The review of literature studies has shown that achieving sustained release of lysozyme from hydrophilic food packaging materials while maintaining antimicrobial efficacy of the films over time is still a challenging issue. This is in large part because films made from hydrophilic polymers swell in the presence of water, increasing free volume between polymer chains, in turn accelerating lysozyme release. Considering the limitations of previous approaches, in this study we aimed to develop a new strategy for sustained lysozyme release that decouples the swelling of the film from the release rate. To achieve this, we first encapsulated lysozyme (LYS) into polyacrylic acid (PAA), a food-grade polyelectrolyte, to form LYS/PAA complexes. Subsequently these complexes were incorporated into whey protein isolate (WPI) films. Protein polyelectrolyte complex formation is mostly driven by the electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged groups in the protein and the polyelectrolyte (Chen, Walker, & John, 1992; Ghimire, Kasi, & Kumar, 2014; Kamiya & Klibanov, 2003; Kim, Hirasawa, & Kim, 2002) . Under certain conditions, the complex is formed spontaneously by mixing solutions of proteins and polyelectrolytes. In addition to the simplicity of constructing ionic complexes, their responsiveness to pH and ionic strength offers a route to trigger the release of the encapsulated protein. We have selected PAA, a weak polyelectrolyte, because its charge density changes significantly with pH. This feature allows the control of LYS/PAA interactions and consequently, the control over the loading level and release of lysozyme. WPI has been chosen since it has excellent film forming and gas barrier properties. In addition, among many biopolymers, WPI is one of the abundant proteins isolated from milk as a byproduct of the manufacture process of cheese or casein, which makes economic production of bio-based packaging materials possible. We have tuned the release rate of lysozyme from WPI films by varying the PAA/LYS ratio and PAA molecular weight. Three different types of WPI films have been prepared by incorporating 100% complexed lysozyme, 100% free lysozyme, or 50% free and 50% complexed lysozyme. The antimicrobial activity of the films was tested against Listeria innocua. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the release of lysozyme from complexes incorporated into a hydrophilic film and opens a new strategy in designing controlled release packaging using lysozyme-containing polyelectrolyte complexes.

Protein polyelectrolyte complex formation is mostly driven by the electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged groups in the protein and the polyelectrolyte.


Controlled release packaging is an emerging technology by which active compounds, such as antimicrobials and antioxidants, are released from packaging materials to the food surface at desirable rates to provide continuous replenishment of active compounds, inhibit bacterial growth and extend product shelf life (Mastromatteo, Mastromatteo, Conte, & Del Nobile, 2010) . This technology overcomes the limitations of traditional approaches, in which active compounds are directly added into food formulation resulting in fast activity loss and the overloading of active compounds due to lack of surface targeting. Consequently, a greater level of food protection is achieved with controlled release packaging by using smaller amounts of active agents compared to the amounts used in traditional approaches (Appendini & Hotchkiss, 2002; Min & Krochta, 2005) .

Controlled release packaging is an emerging technology by which active compounds, such as antimicrobials and antioxidants, are released from packaging materials to the food surface at desirable rates to provide continuous replenishment of active compounds, inhibit bacterial growth and extend product shelf life.

Consequently, a greater level of food protection is achieved with controlled release packaging by using smaller amounts of active agents compared to the amounts used in traditional approaches.


In imaging, the ability to detect small or low-contrast structures is of utmost importance. However, ultrasonic images are riddled with speckle, which reduces the ability to detect low-contrast and/or small-sized targets. Speckle is formed by subresolution scatterers that cause constructive and destructive interference of backscattered ultrasonic signals within the resolution cell volume of an ultrasonic source [1] . In ultrasound, the difference in contrast between different soft tissues could be as small as 1%. Consequently, speckle reduction techniques must be applied to improve image contrast and enhance the detectability of structures having low contrast with the background [2] .

Speckle is formed by subresolution scatterers that cause constructive and destructive interference of backscattered ultrasonic signals within the resolution cell volume of an ultrasonic source.

Consequently, speckle reduction techniques must be applied to improve image contrast and enhance the detectability of structures having low contrast with the background.


In REC, the larger bandwidth was exploited by combining the technique with FC. FC is a speckle reduction technique that subdivides the spectrum of the radio-frequency (RF) echoes into subbands to make partially uncorrelated images [7] . These images were then compounded to reduce the speckle variance. REC-FC was found to improve contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) by as much as 231% compared to a conventional pulsing (CP) scheme. Overall, REC-FC improved image quality, CNR, and lesion boundaries. However, the drawback of REC-FC was that subband filters only contained a fraction of the original system bandwidth, which resulted in a reduction of axial resolution.

FC is a speckle reduction technique that subdivides the spectrum of the radio-frequency (RF) echoes into subbands to make partially uncorrelated images.


A technique that improves target visibility in ultrasound images, known as eREC-FC, was proposed. It was observed that with eREC-FC the quality of the B-mode images generated from echoes of simulated and experimental tissuemimicking phantoms was drastically improved by increasing the CNR. The CNR values obtained with eREC-FC were observed to be within the CNR values estimated for the halfwidth and third-width REC-FC cases that were determined in a previous study [18] . A potential detriment to eREC-FC technique would be if the difference in contrast between the background and the target is larger than 20 dB. As shown in Figure 3 the axial resolution at −20 dB is double of that for CP. Therefore, a smearing in the image, similar to that observed in the REC-FC study, is possible under targets with large contrast difference with the background (i.e., cystic targets). A potential solution would be to evaluate the image using a sliding window by applying spatial filter that preserves brightness at the edges (i.e., keep the original pixel in the image) and smooths the original image otherwise (i.e., replace original pixel in the image by the pixel obtained with eREC-FC technique). The potential tradeoff with this solution could be that small targets, depending on the size of the sliding window, may not be improved using a spatial eREC-FC technique.

The CNR values obtained with eREC-FC were observed to be within the CNR values estimated for the halfwidth and third-width REC-FC cases that were determined in a previous study.


Endometriosis is a benign chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the survival of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity [1] . It affects 6-10% of women during the reproductive age [2] . Endometriosis can be classified as pelvic or extrapelvic according to its location. None of the well-known theories have been able to explain the development of endometriosis in all sites successfully, and the definitive cause is still unclear. The most commonly accepted mechanism for the development of endometriotic lesions is the Sampson theory claiming the adhesion and growth of endometrial fragments deposited into the peritoneal cavity through retrograde menstruation. However, endometriosis is reported to occur in locations that do not communicate with the peritoneal cavity [3] . Recently, the stem cell theory was introduced to explain how endometriosis can be found remote from the peritoneal cavity, how it resists some treatments, and recurs occasionally even after hysterectomy. We have proved in a previous study that an endometriosis-inducing factor (EIF) does exist in the sera of women suffering from endometriosis [4] .

Endometriosis is a benign chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the survival of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity.

It affects 6-10% of women during the reproductive age.

However, endometriosis is reported to occur in locations that do not communicate with the peritoneal cavity.

We have proved in a previous study that an endometriosis-inducing factor (EIF) does exist in the sera of women suffering from endometriosis.


Three species of flying foxes were identified at the roost during a reconnaissance survey in December 2016-Pteropus griseus, P. alecto (black flying fox), and Acerodon celebensis (Sulawesi flying fox). The latter two species are easily identified by sight given their significantly larger size and distinct coloration-P. alecto is entirely dark brown to black with a forearm (FA) range of 140 to 175 mm, and A. celebensis is blonde with a brown face with a FA range 125 to 142 mm. In contrast, P. griseus is smaller (FA range of 113 to 130 mm) and has a lighter gray head with a body in various shades of brown [13] . In total, 52 flying foxes were captured (33 individuals in June and 19 individuals in November) after a total of 72 mist net hours. All captures of adults were P. griseus. Of the total number of P. griseus captured, only 17 were adults, with the rest a mix of juveniles and subadults. We captured only one juvenile of A. celebensis in June. Both P. alecto and A. celebensis flew much higher than P. griseus and would require higher canopy nets to capture, which was not possible given the coastal terrain.

In contrast, P. griseus is smaller (FA range of 113 to 130 mm) and has a lighter gray head with a body in various shades of brown.

All captures of adults were P. griseus.


The paraffin blocks were cut until a complete cutting surface was exposed. The blocks were then placed in a 1 : 2 glycerin-water solution for at least 1 week. This treatment ensures that the cell walls are softened (Gerlach, 1969) .

This treatment ensures that the cell walls are softened.


In Alstroemeria, species with isolateral and dorsiventral leaves occur. The stomata can be on both sides or concentrated on the adaxial side. The stomata can be almost equally distributed on both surfaces (e.g. A. pallida) or more concentrated on the adaxial side (e.g. A. aurea) (Lyshede, 2002) . The difference in cell size between epidermal cells and parenchyma cells is much greater in Alstroemeria than in Bomarea. In Bomarea, no species are known with the stomata almost equally distributed on both leaf surfaces, and only a few species with some stomata on the abaxial side. In Alstroemeria, this seems to be fairly common. The adaxial leaf surface is a type I epidermis in all Bomarea species. In Alstroemeria, the adaxial leaf surface can be a type I or type II surface. In Alstroemeria, nearly all species seem to be glabrous, with only one species bearing single-celled hairs (A. andina). Multicellular hairs seem to be restricted to Bomarea.

The stomata can be almost equally distributed on both surfaces (e.g. A. pallida) or more concentrated on the adaxial side (e.g. A. aurea).


The plant material was fixed in formalin-acetic acidalcohol (FAA). Herbarium material was treated for 1-2 days with 2% NaOH prior to fixation. The wrinkled cell walls swell because of the NaOH treatment. Following standard methods, the preparations were embedded in paraffin (Gerlach, 1969) .

