With the popularity of Web 2.0, many of our online activities have been reformed. Different from the first generation websites, Web 2.0 websites allow their users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social media dialogue. This user-generated content mechanism makes online collaborative learning become interactive (Yueh, Huang, & Chang, 2015) . For example, users can not only read and learn, but also create and share contents on wiki-type software (Li, 2015; Wheeler, Yeomans, & Wheeier, 2008; Yueh, Huang, & Chang., 2015) . When engaging on social network sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, students can integrate fragmented information into their educational activities, and thus improve their knowledge outcomes, performance proficiency, and self-esteem (Cheung, Chiu, & Lee, 2011; Yu, Tian, Vogel, & Kwok, 2010) . The popularity of online collaborative learning has attracted many scholars. They have begun to explore the ways of how students have success in this new learning setting, and why learners keep learning in those online learning communities (Chiu & Wang, 2008; Stahl, Koschmann, & Suthers, 2006) .

This user-generated content mechanism makes online collaborative learning become interactive.

For example, users can not only read and learn, but also create and share contents on wiki-type software.

When engaging on social network sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, students can integrate fragmented information into their educational activities, and thus improve their knowledge outcomes, performance proficiency, and self-esteem.

They have begun to explore the ways of how students have success in this new learning setting, and why learners keep learning in those online learning communities.


This study only included two mothereinfant dyads. The results cannot be generalised due to the small sample size. Inclusion of objective measures would provide a further dimension to the study. However, the qualitative data regarding mothers perceptions was felt to be important, and there is a growing body of research that has forefronted mothers' perceptions of their infants and experiences around birth (Finlayson, Dixon, Smith, Dykes, & Flacking, 2014; Nesbitt et al., 2012) .

However, the qualitative data regarding mothers perceptions was felt to be important, and there is a growing body of research that has forefronted mothers' perceptions of their infants and experiences around birth.


The CW results were complemented using the think aloud (TA) [50] technique. TA protocols involve participants talking about their experience as they are performing a set of specified tasks. Software was used to record the screen and voice.

The CW results were complemented using the think aloud (TA) technique.


Our work differs from previous research on securing ICNs in several respects. We do not assume the existence of an external infrastructure for providing cryptographic keys [19] . Instead each node defines its own identity (via self-generated signing and verification keys) that is then attested by nodes that it deems to be authorities. Similarly, we do not rely on authorization services for access policies to be resolved [15] . We use a cryptographic primitive that supports flexible specification of access control policies during encryption. Resolution can thus occur as soon as content is available, rather than when a policy server becomes reachable. Moreover, we provide the first ICN implementation of cryptographic access control that supports the use of multiple, independent authorities. We enhance the privacy of individual interests, rather than just preventing surveillance at scale [4] . We do not rely on self-certifying names for integrity assurance [17] . By decoupling naming from content identification, we allow flexible resolution of interests to content. At the same time we provide strong assurance that a piece of content came from the claimed publisher. In particular, we do not require applications to verify the authenticity of content [14] . Finally, we provide the first design and implementation of certified content lineage, allowing subscribers to identify and verify both the origin as well as the path through which content arrived from a publisher.

We do not assume the existence of an external infrastructure for providing cryptographic keys.

Similarly, we do not rely on authorization services for access policies to be resolved.

We enhance the privacy of individual interests, rather than just preventing surveillance at scale.

We do not rely on self-certifying names for integrity assurance.

In particular, we do not require applications to verify the authenticity of content.


An important question that is inherently related to the new ICN routing mechanisms is the privacy of the data in the network [1] . Unlike solutions with point-to-point communication paths, in the case of ICN the metadata needed for the routing algorithm is directly related to the content of the published data objects. This is because routing decisions are based on matches between content descriptions and nodes' interests. While information about these matches has to be revealed in order to enable the networking functionality, the ideal privacy goal for ICN is to reveal nothing more about the content in the network than the output of the matching algorithm that determines the routing. However, current solutions reveal much more than this by providing metadata describing the content as well nodes' interests in the clear.

An important question that is inherently related to the new ICN routing mechanisms is the privacy of the data in the network.


A recent strand of research has started to examine social media postings directly in order to understand the topic or relationship context of eWOM (Lu & Stepchenkova, 2015) . Social media postings have also been used to identify key influencers and topics of discussion in destination eWOM when an event is staged (Williams, Inversini, Buhalis, & Ferdinand, 2015) . These previous research studies utilized data collected at a single point in time and may be unable to examine the impact of technological change on destination eWOM (Bronner & de Hoog, 2016) .

A recent strand of research has started to examine social media postings directly in order to understand the topic or relationship context of eWOM.

Social media postings have also been used to identify key influencers and topics of discussion in destination eWOM when an event is staged.

These previous research studies utilized data collected at a single point in time and may be unable to examine the impact of technological change on destination eWOM.


The detection limit of lactulose in milk samples was significantly improved up to 2.5 mg/l using 6 FDH units and 500 ml of hydrolysate. This was significantly lower than those of any of the available methods varying from 10 mg/l of the enzymatic-spectrophotometric method to 200 mg/l of the HPLC reference method (Andrews, 1986; Boehringer Mannheim, 1995; Cataldi, Angelotti, & Bufo, 1999; De Block et al., 1996; De Rafael, Calvo, & Olano, 1996; IDF, 1998; Martinez-Castro & Olano, 1981; Moscone et al., 1999; Olano et al., 1994) . The above detection limit is sufficiently low to allow the quantification of lactulose in all types of heat-treated milks, from low pasteurized to in-container sterilized milks.

This was significantly lower than those of any of the available methods varying from 10 mg/l of the enzymatic-spectrophotometric method to 200 mg/l of the HPLC reference method.


The lactulose content of STER milk varied from 493 to 1147 mg/l, with an average value of 744 mg/l, which was significantly higher than any of the UHT milks (max lactulose content 421 mg/l in IND UHT sample). The limit of 600 mg/l proposed by the European Union could be lowered to 400 mg/l to protect the quality of UHT milk from excessive heat-load, as adopted by Germany (Pellegrino, De Noni, & Resmini, 1995) . Since the method is highly sensitive, lactulose formation can be monitored in pasteurized milk and in UHT milk produced by gentle technologies, such as the infusion system.

The limit of 600 mg/l proposed by the European Union could be lowered to 400 mg/l to protect the quality of UHT milk from excessive heat-load, as adopted by Germany.


The lactulose content of HT PAST milk, varies from 32 to 79 mg/l, with an average of 58 mg/l. This enables differentiation from both PAST milk (range 2-6 mg/l; average 3.5 mg/l) and UHT milks such as INJ UHT (range 126-233 mg/l; average 165 mg/l) or IND UHT (range 275-421 mg/l; average 348 mg/l). The lactulose content of INF UHT milk (range 89-120 mg/l; average 107 mg/l) is between those of INJ UHT and HT PAST milk, which confirms that this sterilization process reduces thermal damage to raw milk, thus protecting its physicochemical, nutritional and organoleptic properties (de Jong, Waalewijn, & Van der Linden, 1996) .

The lactulose content of INF UHT milk (range 89-120 mg/l; average 107 mg/l) is between those of INJ UHT and HT PAST milk, which confirms that this sterilization process reduces thermal damage to raw milk, thus protecting its physicochemical, nutritional and organoleptic properties.


The former restriction limits our capacity to assess the generalizability of contemporary theorizing and research findings, whereas the latter risks an overly restricted view of potential sources of inequality in sentencing. The present study addresses Ulmer's call for additional research in other jurisdictions and for innovative work incorporating key decision-making outcomes of both prosecutors and judges. It contributes to a substantial and ongoing legacy of research on legal and extralegal sentencing disparities in three key ways. First it examines disparity in the prosecutorial decision to refer a case to court instead of disposing of the case him or herself. Researchers historically have had difficulty capturing prosecutorial discretion using large national datasets (Baumer, 2013) . Second, it investigates disparity for both juvenile and adult offenders. This provides for broader tests of age-related disparities and it broadens the scope of generalizability for the current findings. The overwhelming majority of previous work has focused on either juveniles or adults. Finally, it expands the ken of contemporary punishment research to an understudied European context by examining these outcomes in Dutch criminal courts.

Researchers historically have had difficulty capturing prosecutorial discretion using large national datasets.


Although our findings unveil evidence of disparities in sentencing outcomes, it is important to note that these results do not necessarily indicate discrimination on the part of Dutch prosecutors or judges. Alternative explanations may exist for the observed effects of ethnicity, gender and age. Although we employ relatively strong controls for offense, criminal history and case characteristics in the current study, other social background characteristics of the suspects, such as socioeconomic status and family background, should ideally be examined as well. To the extent that these types of unmeasured variables are associated with offender characteristics and with punishment decisions, part of the effects we observe may reflect the influence of these omitted variables. For example, disparity by gender may in part reflect uncaptured differences in informal social control influences or family care responsibilities of men and women (Daly, 1987; Gelb, 2010) . Similarly, ethic effects may in part reflect unaccounted-for differences in socioeconomic or related factors across ethnic groups (Baumer, 2013) . Dutch research shows that ethnic minority offenders more often have lower educational levels and poorer labor market positions, which may translate into harsher punishment (Van Ours and Veenman, 2003) . Unfortunately, these types of detailed information on offender histories are seldom available in sentencing studies. Future research is clearly needed, then, that collects detailed data on additional offender characteristics in order to further assess these possibilities.

For example, disparity by gender may in part reflect uncaptured differences in informal social control influences or family care responsibilities of men and women.

