Based on the relative length of the primary and the secondary, single-sided linear induction motor (SLIM) may be classified into two categories, short-primary (long-secondary) and long-primary (short-secondary). Presently, short-primary SLIM is widely applied to industrial equipments and transportation systems especially in intermediate speed arrange for its lower manufacturing and operating cost [1] . However, in certain applications where higher force density or acceleration is required to be provided in short operating time, the latter would be the preferred type due to its lightweight secondary conductive sheet [2] . These applications include electromagnetic aircraft launching, car-crash testing etc.

Presently, short-primary SLIM is widely applied to industrial equipments and transportation systems especially in intermediate speed arrange for its lower manufacturing and operating cost.

However, in certain applications where higher force density or acceleration is required to be provided in short operating time, the latter would be the preferred type due to its lightweight secondary conductive sheet.


Many theoretical studies have been performed to motivate the experimental evidence of the Darcy-Forchheimer law [34, 56, 60] . In fact, the Forchheimer's correction can be related to the surface integrals of the contact forces exchanged between the fluid and the solid phase at the pore scale [10, 32, 60] . These integrals, which are computed over the solid-fluid interface, involve the overall Cauchy stress tensor of the fluid phase and, partially, the contribution given by the pore scale fluctuations of the fluid velocity. Thus, both the pore scale inertial effects and the solid-fluid interactions, which become larger when the filtration velocity increases, seem to be possible contributory causes to the non-linearity of the Forchheimer's correction.

Many theoretical studies have been performed to motivate the experimental evidence of the Darcy-Forchheimer law.

In fact, the Forchheimer's correction can be related to the surface integrals of the contact forces exchanged between the fluid and the solid phase at the pore scale.


Homogenization problems with multiscale structures were first considered in the 1930s by Bruggeman [8] . In the case where ε k = ε k for 1 ≤ k ≤ n, the qualitative homogenization theory for L ε in ( 1.2) was established in the 1970s by Bensoussan, Lions, and Papanicolaou [7] . Let u ε be a weak solution of the Dirichlet problem, L ε (u ε ) = F in Ω and u ε = f on ∂Ω.

Homogenization problems with multiscale structures were first considered in the 1930s by Bruggeman.

In the case where ε k = ε k for 1 ≤ k ≤ n, the qualitative homogenization theory for L ε in ( 1.2) was established in the 1970s by Bensoussan, Lions, and Papanicolaou.


Intense gamma-rays with various excellent properties such as quasi-monochromaticity, energy tunablity, good directivity, and high polarization can be used for many applications in nuclear physics and non-destructive analysis. Such a gamma-ray can be generated by collision of an intense laser beam with a high energy electron beam. This process is known as laser Compton scattering (LCS) and generated gamma-ray is often called as LCS gamma-ray. The first demonstration experiment was performed at the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Academy of Science 600 MeV synchrotron with a ruby laser [1] . So far, the LCS gamma-rays have been generated for various application experiments in many accelerator facilities [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

The first demonstration experiment was performed at the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Academy of Science 600 MeV synchrotron with a ruby laser.

So far, the LCS gamma-rays have been generated for various application experiments in many accelerator facilities.


When Donald Trump shocked the world by winning the US Presidential election in November 2016, trade sceptics breathed a sigh of relief. The Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement (TPP), at that time the largest regional Free Trade Agreement (FTA), appeared dead. Trump confirmed this in an Executive Order in January 2017, pulling the US out of the signed but not ratified deal. According to the rules agreed upon by its 12-member countries, if either Japan or the US failed to ratify the agreement, it could not enter into force. Trade justice campaigners across the European Union also relaxed their efforts as the similarly massive EU/US Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) agreement was pushed into negotiating limbo. Some pundits began declaring the end of 'free trade', the death of neoliberalism, and the dawn of a new round of protectionism and trade wars that might even morph into world wars as they had a century earlier (Hanson, 2016) .

Some pundits began declaring the end of 'free trade', the death of neoliberalism, and the dawn of a new round of protectionism and trade wars that might even morph into world wars as they had a century earlier.


As for the 'dead' TPP, it should now officially be considered a zombie, pacing the Asia-Pacific region in search of quick resurrection. The 11 remaining countries have already had two high-level meetings, with a third one planned, to see how the deal might be salvaged more or less intact (Bridges News, 2017) . Options include changing the rules to allow ratification by the 11 countries to bring the deal into force, exporting the treaty into a new agreement that could be quickly signed off and ratified, or using the extant provisions as a base for a new lightning round of trade negotiations, inviting other AsiaPacific countries to enjoin (with many keen to do so). The shadow hanging over the TPP zombie is the expanding power of China, and another very much alive set of treaty negotiations, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Former US President Obama's unsuccessful attempt at ratifying the TPP before leaving office was driven foremost by a desire to have US interests, rather than those of Chinese or other Asian nations, define the economic future of the Asia-Pacific region.

The 11 remaining countries have already had two high-level meetings, with a third one planned, to see how the deal might be salvaged more or less intact.


Spouses of AD patients experience both a large caregiving burden and special psychosocial issues [10, 11] . A study of caregiving wives of patients with either AD or vascular dementia reported that their caregiving time averaged 8 hours per day after 3 years [12] . In addition, spouses' intimate daily connection to their AD partners triggers a growing sense of grief as their partners' ability to interact declines [13, 14] . Social isolation and financial difficulties also commonly ensue [15, 16] .

Spouses of AD patients experience both a large caregiving burden and special psychosocial issues.

A study of caregiving wives of patients with either AD or vascular dementia reported that their caregiving time averaged 8 hours per day after 3 years.

In addition, spouses' intimate daily connection to their AD partners triggers a growing sense of grief as their partners' ability to interact declines.

Social isolation and financial difficulties also commonly ensue.


While this approach has been generally fruitful, in some sense, it is too restrictive. One issue with this approach is that some of the symmetry of the problem is lost. As a result, in the 1980s, physicists began considering the question, "Could all the exactly solvable problems be stated in the framework of an algebra so as to preserve the idea of the dynamical symmetry method?" [16] . It was in response to this question that Sklyanin introduced the notion of quadratic algebras in his 1982 paper on the lattice model in the theory of magnetism [23] . Recall that quadratic algebras -algebras with quadratic commutators -are the simplest generalization of Lie algebras which require linear commutators. A few years later, Granovskiȋ, Zhedanov, and Lutsenko began working with quadratic algebras with a less complicated structure [13, 16] . These quadratic algebras allowed for a new simple algebraic treatment of the Racah symbols.

As a result, in the 1980s, physicists began considering the question, "Could all the exactly solvable problems be stated in the framework of an algebra so as to preserve the idea of the dynamical symmetry method?".

It was in response to this question that Sklyanin introduced the notion of quadratic algebras in his 1982 paper on the lattice model in the theory of magnetism.

A few years later, Granovskiȋ, Zhedanov, and Lutsenko began working with quadratic algebras with a less complicated structure.


Peptide therapeutics like GnRH (gonadotropin receptor hormone) analogs have been a mainstay in the treatment of prostate cancer. Leuprolide, Triptorelin, Nafarelin, and so forth are examples of peptides that have been clinically used with a great degree of success [9] . Due to their high affinity towards GnRH receptors, administration of these synthetic peptides, also known as GnRH agonists, causes an initial stimulation of pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion, which is followed by a sharp drop in the secretion of these hormones. The decreased secretion/inhibition of LH and FSH (medical or chemical castration) is desirable in the treatment of sex hormone dependent diseases like prostate cancer [10] . Thus, treatment with GnRH agonists offers various benefits as these synthetic analogs exhibit higher potency, affinity, and an improved half-life over native physiological GnRH. Clinically, however, administration of GnRH agonists leads to a well-documented side effect (testosterone flare) that is a consequence of the initial stimulation in pituitary LH [11] . Studies have shown that upon long-term treatment with GnRH agonists, the sharp spike in serum testosterone persisted up to 7 days in rats and 4 weeks in humans and could be correlated with an increase in tumor growth and worsening of symptoms in patients [12, 13] . Hence, researchers began to explore a new class of peptide GnRH analogs (antagonists) that could suppress the GnRH receptors while preventing the hormonal response frequently observed with GnRH agonists [14, 15] .

Leuprolide, Triptorelin, Nafarelin, and so forth are examples of peptides that have been clinically used with a great degree of success.

The decreased secretion/inhibition of LH and FSH (medical or chemical castration) is desirable in the treatment of sex hormone dependent diseases like prostate cancer.

Clinically, however, administration of GnRH agonists leads to a well-documented side effect (testosterone flare) that is a consequence of the initial stimulation in pituitary LH.

Studies have shown that upon long-term treatment with GnRH agonists, the sharp spike in serum testosterone persisted up to 7 days in rats and 4 weeks in humans and could be correlated with an increase in tumor growth and worsening of symptoms in patients.

Hence, researchers began to explore a new class of peptide GnRH analogs (antagonists) that could suppress the GnRH receptors while preventing the hormonal response frequently observed with GnRH agonists.


Another reason for the increasing use of PLA and PLGA polymers as excipients is that several properties can be altered to tailor drug release rate and maintain in vivo therapeutic levels for varying durations. For instance, studies have shown that the time taken for complete biodegradation of the polymer increases with increasing molecular weight, thereby increasing its in vivo residence time (i.e., increased duration of action) [28, 29] . Similarly, by altering the ratio of lactide or glycolide in a PLGA copolymer, a wide range of degradation rates can be obtained. As an example, a 90 : 10 lactide : glycolide copolymer degrades more slowly than a 65 : 35 or 50 : 50 PLGA copolymer. This is because an increase in the more hydrophobic lactide moiety ensures a slower degradation rate of the PLGA polymer leading to extended duration of drug release [30] [31] [32] . Thus, the PLA homopolymer degrades much slower than a PGA homopolymer or PLGA copolymer.