Following standard methods, the preparations were embedded in paraffin.


Based on the results, we found three types of user behavior in their opinion expression and find that our simple forecasting technique is very accurate. Proposed method can be readily used in practice by sales companies who can use the real-time approach for learning their customer attitude about products and making the assessment of a product. Some social and political organizations use to analyze community on a certain event such as The 2016 U.S. election. Our future work will be continued by focusing on improvement the model training, improvement method of prediction using MAE. Besides, the next stage of our research will analyze a group of people such as Vietnamese and Russian [17, 18] .

Besides, the next stage of our research will analyze a group of people such as Vietnamese and Russian.


In developing countries and resource-limited areas, microscopy is the routine test for parasite infection diagnosis due to its low cost [16] . Compared to immunoassay, microscopy has a specificity of 97% and sensitivity of only 20% for E. histolytica/E. dispar identification [5] . When compared to real-time PCR, the immunoassay test has 79% and 96% sensitivity and specificity, respectively [15] .

In developing countries and resource-limited areas, microscopy is the routine test for parasite infection diagnosis due to its low cost.

Compared to immunoassay, microscopy has a specificity of 97% and sensitivity of only 20% for E. histolytica/E. dispar identification.

When compared to real-time PCR, the immunoassay test has 79% and 96% sensitivity and specificity, respectively.


Ship design currently depends more heavily on the CFD modeling of turbulent free surface flows than on tank and wind tunnel testing as indicated by the results of the two most competitive boat races, America's Cup and Volvo Ocean Race [1] . Simulations are cheaper, faster and more reliable than traditional test for boat design. Moreover, thanks to the constant increase in computer memory and speed, together with improvements in the numerical algorithms, the costs are constantly decreasing. Simulations are run at full scale avoiding errors due to scaled test. If scaled experimental results exist, running simulation with both the scaled and real sizes can indicate errors due to the scaling process. Enhanced flow visualization and force decomposition, provides much richer information than the one measurable in tank tests leading to a much better understanding of the flow phenomena.

Ship design currently depends more heavily on the CFD modeling of turbulent free surface flows than on tank and wind tunnel testing as indicated by the results of the two most competitive boat races, America's Cup and Volvo Ocean Race.


The models indicate a slow or extended establishment phase in kauri for young seedlings and saplings. This is most likely attributable to a number of factors. While the majority of the stands used in this study were established as woodlots, none of the expected management after planting was undertaken. The root development of kauri seedlings can be poor. Young kauri have a well-developed taproot, and it is possible that penetration and exploitation of free-draining soils is important for optimum growth (Morrison and Lloyd 1972) . Therefore, slow development of roots after establishment may account for the slow establishment of planted seedlings (Bergin and Steward 2004) . Nursery practice and the development of appropriate sized and aged seedlings are also likely to play a part in the early growth of kauri. It is common for kauri to be raised in PB3 planter bags (that contain the equivalent of 3 pints of potting mix) or similar containers, with seedlings up to one metre tall, or more. As the moisture and fertility requirements are supplied artificially to a seedling in a nursery situation it is easier to grow seedlings where a large top is out of proportion to the root system. Hence, seedlings may take some time after planting to re-establish an appropriate root structure able to support the top and initiate growth. A further important consideration was the lack of knowledge of the seed source for individual stands, the number of parent trees from which collections were made and the size of the parent stand. The productivity in some stands may therefore simply reflect poor seed collection techniques where only a narrow genetic base is represented. A 'juvenile' ontogenetic phase of slower growth may also be the cause. These explanations must be tested in order to achieve early site capture and improve site productivity if kauri is to be planted for production.

Young kauri have a well-developed taproot, and it is possible that penetration and exploitation of free-draining soils is important for optimum growth.

Therefore, slow development of roots after establishment may account for the slow establishment of planted seedlings.


To compare performance between stands, all measurements were converted to a per hectare basis. Mean top height (MTH), mean top diameter, quadratic diameter, basal area per hectare, volume per hectare and survival/mortality were calculated. The average height and diameter of the 100 largest-diameter stems per hectare were used to calculate mean top height and mean top diameter. Average tree diameter was defined as quadratic mean diameter. Basal area was defined as the calculated sum per hectare of cross-sectional stem area at breast height (1.4 m above ground). Total standing volume/ha was calculated as the sum of individual tree volumes predicted by the pole-kauri volume table (Equation 1) (Ellis 1979) .

Total standing volume/ha was calculated as the sum of individual tree volumes predicted by the pole-kauri volume table (Equation 1).


Despite the potential of sun-protective behaviours to prevent skin cancer, the most recent data show that the majority of Australian adults are failing to adopt sun-protective behaviours [8] [9] [10] . The 2010-2011 National Sun Protection Survey found that only 19% of adults wore clothing with longer arm-cover during periods of peak sun exposure, 37% of adults used sunscreen, and 45% wore hats [11] . Wearing sunglasses was the most commonly adopted sun-protective behaviour among adults with 57% use. Exposure to the sun resulting in sunburn over the preceding weekend was reported by 13% of adults in this survey. A further study examining the incidence of sunburn among adults in the state of Queensland over the summer months found one in eight men and one in 12 women in Queensland reported being sunburnt on the previous weekend [12] .

Despite the potential of sun-protective behaviours to prevent skin cancer, the most recent data show that the majority of Australian adults are failing to adopt sun-protective behaviours.

The 2010-2011 National Sun Protection Survey found that only 19% of adults wore clothing with longer arm-cover during periods of peak sun exposure, 37% of adults used sunscreen, and 45% wore hats.

A further study examining the incidence of sunburn among adults in the state of Queensland over the summer months found one in eight men and one in 12 women in Queensland reported being sunburnt on the previous weekend.


Because of the global energy shortage, renewable energy has received increasing attention, just now. Wind power is one of the cleanest renewable energy sources that produces no greenhouse gases, has no effect on climate change, and produces little environmental impacts, and the energy generated from the wind has been well recognized as environmentally friendly, socially beneficial, and economically competitive for many applications [1] . As of now the effectiveness of wind speed forecasting is an important role in the scheduling of wind power. At present, these methods can be divided into two categories: statistical models and machine-learning models. Statistical models primarily use a time series approach and have been successfully applied for forecasting [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . These models are based on the assumption that a linear correlation structure exists among time series values. Therefore, nonlinear patterns cannot be captured using these models. To overcome this limitation, machinelearning models have been used to improve nonlinear time series predictions (which primarily include artificial neural networks, support vector machines, heuristic algorithm, and fuzzy logic methods) .

Wind power is one of the cleanest renewable energy sources that produces no greenhouse gases, has no effect on climate change, and produces little environmental impacts, and the energy generated from the wind has been well recognized as environmentally friendly, socially beneficial, and economically competitive for many applications.

Statistical models primarily use a time series approach and have been successfully applied for forecasting.


The Songnen grassland (Figure 1 ) became seriously degraded because of heavy grazing, excessive cutting, as well as the out-of-control exploitation for fuels and medical plants [14, 20] . Degradation is represented by apparent reduction of height and density of plants as well as the reduction of vegetation cover [20] . The mean height of L. chinensis grassland in Songnen Plain reduced from 80 cm in the early 1950s to 60 cm in 1960's and 40 cm in 1990's, while the vegetation cover in summer was 85%, 70%-80% and 60%-70% during those periods [20] . Furthermore, in 1990's, the mean height was only 10-15 cm with vegetation cover as 10%-20% in the severely degraded grassland [20] . In the degraded grassland, ground is still covered by herbaceous vegetation, however, the community height and plant density reduced. Vegetation cover reduction of grassland reduces the shading of the ground beneath it and increases soil temperature. Results from long-term trend analysis showed that soil temperatures of five meteorological stations from May to September increased by 0.045 (R 2 =0.452, P<0.001) and 0.059°C a 1 (R 2 =0.624, P<0.001) at 5 and 20 cm depth, respectively (unpublished data). The field experiment also showed that reduction of plant height and density resulted in increasing soil temperatures (Figures 3 and 4) , which might contribute to warming of the soil over the long term.

The Songnen grassland (Figure 1 ) became seriously degraded because of heavy grazing, excessive cutting, as well as the out-of-control exploitation for fuels and medical plants.

Degradation is represented by apparent reduction of height and density of plants as well as the reduction of vegetation cover.

The mean height of L. chinensis grassland in Songnen Plain reduced from 80 cm in the early 1950s to 60 cm in 1960's and 40 cm in 1990's, while the vegetation cover in summer was 85%, 70%-80% and 60%-70% during those periods.

Furthermore, in 1990's, the mean height was only 10-15 cm with vegetation cover as 10%-20% in the severely degraded grassland.


Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may slowly progress over time, which sometimes proves difficult for a patient to manage. Many studies conducted in different geographical places of the world have emphasized the need for patient-oriented disease awareness and education [6, 8, 9] . There is a scarcity of literature concerning RA in Pakistan. Previous studies highlighted a varying prevalence of RA ranging from 0.142% to 5.5% in Pakistan [2] . A recent study established a soaring prevalence of 12.9% in the country. Moreover, a study conducted to document the level of knowledge regarding RA among Pakistani patients reported a low level of disease awareness and education [9] .

Many studies conducted in different geographical places of the world have emphasized the need for patient-oriented disease awareness and education.

Previous studies highlighted a varying prevalence of RA ranging from 0.142% to 5.5% in Pakistan.

Moreover, a study conducted to document the level of knowledge regarding RA among Pakistani patients reported a low level of disease awareness and education.