Similarly, ethic effects may in part reflect unaccounted-for differences in socioeconomic or related factors across ethnic groups.

Dutch research shows that ethnic minority offenders more often have lower educational levels and poorer labor market positions, which may translate into harsher punishment.


The definition of CPE immediately extends to the contexts of sofic and Rokhlin entropy, however there is a stronger alternative generalization of CPE in these settings as well. This alternative generalization arises from the fact that entropy is no longer monotone under factor maps. For example, for an action G (X, µ) and a factor action G (Y, ν) under a map φ : (X, µ) → (Y, ν), it is possible that h G (Y, ν) > 0 while h G (φ −1 (B(Y ))) = 0. Thus, we can say an action G (X, µ) has completely positive outer Rokhlin entropy, written CPE + , if h G (F ) > 0 for all µ-non-trivial F ⊆ B(X) (a similar strengthening of CPE exists in the setting of sofic entropy, but we won't need this). In this paper we will work with both CPE and CPE + . In the context of actions of non-amenable groups, the first exploration of the connection between entropy and the Koopman representation was undertaken by Ben Hayes using the framework of sofic entropy [7, 8] . His work, specifically the presentation of his results, strongly influenced the nature of the present paper. We emphasize that our proofs are entirely distinct from Hayes,' as his techniques are firmly rooted in finitary properties that are specific to soficity, while our techniques draw upon the ingredients of the proof of Theorem 1.1.

In the context of actions of non-amenable groups, the first exploration of the connection between entropy and the Koopman representation was undertaken by Ben Hayes using the framework of sofic entropy.


Due to the relatively large size of contacts, it is difficult to make a precise estimation of the contact resistance behavior. However, the results clearly show that the annealing of a graphene sample with nickel contacts at temperatures above 600 • C severely damaged the sample by destroying the electrical contact between graphene and nickel. The mechanism behind the damage may originate from high carbon solubility in nickel at elevated temperatures [23] . More precisely, nickel absorbs carbon atoms, and when the graphene layer is fully absorbed, the nickel-graphene contact disappears. This conclusion is supported by an earlier experiment which demonstrated that, at elevated temperatures, Ni can easily break down sp 3 hybridization, which has an even higher bonding energy in comparison to that of sp 2 hybridized graphene [24] [25] [26] .

The mechanism behind the damage may originate from high carbon solubility in nickel at elevated temperatures.

This conclusion is supported by an earlier experiment which demonstrated that, at elevated temperatures, Ni can easily break down sp 3 hybridization, which has an even higher bonding energy in comparison to that of sp 2 hybridized graphene.


The position of peak G shifts toward 1600 cm −1 when graphene becomes p-doped or when it is strained [22, 31, 32] . In addition, a drastic decrease in I(2D):I(G) ratio (Figure 3e ) points to the dominant doping effect [31, 32] . By measuring the resistance of graphene, we observed that the annealing led to a decrease in Rg, while the strain in the sample should increase the resistivity of graphene [33] . Therefore, one may expect that the shift of the G peak mainly originated from the doping effect in graphene. However, Figure 2b shows that the resistance of graphene saturated at temperatures above 500 • C to approximately 250 Ω, which suggests simultaneous doping and straining of the graphene.

The position of peak G shifts toward 1600 cm −1 when graphene becomes p-doped or when it is strained.

In addition, a drastic decrease in I(2D):I(G) ratio (Figure 3e ) points to the dominant doping effect.

By measuring the resistance of graphene, we observed that the annealing led to a decrease in Rg, while the strain in the sample should increase the resistivity of graphene.


While there have been several studies focusing on graphene annealing with and without contacts below 400 • C, only a small number of studies indicate what happens to graphene above 400 • C [15] . Moreover, there is still no clear understanding of what happens to graphene in contacts at very high temperatures. In this work, we extend previous works by systematically studying the effect of extreme annealing temperature on graphene and nickel-graphene contacts. In our experiment, we annealed a graphene sample with nickel contacts in the temperature range of 200−800 • C. Changes in graphene properties were observed by measuring its electrical resistivity and Raman spectra.

While there have been several studies focusing on graphene annealing with and without contacts below 400 • C, only a small number of studies indicate what happens to graphene above 400 • C.


Cylindrocladiella parva has also been reported to be a soil saprophyte and a pathogen of a broad range of plants, including Eucalyptus spp, black walnut (Juglans nigra), common oak (Quercus robur) and Pinus spp. It has also been isolated from roots of Fragaria sp., Macademia integrifolia, Persea americana, Prunus sp. and Telopea speciosissima (Crous 2002; Gadgil et al. 2005; Scattolin & Montecchio 2007) . Due to the wide host range and the potential for the pathogen to survive on dead organic material in the soil this pathogen has the potential to be a major issue for the viticulture industry. However, detailed investigation on the epidemiology of this pathogen has not been carried out.

It has also been isolated from roots of Fragaria sp., Macademia integrifolia, Persea americana, Prunus sp. and Telopea speciosissima.


Liver metastases are found in approximately 50% of patients with breast cancer during their lifetime [1] . In general, such liver involvement indicates a disseminated disease and portends a poor prognosis with median survival of approximately 4 months [2] [3] [4] . However, the liver is the only site of metastasis in 5 to 25% of breast cancer patients [3, 5] . Liver-directed therapy may delay progression of hepatic disease and minimally impact a patient's quality of life. Until recently, treatment of liver metastases has been limited to systemic agents such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and biological therapy. In carefully selected patients, however, locoregional therapy to control hepatic tumor burden has also been attempted by means of resection, radio frequency ablation or hepatic artery therapy [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] .

Liver metastases are found in approximately 50% of patients with breast cancer during their lifetime.

In general, such liver involvement indicates a disseminated disease and portends a poor prognosis with median survival of approximately 4 months.

However, the liver is the only site of metastasis in 5 to 25% of breast cancer patients.

In carefully selected patients, however, locoregional therapy to control hepatic tumor burden has also been attempted by means of resection, radio frequency ablation or hepatic artery therapy.


Competitiveness is an important factor of the social development (Iordan et. al., 2012) . The ability of firms to uniquely combine production factors highly contributes to the competitiveness of countries and regions (Porter, 2008) . A high level of competitiveness creates wealth (Wilhelm & Wilhelm, 2011) . This enables societies to live in satisfactory economic, political and social conditions (Porter, 2008) .

Competitiveness is an important factor of the social development.

The ability of firms to uniquely combine production factors highly contributes to the competitiveness of countries and regions.

A high level of competitiveness creates wealth.

This enables societies to live in satisfactory economic, political and social conditions.


Plants are supposed to undergo two different strategy stages to survive in harmful environment non-specific stress reaction and specialized adaptation that differs in their biological functions and duration. We observed deviation of plants reactions under combination of stress factors from additive perceive effects to synergism or antagonism that can represent crosstalk of signal system. Radiation can modify salinity and heat stress tolerance of seedlings. Irradiation of seedlings over 10 Gy stimulated accumulation of proline on the first stages of plant's response. Following after irradiation high temperature stress increased proline level in roots in all range of radiation. On the contrary, following after irradiation salinity stress decreased proline concentration for high doses (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) . High temperature has more strong effect on the seedlings than salinity stress ones. Heating causes modulating effect on the process of proline accumulation after salt treatment in depend of the duration of the stress influence on the plants. Unlike the growth parameters of the seedlings proline accumulation was not changed as significantly in response to ionizing radiation.

On the contrary, following after irradiation salinity stress decreased proline concentration for high doses.


The proline (pyrrolidine-α-carbon acid, С5H9NO2) is heterocyclic amino acid where Nitrogen atom is included in secondary but not primary amine and it is one of the most universal and multifunctional secondary metabolite in plants. The proline effect of a plant is most pronouncedly manifested in response to the influence of abiotic stress factors. Increase in proline level is widespread response to different stresses, particularly osmotic stress. Therefore, quantities analysis of this amino acid is a very useful tool for evaluation of plant's physiological condition and in for understanding plant's tolerance to stress influence. Currently it is considered that in addition to well-established osmoprotective function, proline may have chaperone, antioxidant signal regulating and other functions [12] [13] .

Currently it is considered that in addition to well-established osmoprotective function, proline may have chaperone, antioxidant signal regulating and other functions.


We conclude that a better understanding of contested urban life-worlds of urban residents and actors in Eastern and Southern Africa, characterised by environmental change and insecurity, is essential to achieve sustainable and resilient cities. Further research is needed to enhance our knowledge of city dwellers and political and social actors in their roles as citizens who are entitled to appropriate urban space, and to mobilise their rights to access resources in order to actively promote a meaningful life. There is also a need to improve scientific understanding about citizens' abilities and opportunities to shape the urban environment and living environments in a participatory way according to their needs, values and aspirations, and to adapt proactively and creatively to environmental and social challenges. Based on our literature review, we suggest that an examination of this complex issue through the "lenses" of the concept of GI can first of all contribute to a better understanding of the contested urban life-worlds of city dwellers and actors in Eastern and Southern Africa. The creation and design of resilient and innovative, creative urban environments can only succeed if city dwellers are granted civic participation in urban resources and an active participation in the design of their living environment. This paper has shown that there is growing evidence in a large body of literature that a better understanding of the links between urban GI and the right to the city can contribute to the promotion of sustainable urban living and social adaptability. We therefore believe that broadening the concept of urban GI by linking it to governance and rights-based conceptualisation, will have the potential to move beyond the unilateral services notion. This should be accompanied by a reconsideration and theorisation of the specificities of African cities as elaborated by Pieterse and Simone [160] . We conclude that urban GI as a forward-looking concept holds the potential to contribute to the creation of a just, inclusive, innovative, imaginative and socially and ecologically sustainable city by expanding the concept into an element of urban development. Within the institutional framework, this also requires a shift towards a participatory and strategic planning system that takes into account informality, land rights and social exclusion and thus the previously unused grassroots capacities to complement the role of public administration.

