At the between-person level, our results were consistent previous findings that fear of future violence represents an important antecedent of employee's reduced well-being such as burnout (Rogers & Kelloway, 1997) . In addition, we found that job control moderated the withinperson relationship between fear of future violence and emotional exhaustion such that the relationship was stronger for those low in job control. However, we did not find support for the moderation effect for the relationship of fear of future violence with cynicism. Indeed, at the within-person level, we found that psychological violence was significantly associated with emotional exhaustion and cynicism. Concerning the cross-sectional moderation effect, psychological violence did not moderate the relationships between of fear of future violence and with either both emotional exhaustion and cynicism.

At the between-person level, our results were consistent previous findings that fear of future violence represents an important antecedent of employee's reduced well-being such as burnout.


In Arabic, both orthography and morphology lead to a great amount of lexical variations where one given word can occur among a large number of dissimilar forms [3] . This would enlarge the indexing structure volume and reduce the performance of the system. Another difficulty in Arabic morphological analysis arises because of the different letter forms of the tri-literal verbs. Verbs, which have tri-literal roots, are categorized to sound and unsound verbs [4] . Sound ( ) ﺻﺤﻴﺢ verbs are those which does not include a long vowel or hamza in them such as .)ﻛﺘﺐ( Unsound verbs are then divided into weak and compromising. Weak ( ) ﻣﻌﺘﻞ verbs have a long vowel or more as part of its original letters such as ( ﻗﺎ ﻝ ). Comprising verbs are also divided to hamzated ( ﻣﻬﻤ ﻮﺯ ), which include a hamza, such as ,)ﻗﺮﺃ( and geminated ,)ﻣﻀﻌﻒ( where the second original letter is doubled such as ( .)ﺟﻦّ In some cases, weak verbs are written with a long vowel that is different from the one of their root following specific Arabic linguistic rules. In other cases, long vowels in verbs are deleted depending on the tense of the verb, becoming eliminated-long-vowel verbs. These cases represent about 30% of the Arabic text [5] . Yet the majority of Arabic stemmers lack the capability of handling these cases. In Fig. 1 , the popularity percentage in Arabic text of different verb cases is presented [5] .

In Arabic, both orthography and morphology lead to a great amount of lexical variations where one given word can occur among a large number of dissimilar forms.

Verbs, which have tri-literal roots, are categorized to sound and unsound verbs.

These cases represent about 30% of the Arabic text.

In Fig. 1 , the popularity percentage in Arabic text of different verb cases is presented.


This paper provides an overview of recent efforts that begin to address these questions, as well as continuing efforts required to more fully characterize this critical aquifer system. As a result, this paper presents preliminary results that provide initial insight into the processes controlling sustainability of this water resource as well as the work required to more fully characterize and manage this complex groundwater resource. The work discussed represents a combination of results from two projects: collaboration between the Universite d'Abomey-Calavi (UAC, Benin) and Danish Water Engineering (DWE, Denmark) and collaboration between UAC and the University of Notre Dame (UND, USA). A number of students from both Benin and the United States have been involved in this effort [20] .

A number of students from both Benin and the United States have been involved in this effort.


We have applied the following methods for selecting λ popular in statistical literature to estimate CD graph structures in microarray data: AIC, BIC and StARS. However, the graphs we have obtained were rather dense and very difficult to interpret to a biologist, namely to extract groups of genes acting together and possibly interacting. In the biological literature, the most commonly used approaches to construct gene networks are based on clustering. This is informed by the expected presence of distinct strongly interconnected clusters in biological networks (Eisen and Spellman, 1998; Yi et al., 2007) . This gave us the motivation to find λ such that the corresponding graph has a clustering structure which can be interpreted by a biologist without restricting it to a block diagonal structure and hence missing potentially important interactions.

This is informed by the expected presence of distinct strongly interconnected clusters in biological networks.


Telemedicine is one of the most innovative and promising applications of technology in contemporary medicine. It combines achievements ranging from electronics (sensor technology and microprocessor systems), information and telecommunication techniques (including mobile and wireless communication, or web services) to systems for data analysis and knowledge mining. Currently, telemedicine becomes a part of intelligent and interactive systems, as intelligent home or ambient intelligence. Inherently, telemedical platforms are a sort of distributed measurement systems [1] .

Inherently, telemedical platforms are a sort of distributed measurement systems.


Telemedical systems are used for continuous or periodic recording of human vital signals in the environment of living (such as home or work), transmission of these data to a local database (via a cable or wirelessly) and then to a central repository (usually by teleinformatic services as the Internet or GSM network), and finally for analysis (often computer-aided) by medical specialists. Among the quantities most frequently measured by the telemedical systems are: heart's electrical activity (ECG), pulse, blood pressure, respiratory mechanics (spirometry), respiratory rate, oxygen saturation of arterial blood, blood glucose, and the temperature, mass and position of the body [2−4] . Simultaneously, telemedicine takes a form of personalized and patient-centred healthcare. Recent experiences and studies show that home monitoring of chronically ill patients has several advantages in comparison to traditional care: patients experience fewer hospitalizations, acute exacerbations, urgent calls to general practitioners, emergency room visits and lost time from work [5, 6] . Additionally, telemedical systems reduce costs of treatment, improve the management of disease and the quality of life [6−8] . On the other hand it is worth to notice that the introduction of such systems encounters diverse obstacles and doubts, and requires further work on the actual e-Health service concepts. A team of German experts (manufacturers, physicians and insurance companies) has revealed the main barriers: missing reimbursement (or participation in costs) by health insurances for the use of telemonitoring systems, unclear business models, high costs of change for the health providers, and missing access to distribution channels for small companies [9] . Also the problem of privacy preservation for patients, especially living in the environment of ambient intelligence gathering multicontext personal information, should be solved. Their detailed private data should be inaccessible by unauthorized persons.

Recent experiences and studies show that home monitoring of chronically ill patients has several advantages in comparison to traditional care: patients experience fewer hospitalizations, acute exacerbations, urgent calls to general practitioners, emergency room visits and lost time from work.

A team of German experts (manufacturers, physicians and insurance companies) has revealed the main barriers: missing reimbursement (or participation in costs) by health insurances for the use of telemonitoring systems, unclear business models, high costs of change for the health providers, and missing access to distribution channels for small companies.


The ordination reveals a strong gradient related with the site (axis I) and a temporal effect (axis II). The trajectory of the pine forest in ordination space points diagonally towards the oak forest trajectory, which suggests that it is becoming more similar in composition to the oak forest. Compositional convergence would be likely if the rate of change is greater in the pine forest than the oak forest. It is difficult to make definitive statements about convergence, however, as studies of successional convergence are greatly affected by temporal and spatial scales as well as the sampling design (Lepš & Rejmánek 1991) .

It is difficult to make definitive statements about convergence, however, as studies of successional convergence are greatly affected by temporal and spatial scales as well as the sampling design.


Seminiferous tubules are usually the most abundant components of the testicular parenchyma. All quantitative parameters related to seminiferous tubules, such as tubular diameter, thickness of the seminiferous epithelium and the total length per gram of testis have a positive relationship with spermatogenic activity (França & Russell, 1998; Paula, 1999) . Tubular measurement is, thus, the approach traditionally used as indicator of spermatogenic activity in investigations of testicular function (Navarro et al., 2004; Souza et al., 2005; Silva Jr et al., 2006; Mascarenhas et al., 2006) .

All quantitative parameters related to seminiferous tubules, such as tubular diameter, thickness of the seminiferous epithelium and the total length per gram of testis have a positive relationship with spermatogenic activity.

Tubular measurement is, thus, the approach traditionally used as indicator of spermatogenic activity in investigations of testicular function.


The new synthetic prostaglandian E1 analogue 'Misoprostol' licenced primarily for the prevention and treatment of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced ulcers of gastrointestional tract, is a promising agent for labour induction [3] [4] [5] . Misoprostol is conveniently administered through the oral, sublingual, buccal, vaginal and rectal routes [6] . It is inexpensive, easily stored at room temperature and has few systemic side effects.

The new synthetic prostaglandian E1 analogue 'Misoprostol' licenced primarily for the prevention and treatment of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced ulcers of gastrointestional tract, is a promising agent for labour induction.

Misoprostol is conveniently administered through the oral, sublingual, buccal, vaginal and rectal routes.


The consumption of foods made from seaweed dates back to Japanese pre-history [1] . Agar, an unbranched polysaccharide derived commercially from the red alga (Gelidium amanssi), has been used in Japanese cuisine for more than 100 years. Mitsumame is a Japanese dessert made from agar and it is usually eaten as small white cubes with pieces of fruit and boiled azuki beans [2] . More recently, different flavours and colours have been added. Japanese people are interested in the development of their traditional foods and they like foods that have delicate flavours and pastel colours.

The consumption of foods made from seaweed dates back to Japanese pre-history.

Mitsumame is a Japanese dessert made from agar and it is usually eaten as small white cubes with pieces of fruit and boiled azuki beans.


Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) has been cultivated for thousands of years and it grows well in cooler parts of temperate zones throughout the world [3] . While rhubarb stems (petioles) can be eaten raw or cooked, many publications and cookbooks advise that rhubarb should not be consumed regularly as it contains high levels of oxalates [4] . The fleshy petioles of rhubarb are commonly cooked to give the bright red colour in pies, jam and sometimes as the base in wine or as an aperitif [5] . Rhubarb petioles are also cooked as a fruit where they are valued for their unique sharp taste, which comes from the oxalate content. Rhubarb petioles are good sources of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and antioxidants [4] .

Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) has been cultivated for thousands of years and it grows well in cooler parts of temperate zones throughout the world.

While rhubarb stems (petioles) can be eaten raw or cooked, many publications and cookbooks advise that rhubarb should not be consumed regularly as it contains high levels of oxalates.

The fleshy petioles of rhubarb are commonly cooked to give the bright red colour in pies, jam and sometimes as the base in wine or as an aperitif.

Rhubarb petioles are good sources of vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and antioxidants.


Portugal is the largest fish consumer per capita in the European Union (EU) and third worldwide. Fish consumption in Portugal (55.6 kg/per capita/year) is more than twice the average consumption in the EU-2 [1] . The increase in consumption is mainly due to the consumer's perception that fish is a healthy alternative to other protein sources [2] . To meet this demand, the total fish processing has also increased. For example, in 2010, according to data from the National Statistics Institute, 42,000 tons of prepared and canned fish were processed in Portugal.

Fish consumption in Portugal (55.6 kg/per capita/year) is more than twice the average consumption in the EU-2.

The increase in consumption is mainly due to the consumer's perception that fish is a healthy alternative to other protein sources.


Similar to most processing industries, fish processing produces large volumes of wastewater, which contains especially organic contaminants, salts and oils dispersed therein [3] . The fish canning factories use a high variety of raw materials and depending on the particular operation, the degree of contamination may be small (e.g. washing operations), mild (e.g. fish filleting) or heavy (blood water or brine waters) [4] . Additionally, most fish canning industries located at northern Portugal only have pre-treatment of their wastewaters before discharge. All these factors together make difficult, for this type of industries, to meet the emission limit values (ELVs) for industrial wastewaters (Decree-Law no. 236/98). Due to this reason and to the implementation of strict discharge limits, it is necessary to study the application of a sustainable treatment sequence to this type of wastewaters that allows obtaining water with quality requirements for its discharge or reuse in the industrial process.

Similar to most processing industries, fish processing produces large volumes of wastewater, which contains especially organic contaminants, salts and oils dispersed therein.

The fish canning factories use a high variety of raw materials and depending on the particular operation, the degree of contamination may be small (e.g. washing operations), mild (e.g. fish filleting) or heavy (blood water or brine waters).


Cancer is still a leading cause of death worldwide. The detection of breast cancer at an early stage of its development can help to treat it more easily and prevent the progression of the tumor. It is thus of huge importance (Torre et al., 2016) . When a suspicious lesion is detected in the breast during a physical examination or a mammogram, additional tests are needed to determine whether it is a cancer or not and, if so, which kind of cancer it is. During biopsy, pathologists examine histological structures in order to provide an accurate diagnosis and several prognostic clues. Practically, pathologists need not only to observe the entire tissue slide at low magnification but also to navigate through different resolutions to be able to combine architectural and cytological information in order to produce their medical diagnosis. This process requires a lot of time and concentration and can be hampered by some inter and intra-individual variability (Loukas, 2013) .

It is thus of huge importance.

This process requires a lot of time and concentration and can be hampered by some inter and intra-individual variability.


For several years, temporal imaging (TI) has been attracting considerable interest from the viewpoint of space-time duality [1] - [4] . A spatial lens produces a quadratic spatial phase shift around a paraxial region for spatial imaging. Similarly, a device operating as a time lens has to produce a nearly quadratic temporal phase shift for pulses. There have been numerous studies on TI systems constructed by cascading input dispersion, time lens, and output dispersion. Such TI systems allow temporal expansion, compression, or reversal of optical waveforms, same as that done by spatial imaging. For communication applications, optical bit streams (optical packets) encoded at nominal rates can be compressed by a TI system and time division multiplexed into much faster bit streams at a transmitter. At a receiver site, ultrafast bit streams can be time division demultiplexed and stretched to a time scale that is accessible to ordinary high-speed photodiodes. Furthermore, a time lens might be useful for transforming bit rates of a pulse train before and after optical packet switching.

For several years, temporal imaging (TI) has been attracting considerable interest from the viewpoint of space-time duality.


Phase modulation index is limited by the sinusoidal signal power applied to a modulator. In particular, the RF signal power limits the size of the reduction ratio of a pulse waveform because a higher waveform reduction increases the required modulation index. When an input pulse has a symmetric waveform similar to a Gaussian profile, it is clearly realized that the pulse and modulation signal should be synchronized such that the tops of both waveforms coincide with one another. However, the matter of how a modulation signal should be synchronized with an input pulse with an asymmetric waveform similar to that of an optical packet has not been investigated [5] , [18] , [19] .

However, the matter of how a modulation signal should be synchronized with an input pulse with an asymmetric waveform similar to that of an optical packet has not been investigated.


Let M be an R-module. A proper submodule P of M is said to be prime if for any r ∈ R and m ∈ M with rm ∈ P , we have m ∈ P or r ∈ (P : R M ) [13] . Let N be a proper submodule of M . Then the M -radical of N , denoted by M -rad(N ), is defined to be the intersection of all prime submodules of M containing N . If M has no prime submodule containing N , then the M -radical of N is defined to be M [16] . A non-zero submodule S of M is said to be second if for each a ∈ R, the homomorphism S a → S is either surjective or zero [20] . In this case Ann R (S) is a prime ideal of R.

Let M be an R-module.

A proper submodule P of M is said to be prime if for any r ∈ R and m ∈ M with rm ∈ P , we have m ∈ P or r ∈ (P : R M ).

Let N be a proper submodule of M .

If M has no prime submodule containing N , then the M -radical of N is defined to be M.

A non-zero submodule S of M is said to be second if for each a ∈ R, the homomorphism S a → S is either surjective or zero.


The use of large-volume mesocosms allowed us to test for multiple f CO 2 -related effects on dynamics of heterotrophic bacterial activity and their biovolume in a near-realistic ecosystem by including trophic interactions from microorganisms up to zooplankton. Complex interactions between various trophic levels, which can only be properly addressed at the scale of whole ecosystems, are important for understanding and predicting f CO 2 -induced effects on aquatic food webs and biogeochemistry in a future, acidified ocean. We examined these impacts in a nutrient-depleted system, which is representative for large parts of the oceans (Moore et al., 2013) . Heterotrophic bacterial productivity was, for the most part, tightly coupled to the availability of phytoplankton-derived organic matter. When accounting for temporal development and taking into account trophic interactions using multivariate statistics, changes in nutrient composition, metabolic parameters and bacteria-phytoplankton communities revealed a significant effect of the f CO 2 treatment. Although not consistent throughout the experiment, differences in the ratio of heterotrophic bacterial BV to Chl a during the last half of the experiment suggest that a future ocean will become more autotrophic during low productive periods as a result of altered trophic interactions between functional groups of bacteria and phytoplankton. There is additional support for this conclusion from examining the atmospheric exchange of CO 2 (Spilling et al., 2016b) . During the limited timescale of this study, the observed effects of f CO 2 did not manifest as altered carbon export (Paul et al., 2015) . However, over several years, maintained changes in nutrient cycling, as a consequence of a permanent decoupling between bacteria and phytoplankton, are likely to arise and impact the nature of the carbon pump.

We examined these impacts in a nutrient-depleted system, which is representative for large parts of the oceans.

There is additional support for this conclusion from examining the atmospheric exchange of CO 2.

During the limited timescale of this study, the observed effects of f CO 2 did not manifest as altered carbon export.


Before computing the particle translation and rotation, the grayscale images were first pre-processed using Matlab to isolate the sphere from the background. A standard circular Hough Transform routine was applied to locate the sphere. Next, the background surrounding the sphere was removed by setting the intensity values to 0 (black). The extracted sphere images were then imported to Davis 8.4. Here, the images were further processed with 3 x 3 Gaussian smoothing and sharpening to increase the dot contrasts. Pixel intensity values that were less than the white dots were set to 0 to isolate the dots from the sphere image. Subsequently, a 3D-PTV routine was implemented to reconstruct the dot coordinates from both camera pairs based on the volumetric calibration mapping function. The mean disparity error, * disp calculated by projecting the 3D reconstructed markers back to the camera image was 0.8 px. This gives an estimate of the uncertainty in the marker locations due to reconstruction errors (Wieneke, 2008) .

This gives an estimate of the uncertainty in the marker locations due to reconstruction errors.


The spectrum near the point nodes typically acquires the relativistic form, which is the consequence of the Atyah -Bott -Shapiro construction applied to the nodes with unit value of topological invariant [1] . This results in emergence of effective gauge and gravitational field as collective Bose modes [19, 2, 20, 21] . This means, that the fermionic excitations reside in curved space -time. The geometry of this space -time is given by the vierbein formed by certain collective excitations of the microscopic system.

The spectrum near the point nodes typically acquires the relativistic form, which is the consequence of the Atyah -Bott -Shapiro construction applied to the nodes with unit value of topological invariant.

This results in emergence of effective gauge and gravitational field as collective Bose modes.


When considering the possible emergence of SM and GR, one should resolve between the symmetries which emerge in the low energy corner (Lorentz invariance, gauge symmetry, etc.) and the underlying symmetry of the microscopic system -the quantum vacuum. The discrete and continuous global symmetries of the underlying microscopic systems influence the topological classification producing the additional classes of system, which are protected by the combined action of symmetry and topology [2, 31, 32, 35, 36] . They also determine the effective symmetries emerging at low energy, such as SU (2) gauge symmetry in 3 He-A, which follows from the discrete Z 2 symmetry of the underlying high-energy theory [2] .