Long period fiber grating (LPFG) operates through the coupling between core and cladding modes. The resonant wavelength of LPFG is highly sensitive to the external surroundings and the ambient temperature. Therefore, LPFG is very suitable for measuring the external surrounding variation (usually refractive index variation) and ambient temperature change. LPFG has been successfully utilized for temperature measurements and compensation [21] - [25] . Considering these, the MF-clad LPFG is proposed to measure magnetic field and temperature simultaneously in this work.

LPFG has been successfully utilized for temperature measurements and compensation.


Previous studies have revealed that DO concentrations in rivers are influenced by environmental conditions upstream points and along the sections of the river [20] . At the same time, different studies discuss how higher temperatures reduce the solubility of DO and re-oxygenation rate. Consequently, it is critical for environmental researchers to consider the regional climate impact independently on river water quality along with other management strategies such as flow augmentation, aeration, and water treatment practices [20, [56] [57] [58] . This assessment is used to evaluate the spatial variation of water quality over different Koppen climate classes. The following study was carried out within the main climatic zones of Asia. Streams having similar characteristics were selected from each climatic class. The main limitation experienced in this study is; scarcity of long-term data, especially for the Baghmati river and Galing river. In each climate zone, there are several rivers, therefore difficult to obtain sufficient long-term data for each river that may be identified for the study.

Previous studies have revealed that DO concentrations in rivers are influenced by environmental conditions upstream points and along the sections of the river.

Consequently, it is critical for environmental researchers to consider the regional climate impact independently on river water quality along with other management strategies such as flow augmentation, aeration, and water treatment practices.


Forest inventories constitute a valuable source of information for enhancing our capacity to understand the causes of floristic variation and species-environment relationships. However, the large-scale inventories implemented by timber companies have rarely been used in ecological studies because of concerns about the ecological applicability and pertinence of such data. Identification of tree species is a key issue here, especially in tropical areas where species diversity is high and botanical knowledge limited (Lam & Kleinn 2008) . In such regions, forest inventories are usually conducted by employees of the timber companies and local helpers who have, in general, a good knowledge of the economically interesting species.

Identification of tree species is a key issue here, especially in tropical areas where species diversity is high and botanical knowledge limited.


The epidemiology of HIV in Ethiopia shows remarkable variations with geographic regions, the study population and with the study periods. Although data on HIV prevalence and the associated risk factors among TB patients are documented from different parts of the country, information regarding this disease epidemiology from the Metema area is lacking [11] [12] [13] [14] . Metema is located in Northwest Ethiopia on the Ethio-Sudan border. The major risk factor for HIV infection in Metema is related to the large numbers of seasonal migrant day laborers (over 80,000), which are the hardest hit by HIV, working in big commercial farms [15, 16] . The other important risk factor is that Metema is the center for people who cross the border for business and entertainment. This has attracted a large numbers of commercial sex workers (CSWs), who anticipate "good business" from local and foreign clients, into the town. Further, it had been speculated that HIV positive individuals from different parts of the country may migrate to the border towns like Metema to avoid social stigma surrounding the infection in their original residence places. Thus, there is a pressing need for continues evaluation of the magnitude of HIV infections among TB patients in the Metema area to generate pragmatic data for policy makers and to guide clinical actions.

Although data on HIV prevalence and the associated risk factors among TB patients are documented from different parts of the country, information regarding this disease epidemiology from the Metema area is lacking.

The major risk factor for HIV infection in Metema is related to the large numbers of seasonal migrant day laborers (over 80,000), which are the hardest hit by HIV, working in big commercial farms.


The study also found that mothers with lower parity had higher odds of delivering with the policy than those with higher parity. Previous studies have also confirmed a strong association between lower parity and use of maternal healthcare services [22, 24] . Within the study setting usage of free care was lower for mothers with higher parities relative to those with lower parities partly because ordinarily, women with many children have been exposed to a number of childbearing episodes and therefore will not be too enthusiastic and religious to seek for supervised care even when it comes at no cost.

Previous studies have also confirmed a strong association between lower parity and use of maternal healthcare services.


We calculated the time in days relative to the initiation of laying in that bird's nest for each sample. We assumed egg-laying began on the mean date of initiation of laying for the colony (18 May) for individuals sampled prior to egglaying that did not remain to nest in our colony (n 5 11). Varying this estimated egg lay date by 67 days did not affect our results significantly. Incubation in Tree Swallows typically begins with the penultimate egg (,4-5 days after laying initiation) and hatching occurs ,14-15 days after the onset of incubation (Zach 1982) .

Incubation in Tree Swallows typically begins with the penultimate egg (,4-5 days after laying initiation) and hatching occurs ,14-15 days after the onset of incubation.


In organizations, managers/leaders acquire energy through satisfying customer needs and organizational survival which is the main philosophy of TQM. Total quality management is a holistic quality improvement approach to firms for the purpose of improving performance in terms of quality and innovation for the last two decades. Organizations which are used TQM generate many benefits such as higher quality products, more satisfied customers, reduced costs, improved financial, quality and innovation performance and in addition to these improved employee satisfaction. Moreover, if TQM is implemented successfully, it provides a competitive advantage as well [1] . Numerous studies have shown a positive relationship between organizational outcomes and TQM.

Moreover, if TQM is implemented successfully, it provides a competitive advantage as well.


It has been shown in the past that the mechanical loss of small structures can be deconvoluted into a bulk material intrinsic loss and a surface loss [20, 21, 22] . This surface loss can be a significant and limiting source of mechanical loss -especially in small scale structures like suspension elements or the micro-structured surfaces of optical elements like monolithic waveguides. Our investigation focuses on structures which sizes that are relevant for the construction of suspensions and optical micro and nano structures. Furthermore, we exclusively focused on surface preparation techniques that are applicable for a long time operation in vacuum.

It has been shown in the past that the mechanical loss of small structures can be deconvoluted into a bulk material intrinsic loss and a surface loss.


To evaluate the benefit of preventive treatments, it is important to examine whether the treatment is associated with a reduction in the impact of migraine on a patient's life. Thus, guidelines for clinical trials of migraine treatments recommend the inclusion of Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) instruments to support clinical trial endpoints [24] . PRO instruments included in trials should be sensitive to changes resulting from treatment in the context of clinical trials and reflect the experiences of people with the condition, in this case migraine. In order for PRO instruments to be used to evaluate treatment benefit to support label claims, evidence of the relevance of symptoms and impacts on function or quality of life concepts to the target sample is required by the United States Food and Drug Association (FDA) [25] . The European Medicines Agency have defined health-related quality of life (HRQL) as a broad outcome concept that includes, "the patient's subjective perception of the impact of his disease and its treatment(s) on his daily life, physical, psychological and social functioning and well-being" in the context of evaluating treatment benefit [26] .

Thus, guidelines for clinical trials of migraine treatments recommend the inclusion of Patient Reported Outcome (PRO) instruments to support clinical trial endpoints.

In order for PRO instruments to be used to evaluate treatment benefit to support label claims, evidence of the relevance of symptoms and impacts on function or quality of life concepts to the target sample is required by the United States Food and Drug Association (FDA).

The European Medicines Agency have defined health-related quality of life (HRQL) as a broad outcome concept that includes, "the patient's subjective perception of the impact of his disease and its treatment(s) on his daily life, physical, psychological and social functioning and well-being" in the context of evaluating treatment benefit.


Cancer pain is one of the most devastating symptoms in cancer patients and has negative effects on patients' quality of life. Despite efforts to standardize and establish guidelines for pain treatment, cancer pain has been reported to be undermanaged [1] . In a recent meta-analysis, pain was reported by 33-64 % of cancer patients, 31-45 % of whom reported moderate to severe pain [2] . A national survey about cancer pain management conducted in South Korea in 2006 showed similar results, with 45 % of patients reporting cancer-associated pain. Of this group, 44 % said the pain was moderate to severe, and 42 % said they were satisfied with the management of their pain; 85 % of all of the patients in this survey expressed their desire for complete pain control regardless of cancer treatment method [3] .

Despite efforts to standardize and establish guidelines for pain treatment, cancer pain has been reported to be undermanaged.

In a recent meta-analysis, pain was reported by 33-64 % of cancer patients, 31-45 % of whom reported moderate to severe pain.

Of this group, 44 % said the pain was moderate to severe, and 42 % said they were satisfied with the management of their pain; 85 % of all of the patients in this survey expressed their desire for complete pain control regardless of cancer treatment method.


The experiments were carried out in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system described in ref [26] . The setup ( fig. 1 ) consists of two cascaded THGEMs made of FR-4 by a standard printedcircuit board production technique (mechanical drilling and etching of rims around the holes) [26] . The 30 x 30 mm 2 THGEM electrodes had the following geometry: thickness = 0.4 mm; hole diameter = 0.5 mm; hole spacing = 0.9 mm; rim size around the hole edge = 0.1mm. They were assembled with a drift mesh placed at 10 mm in front of the first THGEM; the second THGEM was followed by an anode placed at 1.6 mm from the electrode.

The experiments were carried out in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system described in ref.

The setup ( fig. 1 ) consists of two cascaded THGEMs made of FR-4 by a standard printedcircuit board production technique (mechanical drilling and etching of rims around the holes).


Mothers who took tetanus toxoid immunization during their pregnancy were 1.66 times more likely to fully vaccinate their children compared to mothers who did not take tetanus toxoid immunization. This study had consistent result with study done in Bangladesh [17] . The possible explanation could be mothers who visited health facilities for tetanus toxoid immunization might have exposure to information about the importance of completing immunization.

This study had consistent result with study done in Bangladesh.