For instance, studies have shown that the time taken for complete biodegradation of the polymer increases with increasing molecular weight, thereby increasing its in vivo residence time (i.e., increased duration of action).

This is because an increase in the more hydrophobic lactide moiety ensures a slower degradation rate of the PLGA polymer leading to extended duration of drug release.


Orntide acetate is a potent novel GnRH antagonist that has shown great potential in treatment of prostate cancer and precocious puberty [16] . As an antagonist, Orntide is able to competitively block GnRH receptors and induce chemical castration without producing the initial testosterone flare that is a characteristic of GnRH agonists. Therefore, administration of Orntide eliminates the testosterone surge, reduces associated side effects, and ensures an improvement in the quality of life of patients on GnRH analog therapy [17] . However, similar to other GnRH analogs, Orntide has a short biological half-life, requiring frequent injections to initiate and maintain testosterone suppression [18] .

Orntide acetate is a potent novel GnRH antagonist that has shown great potential in treatment of prostate cancer and precocious puberty.

Therefore, administration of Orntide eliminates the testosterone surge, reduces associated side effects, and ensures an improvement in the quality of life of patients on GnRH analog therapy.

However, similar to other GnRH analogs, Orntide has a short biological half-life, requiring frequent injections to initiate and maintain testosterone suppression.


One approach to initiating and sustaining in vivo levels of GnRH antagonists like Orntide can be through the use of polymeric excipients as carriers of the peptide. Indeed, this strategy has been successfully adopted with some of the earliest marketed dosage forms of GnRH agonists (e.g., Leuprolide) that released drug for 1, 3, or 4 months [19, 20] . Of the several polymeric excipients suitable for parenteral use, the polyester class of polymers has been extensively studied and most widely used. The polylactic (PLA) and polyglycolic (PGA) acid classes of polymers, along with their copolymers, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), are undeniably the most common excipients used to formulate small and large molecule drugs as they offer the possibility of sustaining drug release and enhancement of bioavailability and protect the encapsulated molecule from in vivo degradation [21, 22] . Selecting a PLA, PGA, or PLGA polymer to formulate a peptidic drug delivery system provides several advantages, especially since this class of polymers has long been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in humans. In addition to low immunogenicity and low toxicity, these polymers are biodegradable and biocompatible, have a well-known and extensive safety profile, and are cleared in vivo by the Krebs cycle. Unsurprisingly, they are often the polymers most utilized to develop drug delivery systems like implants, nanospheres, or microspheres, designed to provide sustained release of small molecules and biologics intramuscularly or subcutaneously [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] .

Indeed, this strategy has been successfully adopted with some of the earliest marketed dosage forms of GnRH agonists (e.g., Leuprolide) that released drug for 1, 3, or 4 months.

The polylactic (PLA) and polyglycolic (PGA) acid classes of polymers, along with their copolymers, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), are undeniably the most common excipients used to formulate small and large molecule drugs as they offer the possibility of sustaining drug release and enhancement of bioavailability and protect the encapsulated molecule from in vivo degradation.

Unsurprisingly, they are often the polymers most utilized to develop drug delivery systems like implants, nanospheres, or microspheres, designed to provide sustained release of small molecules and biologics intramuscularly or subcutaneously.


Several reports document the challenges faced by pharmaceutical researchers in the area of drug delivery of large molecules [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Undoubtedly, administration of large molecules like peptides and proteins in vivo is fraught with obstacles. Unlike most small molecules, peptides and proteins show poor oral absorption and bioavailability due to their large molecular weight and rapid degradation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract [6] . Choosing an alternate route of administration (e.g., parenteral, nasal) to deliver these types of large molecules does not provide significant advantages over oral administration due to the fact that they are rapidly degraded in body fluids, resulting in a short-half life in vivo [7] . Since proteins and peptides are generally considered to be highly potent molecules requiring administration of small therapeutic doses, a frequent dosing regimen is needed to maintain constant and continuous blood levels over a period of time. Such type of dosing is neither suitable nor ideal and often results in nonadherence to therapy, patient compliance issues, and increased costs [8] .

Several reports document the challenges faced by pharmaceutical researchers in the area of drug delivery of large molecules.

Unlike most small molecules, peptides and proteins show poor oral absorption and bioavailability due to their large molecular weight and rapid degradation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Choosing an alternate route of administration (e.g., parenteral, nasal) to deliver these types of large molecules does not provide significant advantages over oral administration due to the fact that they are rapidly degraded in body fluids, resulting in a short-half life in vivo.

Such type of dosing is neither suitable nor ideal and often results in nonadherence to therapy, patient compliance issues, and increased costs.


From literature, it is well known that PLGA copolymers have been the excipients of choice to encapsulate GnRH agonists and antagonists that are used to treat prostate cancer [33] [34] [35] [36] . However, several reports noted that therapy for 1-4 months was less than ideal, leading to the development and eventual approval of a dosage form that released the GnRH agonist (Leuprolide) for 6 months [37, 38] . In line with recent recommendations for the treatment of prostate cancer and in a manner similar to the findings noted with GnRH agonist therapy, extending Orntide release for 6 months would reduce the frequency of dosing and improve patient compliance [39, 40] . Hence, the goal of the current study was to develop and investigate the suitability of a PLA polymer towards providing tailored release of Orntide for a period of 6 months. Several characterization studies involving assessment of drug content by HPLC, particle size by laser diffractometry, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mass loss by gravimetry, and in vitro drug release profiles at real-time and elevated conditions were performed on three PLA microsphere formulations containing Orntide.

From literature, it is well known that PLGA copolymers have been the excipients of choice to encapsulate GnRH agonists and antagonists that are used to treat prostate cancer.

However, several reports noted that therapy for 1-4 months was less than ideal, leading to the development and eventual approval of a dosage form that released the GnRH agonist (Leuprolide) for 6 months.

In line with recent recommendations for the treatment of prostate cancer and in a manner similar to the findings noted with GnRH agonist therapy, extending Orntide release for 6 months would reduce the frequency of dosing and improve patient compliance.


The initial preference in the laboratory of fermented over fresh juice could be due to the presence of microbes that make metabolic by-products that have been identified as attractants for corn rootworm such as indole (Levine and Oloumi-Sadeghi, 1991) . Microbes that were present in the laboratory assays were removed before the fermented bait was applied to cucumbers in the field. Thus the differences between the laboratory assays and field data may be due to slight differences in concentration of the cucurbitacin E-glycoside in the different preparations, absence of microbes in the field experiments, or some yet to be discovered factor or factors. The HPLC profiles do not suggest that other cucurbitacins were present that could also account for these preference differences.

The initial preference in the laboratory of fermented over fresh juice could be due to the presence of microbes that make metabolic by-products that have been identified as attractants for corn rootworm such as indole.


Such increasing water demands may be interpreted as a reduction in precipitation. Farmers in northern Ethiopia claim to have shifted to more drought-resistant crops due to declining rainfall during the last couple of generations (Meze-Hausken 2004) . However, there is little evidence for precipitation trends in this region, neither in seasonal precipitation amounts nor in the frequency and intensity of extreme events (Meze-Hausken 2004; Seleshi and Camberlin 2006; Seleshi and Zanke 2004; Bewket and Conway 2007) . On the other hand, precipitation declines in southern and eastern Ethiopia have been documented, most strongly for the spring season (Seleshi and Camberlin 2006; Seleshi and Zanke 2004; Funk et al. 2008) .

Farmers in northern Ethiopia claim to have shifted to more drought-resistant crops due to declining rainfall during the last couple of generations.

However, there is little evidence for precipitation trends in this region, neither in seasonal precipitation amounts nor in the frequency and intensity of extreme events.

On the other hand, precipitation declines in southern and eastern Ethiopia have been documented, most strongly for the spring season.


The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains a short review of Poincaré gauge theory of gravity and Lovelock gravity. Third section is devoted to the new solutions of 5D Lovelock gravity -the BTZ black rings with(out) torsion. The conserved charges for these solutions are computed by using Nester formula [14] . In section 4, we construct the canonical generator of gauge transformations, local translations and Lorentz rotations, and compute the canonical conserved charges for the solutions constructed in section 3, confirming the results obtained in section 3. In section 5, we investigate canonical structure of the theory linearized around the solution with torsion, and conclude that in this sector, the theory exhibits additional degrees of freedom.

The paper is organized as follows.

The conserved charges for these solutions are computed by using Nester formula.


Lovelock gravity is one of many generalizations of general relativity, physically appealing because of its similarity to the former. It possesses equations of motion which are the second order differential equations, it is ghost free etc. But beyond this, most of its basic properties are not well known, and as the old saying says "Devil is in the details". Firstly, not many solutions are known and those constructed usually are torsionless or belong to some special point in the parameter space [6, 7, 8, 9, 10] . Secondly, symmetries and local degrees of freedom of the theory are not known for the generic choice of parameters, but only for the special case of Lovelock-Chern-Simons gravity [11] .

Firstly, not many solutions are known and those constructed usually are torsionless or belong to some special point in the parameter space.

Secondly, symmetries and local degrees of freedom of the theory are not known for the generic choice of parameters, but only for the special case of Lovelock-Chern-Simons gravity.


