the forage crop phase. The presence of livestock during these relatively wet years and in the phases before the spring wheat phase grown in 2011 may have reduced yields due to soil compaction. Livestock impacts on wet soils are known to lead to compaction, reduced water infiltration, and subsequent reductions in crop yields (Krenzer et al., 1989; Worrell et al., 1992) . In a previous study conducted at this site, sheep grazing in the fallow phase increased soil compaction and reduced soil water content (Lenssen et al., 2013) .

Livestock impacts on wet soils are known to lead to compaction, reduced water infiltration, and subsequent reductions in crop yields.

In a previous study conducted at this site, sheep grazing in the fallow phase increased soil compaction and reduced soil water content.


Best practice in the analysis of DMA flows consists in estimating the leakage when the flow is minimum. This typically occurs at night, when customers' demand is low and the leakage component is at its largest percentage over the flow [1] . Therefore, practitioners monitor the DMA or groups of DMAs for detecting (and then repairing) leakages by analyzing the minimum night flow, and also employ techniques to estimate the leakage level [1] . However, leakage detection may not be easy, because of unpredictable variations in consumer demands and measurement noise, as well as long-term trends and seasonal effects. Complementary to the minimum flow analysis, pressure loggers at the DMA entrance provide useful information for leak detection and isolation [6] . When a leakage appears in a DMA, the pressure at junctions typically changes, showing the key evidence for the leakage and providing information for its isolation.

This typically occurs at night, when customers' demand is low and the leakage component is at its largest percentage over the flow.

Therefore, practitioners monitor the DMA or groups of DMAs for detecting (and then repairing) leakages by analyzing the minimum night flow, and also employ techniques to estimate the leakage level.

Complementary to the minimum flow analysis, pressure loggers at the DMA entrance provide useful information for leak detection and isolation.


Although our article is one of the first to investigate the determinants of management tool use by public sector executives across 18 European countries, some limitations need to be acknowledged. First, although we argued that CSB is not much of an issue in our analyses, using a cross-sectional survey does imply issues of endogeneity. Our findings are limited to associations, and we cannot make statements on causality (George and Pandey 2017) . We suggest that future research address this issue by using, for instance, research designs based on difference-in-differences or longitudinal analyses.

Our findings are limited to associations, and we cannot make statements on causality.


Under mirror symmetry, the complex moduli space M cpx (Y ) should be identified with the stringy Kähler moduli space M Kah (X) . The mathematical formulation of stringy Kähler moduli space was proposed by Bridgeland [7] . The proposed definition is that M Kah (X) is the double quotient Aut(D)\Stab * (D)/C of certain subset Stab * (D) ⊂ Stab(D) of the space of stability conditions on the derived category of coherent sheaves D = D b Coh(X) on X .

The mathematical formulation of stringy Kähler moduli space was proposed by Bridgeland.


To answer Question 1.2, one needs to characterize the middle homology classes of the Calabi-Yau manifold Y that can support special Lagrangian submanifolds. This is a difficult problem in general. Nevertheless, if Y has a mirror Calabi-Yau manifold X , then special Lagrangian submanifolds on Y conjecturally are corresponded to certain Bridgeland semistable objects in the derived category of coherent sheaves on X [7] . The good news is that when X is a K3 surface, there is a algebro-geometric result (Proposition 4.2) which characterizes the classes that support Bridgeland semistable objects. This motivates us to turn Question 1.2 into its mirror question (Question 1.4) and answer it in the case of K3 surfaces (Theorem 1.5). The formulation of the mirror question involves the categorical analogues of systole and volume, which we now describe.

This is a difficult problem in general.

Nevertheless, if Y has a mirror Calabi-Yau manifold X , then special Lagrangian submanifolds on Y conjecturally are corresponded to certain Bridgeland semistable objects in the derived category of coherent sheaves on X.


Of course, from the point of view of trying to understand the space of ground states of classical string theory, or even trying to find phenomenologically promising vacua, there is little reason to restrict oneself to the study of (2,2) theories. Indeed, (0,2) Calabi-Yau theories were introduced precisely because they offer improved phenomenological prospects, compared to their (2,2) counterparts [2] . In particular, while (2,2) theories lead to an observable E 6 unification group in spacetime, (0,2) theories with SO(10) or SU (5) gauge group can be constructed by choosing the vacuum gauge bundle to have rank four or five.