Development of superconducting microwave passive circuit components, such as low loss and broad bandwidth bandpass filters, is an active area of research for the selection of the high-fidelity signal within the broadcast radio in radio frequency (RF) and microwave communication systems [1] [2] [3] . Generally, the electrical performances of the filters are described in terms of insertion loss, return loss, and frequencyselectivity (i.e., attenuation at rejection band) [4] . Filters should have small insertion loss, large return loss for good impedance matching with interconnecting components, and high frequency-selectivity to prevent the interference and high performance. A number of reports have been published on the superconducting microwave circuits such as antenna, filter, phase shifter, multiplexer, coupler and delay lines with high performance and low cost [5, 6] .

Development of superconducting microwave passive circuit components, such as low loss and broad bandwidth bandpass filters, is an active area of research for the selection of the high-fidelity signal within the broadcast radio in radio frequency (RF) and microwave communication systems.

Generally, the electrical performances of the filters are described in terms of insertion loss, return loss, and frequencyselectivity (i.e., attenuation at rejection band).

A number of reports have been published on the superconducting microwave circuits such as antenna, filter, phase shifter, multiplexer, coupler and delay lines with high performance and low cost.


The development of efficient thermal neutron detectors is relevant to the fields of nuclear physics, nuclear power generation, imaging, and homeland security. Helium-3 filled proportional counters are widely used in radiation portal monitors to detect illicit transport of fissile materials, in neutron scattering experiments, in medical imaging, and in well logging. Due to the recent expanded use and reduced production of He-3, the supply of He-3 is dwindling such that the Department of Homeland Security has issued research funds to develop a replacement technology [1] . As described herein, efforts have been made to develop inexpensive and atmospherically stable polymeric composite materials to function as thermal neutron scintillation detectors that have low sensitivity to gamma-rays.

Due to the recent expanded use and reduced production of He-3, the supply of He-3 is dwindling such that the Department of Homeland Security has issued research funds to develop a replacement technology.


In 1986, Ashkin and colleagues reported the first observation of stable three-dimensional (3D) optical trapping, or optical tweezers, created using radiation pressure from a single laser beam [1] . Since then, the capabilities of optical trapping have evolved from simple manipulation to the application of calibrated forces on, and the measurement of nanometer-level displacement of optically trapped objects. Because of their unique features, optical tweezers have revolutionized the experimental study of small particles and become an important tool for research in the fields of biology, physical chemistry and soft matter physics [2] .

In 1986, Ashkin and colleagues reported the first observation of stable three-dimensional (3D) optical trapping, or optical tweezers, created using radiation pressure from a single laser beam.

Because of their unique features, optical tweezers have revolutionized the experimental study of small particles and become an important tool for research in the fields of biology, physical chemistry and soft matter physics.


The Catostomidae, an entirely tetraploid American family, is closely related to the Cyprinidae. Between 1977 and 1984, numerous studies appeared focused on its phylogeny and evolution. A great part of these established phylogenies based on the duplicated or diploidized state of the different loci, taking no account of the allelic divergences (Ferris and Whitt, 1978; Ferris et al., 1979; Buth, 1979 a) .

A great part of these established phylogenies based on the duplicated or diploidized state of the different loci, taking no account of the allelic divergences.


In conclusion, activities of antioxidative enzymes by submergence stress in rice cultivars were associated until 8 days submergence as already shown in other research (Ella et al. 2003; Blokhina et al. 2003; Matés 2000; Mittler 2002; Sing et al. 2001) . In this work, attention to MR219-4 cultivar was found to be promising for tolerance to submergence, since it proved to be similar pattern to submergence-tolerant FR13A cultivar in their chlorophyll content, SOD, and GR activities. Submergence treatments may enhance the level of GR activity in MR219-4 cultivar. This indicated that GR activity could be served as criteria for evaluating the submergence tolerance of rice cultivar. However, further biochemicals evaluation need to be carried out such as analyzing the submergence-responsiveness of GR in co-operation with other antioxidants related to the AsA-GSH cycle regarding participate in the redox state regulation as a submergence stress signal in rice plants.

In conclusion, activities of antioxidative enzymes by submergence stress in rice cultivars were associated until 8 days submergence as already shown in other research.


In the cell, nibrin, encoded by the NBN gene (also known as NBS1), participates in pathways of double strand breaks (DSB)-induced DNA repair and, together with its partners MRE11A and RAD50, is required for activation of these pathways in response to DNA damages [2] . In fact, nibrin is at the crossroad of several pathways implicating genes already associated with breast cancer susceptibility and/or chromosomal instability disorders [2, 3] . Individuals homozygous for hypomorphic mutations in NBN suffer from the Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS), an autosomal recessive chromosomal instability disorder characterized by microcephaly, growth retardation, immunodeficiency and hyper-radiosensitivity [4] . Cancers, in particular haematological malignancies, are common adverse events in patients with NBS, as almost 40% of them develop a malignancy before the age of 21 years, and this correlates with a marked impairment in DSB repair observed in cells from these patients [5] .

In the cell, nibrin, encoded by the NBN gene (also known as NBS1), participates in pathways of double strand breaks (DSB)-induced DNA repair and, together with its partners MRE11A and RAD50, is required for activation of these pathways in response to DNA damages.

In fact, nibrin is at the crossroad of several pathways implicating genes already associated with breast cancer susceptibility and/or chromosomal instability disorders.

Individuals homozygous for hypomorphic mutations in NBN suffer from the Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS), an autosomal recessive chromosomal instability disorder characterized by microcephaly, growth retardation, immunodeficiency and hyper-radiosensitivity.

Cancers, in particular haematological malignancies, are common adverse events in patients with NBS, as almost 40% of them develop a malignancy before the age of 21 years, and this correlates with a marked impairment in DSB repair observed in cells from these patients.


Systemic inflammation could lead to multiple organ injury, including liver injury. Liver injury in sepsis progresses from active hepatocellular dysfunction to liver damage and finally to liver failure [3] . The liver performs a wide range of biological functions in metabolic and immunological homeostasis, and contributes to bacterial clearance in sepsis [4] . It has been demonstrated that liver failure is significantly associated with poor prognosis in critically ill sepsis patients [5] .

Liver injury in sepsis progresses from active hepatocellular dysfunction to liver damage and finally to liver failure.

The liver performs a wide range of biological functions in metabolic and immunological homeostasis, and contributes to bacterial clearance in sepsis.

It has been demonstrated that liver failure is significantly associated with poor prognosis in critically ill sepsis patients.


Polyphenols are secondary metabolites seen largely in plants. They have attracted much attention for their potential health benefits because of their antioxidant properties and safety [23] . EGCG is the major catechin in green tea and is considered an antioxidant which prevents oxidative stress. In animal models, EGCG exhibits protective roles in varied pathological conditions, including Parkinson's disease and diabetes [23] [24] [25] .

They have attracted much attention for their potential health benefits because of their antioxidant properties and safety.

In animal models, EGCG exhibits protective roles in varied pathological conditions, including Parkinson's disease and diabetes.


Traditional measurement of metaphase spreads and collecting the data into tables is a slow and tedious process requiring intermediate photographic steps, manual statistical analysis and manual drawing of the ideogram image. Interest in applying automation to analysis of metaphase chromosomes dates back four decades and several computer applications have been developed to facilitate accurate karyotype analyses (Gilbert 1966; Green et al. 1980 Green et al. , 1984 James 1983; Fukui 1986; Armstrong et al. 1987; Oud et al. 1987; König and Ebert 1997; Reeves 2001) . However, there is neither free software nor a web server to allow users to calculate chromosomal and karyotypic parameters and to build ideograms. Therefore, there is a need for a free and userfriendly software that can address these needs, for high quality karyotypic analysis. We developed IdeoKar software which allows users to facilitate chromosomal measurements and build ideograms from digitally captured or scanned images. The generated ideogram is a high-quality image that is suitable for poster presentation, projector screen presentation and journal publication.

Interest in applying automation to analysis of metaphase chromosomes dates back four decades and several computer applications have been developed to facilitate accurate karyotype analyses.


This paper joins the current research trend in 5G that seeks the integration of satellite and terrestrial technologies into a hybrid backhaul network, taking advantage of the complementary benefits that both technologies have [8] , [9] . However, in contrast to most of the work reported in the literature so far, this paper applies an adequate management of both optical (terrestrial) and radio (satellite) communication resources to minimize the delivery time of the content to be placed in the 5G edge nodes. For this purpose, either a single multicast satellite or multiple unicast optical transmissions are selected to place each file according to its global popularity factor. This way, the overall efficiency of the hybrid backhaul network is notably improved, with the possibility to adapt the delivery strategy according the 5G network parameters (e.g., number of edge nodes), Zipf-popularity distribution of content, and instantaneous physical layer capacity of the optical and satellite links.

This paper joins the current research trend in 5G that seeks the integration of satellite and terrestrial technologies into a hybrid backhaul network, taking advantage of the complementary benefits that both technologies have.


The demand of mobile data that is expected in future 5G networks will be much higher than the one observed so far in 4G. This imposes new challenges to the wireless access part of the 5G network, as well as to the backhaul links that connect the edge nodes to the core network. In order to mitigate the impact that the high data traffic of new services will have on the backhaul network, one possibility is to cache the most popular content at the 5G edge nodes which, apart from processing capabilities, will be also equipped with storage capacity [1] , [2] . This will bring the content closer to the end users, avoiding the transmission of popular content in traffic peak hours and reducing the delivery time. However, the effective implementation of caching requires a dense backhaul network of inter-connected edge nodes, to make a massive distribution of content in a timely manner.