General theory of relativity introduced a revolution in our understanding of space-time and gravity, the influence of which on modern physics can hardly be emphasized enoughalmost all present investigations in high-energy physics are, in certain way, related to it. On one hand, General theory of relativity has been very successful in explaining experimental results, but on the other, it produced a lot of problems for physicists to solve. The first of them is the problem of singularities, appearing quite often in gravitational solutions; there are theorems which show that singularities must appear under certain physically reasonable assumptions [1] . This situation inspired research in the direction of alternative theories of gravity, with an idea of finding a singularity free theory that reproduces experimental results equally well as general relativity.

The first of them is the problem of singularities, appearing quite often in gravitational solutions; there are theorems which show that singularities must appear under certain physically reasonable assumptions.


In this paper we shall introduce new solutions with(out) torsion within Lovelock gravity in 5D by using the first order formulation. The most interesting of them are the BTZ black rings with(out) torsion, the properties of which can be analyzed by using the canonical formalism. The canonical analysis is a powerful tool for studying gauge theories, but it is not limited solely to them. It gives a well-defined procedure for determining symmetries of a theory, construction of the symmetry generators, and for counting the number of local degrees of freedom. Applying the canonical analysis to a theory is extremely rewarding because of the already mentioned results it gives. Note, in particular, that the most reliable approach to conserved charges in gravity is based on the canonical analysis [12, 13] . The main aspect of this approach consists in demanding the canonical generators to have welldefined functional derivatives. For a given asymptotic behavior of the fields, this condition usually requires the form of the generators to be improved by adding suitable surface terms.

Note, in particular, that the most reliable approach to conserved charges in gravity is based on the canonical analysis.


Our goal is to train deep neural ranking models that learn useful representations from the data without "overfitting" to the distributions of the training domains. Recently, adversarial learning has been shown to be an effective cross domain regularizer suitable for classification tasks [3, 17] . We adapt a similar strategy to force neural ranking models to learn more domain invariant representations. We train our neural ranking model on a small set of domains and evaluate its performance on held out domains. During training, we combine our ranking model with an adversarial discriminator that tries to predict the domain of the training sample based on the representations learned by the ranking model. The gradients from the adversarial components are reversed when backpropagating through the layers of the ranking model. This provides a negative feedback signal to the ranking model to discourage it from learning representations that may be significant only for specific domains. Our experiments show consistent improvements in ranking performance on held out domains from the proposed adversarial training-sometimes up to 30% improvement on precision@1.

Recently, adversarial learning has been shown to be an effective cross domain regularizer suitable for classification tasks.


Experiments using the YapTab tabling engine with support for RCS showed very good results when compared to non-retroactive call by subsumption (Cruz and Rocha 2010) . Here, we focus on the retrieval algorithm and for this we analyze experimental results using some well-known tabled programs. The environment for our experiments was a PC with a 2.0 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo CPU and 2 GBytes of memory running MacOSX 10.6.6 with YapTab 6.03.

Experiments using the YapTab tabling engine with support for RCS showed very good results when compared to non-retroactive call by subsumption.


This double origin of racer goby populations in Poland creates a peculiar situation for the national legislation procedures as one population of a species is clearly alien and invasive, while the other one is not. According to the Polish legislation acts, the racer goby has been enlisted as an alien invasive species whose release to the environment is forbidden due to the possible threat it may pose to local biota (Rozporządzenie Ministra, 2011) . In light of our findings, the population from Strwiąż should be recognised as a special case and excluded from that list. Furthermore, some steps should be undertaken to raise public awareness to prevent translocation of the gobies between the rivers to prevent deterioration of the evolutionarily isolated genetic pools of the Dnieper and of the Dniester basins.

According to the Polish legislation acts, the racer goby has been enlisted as an alien invasive species whose release to the environment is forbidden due to the possible threat it may pose to local biota.


Subclinical inflammation, being the primary trigger for many pathological mechanisms in the development of T2D, anti-inflammatory bioactives, such as curcumin and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA), appear to be an attractive strategy to delay the risk of developing T2D in individuals with prediabetes. These bioactive compounds influence multiple numbers of physiological mechanisms and have relatively higher safety profiles [22, 23] . These bioactives could provide beneficial effects in insulin resistance and T2D by the following pathways: (1) down-regulating inhibitor of kappa B kinase (IKK)/nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways for lowering chronic low-grade inflammation, (2) scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing oxidative stress, (3) providing cytoprotection for improving betacell function, (4) reducing the accumulation of fatty acid metabolites for increasing insulin sensitivity, (5) upregulation of 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and (6) modulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonistic activity.

These bioactive compounds influence multiple numbers of physiological mechanisms and have relatively higher safety profiles.


Indeed, the courtyard is a familiar concept that has being put into use in the design of buildings in almost all the cultural groups in Nigeria, notably are; the Yoruba, Hausa and the Igbo (CHOKOR*, 2005) . For instance, the Yoruba traditional building layout has shown that the residence of the Obas (Chiefs), their area for settling disputes and the individual homestead of a typical Yoruba person celebrates the courtyard concept (Osasona & Hyland, 2006) . The source of its value is a product of its sense of privacy and security to the immediate family (Sthapak & Bandyopadhyay, 2014) . But there exists a disparity with the Igbos. The Igbo traditional architectural pattern took the concept of grouping of buildings and the individual homestead was situated around a space, thus, creating a courtyard (Adeyemi, 2008) . On the other hand, the Hausa (constituting the majority group) in the northern part of Nigeria also, have their own homestead layout influenced by religion and culture. The house layout plan of the other minority groups as mentioned is not different in terms of its conceptual ideologies.

Indeed, the courtyard is a familiar concept that has being put into use in the design of buildings in almost all the cultural groups in Nigeria, notably are; the Yoruba, Hausa and the Igbo.

For instance, the Yoruba traditional building layout has shown that the residence of the Obas (Chiefs), their area for settling disputes and the individual homestead of a typical Yoruba person celebrates the courtyard concept.

The source of its value is a product of its sense of privacy and security to the immediate family.

The Igbo traditional architectural pattern took the concept of grouping of buildings and the individual homestead was situated around a space, thus, creating a courtyard.


Courtyards were frequently use as the main assembly area for definite purposes such as: gardening, cooking, working, playing, sleeping, or even in some cases as places to keep animals (Edwards, 2006) . As an unlock space inside a cluster or urban structure, courtyard fulfils a variety of task, like; social, leisure and microclimate. The significance of such a space was by their being situated in central sites inside the urban fabric or building .

Courtyards were frequently use as the main assembly area for definite purposes such as: gardening, cooking, working, playing, sleeping, or even in some cases as places to keep animals.


As explained in Section 2.1, the flat storage model is a very flexible solution for the management of point clouds, dynamic or not. The method can either be used as a final storage model or as an intermediate stage in order to efficiently create blocks. However, being able to efficiently ask questions to the database is directly proportional to the data structure and access methods used. Therefore, a clustering technique, and more specifically a SFC can be used for the efficient sorting of the points. A SFC has the ability to apply a linear ordering to a multi-dimensional domain. Many SFCs have been developed through the decades, all of which preserve a different degree of proximity in the data. Two very commonly used orderings are the Morton and the Hilbert curve. The curves are respectively shown in Figure 1a and 1b for the 2D case. Both curves have the characteristic of being Quadrant recursive, which indicates that the cells in any sub-quadrant have consecutive SFC values. SFCs, which can be extended to the nD space, have been proven to be very relevant for multidimensional storage (Lawder, 2000) . A 3D implementation of the Morton curve is given in Figure 1c . One important advantage of utilising SFCs is that the derived one dimensional values can be indexed using a B-Tree.

SFCs, which can be extended to the nD space, have been proven to be very relevant for multidimensional storage.


Invalidation during clinical consultations can be unintentional, and still have detrimental effects. Consultants' reassurances that there is no underlying disease can leave patients feeling that their problem has not been listened to or taken seriously (Linton et al., 2011) . Positive attempts to show compassion or reassure patients may be experienced as invalidating; efforts to normalize patients' symptoms or concerns without engaging with their worries may result in the patient expanding on symptoms in order to encourage the physician to listen and heed their concerns (Dowrick, Ring, Humphris & Salmon, 2004) . We suggest that reducing invalidating feedback, rather than offering validating feedback per se, has clear potential for alleviating physiological and emotional arousal.

Consultants' reassurances that there is no underlying disease can leave patients feeling that their problem has not been listened to or taken seriously.

Positive attempts to show compassion or reassure patients may be experienced as invalidating; efforts to normalize patients' symptoms or concerns without engaging with their worries may result in the patient expanding on symptoms in order to encourage the physician to listen and heed their concerns.


Considering the effect of the ultrastructure on hygroscopic properties, it was postulated that the hygroscopicity of each internode could be evaluated based on the distribution of vascular bundles. As noted above, the amount of water adsorbed is expected to decrease when the number of vascular bundles per unit area increases. The fact that the moisture content of the outer parts with a higher vascular bundle density is lower than that of the inner parts supports this evaluation (Nakano et al. 2006) . Figure 5 shows the relationship between the number of vascular bundles per unit area and the internode number. The vascular bundle density of both the inner and outer parts increases with increasing internode number. The relationship between the amount of extract and vascular bundle density is shown in Fig. 6 . The amount of alkaline extract decreases proportionally with increasing vascular bundle density. The number of vascular bundle per mm2 Weight loss by extraction substances, both decrease with increasing internode number. Hygroscopicity is further influenced by sclerenchyma cells consisting of bundle sheaths that restrain swelling because of their multilayered structure. How much the two factors influence the hygroscopicity of the internode was not conclusively determined by the present study.

The fact that the moisture content of the outer parts with a higher vascular bundle density is lower than that of the inner parts supports this evaluation.


