Hyperspectral imaging has become a major image modality over the last years, largely thanks to the development of spectral sensors. Hyperspectral images collect reflectance spectra with significant spectral resolution (~200 wavelengths) for a large number of pixels (~1000×1000 pixels). These images contain a lot of information regarding the composition of the scene, and can therefore be used in remote sensing for monitoring forest or coastal regions, or in chemometrics to study the composition of chemical compounds [1] .

These images contain a lot of information regarding the composition of the scene, and can therefore be used in remote sensing for monitoring forest or coastal regions, or in chemometrics to study the composition of chemical compounds.


Terbuthylazine (N 2 -tert-butyl-6-chloro-N 4 -ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, Figure 1 ) is an herbicide used for foliar spraying on maize and sorghum against annual and perennial monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds [8] . Although terbuthylazine is widely used within the EU, its frequent detection in surface and groundwater, together with its medium to high persistence in soil and intrinsic toxicological properties, may pose a risk both for human and environmental health [8, 9] . These concerns become even more relevant as the production of maize is increasing globally, a trend that is expected to continue in the future as maize is one of the most dominating crops for biogas production [10] .

Terbuthylazine (N 2 -tert-butyl-6-chloro-N 4 -ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine, Figure 1 ) is an herbicide used for foliar spraying on maize and sorghum against annual and perennial monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds.

Although terbuthylazine is widely used within the EU, its frequent detection in surface and groundwater, together with its medium to high persistence in soil and intrinsic toxicological properties, may pose a risk both for human and environmental health.

These concerns become even more relevant as the production of maize is increasing globally, a trend that is expected to continue in the future as maize is one of the most dominating crops for biogas production.


Pesticides are widely used worldwide in farming since they fight crop pests and reduce competition from weeds, thus improving agricultural yields and protecting the availability, quality, and price of produce to the benefit of farmers and consumers. However, their use does involve risk, because most have inherent properties that can endanger health and the environment if not used properly. Actually, there is now overwhelming evidence that some of these chemicals do pose a potential risk to humans arising from the exposure through environmental contamination or occupational use [1] [2] [3] . Yet, the beneficial outcome from use of pesticides provides evidence that pesticides will continue to be a vital tool in the diverse range of technologies that can maintain and improve living standards for the people of the world.

Actually, there is now overwhelming evidence that some of these chemicals do pose a potential risk to humans arising from the exposure through environmental contamination or occupational use.


The high-speed railway that passes through the residential area will make traffic noises, and usually sound barriers are installed along the railway to reduce the influence by traffic noises. However, pulsating pressure force generated by high-speed train can cause fierce dynamic responses, even worse the structural damage of the sound barriers [11] . In 2003, the sound barriers installed along the railway from Cologne to Frankfurt in Germany were all destroyed by pulsating pressure force produced by the train, resulting in a loss of 30 million Euros [12] . Considering that the railway line is so long, the distributed optical fiber sensing technology based BOTDR will be the best choice for health monitoring of the sound barriers. However, since the moment that high speed train passes by a certain position of the railway lasts only for seconds, the sensing system will measure an incomplete discrete Brillouin spectrum (IDBS) each time. It means that the deformation of sound barriers cannot be perceived accurately because the peak frequency cannot be determined.

However, pulsating pressure force generated by high-speed train can cause fierce dynamic responses, even worse the structural damage of the sound barriers.

In 2003, the sound barriers installed along the railway from Cologne to Frankfurt in Germany were all destroyed by pulsating pressure force produced by the train, resulting in a loss of 30 million Euros.


However, as is the case in other developing regions, the overall gains from foreign capital inflows in terms of employment and welfare have been limited mostly due to the weak spillovers and linkages with domestic economic activity (Morrissey, 2012) . Moreover, commodity dependence exposes African economies to growth volatility and other risks inherent to export instability and exchange rate appreciation, or 'resource curse', as discussed in the literature. Indeed, growth in these countries remains erratic due to the narrow production base and exposure to the vagaries of international commodity markets. Moreover, natural resource-rich countries exhibit high levels of poverty and lag behind in development goals including access to social services such as health, education, water and sanitation. This raises a serious concern regarding the sustainability of the resource-led growth.

However, as is the case in other developing regions, the overall gains from foreign capital inflows in terms of employment and welfare have been limited mostly due to the weak spillovers and linkages with domestic economic activity.


Difficulties with urination and sexual function are common complications after surgery for rectal cancer. In the medical literature male urogenital dysfunction following rectal cancer surgery is becoming increasingly more reported [1] . Assessment in the male consists of the degree of erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction together with assessment of the difficulties of bladder emptying and uri-nary incontinence. However, there is little literature on female urogenitary dysfunction following rectal cancer surgery.

In the medical literature male urogenital dysfunction following rectal cancer surgery is becoming increasingly more reported.


The problem of distributed task mapping in WSNs also has similarities to the research traditions of WSN cluster formation and dynamic topology control [14] . One key difference here is that the load balancing algorithm described in this paper is targeted at the application layer. Our load balancing nominates the nodes which respond to sensed events, rather than controlling routing (network layer) and MAC (link layer) activity.

The problem of distributed task mapping in WSNs also has similarities to the research traditions of WSN cluster formation and dynamic topology control.


Firefly protocols propagate control messages to synchronise and coordinate network functions across a region, for example, clock synchronisation [18] . Heartbeat protocols are used to verify liveness and reachability of remote nodes (via a request-acknowledgment cycle) when dealing with distributed processes or nodes that may fail [19] . Gossip protocols are used for probabilistic data distribution at the network layer [20] . Our protocol incorporates propagation of control messages (hormone) across multiple hops, but in contrast to firefly protocols this distribution is limited in range. The decisions our protocol takes as a result of hormone reception are also fully deterministic, unlike in gossip protocols. Our protocol also does not require heartbeats for liveness verification, since due to hormone expiry remaining nodes will take on the queen function.

Firefly protocols propagate control messages to synchronise and coordinate network functions across a region, for example, clock synchronisation.

Heartbeat protocols are used to verify liveness and reachability of remote nodes (via a request-acknowledgment cycle) when dealing with distributed processes or nodes that may fail.

Gossip protocols are used for probabilistic data distribution at the network layer.


Sites for IFM were selected using data from the National Forest Inventory [3] . The advantage of using NFI data for this type of simulation is the good representation of all forest types throughout Sweden. The IFM treatments were, however, assigned to individual stands or plots and no landscape-level restrictions were considered. This is a common limitation of simulations based on NFI data, which raises several problems. Notably, it prevents consideration of factors, such as the distance to wood processing plants and the distribution of land owners that are likely to influence decisions to implement IFM treatments [19, 47] . In addition, the NFI data provide no information about the size of individual stands, although treatments such as IntFert and ConFert can only be viably applied to relatively large stands or stands situated adjacent to similar stands. However, the aim of this study was not to assess the practicality of implementing the treatments, but to assess the potential of IFM.

Sites for IFM were selected using data from the National Forest Inventory.

Notably, it prevents consideration of factors, such as the distance to wood processing plants and the distribution of land owners that are likely to influence decisions to implement IFM treatments.


The cited studies, and countless others spanning several centuries, have clearly shown that the production capacity of a site is not constant over time but can be changed by management. The growing crop can be managed to utilize given natural resources more efficiently, but resource availability can also be managed [8] [9] [10] . In addition, site productivity may be affected by climatic changes and other large-scale processes such as nitrogen deposition [11] .

The growing crop can be managed to utilize given natural resources more efficiently, but resource availability can also be managed.

In addition, site productivity may be affected by climatic changes and other large-scale processes such as nitrogen deposition.


In the study those who were a member of association of people living with HIV/AIDS were 40% lower at risk of using condom inconsistently than its counterpart for both ART experienced and naive groups. This result was in line with the survey done in Cameroon [23] . Hence, this finding may indicate greater access and utilization of prevention messages by members of PLWHA associations. The study also showed that those participants who thought HIV transmission can occur while taking ART were 65% lower at risk of using inconsistent condom than those who did not think so. The misconception may happen either by ignoring the ART information communicated or lack ART knowledge by HIV positive persons which made them engaged in unprotected sex. Hence, counselors are recommended to discuss the effect of ART on HIV transmission in order to avoid the misconception.

This result was in line with the survey done in Cameroon.


On the other hand, today peer to peer (P2P) networks have also had considerable growth compared with client-server architectures and have dedicated high traffic to themselves [2] . The most important applications of this network are sharing information and resources, content dissemination, peer-to-peer connections, collaborative programs and content discovery [3] . In these networks two nodes can exchange information without any need to an infrastructure or a central node [3] .

