Smaller UAS research is the area where industry might be reluctant to invest substantial resources due to limited opportunities for profit. Micro UAS are also the area where the science community can safely develop and operate their own research capabilities. Large laboratories have formed around micro UAS and Group 1 UAS [51] . Diversity of procured and fielded systems is most likely to occur in this scale due to low past investment, low cost and low risk. Unlike the larger UAS, the micro UAS domain will continue to be strongly influenced by scientific research.

Large laboratories have formed around micro UAS and Group 1 UAS.


In tandem, mobile devices are gaining increasing popularity, thanks to the technology advancement and the ever-decreasing prices. As a result, Internet streaming clients are also experiencing a steady shift from the traditional wired desktops to the wireless mobile devices. Today, mobile video traffic accounts for more than half (55%) of all mobile data traffic [1] .

Today, mobile video traffic accounts for more than half (55%) of all mobile data traffic.


Minimal sets in locally compact dynamical systems constitute a classic, well-studied topic. In particular, minimality admits many reformulations [2, 20] . In an Appendix we prove generalizations of some of the minimality criteria to groupoids, since we did not encounter such results in the literature. Almost periodic points are defined in terms of a suitable property of groupoid syndeticity.

In particular, minimality admits many reformulations.


The predominance of random processes in shaping plant community assemblages and the impact of the invader may reflect the specific features of Mediterranean Basin communities, which have been subjected to strong human-driven disturbance for centuries (Cowling et al., 1996) . Such disturbance may have altered competition regimes and favoured simple ecological communities mainly governed by dispersal (Bartomeus et al., 2012) . Alternatively, the importance of random processes might be more general, as suggested by stochastic niche theory (Tilman, 2004) . The distinctiveness life forms and life histories of the invader species studied here favours the possibility that results might be replicated in different biological scenarios.

The predominance of random processes in shaping plant community assemblages and the impact of the invader may reflect the specific features of Mediterranean Basin communities, which have been subjected to strong human-driven disturbance for centuries.

Such disturbance may have altered competition regimes and favoured simple ecological communities mainly governed by dispersal.

Alternatively, the importance of random processes might be more general, as suggested by stochastic niche theory.


Specifically, we first test whether native non-invaded communities are phylogenetically overdispersed, clustered or random, which should respectively reflect that the community is organized by competition, filtering or random processes (Davies, 2006) . Then, we compare such phylogenetic patterns with those of their paired invaded plots to test whether the invasion was associated with increases in either overdispersion or clustering. Finally, we further compare the phylogenetic patterns of noninvaded and invaded local assemblages to ask why some species become extinct from local assemblages while others do not. We do this by examining if: (1) species more closely related to the invader disappear more frequently from invaded plots, as predicted under the 'biotic resistance' hypothesis; (2) there is a non-random extinction of clusters of closely related species, which is expected under the 'environmental filtering' hypothesis in which species that share specific ecological attributes form clustered phylogenetic patterns; and (3) less abundant species tend to be less frequently observed in invaded plots, supporting the 'functional-equivalence' hypothesis.

Specifically, we first test whether native non-invaded communities are phylogenetically overdispersed, clustered or random, which should respectively reflect that the community is organized by competition, filtering or random processes.


Energy demand forecasting is essential to the economic and socioeconomic aspects of modern society. Electrical energy drives industry [1] . To ensure that utilities can meet energy demand, electrical load forecasting must produce an accurate prediction of future demand and allow planning of operational requirements such as network maintenance downtime. Forecasting ensures that demand can be met at all times and avoid undesirable events such as black-outs or load shedding. Conversely, overestimation is undesirable as it leads to wasted resources [4] . While storage technology has improved in recent years, demand forecasting models will still be critical for some time.

Electrical energy drives industry.

Conversely, overestimation is undesirable as it leads to wasted resources.


Nepalese rice landraces contains many marker alleles for different BLB resistant genes. The rice landraces with effective resistant gene can be used as donor parent for MAS. However, for the enhancement of resistance in Nepalese rice with absence and/or ineffective resistance gene can be done by transferring broad spectrum resistance gene like Xa-21. BLB resistance is also affected by multiple resistance genes and their interaction [17] . Therefore, pyramiding BLB resistance gene on Nepalese rice variety is most important for durable resistance with BLB.

BLB resistance is also affected by multiple resistance genes and their interaction.


We also examined the relationship between the exposure time and the radiosensitizing effect of olaparib. Figure 1b demonstrates that the radiosensitizing effect of olaparib after exposure for 2 h was similar to that at 24 h, demonstrating that effective radiosensitization could be achieved even for tumor cells with a short exposure time. Olaparib enhances radiosensitivity by inhibiting the repair of SSB. Unrepaired SSB lead to collapse of replication forks that give rise to potentially lethal DSB, leading to radiosensitization [5] . Thus, SSB are converted to DSB during replication after exposure to olaparib [13] . Longer incubation times than 2 h after irradiation might be required to convert SSB to DSB since the cell cycle of DLD1 cells lasts for 24 h or longer. However, we found that 2 h of incubation with olaparib after irradiation is sufficient for radiosensitization and that exposure to this agent throughout the entire period of SSB repair is not necessary to enhance the generation of DSB.

Unrepaired SSB lead to collapse of replication forks that give rise to potentially lethal DSB, leading to radiosensitization.

Thus, SSB are converted to DSB during replication after exposure to olaparib.


In Model 4 (see Table 3 ), we added three types of consequences students might have received once issued discipline referrals: RI, ISS, and behavioral contracts. We also added school-level RI rate. Although Model 3 did not show large improvements over Model 2 in terms of model fit, the inclusion of alternatives to OSS slightly increased the model's predictive accuracy (McFadden's R 2 = .37, Tjur's R 2 = .48, AUC = .90), and overall, the discrimination capability of the model was excellent (Hosmer & Lemeshow, 2004) .

We also added school-level RI rate.

Although Model 3 did not show large improvements over Model 2 in terms of model fit, the inclusion of alternatives to OSS slightly increased the model's predictive accuracy (McFadden's R 2 = .37, Tjur's R 2 = .48, AUC = .90), and overall, the discrimination capability of the model was excellent.


After the policy was approved, DPS began to support implementation of RIs with voluntary professional development units on the approach. Two types of training have been offered consistently since 2008: a half-day session on preventive restorative approaches like peace circles and affective statements and a 2-day session on the uses of RIs (conferences and mediations) to address discipline incidents. In the 2014-2015 school year (the focus of the current study), 141 staff members (37 teachers, 27 administrators, 70 support service providers, and 7 staff with their role missing on attendance sheets) represented 69 district schools at the trainings. Similar numbers of staff had been trained in prior years, with more than 2,700 district educators participating in the 2-day training since 2008 (Anyon, Gregory, et al., 2016) .

Similar numbers of staff had been trained in prior years, with more than 2,700 district educators participating in the 2-day training since 2008.


Several study limitations need to be considered to place the findings in perspective. The study is correlational and therefore cannot claim that RIs caused reductions in OSS. Moreover, RI participation requires voluntary consent. Thus, students who were already less prone to being issued OSS may have chosen to participate in RIs, given unmeasured psychological factors (e.g., empathy) relative to their peers who refused to participate (McCold, 2008) . Future longitudinal research using propensity score matching might measure and account for such psychological differences between those who do or do not participate in RIs and thus offer more definitive claims about the protective effects of RIs. As mentioned earlier, the study had a limited focus on OSS receipt. It is essential for future studies to examine whether discipline-referred students who participate in alternatives to suspension make gains in domains related to positive youth development. With adequate statistical power, a three-level statistical model composed of ODRs, students, and schools would further explicate students' patterns of discipline receipt over time. Moreover, the current study was further limited given that it did not use time-ordered data to isolate cases in which RI receipt occurred before OSS receipt. To strengthen theorized directionality of effects, future analyses could select RIs that took place in the beginning of the school year and track students' discipline referrals and consequences through the rest of the school year.

Thus, students who were already less prone to being issued OSS may have chosen to participate in RIs, given unmeasured psychological factors (e.g., empathy) relative to their peers who refused to participate.


DPS has also continued its use of ISS, whereby students are assigned to a designated room to sit for an allotted period of time, ranging from a class period to multiple days. District policy outlines ISS as an exclusionary approach that is to be used with students who repeatedly disrupt other students' abilities to learn. Written policies in the district do not mandate specific programming in ISS, except that students have an opportunity to learn from their mistakes in a supervised environment where they have access to their assignments and course materials. In a recent qualitative study, school-based practitioners in DPS reported that students in ISS tend to work on their homework and/or complete reflection worksheets about the discipline incident that led to their being issued ISS (Anyon, Wiley, et al., 2016) .

In a recent qualitative study, school-based practitioners in DPS reported that students in ISS tend to work on their homework and/or complete reflection worksheets about the discipline incident that led to their being issued ISS.