Magnetic Resonance Imaging is widely used for noninvasive imaging of brain anatomy and function (FMRI) and much of the research consists of studying the patterns of brain activation or changes in brain anatomy to understand brain function and disease. With MRI methods, the measurement of brain activity, which occurs in neurons forming the grey matter, is sampled using a volumetric grid. Due to the highly convoluted nature of the cortical surface (see Figure 1 -A), this sampling can obscure the topological detail of the patterns of brain activation. Partly to address this issue, the volumetric data are mapped onto 3D models of the cortical surface and the topology of activation is analyzed directly on the surface models [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . In addition to recovering the topology of activation, cortical surface models can greatly simplify data visualization; revealing the pattern of activation throughout the cortex with as little as one view (when using flattened surfaces). However, such data representation modes are considerably removed from the original data, which presents two difficulties: data mapping across domains, and relating the various methods of rendering the data. The former problem might affect the topology of activation, and the latter is important from a practical point of view when analyzing complex data. With these difficulties in mind, we designed SUMA, a program that adds cortical surface-based functional imaging analysis to AFNI [11] .

Partly to address this issue, the volumetric data are mapped onto 3D models of the cortical surface and the topology of activation is analyzed directly on the surface models.

With these difficulties in mind, we designed SUMA, a program that adds cortical surface-based functional imaging analysis to AFNI.


Second, we set aside the redistribution function and concentrate mainly on the stabilization features of equalization. The former has been a major issue in the literature, but evaluating the redistribution performance of equalization is of limited concern in the Canadian case. That is because the design of the equalization system itself (along with other components of the …scal transfer system) is based on a formula that ensures that tax capacities are comprehensively equalized for the have-not provinces. Thus, the adequacy of the equalization system in addressing the redistribution function is not in question, although there may well be debates about the normative case for such a function, and the extent to which it should be pursued (Usher 1995) . There is as well a conceptual problem with taking the standard approach to estimating the redistributive impact of equalization on personal incomes. One would have to take account both of the equalization transfers paid by the federal government, and the source of general revenues used to …nance the scheme. By focusing on provincial government revenues, this kind of individual income accounting is not necessary.

Thus, the adequacy of the equalization system in addressing the redistribution function is not in question, although there may well be debates about the normative case for such a function, and the extent to which it should be pursued.


Within the United States (U.S.), logging is one of the most dangerous occupational sectors in terms of mortality [5] . The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the occupational fatality rate for logging was nearly 40 times the fatality rate for all other occupations [6] . Interestingly, in terms of injury rates in the U.S., the logging industry had lower rates than all other industries combined (2.3 per 100 full-time equivalent (FTE) vs. 3.3 per 100 FTE, respectively) [7] . The stark differences between the relative mortality and morbidity rates for the logging sector in comparison to all occupational sectors may be due to the severity of injuries leading to death in logging as well as to the underreporting of less significant injuries as reported in both logging and construction industries [8, 9] . Near-miss incidents, which may indicate a future risk of injury, are also significantly underreported in the forestry industry [10] .

Within the United States (U.S.), logging is one of the most dangerous occupational sectors in terms of mortality.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the occupational fatality rate for logging was nearly 40 times the fatality rate for all other occupations.

Interestingly, in terms of injury rates in the U.S., the logging industry had lower rates than all other industries combined (2.3 per 100 full-time equivalent (FTE) vs. 3.3 per 100 FTE, respectively).

The stark differences between the relative mortality and morbidity rates for the logging sector in comparison to all occupational sectors may be due to the severity of injuries leading to death in logging as well as to the underreporting of less significant injuries as reported in both logging and construction industries.

Near-miss incidents, which may indicate a future risk of injury, are also significantly underreported in the forestry industry.


Like O. agrili, O. primorskyensis is a solitary egg parasitoid that reproduces through thelytokous parthenogenesis. Field collection data show that O. primorskyensis occurs further north than O. agrili, which is found primarily in North to Northeast China, including Jilin and Liaoning provinces and the Beijing area (Wang et al. 2015) . Oobius primorskyensis has a diapause that is very different from that of O. agrili. Following 3-6 mo of chilling at 2 to 12 C, the diapaused wasps of both Oobius primorskyensis and O. agrili produced a majority of nondiapause progeny. However, in the next generation 95% O. primorskyensis diapaused, and in the following generation nearly 100% diapaused. In contrast, a majority (60-96%) of O. agrili did not diapause after their parents had diapaused. The drastic difference in diapause between O. primorskyensis and O. agrili may reflect a difference in temporal riskspreading between the two species in their native ranges (the Russian Far East versus Northeast China), and may have important implications for their establishment and efficacy in biological control of A. planipennis in North America. Further investigations of their risk-spreading strategies in their native ranges and North America would be worthwhile for development of an effective biological control program against A. planipennis.

Field collection data show that O. primorskyensis occurs further north than O. agrili, which is found primarily in North to Northeast China, including Jilin and Liaoning provinces and the Beijing area.


The purchasing literature on supplier development has extensively discussed the issues concerning the establishment of supplier development programs, and the characteristics, benefits, and management of such programs (Liker and Choi, 2004) . It provides valuable information for managers and practitioners to understand the reasons for becoming involved in supplier development, the process of establishing supplier development programs, and the possible benefits that can be gained from supplier development (Reed and Walsh, 2002; Goffin et al., 2006) . However, there is still a limitation in the current research on supplier development.

The purchasing literature on supplier development has extensively discussed the issues concerning the establishment of supplier development programs, and the characteristics, benefits, and management of such programs.

It provides valuable information for managers and practitioners to understand the reasons for becoming involved in supplier development, the process of establishing supplier development programs, and the possible benefits that can be gained from supplier development.


Supplier development can be defined as any effort a buying firm expends on a supplier to increase the performance and capabilities of the supplier to meet the buying firm's own short-term or long-term supply needs (Krause and Ellram, 1997a) . This study investigates the impacts of supplier development efforts on buyer competitive advantage. The primary research objective is to develop a descriptive model that postulates the possible relationships between supplier development efforts and buyer competitive advantage. The model adopts the buying firm's perspective as a basis for understanding the performance implications of supplier development and investigating how different characteristics of supplier development efforts influence buyer competitive performance outcomes.

Supplier development can be defined as any effort a buying firm expends on a supplier to increase the performance and capabilities of the supplier to meet the buying firm's own short-term or long-term supply needs.


The SAFE program consisted on seismic PsD tests on 13 RC shear wall specimens submitted to the same accelerogram for several increasing intensities. The parameters that changed among the walls were the thickness, the reinforcement, the normal load, and the design frequency, which was controlled by the theoretical mass introduced in the equation of motion for running the PsD tests. In fact, the design frequency was observed to have a strong influence on the damage at the respective design intensity of the wall and on the safety margin for higher intensities [1] . Some of the aspects that interact to produce this effect are made clearer by the current study.

In fact, the design frequency was observed to have a strong influence on the damage at the respective design intensity of the wall and on the safety margin for higher intensities.


The average number concentrations of particles ranging in sizes from 26 to 600 nm obtained from essential oils under different test conditions are plotted in Fig. 1 . It can be seen that particle number concentrations in background air and in the presence of oil vapor for all the essential oils tested, except lemon oil, were largely unchanged. Statistical test indicated a significant increase of particle number concentration when lemon oil was evaporated (p = 0.002). When those essential oils were presented with 120 ppb of ozone, lemon oil was observed to have a substantial increase of particle number concentration (p < 0.001) and Chinese mulberry (p = 0.011) and perillae folium (p = 0.002) were the only two Chinese herbal oils with a significant increase in concentration. Table 1 lists the major constituents and the respective percentages of all essential oils obtained from GC/MS analysis. It can be seen that lemon oil contained terpenes such as limonene, α-pinene and β-pinene, which Hoffmann identified as SOA precursors (i.e., unsaturated compounds) (Hoffmann et al., 1997) . No such SOA precursors were found in the Chinese herbal oils with the exception of Chinese mulberry and perillae folium oils which contained relatively small amounts of limonene. The results of the qualitative analysis coincided with the observed increase of particle concentration (Fig. 1) when ozone was presented with Chinese mulberry and perillae folium oils.

It can be seen that lemon oil contained terpenes such as limonene, α-pinene and β-pinene, which Hoffmann identified as SOA precursors (i.e., unsaturated compounds).


Unemployment has become progressively one of the major problems facing both developing and developed countries. With the spread of the financial crisis that started in the United States of America and transferred into the real economy worldwide, the economic growth decreased, which has led to a high rate of unemployment. Economic stagnation after October 2008 led to an increase in the number of unemployed to 20 million to become unemployed around the world (Tunali, 2010) . On the other hand, inflation phenomenon has shown remarkable changes from the mid-eighties of the last century. Inflation has become less persistent, less responsive to supply side shocks (Ali, 2011) .

Economic stagnation after October 2008 led to an increase in the number of unemployed to 20 million to become unemployed around the world.

Inflation has become less persistent, less responsive to supply side shocks.


The trade-off between inflation and unemployment has become one of the most important tools that central banks take into account when designing and implementing the monetary policy. Therefore, Phillips curve implies significant implications for policy makers. One of the major objectives of central banks is to stabilize prices through controlling inflation. Central banks tend to develop their monetary policy in such a way that enables them to maintain inflation at the lowest possible level. However, if there is a negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, central banks can keep low inflation rates, but this implies consequently to accept high rates of unemployment (Furuoka, 2007) .

However, if there is a negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, central banks can keep low inflation rates, but this implies consequently to accept high rates of unemployment.