Indeed, (0,2) Calabi-Yau theories were introduced precisely because they offer improved phenomenological prospects, compared to their (2,2) counterparts.


Klemm and Theisen, in studying mirror symmetry for these two manifolds, found the global structure of the corresponding (2,2) Kähler moduli spaces [20] . The result is that the Kähler moduli space again has the general form We have studied the (0,2) models on both of these manifolds. Details of the former were given in §4.1, the latter has {n a } = {1, 1, 1, 1, 4} [5] . The Landau-Ginzburg points have, respectively, Z 5 and Z 8 quantum symmetries. Thus, the structure of the Kähler At large radius, the identifications in question simply correspond to shifts of the B µν field by 2π. What differs between the (2,2) theories and (0,2) theories 11 is how this obvious symmetry continues down to small (negative infinite) radius.

Klemm and Theisen, in studying mirror symmetry for these two manifolds, found the global structure of the corresponding (2,2) Kähler moduli spaces.

Details of the former were given in §4.1, the latter has {n a } = {1, 1, 1, 1, 4}.


We have seen in §4 that the (0,2) Landau-Ginzburg theories have perfectly reasonable spectra, central charges, etc. This is strong evidence that the Landau-Ginzburg phase indeed describes fully-fledged (0,2) SCFTs. Since the Calabi-Yau phase is continuously connected to the LG phase, our conviction that the CY phase is also well-defined is strengthened. We have also seen that certain Landau-Ginzburg theories can be embedded sensibly in a string theory only for special values of their defining data because there is a quantum obstruction to breaking E 6 → SO (10) . It remains to be seen how this restriction is recovered from the consideration of worldsheet instantons in the Calabi-Yau phase.

We have also seen that certain Landau-Ginzburg theories can be embedded sensibly in a string theory only for special values of their defining data because there is a quantum obstruction to breaking E 6 → SO.


The internal variables can be thought of as kinematical descriptors, whose physical meaning is given by the phenomenology to describe which model is intended. One well-established example of materials which can be suitably described by a dual internal variable micromorphic model is given by dual scale porosity, that is, materials characterized by two porous structures at different length scales. In this case, the change in volume fraction with respect to the reference configuration is taken as a common kinematical descriptor [30] . An example can be also provided by a relaxed linear micromorphic continuum in which one considers a microstrain tensor and micro-dislocations [5] . Another example can be given by a partially saturated soil in which a porous structure is filled with a liquid and a vapour, whose respective porosities constitute the two kinematical descriptors relative to the microstructure [31] .

In this case, the change in volume fraction with respect to the reference configuration is taken as a common kinematical descriptor.

An example can be also provided by a relaxed linear micromorphic continuum in which one considers a microstrain tensor and micro-dislocations.

Another example can be given by a partially saturated soil in which a porous structure is filled with a liquid and a vapour, whose respective porosities constitute the two kinematical descriptors relative to the microstructure.


While the mainstreaming of ESD is becoming increasingly successful, questions of capturing and measuring the state of ESD within a certain region or sector are becoming more relevant. Internationally, educational monitoring is based on a growing interest in indicator-and evidence-based educational policies [3] [4] [5] . Educational monitoring aims to inform experts, policy makers, and practitioners and to generate knowledge in order to shape future-oriented policy making [6, 7] . However, there is a general lack of systematic monitoring and evaluation in the context of ESD policy efforts [8] .

Internationally, educational monitoring is based on a growing interest in indicator-and evidence-based educational policies.

Educational monitoring aims to inform experts, policy makers, and practitioners and to generate knowledge in order to shape future-oriented policy making.

However, there is a general lack of systematic monitoring and evaluation in the context of ESD policy efforts.


Only a few of the many learning dilemmas that can arise in social-ecological systems are explored here, and many cannot be solved with modelling approaches alone but will demand attention in multi-stakeholder fora. Yet such models may soon play a role in informing water-related negotiations in South Africa; in fact, they already do at smaller scales (Farolfi et al. 2004) . The greatest contributions to the current era of South African water management stand to be made from an improved understanding of precisely how and why alternative water use decisions achieve efficient, equitable, and sustainable outcomes or not.

