Bond graph model of Stewart platform is developed in this work using program package BondSim [1] . Presented strategy is based on hierarchical component model approach. The procedure is comfortable even in the case of the complex system. Model of SP was developed using components from the program library, and creating new components. Mathematical model of SP is automatically generated during the model building phase in the form of differential algebraic equations (DAEs). Owing to velocity formulation obtained using bond graphs, generated DAE system has index 1, and is solved using modified backward differential formula (BDF) solver.

Bond graph model of Stewart platform is developed in this work using program package BondSim.


In the hermit crab Pagurus filholi, the guarding pairs are often observed on fronds of leafy brown algae during the reproductive season (S. Goshima, personal observation). This behavior is thought to be a special habitat use pattern, only observed in the reproductive season, which suggests that some benefit may be gained for the guarding pairs by climbing the fronds. In this paper, we examine three hypotheses explaining why the guarding pairs were most common on the fronds of algae: they climbed up algae (1) to find mates; the algae fronds are aggregation places for mature solitary males and females to mate, (2) to avoid male-male competition over receptive females, and (3) to avoid potential predators. We first examined either solitary crabs or guarding pairs that had climbed up algae to test hypothesis 1. If the solitary males and females had climbed up to find mates, then many guarding pairs might be observed on the algae after pairing, because the precopulatory guarding behavior lasts for several days ). On the other hand, if guarding pairs climbed up, then the aggregation hypothesis will not be accepted. We then performed several experiments to examine the other two hypotheses. In hypothesis 2 (avoidance of competing males), the tactic of hiding receptive females on the algae may play an important role in precopulatory mate guarding, as already mentioned. In hypothesis 3 (avoidance of predators), some studies found that guarding pairs are more conspicuous, less mobile, and have a higher risk of predation than solitary individuals (Magnhagen 1991; Andersson 1994; Jormalainen 1998; Wellborn and Cothran 2007) . For example, in fish predation treatments for a freshwater amphipod species, guarding pairs were consumed about twice as frequently as solitary individuals (Cothran 2004) . If this is the case in the hermit crab, males may perform precopulatory guarding behavior on the algae with less visibility among leafy fronds, leading to a lower predation risk.

In hypothesis 3 (avoidance of predators), some studies found that guarding pairs are more conspicuous, less mobile, and have a higher risk of predation than solitary individuals.

For example, in fish predation treatments for a freshwater amphipod species, guarding pairs were consumed about twice as frequently as solitary individuals.


Males also adopt a counter tactic against the above indirect female choice. The guarding males climb up algae of less crowded areas to avoid male-male competition. The leafy algae do not only affect visible recognition of guarding pairs by rival males among algae fronds, but also keep a given distance to contain the action radius of female sex pheromones to the rival males beneath. This synergy leads to consistency in duration of guarding pairs and probably contributes to fertilization success of the guarding males. The climbing tactic exhibited by guarding males could be a way of reducing the ability of the guarded females to attract competing males through sex pheromone activity. Indeed, this is an example of sexually antagonistic coevolution exhibited by the hermit crab, predicted to rise under sexual conflict (Arnqvist and Rowe 2005) .

Indeed, this is an example of sexually antagonistic coevolution exhibited by the hermit crab, predicted to rise under sexual conflict.


Patients with congenital heart defects often need surgical treatment. Serious heart anomalies lead to high mortality and require sequential operations or heart transplantation. Recently, cardiovascular development has been well studied and numerous genes related to cardiogenesis have been confirmed [1] . Some gene mutations or chromosomal abnormalities were also found in patients with congenital heart diseases; however, almost all cases of congenital heart diseases are sporadic and the genetic background remains unknown. The lack of animal models for congenital heart diseases hampers the study of the pathogenesis. Recent studies have revealed the epigenetic regulation during cardiovascular development, and have also shown that impaired epigenetic modification during cardiogenesis causes congenital heart diseases [2, 3] . To understand cardiac development and the pathogenesis of congenital heart diseases, it might be necessary to understand epigenetic regulation. To investigate epigenetic modification during cardiac development, pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells might be powerful tools because we can recapitulate cardiogenesis in the process of differentiation from pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes in vitro. In terms of iPS cells, we can reset the disease phenotypes in the process of reprogramming when we generate these cells. In the processes of reprogramming and differentiation, genetic information remains unchanged, while the epigenetic regulation and expression pattern of genes change dynamically. Therefore, we can investigate the epigenetic changes during cardiogenesis in vitro by using pluripotent stem cells. This review focuses on the recent findings of epigenetic modification during cardiac development and congenital heart diseases, as well as investigation of epigenetic regulation using stem cell technologies. As an example to study the epigenetic regulation of congenital heart diseases by using pluripotent stem cells, we introduce our study of iPS cells from patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), one of the severest congenital heart diseases with single ventricle circulation. Furthermore, we mention the possibilities of new therapy for cardiac malformations by using chemical reagents that modify epigenetic regulation, and discuss the recently emerged problem in studies on the differentiation of iPS cells: epigenetic memory.

Recently, cardiovascular development has been well studied and numerous genes related to cardiogenesis have been confirmed.

Recent studies have revealed the epigenetic regulation during cardiovascular development, and have also shown that impaired epigenetic modification during cardiogenesis causes congenital heart diseases.


As the petroleum reserves are depleting rapidly with a prediction of being totally exhausted in the near future, present day researchers have concentrated on finding the alternative fuel sources. In this regard, biodiesel may be treated as a promising alternative source of fossil fuel. Biodiesel is a biomass-based, biodegradable, non-toxic and renewable fuel that has been used in internal combustion engines successfully with reduced emission of carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrocarbons, particulate matters, polyaromatics and smokes [1] [2] [3] [4] . Moreover, it does not contribute any additional CO 2 to the atmosphere while burning.

Biodiesel is a biomass-based, biodegradable, non-toxic and renewable fuel that has been used in internal combustion engines successfully with reduced emission of carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrocarbons, particulate matters, polyaromatics and smokes.


The LFI characterizing the distribution of individual sizes was originally intended to show the direct effect of size-selective exploitation, i.e. the removal of large fish. However, it is also sensitive to changes in small fish biomass, such as those associated with predation release, and is now understood to integrate indirect trophic processes operating at multiyear scales (Daan et al., 2005; Greenstreet et al., 2011) . The indicator also seems to respond to spatial heterogeneity in fishing effort (Shephard et al., 2011b) . Here, we compared empirical and modelled time-series of the LFI with corresponding series of the LSI characterizing the distribution of species sizes, and found that these indicators were highly correlated. This correlation suggests that fishing-induced change in the LFI can be explained by changes in the abundances of fish species of different size, at least for the Celtic Sea. Such changes in species abundances represent fundamental changes in community structure.

However, it is also sensitive to changes in small fish biomass, such as those associated with predation release, and is now understood to integrate indirect trophic processes operating at multiyear scales.

The indicator also seems to respond to spatial heterogeneity in fishing effort.


The information overload effect underlines the role of organizational information-processing mechanisms. Information becomes meaningful as a consequence of the evaluative schemas that are used to process and assess it. Organizational members, through the sharing of information, and through interpretive processes, socially construct information filters through which information is selected and interpreted, and subsequently enacted through communication (Heath, 1994) . It seems, according to the present study, that without these mechanisms the organization will face difficulties in elaborating and absorbing knowledge. The findings indicate that learning mechanisms are an integral part of the organization's absorptive capacity (Cohen & Levinthal, 1990; Zahra & George, 2002) .

Organizational members, through the sharing of information, and through interpretive processes, socially construct information filters through which information is selected and interpreted, and subsequently enacted through communication.

The findings indicate that learning mechanisms are an integral part of the organization's absorptive capacity.


The finding that organizations from certain environments used more formal learning mechanisms than organizations functioning under uncertain environments needs further attention. This finding is in line with structural contingency theory. A high degree of changeability implies that reliance on formal channels is less feasible (Hovarth et al., 1981) . Strict codification and documentation of employee duties and of work procedures is more likely to be irrelevant or even to interfere with organizational response. Thus, although in each of the environmental uncertainty groups, the correlation with perceived triggers of uncertainty and feelings of uncertainty was negative, as expected (the higher the intensity of using the formal or informal mechanisms the lower the perceived uncertainty), the mean intensity of use of formal mechanisms was higher in the organizations operating in certain environments.

A high degree of changeability implies that reliance on formal channels is less feasible.


The frequencies of the strain-specific and cross-reactive CD4 + T cells declined between 3-4 years after a single vaccination, which is consistent with our understanding of T-cell memory development in humans [36] . The high frequencies of H1N1pdm09-specific T cells after 3-4 years may be explained by the correlation between these T cells and the adverse events reported after H1N1pdm09 vaccination, which may reflect the strength of vaccine-induced immunity. Because we do not have T-cell data on earlier time points, we cannot distinguish between a continuous decline after vaccination or maintenance for 3 years after vaccination and a subsequent decline. Although this decrease was observed from peripheral blood, it is unlikely to be due to trafficking to the site of infection because blood was collected 2-3 months before the influenza epidemic and there was no self-reported influenza-like symptoms or illness.

The frequencies of the strain-specific and cross-reactive CD4 + T cells declined between 3-4 years after a single vaccination, which is consistent with our understanding of T-cell memory development in humans.


The second is to use identical limb chains. Kong and Gosselin first studied the type synthesis of UP-equivalent PMs using screw theory [3] . They systematically enumerated numerous architectures. However, these architectures require strict geometrical conditions, such as the intersection of three or more revolute axes at a common point in space, which is very difficult to implement in practice.