On the other hand, today peer to peer (P2P) networks have also had considerable growth compared with client-server architectures and have dedicated high traffic to themselves.

The most important applications of this network are sharing information and resources, content dissemination, peer-to-peer connections, collaborative programs and content discovery.

In these networks two nodes can exchange information without any need to an infrastructure or a central node.


Nowadays LIMA is the most used graft conduit due to excellent long-term patency, and although CSSS has a low described incidence (0.5-6.8%), perhaps this incidence could be underestimated. Ischemic symptoms can present immediately following CABG surgery or up to 7-8 years later [3, 4] . Some patients may be asymptomatic; therefore, a high level of clinical suspicion is needed, and a detailed clinical history and thorough physical exam should be performed, including measure of arterial blood pressure in both arms as a screening tool. However, several prospective studies showed no consistent positive predictive value of systolic differencial pressure in the upper arm (10-20 mmHg) [5] . Alternative screening methods can be used, such as Doppler Case Reports in Cardiology ultrasonography, but the direct angiography remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and can be done when performing a coronary angiogram, with minimal risk.

Ischemic symptoms can present immediately following CABG surgery or up to 7-8 years later.

However, several prospective studies showed no consistent positive predictive value of systolic differencial pressure in the upper arm (10-20 mmHg).


One of the challenges of the milk industry is the conservation. Nowadays many technologies to achieve this purpose exist. However, the ultrahigh temperature (UHT) treatment is applied in most dairy products to guarantee their microbiological safety and increase the shelf life [5] . Another method commonly used is the concentration; in this method, the milk is preserved with a considerable reduction of water content by evaporation. If a large quantity of sucrose is added, the product is called sweetened condensed milk [6, 7] .

However, the ultrahigh temperature (UHT) treatment is applied in most dairy products to guarantee their microbiological safety and increase the shelf life.

If a large quantity of sucrose is added, the product is called sweetened condensed milk.


According to Brazilian legislation, milk is a product obtained from full and uninterrupted milking, in conditions of hygienic, healthy, well-fed, and rested cows [1] . It is a highly nutritious food to ensure the supply of essential nutrients, especially for children. Since the most remote times, dairy animals have been domesticated for this purpose [2] . According to national and international organizations, Brazil is the fourth largest milk producer in the world, with production of 32,091 billion liters in 2011, staying behind only the United States, India, and China [3, 4] .

According to Brazilian legislation, milk is a product obtained from full and uninterrupted milking, in conditions of hygienic, healthy, well-fed, and rested cows.

Since the most remote times, dairy animals have been domesticated for this purpose.

According to national and international organizations, Brazil is the fourth largest milk producer in the world, with production of 32,091 billion liters in 2011, staying behind only the United States, India, and China.


The tensile strength of paper sheets depends on various factors, such as fibre strength, fibre length, fibre orientation, fibre-fibre contact area and joint strength (Page 1969) . CNFs have properties comparable to those of dry strength additives and of small fibre fragments, i.e. fines, since in both cases the fibrefibre contact area in the sheet is increased (Wågberg and Björklund 1993a) . This is also what is achieved by beating, which also increases the content of fines. The covering of the fibre surfaces with a thin CNF layer could improve the fibre-fibre contact on a molecular level during and after drying. Furthermore, CNFs may possibly fill the voids and pores at the edges of each fibre joint, thus extending the contact area of each fibre-fibre joint. The joint strength could also be increased by introducing covalent bonds in the fibrous network. The hypothesis is that this approach is essential for improving both wet and dry strength.

The tensile strength of paper sheets depends on various factors, such as fibre strength, fibre length, fibre orientation, fibre-fibre contact area and joint strength.

CNFs have properties comparable to those of dry strength additives and of small fibre fragments, i.e. fines, since in both cases the fibrefibre contact area in the sheet is increased.


We used data from young adults of African ancestry living in three different environments to examine the association of calorie-adjusted dietary intakes with FGF23 levels. Intake of calcium and animal protein and lower intake of vegetable protein, fiber, magnesium, and iron were generally associated with higher FGF23 levels. We did not find a consistent association between calorie-adjusted intakes of phosphate and FGF23 levels in this population. Phosphate intake is poorly quantified using standard nutrition surveys because of the often hidden sources of phosphate in foods and may explain the very weak association we noted between dietary phosphate intake and FGF23 levels [22] .

Phosphate intake is poorly quantified using standard nutrition surveys because of the often hidden sources of phosphate in foods and may explain the very weak association we noted between dietary phosphate intake and FGF23 levels.


Flexible pavements usually experience three major distresses including fatigue cracking, low temperature cracking, and rutting. Fatigue cracking is caused by repeated loading and it can result in significant reduction in the serviceability of flexible pavements. The fatigue performance of flexible pavement could be measured by cracking performance of asphalt mixtures in the laboratory [1] .

The fatigue performance of flexible pavement could be measured by cracking performance of asphalt mixtures in the laboratory.


We have presented a new three-dimensional numerical code in Cartesian coordinates developed to solve the full set of GRMHD equation on a dynamical background. The code is based on high-resolution shock-capturing techniques as implemented on domains with adaptive mesh refinements. This code represents the extension to MHD of the approach already implemented with success in the general-relativistic hydrodynamics code Whisky [30] .

This code represents the extension to MHD of the approach already implemented with success in the general-relativistic hydrodynamics code Whisky.


A number of projects are expected to be carried out with the new code. Firstly, we plan to extend the study on the oscillations of rotating and nonrotating neutron stars with a detailed analysis of the effect of magnetic fields on the frequency of oscillations. It is important to note that only recently some results were obtained in perturbation theory and within the Cowling approximation [76] . Our code will be a complementary tool to the perturbative approaches, using the latter as testbeds and carrying them beyond the regimes of slow rotation and weak magnetizations. Such a study, and the comparison with the frequencies observed in objects such as the soft gamma-repeaters, will provide useful information on the mass and magneticfield strength of magnetars.

It is important to note that only recently some results were obtained in perturbation theory and within the Cowling approximation.


If sustainability concepts are not comprehensively covered in the offered curriculum, the potential capabilities of students can be undermined. Moreover, it can also result in the misuse of energy resources, heat emission to the environment, carbon emission, and overbudgeted technology development [30] . Thus, the results found in this analysis highlight an urgent need to revisit the curriculum to incorporate the much-needed sustainability aspects into technology-related courses.

Moreover, it can also result in the misuse of energy resources, heat emission to the environment, carbon emission, and overbudgeted technology development.


The diatom type assemblages for the three river typologies are reported in Table 5 . The group 1 assemblage was characterized by mostly oligosaprobic/b-mesosaprobic species such as Cymbella affinis, Diatoma ehrenbergii and Staurosira pinnata, although there was one polysaprobic species (Nitzschia capitellata). The ''accompanying species'' of this group are considered sensitive taxa by most authors, with the exception of Nitzschia capitellata and Navicula gregaria which were particularly abundant at sites B1 and B2, where we recorded the peak values of nutrients in group 1. Moreover, these species were often associated with medium-high levels of chlorides (Van Dam et al., 1994) .

Moreover, these species were often associated with medium-high levels of chlorides.


The aim of this study is to detect major patterns in the species composition of diatom assemblages from four rivers of NW Italy and to find which ecological factors explain most of the variation. Sites were chosen to cover different river types representative of this region within the 200-800 m altitudinal range. This research is intended as a first step in identifying diatom type assemblages for unpolluted mid-altitude streams in the Western Alps, following the classification proposed by the AQEM project (Hering et al., 2004) . Remarks on the use of diatoms as bioindicators are also provided.

This research is intended as a first step in identifying diatom type assemblages for unpolluted mid-altitude streams in the Western Alps, following the classification proposed by the AQEM project.


The landslide susceptibility is defined as the likelihood of a landslide occurring in an area on the basis of local terrain conditions [14] . It is the degree to which a terrain can be affected by slope movements. Landslide susceptibility does not include a time frame or frequency of landsliding. It should consider all landsliding which can affect the study area and it includes landslides which are above the study area but may travel onto it, and landslides below the study area which may retrogressively fail up-slope into it [15] .

The landslide susceptibility is defined as the likelihood of a landslide occurring in an area on the basis of local terrain conditions.

It should consider all landsliding which can affect the study area and it includes landslides which are above the study area but may travel onto it, and landslides below the study area which may retrogressively fail up-slope into it.


The two models exhibit some common features. The expressions for the pressure (44) and (55) consist of the sum of two decoupled contributions, one from each line. Such property does not occur in the weak-coupling limit and is probably related to the free-fermion nature of the Γ = 2 coupling. According to the derivative formulas (45) and (62), the pressure is always a monotonous function of d, decreasing for the unconstrained model, and increasing for its constrained counterpart. A similarly increasing pressure is found for bilayers, frozen in their ground state (with thus a diverging coupling constant) [26] .