In order to mitigate the impact that the high data traffic of new services will have on the backhaul network, one possibility is to cache the most popular content at the 5G edge nodes which, apart from processing capabilities, will be also equipped with storage capacity.


The thermal conductivity of the foams at controlled humidity and temperature was assessed in a closed measurement cell with inlet and outlet for the humidified air and apertures for the DT sensor and the humidity/temperature sensor (Fig. 2) . The temperature is controlled by immersing the measurement cell in an oil bath and the relative humidity (RH) is controlled using a humidifier. The RH represents the ratio between the partial vapor pressure (P w ) and the water vapor saturation pressure (P ws ) (Parish and Putnam 1977) .

The RH represents the ratio between the partial vapor pressure (P w ) and the water vapor saturation pressure (P ws ).


Porosity has a considerable influence on mechanical properties of additive manufacturing parts, especially when subjected to cyclic loads, where porosity can act as crack nucleation site and lead to premature failure of the part [47] . Porosity occurs due to building defects and powder particles containing entrapped gas. It was observed that build defects are most detrimental to mechanical properties when loading is applied along the build direction. This is because the unmelted areas are typically planar and normal to the build direction, acting as failure initiation sites and reducing mechanical properties. The observation of unmelted powder particles on the fracture surfaces of tensile specimens corroborates this statement.

Porosity has a considerable influence on mechanical properties of additive manufacturing parts, especially when subjected to cyclic loads, where porosity can act as crack nucleation site and lead to premature failure of the part.


So far we have only laid the foundation and qualitatively discussed a couple of phenomenological aspects of this class of SO(32) heterotic compactifications. A more systematic study of all the string vacua with abelian and non-abelian bundles has to follow. More examples and the question of whether Standard-like models can be constructed this way remain for future investigation. This might include a study of the statistics of the vacua of this type. It would also be interesting to investigate for concrete models the possibility of moduli stabilisation via fluxes [48, 49] .

It would also be interesting to investigate for concrete models the possibility of moduli stabilisation via fluxes.


Swimming, the exhaustive type of exercise, has been selected here as a model of physical exercise, because muscle trauma caused by other types of physical exercise like prolong running in treadmill, exercise stimulated electric shock and plyometric contractions could be avoided (Venditti et al., 1996) . In the current study, the swimming time until exhaustion of BBE supplementation groups was significantly longer than that of the control group. The findings demonstrated that BBE supplementation improves physical performance.

Swimming, the exhaustive type of exercise, has been selected here as a model of physical exercise, because muscle trauma caused by other types of physical exercise like prolong running in treadmill, exercise stimulated electric shock and plyometric contractions could be avoided.


Xylitol bioproduction from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SBHH) has been a subject of intense research at the Engineering College of Lorena since the late eighties, when the yeast Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 was selected as a promising biocatalyst (Barbosa et al., 1988) . Recently, the use of repeated-batch immobilized cell systems to perform the xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion in SBHH was proposed (Carvalho et al., 2002a) . The major benefit brought by using the repeated-batch fermentation mode was the non-necessity to grow a new inoculum for each batch, while the major benefit brought by the use of immobilized cells was the ease to recycling them at the end of the batches.

Xylitol bioproduction from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulosic hydrolysate (SBHH) has been a subject of intense research at the Engineering College of Lorena since the late eighties, when the yeast Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037 was selected as a promising biocatalyst.

Recently, the use of repeated-batch immobilized cell systems to perform the xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion in SBHH was proposed.


Last, but not least, as can be seen in Figures 2-3 , the growth of free cells was always faster in the supplemented hydrolysate. Consequently, the concentrations of free cells at the end of the batches in Assay A (9.7, 8.7 and 7.8 gL -1 , respectively) were considerably higher than those observed in Assay F (2.8, 4.4 and 5.4 gL -1 , respectively). Although the specific rates of immobilized cell growth did not differ greatly in the presence or absence of nutrients, the concentrations of immobilized cells observed at the end of the batches in Assay A (5.4, 4.7 and 4.3 gL -1 , respectively) were much lower than those observed in Assay F (8.1, 8.0 and 7.9 gL -1 , respectively). Therefore, it seems that the supplementation of the SBHH with ammonium sulfate and rice bran extract influences the capacity of the Caalginate beads to retain the immobilized cells. A stronger growth of immobilized cells, leading to a pronounced cell leakage from the Ca-alginate beads, could explain such a behavior (Quirós et al., 1995) .

A stronger growth of immobilized cells, leading to a pronounced cell leakage from the Ca-alginate beads, could explain such a behavior.


Aluminium possesses the recycling process that enables cost savings over the production of new aluminium and also conserves energy and natural resources. Recycling aluminium needs around only 5% of the energy required to create aluminium from bauxite [37] . It also reduces the uses of natural resources and chemicals (aluminum fluoride, caustic soda and lime) and eliminates the necessity for bauxite ore to be mined. In addition, it produces 95% fewer greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) than manufacturing primary aluminium. In terms of GHG saving, this is equivalent to taking 900,000 cars off the road during 12 months [38] . Also, 1 tonne of aluminium recycled avoids the emissions of around 9 tonnes of CO2 emissions [38] .

Recycling aluminium needs around only 5% of the energy required to create aluminium from bauxite.

In terms of GHG saving, this is equivalent to taking 900,000 cars off the road during 12 months.

Also, 1 tonne of aluminium recycled avoids the emissions of around 9 tonnes of CO2 emissions.


The most frequent SQL queries used in applications are those that retrieve information from one or more tables of the database [8] . The select clause determines which fields (columns) constitute the query output, the from clause determines which tables are used and the join determines the criterion for joining rows from different tables. Then the where clause filters the rows based on some other criteria. The group by clause indicates how to combine the selected rows and the having clause performs a final filter based on other conditions. Additionally, the order by clause determines how to order the resulting set of data.

The most frequent SQL queries used in applications are those that retrieve information from one or more tables of the database.


At present, using first-order velocity-stress elastic wave equation is the most prevailing and appropriate modeling method [6, 7] . This can be solved using high-order staggeredgrid finite-difference scheme. The first advantage is that it can avoid the derivatives to the elastic constant media (the known velocity and density). Thus, it is more efficient and accurate than that of traditional second-order elastic wave equation. The second advantage is that it is very convenient to apply the PML absorbing boundary condition [8] . The PML absorbing boundary condition has proven to be extremely efficient for absorbing all kinds of outgoing waves compared with traditional absorbing boundary condition. The idea is to add artificial absorbing layers with a certain thickness around the computational domain of the interest, in which the outgoing waves are trapped and attenuated [9, 10] . The remarkable advantage is of zero reflection for all angles of incidence and all frequencies with a certain thickness of the artificial boundary [11, 12] .

At present, using first-order velocity-stress elastic wave equation is the most prevailing and appropriate modeling method.

The second advantage is that it is very convenient to apply the PML absorbing boundary condition.

The idea is to add artificial absorbing layers with a certain thickness around the computational domain of the interest, in which the outgoing waves are trapped and attenuated.

The remarkable advantage is of zero reflection for all angles of incidence and all frequencies with a certain thickness of the artificial boundary.


Usually, the HRAM phenomenon is analyzed considering completely filled tanks; but in real flight situation, it is more likely that an impact may occur when the tank is partially filled. The influence of the filling percentage on the failure of the tanks has been clearly shown in experimental tests [6] . The HRAM effects in a partially filled tank can not be neglected with respect to the effects observed in a completely filled one. Indeed the failure induced in a partially filled tank can be so dangerous as in a completely filled one.

The influence of the filling percentage on the failure of the tanks has been clearly shown in experimental tests.


Although promising, the present results are limited in several ways. First, the subjects were poor readers. Strategy verbalization with fading seems especially beneficial for students with learning problems. Such students often do not work on tasks systematically, nor do they use inner speech to self-regulate their academic work (Harris, 1982; Schunk, 1989) . Strategy-value feedback seems similarly beneficial for poor readers, who may believe that academic successes are beyond their control, possess self-doubts about learning capabilities, and not understand that a strategy is useful (Butkowsky & Willows, 1980; Myers & Paris, 1978; Oka & Paris, 1987; Schunk, 1989) . In contrast, better readers typically work on tasks strategically; use task-specific covert self-instructions to guide their performances; monitor their work and self-regulate strategy use, depending on task conditions; assess their progress and the effectiveness of strategies; and feel efficacious about performing well (Oka & Paris, 1987; Schunk, 1989) . Although the present procedures might benefit better readers, these procedures are likely to have greater effects on remedial students. Second, our intervention required that all subjects work on the same materials at the same pace, regardless of individual differences in learning rates or readiness for fading. Our fading procedure was predetermined in format and length of the components. This instructional format fit the purpose of the research and was similar to that typically used in subjects' Chapter 1 classes but is dissimilar in many ways to the highly individualized formats commonly found in special education settings. To improve generalizability, we recommend replicating this study with greater flexibility in the pace at which students complete materials and using a criterion-based fading procedure reflecting students' individual capabilities to apply the strategy effectively. Some students might be able to move through the sequence quicker, whereas others might benefit from additional time on some phases; frequent performance assessments would determine readiness, and frequent efficacy assessments could gauge students' perceptions of their capabilities for progressing to the next phase.

First, the subjects were poor readers.

Such students often do not work on tasks systematically, nor do they use inner speech to self-regulate their academic work.

Strategy-value feedback seems similarly beneficial for poor readers, who may believe that academic successes are beyond their control, possess self-doubts about learning capabilities, and not understand that a strategy is useful.