The discrete and continuous global symmetries of the underlying microscopic systems influence the topological classification producing the additional classes of system, which are protected by the combined action of symmetry and topology.

They also determine the effective symmetries emerging at low energy, such as SU (2) gauge symmetry in 3 He-A, which follows from the discrete Z 2 symmetry of the underlying high-energy theory.


If the fields that belong to the vicinities of different Fermi points correlate with each other, instead of the U (1) gauge field the non -Abelian gauge field may appear [2] . Besides, in this case the vierbein is to be replaced by matrix in flavor space (flavor index enumerates Fermi points and emergent Weyl spinors). The consideration of this complication is out of the scope of the present paper. The particular problem, which requires further investigation, is: what global discrete or continuous symmetry of the underlying microscopic theory (including the flavor symmetry) may reproduce the emergent gauge symmetries of SM or GUT?

If the fields that belong to the vicinities of different Fermi points correlate with each other, instead of the U (1) gauge field the non -Abelian gauge field may appear.


As in particle physics, the condensed matter systems are described by the multi -component fermionic fields. In addition to spin they may have Bogoliubov spin, layer index in the multilayered 2 + 1 systems, etc. In crystals the band indices are added, and the spinor acquires infinite number of components. In the low energy corner the effective number of degrees of freedom is essentially reduced. The gapped (massive) degrees of freedom are frozen out and only gapless states survive. The gaplessness is the fragile property, since it can be violated by interaction between femions. However, there exist fermionic systems, in which the gaplessness (masslessness) is robust to interaction. These are the topological materials, where stability of nodes in the energy spectrum with respect to deformations is protected by the conservation of topological invariants of different types [1] .

These are the topological materials, where stability of nodes in the energy spectrum with respect to deformations is protected by the conservation of topological invariants of different types.


The Fermi or Weyl points represent the exceptional (conical, diabolic) points of level crossing, which avoid the level repulsion [15] . Topological invariants for points at which the branches of spectrum merge were introduced by Novikov [16] . In our case crossing points occur in momentum space [17, 18] .

The Fermi or Weyl points represent the exceptional (conical, diabolic) points of level crossing, which avoid the level repulsion.

Topological invariants for points at which the branches of spectrum merge were introduced by Novikov.

In our case crossing points occur in momentum space.


The results of the principal component analysis show that the items related to vulnerability, severity, responsibility, ability, internal multipliers and internal barriers are loaded on their respective factors. This finding is similar to results of a previous study [21] . It means that respondents were able to make the distinction between climate change terminologies such as vulnerability, severity, etc. This might be attributed to the respondents' awareness of climate change terminologies or of the explanations given by the translator during the survey. The farmers' risk appraisal was grouped into two factors by the PCA analysis. The above result could not be achieved with the items of risk appraisal because the factors seemed to be loaded in a first factor which gathered items with decreasing effect (e.g., rainfall, length of growing season, quality of soil surface structure, etc.) and in the second factor, which gathered items with increasing effects (e.g., storm).

This finding is similar to results of a previous study.


The strongest evidence for bacteria in the environment surrounding the base came from a weak PCR reaction using snow taken from l m below the surface. Any bacteria deposited on the surface of the iceshelf during the summer months could be exposed to high levels of UV radiation. The damage that this would inflict on DNA, notably thymine dimers, would render it undetectable by PCR. Organisms released into the environment in the dark winter months, however, would not be subject to this damage. Due to the annual levels of snow accumulation at Halley, it can be estimated that snow from 1 m below the surface had been deposited during the previous winter. This could explain the lack of positive results obtained from surface samples. The findings of this work suggest that, although human commensals can be detected inside the ACB, contamination levels in the environment surrounding Halley are extremely low. This could, in part, reflect the difficulty of detecting organisms in the small sample volumes used (50-500 p1) and the use of methods for concentration of snow and water samples could be considered (DeLong 1992) . However, the sensitivity of the PCR should reduce the problems associated with studying small samples and the molecular approach overcomes the limitations of culture based techniques.

This could, in part, reflect the difficulty of detecting organisms in the small sample volumes used (50-500 p1) and the use of methods for concentration of snow and water samples could be considered.


Blockchains are regarded as public (and lately also private) ledgers containing transactional data within their decentralized data structures, which form a series of tightly connected blocks. Asymmetric cryptography and distributed consensus algorithms are being deployed for achieving ledger consistency, data integrity, auditability, non-repudiation, and authentication as part of the basic security primitives [1] . The distributed and decentralized nature of blockchains makes them immutable in the sense that transactions cannot be tampered once they are officially validated by the peers of the network and registered in the block of the chain. At the same time, reliability and robustness are ingredients that constitute blockchains as highly trusted platforms implemented on open, trustless networks of peers.

Asymmetric cryptography and distributed consensus algorithms are being deployed for achieving ledger consistency, data integrity, auditability, non-repudiation, and authentication as part of the basic security primitives.


This study has three main limitations. The first one is to do with the intrinsic nature of time series analysis and ecological study. It should always bear in mind that what we really captured is the short-term associations at the population level before any further inference is made. The second limitation is related to the data quality. The weaknesses of surveillance data of HFMD in mainland China have been described elsewhere (Xing et al., 2014) . The most relevant one is the potential bias caused by under-reporting. However, because time series analysis used its own previous observations as reference and removed the long-term trends and seasonality, the impact of under-reporting bias should be limited. The third limitation is to do with the spatial correlation. Spatial correlation is normally an issue which needs to be considered in pooling the multisite estimates (Peng and Dominici, 2008) . In the context of pooling nonlinear relationship, incorporation of the spatial correlation will increase the complexity of models dramatically. Related methodologies are still under development which is far beyond the scope of this study. However, we believe that the spatial correlation may not have a significant impact on our conclusions for three main reasons. First, the main consequence of spatial autocorrelation is to bias the variances rather than the estimators (Dubin, 1998) . Thus, we believe that the pooled estimates of temperature-HFMD relationship are still valid. Besides, for the identified effect modifiers, their p values of LR test are far away from the significant level. So, it is very unlikely that our conclusions will change substantially after the incorporation of spatial correlation. Second, the identified effect modifiers can be confirmed by both the overall relative scale analysis and the region-specific absolute analysis, which implies our conclusions are robust. Third, because the meta-predictors have also shown spatial correlation, therefore we expect that the spatial correlations can be partly explained by the meta-predictors.

This study has three main limitations.

The weaknesses of surveillance data of HFMD in mainland China have been described elsewhere.

Spatial correlation is normally an issue which needs to be considered in pooling the multisite estimates.

First, the main consequence of spatial autocorrelation is to bias the variances rather than the estimators.


In the next experiment, the third and fifth harmonics compensation are also added to the control algorithm (H = 5) and the output results for the same loading condition are shown in Figs. 11b and 12b. Obviously, the added harmonic compensators can efficiently mitigate the third and fifth harmonics from the output voltage. Then, the output voltage THD is improved in simulation and experiment to 2.01 and 2.6%, respectively, which is far below the standard limit of 8% [35] . However, it is possible to attenuate more harmonics of concern, according to the application requirements, by adding extra HCAs to the controller, at the price of more computation burden. Finally, the transient performance of the system was investigated, with only the fundamental compensation, and the results are depicted in Figs. 13 and 14 . Evidently the simulations and experiments match well. In Figs. 13a and 14a , the transient performance in response to a load step change from no-load to nominal resistive load is shown. The output voltage experiences a small dip at the moment of load connection, which occurs around the voltage peak, and recovers in <2 ms. Figs. 13b and 14b show the transient performance of the system in response to a step jump followed by a step fall of the reference voltage magnitude under the nominal resistive load. A slow oscillation, with a very small overshoot/undershoot, can be recognised in the voltage waveform envelope, which safely dies in less than two cycles.

Then, the output voltage THD is improved in simulation and experiment to 2.01 and 2.6%, respectively, which is far below the standard limit of 8%.


The advancement of information and communications technology and mobile radio communication network has rendered it possible to obtain the information regarding the location of a user. Thus, location based services (LBS) are gaining ground. GPS is commonly used to estimate a user's location. However, weak reception of signals indoors makes it difficult to pinpoint the location indoors. Further, it is difficult to distinguish between the floors within a building [1] .

Further, it is difficult to distinguish between the floors within a building.


Q-factor can be measured with one-port reflection method or two-port transmission method. The reflection method is adopted in most of publications, due to large errors caused by the inequality of input and output coupling coefficients and the complex structure in the transmission method [2] . When the reflection method is adopted, measurement using vector data, which have more information, is considered to be more accurate than using scalar data [3, 4] .

The reflection method is adopted in most of publications, due to large errors caused by the inequality of input and output coupling coefficients and the complex structure in the transmission method.

When the reflection method is adopted, measurement using vector data, which have more information, is considered to be more accurate than using scalar data.


Among those methods, the critical-points method introduced by Sun and Chao is fast and accurate [5] . And this method was further referenced and extended by lots of people [6, 7] . It is based on simple closed-form expressions and is free from curve fitting to measurement data. In this method, resonator is represented as a parallel or series equivalent circuit, and the coupling circuit has loss and energy storage. Q 0 is calculated from four frequencies of three points, that is, one detuned crossover point and two critical points of imaginary part of the impedance.

Among those methods, the critical-points method introduced by Sun and Chao is fast and accurate.

And this method was further referenced and extended by lots of people.