This should be accompanied by a reconsideration and theorisation of the specificities of African cities as elaborated by Pieterse and Simone.


In what follows, we concentrate our analysis on three simulated dwarf galaxies, the basic properties for two of which (DG1, DG1LT) have been introduced previously [2] . In §2, we quantify the spatio-kinetic characteristics of these bulgeless dwarfs, and contrast them with recent observational work [4, 5, 6] . A preliminary analysis of the chemical properties of the associated stellar components is then presented in §3 and compared with relevant empirical work in the field [7, 11] . As the simulations are not modelled on any one particular galaxy, the analysis should be seen as comparative only in a qualitative sense.

In what follows, we concentrate our analysis on three simulated dwarf galaxies, the basic properties for two of which (DG1, DG1LT) have been introduced previously.

In §2, we quantify the spatio-kinetic characteristics of these bulgeless dwarfs, and contrast them with recent observational work.

A preliminary analysis of the chemical properties of the associated stellar components is then presented in §3 and compared with relevant empirical work in the field.


The presence of BaTiO 3 nano-particles in this type of polyester polymer composites adds to the materials' system performance piezoelectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties. These properties can be exploited in developing 'intelligent' or 'smart'materials. Intelligence, at its most basic level in materials is characterized by three fundamental functions associated with sensing, actuation and control [1] . These fundamental functions are also related with energy conversion mechanisms and information-transfer mechanisms which involve essential concepts at the atomic and molecular levels [2] . The applications of smart materials and structures are expected to be widely diverse, ranging from bio-medical to energy storing devices. A common denominator for the deployment of the most sophisticated class of materials systems, featuring sensors, actuators and microprocessors, will probably be the unstructured environment in which a system should operate properly. Thus the uncertainty associated with the influence of the relevant external stimuli, which govern the system's response relative to the prescribed design, will largely dictate the deployment of smart materials and structures [2, 3] .

Intelligence, at its most basic level in materials is characterized by three fundamental functions associated with sensing, actuation and control.

These fundamental functions are also related with energy conversion mechanisms and information-transfer mechanisms which involve essential concepts at the atomic and molecular levels.

Thus the uncertainty associated with the influence of the relevant external stimuli, which govern the system's response relative to the prescribed design, will largely dictate the deployment of smart materials and structures.


Participants and procedure Participants were recruited by an invitation in newsletters sent by the Dutch Professional Association of Divorce Lawyers and Mediators to their members. Participants were first asked to complete an online person-level questionnaire assessing EI and demographics. Subsequently, they received a link to a diary survey to be filled out online after a consult with clients. The diary had to be filled out immediately after a consult to avoid distorted memories. To gain sufficient variance in the diary measurements, participants were asked to complete three diary surveys. In total, 68 divorce lawyers completed the person-level questionnaire and at least one diary survey, resulting in 187 study occasions. Specifically, 57 divorce lawyers completed three diary surveys or more, three divorce lawyers completed two diary surveys, and eight divorce lawyers completed one diary survey. As multilevel analyses were used to test the hypotheses, we could account for the difference in the number of observations because single-case observations are excluded in the estimation of withinperson fluctuations (Hox, 2002) .

As multilevel analyses were used to test the hypotheses, we could account for the difference in the number of observations because single-case observations are excluded in the estimation of withinperson fluctuations.


In contrast with Study 1, combined effects of EI dimensions were found at the enacted level but not at the person level. Specifically, self-focused emotion use amplified the positive effect of othersemotion appraisal on job performance. This pattern was consistent across all outcome measures and supports the combined effect of different EI dimensions on job performance (Elfenbein, 2016) . This finding adds to the literature because very few studies have tested combinations of EI dimensions and their effects on job performance explicitly.

This pattern was consistent across all outcome measures and supports the combined effect of different EI dimensions on job performance.


Although these results are informative, one limitation is the common source (self-reports) of the predictor and outcome measures, which might have led to an overestimation of relationships (Podsakoff & Todor, 1985) . However, there are several reasons to assume that this limitation did not compromise our conclusions. First, scholars have argued that self-reports in socially desirable variables, such as EI and subjective job performance, may artificially enhance main effects. However, there is no such reason to expect this process to bias interaction effects (Van Yperen & Janssen, 2002) . Second, we found that most of the relationships were nonsignificant, which is at odds with the notion of a common-method bias. Another limitation of the self-reported criterion that we used in this study is that it may have resulted in restriction of range, diminishing overall effect sizes.

Although these results are informative, one limitation is the common source (self-reports) of the predictor and outcome measures, which might have led to an overestimation of relationships.

However, there is no such reason to expect this process to bias interaction effects.


In group 3, patients with prostate cancer metastasis and even ill for 10 years, considerable heterogeneity was observed between the sensitivity limit of the analytical values up to 5000 ng/ml. It appears that effective treatment may reduce the synthesis of 12(S)LOX and activation of apoptosis. However, no therapeutic effect could result in high levels of 12(S)LOX [21] [22] [23] . This hypothesis will need to be confirmed in other studies.

However, no therapeutic effect could result in high levels of 12(S)LOX.


The present paper describes a Sudoku puzzle as an integer programming problem. Similar approaches can be found in the literature (see Fontana [6] ). To the best of my knowledge there do not exist results or methods based on necessary solution conditions, so far.

Similar approaches can be found in the literature (see Fontana).


Experiments are time consuming and expensive, and predicting the response of sandwich plates is complicated due to effects such as material and geometric nonlinearities, transverse shear effects and multiple and coupled damage modes [5] . These problems and cost of experimentation can be avoided by using numerical methods, which can help in predicting the energy absorption and peak loads by considering competing mechanisms [6] [7] [8] . The combination of improved constitutive modelling and decreased computational costs make it possible to utilise continuum modelling of sandwich composites to numerically simulate impact response for a much wider range of impactor geometries and velocities [9] . In this paper, a Finite Element model is presented for the simulation of the parabolic impact of sandwich plates.

Experiments are time consuming and expensive, and predicting the response of sandwich plates is complicated due to effects such as material and geometric nonlinearities, transverse shear effects and multiple and coupled damage modes.

These problems and cost of experimentation can be avoided by using numerical methods, which can help in predicting the energy absorption and peak loads by considering competing mechanisms.

The combination of improved constitutive modelling and decreased computational costs make it possible to utilise continuum modelling of sandwich composites to numerically simulate impact response for a much wider range of impactor geometries and velocities.


Clays consist of small particles of dimension 3 µm diameter and are adsorbents used to filter or remove solids and color in oils [4] . Clays have differing but inter-related structures. Whereas bentonites or montmorillonites are closely related to layer silicates, kaolinites are strangely different and show resemblance to clays related to them by diagenesis [1] [5] . The differences in clay structures arise from the way the silica tetrahedra and alumina octahedra align in the structure as well as the differences in the number of the polyhedra and other ions present in the entire structure.

Clays consist of small particles of dimension 3 µm diameter and are adsorbents used to filter or remove solids and color in oils.

Whereas bentonites or montmorillonites are closely related to layer silicates, kaolinites are strangely different and show resemblance to clays related to them by diagenesis.


Diagenesis refers to the process and the changes (usually excluding cation exchange) that take place in sediments after deposition [26] . The definitions of diagenesis process vary widely over which changes and what part (or all) of the time between the transportation of the sediment and the time that sediment (ary rock) is studied should be included in daigenesis [26] . However, different authors favored the alternative explanations to account for many clay mineral distributions that were previously interpreted as representing changes in clay minerals in both recent sediments, and which were referred to diagenesis [27] .

Diagenesis refers to the process and the changes (usually excluding cation exchange) that take place in sediments after deposition.

The definitions of diagenesis process vary widely over which changes and what part (or all) of the time between the transportation of the sediment and the time that sediment (ary rock) is studied should be included in daigenesis.

However, different authors favored the alternative explanations to account for many clay mineral distributions that were previously interpreted as representing changes in clay minerals in both recent sediments, and which were referred to diagenesis.


The addition of electronics, computers, and software to interferometry has enabled enormous improvements to optical metrology. Phase-shifting interferometry is used for getting data into a computer so the data can be analyzed [2] - [9] . Image processing of uniform objects and modified apertures was outlined [10] - [14] .

Phase-shifting interferometry is used for getting data into a computer so the data can be analyzed.

Image processing of uniform objects and modified apertures was outlined.


The demands on great capacity and large instantaneous bandwidth have driven radio-frequency (RF) systems to operate at higher carrier frequency with wider signal bandwidth. Microwave downconversion, as the essential functionality for the RF system, has attracted significant interest in wireless communication networks, phased-array antennas and electronic warfare systems [1] . However, conventional microwave mixers have limited bandwidth and low isolation, which cannot satisfy the requirements of high-frequency and wideband operation. In contrast, photonic-assisted techniques have been receiving intensive investigation in microwave down-conversion, thanks to the unique advantages of large bandwidths, fast tunability, flexible configurability, high isolation, and immunity to electromagnetic interference [2] .

Microwave downconversion, as the essential functionality for the RF system, has attracted significant interest in wireless communication networks, phased-array antennas and electronic warfare systems.