The performance of a ski boot is often equated with its (forward) flex index. A parameter used by nearly every manufacturer ranging from 50 (soft) up to 150 (very stiff). Despite the widespread usage there is no regulation how to measure these stiffness indices and it is up to the manufacturer to test and rate their models. Usually boots with high flex indices are used by more experienced and skilled skiers whereas for beginners softer boots are recommended. However personal preferences alter from skier to skier depending on the riding style and the main discipline. During the XXII Olympic Winter games two different boot designs were used in racing disciplines and freestyle events [13] . Significantly different flexural behavior could be found for the two models. The 3-piece design used in freestyle events offered a much more linear increase in stiffness making it more efficient in absorbing landings and bumps on the slope. Whereas the overlap boot design (racing) provides a faster power transmission from the skier to the ski. Elite mogul skiers showed an improved performance when using a boot with much more forward flex than their normal boot. They were able to keep a more centered skiing position and knee bending moments were reduced [14] .

During the XXII Olympic Winter games two different boot designs were used in racing disciplines and freestyle events.

They were able to keep a more centered skiing position and knee bending moments were reduced.


Muscular activity of the lower leg is also affected by the boots flexural behavior showing a higher activation with softer boots [15] . Coincidentally experienced skiers tend to keep a constant lower leg posture using boots with varying stiffness [16, 17] . Since a softer boot gives less resistance against external bending moments, the muscles in hip, knee and ankle need to generate more muscular power, eventually leading to faster fatigue. Furthermore boot stiffness is considered to influence learning behavior of novice skiers [18] .

Muscular activity of the lower leg is also affected by the boots flexural behavior showing a higher activation with softer boots.

Coincidentally experienced skiers tend to keep a constant lower leg posture using boots with varying stiffness.

Furthermore boot stiffness is considered to influence learning behavior of novice skiers.


Increasing power system flexibility by responsive demand may become one of the solutions to this problem. Recently, the utilization of demand-side resources such as refrigerators, freezers, heat pump water heaters and air-conditioning loads for providing the needed fast-response regulation services has been shifting into focus [4] [5] [6] [7] . One of the reasons why this has not been done is the perceived difficulties in dealing with many small loads rather than a limited number of generating units. In particular, the cost associated with the two-way communications appear to be insurmountable obstacles.

Recently, the utilization of demand-side resources such as refrigerators, freezers, heat pump water heaters and air-conditioning loads for providing the needed fast-response regulation services has been shifting into focus.


The widespread diffusion of services and devices using wireless communications has led to a growing interest in electromagnetic (EM) energy harvesting applications. As a consequence, the development of efficient rectifying antennas (rectennas) has become a hot research topic [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . In fact, a rectenna is a device designed to collect the energy associated to a free propagating EM wave and to transform it into Direct Current (DC) power, thus representing the key element for EM energy harvesting and wireless power transmission applications.

As a consequence, the development of efficient rectifying antennas (rectennas) has become a hot research topic.


Literature review: OI in the public sector OI is an umbrella term that describes processes, outcomes, and business models of a new form of innovation creation. OI approaches appeared first in the private sector allowing organizations to explore new clientele, market segments, or the invention of new products and designs. Current OI studies focus predominantly on research and development-intensive industry organizations (Murray et al. 2012; Villarroel 2013) . Practices and research have only minimally been expanded to the public sector.

Current OI studies focus predominantly on research and development-intensive industry organizations.


Open innovation (OI) is the process of crowdsourcing solutions to organizational problems to ensure organizational survival or renewal (Chesbrough 2003) . Online platforms are used to announce product design contests, such as Lego's design of new sceneries, or Netflix's search for a new algorithm to suggest movies to its users. The knowledge of traditional innovators like R&D departments in private sector organizations is supplemented by including external amateurs who are not part of the organization into the product design process using monetary incentives to encourage participation (Chesbrough and Crowther 2006) .

Open innovation (OI) is the process of crowdsourcing solutions to organizational problems to ensure organizational survival or renewal.

The knowledge of traditional innovators like R&D departments in private sector organizations is supplemented by including external amateurs who are not part of the organization into the product design process using monetary incentives to encourage participation.


Cutting height in corn silage production is often close to the ground, which could negatively affect intercropped forage survival and production. Low cutting height could remove valuable tillers, compromising pasture development and nutrient cycling. Silage harvest also has extensive traffic and heavy pressure from loaded equipment (Jaremtchuk et al. 2006) . Silage harvest traffic could affect regrowth of grass and pasture formation, in addition to compacting soil. To reduce soil surface compaction, many farmers opt to use tillage after silage harvest, a practice which jeopardizes soil conservation. Therefore, developing sustainable no-tillage silage production systems is needed, especially if promising ICLS production strategies can be added to improve overall agricultural functionality.

Silage harvest also has extensive traffic and heavy pressure from loaded equipment.


With the rapid development of miniaturization and integration, micro components have been widely applied to micro-electromechanical systems, micro-system technology, and precision machinery. Responding to this important industry trend, micro forming processes, which have unique advantages compared with other micro manufacturing technologies, have been rapidly developed and researched. Nevertheless, the deformation behavior of materials is considerably changed when the geometrical sizes of components decrease to the microscale. The deformation mechanics, material flow, and friction condition are changed because of the size effect [1] . As such, it is critical to investigate the size effect on the deformation behavior of materials. Many scholars have conducted investigation on the size effect phenomenon, including grain size effect, specimen size effect, and feature size effect [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] .

The deformation mechanics, material flow, and friction condition are changed because of the size effect.

Many scholars have conducted investigation on the size effect phenomenon, including grain size effect, specimen size effect, and feature size effect.


Biodiversity around the world is rapidly decreasing and will continue to deteriorate if no action is taken [1] . High biodiversity is the most important basis of ecosystem resilience and leads to stable water and food supplies for human society [2, 3] . Moreover, there is a lot of evidence that biodiversity strongly influences ecosystem services that are essential benefits to humanity [4, 5] . The major causes of biodiversity decline are habitat loss and degradation, pollution, climate changes, over-exploitation, and invasive species [4, 6] . To cope with these issues, there is increasing effort worldwide to conserve biodiversity and manage natural resources efficiently [7, 8] .

Biodiversity around the world is rapidly decreasing and will continue to deteriorate if no action is taken.

High biodiversity is the most important basis of ecosystem resilience and leads to stable water and food supplies for human society.

Moreover, there is a lot of evidence that biodiversity strongly influences ecosystem services that are essential benefits to humanity.

The major causes of biodiversity decline are habitat loss and degradation, pollution, climate changes, over-exploitation, and invasive species.

To cope with these issues, there is increasing effort worldwide to conserve biodiversity and manage natural resources efficiently.


For efficient and systematic management of biodiversity, it is necessary to understand the current environment of such. Identification of environmental characteristics provides useful information for conservation of species because similar environments are likely to have similar flora and fauna [9] . Therefore, identifying the areas with similar environmental characteristics based on accurate environmental information and spatially expressing them can provide a basis for biodiversity conservation and efficient management [10] . For example, it can be used to prioritize allocation of resources for biodiversity conservation, to set the spatial range of protected areas, and to set standards for selecting sample areas for research [11] [12] [13] [14] .

Identification of environmental characteristics provides useful information for conservation of species because similar environments are likely to have similar flora and fauna.

Therefore, identifying the areas with similar environmental characteristics based on accurate environmental information and spatially expressing them can provide a basis for biodiversity conservation and efficient management.

For example, it can be used to prioritize allocation of resources for biodiversity conservation, to set the spatial range of protected areas, and to set standards for selecting sample areas for research.


Since 1961 broom corn millet has undergone multiple entries into New Zealand, finally becoming widespread in sweetcorn crops in Hawke's Bay, Poverty Bay and Marlborough between 1995 and 2005 (James et al. 2010) . The early incursions would have been of the cultivated type and apparently have not persisted. However, some of the later incursions were of the wild-type, which have established and been widely dispersed in sweet corn crops by harvesting machinery. Now widespread, this weed is reducing crop yields through competition and interfering with harvesting by clogging machinery.

Since 1961 broom corn millet has undergone multiple entries into New Zealand, finally becoming widespread in sweetcorn crops in Hawke's Bay, Poverty Bay and Marlborough between 1995 and 2005.


When the electroporation process is initiated, the sensor continuously monitors each cell's passage across the electroporation zone. Cell entry into the electroporation zone produces a sharp current drop in comparison to the buff er baseline due to the high impedance of the cell, which also serves as the basis for the well-known resistive-pulse sensing technique [26] [27] [28] . Once a cell has been identifi ed, a solid state switch is actuated to automatically apply an electroporation pulse with a predefi ned electric fi eld strength and duration via a customized signal processing program in LabVIEW (LabVIEW Professional Edition 2015, National Instruments) (Fig. 1c) . Immediately following the pulse application, the current is again monitored to record any post-pulse impedance changes from the cell prior to its departure from the electroporation zone.

Cell entry into the electroporation zone produces a sharp current drop in comparison to the buff er baseline due to the high impedance of the cell, which also serves as the basis for the well-known resistive-pulse sensing technique.


While a litre of petrodiesel contains about 46 MJ, a litre of B100 contains approximately 33 MJ. The difference for small blends is not noticeable. Most users fuelling at with a relatively higher B20 blend do not even notice the small effect on engine power, torque or fuel economy, which is as little as 1% [6] . Although different blends of biodiesels are currently available on the market there is need for comparison regarding performance and emissions between diesel, biodiesel and their blends. This paper looks at the effects of biodiesel blending on the performance and emissions in a diesel generating set.