Yet such models may soon play a role in informing water-related negotiations in South Africa; in fact, they already do at smaller scales.


The current development of Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OpenSees) by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Internet-enabled Collaborative Software Development Center is facing the same challenge. The goal of the OpenSees development is to improve the modeling and computational simulation in earthquake engineering through open-source development. The analysis core of OpenSees is based on an objectoriented framework for nonlinear dynamic analysis of structural and geotechnical systems [8] . The focus of OpenSees is to support the communication and cooperation of users and researchers, and to facilitate the incorporation of their research developments into the framework. Many participants from different universities and organizations are involved in the utilization and development of OpenSees with different perspectives. There are users whose main purpose is to use OpenSees solely as a structural and geotechnical analysis tool. There are core developers who are working to incorporate new developments and to expand the analysis core. There are also analysts and researchers whose focus is to develop new element and material technologies. Since the development is concurrent and incremental and is not controlled by a monolithic organization, traditional software engineering paradigms and waterfall software development approaches are not appropriate for the open collaborative effort.

The analysis core of OpenSees is based on an objectoriented framework for nonlinear dynamic analysis of structural and geotechnical systems.


This paper contributes towards the discussion about parameter changes in the Brazilian economy and is the first, to our knowledge, to use the DSGE model with parameter changes in Markov switching regimes. Additionally, the introduction of regime shifts is related to agents' behavior, as agents are aware of the possible regime shifts and as this information is taken into account in their expectations. Thus, the law of motion of the variables of interest depends not only on microfounded parameters, but also on the beliefs about alternative regimes (Bianchi, 2013) .

Thus, the law of motion of the variables of interest depends not only on microfounded parameters, but also on the beliefs about alternative regimes.


The algorithm IPOPT is an example of a two-phase algorithm: it has a main phase and a feasibility restoration phase [41] . The main phase searches simultaneously for optimality and feasibility using a classical infeasible-start method. The feasibility restoration phase aims to minimize primal infeasibility. It is called only when the main phase fails, e.g., the step size is small. It is well known that this approach has drawbacks. The algorithm has difficulties detecting infeasibility [20, Table 15 ] and will fail if the feasibility restoration phase is called too close to the optimal solution. Some of these issues have been addressed by Nocedal, Oztoprak, and Waltz [34] .

The algorithm IPOPT is an example of a two-phase algorithm: it has a main phase and a feasibility restoration phase.

Some of these issues have been addressed by Nocedal, Oztoprak, and Waltz.


The feeling of presence is achieved by visual, acoustic, and haptic sensory information recorded from the remote environment and presented to the user on an immersive display. The more the user's senses are involved, the better the immersion in the target environment is. In order to make use of the sense of motion, which is especially important for human navigation and way-finding, the user's motion is tracked and transferred to the avatar in the target environment. This is known as Extended Range Telepresence, and enables the user to make use of proprioception, the sense of motion, to navigate the avatar intuitively by natural walking, instead of using devices like joysticks, keyboards, pedals, or steering wheels. To allow exploration of an arbitrarily large target environment while moving in a limited user environment, we developed Motion Compression [1] . By preserving the walked distances and the turning angles, Motion Compression transforms the path in the target environment into a feasible path in the user environment, and guides the user on his path. Fig. 1 shows the user interface in the Extended Range Telepresence system. Through the egocentric view, this framework provides a first person evaluation of the simulation. The user is not passively looking at the simulation, but he feels present in the simulation and can interact with other pedestrians. Extended Range Telepresence also allows the evaluation of pedestrian models based on gathered real user data. These experiments in the virtual environment are not only cheap to set up, but are also quick to evaluate, as all position data of the user is available anyway.

To allow exploration of an arbitrarily large target environment while moving in a limited user environment, we developed Motion Compression.