In fact, the input impedance measured by vector network analyzer (VNA) not only is the equivalent impedance of a resonator and coupling circuit, but also includes phase shift due to feed line, because the VNA is calibrated at the measurement point instead of the coupling point. So the measurement impedance trace in Smith chart has the same shape as the equivalent impedance, but not in the same position. It is rotated from the equivalent impedance trace. The phase shift will cause large errors if the measured impedance were directly used in the critical-points method. Lye solved this problem by two feed lines with difference length to de-embed the phase shift [7] .

Lye solved this problem by two feed lines with difference length to de-embed the phase shift.


Theoretically, conflicts arise from opposing interests involving scarce resources and goal divergence and frustration (Avgar, 2010; Speakman & Ryals, 2010; Tjosvold, 2006) . Conflict is the condition in which the needs or desires of two or more parties appear to be incompatible (Montes et al., 2012) . It is the competition between interdependent parties who perceive that they have incompatible needs, goals, desires, or ideas and a situation in which people cannot agree or create harmony with one another (Parayitam et al., 2010) .

Theoretically, conflicts arise from opposing interests involving scarce resources and goal divergence and frustration.

Conflict is the condition in which the needs or desires of two or more parties appear to be incompatible.

It is the competition between interdependent parties who perceive that they have incompatible needs, goals, desires, or ideas and a situation in which people cannot agree or create harmony with one another.


Conflict is defined as the interaction of interdependent people who perceive opposition of goals, aims, and values, and who see the other party as potentially interfering with the realization of these goals. Basically, conflicts occur due to a variety of factors. Individual differences in goals, expectations, values, proposed courses of action and suggestions about how to best handle a situation are unavoidable (Speakman and Ryals, 2010) . Therefore, when these differences are gathered together, the unease feeling by each party involved will lead to the occurrence of conflict.

Individual differences in goals, expectations, values, proposed courses of action and suggestions about how to best handle a situation are unavoidable.


Consideration is treating staff members as human beings. Kindness, humanitarianism, doing personal favour for teachers, helping them both in their work and in their personal lives, and standing up for the teachers' best interests are characteristic features of this aspect of leadership behaviour of the principal (Halpin, 1966) . Disengagement behaviour is characterized by the teachers' psychological and physical distance from each other and from the college as a whole. Teachers with high disengagement bicker and criticize each other, form cliques, annoy each other and contemplate leaving.

Kindness, humanitarianism, doing personal favour for teachers, helping them both in their work and in their personal lives, and standing up for the teachers' best interests are characteristic features of this aspect of leadership behaviour of the principal.


Importantly, depressive scores were within the normal range for the majority of participants. Of concern however, is that a subsample of participants (n = 9) had elevated scores indicating symptoms of clinical depression. Interesting also is that two participants who had dropped out of the program were among the nine with the highest depressive symptom scores. These data suggest that depression may be a potential risk factor for program failure. Furthermore, mental health care services are notoriously lacking in rural areas (Doyle, 1998) . The data strongly suggest that assessment of and attention to mental health care issues may be warranted among rural populations.

Furthermore, mental health care services are notoriously lacking in rural areas.


Wheatgrass is the young grass of common wheat plant, Triticum aestivum Linn., belonging to the family Poaceae (Gramineae). It is commonly known for its high chlorophyll content which accounts for 70% of its chemical constituents. Wheatgrass has been used as traditional herbal medicine and is highly valued for its therapeutic and nutritional properties [9] . The use of wheatgrass juice for therapeutic purposes was developed and popularized by Dr. Wigmore (1909 Wigmore ( -1996 , as a part of her therapeutic nutritional approach [10] . The therapeutic qualities of Triticum aestivum have been attributed to its rich nutritional content, including chlorophyll, vitamins (A, C, and E), bioflavonoids, iron, minerals (calcium and magnesium), and 17 amino acids, 8 of which are essential [11] . Very little clinical data exists to support the use of Triticum aestivum, even though it was recommended for four decades as a treatment for various illnesses.

Wheatgrass has been used as traditional herbal medicine and is highly valued for its therapeutic and nutritional properties.

The use of wheatgrass juice for therapeutic purposes was developed and popularized by Dr. Wigmore (1909 Wigmore ( -1996 , as a part of her therapeutic nutritional approach.

The therapeutic qualities of Triticum aestivum have been attributed to its rich nutritional content, including chlorophyll, vitamins (A, C, and E), bioflavonoids, iron, minerals (calcium and magnesium), and 17 amino acids, 8 of which are essential.


The high levels of radioactivity in the bile and intestinal tract throughout the study were most probably a result of enterohepatic circulation. Furthermore, the higher levels of Phen-derived radioactivity compared to BaP-derived hepatic radioactivity indicated a higher metabolic rate of the latter. Enterohepatic circulation implies that hepatic metabolites excreted in bile are reabsorbed from the intestine and transported to the liver via portal blood. Accordingly, the retention time of the metabolites may be prolonged depending on the extent of reabsorption. Furthermore, enterohepatic circulation implies that the liver will be continuously exposed to the mother compound and its metabolites during the entire elimination period. This mechanism is regarded to be important for PAH compounds undergoing metabolic bioactivation, such as BaP, because reactive intermediates readily bind to macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids which may in turn result in cellular damage. To our knowledge, the significance of enterohepatic circulation for the kinetics of organic contaminants has not been as well studied in fishes as it has been in mammals (Dutczak et al. 1991; Ramesh et al. 2004; Jandacek and Tso 2007) .

To our knowledge, the significance of enterohepatic circulation for the kinetics of organic contaminants has not been as well studied in fishes as it has been in mammals.


In conclusion, the present study showed a more important systemic distribution of Phen compared to BaP. This finding may be of significance for an Arctic species potentially at risk of exposures to PAHs of petrogenic origin. Further work is necessary to investigate the toxicokinetics of both single and mixtures of PAHs and the factors contributing to their bioavailability and transport across the intestines in dietarily exposed fish (Erickson et al. 2008) . Ongoing studies will complement these results by evaluating the comparative toxicokinetics of Phen between water and dietary exposure. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms controlling uptake, distribution and elimination of this complex and vast group of organic contaminants is still largely lacking for fish species. This knowledge is important for both the evaluation of the risk these pollutants may represent to wild life species and for interpretation of their toxicity, especially for Arctic species where little data are yet available.

Further work is necessary to investigate the toxicokinetics of both single and mixtures of PAHs and the factors contributing to their bioavailability and transport across the intestines in dietarily exposed fish.


Until now, only Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) has been used in electromagnetic design problems to evaluate quantitatively the statistical property of the performance function of interest, considering the random variables [1] [2] [3] [4] . However, the method has a major drawback: huge computation time is required for its numerical implementation because there are many function calls, although the probability information of random variables is given. Therefore, in applying robust or reliability-based optimization based on the statistical probability to electromagnetic devices, a more effective reliability assessment method with an acceptable level of accuracy should first be introduced.

Until now, only Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) has been used in electromagnetic design problems to evaluate quantitatively the statistical property of the performance function of interest, considering the random variables.


There is substantial evidence that at the last glacial maximum Britain was climatically inhospitable to the common shrew (Yalden, 1982) . Thus, any model for the origin and spread of the British karyotypic races must take into account that the common shrew invaded Britain while there was still a land bridge at the end of the glaciation (Searle, 1984) . The distribution of the British karyotypic races suggests that these races originated outside Britain and invaded in successive waves with partial displacement of earlier invading races.

There is substantial evidence that at the last glacial maximum Britain was climatically inhospitable to the common shrew.

Thus, any model for the origin and spread of the British karyotypic races must take into account that the common shrew invaded Britain while there was still a land bridge at the end of the glaciation.


The IceCube deep array is optimized for the detection of muons produced by high energy (E 1 TeV) neutrinos from astrophysical point source emitters such as active galactic nuclei or transient sources such as gamma ray bursts [4] . The muon is produced via chargedcurrent interactions of the neutrino with ice nuclei (ν µ + N → µ + X), typically exterior to the detector volume due to the long range of muons with energies in excess of 1 TeV. Ice is also an ideal calorimetric medium due to the long optical absorption lengths and so the visible energy of contained neutrino events can be reconstructed with ±20% resolution in the exponent. In addition to these high-energy phenomena of cosmic origin, IceCube may observe signals from dark matter annihilations and will collect a high statistics sample (O(10 6 )) of atmospheric neutrinos relevant to particle physics topics such as Lorenz invariance tests in regions unreachable by other techniques. At the low energy end, IceCube presents an effective volume of approximately 2.0 × 10 6 tons to MeV neutrinos from supernovae.

The IceCube deep array is optimized for the detection of muons produced by high energy (E 1 TeV) neutrinos from astrophysical point source emitters such as active galactic nuclei or transient sources such as gamma ray bursts.


We consider in the simplest case g = 4. However, we first construct a minimal surface in a flat 3-torus satisfying Property P since Meeks proved that such a minimal surface can be full minimally immersed into a flat 4-torus (Corollary 9.1 [8] ). Now we review some notations and compare our example with classical examples. Let f : M −→ T 3 be a minimal surface in a flat 3-torus. Recall that the space group S f (M ) of M is the set of symmetries of M in T 3 (Definition 5.5 , Definition 6.1 [8] ). We will denote the orientation-preserving subgroup of S f (M ) by S o f (M ) and orientationreversing elements by S r f (M ). Many classical examples of minimal surfaces in flat 3-tori have cubical lattices for their tori, and have the standard linear symmetries of a cube in their space group. We will say that a minimal surface Let f : M −→ T 3 be a minimal surface. Suppose that (1) f can be lifted to a holomorphic immersion f : M −→ C 3 /Λ, (2) f has the linear symmetries of a cube. Then, f satisfies Property P.