In contrast, photonic-assisted techniques have been receiving intensive investigation in microwave down-conversion, thanks to the unique advantages of large bandwidths, fast tunability, flexible configurability, high isolation, and immunity to electromagnetic interference.


MSG administered in a dose of 300 mg/kg determined a significant increase in the mean reaction time vs. the control group for phase 2 of the formalin test. More importantly, a similar pattern of nociceptive response was seen during the normally quiet intermediate phase, as in the late phase of the formalin test. This may suggest MSG treatment shifts the tonic phase of formalin nociception to an earlier time point, possibly by enhancing the processes involved in mediating the sensitization in the spinal cord. Data from the literature support our findings regarding the correlation between the administration of MSG and the results of the formalin test. The enhancement of hyperalgesia in rats treated with L-glutamate was reversed by pretreatment with L-NAME. L-glutamate enhances hyperalgesia and persistent nociception following formalin-induced tissue injury, which seems to be mediated by intracellular messengers, including nitric oxide. Intrathecal pretreatment with inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase reduced formalin injury-induced nociceptive behaviors. L-NAME affected the tonic, but not the acute, phase of the formalin response. Conversely, formalin-induced nociceptive responses were enhanced by stimulators of nitric oxide such as sodium nitroprusside [33] .

Conversely, formalin-induced nociceptive responses were enhanced by stimulators of nitric oxide such as sodium nitroprusside.


The mechanism of action of vigabatrin involves the inhibition of the c-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase enzyme, leading to increased levels of GABA in the brain. GABA is an important modulatory neurotransmitter. A previous report has demonstrated that vigabatrin in rabbit retina causes changes in immunohistopathology characterized by an enhancement of the glial cells located in the peripheral parts of the retina, which may explain the concentric visual field defect found in patients taking the drug [14] . These changes in immunohistopathology were also correlated with a reduced cone b-wave amplitude in the rabbit full-field ERG, a result very similar to the reduced ERG in vigabatrin treated patients.

A previous report has demonstrated that vigabatrin in rabbit retina causes changes in immunohistopathology characterized by an enhancement of the glial cells located in the peripheral parts of the retina, which may explain the concentric visual field defect found in patients taking the drug.


According to different reasons that cause adsorption, absorbability of eco-materials can be divided into three categories, that is, physical adsorption, chemical adsorption and ion exchange (Cheng, 1995) . Physical adsorption refers to adsorption generated by the attraction between molecules of adsorbent and adsorpate and adsorption produced by the hydrogen bond is also part of physical adsorption. Chemical adsorption refers to absorption generated by chemical bond force between adsorbent and adsorb ate. Anionic polymers can be adsorbed onto the surface of the eco-materials by chemical bonds and the adsorption methods have the following two forms: first, crystals of eco-materials are with positive charge and anionic groups can be adsorbed onto the side of eco-materials by electrostatic attraction. Second, when there is neutral electrolyte in the media, inorganic cations can play a role of "bridge" between ecological materials and anionic polymers, which makes the high polymer adsorped on the surface of eco-materials. Sometimes eco-materials are with unsaturated charge and according to neutral principles; there must be equal number of different ion adsorption on the surface of the material to achieve electrical balance. Usually, ions adsorbed on the surface of ecological materials can exchange with the same number of ions in the solution, which is the ion exchange adsorption. The most Many studies have shown that the selfphosphorus-purification ability of constructed wetland matrix is apt to be influenced by its own composition and physical and chemical properties (Yuan and Lakulich, 1994; Lu et al., 2003; Gao et al., 2001; Gray and Schwab, 1993) . The theoretic saturated extent of adsorption of phosphorus has a highly significant positive correlation to the content of hydroxide radical resolution, total Ca, soluble Ca, free iron oxide, colloidal iron oxide, free alumina and colloidal alumina of substrate (Bubba et al., 2003; Chen et al., 1999) . This indicates that the main mechanism of substrate's adsorption on phosphorus is the chemical mechanism, which has a weaker impact on the phosphorus than surface. Besides, substrate's adsorption on phosphorus is resulted by composite factors (Bastin et al., 1999; Chueng and Venkitachalam, 2000; Ann et al., 2000) .

According to different reasons that cause adsorption, absorbability of eco-materials can be divided into three categories, that is, physical adsorption, chemical adsorption and ion exchange.

The most Many studies have shown that the selfphosphorus-purification ability of constructed wetland matrix is apt to be influenced by its own composition and physical and chemical properties.

The theoretic saturated extent of adsorption of phosphorus has a highly significant positive correlation to the content of hydroxide radical resolution, total Ca, soluble Ca, free iron oxide, colloidal iron oxide, free alumina and colloidal alumina of substrate.

Besides, substrate's adsorption on phosphorus is resulted by composite factors.


The fundamental problem with main memory DBMSs, however, is that this improved performance is only achievable when the database is smaller than the amount of physical memory available in the system. If the database does not fit in memory, then the operating system will start to page virtual memory, and main memory accesses will cause page faults. Because page faults are transparent to the user, in this case the main memory DBMS, the execution of transactions is stalled while the page is fetched from disk. This is a significant problem in a DBMS, like H-Store, that executes transactions serially without the use of heavyweight locking and latching. Because of this, all main memory DBMSs warn users not to exceed the amount of real memory [5] . If memory is exceeded (or if it might be at some point in the future), then a user must either (1) provision new hardware and migrate their database to a larger cluster, or (2) fall back to a traditional disk-based system, with its inherent performance problems.

Because of this, all main memory DBMSs warn users not to exceed the amount of real memory.


During lymphocyte development in primary lymphoid organs, and due to the random rearrangement of genes encoding the antigen receptor, many autospecific T and B cell precursors arise. Since such cells would cause devastating autoimmune pathology, the natural mechanisms involved in the induction of self-tolerance play a crucial role in the survival of the species (Waldmann, 2010) . Self-tolerance is defined as a state in which autoimmune attack is either prevented or deviated to non-detrimental responses (Walker and Abbas, 2002; Hogquist et al., 2005) . It allows development of protective immunity and is therefore very specific. It appears very attractive to manipulate the mechanisms involved in self-tolerance in order to make them prevent allograft rejection. If successful, this would allow for indefinite survival of grafts.

Since such cells would cause devastating autoimmune pathology, the natural mechanisms involved in the induction of self-tolerance play a crucial role in the survival of the species.

Self-tolerance is defined as a state in which autoimmune attack is either prevented or deviated to non-detrimental responses.


EC sows dog-sitting more often in the pre-farrowing stage. They also spent the longest time in sternal lying and the shortest time in lateral lying. These differences suggest the EC sows may be under stress from the abrupt change in space and increased restraint. Previous work has shown that a change from loose housing to confinement at farrowing may be more stressful than confinement throughout pregnancy and lactation (Vestergaard and Hansen, 1984) . SC, GC and EC sows were from different dry sow housing conditions, but farrowed in crates. There were fewer residual effects of pregnancy housing after farrowing, but EC sows still showed more dog-sitting than SC and GC sows. This suggests they had still not fully adapted to the changed space allowance. No difference in overall nursing parameters as a result of previous pregnancy housing were recorded. Sows which farrowed in pens tended to have a longer duration of the first nursing. However, EC and EG mothers had the similar longest duration followed by GC and SC mothers. This suggests that this parameter was more dependent on previous housing history than the immediate lactation housing, with sows which were less confined in pregnancy showing better initial nursing behavior or having more viable piglets.

Previous work has shown that a change from loose housing to confinement at farrowing may be more stressful than confinement throughout pregnancy and lactation.


Fungi are widespread plant pathogens and they are saprophytic soil living beings. Many fungal species have relations with plant tissues and they generally cause contamination in plant tissues. The main offenders are species of Aspergillus, Candida, Microsporum and Phialophora (George, 1993) . In this study Aspergillus has been encountered frequently in a similar way (Table 1) .

The main offenders are species of Aspergillus, Candida, Microsporum and Phialophora.


Electromagnetic interference in communication systems, audible noise, insulation degradation and power loss in overhead transmission lines are few ill-effects of corona. These issues have drawn the attention of HV researchers to study the nature of corona and its influence on various systems. In transmission lines apart from power losses, corona also invites lightning stepped leaders to be attached to the power line. Thus, Corona must also be regarded as a vital factor in surge arrester design, insulation level prediction and EMC [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] .

Thus, Corona must also be regarded as a vital factor in surge arrester design, insulation level prediction and EMC.


Corona testing and corona detection are useful techniques applicable for various purposes. Monitoring of corona may reduce the maintenance and replacement cost of electrical equipment and, also, controls the quality of production at various stages. In fact, corona tests are used to know under what conditions corona occurs and if it happens, collect the information on nature of corona, frequency spectrum, amplitude, recurrence frequency and the duration [14] .

In fact, corona tests are used to know under what conditions corona occurs and if it happens, collect the information on nature of corona, frequency spectrum, amplitude, recurrence frequency and the duration.


The oxidation behavior of Zr, Zry-3, Zry-4, Zr-1Nb, and Zr-2.5Nb of similar geometry in 80%N 2 +O 2 (air) and 80%Ar+O 2 (oxygen) in the temperature range 400-800°C has been investigated and compared using thermogravimetric analysis. It has been observed that all four alloys exhibit the characteristic kinetic transition from parabolic to linear (breakaway) within 20 h during isothermal oxidation at 700 and 800°C. In all four alloys, the oxidation behavior is similar to what has been shown in literature; a dense protective oxide forms during prebreakaway oxidation while the post-breakaway oxide is much thicker, cracked, and less protective [9] [10] [11] .