A similarly increasing pressure is found for bilayers, frozen in their ground state (with thus a diverging coupling constant).


In the research described here we decided to use the first approach mentioned above, and we looked for a common set of tags as shared representation for music and POIs. With such a representation the matching can then be performed by comparing the tag profiles of the two items. Since emotionally related tags can be used both for POIs and music we decided to explore this path. Music and places can both raise emotions and we conjectured that the commonality of the raised emotions could provide the base for establishing a degree of match between a place and a music track. Moreover, using tags to describe both music and POIs is a promising and viable approach since there is a rapid growth of the amount of user-generated tagging data (a phenomena also known as social, or collaborative tagging) [3, 15] .

Moreover, using tags to describe both music and POIs is a promising and viable approach since there is a rapid growth of the amount of user-generated tagging data (a phenomena also known as social, or collaborative tagging).


Abdul-Rahman and Hailes define a trust model derived from the sociological characteristics of trust [1] . They represent trust as a combination of experience (denoted by direct trust) and reputation (denoted as recommender trust). While direct trust relies on the agent whose trustworthiness is evaluated, the context and the degree of trustworthiness; recommender trust is based on another agent, context and the degree of trustworthiness.

Abdul-Rahman and Hailes define a trust model derived from the sociological characteristics of trust.


Zinc oxide is an important semiconductor material for applications in batteries, biosensors, photovoltaic devices and solar cells (Wang, 2004) . ZnO powder has been used as photocatalyst in the degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous solution (Gaya et al., 2009) . The use of a conventional powder catalyst has the disadvantage of requiring separation of the powder after the reaction process. An alternative to solve this problem of separation and recovery of the powder photocatalyst is to use the photocatalyst in an immobilized form, such as a thin film. Different techniques have been used to prepare ZnO films such as thermal evaporation, oxidation and anodizing, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, sol-gel, spray pyrolysis and electrodeposition (Niesen and Guire, 2002; Triboulet and Perrière, 2003) . Compared to other methods, electrodeposition is a simple, low cost, and low temperature method suitable for largescale production (Xu et al., 2005) . Recent research demonstrates the possibilities of using ZnO films, obtained by different methods, as photocatalyst for the degradation of different organic compounds under UV and visible irradiation (Flores et al., 2011) . However, studies of azo-dye photodegradation by ZnO films immobilized onto gold substrates obtained by electrodeposition, using solar energy as the source of UV irradiation, are nonexistent in the literature.

Zinc oxide is an important semiconductor material for applications in batteries, biosensors, photovoltaic devices and solar cells.

ZnO powder has been used as photocatalyst in the degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous solution.

Different techniques have been used to prepare ZnO films such as thermal evaporation, oxidation and anodizing, chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, sol-gel, spray pyrolysis and electrodeposition.

Compared to other methods, electrodeposition is a simple, low cost, and low temperature method suitable for largescale production.

Recent research demonstrates the possibilities of using ZnO films, obtained by different methods, as photocatalyst for the degradation of different organic compounds under UV and visible irradiation.


Our previous study showed that hemopexin expression was increased in neurons and astrocytes in the penumbra area 24 h after ischemia-reperfusion. Intracerebroventricular injection of HPX reduced the infarct volumes and improved measurements of neurological function within 7 d after MCAO. The neuroprotective effects of HPX were sustained for 7 d after ischemia-reperfusion [6] . Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of free heme [7] . Emerging evidence has shown that HO-1 play an important role in protecting the blood brain barrier of cerebral infarction [8] . Furthermore, HO-1 can up-regulate the number of circulating circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and to alleviate the multiple organ injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury [9] . In the present study, we designed experiments to explore whether HPX could improve cognitive dysfunction associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and to determine whether this effect is associated with HO-1.

The neuroprotective effects of HPX were sustained for 7 d after ischemia-reperfusion.

Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of free heme.

Emerging evidence has shown that HO-1 play an important role in protecting the blood brain barrier of cerebral infarction.

Furthermore, HO-1 can up-regulate the number of circulating circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and to alleviate the multiple organ injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury.


In terms of energy consumption, MD was found to be more efficient than the business-as-usual strategy (BAU) for treatment of the produced water. Tavakkoli found that the operation cost of MD was roughly half of the BAU strategies when low-grade heat was available [10] . However, MD had degraded permeate quality when treating wastewater containing VOCs, dissolved gas, or some small organic particles [11] . Especially, when the VOCs are alcohol or having surfactant properties, membrane wetting will occur and lead to further deterioration of the permeate quality as the feed water can pass through the membrane directly via the wetted pores [11] [12] [13] . Recently, some researchers studied the effect of the surfactant and oil existed in the produced water on the water recovery via MD and found that they had strong negative impact on the permeation flux and permeate quality [12, 14] . However, none of researches have investigated the effect of VOCs in the produced water on the MD performance, which may share similar effects as the surfactant and oil.

Tavakkoli found that the operation cost of MD was roughly half of the BAU strategies when low-grade heat was available.

However, MD had degraded permeate quality when treating wastewater containing VOCs, dissolved gas, or some small organic particles.

Especially, when the VOCs are alcohol or having surfactant properties, membrane wetting will occur and lead to further deterioration of the permeate quality as the feed water can pass through the membrane directly via the wetted pores.

Recently, some researchers studied the effect of the surfactant and oil existed in the produced water on the water recovery via MD and found that they had strong negative impact on the permeation flux and permeate quality.


Coal seam gas (CSG, coal bed methane) unconventional natural gas resources stored in coal seam layers at a depth of 300-1000 m while shale gas is usually buried beyond 1,500 m [1] . Fast replacing coals and conventional natural gas, CSG has been developed into one of most important energy resources for Australian economies (especially for Queensland), which is being greatly exported as liquefied natural gas (LNG) to Asian countries. Similarly, the unconventional gas has become an important energy source in the United States, Canada, and some other countries as well. Although these gas is considered as a relatively "greener" resource as it produced much less carbon dioxide after burning, the processes of gas exploration still pose great risks on the local ecological system. One of the biggest challenges is produced water management [1, 2] . To mine the gas out of the coal bed, large amounts of water is required to be removed from the coal to reduce the hydrostatic pressure. Formation water, flow back water, and water condensing from the gas phase compose produced water. Formation water is the major contributor to the produced water, naturally occurring and being stored in oil and gas reservoirs. The water is often of brackish to saline quality [1, 3] .

Coal seam gas (CSG, coal bed methane) unconventional natural gas resources stored in coal seam layers at a depth of 300-1000 m while shale gas is usually buried beyond 1,500 m.

One of the biggest challenges is produced water management.

The water is often of brackish to saline quality.


Demand-driven variations of the IFDS and IDE algorithms have been thoroughly studied [3, 4, 8, 16, 18] . These algorithms differ from the exhaustive algorithms in that rather than computing all nodes reachable from the start node, they determine whether a given node n is reachable. These algorithms can be faster when only a small number of nodes are queried. The algorithms work by exploring reverse paths along the supergraph from the given node n, by evaluating inverses of the dataflow functions. The demanddriven computation of reachability implemented by these algorithms is distinct from and complementary to the demand-driven exploded supergraph construction that we presented in Section 4. The purpose of demand supergraph construction is to avoid constructing the whole supergraph, which may be much larger than its reachable subgraph; the demand-driven reachability algorithms do require the whole exploded supergraph to be constructed ahead of time. Although our extended IFDS algorithm constructs the exploded supergraph on demand, it then exhaustively computes all nodes reachable along valid paths, rather than answering reachability queries for specific notes. An interesting direction for future work would be to combine demand supergraph construction with demand-driven reachability queries. Such an algorithm appears to be challenging to design and to tune, however. The key difficulty that we had to overcome in constructing the exploded supergraph on demand was the need, on line 23 of the original IFDS algorithm, to evaluate the inverse of the dataflow function. The demand-driven supergraph reachability algorithms require much more evaluation of inverse dataflow functions.

Demand-driven variations of the IFDS and IDE algorithms have been thoroughly studied.


The IFDS algorithm is an efficient dynamic programming instantiation of the functional approach to interprocedural analysis [19] . The fundamental restrictions of the algorithm, which we do not seek to eliminate in this paper, are that the analysis domain must be a powerset of some finite set D, and that the dataflow functions must be distributive. We present a detailed overview of the IFDS algorithm in Section 2, and further illustrate the algorithm with a running example variable type analysis in Section 3.