Kong and Gosselin first studied the type synthesis of UP-equivalent PMs using screw theory.


A local extremum of the action I[M, g] is an Einstein 4-manifold (M, g), with Ricci tensor R µν = Λg µν , such that Σ = ∂M is totally geodesic, see Carlip [2] . The double of a connected, orientable, Einstein 4-manifold, with a totally geodesic boundary, is a gravitational instanton. Therefore gravitational instantons correspond to local extrema of the Hartle-Hawking wave function.

A local extremum of the action I[M, g] is an Einstein 4-manifold (M, g), with Ricci tensor R µν = Λg µν , such that Σ = ∂M is totally geodesic, see Carlip.


The questionnaire addressed garment workers' current satisfaction with and concern for the 10 decent work criteria when seeking a new job, using a five-point Likert scale [56] . The questionnaire consisted of three parts: firstly, demographic information, since these factors may influence workers' perceptions. Secondly, workers' satisfaction with their current job was examined using a five-point Likert scale where 1 = very dissatisfied and 5 = very satisfied. Finally, workers were asked to rate their perceived importance of decent work criteria when looking for a new job, using a five-point Likert scale where 1 = very unimportant and 5 = very important.

The questionnaire addressed garment workers' current satisfaction with and concern for the 10 decent work criteria when seeking a new job, using a five-point Likert scale.


Apparel production networks are geographically complex and relatively long, including numerous activities from design, materials sourcing, manufacturing, distribution and retailing, with numerous business partners involved [23] [24] [25] . As manufacturers attempt to meet buyers' cost and speed targets, the maintenance of labor standards in this highly labor-intensive industry sector becomes jeopardized. Since labor costs represent a significant part of overall costs, as sourcing costs rise, retail buyers explore new suppliers in lower-cost regions which may have lower labor standards [2, 26] . Consequently, poor working conditions are commonly found in garment manufacturing [2, 21, 22] . Implications of poor working conditions include negative media attention and consumer boycotts in consumption locations, which are harmful to fashion brands' reputations, as well as factory strikes in production locations, which hinder the smooth flow of product through the global production network. The changing nature of Chinese labor unrest suggests that today's Chinese garment workers are becoming more assertive in their demands for more pay, greater respect from employers and better attention to workplace details [27] .

Apparel production networks are geographically complex and relatively long, including numerous activities from design, materials sourcing, manufacturing, distribution and retailing, with numerous business partners involved.

Since labor costs represent a significant part of overall costs, as sourcing costs rise, retail buyers explore new suppliers in lower-cost regions which may have lower labor standards.

Consequently, poor working conditions are commonly found in garment manufacturing.

The changing nature of Chinese labor unrest suggests that today's Chinese garment workers are becoming more assertive in their demands for more pay, greater respect from employers and better attention to workplace details.


Psychological treatments are considered to be one of the most important interventions to contribute to a reduction of the disease burden of depressive disorders [5 ] . Most patients in Western countries prefer psychological treatment above pharmacological treatments [6] . These treatments have been well developed in recent decades, and several evidence-based psychological treatments exist [7] . However, these treatments have not been scaled up to the extent that they may help reduce the disease burden of mental disorders [8 ] . Less than half of the people experiencing mental disorders receive treatment, and this is much lower in adolescents, older adults, people with lower socio-economic status, and people from ethnic minorities. Furthermore, the most dominant format in which psychotherapies are delivered is via individual face-to-face contact. This format is much more expensive and time-consuming than other formats, such as guided self-help, and Internet-based treatments. At the same time, most research shows that formats other than individual treatments can also be effective [9, 10] .

Psychological treatments are considered to be one of the most important interventions to contribute to a reduction of the disease burden of depressive disorders.

Most patients in Western countries prefer psychological treatment above pharmacological treatments.

These treatments have been well developed in recent decades, and several evidence-based psychological treatments exist.

However, these treatments have not been scaled up to the extent that they may help reduce the disease burden of mental disorders.

At the same time, most research shows that formats other than individual treatments can also be effective.


Endocrine and metabolic disorders. There are pronounced gender differences observable in endocrine and metabolic comorbidities [5] . While patients with thyroiditis (mostly DM1), hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, and obesity are predominantly female, disorders of the liporoteine, purine, and pyrimidine metabolism tend to be found in males. It is known that diabetic patients feature a 2-3 fold higher increased risk of disorders of the thyroid gland particularly those with autoimmune diabetes and that this association is strongly influenced by gender [21] . For volume depletion and disorders of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance there appears to be an age switch, from an excess of male patients for younger ages to females in older age. Mental and behavioral disorders. Nicotine dependence and alcohol related disorders are comorbidities with excess-risks peaking at ages 30-45, dominated by male patients. For males the onset of DM2 lags behind the use of alcohol; alcoholic liver disease is also a lagging, male-dominated comorbidity. The relationship between alcohol consumption and DM2 has been shown to be dosage dependent. While moderate alcohol consumption was protective, dosages of more than 60g/day increased diabetes risk [22] .

Endocrine and metabolic disorders.

There are pronounced gender differences observable in endocrine and metabolic comorbidities.

It is known that diabetic patients feature a 2-3 fold higher increased risk of disorders of the thyroid gland particularly those with autoimmune diabetes and that this association is strongly influenced by gender.

Mental and behavioral disorders.

While moderate alcohol consumption was protective, dosages of more than 60g/day increased diabetes risk.


Depressions are dominated by female patients [8] . Interestingly, the onset of DM1 leads before depressive episodes for male patients, while the onset of DM2 lags behind schizoaffective disorders and schizophrenia for females. This is consistent with findings in the literature, for example symptoms of depression and anxiety have been shown to be risk factors for the onset of DM2 independent of established risk factors for diabetes in a prospective cohort study, while for DM1 no such relation was identified [9] . Therefore DM1 patients may become depressed due to complications and the burden of the disease, while for schizoaffective disorders in DM2 patients there may be a similar pathogenetic mechanism or medication-associated increased risk with genderdifferences in the strength of these associations. Depressive and schizoaffective disorders tend to show higher relative risks for DM2 than DM1 patients.

Depressions are dominated by female patients.

This is consistent with findings in the literature, for example symptoms of depression and anxiety have been shown to be risk factors for the onset of DM2 independent of established risk factors for diabetes in a prospective cohort study, while for DM1 no such relation was identified.


Diseases of the skin. Pressure and non-pressure ulcers exhibit higher risks for DM1 (7.2, CI 5.2-9.9, and 7.4, CI 5.8-9.4, respectively) than DM2 patients (2.2, CI 2.0-2.4 and 4.2, CI 3.9-4.6), which may be related to the diabetic foot ulcer [5] . They are lead by DM2 for both males and females.

Diseases of the skin.

Pressure and non-pressure ulcers exhibit higher risks for DM1 (7.2, CI 5.2-9.9, and 7.4, CI 5.8-9.4, respectively) than DM2 patients (2.2, CI 2.0-2.4 and 4.2, CI 3.9-4.6), which may be related to the diabetic foot ulcer.


Uranium was analyzed using spectrometry with arsenazo, following Savvin [12] . Data were organized by date and analyzed fraction. A descriptive statistical analysis of data was carried out, evaluating mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis and, and the number of analyzes performed.

Uranium was analyzed using spectrometry with arsenazo, following Savvin.


Model Predictive Control (MPC) is based on iterative, finite horizon, discrete time optimization of a model of the plant. At any given time t the current plant state is observed, and an optimal control strategy computed for some finite time horizon in the future, [t, t + N ]. An online calculation is used to explore possible future state trajectories originating from the current state, finding an optimal control strategy until time t+N . Only the first step of the computed optimal control strategy is implemented; the plant state is then sampled again, and new calculations are performed on a horizon of N starting from the new current state. While the global optimality of this sort of "receding horizon" approach is not ensured, it tends to do well in practice In addition to reducing computational complexity, it improves the system robustness with respect to exogenous disturbances and modeling uncertainties [8] .

While the global optimality of this sort of "receding horizon" approach is not ensured, it tends to do well in practice In addition to reducing computational complexity, it improves the system robustness with respect to exogenous disturbances and modeling uncertainties.


It is not known whether the three dark-eyed and three intermediate dark-eyed T. impavida on Campbell Island were hybrids or had natural variation in eye colour. If eye colour is inherited by simple Mendelian ratios and the genes for dark eyes are dominant, then first-generation hybrids would have dark eyes (or intermediate colour) and their offspring would include some light-eyed birds. As mitochondrial DNA is inherited maternally, male T. melanophrys × female T. impavida crosses would therefore produce hybrids with T. impavida mtDNA and have dark irises. Female T. melanophrys × male T. impavida crosses would have T. melanophrys mtDNA but would be indistinguishable from pure T. melanophrys because of their dark eyes. However, because there are so few female T. melanophrys on Campbell Island and none currently has an T. impavida mate, there may be few or no cryptic hybrids present. The presence of hybrids is possible since, although most interbreeding pairs had low breeding success in 1984-95, several pairs produced flying young (Moore et al. 1997) . For example, one of the Falkland Islands T. melanophrys males bred with the same light-eyed T. impavida from 1991 to 1996 and fledged chicks on at least four occasions. However, until some of these young are found as adults their appearance is a matter of conjecture.

The presence of hybrids is possible since, although most interbreeding pairs had low breeding success in 1984-95, several pairs produced flying young.