In all four alloys, the oxidation behavior is similar to what has been shown in literature; a dense protective oxide forms during prebreakaway oxidation while the post-breakaway oxide is much thicker, cracked, and less protective.


Recycling processes are systems with positive feedback that can give rise to some undesirable effects. In fact, instability can occur in recycle systems when the feedback gain is larger than unity, as an example, the recycle of the energy developed by an exothermic reaction in an adiabatic plug flow reactor for feed preheating. Instability could occur due to the exponential increase in the reaction rate with the temperature when this cannot be properly controlled [4] . Another example is the recycle of impurities in a plant with recycle, whose inventory cannot be kept at equilibrium by the separator system [5] .

Instability could occur due to the exponential increase in the reaction rate with the temperature when this cannot be properly controlled.

Another example is the recycle of impurities in a plant with recycle, whose inventory cannot be kept at equilibrium by the separator system.


Also, the so-called snowball effect is observed in the operation of many chemical plants with recycle streams. Snowball means that a small change in a load variable causes a very large change in the flow rates around the recycle loop. Although snowballing is a steady state phenomenon and has nothing to do with dynamics, it depends on the control structure. Disadvantages of snowball effect has drawn the attention of some researchers proposing several control strategies to avoid the associated problems, [6] , [7] .

Disadvantages of snowball effect has drawn the attention of some researchers proposing several control strategies to avoid the associated problems.


When significant transport delay is present in recycled systems, the control problem becomes more complex. For example, in the case of continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR), a problem that arises on the recycling loop is that the process is modeled usually by assuming that there is not any time-delay on this path. While this assumption may produce a simpler theoretical analysis, it is highly unrealistic [1] .

While this assumption may produce a simpler theoretical analysis, it is highly unrealistic.


A reliable analytical tool is required to achieve extensive results on phytochemical composition. HPLC methods for the determination of the qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds in pears were described in literature [19] [20] [21] . Based on these assumptions, extensive scientific research requires the redevelopment of sample 2 Journal of Chemistry preparation techniques and mobile phase gradients of those developed in other laboratories. Therefore, the objective was set to develop, optimise, and validate a suitable HPLC technique for the evaluation of phenolic compounds in pear samples grown in Lithuania.

HPLC methods for the determination of the qualitative and quantitative composition of phenolic compounds in pears were described in literature.


Strains from different orchards generally were from different VCGs. Our samples originated mainly from seven newly established nursery orchards, each with a different source (and sometimes mixed sources) of seedling and budding material. Most studies of VCGs in other Ascomycetes have been conducted in well established orchards (Proffer & Jones, 1989; Adams et al., 1990) . In such orchards, a strain of a specific VCG could have spread the disease to eventually produce an aggregation of trees with cankers representative of a common VCG. However, a clustered pattern of VCGs within a well established orchard could have originated from nursery seedlings possessing latent infections caused by many VCGs.

Most studies of VCGs in other Ascomycetes have been conducted in well established orchards.


Analysis of VCGs in populations of filamentous Ascomycetes has been used to assess whether a pathogen has been recently introduced into an area or whether it has been present for an extended period of time (Glass & Kuldau, 1992) . In the case of D. ambigua, it would be difficult to draw such conclusions without knowledge regarding the regulation of the sexual cycle. The formation of the sexual state of D. ambigua by individual single ascospores in culture is indicative of homothallism. Furthermore, fertile perithecia occurred abundantly on each of the sampled rootstocks. The presence of more than one VCG in progeny from individual perithecia collected from various M793 and Granny Smith apple rootstocks, however, is indicative of outcrossing. Apparently D. ambigua is a homothallic fungus that has the capacity to outcross, as in the case of Cryphonectria parasitica (Anagnostakis, 1977) . The basis of sexuality in D. ambigua clearly needs further study. At this stage we suspect, however, that D. ambigua on fruit trees is native in the country and that it probably originated from native woody plants such as rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) (Smit et al., 1994a) .

Analysis of VCGs in populations of filamentous Ascomycetes has been used to assess whether a pathogen has been recently introduced into an area or whether it has been present for an extended period of time.

Apparently D. ambigua is a homothallic fungus that has the capacity to outcross, as in the case of Cryphonectria parasitica.

At this stage we suspect, however, that D. ambigua on fruit trees is native in the country and that it probably originated from native woody plants such as rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis).


We have shown in this work that a new tasting training approach may be performed to provide examples of different wine styles, thus expanding the tasters' definition of quality. This training resulted in increased liking for the classic European style of wines. This approach is unusual since it requires the description of emotions or expectations instead of only using the typical sensory attributes associated with wine tasting. This methodology was easily understood by tasters of diverse cultural and expertise background. In fact, the results here described concur with the notion that complexity and quality for consumers appears to be very much driven by expectations of a particular sensory experience that includes pleasure and enjoyment [4] .

In fact, the results here described concur with the notion that complexity and quality for consumers appears to be very much driven by expectations of a particular sensory experience that includes pleasure and enjoyment.


Of special importance in the present study is the behavioral measurement of openness to new information and its processing, as opposed to self-reported measures. This measurement enabled us to examine more accurately a clear picture of the relationship between long-term emotions and information processing. Lastly, this study joins emerging literature asserting that each emotion has a specific and unique effect within the context of conflict and its resolution (Halperin et al., 2012) . That positive and negative emotions other than fear and hope were controlled for lends support to the proposition that specific emotional experiences lead to specific behavioral outcomes rather than general positive vs. negative affect.

Lastly, this study joins emerging literature asserting that each emotion has a specific and unique effect within the context of conflict and its resolution.


Forests along the western coast of North America are subject to variations in climate via the eastward movement of weather patterns caused by equatorial and extratropical ocean-atmospheric oscillations over the Pacific Ocean (Mote et al 2003) . These correlations between distant oscillation events and local climate are called teleconnections. In the western Americas, major Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence.

Forests along the western coast of North America are subject to variations in climate via the eastward movement of weather patterns caused by equatorial and extratropical ocean-atmospheric oscillations over the Pacific Ocean.


Continuous net carbon uptake lasts on average 105 days at Wind River but this length depends on ENSO phase strength. Warm phase years see the shortest period of net uptake (70 days) while cool phase years have the longest period of continuous daily −F NEE (115 days). Wind River's net carbon uptake period is relatively short compared to other US evergreen forests (mean=266 days, n=9 forests, stand ages range from 22 to 110 years, mean age=70 years) (Wagle et al 2016) . The shorter net uptake period is due to a combination of geography and climate, and forest age and height. Unique site factors that limit F GPP include dry, warm summers with high atmospheric water demand, tall tree heights which induce stomatal closure even at moderate δe levels, and relatively low northern latitude winter/early spring light levels. The presence of large soil and woody biomass/ debris carbon pools favor high R eco .

Wind River's net carbon uptake period is relatively short compared to other US evergreen forests (mean=266 days, n=9 forests, stand ages range from 22 to 110 years, mean age=70 years).


It is not gender specific. Collagenous gastroduodenitis without colonic involvement is exceptionally rare [4] . Patients usually present with severe anemia. Most of them have been associated with colonic involvement, the clinical picture is of predominately chronic watery diarrhea and weight loss. The clinical presentation depends on the region of the gastrointestinal tract involved. Collagenous gastroduodenitis usually presents with chronic watery diarrhea and weight loss most likely due to the association with collagenous colitis.

It is not gender specific.

Collagenous gastroduodenitis without colonic involvement is exceptionally rare.


Our paper will show that two dimensional solutions are stable in R 3 under a small perturbation of the L 2 -norm -or even under weaker assumptions. The main idea is based on a "reduction" of the original problem to the two dimensional case. We will follow the old idea of Olga Ladyzhenskaya [11] , [12] . In main steps the imbedding H 1 (R 2 ) ⊂ BMO(R 2 ) and the Marcinkiewicz-type interpolation for general spaces will play an essential role. This enables a two dimensional point of view on the estimation for the case in the whole R 3 . The class of generic solutions can be extended, but two dimensional solutions with finite Dirichlet integrals (in R 2 ) seem to be the best identification of this set. Note that, because of a geometrical structure, the total energy of obtained solutions is infinite. Our result shows a new large class of globally in time regular solutions with large velocity vectors. This way a new argument for the regularity of weak solutions in the general case is pointed, again.

We will follow the old idea of Olga Ladyzhenskaya.


Start-ups are important suppliers of innovation, new software products and services. However, engineering the software in start-ups is a complex endeavor as the start-up context poses unique challenges to software engineers [10] . As a result of these challenges, most start-ups do not survive the first few years of operation and cease to exist before delivering any value [4, 11] .

However, engineering the software in start-ups is a complex endeavor as the start-up context poses unique challenges to software engineers.

As a result of these challenges, most start-ups do not survive the first few years of operation and cease to exist before delivering any value.


Animals require adequate environmental conditions in order to perform at their maximum production capacity (TOLON et al., 2010) . However, the conditions of thermal environment and air within the animal facilities change during the day, mainly due to the influence of the external environment. In extreme cases, the environment in the interior of a facility can change from being ideal to a hostile condition, or the other way around, in a short period of time.

Animals require adequate environmental conditions in order to perform at their maximum production capacity.


Using melt electrospining, a variety of electrospun scaffolds with varied topographies can be produced with a high degree of controllability and reproducibility [3, 4, 9, 10, 18, 19] . Electrospun microfibers present an excellent ability of controlling the topography of scaffolds for several tissue engineering applications in which the effect of physical cues would play a key role in studying cell-scaffold interactions [7, 9] . The fabrication of such scaffolds requires an excellent degree of topographical controllability. Melt electrospining has been used as a powerful technique to achieve the controllability and also the reproducibility of topographical properties including fiber diameter, scaffold architecture, porosity and eventually mechanical properties such as elastic modulus [10, 11, 15, [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] .