At first glance, the findings might offer promise that school districts are successfully reducing differential processing of discipline-referred Black students relative to referred White students. However, before asserting this claim, future studies would need to carefully scrutinize the process by which reasons for discipline referral are assigned varying levels of severity (e.g., fighting versus assault). This is key, given that the current study showed that infraction severity Levels 2-5 were large and practically meaningful predictors of students receiving an OSS and that the likelihood of suspension for Black students changed the most from Model 1 to Model 2. Assignment of severity level may be influenced by adults' subjective perceptions of student behavior. In the current school year, despite comparable Black and White percentages at Level 2, a greater percentage of Black students received one or more Level 3 and Level 4 referrals. It may be the case that Black students were engaging in more serious, safety-threatening behaviors than White students. However, research from other areas of the country suggests that Black students' behavior relative to White students' behavior tends to be judged as more safety-threatening and as warranting more punitive consequences (Chang & Sue, 2003; Gilliam et al., 2016; Goff, Jackson, Di Leone, Culotta, & DiTomasso, 2014; Neal et al., 2003; Okonofua & Eberhardt, 2015) . Thus, it is unknown if explicit or implicit racial bias plays a role in the disciplinary process when the school staff determine the level of infraction. It will be important for school districts with graduated discipline policies to examine the degree to which Black students' infractions were appropriately and fairly categorized in terms of severity level.

However, research from other areas of the country suggests that Black students' behavior relative to White students' behavior tends to be judged as more safety-threatening and as warranting more punitive consequences.


The current study also did not account for the fidelity of RI implementation. Thus, we do not know the degree to which students and adults experienced procedural fairness, authentic sharing of perspectives, empathic perspective-taking, and adequate resolution or repair through agreed-upon action plans. Moreover, whether these indicators of high quality RI were equally distributed among student groups was also unknown. Punitive tendencies toward Black students or negative racial beliefs might undermine the fidelity of RI implementation (Lustick, 2017a) . Future research might examine whether high quality RIs are distributed evenly among Black and White students.

Punitive tendencies toward Black students or negative racial beliefs might undermine the fidelity of RI implementation.


Since the passage of the new policy, OSS rates have steadily declined from 7.4% to 3.6% of all students in the district, as has the proportion of students entering the discipline system (from 15.4% to 8.9%). At the same time, schools' use of RIs increased from less than 4% of disciplined students to nearly 26%. However, districtwide suspension rates suggest that racial disparities among disciplined students have persisted in recent years, although racial gaps in suspension rates have narrowed over time (Anyon et al., 2014) . In 2015 (the most recent data available), 6% of Black students, 5% of Native American students, 3% of Latino students, 1% of White students, and 1% of Asian students were issued one or more suspensions. In contrast, in 2008, before discipline reform was implemented, the rates were as follows: 14% of Black students, 11% of Native American students, 9% of Latino students, 5% of White students, and 2% of Asian students. This represents a narrowing of the suspension gap between White and Black students from 9% to 5% over 7 years, although Black students remain six times more likely to be suspended than their White peers.

However, districtwide suspension rates suggest that racial disparities among disciplined students have persisted in recent years, although racial gaps in suspension rates have narrowed over time.


A wide range of other myocardial cellular constituents have also been shown to experience substantial cyclic variation around their time-averaged levels. These include cyclic AMP and GMP, ATP, creatine phosphate, the phosphate potential ({ATP}/{ADP} {Pi}), and various glycolytic products (Krause et al., 1971; Brooker, 1973; Wollenberger et al., 1973; Fossel et al., 1980) . Although none of these substances has been implicated in coronary vasoregulation, such studies also indicate that the sizes of many myocardial metabolic pools oscillate with considerable amplitude and with a period comparable to the duration of the occlusions performed in the present investigation.

These include cyclic AMP and GMP, ATP, creatine phosphate, the phosphate potential ({ATP}/{ADP} {Pi}), and various glycolytic products.


One way to overcome the limit of traditional term weighting method is to use syntactic and semantic information. The merits of syntactic information is investigated by Hull [6] . Other studies also show that it is quite useful as contentidentifier [15] . They state that using non-NLP generated phrases as terms in vector space retrieval is helpful at low recall level, while it is not helpful at high recall level. However, it is required to obtain more accurate syntactic information than just predefined window-size word sequences for its general use.

The merits of syntactic information is investigated by Hull.

Other studies also show that it is quite useful as contentidentifier.


Automatic document classification is an important research area in information retrieval and has a great potential for many applications handling text such as routing and filtering. Its aim is to assign a given document to the predefined category to which it belongs. Up to now, various kinds of algorithms based on machine learning or statistics have been applied to this problem and showed relatively high performance. However, most of them have been using a simple bag of words representation of documents [7] . That is, they use only the distribution of content words, assuming that the words are independent one another. But, this representation ignores linguistic information underlying the documents, which is another important factor in filtering texts.

However, most of them have been using a simple bag of words representation of documents.


New systems of structural health monitoring have been developed with different approaches such as using wireless sensors with self-diagnosing and self-calibration to reduce data transmission, thus reducing power consumption [3] . Other systems implemented wireless sensors which are capable of actuation, in which the sensor node is able to fix the problems detected without sending the data to the control node so that the power used can be reduced [4] . A different approach is based on covering the structures with piezoelectric layer and sending mechanical impedance through the layer and then measuring the electrical impedance of the layer [5] . Power consumption is a major problem in structural health monitoring. Many researchers tried to overcome this problem by different techniques such as solar and wind energy, self-acquisition of sensors, and sensors actuation. Other improvements investigated and recommended in those researches are reducing the size of the system, increasing the read range, more memory, and improving the ruggedness and robustness of the sensor node.

New systems of structural health monitoring have been developed with different approaches such as using wireless sensors with self-diagnosing and self-calibration to reduce data transmission, thus reducing power consumption.

Other systems implemented wireless sensors which are capable of actuation, in which the sensor node is able to fix the problems detected without sending the data to the control node so that the power used can be reduced.

A different approach is based on covering the structures with piezoelectric layer and sending mechanical impedance through the layer and then measuring the electrical impedance of the layer.


In the United States, 50% of all bridges were built before 1940s, and approximately 42% of these structures are structurally deficient [1] . It has been estimated that the investments needed to enhance the performance of deficient structures exceed $900 billion worldwide. These statistics show the importance of developing new techniques of measuring the health of structural with less manual effort and hence less mistakes. In 2007, the collapse of Minnesota Bridge over Mississippi river attracted the attention to the need of giving more attention to the safety of infrastructure issues across the whole country.

In the United States, 50% of all bridges were built before 1940s, and approximately 42% of these structures are structurally deficient.


The BIA model projected an overall test completion rate of 75.5% among a hypothetical Hispanic population in the CRC prevention program, higher than the Hispanic average of 47% [4] . The rate in the current strategy was about 52%. The estimated 3-year cost per person was $261 compared with the $86 estimated for continuing the current no-program strategy, yielding a budget difference of $175.

The BIA model projected an overall test completion rate of 75.5% among a hypothetical Hispanic population in the CRC prevention program, higher than the Hispanic average of 47%.


The dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) released during the decomposition process was shown to be fairly high for each species and temperature treatment. However, the magnitude of DIP released seemed to reach a maximum early on in the experimental period (approx. 7 days), and subsequently stabilise or decrease thereafter. This may be attributed to the fact that phosphorus is present in a labile form within the macrophyte tissue, and has been shown to have an initial high leaching efficiency with the onset of decomposition (Bourguès et al., 1996) . This high leaching efficiency suggests that the inorganic form of phosphorus is dominant relative to the organic portion of tissue TP present in the macrophytes (Twilley et al., 1986) . Furthermore, it is expected that TP tissue content of macrophytes would be lower than TN content (N:P Redfield ratio, approx.. 16:1), due to the fact that most species are nitrogenlimited and therefore assimilation of DIP is restricted under periods of nitrogen depletion (Pedersen and Borum, 1996) . The presence of fine-grain sediments in the water column can act as sites of adsorption, and therefore influence the amount of DIP detected in the water column during decomposition. The sediments thus act as a 'buffer' (Twilley et al., 1986) . The above explains the prominence of DIN over DIP during the experimental period.

This may be attributed to the fact that phosphorus is present in a labile form within the macrophyte tissue, and has been shown to have an initial high leaching efficiency with the onset of decomposition.

This high leaching efficiency suggests that the inorganic form of phosphorus is dominant relative to the organic portion of tissue TP present in the macrophytes.

Furthermore, it is expected that TP tissue content of macrophytes would be lower than TN content (N:P Redfield ratio, approx.. 16:1), due to the fact that most species are nitrogenlimited and therefore assimilation of DIP is restricted under periods of nitrogen depletion.

The sediments thus act as a 'buffer'.


Under periods of high nutrient availability and low light, it is possible for slow-growing species to build up larger nutrient reserves than fast-growing species, due to their lower critical nutrient concentrations (Pedersen and Borum, 1996) . This enables slow-growing species to sustain maximum growth for longer periods, and obtain a competitive advantage in areas where nutrient availability fluctuates (Pedersen and Borum, 1996) . Therefore, the potential for vascular plants to accumulate greater nutrient reserves under certain environmental conditions (e.g. lower nutrient availability) in comparison to ephemeral macroalgae provides an explanation for the elevated levels of TP tissue content observed for Z. capensis (5.24%) and R. cirrhosa (7.84%) relative to C. glomerata (3.62%). Moreover, this also supports the generally increased levels of DIP released during the decomposition of the submerged macrophytes (i.e. at 20°C, 25°C and 30°C) in comparison to C. glomerata.

Under periods of high nutrient availability and low light, it is possible for slow-growing species to build up larger nutrient reserves than fast-growing species, due to their lower critical nutrient concentrations.