Replication schemes that tolerate Byzantine faults 1 in a distributed environment have been studied well in the past. Schneider presented a generalized state machine replication approach to fault tolerance [6] . Liskov and Castro gave a practical implementation of the state machine approach for a file system that tolerated Byzantine faults [7] . The state machine approach does not scale well with large number of servers for the reason that each request involves two or more rounds of communication involving all the servers.

Schneider presented a generalized state machine replication approach to fault tolerance.

Liskov and Castro gave a practical implementation of the state machine approach for a file system that tolerated Byzantine faults.


It would be useful to extend this work to the relativistic regime and the case of electron/ion plasmas, or even to account for the role of reflected particles at the front. Relativistic effects will affect the conservation equations, the stability thresholds and the double adiabatic invariants (Scargle 1968) . As already alluded to in the introduction, considering electron/ion plasmas may introduce temperature differences between species and extra physics downstream, whose roles are unclear at this stage. Finally, reflected particles may impact the conservation equations and the double adiabatic invariants.

Relativistic effects will affect the conservation equations, the stability thresholds and the double adiabatic invariants.


It should be possible to adapt the present treatment to perpendicular shocks by considering the consequences of the double adiabatic theory for such systems. Instead of having T ⊥ conserved and T increased through the front, we would have T ⊥ ∝ B increased by the density ratio †, and T ∝ (n/B) 2 , constant. Stage 1 in the downstream will therefore have T ⊥ /T > 1, for which stability will be governed by the mirror instability (Vogl et al. 2001) .

Stage 1 in the downstream will therefore have T ⊥ /T > 1, for which stability will be governed by the mirror instability.


In our previous work, a PMA with a segmented circular patch was presented [17] . In this paper, the segmented structure is studied further in depth as a versatile approach to achieve band-notched characteristic. Two additional UWB PMAs with typical beveled rectangular and regular hexagonal patch shapes are selected and investigated to show the effectiveness of the segmenting approach. The surface current distributions of the proposed antennas are analyzed. All the antennas are carefully optimized, fabricated and measured. The results indicate that, by utilizing the proposed segmented structure, steeper rise in VSWR curve at the notched band is obtained. The center frequency and the bandwidth of the notched band are tunable. The proposed structure could be regarded as a hybrid between the methods of cutting slots and attaching parasitic elements. The parasitic elements (side patches) are generated by segmenting the patch into three parts. It is a simple design compared to other band-notched UWB antennas with parasitic elements [11] [12] [13] . Moreover a pair of equivalent lumped circuit models with simple format and high precision is presented which gives physical insight to the proposed band-notched structure and also gives guidance to the parameter optimizations.

In our previous work, a PMA with a segmented circular patch was presented.

It is a simple design compared to other band-notched UWB antennas with parasitic elements.


Ultra-wideband (UWB) technologies have attracted considerable attention since the FCC allocated the frequency band of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz for commercial use in 2002. Various types of antennas have been investigated for UWB systems, and among which printed monopole antennas (PMAs) have been widely regarded as an excellent candidate, since they are very compact in size and can be easily integrated with RF circuits and devices [1] [2] [3] [4] . However, over the released UWB operation bandwidth, there are some narrow bands occupied by the existing wireless systems such as WLAN operated at 5.15 ∼ 5.825 GHz. Therefore, the potential electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems should be paid much attention. Recently, large numbers of band-notched (or say band-rejected) UWB antennas have been investigated and reported, which can reject the certain band within the ultra wide passband without mounting additional bandstop filters [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] .

Various types of antennas have been investigated for UWB systems, and among which printed monopole antennas (PMAs) have been widely regarded as an excellent candidate, since they are very compact in size and can be easily integrated with RF circuits and devices.

Recently, large numbers of band-notched (or say band-rejected) UWB antennas have been investigated and reported, which can reject the certain band within the ultra wide passband without mounting additional bandstop filters.


Visible light communication (VLC) based on white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has emerged as an eco-friendly green technology using visible light spectrum in provision of wireless access, without affecting the LED's primary illumination function [1] . This advantage makes VLC technology and its spectrum resources attract lots of attention in both academia and industry [2] - [4] . In a typical indoor VLC environment, multiple LED lamps are equipped with a certain spatial distribution to satisfy lighting requirements and each LED lamp is the base station of an optical communication attocell [5] . Therefore, a practical indoor VLC system is a multi-user multi-cell system in general. Since each user terminal detects the optical intensity from multiple LEDs, inter-user or inter-cell interference arises, which may severely degrade the system performance [6] , [7] . Recently, many efforts have been made to eliminate or reduce the interference.

Visible light communication (VLC) based on white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has emerged as an eco-friendly green technology using visible light spectrum in provision of wireless access, without affecting the LED's primary illumination function.

This advantage makes VLC technology and its spectrum resources attract lots of attention in both academia and industry.

In a typical indoor VLC environment, multiple LED lamps are equipped with a certain spatial distribution to satisfy lighting requirements and each LED lamp is the base station of an optical communication attocell.

Since each user terminal detects the optical intensity from multiple LEDs, inter-user or inter-cell interference arises, which may severely degrade the system performance.


Even though the data in the current study were obtained from self-reports these were found to be accurate and consistent in the current participants. Specifically, there was a high agreement between the self-reported cannabis use and urine screens for cannabis over the last 24 h since the testing session [7] . There was also an acceptable consistency between multiple self-reports of past cannabis use [7] . Furthermore, the current participants were also able to consistently report the symptoms of cannabis misuse disorders (abuse and/or dependence) on CIDI-Auto 2.1 [13] . In general, it appears that participants in behavioural research unrelated to treatment, such as participants in the current study, have very few reasons for providing false reports about their substance use and mental health particularly if they can remain anonymous and are required to attend one testing session only [7] . Therefore, even though it cannot be ruled out, it is likely that the results of the current study were not systematically confounded by invalid and unreliable selfreports.

Specifically, there was a high agreement between the self-reported cannabis use and urine screens for cannabis over the last 24 h since the testing session.

There was also an acceptable consistency between multiple self-reports of past cannabis use.

Furthermore, the current participants were also able to consistently report the symptoms of cannabis misuse disorders (abuse and/or dependence) on CIDI-Auto 2.1.

In general, it appears that participants in behavioural research unrelated to treatment, such as participants in the current study, have very few reasons for providing false reports about their substance use and mental health particularly if they can remain anonymous and are required to attend one testing session only.


All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 17.0. The various participant characteristics in the 'No diagnoses' and 'Depression diagnoses' groups were compared using independent samples t-tests ( p < 0.05) or chi-square tests ( p < 0.05). A binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate if severity of cannabis dependence can predict absence or presence of depression diagnoses on CIDI-Auto 2.1 in all 45 participants. The model was computed using one dichotomous dependent variable (absence = 0 or presence = 1 of depression diagnoses), one continuous predictor (SDS scores) and a .5 cut-off for classification of participants into either of the groups. The two assumptions relevant to a one-predictor logistic regression model were met [14] . Specifically, the ratio of cases to predictors was above 10 (45 cases to one predictor) and the model goodness-of-fit comparing the observed with predicted classification of cases was assumed based on a non-significant Hosmer and Lemeshow Test; χ 2 (4) = 3.3, p = 0.513.

The two assumptions relevant to a one-predictor logistic regression model were met.


People with psychotic illnesses have a higher rate of regular cannabis use than those from the general population [1] . Even though not receiving as much attention, the link between cannabis use and affective disorders, such as depression, also appears to exist [2] . In general, welldesigned, large epidemiological studies of the general population in Australia and New Zealand suggest that heavy cannabis use and depression co-occur at levels significantly greater than chance [2] .

People with psychotic illnesses have a higher rate of regular cannabis use than those from the general population.

Even though not receiving as much attention, the link between cannabis use and affective disorders, such as depression, also appears to exist.

In general, welldesigned, large epidemiological studies of the general population in Australia and New Zealand suggest that heavy cannabis use and depression co-occur at levels significantly greater than chance.


The results of this study indicate that higher severity of cannabis dependence is associated with self-reported symptoms of depression in participants recruited for general research. However, the current participants were mostly low-level users, at least over the last 12 months since the testing session, compared to other studies showing that depression is associated with heavy cannabis use [2] . Specifically, 25/45 (56%) of the current participants reported either no use or monthly or less use while the rest (20/45; 44%) were using cannabis at least weekly over the last 12 months (Table 1) . Furthermore, most participants obtained low SDS scores indicating that, in general, they had a low severity of cannabis dependence. Therefore, it appears that not only severe but even a low or moderate level of cannabis use is associated with symptoms of depression.

However, the current participants were mostly low-level users, at least over the last 12 months since the testing session, compared to other studies showing that depression is associated with heavy cannabis use.


The movement of manufacturing to countries featuring labor with low hourly wages over the last fifteen years has motivated the development of a new generation of industrial robots that can work side-by-side with human workers [1] . This has created a new technology of Human-Collaboration-Robotics (HCR), which combines the intelligence and dexterity of humans with the strength, repeatability, and endurance of industrial robots [2] . Since most robots are powerful moving machines, the safety of workers working around these robots has become a top priority for safety standards development.

The movement of manufacturing to countries featuring labor with low hourly wages over the last fifteen years has motivated the development of a new generation of industrial robots that can work side-by-side with human workers.

This has created a new technology of Human-Collaboration-Robotics (HCR), which combines the intelligence and dexterity of humans with the strength, repeatability, and endurance of industrial robots.


We are using biosimulant materials for the fabrication of inexpensive, disposable HCR safety testing artifacts. These testing artifacts will make possible the measurement of forces, pressure and strain when humans and robots come into contact and also the magnitude of injuries caused by robot static and impact pressure. The Dynamic Impact Testing and Calibration Instrument (DITCI) is a simple instrument, with a significant data collection and analysis capability that is used for the testing and calibration of biosimulant human tissue artifacts [3] .