Using melt electrospining, a variety of electrospun scaffolds with varied topographies can be produced with a high degree of controllability and reproducibility.

Electrospun microfibers present an excellent ability of controlling the topography of scaffolds for several tissue engineering applications in which the effect of physical cues would play a key role in studying cell-scaffold interactions.

Melt electrospining has been used as a powerful technique to achieve the controllability and also the reproducibility of topographical properties including fiber diameter, scaffold architecture, porosity and eventually mechanical properties such as elastic modulus.


Electrospinning has gained increasing popularity in recent years due to a surge in research investigating micro and nanoscale fabrication technologies [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Electrospinning is a manufacturing technique that can produce both nano-and microfiber structures. These techniques can involve both solution and melt electrospinning. Solution electrospinning produces fibers on the nanoscale due to a whipping instability when fibers are stretched out from the spinning solution. The process of melt electrospinning involves melting the polymer of choice before being extruded into fibers. Electrospun scaffolds can be fabricated with similar properties to the extracellular matrix and can thereby support cells adhesion, making it attractive for tissue engineering applications [1, 2, 5, [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .. However, control over scaffold topography and porosity is limited because of randomness of the whipping instability. Melt electrospinning gives precise control over scaffold topography and porosity, but the fibers are on the micro scale [4, 9, [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . This is because the whipping instability stage is absent due to the lower conductivity and higher viscosity of the polymer melt.

Electrospinning has gained increasing popularity in recent years due to a surge in research investigating micro and nanoscale fabrication technologies.

Electrospun scaffolds can be fabricated with similar properties to the extracellular matrix and can thereby support cells adhesion, making it attractive for tissue engineering applications..

Melt electrospinning gives precise control over scaffold topography and porosity, but the fibers are on the micro scale.


In this study, we successfully established comprehensive models to enhance its feature to control the topographical properties of melt electrospun fibrous scaffolds. Our mathematical model can be used to investigate the effects of different key parameters such as temperature, feed rate, flow rate, fiber diameter and porosity. Such flexibility makes this model attractive for tissue engineers and their desired applications. We have chosen PCL, a commonly used biodegradable polymer which is tailorable in its mechanical properties, rate of surface and bulk biodegradation, solubility and crystallinity, and structure topography [9] . We have also evaluated the performance of such model to investigate the topographical properties of tubular scaffolds which can be used for nerve tissue engineering approaches especially for peripheral nerve injures. On-going work is investigating the effects of viscoelastic properties of polymer melt and also its molecular weight on controlling the topographical properties of melt electrospun fibrous scaffolds to further our current mathematical model.

We have chosen PCL, a commonly used biodegradable polymer which is tailorable in its mechanical properties, rate of surface and bulk biodegradation, solubility and crystallinity, and structure topography.


Melt electrospinning is also preferred for biomaterials as there is no use of toxic solvents, unlike solution electrospinning [3, 5, 7, 8, 10] . Melt electrospinning can control the fiber diameter, which can be altered by adjusting parameters such as computer numerical control (CNC) feed speed, extrusion die nozzle diameter, melt temperature, flow rate, and electric field strength [9, 12, 17, 18, [20] [21] [22] [24] [25] [26] . Also, melt electrospinning allows for higher viscous forces than solution electrospinning, which means that the viscous forces can balance with electric field forces [13] . As a result, the fibers can be drawn out to be thicker than in solution electrospinning. Therefore, melt electrospinning is a sound method for the creation of specific topographies using microfibers [9, 14] .

Melt electrospinning is also preferred for biomaterials as there is no use of toxic solvents, unlike solution electrospinning.

Melt electrospinning can control the fiber diameter, which can be altered by adjusting parameters such as computer numerical control (CNC) feed speed, extrusion die nozzle diameter, melt temperature, flow rate, and electric field strength.

Also, melt electrospinning allows for higher viscous forces than solution electrospinning, which means that the viscous forces can balance with electric field forces.

Therefore, melt electrospinning is a sound method for the creation of specific topographies using microfibers.


Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) occurs in as many as 70 % of patients treated with taxanes, vinca alkaloids, or platinum agents [1] . In a poorly defined subset of these patients, CIPN persists even after the completion of chemotherapy. Peripheral neuropathy causes impaired sensory and motor function. Sensory symptoms include tingling, numbness, increased sensitivity to heat and cold, and pain in the hands and feet. Motor dysfunction includes symptoms of muscle weakness and impaired balance [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Although the incidence, severity, and pattern of Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00520-013-1766-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) occurs in as many as 70 % of patients treated with taxanes, vinca alkaloids, or platinum agents.

Motor dysfunction includes symptoms of muscle weakness and impaired balance.


Requirements engineering is a discipline addressing the customer need and new product development (Yang and Tang, 2003) . Among the tasks that are part of requirements engineering, the most important activity is requirements analysis -a process in which the purpose and functionalities of a system are elicited and modeled (Leite and Freeman, 1991) . The more complex software systems grow, the more important requirements analysis becomes. However, requirements analysis is a difficult process because different stakeholders have different requirements and they may express these in quite different ways (Gupta, 1995) . This makes developers misunderstand the system requirements and cause a great deal of confusion. Until now, there have been several requirements analysis methods such as goal-based analysis, scenario-based analysis, coupling goal with scenario, use case driven analysis etc. Each method has its own strengths and weaknesses. If one uses only one of these approaches, it is probably difficult to understand the requirements of the system completely and correctly. This may cause a failure during system development. Additionally, these methods do not support the requirements elicitation process well. For successful software development, we need the requirements analysis method to be able to elicit and analyze the requirements of complex software system from all perspectives. Hence, we propose a multi-view approach that facilitates the gathering, organization, analysis, and understanding of the various dimensions of requirements of a large complex system. This paper consists of several sections. Following the introduction, section 2 briefly describes the existing methods for requirements analysis and their strengths and weaknesses. The proposed multi-view approach is discussed in section 3. Section 4 discusses how the approach has been applied in developing an ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) system. Section 5 provides summary and conclusion.

Requirements engineering is a discipline addressing the customer need and new product development.

Among the tasks that are part of requirements engineering, the most important activity is requirements analysis -a process in which the purpose and functionalities of a system are elicited and modeled.

However, requirements analysis is a difficult process because different stakeholders have different requirements and they may express these in quite different ways.


Deep learning uses a nonlinear neural network model to transform original data into higher-level abstract representations through nonlinear transformations. Deep learning uses an artificial neural network structure. After multiple linear transformations and nonlinear transformations, complex functions are constructed. The principle of sample classification is to strengthen the ability to discriminate data and weaken irrelevant factors by high-level expression of original data, illustrated by an example: The image is a matrix composed of many pixels. The first layer of the model expresses the features of the edge and position of the image. The second layer will display the features such as edges on the basis of the features extracted by the first layer to detect the pattern, while the interference item will be ignored. The third layer may further splicing and combining the detected images to show the part that has obvious detection or classification help for the target. Thus, as the number of layers increases, the target to be detected is gradually formed. Traditional machine learning is based on manual feature setting and machine learning algorithm is used to screen. The core of deep learning is automatic feature setting in each layer. Model training is realized through continuous feedback, and features are constantly learned from data. There are also some relevant research results on this aspect of research, which proves that relevant research is feasible [21, 22] .

There are also some relevant research results on this aspect of research, which proves that relevant research is feasible.


To examine developmental trajectories we used an unsupervised algorithm, p-Creode, that produces multi-branching graphs from single-cell data [18] . E11.5 and E18.5 cells were found at the ends of the cell trajectory, with E13.5/E15.5 cells along the middle of the trajectory branches To verify the spatial distribution of specific marker genes and time point expression profiles, we performed RNA FISH for two sets of probes. One set examined the expression of a cartilage marker gene (Col2a1), a skin marker gene (Krt14), and a muscle marker gene (Myog). We found that cartilage and skin were evident at all time points, while muscle was not visible until the latest time point (E18.5). Col2a1 was expressed across a diffuse area of the hindlimb bud at E11.5, which coalesced into cartilaginous rays indicating the future sites of bones in the hind paw at E13.5, while at E15.5 and E18.5 the cartilaginous rays were now interrupted, indicating joint cavitation had occurred. Furthermore, at E18.5, Col2a1 expression was further restricted to the joint surfaces ( Fig 4) .

To examine developmental trajectories we used an unsupervised algorithm, p-Creode, that produces multi-branching graphs from single-cell data.


A well characterized marker of joint formation, Gdf5, was not highly expressed in the cells in our study. Gdf5 is a transient marker of the interzone, and is present in a restricted region that is only a few cell layers thick and is thus only expressed in a small number of cells [20, 21] . This could be due to limitations in cell capture or the need for larger cell numbers to robustly quantify rare cell populations. Furthermore, it was difficult to classify the clusters high in collagens type I and III as bone, tendon or ligament because there was not clear expression of tendon markers scleraxis (Scx) or tenomodulin (Tnmd) or bone markers Runx2 or osteocalcin (Bglap). Deeper sequencing may be necessary to more accurately define this cell population and gain insight into transcripts that may have relatively low expression levels.

Gdf5 is a transient marker of the interzone, and is present in a restricted region that is only a few cell layers thick and is thus only expressed in a small number of cells.