This enables slow-growing species to sustain maximum growth for longer periods, and obtain a competitive advantage in areas where nutrient availability fluctuates.


In estuarine systems, free-floating macroalgae and submerged macrophytes play an important role in nutrient cycling, in that they act as both nutrient sources and sinks (Hanisak, 1993) . Presence or absence of the various floral communities within estuaries is controlled by factors such as estuarine morphometry, nutrient and light availability, herbivory, exposure to waves and currents, and substratum type (Pedersen and Borum, 1996) . In recent history, the incidence of fast-growing ephemeral macroalgae proliferations has increased globally due to eutrophication caused by excessive nutrient inputs (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) into coastal ecosystems (Paalme et al., 2002; Lomstein et al., 2006; Berezina and Golubkov, 2008; Gubelit and Berezina, 2010) . Under these conditions macroalgae, either attached or free-floating, accumulate in very high biomass (approx. 40 to 400 kg wet weight m -2 ) in estuaries (Paalme et al., 2002; Lomstein et al., 2006) . The consequences of such macroalgal blooms are numerous, and include oxygen depletion (anoxia), altered biogeochemical cycling in the water column and sediments, changes to the composition of higher trophic levels, shading of slow-growing, submerged macrophytes (such as seagrasses), and an overall reduction in biodiversity and recreational value (Hanisak, 1993; Pedersen and Borum, 1996; Paalme et al., 2002; Lomstein et al., 2006; Gubelit and Berezina, 2010) .

In estuarine systems, free-floating macroalgae and submerged macrophytes play an important role in nutrient cycling, in that they act as both nutrient sources and sinks.

Presence or absence of the various floral communities within estuaries is controlled by factors such as estuarine morphometry, nutrient and light availability, herbivory, exposure to waves and currents, and substratum type.

In recent history, the incidence of fast-growing ephemeral macroalgae proliferations has increased globally due to eutrophication caused by excessive nutrient inputs (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus) into coastal ecosystems.

Under these conditions macroalgae, either attached or free-floating, accumulate in very high biomass (approx. 40 to 400 kg wet weight m -2 ) in estuaries.

The consequences of such macroalgal blooms are numerous, and include oxygen depletion (anoxia), altered biogeochemical cycling in the water column and sediments, changes to the composition of higher trophic levels, shading of slow-growing, submerged macrophytes (such as seagrasses), and an overall reduction in biodiversity and recreational value.


The mass distribution of spiral galaxies is essential for investigating DM. Beside the stellar disk and central bulge, most of the galaxies harbour a spherically symmetric, massive DM halo, which dominates the dynamics in the stellar disk at the outer regions. Nevertheless there are examples of galaxies which at larger radii are better described by a flattened baryonic mass distribution (global disk model) [3] .

Nevertheless there are examples of galaxies which at larger radii are better described by a flattened baryonic mass distribution (global disk model).


Let Z denote a complex analytic surface in C N which has an isolated singularity at the origin. By intersecting Z with a small sphere centered at 0, we get a closed oriented 3-manifold M , which is called the link of the singularity. The distribution of complex tangencies on M is a contact distribution. In general the 3-manifold M may be the link of many other analytically distinct isolated singularities, but the induced contact structures are known to be contactomorphic [6] . If a 3-manifold is realized as a link of an isolated singularity, then the associated contact structure is called the canonical contact structure on M . Properties of these contact structures have been extensively studied in the literature [1, 4, 19] . One remarkable feature of canonical contact structures is that they are all Stein fillable; a deformation of the minimal resolution of a normal surface singularity and the Milnor fiber of a smoothable singularity determine Stein fillings of the canonical contact structure.

In general the 3-manifold M may be the link of many other analytically distinct isolated singularities, but the induced contact structures are known to be contactomorphic.

Properties of these contact structures have been extensively studied in the literature.


Relevance feedback (RF) approach for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is designed by long-term feedback collected from the query sessions [13] . This information is used to extract meta-knowledge in the form of virtual feature and to calculate semantic similarity between database image and query image. Navigational pattern-based relevance feedback method is proposed to overcome the long iteration problem of CBIR for image retrieval [14] . Navigational patterns are retrieved from users search history to minimize the number of users' feedbacks. The user's profile integration with this method can further increase the retrieval quality.

Relevance feedback (RF) approach for content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is designed by long-term feedback collected from the query sessions.

Navigational pattern-based relevance feedback method is proposed to overcome the long iteration problem of CBIR for image retrieval.


Particular importance belongs to technologies of quality management, directly related to safety of manufactured products or services for a person and his environment [3] . Among them there are the control charts Shewhart V., G. Gantt chart, seven quality control tools, Six Sigma, etc. In a greater degree they were directed at the quality control of the production process, and in 1951 A. Feigenbaum embodied them in the concept of total quality control (TQC) [4, pp. 11-17] . The importance of quality management technologies is confirmed by the data: marketing researches show, that the selection this or that production on 75% determines its quality [5] .

Particular importance belongs to technologies of quality management, directly related to safety of manufactured products or services for a person and his environment.

The importance of quality management technologies is confirmed by the data: marketing researches show, that the selection this or that production on 75% determines its quality.


Apart from the relatively long follow-up period, our cohort differed from both the RAVE and RITUXIVAS groups in disease burden and ethnicity. RITUXVAS included patients with more severe disease involvement, with dialysis dependency, pulmonary haemorrhage and CNS vasculitis. In RAVE, 92% of patients were Caucasian, and while all patients with ANCA-associated disease were included, only 66% had renal involvement and of these, none had a serum creatinine >4 mg/dL (354 lmol/L). Our cohort falls in between these two groups, with 30% Indo-Asian ethnicity and significant renal disease but no 'life threatening' complications. Our study was not a controlled trial and therefore the results were not tested against standard therapy; however, we found that this low-dose CYP and RTX-based induction, followed by azathioprine maintenance, provided an efficacious regimen with an acceptable safety profile. This should be tested formally in a randomized clinical trial against standard therapy. Additionally, we believe that such a regimen could be the platform from which to attempt steroid minimization in this highly susceptible elderly population with renal impairment. This may be of particular importance in our patient population since our cohort included 30% Indo-Asian patients, in whom there is known to be excess long-term sequelae from corticosteroids [20] .

This may be of particular importance in our patient population since our cohort included 30% Indo-Asian patients, in whom there is known to be excess long-term sequelae from corticosteroids.


Wind energy is one of the fastest-emerging renewable alternatives for the electrical supply, and wind turbines are installed with exponential capacity over the past years around the world [1] . The general state-of-the-art wind turbine system is shown in Figure 1 . Back to back (B2B) converters are widely applied to realize the controllability and power processing. Two vector control structures are implemented on generatorside and grid-side converters, respectively. The objective of the control scheme for the generator-side converter is to obtain the optimal power tracking for maximum energy capture from the wind by adjusting the speed of the wind turbine. The control of grid-side converter is to coordinate the energy balance between grid and generator, and it can be also responsible for controlling reactive power flow between grid and converter [4] .

Wind energy is one of the fastest-emerging renewable alternatives for the electrical supply, and wind turbines are installed with exponential capacity over the past years around the world.

The control of grid-side converter is to coordinate the energy balance between grid and generator, and it can be also responsible for controlling reactive power flow between grid and converter.


The obtained extract was centrifuged (2500 rpm) to separate the colloidal phase from the solution. Only 33% of PAHs contents flowed in an aqueous phase and the prevailing mass of PAHs was bound to the colloids (Holoubek 2005) . The treated extract was analysed in a commercial accredited laboratory by standard methods of a PAHs analysis. Laboratory column trial was replicated three times and median values are used in the presentation.

Only 33% of PAHs contents flowed in an aqueous phase and the prevailing mass of PAHs was bound to the colloids.


Although UWB technology has many advantages, by wireless transmission, UWB signals can only transmit over a short distance from a few meters to tens of meters. In order to broaden the effective coverage of UWB signals, researchers proposed and demonstrated UWB-over-fiber for UWB wireless communications [18] - [20] . To distribute UWB signals via optical fiber, it is highly desired that the UWB signals can be directly generated in optical domain. And then, various methods for photonic UWB signals generation have been presented in recent years [21] - [28] .

In order to broaden the effective coverage of UWB signals, researchers proposed and demonstrated UWB-over-fiber for UWB wireless communications.

And then, various methods for photonic UWB signals generation have been presented in recent years.


Just as missing outcome data present a threat to the validity of any research study, so they present a threat to the validity of any meta-analysis of research studies. Typically, analyses assume that the data are missing completely at random or missing at random (MAR) (Little and Rubin 2002) . If the data are not MAR (i.e., they are informatively missing) but are analyzed as if they were missing completely at random or MAR, then nonresponse bias typically occurs. The threat of bias carries over to meta-analysis, where the problem can be compounded by nonresponse bias applied in a similar way in different studies.

Typically, analyses assume that the data are missing completely at random or missing at random (MAR).


As a result of Cronbach's alpha coefficient analysis for internal consistency, the reliability coefficient for the entire scale was found to be .95; and the reliability coefficients of the factors were found to be .67 and above. As a result of the test-retest reliability analysis, it was determined that the reliability coefficient for the entire scale was .93; and the factor reliability coefficients were .71 and above. The reliability results of the scale showed that the scale had a high level of internal consistency and consistent time-dependent measurements at a reliable level can be performed with this scale (Tavşancıl, 2010) .