Most users fuelling at with a relatively higher B20 blend do not even notice the small effect on engine power, torque or fuel economy, which is as little as 1%.


Combined heat and power generation or cogeneration has been considered worldwide as a major alternative to traditional systems in terms of significant energy saving and environmental conservation. The most promising target in the application of CHP lies in energy production for buildings, where small scale denotes systems with usually less than 100 kW electrical output. Micro-scale systems are the usually in the range of less than 15kW electrical output [7] .

Micro-scale systems are the usually in the range of less than 15kW electrical output.


The main ingredient of our proofs is a powerful graph minimization technique introduced by Ol'shanskii and Arzhantseva [6] . We believe that this method is applicable in a variety of situations and deserves to be much more widely known and used. Their method is in many ways dual to the "perimeter reduction" technique of McCammond-Wise [8, 29, 42, 55] . Both methods allow one to study subgroups of non-free groups by means of Stallings subgroup graphs. Perimeter reduction reduces "what is missing" by filling in relator cycles. To be able to use this method, McCammond and Wise introduced the idea of a "distributive" small cancellation hypothesis which involves how occurrences of the generators are distributed among the relators. The Arzhantseva-Ol'shanskii minimization method reduces "what is present" by cutting out "large" parts of relator cycles. Arzhantseva and Ol'shanskii proposed a strong kind of "genericity" small cancellation condition adopted for groups with a given number of generators. We shall give a precise definition of this condition later.

The main ingredient of our proofs is a powerful graph minimization technique introduced by Ol'shanskii and Arzhantseva.

Their method is in many ways dual to the "perimeter reduction" technique of McCammond-Wise.


Traditional food manufacturing appreciated to this day by some consumers was at the origin of products from the food industry. In old times, an excess of food need to be conserved for a long time to survive in winter or in drought periods. Together with drying and salting, fermentation is one of the oldest methods of food preservation, and embedded in traditional cultures and village life (Marshall and Meijia, 2012) . Today, when many secrets of fermentation are known, the nutritional and hygienic quality of food required had been mastered in the food industry. Indeed, some micro-organisms had largely been exploited in the food fermentation including lactic acid bacteria, moulds and yeast (Giraffa, 2004) . They are responsible for many proprieties of fermented *Corresponding author. E-mail: lazreglouiza@yahoo.fr. Tel: + 213 662422068.

Together with drying and salting, fermentation is one of the oldest methods of food preservation, and embedded in traditional cultures and village life.

Indeed, some micro-organisms had largely been exploited in the food fermentation including lactic acid bacteria, moulds and yeast.

E-mail: lazreglouiza@yahoo.fr.

Tel: + 213 662422068.


Research reveals that parental distress is positively correlated with child distress. Children of depressed and anxious parents show more internalizing and externalizing behaviors than those without depressed and/or anxious parents (Langrock, Compas, Keller, Merchant, & Copeland, 2002) . As parents of children with cancer are at a higher risk of showing distress, their mental status may influence the child's affect and leads to adjustment difficulties in him/her (Steele, Dreyer, & Phipps, 2004; Dockerty, Williams, McGee, & Skegg, 2000) .

Children of depressed and anxious parents show more internalizing and externalizing behaviors than those without depressed and/or anxious parents.

As parents of children with cancer are at a higher risk of showing distress, their mental status may influence the child's affect and leads to adjustment difficulties in him/her.


Another factor related to parental system is the quality of child-parent relationship. Interpersonal relationships are thought to be vital for psychological and physical health as they are positively linked to life satisfaction (Bradbury, Cohan, & Karney, 1998) . Despite the formation of different relationships through life span, child-parent relationship is of crucial importance as it is shaped at the early stages of life and is necessary for the child's long-term adjustment, health, and achievement (Amato & Booth, 1991; Thornton, Orbuch, & Axinn, 1995) . Pediatric cancer literature suggests that child-parent relationship is an important factor for child adjustment, but most studies are focused on family relations rather than child-parent relationship in specific (Orbuch, Parry, Chesler, Fritz, & Repetto, 2005) .

Interpersonal relationships are thought to be vital for psychological and physical health as they are positively linked to life satisfaction.

Despite the formation of different relationships through life span, child-parent relationship is of crucial importance as it is shaped at the early stages of life and is necessary for the child's long-term adjustment, health, and achievement.

Pediatric cancer literature suggests that child-parent relationship is an important factor for child adjustment, but most studies are focused on family relations rather than child-parent relationship in specific.


Also the acidity of TSO and the lower buffer capacity of the tubular crystallites may explain the dissolution of peritubular dentin [12, 13] . These factors resulted in an increase of intertubular demineralization. As a result, demineralization channels were observed extending from both peritubular and intertubular areas and they consisted of small, close-knit aqueous porosities forming a chelation slot, low in infiltrated monomers.

Also the acidity of TSO and the lower buffer capacity of the tubular crystallites may explain the dissolution of peritubular dentin.


To allow homogeneous infiltration of the smear in sound dentin, it was suggested that a thin smear layer of particles 2 Journal of Nanomaterials be produced in the surface by refining cavities with fine grit diamond burs [17] . However, this clinical procedure has not been evaluated in CAD, in which the morphology and chemical composition of the smear are different from those of unaltered dentin because of the diverse mineral/organic composition. The smear layer in CAD is richer in organic components and appears thicker than in sound dentin. The collagen component is a highly disorganized trapping mineral and cannot be easily removed even when strong acids are used [18] . A greater amount of "collagen smear layer, " compared with sound dentin, may be present on the surface of CAD because acids only solubilize the mineral component of the smear layer [12] . This collagen smear layer is impermeable to the monomers which inhibits uniform infiltration and will affect the quality of the bonding. Thus, the CAD smear layer may interfere with the infiltration of self-etching adhesives regardless of the manner in which it is created. Although many studies have investigated the influence of dentin characteristics on bonding, little research has attempted to correlate self-etchings with the heterogeneous aspects of vital CAD in daily practice under clinical conditions. By carrying out clinical studies it is possible to evaluate the morphological expression of the bonding procedure as a result of the simultaneous interaction of tooth-adhesives in clinical conditions. The object of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of interdiffusion of two types of two-step self-etching systems with differing pH values, bonded clinically in CAD cavities covered with a homogeneous smear layer of debris. The osmolarity of the primer components was also calculated.

To allow homogeneous infiltration of the smear in sound dentin, it was suggested that a thin smear layer of particles 2 Journal of Nanomaterials be produced in the surface by refining cavities with fine grit diamond burs.

The collagen component is a highly disorganized trapping mineral and cannot be easily removed even when strong acids are used.

A greater amount of "collagen smear layer, " compared with sound dentin, may be present on the surface of CAD because acids only solubilize the mineral component of the smear layer.


The hybrid layer was characterized by retained smear layer residues and scattered needle shape crystallites as an effect of the mild acidity of CSE. No effects attributed to the movement of fluids were observed within the interdiffusion, which appeared tightly sealed by the adhesive resin of CSE. The prevention of movement of fluids through the interface could be attributed to the mild demineralization of intertubular affected dentin and the low osmolarity of the primer, rather than to the presence of mineral occlusion in the dentinal tubules, even in the presence of pulpal pressure. Under clinical conditions of pulpal pressure, water movement may occur by way of the channels of least resistance, that is, the intratubular minerals and the thin peritubular dentin, towards the porous intertubular collagen of CAD, producing interference in the reinforcement and voids of resin [15] . Although the mineral deposits were retained in the tubules, peritubular dentin appeared densely infiltered and hybridized toward the intertubular regions without evidence of porosities. Also, the hybridization of the peritubular dentin generated a "ring-shaped" reinforcement which has been claimed to be a source of calcium ions that strongly contribute to the high chemical bonding of self-etchings [20] .

Under clinical conditions of pulpal pressure, water movement may occur by way of the channels of least resistance, that is, the intratubular minerals and the thin peritubular dentin, towards the porous intertubular collagen of CAD, producing interference in the reinforcement and voids of resin.

Also, the hybridization of the peritubular dentin generated a "ring-shaped" reinforcement which has been claimed to be a source of calcium ions that strongly contribute to the high chemical bonding of self-etchings.


In this study, in order to evaluate the capacity of interaction of the two self-etchings in CAD, we standardized the smear by finishing the cavity with an extra-fine diamond bur. This resulted in a thinner layer of smear debris, allowing infiltration of the affected dentin regardless of the pH of the acidic monomers [17] . At the same time, we studied the TEM appearance of the bonding obtained under clinical conditions of pulpal pressure, from the point of view of the pH and osmolarity of the adhesives used.

This resulted in a thinner layer of smear debris, allowing infiltration of the affected dentin regardless of the pH of the acidic monomers.


The high presence of HAP, still protecting the affected fibres within the submicron hybrid layer, is attributed to the proper mode of interaction of the mild functional monomer 10-MDP in CSE. The 10-MDP has the capacity to interact with the residual HAP establishing primary ionic binding [11, 15, [21] [22] [23] [24] . This chemical interaction causes the formation of a regularly layered structure on the surface, within which highly insoluble calcium salts are deposited. Also, the TEM observations show that CLE adequately infiltrates HAP and the partially demineralized collagen matrix, protecting fibrils from being exposed and degraded in environmental fluids [24] [25] [26] [27] .

The 10-MDP has the capacity to interact with the residual HAP establishing primary ionic binding.

Also, the TEM observations show that CLE adequately infiltrates HAP and the partially demineralized collagen matrix, protecting fibrils from being exposed and degraded in environmental fluids.