To examine the transcriptional landscape of murine hindlimb development, the limb bud was isolated at four developmental time points: embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) to examine early limb bud formation, E13.5 when cartilaginous condensations form, E15.5 for joint cavitation, and E18.5 when limb morphogenesis has progressed. Single cells were dissociated from hindlimb tissues and droplet-based high-throughput single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed (10x Genomics) ( Fig 1a) [3] . In addition, a species mixing experiment of mouse E18.5 hindlimb cells [16] . At E11.5, we identified 5 cell types representing cartilage precursors (Hoxd13 expression), bone/tendon precursors (Tbx13), skin (Krt14), vasculature (Cdh5), and blood (Lyz2) (Fig 1b,f and Supplemental Fig 2a) . At E13.5, cartilage and bone/tendon clusters expressed more mature marker genes (Col2a1 and Col1a1, respectively). In addition to skin, vasculature, and blood clusters there were additionally clusters representing the growth plate To determine the similarity of cell types across time points, canonical correlation analysis was performed [17] . Across all time points there were 9,466 cells in 7 clusters, with each cluster containing cells from all time points ( Fig 2) . Even following cell cycle regression, a cluster emerged with gene expression enriched for mitotic nuclear division (GO:0140014). Cells in this cluster were primarily from the earliest time point (E11.5, 49%), while at E18.5 only 8% of cells were assigned to the cell cycle cluster. The six other cell type clusters recapitulated the cell types found in the individual time points: cartilage, bone/tendon, skin, muscle, blood, and vasculature.

Single cells were dissociated from hindlimb tissues and droplet-based high-throughput single-cell RNA-sequencing was performed (10x Genomics) ( Fig 1a).

In addition, a species mixing experiment of mouse E18.5 hindlimb cells.

In addition to skin, vasculature, and blood clusters there were additionally clusters representing the growth plate To determine the similarity of cell types across time points, canonical correlation analysis was performed.


Neutralizing antibodies are a main protective factor against DENV. Infection with one serotype provides long-term homotypic and heterotypic protection for a few months immediately following the infectious event [4] . Neutralizing antibodies recognize epitopes particularly on the envelope (E) protein, a viral glycoprotein that mediates adhesion to cellular receptors, although most serum antibodies against E protein are cross-reactive between four DENV serotypes [5] . In addition to E protein, nonstructural 1 (NS1) and premembrane (prM) proteins are other immunodominant viral proteins that are targets of human antibodies [6] .

Infection with one serotype provides long-term homotypic and heterotypic protection for a few months immediately following the infectious event.

Neutralizing antibodies recognize epitopes particularly on the envelope (E) protein, a viral glycoprotein that mediates adhesion to cellular receptors, although most serum antibodies against E protein are cross-reactive between four DENV serotypes.

In addition to E protein, nonstructural 1 (NS1) and premembrane (prM) proteins are other immunodominant viral proteins that are targets of human antibodies.


Traditional Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) voice communications is under considerable pressure from Internet-based telephony. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) encodes voice signals and then transmits these signals over IP (Internet Protocol) networks (Hung & Martin, 2006) . VoIP offers significant advantages over PSTN. Line costs are negligible if an IP Internet connection is already available. Features such as conference calls and video calls are easily accommodated in an IP-based communication system. Since VoIP compresses data packets during transmission, more calls can be handled on one access line. In addition, VoIP can operate over a wide range of underlying network technologies such as ATM, SONET, Ethernet and Wi-Fi, as long as they use the IP protocol at the network layer (Varshney et al., 2002) .

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) encodes voice signals and then transmits these signals over IP (Internet Protocol) networks.

In addition, VoIP can operate over a wide range of underlying network technologies such as ATM, SONET, Ethernet and Wi-Fi, as long as they use the IP protocol at the network layer.


Statistical inverse problems using a Bayesian formulation model all quantities as random variables, where probability distributions of the quantities capture the uncertainty in their values. The solution to the inverse problem is then the probability distribution of the quantity of interest when all information available has been incorporated in the model. This (posterior) distribution describes the degree of confidence about the quantity after the measurement has been performed [14] .

This (posterior) distribution describes the degree of confidence about the quantity after the measurement has been performed.


This type of research is a developmental study using the Plomp model, ranging from the preliminary research phase, the prototyping stage development phase, and the assessment stage [6] . To obtain discovery learning based learning module with valid scientific approach done preliminary research. Based on the results of the analysis in the preliminary research phase, the learning module is designed based on discovery learning with scientific approach.

This type of research is a developmental study using the Plomp model, ranging from the preliminary research phase, the prototyping stage development phase, and the assessment stage.


The process of applying the scientific approach in chemistry learning can be realized by using the discovery learning model. This model emphasizes the importance of understanding structures or important ideas to a discipline, through active student involvement in learning. Several international studies show that discovery learning is worthy of use in the chemistry learning process. Among others, by Ali GunayBalim and Olufunmilayo I [3] .

Among others, by Ali GunayBalim and Olufunmilayo I.


Discovery as a learning model has certain syntax , namely (1) stimulation to stimulate students to explore relevant materials, (2) identify problems to find out what problems are faced through observation, questioning, etc., (3) data collection to interpret the data obtained, (4) verify data to verify data, and (5) summarize concepts, and principles on the material being studied . The learning steps of this discovery learning model require students to be actively involved in discovering the concepts of the material being studied. It is expected to help the students to improve their ability in understanding learning materials [4] .

It is expected to help the students to improve their ability in understanding learning materials.


While PK enzyme activity is inhibited by the effect of DNOC in the liver tissue of male and female rats, it is activated by the effect of DDVP. The reason for these increases and decreases may be the morphological changes occurring in cells. The morphological changes occurring in cells as a result of pesticides, affect the metabolic phenomena within the organisms. In an immunocytochemical study performed with DDVP, a decrease was seen in perforyne, granzyme A and granulysin levels of NK-92CI cells (Li et al., 2005) . The changes in permeability of the cell membrane, or the destruction of cells, change the enzyme activities. DDVP has caused histopathological changes in the lungs, lymphatic glands and thymus, as well as histopathological and ultrastructural changes in liver, kidneys and heart muscle (Luty et al., 1998) . It has been suggested that some pesticides with organophosphates, cause defects in dimensions and surfaces of erythrocytes (Blasiak et al., 1991) .

In an immunocytochemical study performed with DDVP, a decrease was seen in perforyne, granzyme A and granulysin levels of NK-92CI cells.

DDVP has caused histopathological changes in the lungs, lymphatic glands and thymus, as well as histopathological and ultrastructural changes in liver, kidneys and heart muscle.

It has been suggested that some pesticides with organophosphates, cause defects in dimensions and surfaces of erythrocytes.


Nutrients supporting aquatic food webs are made available to higher trophic levels by the metabolic activities and interactions among members of the lowest tropic level. Bacteria and phytoplankton are the only groups of organisms within aquatic food webs that are capable of incorporating significant amounts of dissolved nutrients into biomass. Bacteria are particularly important in this process since they are distributed throughout the water column, they are abundant, they have fast growth rates, and they have high assimilation efficiencies (Pomeroy 1974) .

Bacteria are particularly important in this process since they are distributed throughout the water column, they are abundant, they have fast growth rates, and they have high assimilation efficiencies.


Prior empirical studies of PPP both in developed countries and in the developing countries of East Asia have provided mixed results. The literature contends that one reason for these mixed results may be due to the limited power of the classical unit root tests used to test for unit roots in real exchange rates. In this article, we re-examine the mean-reversion hypothesis for the real exchange rates in US dollar and Japanese yen terms of six Asian countries using a range of unit root tests based on data for over a quarter century that includes periods both before and after the late 1990s Asian financial crisis. Most unit root tests, including our tests, do not reject the unit root null for the pre-crisis period. Our result strongly rejected the unit root null for the sample period that included the post-crisis years. We also rejected the unit roots for the sample period, 1997-2006 for all six currencies. Thus, our study found strong new evidence, invariant to the numeraire currency, of mean reversion, supporting PPP for Asian currencies in the post-crisis era. The choice of the numeraire currency appears not to be contradictory as in the industrialized countries because the US dollar is the trading currency for all the countries in our panel (Breitung and Candelon, 2005) .

The choice of the numeraire currency appears not to be contradictory as in the industrialized countries because the US dollar is the trading currency for all the countries in our panel.


A few decades ago, the best way to keep in touch with our professors was to go to their office but nowadays it is commonly believed that students just need to use their computer and everything is done. In today's trend, Social Networking Sites (SNS) has become one of the most important communication tools. Facebook is considered as the most widely used social networking sites among all due to its constantly increasing active members (Noyes, 2015) . It can be a promising educational tool to be used in today's information era too.

Facebook is considered as the most widely used social networking sites among all due to its constantly increasing active members.


A similar longitudinal pattern was observed at the beginning of the solar cycle 23 from June 1996 to June 1998 [7] . During this time, the longitudinal distribution of the total solar irradiance, EUV irradiance from the transition region and corona, and solar magnetic flux integrated over solar disk increase in the same longitudinal zone (200 ∘ -300 ∘ ). We concluded that precisely the long-living complexes of sunspot activity associated with this longitudinal zone make a significant contribution to the variation of the total solar irradiance and to the heating of the solar corona.

A similar longitudinal pattern was observed at the beginning of the solar cycle 23 from June 1996 to June 1998.


In a certain way, the brightness of magnetic elements is a function of wavelength [2] . If sunspots display negative fluctuations in the visible wavelengths, they are typically bright in the UV and EUV. It is a consequence of the fact that the complex of solar activity affects all layers of the solar atmosphere. Above the complex of solar activity, there exists a loop structure with a closed configuration of the magnetic field strength, filled by hot plasma emitting in UV, EUV, and X-ray wavelengths.