In contrast, better readers typically work on tasks strategically; use task-specific covert self-instructions to guide their performances; monitor their work and self-regulate strategy use, depending on task conditions; assess their progress and the effectiveness of strategies; and feel efficacious about performing well.


The present results support the idea that self-efficacy is not merely a reflection of prior performances (Bandura, 1986) . Experimental conditions did not differ in the number of passages completed during instruction, but children who received fading or strategy-value feedback subsequently judged self-efficacy higher. This study also shows that self-efficacy helps to predict skillful performance. Personal expectations for success are viewed as important influences on achievement by different theoretical approaches (Bandura, 1989; Covington, 1987; Weiner, 1985) .

The present results support the idea that self-efficacy is not merely a reflection of prior performances.

Personal expectations for success are viewed as important influences on achievement by different theoretical approaches.


The present procedures were designed to address these problems. Our instructional format was a form of selfinstructional training (Meichenbaum & Asarnow, 1979) . Self-instructional training is an interactive means for teaching a strategy and helping students internalize it (Harris, 1982) . Self-instructional training can help remedy academic deficits among students with learning disabilities (Alexander & Hare, 1989; Leon & Pepe, 1983; Swanson & Scarpati, 1984) . Self-instructional training also can raise students' self-efficacy; the fading component is especially important because it helps students convert overt verbalizations into inner speech and it shows students that they can readily access and apply a strategy that helps improve their comprehension (Schunk, 1986) . Strategy-value feedback can raise skills and self-efficacy, and other evidence shows that providing information about a strategy's benefits to students with learning disabilities raises strategy use .

Our instructional format was a form of selfinstructional training.

Self-instructional training is an interactive means for teaching a strategy and helping students internalize it.

Self-instructional training can help remedy academic deficits among students with learning disabilities.

Self-instructional training also can raise students' self-efficacy; the fading component is especially important because it helps students convert overt verbalizations into inner speech and it shows students that they can readily access and apply a strategy that helps improve their comprehension.


Fading helps students internalize the strategy's self-regulating function (Meichenbaum, 1986) . Such cognitive activity can lead to better strategy encoding, retention, and subsequent retrieval from memory (Borkowski & Cavanaugh, 1979) . Students who know they can easily access and apply a strategy are apt to experience a sense of control over learning, which raises self-efficacy, motivation to apply the strategy, and learning (Bandura, 1986; Schunk, 1986) . Strategy-value feedback informs students that the strategy is effective, they are making progress in learning, and they are capable of improving their skills (Schunk, 1989; Schunk & Rice, 1992) . These beliefs are validated as students experience success. High self-efficacy, coupled with knowledge of how to use the strategy and the belief that it raises performance, motivates students to continue applying the strategy and produces strategy maintenance (Pintrich & De Groot, 1990; Zimmerman & Martinez-Pons, 1990) . It is noteworthy that fading pius feedback produced the highest self-reported strategy use. Over a longer time, this strategy-use advantage could translate into higher self-efficacy and skill and into higher correlations of strategy use with efficacy and skill because as students use a strategy consistently, their skill and perceptions of their capabilities should improve.

Fading helps students internalize the strategy's self-regulating function.

Such cognitive activity can lead to better strategy encoding, retention, and subsequent retrieval from memory.

Students who know they can easily access and apply a strategy are apt to experience a sense of control over learning, which raises self-efficacy, motivation to apply the strategy, and learning.

Strategy-value feedback informs students that the strategy is effective, they are making progress in learning, and they are capable of improving their skills.

High self-efficacy, coupled with knowledge of how to use the strategy and the belief that it raises performance, motivates students to continue applying the strategy and produces strategy maintenance.


The main concern below is self-adjoint truncated Toeplitz operators on finite-dimensional model spaces. In this case u is a finite Blaschke product, truncated Toeplitz operators are bounded, and they have bounded symbols (something that can fail for bounded truncated Toeplitz operators on infinite-dimensional spaces [1] ). It is shown in Section 4 that for the self-adjoint finite-dimensional case there is a unique symbol of minimum ∥ · ∥ ∞ norm. The symbol of minimum norm is a so-called alternating step function (precise definition later).

In this case u is a finite Blaschke product, truncated Toeplitz operators are bounded, and they have bounded symbols (something that can fail for bounded truncated Toeplitz operators on infinite-dimensional spaces).


Most of the spatial-temporal data approaches proposed so far do not exploit the powerful modeling and management features that are provided by recent versions of commercially available DBMSs. Another main limitation of current approaches is that they do not support multiple granularities in the representation of spatio-temporal data. Multiple granularities, defined as a set of measure units for space and time, are crucial in facilitating the management of information for applications such as air traffic control, meteorological forecast and so forth [3] , [17] . The goal of the work reported in this paper is to address such limitations by developing an object-relational approach to the management of spatio-temporal data supporting multiple granularities for both space and time.

Multiple granularities, defined as a set of measure units for space and time, are crucial in facilitating the management of information for applications such as air traffic control, meteorological forecast and so forth.


In addition to this hierarchical model, we attempt to aggressively correct for technical effects. The naive model of RNA-Seq assumes fragments are sampled uniformly at random from transcripts in proportion to their abundance. Early on, this was shown to be far from an accurate description of real sequencing data [6] . Though severe at nucleotide resolution, gene level expression estimates are only moderately affected by this bias, as it tends to average out over long transcripts. When one considers expression at the isoform level, attempting to correct for this nonuniformity becomes vital, as the difference between two isoforms is often only a few nucleotides.

Early on, this was shown to be far from an accurate description of real sequencing data.


Although there are many differences between these two theories of scientific development, the relationship of current research to past literature plays a significant role in both: knowledge cannot be acquired without this relationship. The relationship to earlier publications is expressed in the form of references. One can expect that the content of an earlier publication and that of the later publication are related and that the former is of significance to the knowledge claim in the latter. The premise of a normative theory of citations and its application to the evaluation of research is that, in terms of statistics, the more frequently scientific publications are cited, the more important they are for the advancement of knowledge (Merton, 1965; Bornmann et al., 2010) . From this perspective, citation data provides interesting insights into the historical science context, in terms of the significance of the previous publications on which the later publications in a field of research are based.

The premise of a normative theory of citations and its application to the evaluation of research is that, in terms of statistics, the more frequently scientific publications are cited, the more important they are for the advancement of knowledge.


The m. gastrocnemius lateralis showed the expected low EMG activity during squatting. Since the gastrocnemius muscle was only minimally loaded by squatting, the augmented amplitudes caused by the vibration stimulus were smaller in the m. gastrocnemius lateralis than in the m. rectus femoris. This supports the finding that the additional activation of a muscle by WBVT increases with increased additional force by a voluntary contraction [6] .

This supports the finding that the additional activation of a muscle by WBVT increases with increased additional force by a voluntary contraction.


Recently, because of the demand in thermal management of advanced space platforms and military spacecrafts as well as the cooling of electrical and electronic devices, a new heat transfer device, so-called capillary pumped loops (CPL) or loop heat pipes (LHP), has been developed and tested [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . One of the key components in a CPL or a LHP system is a capillary evaporator. A typical capillary evaporator consisting of a porous wick and a grooved heating block is shown in Fig. 1 . While heat is added on the top of the porous structure through the grooved block, the liquid contained in the porous structure evaporates in the vicinity of the heated surface. The vapor, produced in the porous structure, flows into the grooves of the heating block and exits there. This physical problem is the subject of investigation in this paper.

Recently, because of the demand in thermal management of advanced space platforms and military spacecrafts as well as the cooling of electrical and electronic devices, a new heat transfer device, so-called capillary pumped loops (CPL) or loop heat pipes (LHP), has been developed and tested.


The role of filial piety as well as its significance and content is changing. Numerous researchers have noted that filial piety is on the decline and no longer commands the same degree of absolute observance it once did (Ho & Kang, 1984; Ho et al., 1989; Ho, 1994) . Others have discerned that although some filial obligations, such as ancestor worship and affective consideration and care of parents are still affirmed, others such as absolute obedience and subjugation of individual needs, are now neglected (Ho & Kang, 1984; Chuang & Yang, 1991; Yeh, 1997) .

Numerous researchers have noted that filial piety is on the decline and no longer commands the same degree of absolute observance it once did.

Others have discerned that although some filial obligations, such as ancestor worship and affective consideration and care of parents are still affirmed, others such as absolute obedience and subjugation of individual needs, are now neglected.


Another heuristic is also likely working against the physician in this case. In the search satisfying heuristic, the physician who ordered a lab test for one reason (e.g. fever) will likely most closely attend to the feature of the result (e.g. White Blood Count) that is directly related to the reason for ordering the test. This may lead them to miss unanticipated results (e.g. anemia). What is not clear is why the physicians did not attend to the asterisks used to flag abnormal results (another adaptive heuristic is to scan a long list of lab reports for asterisks and then specifically attend to those results). Careful attention to the display of the information could increase physician attention to abnormal results without decreasing their efficiency [19] .

Careful attention to the display of the information could increase physician attention to abnormal results without decreasing their efficiency.


Basic screening for iron-deficiency anemia consists of a complete blood count (CBC) looking for hemoglobin less than the age-adjusted normal range, with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 97% [6] . The diagnosis is supported by a low mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and increased red cell distribution width (RDW). Confirmation of the diagnosis is commonly obtained with a trial of iron supplementation and measurement of the response [10] . More complex measures of iron stores including serum ferritin, transferring saturation and erythrocyte protoporphyrin activity are used to more accurately determine iron status [11] .

Basic screening for iron-deficiency anemia consists of a complete blood count (CBC) looking for hemoglobin less than the age-adjusted normal range, with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 97%.