The reliability results of the scale showed that the scale had a high level of internal consistency and consistent time-dependent measurements at a reliable level can be performed with this scale.


The progressive decay of CO concentration at the surface during the dawn reaching a minimum is a typical characteristic of the region (Figure 2 and Figure 3) . Such a value corresponds to the background concentration of CO applicable to the region and it can be observed due to the diminution of traffic intensity of vehicles. Conversely, the relative minimum of CO concentration at the mid-afternoon presents a large variability. The second relative minimum is associated in addition to the reduction of vehicular traffic, to the increase of the PLL top clean air entangling 1 and the horizontal advection. The intensification of CO concentration during the dusk period is related to the intensity of vehicles traffic and the smaller efficiency presented by the turbulence to disperse the polluting elements into the atmosphere. At that time the PLL becomes stable and its intensity is determined by the mechanical intensity of TKE production. Thus, a part of the diurnal cycle of the surface CO is associated with the cycle of bimodal vehicle emissions [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .

Thus, a part of the diurnal cycle of the surface CO is associated with the cycle of bimodal vehicle emissions.


A human hair is approximately 50 -100 μm in diameter and consists of a barrier cuticle layer (outer 5 μm), a middle cortex layer (40 -95 μm), and, when present, an inner medulla (5 -10 μm). A tightly packed hair fiber is composed of crystalline keratin, mostly in an α-helical arrangement [1] [2] . The cuticle protects the cortex from the attacks suffered by hair, and the hair's cosmetic properties, similar to the "hand" of a finished textile (i.e., stiffness, smoothness, fullness and softness, anti-drape stiffness, crispness, flexibility etc.), depend strongly on the condition of the cuticle. Therefore, most studies in cosmetics have focused on the physical and the visual properties of the cuticle's surface. However, the cortex represents 90% of the hair fiber's total weight and gives the hair fiber its remarkable properties. The cortex is richer in leucine, glutamic acid and the amino acids that are generally found in an α-helical protein. Moreover, the cortex is richer in diacidic amino acids, lysine, and histidine than the cuticle is [2] . Nevertheless, studies on the cortex are lacking. In particular, the color of human hair is due to the presence of melanin, and grains of melanin are mostly found in the cortex [2] [3] .

A tightly packed hair fiber is composed of crystalline keratin, mostly in an α-helical arrangement.

Moreover, the cortex is richer in diacidic amino acids, lysine, and histidine than the cuticle is.

In particular, the color of human hair is due to the presence of melanin, and grains of melanin are mostly found in the cortex.


Our total-variation model allows the use of continuous, piecewise linear approximations of the deformation. Conforming numerical approximations of the Bhattacharya-James thin film energy require higher-order finite element approximations [8] . We also note that although mixed finite element methods can be used to approximate a plate problem (and presumably the BhattacharyaJames thin film model) with piecewise linear deformations, the mixed variational formulation transforms the primal energy-minimization problem to a more computationally challenging saddle-point problem [11] .

Conforming numerical approximations of the Bhattacharya-James thin film energy require higher-order finite element approximations.

We also note that although mixed finite element methods can be used to approximate a plate problem (and presumably the BhattacharyaJames thin film model) with piecewise linear deformations, the mixed variational formulation transforms the primal energy-minimization problem to a more computationally challenging saddle-point problem.


A coupled electrochemical-mechanical model for solid polymer electrolytes has been presented and applied to study the effect of the coupling on the performance of the battery electrolyte. The prediction of the SPE conductivity changes considerably when mechanical contribution is included in the analyses, suggesting that stresses and deformations should be properly accounted for in battery design [63] . This aspect is extremely important for structural batteries as they are expected to experience additional stresses arising from the mechanical loads they bear during service.

The prediction of the SPE conductivity changes considerably when mechanical contribution is included in the analyses, suggesting that stresses and deformations should be properly accounted for in battery design.


The width of the electrolyte determines if the stresses have a detrimental or beneficial impact on performance. The conditions experienced by a solid polymer electrolyte placed in a battery are expected to emphasize the favorable effect of higher Young's modulus compared to those experienced by the same polymer during an impedance spectroscopy test, the experimental technique by which the ionic conductivity of SPEs is usually assessed [4, 8, 9, 15, 17, 19] . Impedance spectroscopy is performed by applying an alternate electric signal to the SPE, from which the ionic conductivity is indirectly determined. The application of a timevarying electrical load limits the formation of ionic concentration gradients and thus the development of a stress field during the test. For this reason, the mechanical contribution is expected to play a modest role in this kind of experiments.

The conditions experienced by a solid polymer electrolyte placed in a battery are expected to emphasize the favorable effect of higher Young's modulus compared to those experienced by the same polymer during an impedance spectroscopy test, the experimental technique by which the ionic conductivity of SPEs is usually assessed.


Four basic tasks of the network security configuration management can be distinguished: i) the design of the security system, including the definition of technologies and mechanisms to be employed, as well as the placement of the diverse security components over the network; ii) the deployment of the designed configuration; ii) configuration maintenance, enabling the introduction of changes to achieve adaptability in face of new requirements; iv) monitoring of the system during run-time to assure compliance with expected behaviour. This paper addresses the three first phases of the configuration management process. To support the design phase, we use a modelling technique that allows the design of the security system to be managed in a modular fashion, by means of an object-oriented system model [8] . This model is segmented into logical units (so-called Abstract Subsystems) that enclose a group of security mechanisms and other relevant system entities, and also offer a more abstract representation of them. In this manner, the system administrator is able to design a security system-including its different mechanism types and their mutual relations-by means of an abstract and uniform modelling technique.

To support the design phase, we use a modelling technique that allows the design of the security system to be managed in a modular fashion, by means of an object-oriented system model.


The HRM functions are all the activities and processes involved with the management and development (contractual and legal) of people in an organization from the period of hiring or acquisition and retention to the point of exit. The functions of HRM include resourcing and retention; compensation and rewards; training and development; performance appraisal; benefits and relations with employees (Coda, Cesar, Bido & Louffat, 2009) . The execution of these functions is not the sole prerogative of management but also stretches to the line managers who actually implement the HR policies.

The functions of HRM include resourcing and retention; compensation and rewards; training and development; performance appraisal; benefits and relations with employees.


The Nakhla meteorite is a cumulate igneous rock. Its main component is augite, with some olivine and minor other minerals (McSween and Treiman 1998) . As only small amounts of Nakhla were available, the Theo's Flow lava formation in Canada, which was described as closely similar in mineralogy, was used as a terrestrial analogue (Friedman 1998) . A further basalt sample containing 65% labradorite feldspar, 25% clinopyroxenite, and 10% magnetite from Timaru, New Zealand was also used.

Its main component is augite, with some olivine and minor other minerals.

As only small amounts of Nakhla were available, the Theo's Flow lava formation in Canada, which was described as closely similar in mineralogy, was used as a terrestrial analogue.


Among elderly community dwelling adults in the ARIC Carotid MRI Study, there was a significant graded crosssectional association between depressive symptoms and BMI and waist circumference. The association of depressive symptoms with BMI and waist circumference was attenuated but remained significant following adjustment for demographic factors, educational attainment, diabetes, CHD, and health behaviors, particularly physical activity. Our findings were similar when individuals with diabetes and CHD were excluded and when waist to height ratio, an alternative estimate of abdominal fat distribution, was substituted for BMI and waist circumference. Our findings from the present cross-sectional study are consistent with those from another population-based study of elderly adults (Health ABC Study), which found that elevated depressive symptoms were longitudinally associated with increased abdominal adiposity [8] . We believe that the 2-3 cm difference in waist circumference that we observed in individuals with and without elevated depressive symptoms in our multivariable analysis is clinically meaningful. While this difference appears to be small, prior studies have shown that even a 2 cm, or 1 standard deviation, difference in waist circumference is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes [25, 26] . We observed this magnitude of difference even when excluding individuals with diabetes and CHD. Finally, we also found that anti-depressant medication use was significantly associated with greater BMI, waist circumference, and waist to height ratio.

Our findings from the present cross-sectional study are consistent with those from another population-based study of elderly adults (Health ABC Study), which found that elevated depressive symptoms were longitudinally associated with increased abdominal adiposity.

While this difference appears to be small, prior studies have shown that even a 2 cm, or 1 standard deviation, difference in waist circumference is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.


Mutation testing applied to programs dates back to the 1970's, when the first attempts applied seeded faults to assess the quality of test suites [26, 27] . A comprehensive good survey about mutation testing has been done by Jia and Harman [4] . Mutation analysis has been applied at design level to models too and it is referred as "specification mutation".

Mutation testing applied to programs dates back to the 1970's, when the first attempts applied seeded faults to assess the quality of test suites.

A comprehensive good survey about mutation testing has been done by Jia and Harman.


The iterative approach guarantees that the cost function will be monotonically decreasing over the iterations. Furthermore, the convergence of the parameter estimates can be shown in some special cases (Bai and Li, 2004) . However, there are no convergence results available for the general case. Hence, it is important that the initial LTI approximation is as good as possible in the sense that it resembles the true LTI subsystem as well as possible.

Furthermore, the convergence of the parameter estimates can be shown in some special cases.