The rapid development of society, economy and an increasing number of human activities in most developing countries speed-up contamination and damage to the water resources. As the result monitoring of water quality is essential in order to characterize water and identify changes or trends in water quality over time [1] . For decades, water quality monitoring and evaluation have depended on a low-resolution water quality monitoring. This approach is time-consuming and expensive and not appropriate for certain biological and chemical processes such as oxidation-reduction potential that need to be measured on-site to ensure accuracy [2] . Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have received considerable attention in water quality monitoring and control applica-tions [3] - [7] . However, the practical application of WSN in water quality monitoring in developing countries is limited by following factors: 1) The initial investment cost of the WSN is considerably higher; 2) Physical security of the WSN nodes is also a challenge and 3) The sensor nodes are static over one particular location.

As the result monitoring of water quality is essential in order to characterize water and identify changes or trends in water quality over time.

This approach is time-consuming and expensive and not appropriate for certain biological and chemical processes such as oxidation-reduction potential that need to be measured on-site to ensure accuracy.

Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have received considerable attention in water quality monitoring and control applica-tions.


We tested our view synthesis method on several different indoor and outdoor scenes. There are a variety of ways to quantify the perceptual accuracy of an augmented reality system, such as correct depth [15] . We found that there four main requirements for a result to be visually plausible. The first and simplest is that the objects transferred from the occluded view should have reasonable sizes, positions, and skews. Second, as the source camera moves, the objects must show proper parallax when on the occluded side, otherwise they appear to simply be pasted to the wall. Third, an object must pass seamlessly across the occlusion boundary, as shown in Figure 5 . Fourth, a moving object should appear to keep the same smooth trajectory on both sides the boundary, which is shown in Figure 1 . Our algorithm is able to perform even when both the source camera and objects in the scene are moving. A live system running at 5hz was setup demonstrating how vehicle drivers could see around corners by receiving data from cameras placed at intersections. The full setup is shown in Figure 7 . Participants could move the source cameras and see the synthesized view on a large television. Since SIFT-based matching is free from drift, we were able to run for several hours without re-initialization. We used two standard DV camcorders that captured 720x480 interlaced images at 30Hz. Results from the live system are shown in Figures 5 and 7 . One applications of the proposed method is shown in Figure 6 (a). A sequence is taken from a moving vehicle, as it approaches an intersection. The seethrough in this application improve driver safety, allowing the driver to ensure there is no incoming traffic as he or she makes a turn around a corner. In Figure 6 (b), two video streams are visualized concurrently. Seethroughs allow both videos to be seen simultaneously.

There are a variety of ways to quantify the perceptual accuracy of an augmented reality system, such as correct depth.

The full setup is shown in Figure 7 .


There was a lack of observed heterozygosity compared to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (The Fis value for the sample including all the fields was significantly positive). This might suggest the presence of geitonogamy. This assumption is also corroborated by the fact that geitonogamy has been demonstrated in commercial watermelon cultivars (Ferreira et al. 2000; Loehrlein and Ray 2007) . However, more statistics and studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

This assumption is also corroborated by the fact that geitonogamy has been demonstrated in commercial watermelon cultivars.


On 12 December 2015, in Paris, France, the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement. Now, each country needs to achieve the submitted greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets and thus implements eco-friendly policies that encourage the use of eco-friendly energy such as renewable energy. Accordingly, conventional vertical energy industries based on fossil fuels are being gradually replaced by horizontal energy industries, and intensive studies on microgrids are ongoing these days. A microgrid is a power system that has distributed energy resources (DERs) to serve its internal load [1] . DERs include renewable energy such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT), distributed generators (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) [2] . Microgrids are expected to maximize energy efficiency, be self-sufficient in electricity and thus be considered as one of the key technologies to resolve environmental problem concerns [3] .

A microgrid is a power system that has distributed energy resources (DERs) to serve its internal load.

DERs include renewable energy such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine (WT), distributed generators (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs).

Microgrids are expected to maximize energy efficiency, be self-sufficient in electricity and thus be considered as one of the key technologies to resolve environmental problem concerns.


Limitations of our study must be considered when discussing our findings. First, the study was conducted on college students in the United States. Future studies may wish to examine these relationships in different countries and in different age groups. Second, to test drive for muscularity in women, future researchers may wish to alter the scale to assess women's desire to be tone rather than muscular (Kyrejto, Mosewich, Kowalski, Mack, & Crocker, 2008) . Third, only television and magazine conumption were assessed. Clearly, social media and internet consumption may affect drive for muscularity and drive for thinness. Future studies should examine the impact of other types of media. Fourth, there was a range of responses on number of magazines read and number of hours of television watched, with some participants not reading magazines or watching television. While these participants responses were kept in for data analysis purposes as we wanted the full response set, it would be interesting to see how the results differed when exlucding those participants who limit their media consumption. Finally, there are clearly other variables that relate to drive for thinness and drive for muscularity besides media factors (Pritchard, 2008) . Future studies should examine other factors as potential mediators of the relationships between media exposure and drive for thinness and drive for muscularity. For example, peer or family influences might be more powerful predictors of drive for thinness and drive for muscularity than media factors.

Second, to test drive for muscularity in women, future researchers may wish to alter the scale to assess women's desire to be tone rather than muscular.

Finally, there are clearly other variables that relate to drive for thinness and drive for muscularity besides media factors.


Light in the silicon layer of SOI is naturally confined in the vertical direction because of the high index contrast between the bottom oxide layer, Si layer, and air. By removing part (rib) or all (channel) of the silicon layer around the waveguide core in the horizontal plane, SOI waveguides are realized. To maximize the level of integration of PLCs on a single SOI chip, compact and low loss SOI waveguide bends are required. The radius of curvature of a conventional waveguide bend is determined by the index contrast of the waveguide in the horizontal plane. For channel waveguides in which the index contrast in the horizontal plane is large, low loss waveguide bends with < 2 μm radius of curvature have been reported [4, 5] . However, in the case of rib waveguides, the refractive index difference in the horizontal plane is relatively small, and thus the radius of curvature for a conventional waveguide bend is much larger.

For channel waveguides in which the index contrast in the horizontal plane is large, low loss waveguide bends with < 2 μm radius of curvature have been reported.


All but one football program had their 2010 coaching staffs posted online at the time of data collection, resulting in an analysis of 119 of the 120 DI-FBS teams. The resultant tally of coaches was 1,148; of which, 71.3% (n = 818) were White and 28.7% (n = 330) were African American. Coaches coded as "other" were dropped from the analysis. This was not significantly different than the coaching demographics of 2005, where 74.6% (n = 812) of the coaches were White and 25.4% (n = 276) were African American. However, the decrease in the gap between African American and White coaches altered the representation of racially diverse coaches to a more expected level (Everhart & Chelladurai, 1998) . Providing a closer examination into the racial proportion of Whites and African Americans in particular coaching positions, significant differences were found for changes in coaching representation among head coaches, defensive coordinators, and assistant coaches (Table 1) .

However, the decrease in the gap between African American and White coaches altered the representation of racially diverse coaches to a more expected level.


The results of this study were consistent with the results of other studies that assessed the use of CAM approaches by breast cancer patients and found that a substantial proportion of these patients use CAM, usually in parallel with their conventional treatments [1, 7, 21, 22] . Most of the CAM approaches used by our patients were found to be safe. However, sometimes sage and flax seed usage for estrogen-and progesterone-positive patients and exercise for patients with spinal metastasis can be inappropriate approaches. Therefore, questioning and informing patients of CAM use during the course of treatment is important.

The results of this study were consistent with the results of other studies that assessed the use of CAM approaches by breast cancer patients and found that a substantial proportion of these patients use CAM, usually in parallel with their conventional treatments.


The conversion/modification from wood savannah to cropland and shrub savannah was simultaneously paired with conversion/modification from shrub savannah, gallery forest and cropland to wood savannah. This could partly be explained by the positive effects of the forest resource management regime for fuel wood extraction in the district. Created in 1985 to supply fuel wood in Ouagadougou (capital city), the Cassou forest was split into 12 management units with 15 plots each. A selective cut is applied to each plot for a 15-year rotation [32] . Such management has contributed to converting cut areas (shrub savannah) into wood savannah before the next cut season. Further, during 1990-2000, there was a very little pressure on forest outside the management units as pointed out by participants during the FGD. This could be referred to as positive land use competition between two functional landscapes: food versus energy/biodiversity requirement. Land use competition is a systematic phenomenon characterized by a complex feedback process between human and biophysical components in the land systems [4] . Without the forest management activities in the area, all the forested area may have been transformed into croplands.

A selective cut is applied to each plot for a 15-year rotation.

Land use competition is a systematic phenomenon characterized by a complex feedback process between human and biophysical components in the land systems.


The verification of the SLM is measured using a high-speed photodetector (HP 53440B, 6 GHz) and an RF spectrum analyzer (Anritsu 2683A), which are generally used to show SLM behavior. The result is shown in Fig. 8 . From the figure, it is observed that there is no beat detected in the RF spectrum. In a fiber laser, the beating can occur when there is more than one mode oscillating in the cavity. Thus, SLM laser operation can be indicated by zero beating, as observed in the RF spectrum. In this paper, apart from Fig. 8 , further verification of SLM operation is reaffirmed using a delayed self-heterodyne RF spectrum technique. The basic setup consists of a 3 dB (1 Â 2) coupler with one port connecting to a 500-m-long single-mode fiber (SMF), which functions as the delay line, and the other port is connected to the Acousto Optic Modulator (AOM), is then recombined using a 3 dB (2 Â 1) coupler [6] . In this basic setup, the input coupler divides the signal from the fiber laser into two portions of the same power, with one portion propagating into the 500 m long SMF, while the other portion propagates into the AOM, which operates at 80 MHz. Both signals are then recombined at the output coupler [32] . The measured line-width from the RF spectrum is shown in Fig. 7 , and this equals 206.25 kHz, which proves that the output of the fiber laser operates in SLM. The proposed setup using a short length of highly doped erbium fiber in a ring cavity configuration with graphene as saturable absorber is capable to produce SLM operation. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of graphene-based saturable absorber providing SLM operation in a tunable fiber laser. The RF spectrum of delayed self-heterodyne signal is shown in Fig. 9 , while the linewidth measurement for 13 tuning wavelengths is shown in Fig. 10 . Only small linewidth variations are observed for different wavelengths in Fig. 10 .