Confirmation of the diagnosis is commonly obtained with a trial of iron supplementation and measurement of the response.

More complex measures of iron stores including serum ferritin, transferring saturation and erythrocyte protoporphyrin activity are used to more accurately determine iron status.


In our first study, these looks occurred at least once, because it was only then that mothers began cueing infants to cross the cliff. However, subsequent looks may or may not have been true social referencing looks, and may, for example, have been 'bids for social interaction' or 'orienting to a voice' looks (Clyman et al., 1986) . It is interesting, therefore, that infants' first looks were found to be greater during the deep cliff condition, whereas no differences were found in subsequent looks. While this hints at the possibility that infants' first looks were indeed information-seeking looks, it is equally possible that these first looks sought comfort rather than information.

However, subsequent looks may or may not have been true social referencing looks, and may, for example, have been 'bids for social interaction' or 'orienting to a voice' looks.


In this part, numerical results obtained with the new DRT method are provided. Both DR and DRT method were implemented within the parallel C++ library Cimlib [8] . Regarding the H-J, CR and CR-HTDF methods that are used for comparison, parallel implementations were already provided by the library. All the following computations were performed on the same 1.2GHz Intel Xeon Linux cluster.

Both DR and DRT method were implemented within the parallel C++ library Cimlib.


More recently, coupled convection-reinitialization (CR) methods emerged wherein the LS function is automatically reinitialized during the resolution of the transport equation [8] . Their main advantage lies in the fact that only one solver is needed for the simulation instead of two for the classical H-J technique. The signed distance function can also be replaced by any smooth function which satisfies the metric property, at least in a thin layer around the interface. In the following these two variants will be mentioned: the former using a classical distance function (CR-DF) and the latter working with a hyperbolic tangent distance functionψ = E · tanh(ψ/E) (CR-HTDF). Since the hyperbolic tangent function has a gradient close to one only in the neighborhood of zero, the truncation thickness E has to be chosen big enough to verify the metric property at least in a thin layer around the interface.

More recently, coupled convection-reinitialization (CR) methods emerged wherein the LS function is automatically reinitialized during the resolution of the transport equation.


Considering the available dynamic model, they developed a RAIM scheme based on Kalman filtering [17] . These methods are based on Baarda outlier detection and identification procedure [18] . If a failure satellite creates a significant outlier, the residuals of measurements based on the least squares estimates may be seriously contaminated, the corresponding variance scale may be very large, in this case the RAIM detection may fail [19, 20] .

Considering the available dynamic model, they developed a RAIM scheme based on Kalman filtering.

These methods are based on Baarda outlier detection and identification procedure.

If a failure satellite creates a significant outlier, the residuals of measurements based on the least squares estimates may be seriously contaminated, the corresponding variance scale may be very large, in this case the RAIM detection may fail.


Optical sensors based on the measurement of refractive index changes are widely applied to the detection of substances/analytes in many fields as clinical diagnosis, pharmaceutical and drug analysis, pollution monitoring or food control [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Most of those sensors are based on the interaction of the evanescent field of a guided mode with the surrounding media, resulting in a perturbation of the mode effective index [7, 8] . However, the fact that only the lower-intensity evanescent field propagating outside the optical structure is used for sensing purposes, significantly limits the maximum achievable sensitivity. In order to overcome this limitation and to be able to use the higher-intensity optical field located inside the structure for sensing purposes, there is an increasing interest in using porous materials for the development of optical sensing structures [9] [10] [11] . Additionally, porous materials also provide an extremely higher internal surface where a huger amount of biorecognition probes can be immobilized in order to perform a selective detection of much more analytes, what is also translated into an increase of the sensitivity.

Optical sensors based on the measurement of refractive index changes are widely applied to the detection of substances/analytes in many fields as clinical diagnosis, pharmaceutical and drug analysis, pollution monitoring or food control.

Most of those sensors are based on the interaction of the evanescent field of a guided mode with the surrounding media, resulting in a perturbation of the mode effective index.

In order to overcome this limitation and to be able to use the higher-intensity optical field located inside the structure for sensing purposes, there is an increasing interest in using porous materials for the development of optical sensing structures.


Other porous configuration that has gained an increasing interest during the last years is anodic aluminum oxide (AAO). As for the PSi, the fabrication process of AAO is simple and cost-effective, since it is based on a self-ordered anodization of aluminum that yields a vertically aligned and a highly ordered porous structure [19] . Sensitivities in the range of 441 nm/RIU have been reported using AAO-based porous structures measured in the VIS range of the spectrum [20] .

As for the PSi, the fabrication process of AAO is simple and cost-effective, since it is based on a self-ordered anodization of aluminum that yields a vertically aligned and a highly ordered porous structure.

Sensitivities in the range of 441 nm/RIU have been reported using AAO-based porous structures measured in the VIS range of the spectrum.


The rest of the paper is as follows: Section 3 introduces "generalized" SCADA architecture. Section 3 presents related work in running and migrating SCADA system on the cloud. Section 4 compares open-source SCADA systems with common commercial SCADA products in order to find a representative SCADA system to be migrated. Section 5 shows a case study -it describes the process used to develop and deploy the selected SCADA system (EclipseSCADA) to IaaS cloud resources (NeCTAR [2] ). To identify problems regarding the real-time monitoring and control mechanism of SCADA systems when running on the cloud, an analysis of the ported EclipseSCADA system was carried out in Section 6. This section also contains an analysis of collected performance results and migrating lessons. Section 7 concludes the paper.

Section 5 shows a case study -it describes the process used to develop and deploy the selected SCADA system (EclipseSCADA) to IaaS cloud resources (NeCTAR).

Section 7 concludes the paper.


In the cavity shown in figure 1(a), the perfect impedance matching exists at all planar inter-media boundaries. Therefore, no reflection at each half-plane between the subsequent corners exists. All rays representing the beam intersect exactly at one point in each quadrant, where the field phase and amplitude of the ray are exactly reconstructed after every round trip of the rays in the cavity. We refer to these points as 'ideal' foci (indicated by black dots in figure 1 ). This case can be understood as the cavity counterpart of the perfect lens [3] . Note that the resonance condition (6) , given in the next section for the cavity of general type, is equivalent to the impedance matching conditions valid in this case at each inter-media plane. Therefore, the resonance condition of the cavity is automatically satisfied there.

This case can be understood as the cavity counterpart of the perfect lens.


The notion of the normal modes at the interface means that for any linearly polarized EHG beam incident normally upon the isotropic interface, the reflected and refracted beams also exactly show the EHG beam mode patterns, although of different orders in one of their two polarization components. For oblique incidence, the normal modes differ from those of the normal incidence by only a spatial phase shift in their field distribution at the interface. Due to this characteristic normal mode feature, the EHG beams are particularly useful in analysing beam field behaviour at interfaces or, in general, at planar multilayered media [13, 14] . More details on the EHG beams will be given in the next section.

Due to this characteristic normal mode feature, the EHG beams are particularly useful in analysing beam field behaviour at interfaces or, in general, at planar multilayered media.


The programme was evaluated, using a convergent mixed methods design (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2011) . The views of programme participants and Board level strategic leads were gathered to establish whether intended outcomes had been achieved. Data was collected during January and February 2013. NHS ethical approval was not required, as the project was classed as an audit.

The programme was evaluated, using a convergent mixed methods design.


Chickens in developing countries provide nutrition for the family, a small cash flow reserve for times of celebrations or need and in some areas contribute to religious ceremonies and recreation (Roberts, 1995) . Scavenger chickens are usually self-reliant and hardy, capable of withstanding the abuses of harsh climate, minimal management, and inadequate nutrition. They live largely on weed seeds, insects, and feeds that would otherwise be a waste (Vietmeyer et al., 1991) . To the world's poor, chickens are probably the most nutritionally important domestic animal species.

Chickens in developing countries provide nutrition for the family, a small cash flow reserve for times of celebrations or need and in some areas contribute to religious ceremonies and recreation.

They live largely on weed seeds, insects, and feeds that would otherwise be a waste.


Dengue fever (DF) is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti [1] . Approximately one-third of the global population is exposed to DF, which is widely endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, and southern Africa [2] . In recent years, the increasing incidence and range of DF epidemics have had a serious impact on people's health and lives, and DF has become a public health problem that should not be underestimated.

Dengue fever (DF) is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti.

Approximately one-third of the global population is exposed to DF, which is widely endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific, and southern Africa.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, especially in Asia [1] . In China, HCC presents with the third highest mortality rate among all malignant carcinomas, following gastric and esophageal cancer, leading to approximately 110,000 deaths every year, which account for 45% of total HCC deaths worldwide [2] . Multiple risk factors have been associated with the initiation and development of HCC, including chronic infection of hepatitis viruses B, C or D, aflatoxin, alcohol abuse, hereditary metabolic liver diseases, diabetes mellitus and etc [1, 3] . Similar to most other types of cancer, hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process involving multiple genetic alterations, such as activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which ultimately lead to malignant transformation of hepatocytes.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, especially in Asia.

In China, HCC presents with the third highest mortality rate among all malignant carcinomas, following gastric and esophageal cancer, leading to approximately 110,000 deaths every year, which account for 45% of total HCC deaths worldwide.

Multiple risk factors have been associated with the initiation and development of HCC, including chronic infection of hepatitis viruses B, C or D, aflatoxin, alcohol abuse, hereditary metabolic liver diseases, diabetes mellitus and etc.