The Dynamic Impact Testing and Calibration Instrument (DITCI) is a simple instrument, with a significant data collection and analysis capability that is used for the testing and calibration of biosimulant human tissue artifacts.


Sensor node localization algorithms are usually a three-step process [3] . The first step is meant to determine the spatial relationship between the nodes, and is commonly referred to as ranging. This low-level step may utilize measurements based on the above mentioned signal modalities in order to derive relative distances and/or bearings between sensor nodes. The ranging accuracy is crucial regarding the overall localization performance. Therefore, a calibration step is performed to compensate for errors due to hardware manufacturing differences and varying operating conditions. Both the ranging and calibration processes are calculated on the sensor nodes, however, the localization step is often computed in a centralized manner. Localization resolves the relative or absolute positions of the nodes by fusing the ranging measurements, and is often formulated as an optimization problem. Such a multi-step process that achieves centimeter-resolution accuracy is the Radio Interferometric Positioning System (RIPS) [4] .

Sensor node localization algorithms are usually a three-step process.

Such a multi-step process that achieves centimeter-resolution accuracy is the Radio Interferometric Positioning System (RIPS).


Designers widely use half-wavelength hairpin resonators to construct microwave and wireless bandpass filters. The hairpin resonator has attractive features because its structure suffices for compact size and easy fabrication [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Since the length of resonators is λ/2, such filters have a spurious passband at nf 0 , where f 0 is the operating frequency. However, bandpass filters with spurious suppressed responses and good skirt rate are always required to improve frequency selectivity for modern communication systems.

The hairpin resonator has attractive features because its structure suffices for compact size and easy fabrication.


The decision to return is also likely to be affected by different factors in a conflict context. A decrease in the level of violence back home is likely to be a key determinant of the timing of voluntary returns. However, return is often involuntary. This includes forced repatriations and cases in which the host country considers that international protection is no longer justified and declares refugees to be illegal residents (Black and Koser, 1999) . A case of involuntary return contrasts widely with a case in which returnees are able to decide the timing of their return and to take advantage of the differences in the returns to skills between the two countries.

However, return is often involuntary.

This includes forced repatriations and cases in which the host country considers that international protection is no longer justified and declares refugees to be illegal residents.


The separation and purification of biomolecules usually represents about 60e90% of the cost of the final product(s), so downstream processing determines the efficiency and viability of the biotechnological processes [1] . Among the multiple alternatives to separate biomolecules, Ionic Liquid-based Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ILATPS) stand out for being an innovative technique that combines the advantages of liquideliquid extraction and ionic liquids [2, 3] . ILATPS are powerful alternatives extracting biomolecules and have been widely used in the separation, concentration, and purification of proteins, amino-acids, antibiotics, antioxidants, alkaloids [4e6], among others [2] . They are based on ionic liquids and salts, which form two aqueous phases: an ionic liquid-rich and a salt-rich phase. Many works can be found in literature in which these systems are characterized in terms of the binodal curve, which also makes it possible to compare the various systems with each other to derive information about the mechanisms responsible for the phase separation and the design of novel ATPS. Moreover, an accurate binodal curve is essential to experimentally determine the tie lines by means of the gravimetric method and, in this way, the composition of the two liquid phases [7e9] .

The separation and purification of biomolecules usually represents about 60e90% of the cost of the final product(s), so downstream processing determines the efficiency and viability of the biotechnological processes.

Among the multiple alternatives to separate biomolecules, Ionic Liquid-based Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ILATPS) stand out for being an innovative technique that combines the advantages of liquideliquid extraction and ionic liquids.

ILATPS are powerful alternatives extracting biomolecules and have been widely used in the separation, concentration, and purification of proteins, amino-acids, antibiotics, antioxidants, alkaloids [4e6], among others.


Binodal data from 100 ILATPS systems were compiled from the literature [7,22e30] in order to assure that the conclusions derived from the study are representative of these types of systems. The database created included 100 ILATPS systems, which involved 30 different ILs and 9 different (inorganic and organic) salts. The binodal curves of these ILATPS were determined at room temperature, as liquideliquid extraction with these systems is usually carried out at this temperature. In addition, it is expected that the conclusions derived in this work from the analysis of the binodal curve of ILATPS at room temperature can also be applied to other temperatures, as the linear dependency of the adjusted parameters of Merchuk's equation with respect to temperature suggests. With respect to the influence of the temperature on ILATPS, the biphasic region decreases with the increase in this variable, which implies that the higher the temperature, the higher the salt and ionic liquid concentrations required for phase separation. However, the intensity of the temperature effect on the phase diagrams depends on the inorganic salt employed [2] . The complete dataset is included in Table S1 as Supplementary Material. For each ILATPS, the binodal data were fitted to each model that was considered in the study, obtaining the values of the adjusted parameters and the statistical criteria that will be described in Section 2.2. Finally, for the discrimination and selection of the models, the means of the statistical criteria were calculated, and these means, for the 100 ILATPS, are the values that will be reported in Section 3 "Results and discussion".

However, the intensity of the temperature effect on the phase diagrams depends on the inorganic salt employed.


In the case of Sweden, people with a foreign background, homosexuals and bisexuals do in some aspects of risk perception and risk behaviour differ from their comparable groups. Contrary to previous studies of the so-called White Male Effect gender does not play as significant role in Sweden, and even more interesting, with respect to certain types of risk men perceive the risk as higher than women (Olofsson and Rashid, 2011) . This has important ramifications for the communication of risk and policy implementation. If nothing else, a better understanding of the relationship of heterogeneity, values, and vulnerability with perceptions of different kinds of risk and risk behaviour indicates the sheer complexity of risk as a social phenomenon.

Contrary to previous studies of the so-called White Male Effect gender does not play as significant role in Sweden, and even more interesting, with respect to certain types of risk men perceive the risk as higher than women.


The use of general values and vulnerability to better understand risk perception and risk behaviour increases the explanatory power of the analyses. It is encouraging that, unlike much previous research, the present study shows the relatively stable and consistent influence of values (Kahan, et al., 2007; Palmer, et al., 2001; Palmer, 2003) . Fatalistic, egalitarian, hierarchical, and individualistic values all influence risk perception and risk behaviour, and add to our understanding of these risk factors, although their power is relatively weak. Similarly, vulnerability also plays a role. It is particularly telling that while the greater the experience of risk, the greater the perceived risk, it is also strongly associated with risk behaviour. It is noteworthy that people with comparably higher risk perceptions, despite aware of the risks, are in fact more exposed to risk than others without actively seeking it out, perhaps because of their living conditions. Thus people with experience of crises ought to be studied further to trace the relationship between experience, perception, and behaviour, and the relationship, if any, to heterogeneity.

It is encouraging that, unlike much previous research, the present study shows the relatively stable and consistent influence of values.


Service oriented Architecture (SoA) provides a layered architecture for organising software resources as services, so that they can be deployed, discovered and combined to produce new services [30] . SoAs can be involved in performing crucial functions that the users are heavily dependent upon. As a result, it is urgent to identify occurrences of failure, so that suitable remedial actions can be adopted. In order to identify the occurrence of failures, a common method is to create Diagnosers, that is, software modules or services that monitor the interaction between the services to identify whether a failure has (or may have) happened [4] [5] [6] 27, 44, 47, 48] . This paper deals with methods of automated creation of Diagnosers for SoAs, which draw on Discrete Event System (DES) theory [24, 25, 28, 29, 40] .

Service oriented Architecture (SoA) provides a layered architecture for organising software resources as services, so that they can be deployed, discovered and combined to produce new services.

In order to identify the occurrence of failures, a common method is to create Diagnosers, that is, software modules or services that monitor the interaction between the services to identify whether a failure has (or may have) happened.

This paper deals with methods of automated creation of Diagnosers for SoAs, which draw on Discrete Event System (DES) theory.


The first research question can be answered affirmatively: multilinguals are significantly more bothered by their own FA than by the FA of others. It shows an ambiguous attitude towards FAs. This could be linked to political correctness, namely a wish not to appear prejudiced against the FA of others, which does not apply to one's own FA. It could also reflect a wish to sound more like a native speaker and not stand out as "outsider" (Desiderio, 2004; Glab, 2014; Sasayama, 2013) .

It could also reflect a wish to sound more like a native speaker and not stand out as "outsider".


We found that interstitial pneumonitis comprised approximately 55% of NNF cases (n=23, 54.8%). However, causative organisms were identified in only nine patients (39.1%) in spite of active evaluation including BAL, and PJP was the most common pathogen (n=4). Although the rate of microbiologically proven PJP was extremely low, most cases with interstitial pneumonitis were treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole because they were diagnosed with probable PJP. Given that most patients with probable PJP showed a response and recovered, the majority of our interstitial pneumonitis could be PJP, except for a few cases found to have adenovirus, RSV, and CMV. Thus, in this study, the overall rate of PJP including definite and probable cases was 4.5% (18 cases from 397 patients). Likewise, a recent survey regarding the prevalence of PJP in 713 patients receiving R-CHOP reported diagnosis of 14 and 18 patients with definite and probable PJP, respectively [15] . Thus, PJP incidence of 4.5% (32/713), including definite and probable cases was reported, and the majority cases of PJP (22/32, 68.7%) developed after administration of the fourth R-CHOP cycle, similar to our results.