It is known that different cladding modes have different dispersion characteristics [5] . Therefore, the resonance wavelength of an LPFG can shift to either shorter or longer wavelengths, depending on the order of the cladding mode, when the induced index change of the grating increases. As a result, the effects of averageindex variation are different for different cladding modes. Figure 4 show the transmission spectra of 50-mm long cosine-apodized LPFGs operating with different cladding modes, where the period Λ is adjusted to ensure coupling at ~1.55 μm for each cladding mode. The duty cycle is fixed at 0.5 and the value of Δn 0 is adjusted to produce a contrast of 20dB at the center wavelengths of the rejection bands. As shown in Fig. 4 , the side lobes appear on the long-wavelength side of the rejection band for high-order cladding modes, which is different from the case for low-order cladding modes, where the side lobes appear on the short-wavelength side of the rejection band.

It is known that different cladding modes have different dispersion characteristics.


The combustion occurring in the engine cylinders from a diesel spray originates from a number of auto-ignition sites forming around the spray head, which then spread rapidly along the fuel vapour-air mixture surrounding the atomized spray head, finally resulting in regions of turbulent partially-premixed and non-premixed flames [2] . Diesel combustion is naturally ratecontrolled by the sequential rates of liquid breakup (atomization), evaporation, flow and/or diffusional mixing, auto-ignition and flame spread [3] . In most diesel engines, the atomized diesel spray originates from a multi-hole diesel injector nozzle, which enables the high velocity propulsion of the liquid fuel into the cylinder volume. A high pressure pump is employed to maintain the fuel at high pressure in a pressure accumulator (common rail), and inside the injector bodies. An injector needle connected to an electronic activation system is employed to seal the injector body and upper nozzle passages from the lower nozzle exit holes when the injector is inactive, and to expose the lower tip of the nozzle and the exit holes to the high pressure liquid fuel when the injector is electronically activated. This exposure causes the high pressure fuel to flow down the fuel passage into the tip of the nozzle, through the nozzle holes, and into the engine cylinder volume.

The combustion occurring in the engine cylinders from a diesel spray originates from a number of auto-ignition sites forming around the spray head, which then spread rapidly along the fuel vapour-air mixture surrounding the atomized spray head, finally resulting in regions of turbulent partially-premixed and non-premixed flames.

Diesel combustion is naturally ratecontrolled by the sequential rates of liquid breakup (atomization), evaporation, flow and/or diffusional mixing, auto-ignition and flame spread.


When external loads are applied to a solid, the stress transfer leads to the deformation of the medium which presents no difficulty in the continuum analysis. By increasing the load, under excessive applied loads, if new surfaces are generated in the medium, the solid undergoes fracture which has generally two phases of initiation and propagation ( Erdogan, 1974 ) . For a brief history of fracture mechanics and the recent developments one may refer to Erdogan (20 0 0) .

By increasing the load, under excessive applied loads, if new surfaces are generated in the medium, the solid undergoes fracture which has generally two phases of initiation and propagation.


How can we explain the large difference between affected and non-affected adults as well as the fact that affected orphan children had higher CSI scores than affected adults? An explanation for the higher ability of affected adults and orphan children in naming maize pests and the saliency of these pests could be the greater dependence on maize for food security (utility) for these families coupled with the greater responsibilities children must shoulder in crop production and crop protection (learning from adults and by direct field observation and work), particularly in one-parent HIV/ AIDS families. One of the important implications is that the best channel for children to acquire agricultural knowledge is their closeness to their parents. But the huge differences observed amongst the CSI scores we believe to be poverty-induced differences, revolving around resource mobilization to face pest problems in the maize fields (Rugalema et a!', 1999) . Here one can distinguish between tangible and non-tangible resources. Non-affected household members (adults and children) are better off in terms ofland, money and hired labour (Den Ouden, 1995) . People in affected households, however, because of the depletion of their resources by necessity are more dependent on fewer resources. One of the resources they have is their agricultural knowledge (non-tangible resource). In situations of shock and stress such as caused by HIV/AIDS, knowledge of the agro-ecosystem is a primary resource (Barnett et a!', 1995; Haddad & Gillespie, 2001) .

But the huge differences observed amongst the CSI scores we believe to be poverty-induced differences, revolving around resource mobilization to face pest problems in the maize fields.

Non-affected household members (adults and children) are better off in terms ofland, money and hired labour.

In situations of shock and stress such as caused by HIV/AIDS, knowledge of the agro-ecosystem is a primary resource.


In the world of spacecraft engineering, the structural response to dynamic loads is crucial to assess its capability to withstand the launch environment. The dynamics and sound transmission characteristics of structures are determined by essentially three parameters: mass, stiffness and damping [1] . Damping is responsible for the eventual decay of the free vibrations in any system and as such it is an important parameter to determine when attempting to predict the dynamic behaviour of a structure. For satellite applications the determination of the correct dynamic behaviour and in particular the structural damping is important to assess the vibration environment for the spacecraft subsystems and ultimately their capability to withstand the launch vibration environment. To this day damping is still the dynamic characteristic that is least understood and the most difficult to quantify. The prediction of damping is particularly challenging for built up structures due to the limited knowledge of how joints affect the damping of the complete structure. It is therefore necessary to experimentally analyse increasingly complex structural joints to identify how specific joint parameters can affect the damping of the structure.

The dynamics and sound transmission characteristics of structures are determined by essentially three parameters: mass, stiffness and damping.


GIS technologies are becoming widely used in a growing number of application scenarios, thus more attention has focused on the display and visualization of spatial information. Traditional media for presenting spatial information, such as 2D or 3D maps, cannot meet growing user requirements for dynamic displays. Flexibility and realism in GIS visualizations are becoming ever more demanding, as the volume and complexity of this information expands; AR-GIS is a response to these challenges. High quality AR representations can help users better comprehend and interact with real world spatial information. In order to achieve realistic visual effects and coherent rendering, camera pose tracking techniques are necessary for accurate understanding of spatial relationships in AR-GIS. Precise tracking of the camera within an augmented environment is required to achieve proper alignment of the virtual objects to their real-world counterparts and create a rich user experience [1] . The existing tracking methods obtain only a 6DOF camera pose. AR-GIS renderings, however, require exact positions of objects appearing in target scenes, consistent with the real world; for example, desks must be on the floor, or pictures must hang on the wall. Thus, the AR system must not only consider the correspondence between two images, but also recognize where the floor is located, and where a picture is superimposed on a wall. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to enable realistic augmented user experiences in 3D scenes through 3D scene understanding and indoor scene tracking that can properly integrate and deal with the limitations of AR-GIS visualization.

Precise tracking of the camera within an augmented environment is required to achieve proper alignment of the virtual objects to their real-world counterparts and create a rich user experience.


Due to recent advances in model order reduction methods, the topic of model updating by Bayesian inference appears to have a growing interest in several industrial domains using systems driven by simulation tools (manufacturing, medical etc.). This concept called DDDAS (Dynamic Data Driven Application System) has for main goal to introduce a continuous exchange between simulation tools and experimental measurements in order to have a retroactive control loop. The aim is to predict the behavior of complex systems [26] . Since the system environment is not entirely known, an effective and fast model updating method is required to post-process experimental measurements and find the unknown parameters in real time (data assimilation). Once the model is fully determined, it can be used to predict the action to perform in order to control the system efficiently. However, data assimilation in real time presents two scientific challenges.

The aim is to predict the behavior of complex systems.


Here, we propose a coupled Bayesian-PGD strategy to solve the identification problem on the most general case without assumption on probability density forms. We consider also models including stochastic parameters. The very interesting model reduction framework given by the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) consists in finding a lighter surrogate model by separation of variables on a reasonable amount of modes [8] [19] . It is an a priori reduction method which provides an explicit solution with respect to parameters.

The very interesting model reduction framework given by the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) consists in finding a lighter surrogate model by separation of variables on a reasonable amount of modes.


The dental status of children with CP is similar in many ways to that of unaffected children. They suffer from caries, periodontal disease, malocclusion, enamel hypolasia, bruxism and trauma (Lyons, 1960; Siegel, 1960; Wessels, 1960; Nunn and Murray, 1987; Pope and Curzon, 1991) . The present study concentrates on malocclusion in these children.

They suffer from caries, periodontal disease, malocclusion, enamel hypolasia, bruxism and trauma.


However, the challenge of the traditional portfolio allocation is that the approach can be very complicated to implement if the manager wants to revise the decisions made at each time step and take, for example, transaction cost into consideration. The financial market is complex and being influenced by immense factors such as macroeconomic, traders' expectation and risk aversion. Investment companies are eager to optimize allocation of capital and thus maximize performance, for example, get a higher return while the risk is as small as possible. Despite traditional portfolio allocation's momentous theoretical importance, many people who criticize MPT believe that the basic assumptions and models of their financial markets are inconsistent with the real world in numerous respects (Mangram, 2013) . In general, some key criticisms include: investor irrationality, high risk is accompanied by high returns, no taxes or transaction costs, the market is efficient, investment independence, unlimited access to capital and investors may get perfect information.

Despite traditional portfolio allocation's momentous theoretical importance, many people who criticize MPT believe that the basic assumptions and models of their financial markets are inconsistent with the real world in numerous respects.