The IFDS algorithm is an efficient dynamic programming instantiation of the functional approach to interprocedural analysis.


The classical construction of an orthonormal wavelet basis begins with a single function, the scaling function, which satisfies a particular functional equation known variously as the refinement equation, dilation equation, or two-scale difference equation. This scaling function determines a multiresolution analysis for L 2 (R n ), which in turn determines a wavelet basis [4] . The construction of a multiwavelet basis is analogous, the difference being that several scaling functions are used to generate the multiresolution analysis instead of a single scaling function. The corresponding wavelet basis is then generated by several multiwavelets. One advantage of multiwavelets is that they can incorporate properties that a single wavelet cannot simultaneously possess, such as orthogonality, symmetry, short support, and high approximation order. Such constructions have shown potential in signal processing applications such as image compression or denoising [5] , [6] . Multiwavelets may well be ideally suited to multichannel signals such as color images (which are two-dimensional, three-channel signals) and stereo audio signals (which are one-dimensional, two-channel signals).

This scaling function determines a multiresolution analysis for L 2 (R n ), which in turn determines a wavelet basis.

Such constructions have shown potential in signal processing applications such as image compression or denoising.


PGZ-HCl, (±)-5-{p-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl) ethoxy] benzyl}-2,4-thiazolidine dione hydrochloride (Figure 1(a) ), is a thiazolidine-dione oral antidiabetic similar to rosiglitazone. It is used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is given orally as a monotherapy, particularly in patients who are overweight and for whom metformin is contraindicated or not tolerated [1] .

It is given orally as a monotherapy, particularly in patients who are overweight and for whom metformin is contraindicated or not tolerated.


Previous investigations have identified the importance of student expectations and have shown that controlled management of the views of students from disadvantaged groups can positively affect retention and performance (Steele 1992) . With the potential for measurable improvements in student outcomes, discovering more about student expectations and preferences for the teaching styles they are likely to encounter could be valuable information for higher education institutions (Sander et al. 2000) . In the National Student Survey (NSS), students in the UK have been notably less positive about assessment and feedback than about other aspects of their course experience (Williams and Kane 2008) . This knowledge may help direct the design of strategies aimed at addressing student expectations, and the possible evolution of programmes that have improved efficacy and are well received (Stevenson and Sander 1998) .

Previous investigations have identified the importance of student expectations and have shown that controlled management of the views of students from disadvantaged groups can positively affect retention and performance.

With the potential for measurable improvements in student outcomes, discovering more about student expectations and preferences for the teaching styles they are likely to encounter could be valuable information for higher education institutions.

In the National Student Survey (NSS), students in the UK have been notably less positive about assessment and feedback than about other aspects of their course experience.

This knowledge may help direct the design of strategies aimed at addressing student expectations, and the possible evolution of programmes that have improved efficacy and are well received.


There has been an increasing demand for wireless communication systems with broadband and high data-rate ( > 2 Gb/s) transmission characteristics to accommodate applications such as gigabit Ethernet and high-speed internet, automotive and radar sensing, real-time video streaming and high-definition television. The recently released unlicensed 60 GHz-frequency zone of V-band (50-75 GHz) is well suited for these applications because of the advantages of wide bandwidth, increased spatial resolution, compact integration and reduced interference that is enabled by the high attenuation of oxygen at those frequencies. V-band bandpass filters (BPFs) are fundamental components of the RF-front-end systems of the applications mentioned above. They can be utilised for pre-selection of the desired frequency band and rejection of the undesired interference and noise [1] . It has been reported elsewhere that BPFs with reconfigurable characteristics may enable transceiver modules with multi-frequency and multi-standard operation [2] . In addition, they may result in reduced cost and volume transceivers (compared with traditional implementation concepts that utilise filter banks). Thus, it is highly desirable to explore reconfigurable filter concepts for V-band applications.

They can be utilised for pre-selection of the desired frequency band and rejection of the undesired interference and noise.

It has been reported elsewhere that BPFs with reconfigurable characteristics may enable transceiver modules with multi-frequency and multi-standard operation.


Starter culture and fermentation medium: Fresh kefir grains, used as starter culture in this study, were obtained from household (Tehran, Iran). The grains were maintained at 20 º C and were reactivated by successive subcultures in skimmed milk and dry milk (Golestan, Iran). Kefir grains, washed with sterile water, were inoculated (10 g) into 100 ml of milk. After incubation at 24 º C for 24 h, the grains were separated from the fermented product by filtration through a plastic sieve (sanitized by immersion in 70% ethanol, and then washed with sterile water) and were washed prior to the next culture passage (subculture). Subcultures were repeated several times in order to increase kefir grain biomass [12] .

Subcultures were repeated several times in order to increase kefir grain biomass.


The improvement of vapor cooling in current leads could reduce the thermal load at the cold-end. It is very crucial, however, that the reduction of the cryogenic load is effective only if the leads are optimally designed in accordance with the vapor-cooling condition. In other words, a simple enhancement of vapor cooling with the corresponding modification of the leads does not guarantee any savings in the heat load, or may end up with even poorer cryogenic design in a certain situation. Our latest analytical work has revealed that the optimal lead parameter could be notably different from the theoretical value for perfect heat transfer, even when the convective cooling is reasonably effective [9] . This study is proposed to quantitatively estimate the convection heat transfer in the cooling channel of the PJR lead design, which will lead to optimal design parameters for various geometric conditions and lead materials. The main focus will be on standard (helium or nitrogen) vapor-cooled leads, but conduction-cooled PJT leads will be considered as well for a special case where the thermal stability from an excessive fault current is significant. These results will contribute directly for an accurate and optimal design, and also broaden the application range of the PJR leads.

Our latest analytical work has revealed that the optimal lead parameter could be notably different from the theoretical value for perfect heat transfer, even when the convective cooling is reasonably effective.


The composition of the bacterial products of the acidogenic fermentation determines the rates and performance of the subsequent metabolic steps, i.e., acetogenesis and methanogenesis. Acetic acid can directly be used by the acetoclastic methanogens for biogas production. In single-stage biogas processes, all metabolic steps occur in one reactor simultaneously. Organic acids are detected as intermediate products only in minor amounts, and the accumulation of VFA and the lowering of the pH are known to lead to the suppression of the methanogenic activity and to a process failure in single-stage reactors. Two-stage processes are characterized by separated hydrolysis/acidogenesis and acetogenesis/methanogenesis [55] . Numerous advantages of two-stage processes over the conventional biogas production have been described [55, 56] . These include increased process stability, control and efficiency, as well as a high tolerance to overloading. In two-stage processes, the production of bio-products (VFA or lactic acid) for industrial use and biogas for covering energy demands can be combined [49, 53, 57] . In such systems and other reactors with separate hydrolysis, e.g., plug-flow reactors, the control of the acidogenic reactions is of special interest, as different metabolite compositions lead to a different methanogenic performance. For example, the rate of butyric acid conversion has been found to be higher than that of the other VFA [58] . Propionic acid degradation is largely inhibited during periods of high activity of the butyric acid-converting bacteria, whereas acetic acid exerts a weaker influence on the conversion of propionic acid [59] . However, high activity single-stage fermenters are commonly used in the biogas industry. In these full-scale reactors, highperformance hydrolysis and optimal methanogenesis do not exclude each other when running in parallel within one reactor. Nevertheless, further research could help in the engineering of the first phase with the objective of obtaining desirable fermentation products and enhanced biogas production rates.

Two-stage processes are characterized by separated hydrolysis/acidogenesis and acetogenesis/methanogenesis.

Numerous advantages of two-stage processes over the conventional biogas production have been described.

In two-stage processes, the production of bio-products (VFA or lactic acid) for industrial use and biogas for covering energy demands can be combined.

For example, the rate of butyric acid conversion has been found to be higher than that of the other VFA.

Propionic acid degradation is largely inhibited during periods of high activity of the butyric acid-converting bacteria, whereas acetic acid exerts a weaker influence on the conversion of propionic acid.


The housing market, being a market of the largest single assets owned by households and firms, is strongly related to external financing options. Such options are usually in the form of mortgages, especially for private residential real estate, which are provided by banks or other financial institutions. Consequently, when the central bank lowers target interest rates, real estate financing options become more affordable. This in turn would lead to a shift in the demand for real-estate, which impacts its prices (Adams and Füss 2010) . Furthermore, the housing market contributes to the well-being of the global economy by contributing to households' wealth and thus stimulating consumption (Tobin 1969) .

This in turn would lead to a shift in the demand for real-estate, which impacts its prices.

Furthermore, the housing market contributes to the well-being of the global economy by contributing to households' wealth and thus stimulating consumption.