Likewise, a recent survey regarding the prevalence of PJP in 713 patients receiving R-CHOP reported diagnosis of 14 and 18 patients with definite and probable PJP, respectively.


The terms appearing on the right-hand side of (13d ) are the kinetic, capillary and electrostatic pressures respectively; ε is the dielectric constant of the liquid, ε = 8.91 for TBP; f(ε) is the proportionality constant relating the electrospray current and the dimensionless flow rate η, f(ε) = 6.8 for TBP (Gamero-Castaño 1999) . The dimensionless flow rate η is typically of order one. In the reversible part of the jet, the dimensionless radius χ is maximum at its boundary with the transition region, and is a monotonic decreasing function downstream. Figure 9 plots the right-hand side of equation (13d ) Kinetic term Capillary pressure Electrostatic pressure Right-hand side of (13d ) Figure 9 . Representation of the different terms in equation (13d ) as a function of the dimensionless radius χ.

The terms appearing on the right-hand side of (13d ) are the kinetic, capillary and electrostatic pressures respectively; ε is the dielectric constant of the liquid, ε = 8.91 for TBP; f(ε) is the proportionality constant relating the electrospray current and the dimensionless flow rate η, f(ε) = 6.8 for TBP.


Pretreatment analysis showed no signiÞcant difference in the number of host trees between plots receiving verbenone and those in the untreated check (Progar 2003) . When the plots were established in 2000, there was an average of 0.08 currently infested trees on the untreated plots and 0.27 infested trees on plots containing verbenone. During the course of the mountain pine beetle outbreak, most of the suitable host trees (Ͼ13 cm) in the study were killed by beetles regardless of the presence of the antiaggregant verbenone. In plots without verbenone pouches, a median of 87% of the lodgepole pine trees Ͼ13 cm were killed, and 67% of the suitable host trees in plots containing verbenone pouches were killed (Fig. 1) . At the conclusion of the study there was no evidence that the proportion of dead trees on plots containing verbenone was different than the proportion of tree mortality on untreated plots (F ϭ 2.16; df ϭ 3,10; P ϭ 0.16). When median cumulative percent mortality was partitioned by size class, it was evident that mortality was higher and occurred earlier in the outbreak in trees in size classes that were Ͼ28 cm (Fig. 2) .

Pretreatment analysis showed no signiÞcant difference in the number of host trees between plots receiving verbenone and those in the untreated check.


On the other hand, there are many contact structures which are homotopic as hyperplane distributions (hence have the same c 1 (ξ)) but not homotopic as contact structures ( [15] , [22] , [23] , [32] , [33] , etc). This fact makes the classification of contact structures an interesting and challenging problem. For contact 3-manifolds, many nice partial results have been obtained ( [7] , [15] , [22] , [23] , [24] ). But much less is known for higher dimensional cases ( [13] , [32] , [33] ).

On the other hand, there are many contact structures which are homotopic as hyperplane distributions (hence have the same c 1 (ξ)) but not homotopic as contact structures (,,,,, etc).

For contact 3-manifolds, many nice partial results have been obtained (,,,,).

But much less is known for higher dimensional cases (,,).


A genetic algorithm is a population-based search and optimization method that mimics the process of natural evolution [1] . Genetic algorithms have received significant interest in recent years and are being increasingly used to solve real-world problems. The power of genetic algorithms comes from their ability to combine both exploration and exploitation in an optimal way [2] . The exploration and the exploitation abilities of a genetic algorithm can be enhanced by incorporating a local search method [3] . The combination can accelerate the search towards the global optimum [4] . This constructive form of cooperation between a genetic algorithm and a local search can produce an effective and efficient search algorithm [5] .

A genetic algorithm is a population-based search and optimization method that mimics the process of natural evolution.

The power of genetic algorithms comes from their ability to combine both exploration and exploitation in an optimal way.

The exploration and the exploitation abilities of a genetic algorithm can be enhanced by incorporating a local search method.

The combination can accelerate the search towards the global optimum.

This constructive form of cooperation between a genetic algorithm and a local search can produce an effective and efficient search algorithm.


A lipoma is often accidentally detected secondary to other symptoms. The symptoms in many cases are abdominal swelling, abdominal pain, or mass palpation [6] . The symptoms in our case were nausea, vomiting, and upper abdominal pain, which were different from typical symptoms and it was thought that they were caused by a small intestine volvulus that was affected by a mesenteric lipoma. Strangulation of the mesenteric lipoma due to the greater omentum band was recognized as a cause of the volvulus during laparoscopic surgery.

The symptoms in many cases are abdominal swelling, abdominal pain, or mass palpation.


Indeed, the strictly linear process model has been criticised as being far away from the modern, more circular practice of new product and knowledge generation (Buijs 2003) . Notwithstanding, innovation in big companies often still follows a linear new product development process, guided by an end-of-line thinking. If innovation is taken for a sequential, linear product generation process, then technological change is primarily rooted in new product design, not in its modified use. Firms are more likely to generate new features or new technology than they would new business models; they compete via their "new product pipeline"; and they serve one-time-consumption.

Indeed, the strictly linear process model has been criticised as being far away from the modern, more circular practice of new product and knowledge generation.


With nonlinear properties of the coupled tire forces taken into account, vehicle lateral stability would be affected when longitudinal dynamics is under control. Especially during emergencies, steering behavior with hard brake easily leads the vehicle to drift. It is also known that increasing tire slip ratio reduces the stable region of the vehicle dynamics. Most existing lateral controllers such as VSC and AFS (active front steering) is based on the assumption that wheel slip angle is less than 4 deg [9] [10] [11] . For these controllers, only linear properties of tire lateral forces are taken into account. And for longitudinal slip controllers such as ABS and TCS, tire force is also restricted in the unsaturated zone. As the tire dynamics is not beyond linear characteristics, ultimate capability of vehicle on slippery road or at high speed is hard to reach. Nowadays, the ICC (integrated chassis control) system has become a research focus because ICC could enable VSC, AFS, and other chassis controllers to work cooperatively to cope with tire nonlinearities [12] [13] [14] .

Most existing lateral controllers such as VSC and AFS (active front steering) is based on the assumption that wheel slip angle is less than 4 deg.

Nowadays, the ICC (integrated chassis control) system has become a research focus because ICC could enable VSC, AFS, and other chassis controllers to work cooperatively to cope with tire nonlinearities.


Towards the developing trend of intelligent vehicle, ADAS (advanced driver assistant system) and active safety technology have drawn attention in recent years. Like Ford motor, it proposed a vehicle handling limit warning system based on VSC (vehicle stability control) for the next generation of accident-free vehicle [1] . Currently, the intelligent control system has been designed to handle transient unstable vehicle motion in a guaranteed-safety range. However, the study on the vehicle handling performance, as an essential aspect in vehicle nonlinear dynamics, is never out of date, and a deep insight into the dynamics will bring benefits for advanced controller design.

Like Ford motor, it proposed a vehicle handling limit warning system based on VSC (vehicle stability control) for the next generation of accident-free vehicle.


As we have reported previously, the angiotensin II antagonist losartan effectively lowers blood pressure and urinary protein excretion in patients with nephrotic range proteinuria [7] . The present study shows that losartan favorably affected the plasma lipid derangements in these patients. Serum total cholesterol was lowered, predominantly because of a decrease in the VLDL and LDL cholesterol fraction, although HDL cholesterol tended to fall as well. Apolipoprotein B decreased, whereas serum apolipoprotein A\ concentration remained unchanged, thus resulting in a significant increase in their ratio. Moreover, Lp(a) concentration fell, albeit non-significantly.

As we have reported previously, the angiotensin II antagonist losartan effectively lowers blood pressure and urinary protein excretion in patients with nephrotic range proteinuria.


Recently, several experiments were conducted on the HTC of raw biomass, cellulose and kraft black liquor [6, [11] [12] [13] [14] . Some of the research conducted on black liquor has focused on the combustion kinetics and thermal behavior [15] [16] [17] . Black liquor has also been used as a solvent in the hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass [18] . Black liquor is considered as an attractive energy source compared to other feedstock resources: it is a waste product which requires no additional land for growing, and its intrinsic water content could be an excellent fit for HTC treatment. To date, little research has focused on the HTC of neutral sulfite semi-chemical (NSSC) red liquor (also known as brown liquor or sulfite liquor), especially to characterize the hydrochar properties and the interactions that occur during the hydrothermal carbonization process. Therefore, the goal of this study is to analyze the suitability of the hydrochar produced from the NSSC red liquor as a possible bio-based solid fuel for use in power generation facilities. Ethanol and acetic acid were utilized as additives to, respectively, aid in the lignin precipitation/separation during HTC, and to reduce the ash content of the hydrochar.

Recently, several experiments were conducted on the HTC of raw biomass, cellulose and kraft black liquor.

Some of the research conducted on black liquor has focused on the combustion kinetics and thermal behavior.

Black liquor has also been used as a solvent in the hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass.


SMPs are polymers that can retain different shapes, and can be triggered to move between these states by certain stimuli. SMPs are emerging as an alternative to SMAs. In contrast to SMAs, SMPs generate small stresses (1-3 MPa), large strains (up to 800%), and are significantly easier to process and customise [31] .

In contrast to SMAs, SMPs generate small stresses (1-3 MPa), large strains (up to 800%), and are significantly easier to process and customise.