The long-lasting interest and leadership from the trauma center at OUHU has resulted in a number of publications and initiatives on a national scale contributing to the development of the trauma care in Norway [20] [21] [22] . An initiative from the northernmost hospital in Norway, Hammerfest hospital on team training has also been implemented in all Norwegian hospitals [23] . The two national white papers on trauma care support these initiatives and seek to further develop trauma care in Norwegian hospitals with requirements for the trauma team, material resources, protocols and checklists, transfer criteria, trauma registry, mortality and morbidity conferences, and training of personnel [9, 10] . One might speculate that the presented results reflect an evolving national trauma system, with focus on transfer of injured patients who require higher levels of care including specialized treatment like endovascular procedures.

The long-lasting interest and leadership from the trauma center at OUHU has resulted in a number of publications and initiatives on a national scale contributing to the development of the trauma care in Norway.

An initiative from the northernmost hospital in Norway, Hammerfest hospital on team training has also been implemented in all Norwegian hospitals.

The two national white papers on trauma care support these initiatives and seek to further develop trauma care in Norwegian hospitals with requirements for the trauma team, material resources, protocols and checklists, transfer criteria, trauma registry, mortality and morbidity conferences, and training of personnel.


Among the main tools for withdrawing land from cultivation permanently in Finland and to a large extent also in the EU, has been afforestation. In Europe, aside the objective to decrease agricultural production, field afforestation has been generally aimed at supporting the development of rational market structures in agriculture (Kuhmonen and Nerg 1995) . In central and southern Europe, field afforestation programmes objectives have been particularly to increase forest area, to improve living conditions in rural areas, and to protect intensive agriculture from soil erosion (Kukkonen 1995) . In Finland particularly, field afforestation programmes have been aimed at adjusting farms to the effects of the changes in agricultural markets by developing private farm forestry.

In Europe, aside the objective to decrease agricultural production, field afforestation has been generally aimed at supporting the development of rational market structures in agriculture.

In central and southern Europe, field afforestation programmes objectives have been particularly to increase forest area, to improve living conditions in rural areas, and to protect intensive agriculture from soil erosion.


While this work represents an important attempt for improving global optimization, there are still some issues that can be investigated further. Future work will first investigate the application of padding and tiling for whole programs. For that purpose, we plan to plug our scheme to the new analytical model that studies whole programs [34] . In addition, we want to explore the use of other compiler techniques such as loop fusion, loop interchange and loop unrolling.

For that purpose, we plan to plug our scheme to the new analytical model that studies whole programs.


Caches are an essential part of processors for reducing memory latency and increasing memory bandwidth. By reducing the number of accesses to the slow upper levels of the memory hierarchy, significant speedups can be achieved. Conflict misses may represent the majority of intra-nest misses and about half of all cache misses for typical programs and cache architectures [22] .

Conflict misses may represent the majority of intra-nest misses and about half of all cache misses for typical programs and cache architectures.


Over the past two decades, a number of psychological studies on retirement savings have appeared in the literature. Some of this work has been in the area of "behavioral economics," in which the goals have been to identify biases in saving decisions and understand how investors deal with uncertainty (Camerer, Lowenstein, & Rabin, 2004; Shiller, 1999) . A second major line of research-referred to as the "psychographic approach"-has as its goal to capture the motives that underlie individuals' saving decisions, typically by using a combination of demographic and psychographic variables as predictors (Bagozzi & Dholakia, 1999; Ehrlich & Fanelli, 2004; Kassarjian, 1971) . Just as demographic variables are commonly used to classify individuals along certain structural dimensions, psychographic variables are used to describe individuals in terms of intrapsychic dimensions by measuring self-reported differences in personality traits, opinions, interests, and beliefs (Larson, 1992) . The present investigation is guided by this latter research approach.

Some of this work has been in the area of "behavioral economics," in which the goals have been to identify biases in saving decisions and understand how investors deal with uncertainty.

A second major line of research-referred to as the "psychographic approach"-has as its goal to capture the motives that underlie individuals' saving decisions, typically by using a combination of demographic and psychographic variables as predictors.

Just as demographic variables are commonly used to classify individuals along certain structural dimensions, psychographic variables are used to describe individuals in terms of intrapsychic dimensions by measuring self-reported differences in personality traits, opinions, interests, and beliefs.


The pension systems in both countries are currently in transition. The Netherlands is in the process of reforming the welfare state by transferring responsibilities from the state to the individual. What this means is that in the future, the planning and saving practices of Dutch workers will have a substantially larger impact on their retirement opportunities and streams of retirement income (Van Dalen & Henkens, 2002) . The U.S. also is in the process of undergoing retirement finance reforms, as witnessed by the massive shift from defined benefit to defined contribution plans, and heated debates over the wisdom of privatizing the Social Security program. By examining cultural differences in the psychological basis of financial planning for retirement, we hope to achieve a better understanding of the opportunities and difficulties societies and individuals can expect to face during this important period of transition.

What this means is that in the future, the planning and saving practices of Dutch workers will have a substantially larger impact on their retirement opportunities and streams of retirement income.


Surface geometric deviations connected with irregularities can be decomposed into three components: form deviations, waviness and roughness, and they differ from each other with respect to the lengths of their respective basic irregularities [2, 6, 7, 8] . In measuring geometric surface textures of primitive shapes, for the particular types of deviations, guidelines for selecting measurement parameters including the tip radius, sampling lengths and assessment lengths, the sampling interval (the number of measurement points), as well as rules of digital roughness filtration have been developed and incorporated in standards. In standards pertaining to measuring straightness and roundness, the recommended maximum tip radii were worked out according to the principle stating that the tip radius is comparable to the boundary wavelength (the filter passing limit), while the distance between measurement points was established according to the principle holding that the number of measurement points in a segment whose length is equal to that of the boundary wavelength, amounts to 7 [2] . However, there are no strict standards which would unambiguously determine what boundary length of the elementary (harmonic) wave should be adopted for waviness/form deviations, what the sampling interval should amount to, or which tip radius should be used in a specific measurement. No unambiguous criteria exist as to categorizing deviations as waviness or form deviations.

Surface geometric deviations connected with irregularities can be decomposed into three components: form deviations, waviness and roughness, and they differ from each other with respect to the lengths of their respective basic irregularities.

In standards pertaining to measuring straightness and roundness, the recommended maximum tip radii were worked out according to the principle stating that the tip radius is comparable to the boundary wavelength (the filter passing limit), while the distance between measurement points was established according to the principle holding that the number of measurement points in a segment whose length is equal to that of the boundary wavelength, amounts to 7.


For workpiece validation in manufacturing, numerically controlled coordinate measurement machines (CMMs) equipped with a ball-end touch trigger or scanning probes are mainly used. As a result of the measurement, a set of discrete data is obtained in the form of coordinates of the measurement points. The form accuracy inspection of free-form surfaces consists of digitalizing the workpiece under research, followed by comparing the obtained coordinates of the measurement points with the CAD design (model). Software of CMMs automatically performs calculation of the values of local geometric deviations (or normal deviations of measurement points from the nominal surface) in the UV scanning option designed for scanning on the basis of the CAD model (UV -directions of the B-spline surface parameterization). The local geometric deviation with the greatest absolute value needs to be determined and then the doubled value of the deviation has to be compared with the specification [1] .

The local geometric deviation with the greatest absolute value needs to be determined and then the doubled value of the deviation has to be compared with the specification.


Measurements of real surfaces produce only their approximate views. The approximation degree depends on the accuracy of the applied measuring method. Among numerous factors which have an influence on accuracy, connected with the tool instrument and the measurement environment, there are factors which can be rationally adjusted -such measurement parameters as the sampling (discretization) interval and the diameter of the measuring tip. Both these factors have a strictly specific impact on the measurement results [2] . Different sampling strategies (number and location of measurement points) provide different measurement results for the same surface. This is connected with the fact that measurement of a finite number of discrete points on the measured surface is actually described by an infinite number of points. Since geometric deviations are different at each point, the measurement results depend on the number and location of these points [3, 4, 5] . Planning an effective strategy for a coordinate measurement requires making decisions on selecting the sampling area as well as the number and location of measurement points. These factors are decisive for the measurement results. In order to verify whether the observed surface profile lies within the tolerance zone, it is important to choose a sampling strategy which would ensure the greatest probability of locating the maximum deviation at the smallest number of points. If the purpose of measurement is exact diagnostics of surfaces, and thus of the course of processing, then the lengths of irregularities which are to represent measurement data, need to be taken into consideration while planning the measurement. If this is the case, then measurements should be taken along a regular grid of points. In the majority of cases measurements of free-form surfaces are carried out along a regular u × v grid with the use of the UV scanning option, which is inbuilt in the CMM software. Obtaining data of a discrete character is inseparably connected with losing information on the surface properties. In contact measurements, the ball tip functions as a mechanical-geometrical filter [2, 6] . The scope of information included in measurement data depends on the ball tip diameter. Therefore, results of coordinate measurements of geometric deviations of free-form surfaces depend on three factors -the active area, the grid size and the diameter of the ball tip end.

Both these factors have a strictly specific impact on the measurement results.

Since geometric deviations are different at each point, the measurement results depend on the number and location of these points.

In contact measurements, the ball tip functions as a mechanical-geometrical filter.