The lead-lag signals of the common recovery phase disappeared in 2000 due to the international dotcom bubble bust. A new phase is detected that is characterized by significant lead-lag structures, during which interest rates are trying to catch up with the growth of house price index, identifying that both countries' Lead-lag structures during the crisis demonstrate that the crash of the housing market preceded the collapse of interest rates. However, after the slump, the development of interest rates happen to lead the house price indices, confirming by this metric that the central banks have taken more aggressive monetary policies to interfere more forcefully with the housing market as well with other economic variables, including the stock markets (Guo et al. 2011) . While this observation may seem just to recover a well-known fact, this exercise confirms the soundness of the TOPS methodology. The value of these analyses lies in painting a richer picture than just a single causal inter-dependence that the Federal Reserve interest rate policy causes or is caused by the behavior of other economic variables.

However, after the slump, the development of interest rates happen to lead the house price indices, confirming by this metric that the central banks have taken more aggressive monetary policies to interfere more forcefully with the housing market as well with other economic variables, including the stock markets.


From 1991 to 1999, one can observe a phase of common recovery and prosperity between the housing market and credit market. Turbulence of the credit markets happened occasionally and impacted the interest rates, while the influence on house price indices is negligible. This draws a picture in which the housing market had been steadily growing and its rise fueled the increase of interest rates (Bernanke et al. 1994) .

This draws a picture in which the housing market had been steadily growing and its rise fueled the increase of interest rates.


For many years, the stabilizing piles built in China to stabilize existing or potential landslides were mostly cantilever. Later, prestressed ground anchors were added to reduce the number and size of the piles. It is shown that anchor prestressing plays an important role in limiting maximum bending moment on the piles and controlling deflection of the pile head. So anchored stabilizing piles offer considerable economic advantages over the conventional cantilevered piles [1] [2] [3] [4] . Combined pile tieback anchor systems will find more extensive use as slope stabilization systems in the future.

So anchored stabilizing piles offer considerable economic advantages over the conventional cantilevered piles.


To date, in practical engineering applications, the uncoupled method is the most widely used approach to design the reinforcing piles to increase slope stability due to its simplicity of use. First, the lateral force acting on the pile segment above the slip surface due to soil movement is evaluated usually by the limit equilibrium method. Second, the response of the anchored pile subjected to lateral loading is analysed by FEM modeling it as a beam resting on linear or nonlinear soil/rock spring supports. And we know the conventional subgrade reaction solution available in literature can not take into account the tie-back anchors [15, 18, 19] .

And we know the conventional subgrade reaction solution available in literature can not take into account the tie-back anchors.


Age was self-reported, height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a stadiometer, body mass was recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg using a digital weighing scale, with body mass index (BMI) subsequently derived. Right handgrip strength was measured as the better of two maximum voluntary contractions to the nearest 0.1 kg using a Takei TKK 5401 digital handgrip dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments, Niigata, Japan). Participants were instructed to grip the dynamometer, place it overhead, and then squeeze as hard as possible while moving it down in a 180° arc (in the sagittal plane) to the count of three. Digit lengths were measured (blind to handgrip strength) from digital photographs of the palmar surface of each participant's outstretched right hand using procedures described elsewhere [7] . This method demonstrates very good repeatability and validity (vs. direct caliper measurements) [5] , [7] . Using a sub-sample of 20 boys, intra-tester repeatability for right hand 2D:4D was very good, with negligible systematic error Descriptive characteristics were calculated as means and standard deviations. Partial correlation was used to quantify the linear relationship between 2D:4D and handgrip strength adjusted for age and body size (operationalized as the BMI). A negative correlation indicated that boys with lower 2D:4Ds had better handgrip strength and a positive correlation that boys with lower 2D:4Ds had poorer handgrip strength. Correlations of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 were used as thresholds for weak, moderate, and strong [16] . The chances of the true correlation being negligible, substantially positive, or substantially negative were calculated, with chances qualitatively interpreted using the following scale: <0.5%, most unlikely; 0.5-5%, very unlikely; 5-25%, unlikely; 25-75%, possibly; 75-95%, likely; 95-99.5%, very likely; and >99.5%, most likely [16] .

Digit lengths were measured (blind to handgrip strength) from digital photographs of the palmar surface of each participant's outstretched right hand using procedures described elsewhere.

This method demonstrates very good repeatability and validity (vs. direct caliper measurements).

Correlations of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 were used as thresholds for weak, moderate, and strong.

The chances of the true correlation being negligible, substantially positive, or substantially negative were calculated, with chances qualitatively interpreted using the following scale: <0.5%, most unlikely; 0.5-5%, very unlikely; 5-25%, unlikely; 25-75%, possibly; 75-95%, likely; 95-99.5%, very likely; and >99.5%, most likely.


This book also discusses interpersonal moral. Interpersonal intelligence or social intelligence is defined as the ability and skill to establish a relationship, to build the social link so that both parties are in a situation that can enjoy the mutual benefit. A figure in intelligence psychology explicitly has stated that interpersonal intelligence is a form of social intelligence (Azwar, 2004) . In this section, there are four themes become the main focus; a good behavior, empathy for others, say thank you, and moral value in respecting nature and life.

A figure in intelligence psychology explicitly has stated that interpersonal intelligence is a form of social intelligence.


That this point remains little known and somewhat controversial is illustrated by the recent work [14] . There, considering a theory of Hermitian matrix-valued massless fields with 2-derivative interactions, an alternative definition of particle production was proposed based on the partial colour-ordered amplitudes, as opposed to the full amplitudes. Imposing the constraint of no tree-level particle production (in the sense of this alternative definition) was claimed to lead one directly to the action of the integrable U (n) PCM. However, it is unclear how to generalize this procedure to other integrable σ-models that do not have a notion of colour-ordered amplitudes (see Appendix C below).

That this point remains little known and somewhat controversial is illustrated by the recent work.


Uterine glands are recorded for all caryophyllid genera except Wenyonia and Stocksia (Oros et al. 2008) . The site of embryonation in Stocksia is not known. The presence of uterine glands in Dombangia and Archigetes, where in utero embryonation is well established, is in strong contrast to the condition in Wenyonia. Until we know the function of uterine glands in the Caryophyllidea, it is difficult to speculate on their influence, if any, on the embryonation process.

Uterine glands are recorded for all caryophyllid genera except Wenyonia and Stocksia.


In Thailand, leptospirosis occurs mainly in the rainy season, with an increase in cases beginning in August, reaching a peak in October, and beginning to fall in November [1] . Leptospirosis in contaminated material may infect a person or other mammal. The bacteria penetrates the blood vessels, multiplies and infects several organs. Acute disease may be observed in several species, especially humans and dogs. In livestock sub-acute or even endemic, leptospirosis is generally observed. Infection induces antibody production in the animal renal carriers, shedding leptospirosis in their urine several weeks or even months after infection [2] . In humans, symptoms are generally flu-like, but the disease can result in liver damage and renal failure.

In Thailand, leptospirosis occurs mainly in the rainy season, with an increase in cases beginning in August, reaching a peak in October, and beginning to fall in November.

Infection induces antibody production in the animal renal carriers, shedding leptospirosis in their urine several weeks or even months after infection.


Both economic theory and empirical studies support the notion that FDI inflow is conducted in anticipation of profits. Economists generally agree that FDI inflows lead to an increased rate of economic growth (Blonigen, 2005) . Since corruption cannot be completely eradicated, reducing it to a threshold that can be accommodated by investors must be the goal that most governments should endeavour to achieve. The model appears simple but gives an indication that there is a level of corruption that investors are likely to gain from their investments and so would not mind investing but beyond this level, the returns to the firm"s investments begins to dwindle and this makes investing in that country unattractive. This means that at some level of quality of a country"s institution, foreign investors are not deterred from investing in that country. This threshold is referred to as the Corruption Tolerable Level of Investment (CTLI) in this study. Corruption has become endemic in most developing countries and cannot be completely be eradicated. Therefore reducing corruption to an appreciable level must be a realistic goal for most authorities. It is recommended that further studies on this should be focused on the empirical assessment of the aptness of this theory. The Corruption Tolerable Level of Investment will not only motivate leaders in developing countries to try and control corruption in their countries to levels that will not deter FDI inflows but also serve as guide to potential investors in the choice of countries to invest. Since the game theory analysis shows that firms are not motivated to invest in countries with unnecessary bureaucratic structures, this study recommends that governments should endeavour to remove all unnecessary bureaucratic structures in their countries. This will prevent the creation of red tape by officials which will intend reduce the cost of bribe to the firm. This is because the more red tapes are created; the more opportunities are also created for more bribes to be demanded by officials.

Economists generally agree that FDI inflows lead to an increased rate of economic growth.