Among all the imaging techniques, X-ray computed tomography (CT) is one of the most effective methods for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in hospitals today for its availability, high efficiency, and low cost [11, 12] . There is no doubt that CT is among the leading technologies in cancer management. CT is able to provide supplementary anatomical information to assist the diagnosis and treatment of the tumors [2] . Due to the fact that CT relies on the X-ray attenuation by the tissues, electron-dense parts could get better images. Compared to soft tissues, hard tissues have a higher X-ray attenuation. However, the contrast between soft tissues is not obvious due to their similar CT values in the range from 0 through 50 Hounsfield Units (HU) [13] . In terms of the limitations of current contrast agents, CT imaging results are not satisfied. Hence, a major challenge in CT imaging of biological tissues is to achieve a high concentration of contrast agents gathered at the lesion site [14, 15] . Iodine containing molecules as contrast agents are commonly used in conventional CT imaging [14] . Such contrast agents have advantages in absorbing X-ray, but they do not possess the function of specific targeting due to the fact that they cannot conjugate to most biological components or identify cancer markers [3] . It is impossible for iodine containing molecules to accumulate at focus of infection at a concentration high enough to be 2 Journal of Nanomaterials detected by current CT scanners. High osmotic pressure and viscosity may cause side effects and renal toxicity; kidney failure has also been reported [16] . Moreover, due to the rapid renal clearance, they allow very short imaging times [17, 18] . Compared to traditional clinical CT equipment of high efficiency for conventional diagnosis in terms of their short response time (e.g., five seconds to capture effective information), micro-CT systems are often quite insensitive (e.g., ten minutes to scan a mouse) [16] . Therefore, X-ray contrast agents also need further development for better use.

Among all the imaging techniques, X-ray computed tomography (CT) is one of the most effective methods for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in hospitals today for its availability, high efficiency, and low cost.

CT is able to provide supplementary anatomical information to assist the diagnosis and treatment of the tumors.

However, the contrast between soft tissues is not obvious due to their similar CT values in the range from 0 through 50 Hounsfield Units (HU).

Hence, a major challenge in CT imaging of biological tissues is to achieve a high concentration of contrast agents gathered at the lesion site.

Iodine containing molecules as contrast agents are commonly used in conventional CT imaging.

Such contrast agents have advantages in absorbing X-ray, but they do not possess the function of specific targeting due to the fact that they cannot conjugate to most biological components or identify cancer markers.

High osmotic pressure and viscosity may cause side effects and renal toxicity; kidney failure has also been reported.

Moreover, due to the rapid renal clearance, they allow very short imaging times.

Compared to traditional clinical CT equipment of high efficiency for conventional diagnosis in terms of their short response time (e.g., five seconds to capture effective information), micro-CT systems are often quite insensitive (e.g., ten minutes to scan a mouse).


This study was based on material from a nationwide shielding project in Norway carried out by the Acute Network in Psychiatry. It has a descriptive and exploratory design using an inductive approach (Brink & Wood, 1998; Elo & Kyngäs, 2008) . Through the use of a qualitative methodology, we obtained in-depth, detailed, and empirical knowledge about shielding.

It has a descriptive and exploratory design using an inductive approach.


In practice, the I-squared distance is often used to avoid the negative partial coefficients of the correlation. The negative sign can be the result of the opposite direction of indicators (Jeremić et al., 2011c) . Thus, in this paper, ranking was conducted by using the I-squared distance method.

The negative sign can be the result of the opposite direction of indicators.


As may be expected, calibration procedures employed for micro-force metrology are not yet standardized, and the methods employed in this study deviate from those used in macro-force metrology, such as the standardized procedures described in the standard ISO 376 [26] . It was decided by consensus that, rather than adhering to existing macro-force protocols, the participants would create a loose protocol of their own that would have enough flexibility to allow all to participate with a minimum of modifications to their facilities. Specifically, the participants agreed that the comparison would focus on the measurement of the spring constant and the force sensitivity for each of a set of five piezoresistive cantilevers. Such devices are available commercially and are similar to the type of cantilever force sensor that has been studied previously at each institute. Briefly, the comparison was carried out as follows. NIST supplied five commercial micro-force sensors of a piezoresistive cantilever type along with a mounting fixture and corresponding bridge amplifier. These sensors, the mounting fixture and the bridge amplifier served as the transfer artefacts. KRISS prepared a general guide and a brief protocol. The transfer artefacts were circulated among participants from February 2008 to January 2010. During this period, each participant measured the spring constants and force sensitivities of the transfer artefacts using small forces, procedures and data-processing methods specific to their unique facilities. In the following sections, the small force facilities and transfer artefacts are described in greater detail; the general calibration procedures including the protocols, data-processing and uncertainty evaluation methods are also described. Finally the comparison results are presented and discussed.

As may be expected, calibration procedures employed for micro-force metrology are not yet standardized, and the methods employed in this study deviate from those used in macro-force metrology, such as the standardized procedures described in the standard ISO 376.


A second hypothesis could imply other ions than Sodium. Indeed, the UTSW was not only rich in Sodium but also in zinc for example, a ionic specie implicated in the regulation of the Sodium-dependent transporter SVCT-2 expression [20] . Then, it is possible that zinc can modulate the expression of TauT which is also a Sodium-dependant transporter.

Indeed, the UTSW was not only rich in Sodium but also in zinc for example, a ionic specie implicated in the regulation of the Sodium-dependent transporter SVCT-2 expression.


Two SVCT isoforms are expressed in the skin, SVCT-1 and SVCT-2. The SVCT-1 is expressed only in epidermis whereas SVCT-2 is expressed in both epidermis and dermis [7] . Our study concerning human normal keratinocytes, we have then chosen to focus our work on the SVCT-1 isoform (SVCT-1 expression in skin slide is illustrated in Figure 8 ). Using the ELISA assay that we have especially develop, we then in a first approach, quantified the SVCT-1 in keratinocytes issued from two young and two aged donors.

The SVCT-1 is expressed only in epidermis whereas SVCT-2 is expressed in both epidermis and dermis.


A first one implies the protein kinase C (PKC) which controls the TauT activity [19] . Because the PKC is partly regulated by calcium, and because intracellular free calcium quantities vary with the Sodium ones (following passive diffusion mechanisms and through the activity of membrane Na/Ca exchangers), it is possible to assume that the PKC activity is lowered by the Sodium entry into the cell. In these conditions, the taurine influx will be also lowered and the negative feedback that taurine exert on TauT expression could be reduced.

A first one implies the protein kinase C (PKC) which controls the TauT activity.


Left ventricular remodelling after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery is sex dependent with a more pronounced degree of infarct expansion and a higher incidence of ventricular rupture in male mice [27, 28] . To attenuate experimental variability, the study design was restricted to one sex and all experiments were performed in female mice. An important strength of the current study is that homocysteine lowering was induced by selective homocysteine lowering gene transfer. Therefore, dietary effects unrelated to homocysteine lowering cannot have an impact on the end-points in our study. Furthermore, the lipoprotein distribution in the control MI and intervention MI group is significantly more close to human lipoprotein levels compared to wild-type mice. The pertinence of this parameter is highlighted by prior experimental observations showing that a more human-like lipoprotein profile significantly affects cardiac remodelling and cardiac function after MI in mice [14] .

Left ventricular remodelling after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery is sex dependent with a more pronounced degree of infarct expansion and a higher incidence of ventricular rupture in male mice.

The pertinence of this parameter is highlighted by prior experimental observations showing that a more human-like lipoprotein profile significantly affects cardiac remodelling and cardiac function after MI in mice.


In a previous action research study, changes to health systems at the community and family/whānau, health practitioner, and health service level were identified to address inequity in heart disease management (including systems to support access to hospital appointments, prehospital fibrinolytic therapy, and strategy planning for disease prevention) [36] . In dialysis care, and based on the findings in the present study, potential actions might include supporting greater access to permanent vascular access and kidney transplantation, and identifying quality improvement activities to reduce morbidity for dialysis patients. Addressing inequity in healthcare also requires setting expectations that organisations will deliver equity as a measure of quality care, embed health inequity interventions within operating policies, and monitor care quality regularly [37] . In practice, this could include regular monitoring of outcomes for Māori and non-Māori with end-stage kidney disease. In addition, policy-makers and clinicians need to consider effective innovations that advance Māori health outcomes, including community initiated interventions [7, [36] [37] [38] .

In a previous action research study, changes to health systems at the community and family/whānau, health practitioner, and health service level were identified to address inequity in heart disease management (including systems to support access to hospital appointments, prehospital fibrinolytic therapy, and strategy planning for disease prevention).

Addressing inequity in healthcare also requires setting expectations that organisations will deliver equity as a measure of quality care, embed health inequity interventions within operating policies, and monitor care quality regularly.

In addition, policy-makers and clinicians need to consider effective innovations that advance Māori health outcomes, including community initiated interventions.


During the development process, several benefits to using IM were observed. First, IM provided a systematic step-by-step approach to develop the intervention. IM offered a clear set of tasks to sequentially guide and focus the meetings with the pharmacists' committee through different questions and decisions regarding the intervention development [34] . Second, IM provided a robust methodology to concretely integrate the results of the original qualitative and quantitative studies, carried out as needs assessment, into the intervention development process [40] [41] [42] [43] . The results from these studies provided the researchers and pharmacists' committee with a deep understanding of the challenges and incentives that may influence both pharmacists' practices and patients' experience with and use of ADs. It should be acknowledged that such extensive preliminary work is not always performed prior to intervention development meetings. In such cases, a greater number of participants and committee meetings are recommended for the development of the intervention. Third, the IM approach provided a template for reflecting and deciding on the extent and the exact modalities of community pharmacists' involvement in the intervention [36] . IM guided the identification of key leverage points and provided useful checks and balances throughout the intervention development process [57] . The intent was to improve the effectiveness and relevance of the intervention from the perspective of patients, community pharmacists, and the population of Quebec [33] . Fourth, IM enabled the thorough description of this pharmacy-based intervention and of the rationale underlying the decisions. Such descriptions will facilitate the replication and analysis of this intervention in future studies and reviews [58] . It may also support the development of new pharmacy-based interventions or the adaptation of this intervention to other illnesses and settings.