We consider in the simplest case g = 4.

However, we first construct a minimal surface in a flat 3-torus satisfying Property P since Meeks proved that such a minimal surface can be full minimally immersed into a flat 4-torus (Corollary 9.1).

Recall that the space group S f (M ) of M is the set of symmetries of M in T 3 (Definition 5.5 , Definition 6.1).

Then, f satisfies Property P.


To conclude, our results support the assumption that oscillatory mechanisms of successful memory formation do not generally change with age. At the same time agerelated differences in structural brain integrity contribute to the decline of episodic memory performance in older adults. Our findings support the notion that the maintenance of structural integrity goes hand in hand with the maintenance of youth-like mechanisms of memory formation in older adults (Fandakova, Lindenberger, & Shing, 2015; Nyberg, Lövdén, Riklund, Lindenberger, & Bäckman, 2012; Nyberg & Pudas, 2019) .

Our findings support the notion that the maintenance of structural integrity goes hand in hand with the maintenance of youth-like mechanisms of memory formation in older adults.


We used the same hypothesized model and tested for causal relationships between environmental factors and biotic factors on soil CO 2 production. The observed and expected correlation matrices did not differ significantly (χ 2 =2.21; P=0.14), indicating that the model was a good fit (Fig. 4d) . According to our model, 61% of the variation in soil CO 2 production could be explained by direct positive effects from EM rhizomorph production, soil temperature, and soil moisture (Fig. 4d) . In addition to directly affecting CO 2 production, soil temperature also indirectly affected CO 2 production through its interaction on EM rhizomorph production. Fine root production did not significantly affect soil CO 2 production. The biggest variance inflation factor (4.2) was well below the critical limit of 10 and the biggest condition index (13.2) was well below the critical limit of 30 (Petraitis et al. 1996) .

The biggest variance inflation factor (4.2) was well below the critical limit of 10 and the biggest condition index (13.2) was well below the critical limit of 30.


There is no question that the collective bargaining rights of public school teachers are under attack. This is not a new phenomenon; teachers' unions have been subject to critiques since their early days. Early detractors from teachers' unionism argued that collective bargaining for public school employees was by itself a flawed process due to the disparity in power between the teachers' union and the administrators and boards with whom they negotiated and due to the lack of accountability boards had for districts' bottom lines (Lieberman, 1979) . In addition, critics worried that this power disadvantage was furthered by the fact that union members in many ways elect the management with whom they bargain (Lieberman, 1979; Moe, 2005) . Most recently, policymakers in states across the country have proposed and are passing legislation to curb teachers' unions' collective bargaining rights and the regulations that can be included in collective bargaining agreements in order to limit the strength and reach of teachers' unions and the collective bargaining agreements (CBAs, or contracts) they negotiate with school boards. For instance, the Indiana state senate recently passed Senate Bill 575, which limits teachers' unions to bargaining only over compensation and benefits while allowing administrators to set other district policies, such as class size and evaluation and dismissal policies, without negotiating with the union (Elliott, 2011) . Legislation in Idaho that recently passed the state senate also seeks to prevent collective bargaining agreements from governing issues key to many education reforms, including Strunk 3 teacher evaluation procedures, teacher dismissal procedures, and school restructuring options (Bonner, 2011; Sawchuck, 2011) . In Tennessee and Ohio, newly introduced bills aim to abolish altogether teachers' ability to bargain collectively (Sawchuck, 2011) . Similarly, in Wisconsin, which in 1959 was the first state in the nation to pass a law allowing public sector employees to collectively bargain, the governor has proposed legislation that would eliminate public sector workers' right to collectively bargain over anything other than wages (King, 2011) .

Early detractors from teachers' unionism argued that collective bargaining for public school employees was by itself a flawed process due to the disparity in power between the teachers' union and the administrators and boards with whom they negotiated and due to the lack of accountability boards had for districts' bottom lines.

In addition, critics worried that this power disadvantage was furthered by the fact that union members in many ways elect the management with whom they bargain.

For instance, the Indiana state senate recently passed Senate Bill 575, which limits teachers' unions to bargaining only over compensation and benefits while allowing administrators to set other district policies, such as class size and evaluation and dismissal policies, without negotiating with the union.

Legislation in Idaho that recently passed the state senate also seeks to prevent collective bargaining agreements from governing issues key to many education reforms, including Strunk 3 teacher evaluation procedures, teacher dismissal procedures, and school restructuring options.

In Tennessee and Ohio, newly introduced bills aim to abolish altogether teachers' ability to bargain collectively.

Similarly, in Wisconsin, which in 1959 was the first state in the nation to pass a law allowing public sector employees to collectively bargain, the governor has proposed legislation that would eliminate public sector workers' right to collectively bargain over anything other than wages.


Moreover, the temperature increment reached its maximum value after 0 μs, reaching ΔT max = 2.1 n • K on the surface of the MNP. As expected, the hottest spots are on the surface of the MNP, and as the point of view gets further from the surface the temperature declines as (9) predicted. This value causes only a low-temperature gradient in the thermal properties of the surrounding medium therefore, the thermal parameters of the phantom cell can be considered constants, as assumed.

As expected, the hottest spots are on the surface of the MNP, and as the point of view gets further from the surface the temperature declines as predicted.


By analytically solving the DHFE for different boundary conditions, one can easily describe the dependence of the solution on each parameter composing it, such as the radius of the MNP, the frequency of the MF, and the material properties [38] . This allows us to optimize the solution for better performances, reaching the highest temperature elevation under specific constrains, for example the radius of the MNP. Moreover, when exploring the solution analytically, other parameters and their influence may be observed more clearly, which are usually neglected, or not explored (e.g., the MFP and its effects on the temperature gradient).

By analytically solving the DHFE for different boundary conditions, one can easily describe the dependence of the solution on each parameter composing it, such as the radius of the MNP, the frequency of the MF, and the material properties.


The other distinct mechanism, by which the magnetization of MNPs may relax after an applied field has been removed, is the physical rotational Brownian motion of the particle immobilized inside a medium. When a magnetic field is applied to MNPs, they rotate and progressively align with the magnetic field due to the torque generated by the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetization [12] . The time associated for an MNP to align with a small external magnetic field is given by the Brownian relaxation time, τ B [13] .

When a magnetic field is applied to MNPs, they rotate and progressively align with the magnetic field due to the torque generated by the interaction of the magnetic field with the magnetization.

The time associated for an MNP to align with a small external magnetic field is given by the Brownian relaxation time, τ B.


By comparing Case 2 to Case 1 we see that for the same MNP radius (10 nm) having the same magnetic material properties (given by the maximal temperature derivative for this case is 40 times higher than Case 1, making the periodic pulse-shaped MFP a better magnetic field source for MH treatments. For Case 3 the analytic expression for the TTP can be plotted for Δ = 0.2 T s and T s = 15 μs and are shown in Figure 7 for the summation of 25 indexes (not to exceed 10 MHz [16] ). The cosine MF time period that multiplies the Heaviside function equals 2.5 μs, and is equivalent to a frequency of 400 KHz.

For Case 3 the analytic expression for the TTP can be plotted for Δ = 0.2 T s and T s = 15 μs and are shown in Figure 7 for the summation of 25 indexes (not to exceed 10 MHz).


As can be seen from Figure 4 , the maximal temperature rate change equals 0.011 • Ks −1 and the maximal temperature rise equals 4.7 n • K, both received for a core radius of 9.3 nm. The temperature rate rise and the maximal temperature are considerably small, due to the relaxation time that depends on the volume of the particle making this MFP to be safe to use for MH treatments [47] . For radii larger or smaller than 9.3 nm, the magnetic heat dissipation start to decrease as the magnetic relaxation time gets bigger or smaller, respectively, reducing the denominator or numerator in (9) and (10).

The temperature rate rise and the maximal temperature are considerably small, due to the relaxation time that depends on the volume of the particle making this MFP to be safe to use for MH treatments.


Until recently, the MFP was poorly analyzed in context of hyperthermia treatments and how it influences the temperature distribution concerning biological materials and tissues surrounding MNPs. Previous work focused on exploring the influences of different magnetic profiles on biological tissues. These studies were mostly experimental and did not focus on the MNPs contribution to the temperature change when exposed to different types of magnetic field profiles [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] .

These studies were mostly experimental and did not focus on the MNPs contribution to the temperature change when exposed to different types of magnetic field profiles.


Private veterinary practitioners also have a pivotal role to play in biodiversity conservation since they are literally ''at the coal face'' dealing with members of the community, their clients, on a daily basis. Private practitioners can engage in conservation efforts at the policy, local community, and personal levels. They may become involved with community conservation initiatives, local threatened species programs or wildlife utilization projects, rehabilitation of sick and injured wildlife, and educating their clients with regard to reduction of the ecological impacts associated with their domestic animals (English, 1999) .

They may become involved with community conservation initiatives, local threatened species programs or wildlife utilization projects, rehabilitation of sick and injured wildlife, and educating their clients with regard to reduction of the ecological impacts associated with their domestic animals.


AOP infarction reflects well the aphorism: "time is brain". Sometimes, early recognition and optimal time for thrombolytic therapy could be missed. Even more, AOP stroke with delusive normal initial MRI aspects was described in literature [45] .

Even more, AOP stroke with delusive normal initial MRI aspects was described in literature.