Nasal polyps (NP) are associated with a more severe subset of CRS and result when the oedematous lining blocks the nasal cavity to a significant degree [1] . More than 80 % of polyps occur due to eosinophilic inflammation. NPs are characterized by subepithelial caps of eosinophils covering pseudocysts filled with albumin [2] . NP are usually seen in adults in the aged 20-60 years and its presence in children is usually associated with cystic fibrosis [3] . Its incidence is 4 % in general population and 7-15 % in asthmatics [4] . The association of NP, asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease is called Samter's triad [5] .

Nasal polyps (NP) are associated with a more severe subset of CRS and result when the oedematous lining blocks the nasal cavity to a significant degree.

NPs are characterized by subepithelial caps of eosinophils covering pseudocysts filled with albumin.

NP are usually seen in adults in the aged 20-60 years and its presence in children is usually associated with cystic fibrosis.

Its incidence is 4 % in general population and 7-15 % in asthmatics.

The association of NP, asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease is called Samter's triad.


In the literature, adaptive traffic signal control methods are normally developed for oversaturated intersections or intersections during oversaturated periods [31, 32] . However, during off-peak periods, drivers may also experience delay, especially when there is no vehicle in directions that normally cause conflict points with the current direction. Hence, it is also worth studying adaptive traffic signal control methods for intersections during off-peak periods.

In the literature, adaptive traffic signal control methods are normally developed for oversaturated intersections or intersections during oversaturated periods.


Comparison between the traditional uses of plants, as found in our literature , also revealed that Astragalus noaeanus, Populus ×canescens and Salvia cyanescens were recorded in Turkey for the first time in the present study. Astragalus noaeanus is an endemic species that is used for varicosis. Furthermore, Astragalus has the highest ratio of endemism (61.3%) [98] . Populus ×canescens is a cultivated plant and is used to treat scabies. Salvia cyanescens is an endemic species whose aerial parts are used, or is prepared as a decoction. This plant is used to treat diabetes. Salvia has many species and, in the literature review that we conducted, we found that some of these were mainly used for abdominal pain and the common cold .

Furthermore, Astragalus has the highest ratio of endemism (61.3%).

This plant is used to treat diabetes.


It is a well-known fact that, throughout the centuries, plants, owing to their many beneficial properties, have played a significant role in the daily life of human beings, providing food and medicines, as well as other advantages, e.g. plant fibres for clothes, wood for building etc. In other words, plants used for various illnesses are placed first in order of importance as natural resources. Treatment with traditional folk-medicine is still esteemed highly, particularly by those who have no access to modern healthcare. Thus, it is inevitable that so-called traditional folk-medicine mostly originates from plants. Around 80% of the world's population use plants to treat several illnesses [1] . Medicinal plants are an important source of modern drugs; indeed, about 25% of the drugs prescribed worldwide come from plants [2] .

Around 80% of the world's population use plants to treat several illnesses.

Medicinal plants are an important source of modern drugs; indeed, about 25% of the drugs prescribed worldwide come from plants.


Optical packet-switched (OPS) networks have been attracting a great amount of attention over the past few years [1] . OPS networks can be basically categorized into first-generation and second-generation optical networks [2] . In first-generation OPS networks, each intermediate node performs optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversion, while in second-generation OPS networks, all-optical (OOO) node structures allow in-transit traffic to optically bypass intermediate nodes. Significant progress has been made in the design of all-optical architectures for optical packet switches [3, 4] . All-optical packet-switched networks are a promising solution for future highperformance networks, but they currently face technological feasibility issues, e.g., the lack of optical random access memory (RAM). At present, first-generation OPS networks provide a more practical solution to build OPS networks in a cost-effective manner. In this paper, we concentrate on a recently standardized state-of-the-art firstgeneration OPS ring network. More precisely, we investigate the multicast performance of the recently approved standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.17 resilient packet ring (RPR) and show how its shortcomings can be overcome by using RPR's built-in mechanisms without sacrificing the simplicity of RPR, which was one of its key design goals [5] .

Optical packet-switched (OPS) networks have been attracting a great amount of attention over the past few years.

OPS networks can be basically categorized into first-generation and second-generation optical networks.

Significant progress has been made in the design of all-optical architectures for optical packet switches.

More precisely, we investigate the multicast performance of the recently approved standard Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.17 resilient packet ring (RPR) and show how its shortcomings can be overcome by using RPR's built-in mechanisms without sacrificing the simplicity of RPR, which was one of its key design goals.


The main goal of mobile sensor network is to improve the area coverage [13] . To achieve this goal, a group of sensors have to be relocated and deployed in more suitable locations in order to monitor the SF effectively. Mainly, WSNs in terms of mobility control are of two types: centralized and distributed. In centralized WSNs, sensors are controlled by 2 International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks a sink node or a central server. However, in the distributed networks, sensors are self-controlled.

The main goal of mobile sensor network is to improve the area coverage.


In the present study, we conducted a large-scale genetic association analysis of volumetric MD to identify novel MD loci. We further sought to unravel the genetic basis of MD through estimating the proportion of MD variance attributable to common SNPs. Previous GWAS of MD have relied mainly on area-based or 2D MD measures derived from film mammograms using labor-intensive semiautomated methods [8] . For this analysis, we used volumetric MD measures derived from digital mammograms using a fully automated method [9] .

Previous GWAS of MD have relied mainly on area-based or 2D MD measures derived from film mammograms using labor-intensive semiautomated methods.

For this analysis, we used volumetric MD measures derived from digital mammograms using a fully automated method.


There are several natural questions arising from this paper. First, in the previous section we gave an upper bound on the number of tetrahedra needed for a taut ideal layered triangulation of the punctured mapping torus of a minimal dilatation pA map of a closed surface Σ g . One ought to be able to improve this estimate from an improvement of the upper bound on δ g in the papers [8, 1] . Moreover, one ought to be able to improve the lower bound given in Theorem 6.2 by getting a better estimate of the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalues of the transformations of weight spaces. It is an interesting question to compute the numbers δ g or more generally δ g,n . The splitting sequences in this paper give a possible approach to this for a given g, n. One may form finitely many automata of folding sequences for a given surface Σ g,n , one for each possible collection of indices of the singular points. Then one can compute the minimal dilatations for closed paths in these folding automata. Unfortunately, there appears to be many more train tracks which appear in these automata than in those considered by Ko-Los-Song [21, 5] .

One ought to be able to improve this estimate from an improvement of the upper bound on δ g in the papers.

Unfortunately, there appears to be many more train tracks which appear in these automata than in those considered by Ko-Los-Song.


The presence of polyphenols in honey has important effects on the honey's color, taste, and flavor. They also have beneficial effects on health, including tissue repair and antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antithrombotic activities [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Many studies have indicated 2 Journal of Chemistry that different types of honey possess different textures, polyphenolic profiles, and antioxidant, antibacterial, and radicalscavenging activities depending on their floral sources and geographical origins [2] . For instance, dark-colored honeys tend to have higher total phenolic acid and flavonoid content and consequently a higher antioxidant capacity [8, 10, 11] . Therefore, polyphenol analysis is considered an important tool for determining the quality of honey.

They also have beneficial effects on health, including tissue repair and antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antithrombotic activities.

Many studies have indicated 2 Journal of Chemistry that different types of honey possess different textures, polyphenolic profiles, and antioxidant, antibacterial, and radicalscavenging activities depending on their floral sources and geographical origins.

For instance, dark-colored honeys tend to have higher total phenolic acid and flavonoid content and consequently a higher antioxidant capacity.


Honey is the nectar collected and processed from different plants by honey bees (Apis mellifera) and is known for its high nutritional and prophylactic medicinal value. Honey is widely consumed worldwide and is appreciated as the only source of naturally concentrated sugars [1] . Apart from sugars, honey has a wide range of minor constituents including enzymes, ascorbic acid, Maillard reaction products, carotenoid-like substances, organic acids, amino acids, and proteins. It also contains large amounts of polyphenols with a wide range of biological effects [2, 3] .

Honey is widely consumed worldwide and is appreciated as the only source of naturally concentrated sugars.

It also contains large amounts of polyphenols with a wide range of biological effects.


Different opinions exist regarding the efficiency of C 18 cartridges and Amberlite XAD-2 resin in the extraction of polyphenols from natural honey [3, [13] [14] [15] . However, the discrepancies in the extraction recovery were probably due to the different types of honey used. Physical properties of the honey, such as total sugar content or other unknown matrix components, may affect the efficiency of the extraction method. To compare the extraction efficiencies between C 18 cartridges and Amberlite XAD-2 resin, an investigation must be conducted using a sample matrix of known composition. In this study, an artificial honey solution was used to investigate the efficiency of C 18 cartridges and Amberlite XAD-2 resin to extract polyphenol contents.

Different opinions exist regarding the efficiency of C 18 cartridges and Amberlite XAD-2 resin in the extraction of polyphenols from natural honey.


Polyphenols are among the most important groups of secondary metabolites in plants. Honey polyphenols originating from plants are usually mixed with the nectar and become enriched when they come in contact with the propolis in the beehive. The main polyphenols reported to be present in honey are phenolic acids (i.e., caffeic, chlorogenic, coumaric, ellagic, ferulic, gallic, homogentisic, phenyllactic, protocatechuic, syringic, and vanillic acids) and flavonoids (i.e., apigenin, chrysin, galangin, hesperetin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, pinobanksin, pinocembrin, quercetin, and tricetin) [2] [3] [4] .

The main polyphenols reported to be present in honey are phenolic acids (i.e., caffeic, chlorogenic, coumaric, ellagic, ferulic, gallic, homogentisic, phenyllactic, protocatechuic, syringic, and vanillic acids) and flavonoids (i.e., apigenin, chrysin, galangin, hesperetin, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, pinobanksin, pinocembrin, quercetin, and tricetin).