IM offered a clear set of tasks to sequentially guide and focus the meetings with the pharmacists' committee through different questions and decisions regarding the intervention development.

Second, IM provided a robust methodology to concretely integrate the results of the original qualitative and quantitative studies, carried out as needs assessment, into the intervention development process.

Third, the IM approach provided a template for reflecting and deciding on the extent and the exact modalities of community pharmacists' involvement in the intervention.

IM guided the identification of key leverage points and provided useful checks and balances throughout the intervention development process.

The intent was to improve the effectiveness and relevance of the intervention from the perspective of patients, community pharmacists, and the population of Quebec.

Such descriptions will facilitate the replication and analysis of this intervention in future studies and reviews.


So far, the proposed fusion-based framework rely on the visual features for 3D building scenes registration and building elements recognition. The precise extraction and description of visual features in the environments play an important role on the success of the proposed framework. That is why the selection of different visual feature extractors and descriptors may affect the scene registration accuracy as indicated in the pilot study 1. However, no matter what visual feature extractor and descriptor are selected, the visual features extraction and description could still be affected by the environmental conditions (e.g. lighting, lack of texture and color information, shadows, etc.), since the visual feature detectors and descriptors currently available are not ideal (Mikolajczyk and Schmid, 2005) . Also, these environmental conditions might affect the segmentation and clustering of building scenes for building elements recognition. In the pilot study 2, although the RGB color space was converted to L*a*b* space and the luminosity layer (L*) was not considered in the segmentation and clustering process, the illumination effects on the segmentation and clustering results could still not be completely removed. Therefore, future work will focus on 1) how to increase the robustness of the proposed framework against common environmental conditions (e.g. lighting, lack of texture and color information, shadows, etc.), and 2) how to recognize other types of 3D building elements with different materials.

However, no matter what visual feature extractor and descriptor are selected, the visual features extraction and description could still be affected by the environmental conditions (e.g. lighting, lack of texture and color information, shadows, etc.), since the visual feature detectors and descriptors currently available are not ideal.


The benefits of using 3D as-built building information have been well acknowledged by researchers and professionals in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. Meanwhile, the process for capturing, retrieving, and modeling such information has been identified as labor-intensive (Tang et al. 2010) . Typically, the process starts with the collection of as-built building conditions using remote sensing devices, such as laser scanners or digital cameras. Then, the sensing data collected from multiple locations are registered (i.e. building scenes registration), and building elements in the sensing data are recognized (i.e. building elements recognition). This way, the semantic or high-level building geometric information in the sensing data could be used for domain related problem solving.

Meanwhile, the process for capturing, retrieving, and modeling such information has been identified as labor-intensive.


Additional evidence supporting the hypothesis that G. longirostris is less dependent on CAM plants than L. curasoae comes from differences in their geographic distributions. In northern South America and the Dutch Antilles, L. curasoae is restricted to arid and semiarid environments (Linares 1998) . In these zones, columnar cacti and agaves are dominant elements of plant communities. G. longirostris is more widely distributed in northern South America and occurs in habitats as diverse as dry forests, evergreen seasonal forests, lower montane forests, savannas, pastures, and disturbed areas (Eisenberg 1989; Linares 1998) . In nonarid zones, cacti and agaves become less important elements of the vegetation or disappear completely (Huber and Alarcón 1988; M. Ponce, in litt.) .

In northern South America and the Dutch Antilles, L. curasoae is restricted to arid and semiarid environments.

G. longirostris is more widely distributed in northern South America and occurs in habitats as diverse as dry forests, evergreen seasonal forests, lower montane forests, savannas, pastures, and disturbed areas.


It is natural for parallel implementations to partition a dataset and the overall computing job accordingly. To improve throughput and reliability in case of individual failure in the wide area, the partitions are often replicated among k different servers, i.e. k-way replication [15] . Due to limited storage capacity, transport latency and maintenance overhead, the value of k is typically small. The programming paradigm of these parallel implementations is usually masterworker, also known as task-farming [16] . In the master-worker paradigm, the master is responsible for distributing tasks among a farm of workers and collecting partial results. Each worker simply waits for a task from the master, computes the partial result and sends it back. Considering that most computations work on local data, tasks are only assigned to workers that have the corresponding partitions. The master has to explicitly initiate any data movement between workers before task assignment.

To improve throughput and reliability in case of individual failure in the wide area, the partitions are often replicated among k different servers, i.e. k-way replication.

The programming paradigm of these parallel implementations is usually masterworker, also known as task-farming.


Since his influential book, David Luckham has promoted complex event processing successfully (Luckham 2002) . Detecting events in streams of data has accordingly been modeled, e.g. in the context of monitoring hygiene in a hospital (Wang et al. 2011) . However, in our case, the monitoring does not imply certain events. We do not aim at finding patterns that define an event, although they may show up as a side effect. We rather want to predict a certain state at a particular sensor or set of sensors taking into account the context of other locations and points in time. Although related, the tasks differ.

Since his influential book, David Luckham has promoted complex event processing successfully.

Detecting events in streams of data has accordingly been modeled, e.g. in the context of monitoring hygiene in a hospital.

Although related, the tasks differ.


The other approach uses extremization of the quasi-local energy to select an optimal reference and timelike vector. The resulting quasi-local energy for these spherically symmetric metrics is independent of the coordinates and is non-negative (for both the Schwarszchild and FLRW metrics) and vanishes only for Minkowski space. For the Schwarzchild metric it gives the standard quasi-local value. Going beyond the present work, there have been further developments in the energy optimization approach; a brief letter describing this has already appeared [18] .

Going beyond the present work, there have been further developments in the energy optimization approach; a brief letter describing this has already appeared.


The current interest in preparing new materials capable of resisting biofilm formation, combined with the unique physical properties of mullite ceramics, prompted us to envisage new biofilm-resistant ceramics based on mullite-silver and mullite-zinc composites. Nevertheless, silver ions have been reported to interfere and inhibit formation of mullite phase during heating of kaolin [25] . On the other hand, zinc-mullite composites were prepared by robocasting [26] .

Nevertheless, silver ions have been reported to interfere and inhibit formation of mullite phase during heating of kaolin.

On the other hand, zinc-mullite composites were prepared by robocasting.


It has been shown that coatings based on zeolite ceramics containing a combination of Ag and Zn impart significant antimicrobial properties to stainless steel surfaces [14] . Silver zeolite confers antibacterial properties to dental materials, even under anaerobic conditions (e.g., in deep periodontal pockets) [19] . Contact of bacterial cells with silver zeolite leads to transfer of silver into the cells and generation of reactive oxygen species in the cytosol [20] .

It has been shown that coatings based on zeolite ceramics containing a combination of Ag and Zn impart significant antimicrobial properties to stainless steel surfaces.

Silver zeolite confers antibacterial properties to dental materials, even under anaerobic conditions (e.g., in deep periodontal pockets).

Contact of bacterial cells with silver zeolite leads to transfer of silver into the cells and generation of reactive oxygen species in the cytosol.


Different instruments offer different trade-offs in terms of costs and benefits. An advantage of commodity linked bonds over futures contracts is that futures contracts may have relatively limited maturities available, whereas bonds can, in principle, be issued at longer-term maturities (Atta-Mensah, 2004; Daniel, 2001) . The benefits of indexed debt, however, may be offset by significant fixed costs of setting during transition, of having to reduce average levels of debt.

An advantage of commodity linked bonds over futures contracts is that futures contracts may have relatively limited maturities available, whereas bonds can, in principle, be issued at longer-term maturities.


So much of what we know about the principles of behavior has been learned from studies with pigeons, and there is little doubt that these principles apply to mammalian behavior (Skinner, 1953) . Despite this, those conducting neuroscience studies with mammals such as rats and monkeys rarely reference avian neuroscience studies. The purpose of this review is not only to highlight the value of using pigeons in neurophysiological investigations of brain function, but also to illustrate that these studies are relevant for our understanding of not just mammalian brain function, but also primate brain function.

So much of what we know about the principles of behavior has been learned from studies with pigeons, and there is little doubt that these principles apply to mammalian behavior.


Thermospheric winds respond rather directly via ion-drag to ionospheric plasma motions that are imposed by the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction and the resulting largescale magnetospheric plasma drift at high latitudes. The largest magnitudes of neutral wind speed anywhere on the globe were found to occur within the high-latitude upper thermosphere. Long-term observations with groundbased Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPI) located at Thule and Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland, for example, showed typical wind speeds of about 200 m/s at solar minimum, rising up to about 800 m/s at solar maximum, depending on geomagnetic activity level (Killeen et al., 1995) .

Long-term observations with groundbased Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPI) located at Thule and Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland, for example, showed typical wind speeds of about 200 m/s at solar minimum, rising up to about 800 m/s at solar maximum, depending on geomagnetic activity level.