Until recently, most of the evidence pertaining to RAS inhibition and cardiovascular and kidney protection was derived from placebo-controlled RCTs of ACEI or ARB with relatively few RCTs evaluating the comparative efficacy of ACEI versus ARB head to head [131, 132] . Our analysis was the first to directly compare the effects of taking ACEI versus ARB on patient-level cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in a large number of albuminuric patients. We found that the two classes of RAS inhibitors were comparable with respect to all cardiovascular and kidney outcomes evaluated. These findings are in keeping with those of a previous meta-analysis, which reported that the magnitudes of reduction in proteinuria following ARB and ACEI therapy are similar [120] .

Until recently, most of the evidence pertaining to RAS inhibition and cardiovascular and kidney protection was derived from placebo-controlled RCTs of ACEI or ARB with relatively few RCTs evaluating the comparative efficacy of ACEI versus ARB head to head.

These findings are in keeping with those of a previous meta-analysis, which reported that the magnitudes of reduction in proteinuria following ARB and ACEI therapy are similar.


Our research should be qualified in light of a few limitations. First, our observations were limited to five countries selected to represent modern, large-scale societies, so it is unclear whether results would hold in smaller scale societies. Second, although we endeavored to keep the experimental procedure as similar as possible between our two sample types (students and general public), differences in recruitment, the test environment (laboratory vs. coffee shops), or participants' mind-sets could have affected dishonesty. However, the differences we found between student and public samples are in line with Abeler and colleagues' work, which shows that dishonesty levels are slightly higher in laboratory settings compared with phone interviews (Abeler, Becker, & Falk, 2014) . Further research is therefore needed to determine whether within-country differences in generalized dishonesty are most likely to reflect sociocultural differences, demographic differences, or differences in the test environment. Despite this method limitation, our research points to a pattern of dishonesty that is unexpectedly similar across individuals from different countries with disparate cultural backgrounds.

However, the differences we found between student and public samples are in line with Abeler and colleagues' work, which shows that dishonesty levels are slightly higher in laboratory settings compared with phone interviews.


As communication systems evolve and become more complex, the need for software tools to analyse these systems grows. A popular way of analysing such systems is to model their behaviour using a high-level abstraction such as Generalised Stochastic Petri Nets (GSPNs) [1] . Qualitative and quantitative properties of the system can then be assessed by analysing the low-level state space and state graph underlying the model. However, even relatively simple models can suffer from the state space explosion problem, where the number of states reachable from the initial state becomes too large to store.

A popular way of analysing such systems is to model their behaviour using a high-level abstraction such as Generalised Stochastic Petri Nets (GSPNs).


The data set was divided randomly into three subgroups: the training set (70%), the verification set (15%), and the test set (15%). The verification data set controls the flexibility of the model, preventing model overfitting. It provides a criterion to stop the learning before the model learns the training data, since an excessive adjustment of the model in the training data could lead to poor results when new data are presented to the model. This procedure for model selection is known in the neural network (NN) literature as the early stopping procedure (Fernandez et al., 2007) . After fitting the model in the training data, the test data set was used to control whether the processed data set gave a true prediction.

This procedure for model selection is known in the neural network (NN) literature as the early stopping procedure.


Proteins, as a result of their abundance in biological systems, are major targets for oxidants, and they have high reaction rate constants. Kinetic data for a number of radicals and non-radical oxidants (e.g. singlet oxygen and hypochlorous acid) are consistent with proteins consuming the majority of these species generated within cells. Most protein damage is non-repairable and has deleterious consequences for protein structure and function; methionine sulfoxide formation can however be reversed in some circumstances. The major fate of oxidized proteins is catabolism by proteasomal and lysosomal pathways, but some materials appear to be poorly degraded and accumulate within cells. The accumulation of damaged material may contribute to a range of human pathologies. It seems that elevated methionine plays a key role in a very large number of human and animal diseases [15] .

It seems that elevated methionine plays a key role in a very large number of human and animal diseases.


Further implementations of Sweep3D have also been achieved on GPUs including that on the Nvidia GT200 using CUDA [15] . This demonstrated a speedup of 2.25 over the use of a single contemporary Intel CPU but only at small scale. It will be interesting to see if these results also extend to large-scale systems such as our work here on the large-scale Roadrunner system.

Further implementations of Sweep3D have also been achieved on GPUs including that on the Nvidia GT200 using CUDA.


A range of interventions have been implemented globally to address malnutrition, ranging from micronutrient supplementation programmes (where single micronutrients in the form of injections, formulas or tablets are administered to an individual), to food-based interventions (where nutrient deficiencies are targeted through the provision of different food groups). For example, school-based food programmes have focused on delivery of animal source foods (ASF) including milk and meat to children with some positive gains recorded in terms of improvements to cognitive and physical development [11] . ASF are rich in bioavailable vitamin B12, riboflavin, calcium, zinc, iron and amino acids, and therefore, access to ASF can improve dietary quality [12] . Nevertheless, programmes that rely on government-subsidised micronutrient supplementation or school-based food programmes are unlikely to be sustainable in the long term and may not reach the poorest of households [13] .

For example, school-based food programmes have focused on delivery of animal source foods (ASF) including milk and meat to children with some positive gains recorded in terms of improvements to cognitive and physical development.

ASF are rich in bioavailable vitamin B12, riboflavin, calcium, zinc, iron and amino acids, and therefore, access to ASF can improve dietary quality.

Nevertheless, programmes that rely on government-subsidised micronutrient supplementation or school-based food programmes are unlikely to be sustainable in the long term and may not reach the poorest of households.


We performed three experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed clustering algorithms. In the first experiment, we selected three clustering problems and compared the two proposed algorithms to k-means and EM respectively. In our second experiment, we compared our proposed algorithms to the standard EMST based algorithms-SEMST and ZEMST in image color clustering. In the third experiment we tested our unconstrained MSDR algorithm with datasets from the UCI repository [11] .

In the third experiment we tested our unconstrained MSDR algorithm with datasets from the UCI repository.


In order to describe the specific maximal regularity result that is obtained in this paper, let us consider the heat equation γ ; in both cases one can take ¿ = L p (∂O). For these choices we speak of L q,µ -L p,γ -maximal regularity and L q,µ -F s p,r,γ -maximal regularity, respectively. There actually is an overlap between case (i) and (ii), see (4) below.

There actually is an overlap between case (i) and (ii), see below.


Here we contribute a method for (deep) lifted feed-forward neural network learning, in which the ground network structure is unfolded from a set of weighted rules in relational logic. The relational rules are instantly interpretable and can be handcrafted by a domain expert or learned, e.g. through techniques of inductive logic programming (De Raedt, 2008) . Weights of the ground neural networks are determined by the weighted relational rules and can be learned by stochastic gradient descent algorithm. This means that weights between different ground neurons constructed from the same relational rule are tied in our framework, similarly to how weights are shared in lifted graphical models in statistical relational learning or how weights are tied together by application of filters in convolutional neural networks in deep learning.

The relational rules are instantly interpretable and can be handcrafted by a domain expert or learned, e.g. through techniques of inductive logic programming.


In addition to considering different search control heuristics, we could also have instances of VHPOP working with lifted actions instead of ground actions. Recent improvements to the code have significantly reduced the overhead for maintaining binding constraints, making planning with lifted actions look considerably more favorable than was reported in earlier work (Younes & Simmons, 2002) . Planning with lifted actions could be beneficial for problems with a high branching factor in the search space due to a large number of objects.

Recent improvements to the code have significantly reduced the overhead for maintaining binding constraints, making planning with lifted actions look considerably more favorable than was reported in earlier work.


A chaotic system is a relatively complex behavior through the deterministic dynamics of nonlinear systems. Deterministic laws make the orbits of the system attracted to a complex higher-dimensional subset called a strange attractor. The chaotic system is sensitivity to initial conditions; points that are arbitrarily close initially become exponentially further apart with increasing time, leading to the amplification of very small perturbations into global uncertainties. As a result it is not possible to make accurate longterm predictions. The importance of studying chaotic behavior lies in the fact that chaotic behavior is much more widespread, and may even be the norm in the real world. Scheindman and Lebaron, Frank and Stengos found the chaotic behavior in financial market such as stock market, foreign exchange markets and futures market [1] - [2] . Chaotic time series prediction becomes an extremely important research area and obtains widespread application [3] - [4] . The phase space reconstruction and embedding theorem proposed by Takens supply the theory foundation for nonlinear time series prediction [5] . In the phase space reconstructed artificial neural networks can deal with the mapping relations between the current situation and future situation to implement the chaotic time series prediction.

Scheindman and Lebaron, Frank and Stengos found the chaotic behavior in financial market such as stock market, foreign exchange markets and futures market.

Chaotic time series prediction becomes an extremely important research area and obtains widespread application.

The phase space reconstruction and embedding theorem proposed by Takens supply the theory foundation for nonlinear time series prediction.


Microwave heating produced SnO 2 /CNT composites with a different concentration of SnO 2 nanoparticles. The density of nanoparticles on the CNT surface increased with increasing microwave power and exposure time. Based on the microwave process optimization results (not given here), the SnO 2 /CNT sample prepared at 500 W for 5 min was chosen for FE studies. The formation of a considerable amount of SnO 2 nanoparticles on the CNT surface within 5 min of reaction time may be due to the strong microwave adsorption of CNTs [23] . The structural characterization results for the samples were published elsewhere [21] .

The formation of a considerable amount of SnO 2 nanoparticles on the CNT surface within 5 min of reaction time may be due to the strong microwave adsorption of CNTs.