The results of this study show prospective teachers' self-efficacy increasing in their ability to teach literacy. Although the prospective teachers' confidence began at an already high level, there was a significant increase between the initial start of their literacy methods courses to the conclusion of them. There was also an increase in confidence continuing during the student teaching experience. This is gratifying since in the past, self-efficacy has been shown to be a strong predictor in many facets of successful teaching [2] .

This is gratifying since in the past, self-efficacy has been shown to be a strong predictor in many facets of successful teaching.


This study revealed that content knowledge did not significantly predict self-efficacy nor did self-efficacy predict content knowledge. Having confidence in oneself as a teacher was formed early on for these prospective teachers even before entering into the literacy methods courses of the education program. Knowing that prospective teachers are already self-efficacious suggests that they most likely can persevere in the face of difficulties and have sufficient coping mechanisms to work through any disequilibrium they may experience [3] . Complex academic knowledge constructs necessary for teaching children how to read will be pursued with expectations of successful attainment. Finally, highly self-efficacious prospective teachers implies that prospective teachers are ready for subject-matter course work that is intensely integrated with clinical training where they can learn best by studying from educational experts while still performing, reflecting, watching, and talking to effective classroom teachers.

Knowing that prospective teachers are already self-efficacious suggests that they most likely can persevere in the face of difficulties and have sufficient coping mechanisms to work through any disequilibrium they may experience.


At the same time the prospective teachers' confidence was increasing, knowledge of literacy pedagogy also increased significantly throughout two semesters of literacy methods courses. The pre and post assessments showed that the prospective teachers grew in their knowledge of literacy instruction on topics such as assessment to instruction, struggling readers, pedagogy, phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary instruction, and comprehension strategies. This also is gratifying as the importance of their teacher knowledge will have a bearing on their future students' achievement [19] . These prospective teachers appear to be getting a firm foundation in literacy knowledge that will support them in their own classrooms.

This also is gratifying as the importance of their teacher knowledge will have a bearing on their future students' achievement.


Epidermoid cysts are known as embryonic or acquired ectopic aberrations of the ectoderm. Spinal cord epidermoid cysts are a rare condition, accounting for 1% of spinal cord tumors. In particular, intramedullary epidermoid cysts are extremely rare [1] .

In particular, intramedullary epidermoid cysts are extremely rare.


Whilst this technique gives the right answers in the cases studied so far, a complete proof at the quantum level is still missing. A further problem, pertinent for the practical use of this method, is that MHV diagrams have so far only yielded the cut-constructible part of amplitudes, missing rational terms (and furthermore certain amplitudes in pure Yang-Mills and QCD are entirely rational). Recently, progress has been made in systematising the MHV approach. Study of the lightcone gauge-fixed Yang-Mills Lagrangian has shown that if one uses a certain change of variables, then one may write the Lagrangian as a kinetic term plus an infinite sequence of MHV interaction terms [20] [21] [22] . As far as the classical level is concerned, this provides a Lagrangian description of the MHV diagrams approach to tree-level amplitudes. If one were able to formulate the quantum theory using similar ideas, then one would have a prescription for an alternative perturbation theory for gauge theories, based on MHV diagrams. This would carry the great practical advantage of being much more suited to the calculation of amplitudes than the usual Feynman rules, which become completely unwieldy when dealing with more than a small number of particles. Given the close relationship of the twistor localisation of amplitudes with MHV diagrams, this may also lead to a more direct twistor space formulation of gauge theories than we currently have available.

Study of the lightcone gauge-fixed Yang-Mills Lagrangian has shown that if one uses a certain change of variables, then one may write the Lagrangian as a kinetic term plus an infinite sequence of MHV interaction terms.


The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a warm-climate vegetable of West Asian origin. It is grown for its fruits and has a broad spectrum of shapes, sizes and colors. A group of cultivars with dark violet and oval berries is the most popular in Europe, but white, pink, purple, or stripped fruits are also offered on the market [1] . Eggplant is an economically important crop which, although of tropical and subtropical origin, is cultivated in the temperate climatic zone of Central Europe [2] . Eggplant fruits are valuable dietary components because of their low calorific value and a mineral composition beneficial for human health [3] . Recently, research carried out on subtropical crops has demonstrated the importance of investigating the effects of low temperatures on their growth, development, yield, and biological value. The direct economic application of this field of research is the introduction of subtropical species to higher geographical latitudes. Eggplant is grown only from seedlings produced in heated glasshouses or foil tunnels. Low temperatures, acting after transplantation of young seedlings to the field, can cause physiological and biochemical changes which can affect the entire plant ontogeny, flowering, and fruit setting, yield, and quality [4] . Sustainable strategies that can improve the overall crop status in unfavorable field conditions should be developed with the particular emphasis on avoiding any adverse impact on the nutritional health value of the eggplant. Seaweed extracts (SWE), assumed to be biodegradable biostimulants, are nontoxic, nonpolluting, and nonhazardous to various organisms, and so offer a potential solution to this problem [5, 6] .

A group of cultivars with dark violet and oval berries is the most popular in Europe, but white, pink, purple, or stripped fruits are also offered on the market.

Eggplant is an economically important crop which, although of tropical and subtropical origin, is cultivated in the temperate climatic zone of Central Europe.

Eggplant fruits are valuable dietary components because of their low calorific value and a mineral composition beneficial for human health.

Low temperatures, acting after transplantation of young seedlings to the field, can cause physiological and biochemical changes which can affect the entire plant ontogeny, flowering, and fruit setting, yield, and quality.

Seaweed extracts (SWE), assumed to be biodegradable biostimulants, are nontoxic, nonpolluting, and nonhazardous to various organisms, and so offer a potential solution to this problem.


The addition of EVA to PE can improve its transparency, flexibility, thermal resistivity, environmental stress cracking 2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering resistance, electrical resistance, and higher loading capacity of fillers [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . In addition, the blends of PE/EVA possess high thermo shrinkage and high stability when subjected to aging, weathering, and aggressive media [24] . Therefore, the PE/EVA blends are used in many applications including high voltage cable systems, multilayer packaging films and sheets, automobile parts, agricultural films, medical tubes, and so on.

The addition of EVA to PE can improve its transparency, flexibility, thermal resistivity, environmental stress cracking 2 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering resistance, electrical resistance, and higher loading capacity of fillers.

In addition, the blends of PE/EVA possess high thermo shrinkage and high stability when subjected to aging, weathering, and aggressive media.


Sequential covering, also called separate-and-conquer, is a classification rule learning approach with two main discrete steps [6] . In essence, the approach finds a rule with a high quality on the dataset (conquer), and then removes the examples which are covered by the rule (separate). This repeats until there are either no or few remaining training examples.

Sequential covering, also called separate-and-conquer, is a classification rule learning approach with two main discrete steps.


Today's generation of WEEE is growing at an alarming rate mainly in countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) where electronic markets are saturated with new technologies [2] . Globally, it is estimated that between 20 and 50 million tons of WEEE are generated each year, and this figure is increasing at a rate of 3% -5% per year [3] . WEEE has a high potential for environmental contamination and damage to human health. The problem is even greater due to the lack of control in their management and disposal because a large amount of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) at the end of their life-span are mixed with Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) at disposal sites.

Today's generation of WEEE is growing at an alarming rate mainly in countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) where electronic markets are saturated with new technologies.

Globally, it is estimated that between 20 and 50 million tons of WEEE are generated each year, and this figure is increasing at a rate of 3% -5% per year.


Only two previous studies used a longitudinal data analysis to model the child's growth. One study used a multilevel model with restricted cubic splines, reporting a positive association of weight increase the first 12 months with asthma [12] . A German study previously examined peak weight and height velocity using the Reed1 model and development of asthma [13] . In accordance with our study, they reported a positive association between peak weight velocity and asthma development during the first 10 years of age, adjusted hazard ratio 1.22 (95% CI: 1.02-1.47) per interquartile increase, and no association between peak height velocity and asthma development, adjusted hazard ratio 1.08 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.31) per interquartile increase. In our study, we found a similar association between peak weight velocity and recurrent LRTIs by 36 months.

One study used a multilevel model with restricted cubic splines, reporting a positive association of weight increase the first 12 months with asthma.

A German study previously examined peak weight and height velocity using the Reed1 model and development of asthma.


Phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins are the most commonly found polyphenolic compounds in plant extracts (Naik et al., 2006) . Phenolic compounds from plant material have recently gained great popularity because of their significant positive effects on human health (Auclair et al., 2008; Barba et al., 2014) . Phenolic compounds along with plant pigments (carotenoids, chlorophylls) have proven significant antioxidant activity, which is directly corelated with removal of free radicals and superoxide (Hsu et al., 2013; Sinkovič et al., 2015) . Therefore, it is important to emphasize the need to increase the consumption of foodstuffs rich in phenolic compounds aimed at preventive action on human health from cancer disease prevention to occurrence and prevention of cardiovascular diseases .

Phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins are the most commonly found polyphenolic compounds in plant extracts.

Phenolic compounds from plant material have recently gained great popularity because of their significant positive effects on human health.

Phenolic compounds along with plant pigments (carotenoids, chlorophylls) have proven significant antioxidant activity, which is directly corelated with removal of free radicals and superoxide.


In 1993, turbo codes are introduced by Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima. These codes are introduced as one of the most powerful error control codes which were the first practical codes to closely approach the channel capacity. They are basically constructed by two or more parallel Recursive Systematic Convolutinal (RSC) codes, which are linked by a pseudo-random interleaver [1] [3] .