The Nigerian Industrial standards (NIS) 1988, state that the moisture content of garri should not exceed 7% (w/w), ash content should not exceed 1.5% (w/w) and crude fibre should not exceed 2% (w/w) (Sanni et al. 2015) . Only three garri products were within the stipulated limit and they are; lebu (market A and C) and garri Ijebu (market A). The NIS standards for cassava chips stipulate that the moisture content should not exceed 13% (w/w), crude fibre 2.0% maximum and ash content 3.0% maximum. The cassava chips samples in the present project (lafun I and II) showed some level of compliance to the NIS standards, except in a few cases where the crude fibre contents were above the maximum content of 2.0%, these are; lafun I (market B, C and D), lafun II (market B, C and D).

The Nigerian Industrial standards (NIS) 1988, state that the moisture content of garri should not exceed 7% (w/w), ash content should not exceed 1.5% (w/w) and crude fibre should not exceed 2% (w/w).


HARPS-N includes an ADC which corrects the atmospheric dispersion; however other sources of error such as the atmospheric extinction or the wavelength dependence with the seeing remain uncorrected. A direct consequence of a non-optimal correction of the Earth's atmosphere is a superposition of wavelength-dispersed images of the star at the fiber entrance. This causes the light injected into the fiber to vary in wavelength as the energy peak (used for centering the image in the fibre during exposure) changes with the airmass. To measure whether this was causing distortions in the spectra, we defined the K index, which measures how the flux is distributed across the detector during the observations (i.e. accounts for the SED variability). Besides, we measured variability of the K index. This, as well as with the airmass, resulted to be correlated with the distortions on the pre-fiber images. However, while these SED variabilities cause changes in the flux, this does not necessarily imply that the instrumental profile shape changes too (neither the data-products) due to illumination effects. In fact, to avoid illumination dependencies, all current high-resolution fiberfed spectrographs apply scrambling methods (Avila et al. 2004) . Therefore, a correlation of the SED variability with the data-products is not expected. Nevertheless, we found a strong correlation of the SED variability with the line-width (through the FWHM) and a correlation with the RVs only for our 2013 single star run on GJ 725A. Further measurements of the spectral order shapes in the cross-dispersed direction ruled out an inefficient scrambling as the origin for these correlations. These measurements also validate the use of the cross-dispersed profiles as a useful test to account for illumination issues on other echelle spectrographs.

In fact, to avoid illumination dependencies, all current high-resolution fiberfed spectrographs apply scrambling methods.


Our work provides a learning environment (COLER) in which the facilitator can interact with remote students, while being assisted by a computer coach that facilitates effective collaborative learning interactions. The main problems a collaboration coach has to solve are similar to the ones for individual coaching: when to intervene and what to say. Yet designing a coach that supports students' collaboration is a new challenge, since most prior work on coaching has focused on expert and student modeling [21] . In contrast, a collaboration coach has to monitor not only one student's activities, but also the teammates' activities, and should encourage interactions that influence individual learning and the development of collaborative skills, such as giving and receiving help and feedback, and identifying and resolving conflicts or disagreements ( [12] , [20] , [35] ).

Yet designing a coach that supports students' collaboration is a new challenge, since most prior work on coaching has focused on expert and student modeling.

In contrast, a collaboration coach has to monitor not only one student's activities, but also the teammates' activities, and should encourage interactions that influence individual learning and the development of collaborative skills, such as giving and receiving help and feedback, and identifying and resolving conflicts or disagreements (,,).


Several scales or scores have been developed to evaluate the anticholinergic burden. These scales take into account the serum anticholinergic activity, in vitro measurement of the muscarinic receptor affinity, clinical side effects, expert opinion, and global review of the literature. However, manifold differences exist in scale development, in the selection of AC drug, and in the evaluation of anticholinergic burden. Different proportions of anticholinergic prescriptions in elderly patients with dementia have been highlighted, i.e., between 17% and 50% depending on the anticholinergic prescription measure and the population characteristics [16, [19] [20] [21] [22] . Previous studies comparing different AC scores and their associations with health outcomes have also highlighted discrepancies in the results [23] . Moreover, this comparison has not yet been conducted among patients from a memory clinic at different stages of cognitive disorders [2, 3, 24, 25] .

Different proportions of anticholinergic prescriptions in elderly patients with dementia have been highlighted, i.e., between 17% and 50% depending on the anticholinergic prescription measure and the population characteristics.

Previous studies comparing different AC scores and their associations with health outcomes have also highlighted discrepancies in the results.

Moreover, this comparison has not yet been conducted among patients from a memory clinic at different stages of cognitive disorders.


On the other hand, it is impossible to meet thousands upon thousands of drivers' desires with an identical shift schedule. How to make the AT a significant value in terms of the driving feelings and expectations? It is the vehicle intelligent shift system (VISS) that is aimed at solving these problems. The VISS promises to be the developing trend of future automatic transmissions [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] .

The VISS promises to be the developing trend of future automatic transmissions.


Microwave irradiation is known to heat materials more efficiently compared to conventional method. Based on previous research, chemical reactions process will faster by microwave irradiation (Hirao et al., 2009) . It is not only improved the reaction time but also the power of microwave will effect on protein content. The more we scale up the power of microwave, it will also speed up the reaction time. Table 1 show that the demineralization reaction by microwave heating is much more effective than regular heating. This is because every molecule that interacts with the microwave will generate heat in the solution so that the heating process occurs evenly. In ionic conduction, the liquid dielectric material interacting with the microwave results in charge movement as a result of the interaction between ions with microwave electric field oscillations. Based on previous researched the movement of ions against the resistance of other ions in the liquid produces heat which will cause an increase in temperature around each ion (Mello et al., 2014) .

Based on previous research, chemical reactions process will faster by microwave irradiation.

Based on previous researched the movement of ions against the resistance of other ions in the liquid produces heat which will cause an increase in temperature around each ion.


The fishbone-like internal kink instabilities driven by suprathermal electrons generated by lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) and electron cyclotron resonant heating (ECRH) powers should provide a strong contribution to burning plasma research. The interaction of trapped alpha particles with lowfrequency magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes in burning plasmas is, indeed, characterized by small dimensionless orbits similar to electrons, so that the trapped particle averaged bounce depends on energy, not on mass. The fast electrons on the low-frequency MHD modes can usefully give a way to model the charged fusion product effects [1] .

The fast electrons on the low-frequency MHD modes can usefully give a way to model the charged fusion product effects.


The textile industry is the earliest developed of all industries, encompassing apparel, household fabrics, and industrial products. In particular, nonwoven fabrics have a low cost and efficient manufacturing that does not generate harmful byproducts. Nonwoven fabrics can satisfy different requirements to have innovative functions; thus, they are functional textiles that have been continuously developed and improved for different applications [17, 18] . Noticeably, they have a great variety of applications, including clothes, domestic products, agricultural products, industrial products, high-tech electronic products, and aerospace industrial products [19] [20] [21] .

Nonwoven fabrics can satisfy different requirements to have innovative functions; thus, they are functional textiles that have been continuously developed and improved for different applications.

Noticeably, they have a great variety of applications, including clothes, domestic products, agricultural products, industrial products, high-tech electronic products, and aerospace industrial products.


The amount of water within clouds can strongly modify the aerosol indirect radiative effects by regulating cloud lifetimes. In this study, liquid water in unpolluted clouds diminished 35% more rapidly than that in the polluted clouds between morning and afternoon. Unpolluted clouds probably lost some liquid water through drizzle and some through the evaporation resulting from the entrainment of dry air from above the cloud. Because drizzle was probably suppressed in polluted clouds, liquid water was lost mainly through entrainment alone (Ackerman et al. 2004) . Owing to the different rates of loss, differences in liquid water amounts between polluted and nearby unpolluted clouds were largest in the morning clouds. Because the rate of water loss is linked to cloud lifetime, the lifetimes of the polluted clouds examined in this study could be enhanced relative to those of the nearby unpolluted clouds. Indeed, ship tracks are often found escaping from extensive decks of marine stratus and persisting through fields of stratocumulus into regions that are relatively cloud free, providing additional evidence that the polluted clouds survive as the surrounding clouds disappear.

Because drizzle was probably suppressed in polluted clouds, liquid water was lost mainly through entrainment alone.


Amylose content is one of the important chemical properties of hybrid rice because it is the indicator of stickiness or non stickiness of cooked rice. More than 25% amylose content gives non sticky cooked rice, 20 -25% amylose rice gives soft and comparatively sticky cooked rice (Kumar and Khush 1986) . Protein is a nutritional quality indicator in rice. Protein content of the varieties varied from 7.5 -8.8%. Phenotypically stable varieties are usually sought for commercial production of crop plants. In any breeding program it is necessary to screen and identify phenotypically stable genotypes, which could perform more or less uniformly under different environmental conditions. Considering this fact in mind, the present investigation was carried out to collect information on newly developed genotypes of rice hybrids which may be of great use in launching a dynamic and efficient breeding program.