Coming from the dayside, where the large-scale thermospheric circulation is initiated by the dominating EUV heating source, the thermospheric neutral wind is subject to various forcings during its transpolar flow at high latitudes. The first "obstacle" on its way is the cusp region near noon at about 70 • magnetic latitude, where a considerable air upwelling due to particle and Joule heating was observed to create a persistent medium-scale local stagnation region of the horizontal flow, as shown in previous studies of CHAMP data analyses (Lühr et al., 2004; Schlegel et al., 2005) . Vertical neutral air movements, i.e. vertical accelerations due to local heating sources below the CHAMP orbit are not considered here. They are an important part of the high-latitude thermospheric dynamics and will be dealt with separately.

The first "obstacle" on its way is the cusp region near noon at about 70 • magnetic latitude, where a considerable air upwelling due to particle and Joule heating was observed to create a persistent medium-scale local stagnation region of the horizontal flow, as shown in previous studies of CHAMP data analyses.


Subject to the local plasma density, the response of the high-latitude thermosphere is not immediate, but is rather measured in tens of minutes to hours (Ponthieu et al., 1988) . The inertia of the thermospheric neutral winds, on the other hand, can help to maintain the ionospheric convection independently of the magnetospheric driver processes. This has been known for long time as the fly-wheel effect (Banks, 1972; Coroniti and Kennel, 1973) .

Subject to the local plasma density, the response of the high-latitude thermosphere is not immediate, but is rather measured in tens of minutes to hours.

This has been known for long time as the fly-wheel effect.


Relative motions of the neutral gas and ionized components result in Joule heating of the ionosphere and thermosphere, being proportional to the square of the velocity difference. A recent study showed mesoscale structures and variations of the thermosphere on the scales of tens of kilometers and minutes that indicate a very dynamic response to ionospheric forcing (Aruliah et al., 2004) . The irregular part of the relative motions have been shown to be an essential contributor of the energy budget. This is mainly due to the large variability of the high-latitude convection which interacts with the neutral gas of the upper thermosphere where it is embedded (Codrescu et al., 1995 (Codrescu et al., , 2000 Crowley and Hackert, 2001; Matsuo et al., 2003; Förster et al., 2007) .

A recent study showed mesoscale structures and variations of the thermosphere on the scales of tens of kilometers and minutes that indicate a very dynamic response to ionospheric forcing.

This is mainly due to the large variability of the high-latitude convection which interacts with the neutral gas of the upper thermosphere where it is embedded.


Here, we demonstrate self-enclosed cylindrical microcapillaries entirely in bulk silicon based on surface migration of silicon, a phenomenon that is mostly untapped in microfluidic device fabrication. Despite its similarity to thermal reflow in glasses or polymers, silicon surface migration only involves the movement of surface atoms that act to lower the chemical potential associated with the surface curvature [37, 38] . Thus, the crystalline structure of silicon can be preserved. The migration of atoms, when it occurs over length scales comparable to or in excess of structural dimensions, induces a surface topology change leading to a three-dimensional (3D) shape transformation. This principle has been previously applied to reduce sidewall scallops left by deep reactive ion etching, and to create various interesting structures such as microspheres, toroids, and buried voids in silicon [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] . A buried spheroid, for instance, can be formed from an isolated rod-like trench that encloses itself under surface migration when annealed in a deoxidizing ambient. Spheroids formed by a series of identical trenches densely populated in a linear array fuse together and create a buried cylindrical microcapillary as schematically described in figure 1(a) . Microcapillaries can then be integrated into functional microfluidics with reservoirs and microchannels through a lithography-based dry etch ( figure 1(b) ). This etch is relatively straightforward as compared to that of glass microcapillaries since it has to deal with silicon alone. The microcapillaries, once formed, can be thermally oxidized to transform their surfaces into silicon dioxide for electrical and chemical passivation. In the remaining, microcapillaries are investigated for their structural dependence on the initial arrangement of trenches and their ability to form turns and junctions. Their morphology is further uncovered by removing silicon from around their silica walls. Finally, their utility is validated on a device designed for the measurement of a single-cell impedance spectroscopy.

Despite its similarity to thermal reflow in glasses or polymers, silicon surface migration only involves the movement of surface atoms that act to lower the chemical potential associated with the surface curvature.

This principle has been previously applied to reduce sidewall scallops left by deep reactive ion etching, and to create various interesting structures such as microspheres, toroids, and buried voids in silicon.


The fixed ratio mixed mode asymmetric double cantilever beam (ADCB), studied extensively by the ESIS TC4 group in the 1990s, is limited as it is a single ratio of 4:3 of mode I to mode II component. The ADCB-test requires a sliding fixture similar to the mode II ELS-test. Locus plots with pure mode I, pure mode II and mixed mode I/II can thus be generated with two test rigs (DCB and sliding fixture for ELS and ADCB) or, alternatively, with three rigs (DCB, 4ENF, and MMB) [18] .

Locus plots with pure mode I, pure mode II and mixed mode I/II can thus be generated with two test rigs (DCB and sliding fixture for ELS and ADCB) or, alternatively, with three rigs (DCB, 4ENF, and MMB).


Since anti-fraud systems are not able to detect every case of fraud, companies will potentially continue to endure more financial losses. Therefore, they need to implement a more accurate fraud detection system. Moreover, it is likely to detect fraud if the early caution system works well. For instance, if a deviation from the standard operating procedures (SOP) performed by an employee is identified timely, the company can change the work pattern to minimize the possibility of fraud. In such cases, process mining constitutes a method of testing the conformity of the actual business process to the SOP [3] .

In such cases, process mining constitutes a method of testing the conformity of the actual business process to the SOP.


In this paper we would like to address the question of the existence of high-temperature/lowtemperature dualities for CFT d on curved backgrounds. We will see that this is like asking about Kramers-Wannier duality for non-square lattices, which are not preserved under the duality. One special case where progress can be made is that of manifolds which can be written as circle fibrations, like odd-dimensional spheres S 2n−1 presented as a circle fibered over CP n . In this case, there is a proposed modular invariance in the limit where the thermal circle and the fiber circle both become small, with their ratio arbitrary [4] . Motivated by the example of circle fibrations, we wish to consider manifolds with at least one U (1) isometry, for which we can "detach" the circle corresponding to the U (1) by a Weyl transformation. This is possible whenever there is a hypersurface orthogonal Killing vector with compact orbits. We will focus on the case of finite-temperature conformal field theories on S d−1 due to its connection to the local operator content of the CFT. While arbitrary spheres have at least one U (1) isometry, it is not freely acting for even-dimensional spheres. Changing the size of the circle fiber generically gives a manifold with conical singularities. Indeed, the only finite freely acting quotient available for even-dimensional spheres is Z 2 . The trick we will use throughout this paper is to detach a circle corresponding to one of these U (1) isometries by a Weyl transformation, after which we are free to treat this direction as Euclidean time and change its periodicity. This allows us to consider a distinct-looking quantization which is fundamentally equivalent, in addition to providing a definition of the conformal field theory on the original orbifold geometry.

In this case, there is a proposed modular invariance in the limit where the thermal circle and the fiber circle both become small, with their ratio arbitrary.


The temperature-inversion duality implied by the above Weyl transformation is analogous to Kramers-Wannier duality on non-square lattices. For example, the Ising model at a given temperature on a triangular lattice maps under the duality to the Ising model at an inversely related temperature on a honeycomb (hexagonal) lattice. Similarly, our dualities change the spatial background on which the theory is defined. In the context of Kramers-Wannier duality on the triangular lattice, there is a "star-triangle" relation which allows one to relate the theory on a honeycomb lattice back to the theory on a triangular lattice [5] . Combined with KramersWannier duality, this results in a nontrivial high-temperature/low-temperature duality for the theory on a triangular or honeycomb lattice. This duality allows one to determine the critical temperature of the transition on such lattices [6] [7] [8] . We will comment on a similar attempt to relate our theory on H d−1 /Z back to the original S d−1 in section 6.4.

In the context of Kramers-Wannier duality on the triangular lattice, there is a "star-triangle" relation which allows one to relate the theory on a honeycomb lattice back to the theory on a triangular lattice.

This duality allows one to determine the critical temperature of the transition on such lattices.


The utilisation of parametric mappings in numerical implementations of boundary element methods is not new, going back further than the introduction of the isogeometric concept [20] . Parametric mappings avoid the problem of a slow convergence of the geometry due to the limited polynomial approximation of the geometry [36] . Thus, they encourage the application of higher order Galerkin schemes. Through the parametric mappings, a tensor product structure on the geometries is induced, making it possible to define patchwise tensor product B-spline bases of high order and regularity [32] .

The utilisation of parametric mappings in numerical implementations of boundary element methods is not new, going back further than the introduction of the isogeometric concept.

Parametric mappings avoid the problem of a slow convergence of the geometry due to the limited polynomial approximation of the geometry.

Through the parametric mappings, a tensor product structure on the geometries is induced, making it possible to define patchwise tensor product B-spline bases of high order and regularity.


In this review the status of experiments now in progress is considered. There are two experiments on tritium. The KATRIN experiment in Karlsruhe is in the final stages of construction. A new scheme, Project 8, is under exploratory development in Seattle. There are also ideas about using 187 Re or 163 Ho embedded in microcalorimeters but the Re decay is hindered, calling for large amounts of this costly element, and the Ho spectrum has a complex shape [21] .

There are two experiments on tritium.

There are also ideas about using 187 Re or 163 Ho embedded in microcalorimeters but the Re decay is hindered, calling for large amounts of this costly element, and the Ho spectrum has a complex shape.


Unfortunately, high complexity of decision-making models and their integer nature contribute to the poor efficiency of OR methods. Therefore a new approach to solving these problems was proposed. As the best structure for the implementation of this approach, a declarative environment was chosen [4, 5] .

As the best structure for the implementation of this approach, a declarative environment was chosen.