The result is shown in Fig. 8 .

The basic setup consists of a 3 dB (1 Â 2) coupler with one port connecting to a 500-m-long single-mode fiber (SMF), which functions as the delay line, and the other port is connected to the Acousto Optic Modulator (AOM), is then recombined using a 3 dB (2 Â 1) coupler.

Both signals are then recombined at the output coupler.


In recent years, a considerable number of studies by behavioural economists revealed some limitations of the expected utility treatment of risk, and forced one to take into consideration psychological aspects of human behaviour (Kahneman, Knetsch, & Thaler, 1991) . It turned out that risk-aversion is not constant, and it depends on whether the outcome is a possible loss or gain (reflection effect). People tend to avoid risk under the gain domain and tend to seek risk under the loss domain (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) . Furthermore, the pain of losing is two to three times more intensive than the joy of winning the same amount of money (loss aversion). Interestingly, decisions often depend on the way the data are presented, that is, whether a possible effect is presented as a loss or as a gain (framing effect).

In recent years, a considerable number of studies by behavioural economists revealed some limitations of the expected utility treatment of risk, and forced one to take into consideration psychological aspects of human behaviour.

People tend to avoid risk under the gain domain and tend to seek risk under the loss domain.


There are, however, only a limited number of reports of QDSCs under concentrated sunlight. One such study analysed the evolution of V oc up to 10-suns and found a variation in the obtained diode ideality factor n, that depended on the thickness of spacer layer between consecutive layers of quantum dots [8] . In another study up to 450-suns the ideality factor was found to be n¼1.4 which is indicative of Shockley-Read-Hall recombination in the depletion region [18] . It has also been shown that within the intermediate band theory, voltage recovery occurs with increasing concentration for a QDSC relative to a control device but only at low temperatures [19] .

One such study analysed the evolution of V oc up to 10-suns and found a variation in the obtained diode ideality factor n, that depended on the thickness of spacer layer between consecutive layers of quantum dots.

In another study up to 450-suns the ideality factor was found to be n¼1.4 which is indicative of Shockley-Read-Hall recombination in the depletion region.

It has also been shown that within the intermediate band theory, voltage recovery occurs with increasing concentration for a QDSC relative to a control device but only at low temperatures.


The inclusion of stacked layers of InAs self-assembled quantum dots within the intrinsic region of a GaAs p-i-n diode has led to the development of a new type of quantum dot solar cell (QDSC) [1] [2] [3] [4] . The flexibility afforded by this system makes it an attractive prototype for realising the intermediate band solar cell [5] . Adding the quantum dots to the structure creates a narrow band of states within the energy band gap of the host GaAs and the capture of sub-band gap photons provides an additional contribution to the photocurrent. The challenge of using this system to realise the intermediate band solar cell is maintaining quasi-Fermi level separation between the quantum dots and the conduction band [6, 7] .

The inclusion of stacked layers of InAs self-assembled quantum dots within the intrinsic region of a GaAs p-i-n diode has led to the development of a new type of quantum dot solar cell (QDSC).

The flexibility afforded by this system makes it an attractive prototype for realising the intermediate band solar cell.

The challenge of using this system to realise the intermediate band solar cell is maintaining quasi-Fermi level separation between the quantum dots and the conduction band.


The GLPS model features in our previous model comparison exercise (Jacobs and Wallis, 2005) . It is used as an example of the SVAR style of modelling, for comparison with a modern example of the more traditional simultaneous-equation macroeconometric model (SEM). The two models under consideration differ appreciably in size, also in their treatment of exogeneity questions. The original VAR models were noticeably distinct from SEMs in abandoning the classification of variables as endogenous or exogenous, as noted above. In the closed economy context of much of the early empirical VAR analysis -the US economy, that is -this meant treating policy variables as endogenous, but here SEMs have followed suit, now containing policy reaction functions in place of their previous treatment of policy instruments as exogenous variables. In an open economy context, however, the distinction remains. The GLPS model treats variables describing the overseas economy as variables to be modelled in the same way as those describing the domestic economy, whereas in the UK SEM considered in our previous study the effect of the UK economy on the rest of the world is assumed to be negligible and "world" variables are treated as exogenous and are mostly unmodelled. The GVAR model, however, takes an intermediate position. Each nationaleconomy or regional block of the GVAR model is a conditional VECM of similar dimension to the GLPS model of the UK economy, with some differences in the menu of variables.

The GLPS model features in our previous model comparison exercise.


Income is obtained from electricity energy sale (or the saving from the utilization of electricity energy generated from biogas) and organic fertilizer sale. The price of PLN electricity energy for household purpose from July to September 2013 with power limiting of 2200 VA is 947.00 IDR per kWh, and the load cost is 75,760.00 IDR per month [18] . The organic solid fertilizer price is 500.00 IDR per kg [11] . By using Equation 10-15 the economic parameters is resulted, as shown in Table 5 . According to Table 5 , the economic parameters of NPV, PI, PP, and IRR show that investment of cow manure biogas as energy source for electricity power generation in small scale ranch is economically acceptable for all of investment condition, the NPV value is positive between 36,000,000.00 IDR and 79,000,000.00 IDR, the value of PI is more than 1 approximately between 1.5 and 2.2, the PP value between 3.3 and 5.1 years, and the IRR value is high enough more than 18% approximately between 18.6% and 32.3%, significantly higher than the discount rate value 10%.

The price of PLN electricity energy for household purpose from July to September 2013 with power limiting of 2200 VA is 947.00 IDR per kWh, and the load cost is 75,760.00 IDR per month.

The organic solid fertilizer price is 500.00 IDR per kg.


To produce electricity energy, the biogas is sent to the Generator-Set that utilize the heat of the combustion of methane in the biogas and convert it to electrical power. Biogas conversion is done by modifying the fuel system on a conventional generator set to become a biogas generator [10] . The electricity energy that can be generated will depend on the amount of biogas supplied to Gen-Set. Fig. 1 show the simple process scheme of cow manure biogas system applied by Puslit Telimek LIPI.

Biogas conversion is done by modifying the fuel system on a conventional generator set to become a biogas generator.


In view of the importance to photoluminescence properties, emission spectra of Psi in THF, dioxane, and DMSO at 4, 6, and 9 quantity of wafer piece were studied. The emission intensity of Psi in all solvents is pronounced greater at the 355 nm excitation wavelength. Therefore, 355 nm excitation wavelength was selected for all samples in order to understand the PL behavior of Psi corresponding to the quantity of wafer piece. Recently our group reported that the emission spectra of Psi in THF and dioxane using 4 wafer pieces also [22, 23] . Weak emissions lights were obtained from the Psi doped sol gel prepared using 4 quantities of silicon wafer piece. Therefore, by quantifying the wafer piece in etching process, emission properties of Psi in solvents were studied. For instance, emission peaks of THF varied in accordance with quantity of wafer pieces. The emission peak of Psi in THF at different excitation wavelength is seen in Figures 9 (a)-9(b). It is observed that intensities of the Psi depend on the excitation energy. As an example, 355 nm excitation of the samples exhibits stronger emission as compared to the 265 and 365 nm excitation. There is influenced in emission peak positions of Psi in THF at 4, 6, and 9 quantity of Si wafer piece. The corresponding peaks lie at 633 nm (4 Pcs), 619 nm (6 Pcs), and 620 nm (9 Pcs), respectively. The emission and excitation of Psi dispersed dioxane at the same condition as in THF was taken and found to be same characteristic in peak and intensities. As shown in Table 4 . As seen in present results, intensities of Psi particles in solvents possibility depend on the nature of solvents and the cross-section area of etching. Higher cross-section area of etching on wafer surface can produce greater quantity of silicon particles in solvents. In present observation shows that there is influenced in emission intensity due to more quantity of Psi in solution.

Recently our group reported that the emission spectra of Psi in THF and dioxane using 4 wafer pieces also.

As shown in Table 4 .


In addition to their pronociceptive effects on DRG neurons chemokines and their receptors are important in the recruitment of leukocytes. The observed recruitment of numerous inflammatory cells into diabetic DRG suggests a critical role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of PDN. Immune cells can certainly secrete numerous algogenic factors, which may also have direct excitatory effects on DRG neurons or may sensitize DRG neurons to the excitatory effects of SDF-1 or other mediators [10, 14] . SDF-1 has been shown to promote inflammatory cell infiltration into the DRG [10, 30] . Hence SDF-1 released from diabetic DRG neurons may well influence the influx of inflammatory cells into DRG which may have important implications for the generation of pain behaviors under these circumstances.

Immune cells can certainly secrete numerous algogenic factors, which may also have direct excitatory effects on DRG neurons or may sensitize DRG neurons to the excitatory effects of SDF-1 or other mediators.

SDF-1 has been shown to promote inflammatory cell infiltration into the DRG.