More than 25% amylose content gives non sticky cooked rice, 20 -25% amylose rice gives soft and comparatively sticky cooked rice.


The accumulation of histamine occurs because of the microbial decarboxylation of histidine, a survival mechanism used in acidic environments (Trip et al., 2012) . The histamine-producing microorganisms in fermented products mainly belong to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that carry the histidine decarboxylase gene cluster, either in the bacterial chromosome or in a plasmid (Lucas et al., 2005; Diaz et al., 2015) . These bacteria may be present in the vat milk, be part of the starter cultures, or contaminate the food during manufacturing (Linares et al., 2012) . The presence of histamine-producing LAB in cheese is difficult to avoid, especially in those made from low quality raw milk or manufactured in cheese dairy factories contaminated with such microorganisms (Ascone et al., 2017) . However, some can survive long-term pasteurisation (65°C for 30 min) allowing them to appear in cheeses made from milk treated in this way (Ladero et al., 2011) . It is therefore recommended that cheese be stored at low temperature after ripening to reduce the potential accumulation of histamine (Linares et al., 2012) .

The accumulation of histamine occurs because of the microbial decarboxylation of histidine, a survival mechanism used in acidic environments.

The histamine-producing microorganisms in fermented products mainly belong to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that carry the histidine decarboxylase gene cluster, either in the bacterial chromosome or in a plasmid.

These bacteria may be present in the vat milk, be part of the starter cultures, or contaminate the food during manufacturing.

The presence of histamine-producing LAB in cheese is difficult to avoid, especially in those made from low quality raw milk or manufactured in cheese dairy factories contaminated with such microorganisms.

However, some can survive long-term pasteurisation (65°C for 30 min) allowing them to appear in cheeses made from milk treated in this way.

It is therefore recommended that cheese be stored at low temperature after ripening to reduce the potential accumulation of histamine.


Crop yield losses due to cumulative O 3 exposures over 40 ppb was estimated using AOT40 index (accumulated O 3 concentration over a threshold of 40 ppb) (Mills et al. 2007) . AOT40 is the hourly mean O 3 concentration accumulated over a threshold O 3 concentration of (Fig 2a) . The highest maximum of O 3 concentration 49.7±17 ppb (27.7±8 ppb) (average for 3 years) was observed in the afternoon and minimum of O 3 16.5±11 ppb (8.1±6 ppb) at the sunrise in April (November) (Fig. 2b) . It was observed that hourly averaged daytime highest maximum of O 3 exceeds 75 ppb in the afternoon in April attributed to the high temperature and clear sky along with high NO 2 concentration (favorable conditions for O 3 formation).

Crop yield losses due to cumulative O 3 exposures over 40 ppb was estimated using AOT40 index (accumulated O 3 concentration over a threshold of 40 ppb).


The recapture rate was slightly higher for the southwestern corn borer than for the European corn borer (Qureshi et al. 2005) . For the southwestern corn borer, the proportion recaptured at the release point averaged 6 Ð31% for males and 6 Ð22% for females, and the proportion recaptured beyond the release point averaged 2Ð18% for males and 0 Ð 4% for females. For the European corn borer, the proportion recaptured at the release point averaged 0.9 Ð11% for males and 0.5Ð11% for females, and the proportion recaptured beyond the release point averaged 0.2Ð10% for males and 0.1Ð 4.3% for females (Qureshi et al. 2005) . The higher recapture rate could in part be because of the southwestern corn borer pheromone traps being more effective than those of the European corn borers. Alternatively, it may be that the southwestern corn borer had more of a tendency to stay in the release Þeld than did European corn borer. The higher recaptures of southwestern corn borer may also be associated with the crop maturity. Some of the low recapture rates for European corn borers occurred during the early season releases in whorl-stage maize, whereas recapture rates were higher in reproductive maize. All southwestern corn borer releases were made in reproductive stage maize.

The recapture rate was slightly higher for the southwestern corn borer than for the European corn borer.

For the European corn borer, the proportion recaptured at the release point averaged 0.9 Ð11% for males and 0.5Ð11% for females, and the proportion recaptured beyond the release point averaged 0.2Ð10% for males and 0.1Ð 4.3% for females.


General relativity teaches us that most of the information carried by the geometry of spacetime codes the causal structure, which is to say the causal relations amongst events. This has led to a hypothesis concerning quantum gravity, which is that quantum spacetime consists most fundamentally of a discrete set of events and their causal relations, and that the geometry of classical spacetime is an emergent and coarse grained description of bulk averages of those fundamental causal relations [23] . A number of models of a fundamental quantum causal structure have been proposed and studied, with the aim of demonstrating the hypothesized emergence of classical spacetime [23, 24, 25, 19] .

This has led to a hypothesis concerning quantum gravity, which is that quantum spacetime consists most fundamentally of a discrete set of events and their causal relations, and that the geometry of classical spacetime is an emergent and coarse grained description of bulk averages of those fundamental causal relations.

A number of models of a fundamental quantum causal structure have been proposed and studied, with the aim of demonstrating the hypothesized emergence of classical spacetime.


A Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is tightly integrated with the control system, internet and its users. Cloud computing provides a paradigm for enabling on demand network access to a shared computing resources pool [1] [2] . The Cloud-assisted CPS has become increasing popular and is already implemented as PaaS [1] . Resource constrained mobile devices are widely used in CPS for their convenient deployment and the cloud computing with super power can help to break the resource limitation. After the mobile devices in CPS and the cloud computing are combined together, the cloud assisted CPS is changed into mobile cloud assisted CPS.

Cloud computing provides a paradigm for enabling on demand network access to a shared computing resources pool.

The Cloud-assisted CPS has become increasing popular and is already implemented as PaaS.


Opioids are also prescribed in the outpatient setting, and prior studies have shown that from 1992 to 2010, opioid prescriptions in this setting increased [10, 11] . Few studies focus on racial and ethnic disparities in opioid prescribing in the ambulatory setting. In addition, before opioids are prescribed, physicians must consider the possible etiologies of a patient's pain. Evaluations of pain include a careful history and physical, which take time. We are aware of few studies examining disparities in visit time with patients presenting with pain; preliminary evidence using computer-simulated patients suggests that in more ambiguous situations involving pain, providers spent more time with white patients than with nonwhite patients [12] . Surveys across all types of visits have found that minority patients are more likely to report inadequate time with physicians and less likely to report that physicians listened carefully to them [13] . In our study, we use national data on visits to primary care physicians to estimate racial and ethnic disparities in the evaluation and management of two common complaints: abdominal pain and back pain.

Opioids are also prescribed in the outpatient setting, and prior studies have shown that from 1992 to 2010, opioid prescriptions in this setting increased.

We are aware of few studies examining disparities in visit time with patients presenting with pain; preliminary evidence using computer-simulated patients suggests that in more ambiguous situations involving pain, providers spent more time with white patients than with nonwhite patients.

Surveys across all types of visits have found that minority patients are more likely to report inadequate time with physicians and less likely to report that physicians listened carefully to them.


Evaluation of body composition (BC) allows assessment of quality of growth in terms of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) and may potentially lead to a better nutritional management in infants with impaired growth [1] . Specific data about BC of twins in early postnatal life are lacking. Airdisplacement plethysmography (ADP) is a simple, noninvasive method to measure BC in newborns [5] .

Evaluation of body composition (BC) allows assessment of quality of growth in terms of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) and may potentially lead to a better nutritional management in infants with impaired growth.

Airdisplacement plethysmography (ADP) is a simple, noninvasive method to measure BC in newborns.


One part of research literature rather speaks against gender differences on emotional exhaustion and work family conflicts for child rearing physicians (15, (17) (18) (19) . On the other hand, for employed parents it is stated that mothers, contrary to fathers, even have a lower burnout risk than the whole population [26] . Nevertheless, female managers report to carry the major burden of family problems compared to their spouses [38] . Besides taking leadership responsibility into account we expect differences on emotional exhaustion between the relevant groups.

One part of research literature rather speaks against gender differences on emotional exhaustion and work family conflicts for child rearing physicians.

On the other hand, for employed parents it is stated that mothers, contrary to fathers, even have a lower burnout risk than the whole population.

Nevertheless, female managers report to carry the major burden of family problems compared to their spouses.