A problem with recovering the heat of the datacenter is not in the quantity of heat available, but rather in the quality of heat. Currently, heat is being ejected into the atmosphere at temperatures of about 40 C when using traditional air cooling methods. This is because chip temperatures are being cooled at 15e20 C. Due to the effective cooling of chips when using on-chip cooling, fluid approach temperatures of about 60 C can be realized, while removing high heat fluxes and keeping chip temperatures below 85 C [27] . Although the temperature, and hence the quality of the heat is higher, the applications for using this heat are still limited.

This is because chip temperatures are being cooled at 15e20 C. Due to the effective cooling of chips when using on-chip cooling, fluid approach temperatures of about 60 C can be realized, while removing high heat fluxes and keeping chip temperatures below 85 C.


Sustainability, in essence, is the development of methodologies to meet the needs of the present without compromising those of future generations, which has become a watchword for modern society [1] . Biodiesel, as an alternative of the conventional fossil fuel, has received considerable attention in recent years due to it's free of sulphur, biodegradable and non-toxic [2] [3] . Generally, biodiesel is produced by the esterification or transesterification of free fatty acids, vegetable oil or waste oil with alcohols via homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis [4] . However, biodiesel is not economically competitive with fossil diesel fuel in the market due to its high cost [5] . An effective way to reduce biodiesel cost is using non-edible oils, such as Euphorbia lathyris oil, Sapindus mukorossi kernel oil, and Jatropha curcas oil. However, processing non-edible feedstock containing FFAs with a base catalyst cannot be converted into fuel due to the formation of soap. Therefore, the non-edible oils should be pre-esterified before application.

Sustainability, in essence, is the development of methodologies to meet the needs of the present without compromising those of future generations, which has become a watchword for modern society.

Biodiesel, as an alternative of the conventional fossil fuel, has received considerable attention in recent years due to it's free of sulphur, biodegradable and non-toxic.

Generally, biodiesel is produced by the esterification or transesterification of free fatty acids, vegetable oil or waste oil with alcohols via homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis.

However, biodiesel is not economically competitive with fossil diesel fuel in the market due to its high cost.


The rapid advancement in semiconductor technology in electronic devices over the years has resulted in better performance and higher circuit densities. However, as the size is getting smaller and the integration density increases, the increasing power dissipation has become a primary concern for further development of VLSI circuit technology. The two main types of power dissipation in semiconductor devices are: static power and dynamic power dissipation. The dynamic power dissipation is due to the energy loss during the process of charging and discharging of output capacitance, during switching activities in transistor, while static power dissipation is caused by internal leakage in devices when the circuit is in off state [1] .

The dynamic power dissipation is due to the energy loss during the process of charging and discharging of output capacitance, during switching activities in transistor, while static power dissipation is caused by internal leakage in devices when the circuit is in off state.


Our paper also has managerial implications. Many firms strategically manage the availability of a new product and rely on a waitlist to identify early adopters: individuals that are more eager to try a new product sign up first, or line up for hours in front of a store on the day of a product release, revealing in the process their early-adopter nature. A successful example of a waitlist approach is Google's in the rollout of Gmail: the company decided to seed adoption by offering Gmail to a few thousand initial users, who would then be able to select the next batch of users through personal invites. The social nature of the process, combined with the exclusivity coming from the limited capacity and invitation waves, transformed Gmail into a sought-after status symbol among the tech crowd, with invites for the free service being sold on Ebay for more than $150. In recent years, crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter and Indiegogo have institutionalized the seeding process by capitalizing on early adopters' higher willingness to pay for early access to directly fund the development of early-stage projects (Agrawal et al., 2013) . Our results, suggest that not only may there be logistical or financial reasons for not having a overly comprehensive launch, but also that by restricting the reach of a product launch, managers can fulfill early adopters' need to be unique.

In recent years, crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter and Indiegogo have institutionalized the seeding process by capitalizing on early adopters' higher willingness to pay for early access to directly fund the development of early-stage projects.


On the other hand, the UV theories at our disposal are complex. Following the renormalization group flow in reverse, one expects to find more and more degrees of freedom at high energies. String theory predicts the existence of many fields and a complicated landscape of solutions which no one has been able to fully characterize [5] .

String theory predicts the existence of many fields and a complicated landscape of solutions which no one has been able to fully characterize.