The structural characterization results for the samples were published elsewhere.


HRTEM and SEM images showed heavy coating of the CNT surface with spherical SnO 2 nanoparticles in the size range of 25 nm for the sample prepared by microwave method. On the other hand, the sample from the conventional method showed the presence of spherical nanoparticles with smaller sizes (23 nm) on the surface with a larger inter-particle distance (refer parts (a) and (b) of Figure 1 ). Raman spectra of the composite samples (refer Figure 1(c) ) showed additional peaks below 1000 cm The values of turn-on field defined as the electric field required for extracting a current density of 10 μA/cm 2 and an emission current density of 1 mAcm -2 show an apparent decrease with microwave samples when compared to pure CNTs and composite prepared by conventional method as shown in Figure 2(a) . The values obtained were 1.0, 1.3, and 1.49 Vμm -1 for the composites from microwave, conventional methods, and pure CNTs, respectively. This demonstrates that the FE property for the obtained SnO 2 /CNTs-MW hybrid has been improved significantly. TEM images show that the number of SnO 2 nanoparticles per unit surface area is higher for the sample prepared by microwave method, which results in the formation of many additional emitter tips on the CNT surface. The heavy coating of SnO 2 nanoparticles obtained by this method prevents the neighbouring CNTs from clustering together and hence reduces the possibility of electrostatic screening from aggregated dense CNTs [26] .

The heavy coating of SnO 2 nanoparticles obtained by this method prevents the neighbouring CNTs from clustering together and hence reduces the possibility of electrostatic screening from aggregated dense CNTs.


In this paper, we use data on child and family characteristics in the 1983 OCHS (parental income and education, and child health) and socio-economic outcomes in the 2000 OCHS (educational attainment, health, earnings, wages, and hours of paid work) to provide answers to the two key questions posed at the start of this section. Such answers can shed light on important policy questions. What are the potential long run implications of health problems early in the life cycle for the eventual cost of health care and income support programs? What role does childhood health play in the relatively high degree of inter-generational economic mobility in Canada (Corak 2006) ? We review the literature in Section 2 and provide a description of the OCHS and our estimation samples in Section 3. Section 4 presents our multivariate estimates and Section 5 is a summary and conclusion.

What role does childhood health play in the relatively high degree of inter-generational economic mobility in Canada?


Another method consists of measuring water transport along textile fibers by an electrical capacitance [10, 11] . This technique consists of the construction of an apparatus with a specially designed electrical amplifier circuit and condenser electrodes, between which sample fibers are set. This method is unable to determine the liquid content at different heights, and permits only a global view of the evolution of liquid transport.

Another method consists of measuring water transport along textile fibers by an electrical capacitance.


Why residents increased their use of EHR during both medical and "positive talk" during the first ten minutes of the consultation post training remains unclear. Positive talk includes utterances such as laughter, agreement approvals and compliments and is considered to contribute to build the relationship [55, 65, 66] . Residents may still have difficulties postponing EHR use when biomedical issues are discussed. Residents may also use positive talk to enhance relationship-building while using the EHR. Further research should evaluate whether these changes also occur during the entire length of the encounter.

Positive talk includes utterances such as laughter, agreement approvals and compliments and is considered to contribute to build the relationship.


With a non-scalable codec, video file should be separately encoded in order to obtain different representations having different quality. If scalable video coding (SVC) is used, video file is encoded once and video sequences with different quality can be extracted from this encoded file [7] . Hence, SVC provides the storage advantage. If SVC is used with HTTP streaming, storage advantage provides cache efficiency and optimizes the bandwidth usage since only one encoded video sequence is send to the HTTP cache for a video file [8] . Using SVC with DASH allows producing video sequences with large range of representations while providing cache efficiency [8] .

If scalable video coding (SVC) is used, video file is encoded once and video sequences with different quality can be extracted from this encoded file.

If SVC is used with HTTP streaming, storage advantage provides cache efficiency and optimizes the bandwidth usage since only one encoded video sequence is send to the HTTP cache for a video file.

Using SVC with DASH allows producing video sequences with large range of representations while providing cache efficiency.


Wheat germ (WG) is one of the wheat milling by-products. It is rich in many nutrients and bioactive compounds, thus, it is widely applied in bread, snack foods, and breakfast cereals [1] . Since WG contains phenolic compounds, it is also used to produce valuable antioxidant supplements [2] . However, fresh WG could easily undergo oxidative rancidity due to a high moisture content (MC), unsaturated fats, and endogenous enzymes, resulting in a limited shelf-life. Controlling the MC within a proper range or inactivating the enzymes is the key to preventing WG from deterioration, and consequently extending its shelf-life.

It is rich in many nutrients and bioactive compounds, thus, it is widely applied in bread, snack foods, and breakfast cereals.

Since WG contains phenolic compounds, it is also used to produce valuable antioxidant supplements.


Via gauge/string duality, large N 't Hooft expansion of a gauge theory corresponds to the genus expansion of dual string theory. In general, 1/N expansion is an asymptotic series and we need to include non-perturbative corrections corresponding to various brane instantons in the bulk string theory. We expect that we recover the exact result of gauge theory at finite N after including such non-perturbative corrections. In other words, the exact result at finite N can be thought of as a non-perturbative completion of the genus expansion. We can also use this relation in the opposite direction: from the exact result at finite N we can read off the information of non-perturbative corrections either analytically or numerically. This strategy was successfully applied to the study of instanton corrections in ABJM theory on S 3 from the exact values of the partition functions [1] [2] [3] . It turned out that the non-perturbative corrections in ABJM theory on S 3 has an interesting connection to the refined topological string on a certain local Calabi-Yau [4] . We hope that by studying exact partition functions of gauge theories or matrix models at finite N , we can reveal interesting physical/mathematical structure of large N expansion for more general cases.

This strategy was successfully applied to the study of instanton corrections in ABJM theory on S 3 from the exact values of the partition functions.

It turned out that the non-perturbative corrections in ABJM theory on S 3 has an interesting connection to the refined topological string on a certain local Calabi-Yau.


We have seen that the large N expansion of free energy and Wilson loops behaves quite differently between the gapped phase and the ungapped phase of GWW model. In the gapped phase the genus expansion is Borel non-summable and the perturbative and nonperturbative corrections are related by resurgence [9] . On the other hand, in the ungapped phase, the perturbative corrections stop at first order. Although the instanton coefficient in the ungapped phase has an all order expansion in 1/N , this series is Borel summable and the each instanton sector seems to be closed by itself (see appendix C for details). This is in stark contrast to the situation in the gapped phase and it would be interesting to see how these two expansions are connected when we cross the transition point g = 1.

In the gapped phase the genus expansion is Borel non-summable and the perturbative and nonperturbative corrections are related by resurgence.


The experience of chemical control is that strong limitation of pests by chemicals is vulnerable to decay because of evolution in the pest. It is possible that some successful biological control systems will also prove ultimately to be evolutionarily transient (as in the control of rabbits by myxomatosis). We suggest that evolutionary stability in biological control is most likely, given synergistic combinations of the processes discussed above. For instance, a parasitoid that can effectively limit its host (the target pest) after introduction may be more likely to maintain this control over evolutionary time spans if ecological stability arises from spatial heterogeneity (leading to weak selection on the host), host counteradaptations are costly, and the parasitoid can mount effect coevolutionary responses to host changes. The management of pest evolutionary responses is an exciting chapter in the emerging field of ''applied evolutionary biology'' (Holt 1996b) . This field will provide a testing ground for studies of the evolution of adaptation to tolerate severe, novel environmental stresses (Denholm and Rowland 1992) . We suggest that in sculpting control programs to minimize evolved resistance, either to chemical or biological control, it is essential to consider spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the selective environment imposed on the target species, the costliness of potential defenses, and potential behavioral and coevolutionary responses by the control agents. Scant data exist at present to assess the relative importance of these factors.

The management of pest evolutionary responses is an exciting chapter in the emerging field of ''applied evolutionary biology''.

This field will provide a testing ground for studies of the evolution of adaptation to tolerate severe, novel environmental stresses.


The current cycle is characterized by a noticeable North-South asymmetry in sunspot activity. Large ACs were observed in the northern hemisphere in 2011. The decay of these ACs resulted in the formation of following polarity UMRs. So, positive-polarity UMRs reached the North Pole and caused the change in the dominant polarity there by late 2012 -early 2013 (Mordvinov and Yazev, 2014; Sun et al., 2015; Petrie and Ettinger, 2015) . In the southern hemisphere, the highest level of activity was observed in 2014. The decay of long-lived ACs was accompanied by the formation of negative polarity UMRs, which reached the South Pole and caused the change of the dominant polarity there by the early 2015. Thus, the later activity development in the southern hemisphere led to the two-year delay in the magnetic field reversal at the South Pole.

So, positive-polarity UMRs reached the North Pole and caused the change in the dominant polarity there by late 2012 -early 2013.


Epilepsy is a common neurologic disorder which affects about 1% of the U.S. population [1] . Most new cases of epilepsy occur in the elderly, with an annual incidence rate of 240 per 100,000 in people aged 65 and older in the United States [1] . Among patients with new-onset epilepsy, almost 50% of the causes can be explained by an underlying etiology, such as vascular diseases, tumors or metabolic disorders [2] . Around 30-40% of new epilepsy cases among the elderly are accounted for by previous cerebrovascular hemorrhages or ischemic accidents. This makes cerebrovascular strokes the most common cause of secondary epilepsy in adults [3] .