They are basically constructed by two or more parallel Recursive Systematic Convolutinal (RSC) codes, which are linked by a pseudo-random interleaver.


DQ is represented by quality dimensions, each one representing a different quality aspect [3, 19, 21, 22] . Our approach is based on a DQ meta-model that consists of a quality dimension that captures one aspect of DQ, a quality factor that represents a particular aspect of a DQ dimension, and a quality metric that defines the criteria for the measurement of the quality factor. Metrics may be applied to data objects at different granularity levels, e.g., a data item or a set of data items. The DQ dimensions that are used along this work are the following: Accuracy, Completeness, Consistency, and Freshness, which are based on well-known concepts, about which there is general consensus in the DQ literature [3, 19, 21, 22] .

DQ is represented by quality dimensions, each one representing a different quality aspect.

The DQ dimensions that are used along this work are the following: Accuracy, Completeness, Consistency, and Freshness, which are based on well-known concepts, about which there is general consensus in the DQ literature.


Young people living with complex and chronic disabilities who require ongoing assistance with health-related needs rarely receive optimal support and care to enable their full participation in society or simply to live as they choose [1] . For the portion of this population who live in residential care settings (i.e., aged-care homes), care is predominately focused on medically-defined physical needs [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . This current method of service delivery is endorsed through the dominant medical model paradigm, which attends to the physical cause of illness. Hence, residential aged-care facilities are equipped and designed for the maintenance of skills, management of deterioration and preparation for death, rather than the development of new skills, or the recovery of skills that have been lost [6, 7] . Young people with complex and chronic healthcare needs require support and assistance to realise their individual goals, hopes and dreams and services need to respond by emphasising hope, enthusiasm and vibrancy [5] . However, workers within these settings are often unable to fully cater for the social and emotional needs of young people [2, 5] .

Young people living with complex and chronic disabilities who require ongoing assistance with health-related needs rarely receive optimal support and care to enable their full participation in society or simply to live as they choose.

For the portion of this population who live in residential care settings (i.e., aged-care homes), care is predominately focused on medically-defined physical needs.

Hence, residential aged-care facilities are equipped and designed for the maintenance of skills, management of deterioration and preparation for death, rather than the development of new skills, or the recovery of skills that have been lost.

Young people with complex and chronic healthcare needs require support and assistance to realise their individual goals, hopes and dreams and services need to respond by emphasising hope, enthusiasm and vibrancy.

However, workers within these settings are often unable to fully cater for the social and emotional needs of young people.


The invariants used previously are homological functors -variants of K-theory. There are, however, many situations where no homological invariant is known that is sufficiently fine to detect KK-equivalences. This article introduces a more complex invariant with two layers: the primary invariant is a homological functor as usual, the secondary is a certain obstruction class, which lives in an Ext 2 -group constructed from the primary invariant. We took this idea from Wolbert [35] . It goes back further to Bousfield [5] .

We took this idea from Wolbert.

It goes back further to Bousfield.


The centrality indicators can identify vertices (species, or groups of species) that are either particularly well-connected or that connect otherwise disconnected compartments of the network and therefore take a keystone position in the network (Jordán et al., 2008) . Changes in the position and dynamics of keystone species or groups are likely to cascade through the network as these groups are linked to many other groups in the network (Vasas and Jordán, 2006) . Comparison of successive time period networks also allows tracking changes in the centrality scores and therefore the identification of groups that are particularly sensitive to environmental changes over time (Jordán and Osváth, 2009) .

The centrality indicators can identify vertices (species, or groups of species) that are either particularly well-connected or that connect otherwise disconnected compartments of the network and therefore take a keystone position in the network.

Changes in the position and dynamics of keystone species or groups are likely to cascade through the network as these groups are linked to many other groups in the network.

Comparison of successive time period networks also allows tracking changes in the centrality scores and therefore the identification of groups that are particularly sensitive to environmental changes over time.


Joint detection and segmentation of a single object class has been achieved by several authors (Winn and Jojic 2005; Kumar et al. 2005; Leibe and Schiele 2003) . Typically, these approaches exploit a global layout model and are therefore unable to cope with arbitrary viewpoints or severe occlusion. Additionally, only highly structured object classes are addressed.

Joint detection and segmentation of a single object class has been achieved by several authors.


Some loss in the meaning of expressions is expected when information is translated from one language to another. But, a loss in meaning isn't the worst byproduct of translating information. Rather, it's the misconceptions that are created during the process of conveying a message from one abstract form to another that is the bigger issue [1] .

Rather, it's the misconceptions that are created during the process of conveying a message from one abstract form to another that is the bigger issue.


In this paper, we proposed a new ensemble method for classification to improve the accuracy of TC (single-label documents to be categorized into a binary classification problem). The MECAC (Ensemble Classification using Mean Co-Association Matrix) algorithm uses the mean co-association matrix, usually used in consensual clustering problems [8] . We have used this method for the resolution of a TC problem. However, it can be used for the resolution of any binary classification problem. Different base learners can be used. At author's best knowledge, such approach was never considered for classification and, consequently, it was never considered for TC problems.

The MECAC (Ensemble Classification using Mean Co-Association Matrix) algorithm uses the mean co-association matrix, usually used in consensual clustering problems.

Different base learners can be used.


Hemicellulose is relatively amorphous, and it is comparatively easier to degrade hemicellulose by xylanases and glycosidases to yield fermentable sugars. Lignin is a complex biopolymer which binds cellulose and hemicellulose by strong hydrogen bonding and ester linkages and confers mechanical strength to the plant's cell wall. These complex linkages and molecular interactions cause rigidity and microbial resistance in the lignocellulosic biomass which leads to its chemical resistance toward various pretreatments. The major techniques to isolate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass involve hydrolysis using mineral acids treatment, however these techniques are intensely dependent on acid concentration, and high temperature inputs are required [3] . Literature depicts that high temperature inputs are required at low mineral acid concentrations, which leads to degradation of polysaccharides as well as increased energy inputs. Hence substantial industrial gains cannot be achieved because of the limitations of recycling of mineral acids. It is essential to establish an operative and environmentally benign hydrolysis process for effective exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass. Organic acids are comparatively less toxic and can be easily recycled by simple distillation process, which may lead to a favorable substitute to mineral acids treatment [4] . Thus, a study on the yield and inter and intra-molecular interactions occurred from a formic acid process is necessary. Lignin characterization has attained great attention in the past years, due to its complex and diverse molecular structure. The major reactive groups present in lignin are the aromatic and phenolic hydroxyl groups [5] . This study involves the influence of various temperatures on the structural properties of kraft lignin, which can be useful to provide elementary process data for the potential application of lignin recovered from a formic acid process in the lignin chemistry.

The major techniques to isolate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass involve hydrolysis using mineral acids treatment, however these techniques are intensely dependent on acid concentration, and high temperature inputs are required.

Organic acids are comparatively less toxic and can be easily recycled by simple distillation process, which may lead to a favorable substitute to mineral acids treatment.

The major reactive groups present in lignin are the aromatic and phenolic hydroxyl groups.


When using a recursive VAR model to measure the structural effects caused by policy changes, the ordering of monetary policy variables and other economic variables should be conducted. The contemporaneous impact between variables is of recursive form [8] [9] . The order of model endogenous variables is subject to the contemporaneous relationship between monetary policy and other economic variables. Compared with SVAR, the identification of recursive VAR is simpler and more straightforward.

The contemporaneous impact between variables is of recursive form.


Further complicating matters is that, as was discussed previously, the prevalent method of teaching grammar in Iran is deductive in nature, not inductive. Most language learners in Iran are used to having the form and rule of a structure given to them. This issue extends to the system of education in Iran as a whole: students are seldom required to work things out for themselves at school and are typically spoon-fed, unlike in Western education systems which typically value independent thinking and individual responsibility. This can have serious ramifications, the most important of which are making learners reluctant to experiment and depriving them of any confidence to make educated guesses, two important factors in fostering learner autonomy which just so happens to be heavily advocated by Communicative Language Teaching (Brown, 2000) . As such, people in Iran, and especially those studying a foreign language, tend to be ill-prepared to embrace methods which require guesswork and working out rules for themselves, instead preferring to be given the rules straightaway.

This can have serious ramifications, the most important of which are making learners reluctant to experiment and depriving them of any confidence to make educated guesses, two important factors in fostering learner autonomy which just so happens to be heavily advocated by Communicative Language Teaching.


There are good arguments that SCFGs are in principle not adequate probabilistic models for natural languages, due to the conditional independence assumptions they embody (Magerman and Marcus, 1991; Jones and Eisner, 1992; Briscoe and Carroll, 1993) . Such shortcomings can be partly remedied by using SCFGs with very specific, semantically oriented categories and rules (Jurafsky et al., 1994) . If the goal is to use n-grams nevertheless, then their their computation from a more constrained SCFG is still useful since the results can be interpolated with raw n-gram estimates for smoothing. An experiment illustrating this approach is reported later in the paper.

There are good arguments that SCFGs are in principle not adequate probabilistic models for natural languages, due to the conditional independence assumptions they embody.

Such shortcomings can be partly remedied by using SCFGs with very specific, semantically oriented categories and rules.