In the process of performing this analysis, we have run into two problems with the MMPW model. First, the evolution of the Hessian in field space is unphysical for small field displacements. The problem is that the model describes the evolution of the Hessian by diffusion, meaning that for small distances in field space δV ab ∼ √ δφ, where V ab is an entry in the Hessian matrix. However, as long as third derivatives of the potential are finite, the evolution over small distances must be linear, δV ab ∼ δφ. Therefore, the MMPW model predicts too large of a change in the Hessian over small distances in field space. This issue is important for the predictions of the model, since much of inflation occurs over short distances in field space. This issue has been raised previously by Battefeld and Modi [20] .

This issue has been raised previously by Battefeld and Modi.


We formulate two equivalent representations of DILN. We first formulate it as an HDP scaled by a Gaussian process (Rasmussen and Williams, 2006) . This gives an intuitive picture of how the correlation between component weights enters the distribution and makes clear the relationship between DILN and the HDP. We then formulate DILN as a member of the normalized gamma family of random probability distributions. This lets us characterize the a priori correlation structure of the component proportions.

We first formulate it as an HDP scaled by a Gaussian process.


It is well-known that the -order logarithmic mean ( , ) is continuous and strictly increasing with respect to ∈ R for fixed , > 0 with ̸ = . Recently, the Toader-Qi and -order logarithmic means have been the subject of intensive research. In particular, many remarkable inequalities for the Toader-Qi and -order logarithmic means can be found in the literature [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .

In particular, many remarkable inequalities for the Toader-Qi and -order logarithmic means can be found in the literature.


PPSF were fabricated by UV erasure in uniformly poled germano-silicate twin-hole fibres (d 33 = 0.051  0.003) [1] . Second harmonic (SH) to 532 nm is obtained by frequency doubling 8 ps pulses emitted by Nd:YVO 4 laser (Super Rapid Lumera Gmbh). Frequency conversion of ultra-short pulses presents a challenge in itself. Earlier attempts to frequency conversion of picosecond or even femtosecond pulses did not exceed ~1% conversion efficiency owing to the constraints imposed by the temporal walk-off between pump and SH pulses. The walk-off length L W-O = / GVM, where GVM is the group velocity mismatch and  the pulse duration, is calculated as 18.7 cm for the 8 ps pulses. As the power of the fundamental is increased, the SHG efficiency increases linearly up to peak powers of about 1.5-2 kW (Fig.1a) . The highest external conversion efficiency is recorded as 21% before it is reduced by competing third-order nonlinear effects. From the SHG measurements the d eff is estimated in 0.015 pm/V. The discrepancy with electro-optic measurements reported above is attributed to a non-perfect matching between QPM gratings and laser central wavelength and to the fact that the pulse spectral bandwidth of 0.26 nm was larger than the acceptance bandwidth of the device. NIR light generation at 770 nm was demonstrated in an earlier work by frequency doubling 2.5 ns pulses produced at 3 MHz by a pulsed fibre laser source (custom built by Multitel, Belgium). Over 230 mW average SH power was produced (Fig.1b) . This corresponded to a 15% efficiency ( 0 =0.717 %/W/m 2 ) obtained with only 207 W fundamental peak power (1.6 W average) [2] .

PPSF were fabricated by UV erasure in uniformly poled germano-silicate twin-hole fibres (d 33 = 0.051  0.003).

This corresponded to a 15% efficiency ( 0 =0.717 %/W/m 2 ) obtained with only 207 W fundamental peak power (1.6 W average).


Finally, our results have implications for tick size regulation. Dark trading is more active in stocks for which their spread is constrained by the tick size (Kwan et al., 2015) . Our results suggest that the use of dark trading as a way of obtaining a finer price grid may benefit market quality as long as the price grid in the dark allows dark liquidity to concurrently exist on both the buy-and sell-sides of the market. Minimum price improvement rules can force dark trades to occur at the midpoint in stocks that are constrained by the tick size and consequently such rules can have unintended negative effects on market quality. Our results suggest a way of improving the effectiveness of minimum price improvement requirements: ensure tick sizes do not constrain the lit spread. If the price grid is sufficiently fine, dark trades can offer price improvement while maintaining a two-sided dark market.

Dark trading is more active in stocks for which their spread is constrained by the tick size.