Epilepsy is a common neurologic disorder which affects about 1% of the U.S. population.

Most new cases of epilepsy occur in the elderly, with an annual incidence rate of 240 per 100,000 in people aged 65 and older in the United States.

Among patients with new-onset epilepsy, almost 50% of the causes can be explained by an underlying etiology, such as vascular diseases, tumors or metabolic disorders.

This makes cerebrovascular strokes the most common cause of secondary epilepsy in adults.


In summary, LMDI decomposition and the STIRPAT model are both mainstream methods, but there are differences in their applicability. LMDI can achieve no residual decomposition, but it is impossible to examine the elasticity of each factor. The STIRPAT model has a strong scalability, allowing researchers to extend the model according to their own research purposes, ensuring that the model analysis results are more detailed [21] . Consequently, this paper uses the extended STIRPAT model to conduct an in-depth analysis of five factors (population size, urbanization rate, wealth level, industrial structure and energy intensity) which affect YREB carbon emissions. We also conduct a panel data regression analysis of the extended STIRPAT model to obtain the impact of each driver on carbon emissions. Finally, we integrate present and past regression results to propose carbon emission reduction recommendations for each driving factor and provide an important parameter reference and a scientific basis for the formulation and implementation of carbon emission reduction policies in the YREB.

The STIRPAT model has a strong scalability, allowing researchers to extend the model according to their own research purposes, ensuring that the model analysis results are more detailed.


The therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin (BTX-A) in headaches was serendipitously noted in 1992 by William Binder who identified that patients with migraine headaches recovered from their attacks following BTX-A injections for the treatment of facial wrinkles [8] . Thereafter, BTX-A was increasingly considered a promising preventive treatment for patients with refractory primary headache disorders especially migraine and chronic tension type headaches (CTTH) [7, [9] [10] [11] . However, by evaluating the use of BTX-A in different types of headaches in an evidence-based manner, though most of the initial reports on botulinum toxin in TTH and in migraine were positive yet, these results were contradictory in well-designed, randomized controlled trials [12, 13] .

The therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin (BTX-A) in headaches was serendipitously noted in 1992 by William Binder who identified that patients with migraine headaches recovered from their attacks following BTX-A injections for the treatment of facial wrinkles.

Thereafter, BTX-A was increasingly considered a promising preventive treatment for patients with refractory primary headache disorders especially migraine and chronic tension type headaches (CTTH).

However, by evaluating the use of BTX-A in different types of headaches in an evidence-based manner, though most of the initial reports on botulinum toxin in TTH and in migraine were positive yet, these results were contradictory in well-designed, randomized controlled trials.


While several hundred volatiles have been identified in tomato, only a set of 20-30 volatile compounds actively contribute to tomato flavor; they are present in sufficient quantities to noticeably stimulate the olfactory system [4] . This threshold is determined by both the concentration of the substance and the organism's ability to detect it [47] . Flavor thresholds vary markedly between individuals and can be greatly influenced by the way in which the volatile is presented. The differences in volatile compounds between the lines (Figure 3) can give a varied tomato flavor (Figure 4 ).

While several hundred volatiles have been identified in tomato, only a set of 20-30 volatile compounds actively contribute to tomato flavor; they are present in sufficient quantities to noticeably stimulate the olfactory system.

This threshold is determined by both the concentration of the substance and the organism's ability to detect it.


The results presented in this study suggest that overexpression of feedback insensitive mutants of AroG 209-9 //PheA 12 genes generated new tomato aroma composition (Figure 4 ). Previous research used ectopic expression of the petunia MYB transcription factor ODORANT1 to alter the expression of a set of genes related to Phe metabolism in tomato fruits including DAHPS, CM and Arogenate/Prephenate Dehydratase [44] . This increased metabolic activity, was coupled to a considerably enhanced flux through part of the phenylpropanoid pathway, but did not result in induction of Phe-derived flavor volatiles, suggesting that factors beyond substrate availability limit their synthesis such as post-transcriptional regulation [44] . We chose a different approach using bacterial feedback-insensitive variants of biosynthetic enzymes in order to bypass enzyme feedback inhibition loops of the shikimate and AAA biosynthesis pathways (Figure 1 ). In general, the expression of these genes resulted in alteration in the production of several volatile as well as non-volatile compounds and in changes in fruit aroma. This emphasizes the importance of using ectopic expression of feedback-insensitive enzymes for metabolic engineering.

Previous research used ectopic expression of the petunia MYB transcription factor ODORANT1 to alter the expression of a set of genes related to Phe metabolism in tomato fruits including DAHPS, CM and Arogenate/Prephenate Dehydratase.

This increased metabolic activity, was coupled to a considerably enhanced flux through part of the phenylpropanoid pathway, but did not result in induction of Phe-derived flavor volatiles, suggesting that factors beyond substrate availability limit their synthesis such as post-transcriptional regulation.


The phytoplankton in the ocean water system involved chemical, biological and physical processes as well as interactions among the processes. In order to predict and study the strength of the dependent and independent variables among them, the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method is used. The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method is commonly used techniques to obtain a linear input output model for a given dataset [11] [12] . However, this model will face some difficulties, especially when the independent variables are following certain distribution. Thus, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was adopted as an approach to extracting information, required no priori assumptions about the model in terms of mathematical relationships or distribution data and it is a well suited method with self-adaptive, self-organizing and error tolerance [13] [14] .

The Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) method is commonly used techniques to obtain a linear input output model for a given dataset.

Thus, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was adopted as an approach to extracting information, required no priori assumptions about the model in terms of mathematical relationships or distribution data and it is a well suited method with self-adaptive, self-organizing and error tolerance.


Chlorophyll (chl) is a bio-indicator of the aquatic ecosystem, as it is common to all photosynthesis organisms. It's also widely used for estimation of phytoplankton in ecological studies and water quality [1] - [5] . The chlorophyll concentration is commonly used in satellite ocean colour products [6] - [10] . Chlorophyll can be found in algae, plants and phytoplankton. This molecule used as photoreceptors in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll appears to be green in plants and algae because it reflects the green wavelengths found in sunlight, while absorbing all other colours. There are 6 different chlorophylls (A, B, C, D, E, F) where each of them reflects different ranges of green wavelengths. In every single photosynthesis organism chlorophyll-a can be found, from algae to land plants and cyanobacteria. Phytoplankton has chlorophyll-a, where a chlorophyll sensor used to detect these organisms in-situ. It also provides immediate data and can be used for long-term recording and monitoring. However, as a chlorophyll sensor assumes that all cyanobacteria and algae have the same levels of chlorophyll-a, it can provide a rough estimate of biomass but cannot be used to identify specific species.

It's also widely used for estimation of phytoplankton in ecological studies and water quality.

The chlorophyll concentration is commonly used in satellite ocean colour products.


Deficit irrigation signifies that the supplementary water applied is reduced to only a fraction of potential evapotranspiration of a well-watered reference crop (ET C ). According to English and Raja, deficit irrigation is an optimisation strategy under which crops are deliberately subjected to some degree of water deficit and yield reduction [7] . An irrigation-deficit strategy can be implemented in various ways, differing mainly in how the water restriction is applied. Particularly, sustained-deficit irrigation (SDI) is based on a uniform water restriction, depending on the crop-water requirements. This approach allows the crop to adapt to the stressful situation. Under a SDI regime, water deficits reduce biomass production under moderate water stress, due to a reduction in canopy size and radiation interception [8] .

According to English and Raja, deficit irrigation is an optimisation strategy under which crops are deliberately subjected to some degree of water deficit and yield reduction.

Under a SDI regime, water deficits reduce biomass production under moderate water stress, due to a reduction in canopy size and radiation interception.


We also made the comparisons between our proposed model and the COPRAS method [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] . The final ranking is the same but the relative significances are different. However, our model considered the decision makers' uncertainty, which could be more reasonable in the current case study because the R&D projects are usually with some degrees of uncertainty or vagueness. If the evaluating values are certain crisp numbers, the COPRAS method should be a proper method.

We also made the comparisons between our proposed model and the COPRAS method.


Both the current finances and future development of a company are impacted by research and development (R&D). For example, a high-tech company's ability to compete can be strengthened by its ability to develop novel products giving it an edge over their competitors and opening up new markets. Consequently, R&D has come to be perceived as vital for preserving company sustainability, a major business concern and a focus for investment. It is indeed one of the key factors enhancing competitiveness. Offering a technically superior product can be a significant advantage in the marketplace, especially for high tech companies, making investment in R&D for the development of technological products very important [1] . However, it is also known that product development is dependent on the ability of a team to work together and that good teamwork is needed to smooth the product development process.

Offering a technically superior product can be a significant advantage in the marketplace, especially for high tech companies, making investment in R&D for the development of technological products very important.


The main strengths of the contour method are that it provides a two-dimensional (2D) map of stress along the plane of interest in the component and can be implemented in the laboratory with widely available cutting and measurement equipment. Although destructive, the contour method has been recently developed to measure multiple components of the stress tensor [2, 3] . Other nondestructive measurement techniques, such as neutron, synchrotron and X-ray diffraction, can provide similar 2D stress maps but may be affected by variations in the microstructure or limited by the depth to which measurements can be made within the test component [4] .

Although destructive, the contour method has been recently developed to measure multiple components of the stress tensor.

Other nondestructive measurement techniques, such as neutron, synchrotron and X-ray diffraction, can provide similar 2D stress maps but may be affected by variations in the microstructure or limited by the depth to which measurements can be made within the test component.