In a certain way, the brightness of magnetic elements is a function of wavelength.


The total solar irradiance (TSI) describes the total radiant energy, in the form of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun at all wavelengths, that falls for each second on 1 square meter outside the Earth's atmosphere, a value proportional to the "solar constant" introduced earlier in the last century. TSI is a measure of the solar energy flux. The radiative flux decreases when dark sunspots are present on the disk and due to bright faculae or plages [11] .

The radiative flux decreases when dark sunspots are present on the disk and due to bright faculae or plages.


The metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon is an ideal place to study urban ecosystems. Unlike many metropolitan cities that have developed uncontrollably, growth in the Portland area has been managed in a way to prevent urban sprawl. An Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) around the metropolitan area was enacted in 1972 to constrain urban development within the boundary (Metro, 1997) . This boundary allows the comparison of highly urbanized watersheds to rural watersheds with similar characteristics immediately outside the boundary. This study was designed to examine whether diatoms could be used to assess urban stream conditions. The first objective of this study was to examine changes in benthic diatom assemblages along an urban-to-rural gradient and relate those changes to environmental factors. Second, we wanted to assess temporal variability of diatom assemblages between an urban and a rural stream site.

An Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) around the metropolitan area was enacted in 1972 to constrain urban development within the boundary.


Thanks to the reduced power consumption of electronics devices, quite a few battery operated devices such as kitchen tools only consumes a few dozen microwatts. This reduced power requirements are accelerating power harvesting from various ambient energy. For instance, power consumption of a cooking thermometer (Tanita TT-533-GR), humidity and temperature meter (Dretec O-226 WT) are 23.9 and 70 µW, respectively. Off-the-shelf wireless sensing platform such as Texas Instruments eZ430-RF2500 sensor can sense temperature data and send it to a remote sink node using only 200 µJ and current consumption in sleep mode is about 1 µA [13] . As energy efficiency continues to improve, the energy requirements to power electronic devices will continue to drop; this in turn means it is feasible to power more devices by a small amount of energy of about a few dozen microwatts.

Off-the-shelf wireless sensing platform such as Texas Instruments eZ430-RF2500 sensor can sense temperature data and send it to a remote sink node using only 200 µJ and current consumption in sleep mode is about 1 µA.


WISP is a promising platform that employs battery-free sensing [12] . WISP is compliant with the EPC Class 1 Generation 1 protocol -i.e., WISP sensor tags harvest energy from a standard RFID reader and reflect the reader's signal to transmit the sensed data. This approach inherently requires an RFID reader, which often requires a constant power supply. The experimental results showed that an antenna (5 dBi) designed for TV applications and four-stage power harvesting circuit can be used to scavenge 60 µW of power [11] .

WISP is a promising platform that employs battery-free sensing.

The experimental results showed that an antenna (5 dBi) designed for TV applications and four-stage power harvesting circuit can be used to scavenge 60 µW of power.


Accurate restaging is also difficult and tumour response can best be evaluated by comparing perpendicular diameters as proposed in the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours [6] . These were recently optimised with only one cut-off value yielding two response categories, although further prospective validation is necessary [7] . Newer software allowing more precise tumour volume measurements will probably increase the staging accuracy in the near future [8, 9] . Lung volume measurements can be considered a surrogate marker for patient response, as it has recently been demonstrated that increasing disease volume and decreasing lung volume are associated with a poor prognosis [10] .

Accurate restaging is also difficult and tumour response can best be evaluated by comparing perpendicular diameters as proposed in the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours.

These were recently optimised with only one cut-off value yielding two response categories, although further prospective validation is necessary.

Newer software allowing more precise tumour volume measurements will probably increase the staging accuracy in the near future.

Lung volume measurements can be considered a surrogate marker for patient response, as it has recently been demonstrated that increasing disease volume and decreasing lung volume are associated with a poor prognosis.


The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to the series of retroviruses whose gene within the virion is represented by a RND molecule. After the virus penetrates a human cell, a DNA copy of the virus genome is synthesized and such virus DNA is integrated into the genome of the human cell. Both processes are produced by the virus enzymes -transcriptase and integrase [1] , respectively.

Both processes are produced by the virus enzymes -transcriptase and integrase, respectively.


It is typical for such family of enzymes to produce very stable complexes with a virus DNA. To be integrated, it is necessary for integrase to bind both -virus and cell -DNA molecules at the same time. The integration proceeds in two stages and begins in the cytoplasm of HIV infected cells where, upon completion of the reverse transcription of the virus DNA genome, integrase binds the virus DNA copy producing the so-called preintegration complex (PIC) which can be isolated from the HIV-infected cells [7] .

The integration proceeds in two stages and begins in the cytoplasm of HIV infected cells where, upon completion of the reverse transcription of the virus DNA genome, integrase binds the virus DNA copy producing the so-called preintegration complex (PIC) which can be isolated from the HIV-infected cells.


Tip-based nanofabrication (TBN) is a rapidly growing alternative to photolithography in the top-down nanomanufacturing category. TBN uses a physical probe in contact or in close proximity to a surface to modify the surface using thermal, mechanical, or electrical fields. Furthermore, some TBN techniques have the potential to become truly controlled approaches for manufacturing nanostructures and nanoscale devices for the upcoming decades [20] .

Furthermore, some TBN techniques have the potential to become truly controlled approaches for manufacturing nanostructures and nanoscale devices for the upcoming decades.


Despite the advances in knowledge of patient predisposition to CN and potential preventative measures, CN continues to be one of the most common global causes of acute renal insufficiency and renal failure in hospitalized patients [1] . The mechanism of toxicity of radiocontrast agents has been the subject of much research over the past 40 years. Much of this research has focused on one of three mechanisms of toxicity: oxidative stress, hyperosmolarity and haemodynamic effects. Investigators have used a variety of models ranging from in vivo animal models to single cellular immortalized in vitro systems [7] [8] [9] [10] . Despite the efforts of this research, there has been no consensus for the mechanism of CN as there are conflicting results between the various models. Each of these models possesses attributes that allow investigation of specific subsets of mechanistic investigation; however, these models are also limited. Specifically, in vivo models are an excellent source for understanding the effects of an agent on the organism as a whole. However, mechanistic investigations with the in vivo model are limited due to the myriad interactions within the organism. These models characterize terminal events and cannot identify the inciting event that initiates toxicity. Conversely, immortalized cell lines allow investigators the ideal system to determine the first events of mechanistic toxicity; however, these cell lines may behave very differently from freshly isolated cells. Specifically, immortalized cells possess genetic mutations that predispose them to survival and may change the behavior of these cells when exposed to a toxicant. Thus, correlation with a more natural model is required to confirm the model's validity.

Despite the advances in knowledge of patient predisposition to CN and potential preventative measures, CN continues to be one of the most common global causes of acute renal insufficiency and renal failure in hospitalized patients.

Investigators have used a variety of models ranging from in vivo animal models to single cellular immortalized in vitro systems.


Evaluating the risk of HBV recurrence is crucial in devising effective strategy against post-LT reactivation. The factors associated with high rates of HBV reactivation are high viral load prior to the transplant, HBV e antigen (HBeAg) reactivity, co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV), noncompliance with drug therapy, HCC at the time of LT, and anti-viral drug resistance. On the other hand, low viral load, anti-HBe positivity and anti-HBs presence are factors with lower risk of HBV reactivation [15, [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .

On the other hand, low viral load, anti-HBe positivity and anti-HBs presence are factors with lower risk of HBV reactivation.


While the MGB-3 Arabic ASR task included seven different genres from the broadcast domain, the ADI task focused solely on broadcast news. Participants were provided high-quality Aljazeera news broadcasts as well as transcriptions generated by a multi-dialect ASR system created from the MGB-2 dataset [5] . The biggest difference from previous MGB challenges is that only a relatively small development set of in-domain data is provided for adaptation to the test set (i.e., the training data is mismatched with the test data). For the ADI baseline, participants were also provided with i-vector features from the audio dataset, and lexical features from the transcripts. Evaluation software was shared with all participants using baseline features available via Github 1 .

Participants were provided high-quality Aljazeera news broadcasts as well as transcriptions generated by a multi-dialect ASR system created from the MGB-2 dataset.


The conversion of biomass into platform molecules with a broad application range has attracted a great deal of attention in the last decade [1] . One of the interesting and promising examples of a platform molecule is γ-valerolactone (GVL). It has a large potential application range, including the use as solvent, intermediate in fine chemicals synthesis and as a fuel (additive). In addition, GVL may serve as a starting material for a number of interesting (bulk) chemicals (adipic acid, and pentanoic acid).

The conversion of biomass into platform molecules with a broad application range has attracted a great deal of attention in the last decade.


In the absence of vertical throughow and the Brinkman term, the present problem reduces to the study by Gasser and Kazimi [12] . Table 1 shows a very good agreement of the present numerical results with the external Rayleigh numberR E given in Gasser and Kazimi [12] . In both the linear and nonlinear theories critical Rayleigh numbers Ra L and Ra E increase for upward throughow, and decrease for downward throughow. This observation is consistent with the observation made by Nield and Kuznetsov [27] .

In the absence of vertical throughow and the Brinkman term, the present problem reduces to the study by Gasser and Kazimi.

Table 1 shows a very good agreement of the present numerical results with the external Rayleigh numberR E given in Gasser and Kazimi.

This observation is consistent with the observation made by Nield and Kuznetsov.