Our literature review found only one cause related to prioritizing broad distribution, referred to here as political misjudgments of indicators of progress. As one study put it, "the presence of a piped water system, regardless of its reliability or water quality, may give the impression to government agencies or non-governmental organizations that water needs are being met and no further investment is required" [19] . In other words, broad network distribution may look good on paper, but installing pipes does not guarantee that water will be available to fill them. Political misjudgments regarding indicators of progress is one of five conditions that is not a consequence of another condition on our list. We placed this condition in the category of Local Governance rather than in Large-Scale Trends because options exist to address this condition at the local level. When formulating projects for urban centers, development agencies such as the World Bank could specifically consider the quality of service. In the absence of this metric, the benefits of water network access could be significantly overstated.

As one study put it, "the presence of a piped water system, regardless of its reliability or water quality, may give the impression to government agencies or non-governmental organizations that water needs are being met and no further investment is required".


It is worth noting that the lack of standard terminology here to some extent may reflect the amorphous nature of the problem itself. Intermittency can take many forms across time and space. There are annual patterns of availability, with water supply reliable in one season and less predictable in others. Over time, a community's water access may shift as populations grow, or as infrastructure decays or is replaced; water availability may also fluctuate due to natural inter-annual variability. Water access can vary between neighborhoods on the same network, or between floors of the same building [128] . This type of information greatly influences consumer experience, yet can be lost when terms are imprecisely defined or well-defined terms are imprecisely matched to facts in the field. Even as we work toward a more consistent terminology, it is important to be attuned to spatial and temporal changes in water access. This type of variability suggests the importance of ethnographic and other social scientific approaches to understanding problems arising from water intermittency.

Water access can vary between neighborhoods on the same network, or between floors of the same building.


We note that the four influential conditions are the result of local governance and consumer response to adverse situations. As starting points for interventions, these reinforcing influential conditions can be anticipated and managed (on the part of consumer response) or avoided (on the part of local governance) in ways that improve the water situation. As researchers before us have stated, a major cause of intermittent water supply is human activity, given that the primary barriers to continuous service are organizational and institutional [127, 132] .

As researchers before us have stated, a major cause of intermittent water supply is human activity, given that the primary barriers to continuous service are organizational and institutional.


Previous research has shown interrelationships between the water service delivery failures and adverse life impacts on the consumers using the water [3] . Our research examines the way in which the causes and consequences of water intermittency exist in a complex structure of interactions that affect the options available for making the transition to a continuous water supply. By compiling distinct cause-consequence pathways, our analysis identifies the conditions that both lead to and develop from water intermittency. It is a self-reinforcing system, wherein the consequences of some conditions are themselves causes of others.

Previous research has shown interrelationships between the water service delivery failures and adverse life impacts on the consumers using the water.


The use of biotic and abiotic elicitors is a common strategy that is used to increase the growth rate and production of secondary metabolite in hairy root systems (Soleimani et al. 2012) . Elicitors are compositions that not only result in the accumulation of phytoalexins in plants, but also elicit pathways that are related to defensive response, resulting in synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. They were classified in two groups: abiotic elicitors (mineral, chemical and physical agents) and biotic elicitors (agents with plant or pathogen origins) (Yoshikawa et al. 1978) . Salicylic acid (SA) and chitosan are abiotic elicitors. SA is a phenolic compound that is produced in phenylpropanoids pathway in plants. SA is one of the effective molecules in stress signaling pathway. Its role in plant resistance against pathogens and other stressor agents is well known. Furthermore, adding SA in the culture medium could activate the defensive genes in plants. Moreover, SA inhibits the biosynthesis of ethylene and induce different compounds in plant (Ahmadian et al. 2010) . Chitosan is a deacetylated derivative of chitin extracted from the fungal cell wall, crustacean exoskeletons, cuticles of insects and some algae (Sanford & Hutchings 1987) .

The use of biotic and abiotic elicitors is a common strategy that is used to increase the growth rate and production of secondary metabolite in hairy root systems.

They were classified in two groups: abiotic elicitors (mineral, chemical and physical agents) and biotic elicitors (agents with plant or pathogen origins).

Moreover, SA inhibits the biosynthesis of ethylene and induce different compounds in plant.

Chitosan is a deacetylated derivative of chitin extracted from the fungal cell wall, crustacean exoskeletons, cuticles of insects and some algae.


The perturbed basal body structure in C. reinhardtii uni3-1 mutants and the conservation of the centriole ultrastructure in mammals suggest a common role for δ-tubulin in these structures. To determine whether δ-tubulin protein is directly associated with centrioles in somatic cells, its distribution was studied in exponentially growing C2 myoblasts expressing δ-tubulin (Figure 1b, right panel) and using the anti-δ-tubulin antibody in combination with a monoclonal antibody directed against polyglutamylated tubulin as a centriole marker (Figure 3) . The general cytoplasmic staining did not show any colocalisation with the microtubule network. In addition to the cytoplasmic signal, a diffuse nuclear signal was observed and became more pronounced after detergent extraction of the cytoplasm (compare Figure 3a with Figure 3b ). The presence of tubulin in the nuclear compartment of somatic cells is unexpected but has also been reported for the βII isotype of tubulin [15] . It remains to be determined how δ-tubulin, which does not contain any obvious nuclear localisation sequence, associates or enters into the nucleus.

The presence of tubulin in the nuclear compartment of somatic cells is unexpected but has also been reported for the βII isotype of tubulin.


Why trying to model the ED visit process? The answer is simple: "To make future forecasts for a better planning of the resources in order to meet the demand for emergency care". Of course, estimating the total number of patient visits per time unit allows emergency managers to plan the deployment of the necessary resources to meet the demand. However, this process has its limits since the quantity of resources consumed varies from a patient to another; for example an admitted patient will consume more resources than a non-admitted one (Ministry of Health and Social Services of Quebec [14] ).

However, this process has its limits since the quantity of resources consumed varies from a patient to another; for example an admitted patient will consume more resources than a non-admitted one (Ministry of Health and Social Services of Quebec).


For the very light or heavy elements, LIBS (atomic spectra) can also be used for their isotopic measurements. For light elements, the different masses of isotopes cause a relatively large fractional change in the mass of the atom, which in turn alters the electron motion with respect to the center of gravity of the atoms and hence the associated electronic energy levels. This mass effect is the largest for hydrogen. For instance, the Ha and Hb lines at 656.464 nm and 486.270 nm are shifted by -174 p.m. and -130 p.m., respectively, for deuterium [7] . For heavy atoms, the large nucleus modifies the electronic energy level of the atom through interactions between the shape and the size of the nuclear charge distribution with the field of the electrons [8, 9] . This field effect is strongest for those electrons that have a finite probability at the origin of the nucleus (i.e., selectrons) [9] . Accordingly, atomic lines of heavy elements (e.g., U) also exhibit appreciable isotope shifts, which can reach tens of picometers [10] [11] [12] .

For instance, the Ha and Hb lines at 656.464 nm and 486.270 nm are shifted by -174 p.m. and -130 p.m., respectively, for deuterium.

For heavy atoms, the large nucleus modifies the electronic energy level of the atom through interactions between the shape and the size of the nuclear charge distribution with the field of the electrons.

This field effect is strongest for those electrons that have a finite probability at the origin of the nucleus (i.e., selectrons).

Accordingly, atomic lines of heavy elements (e.g., U) also exhibit appreciable isotope shifts, which can reach tens of picometers.


Recently, a new metaheuristic algorithm known as the water flow-like algorithm (WFA) has been proposed [13] . The algorithm is inspired by water flowing from higher to lower altitudes. The flow can split into subflows when it traverses rigid terrains and these subflows merge when they meet at the same location. Flows stagnate in lower altitude locations if their momentum cannot expel water from the current location. The flow represents a solution agent, the flow altitude represents the objective function, and the solution space for a problem is represented by a geographical terrain.

Recently, a new metaheuristic algorithm known as the water flow-like algorithm (WFA) has been proposed.


The travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a classic combinatorial optimization problem (COP), which was introduced many years ago in 1985 [1] . The TSP searches for the shortest path among a set of cities with known distances between pairs of cities to find the route solution. The route solution can be articulated as a complete graph with a set of vertices, which is a set of edges weighted by the distance between two vertices (cities), to find the shortest route by visiting each city exactly once and returning to the original city.

The travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a classic combinatorial optimization problem (COP), which was introduced many years ago in 1985.


Direct evidence of strategic demand reduction was observed in the FCC's Nationwide Narrowband Auction. In round 11, PageNet decided to cut back from bidding on three large licenses to two (Cramton 1995) . PageNet felt that, if it continued to demand a third large license, it would drive up the prices on all of the large licenses to disadvantageously-high levels. Hence, it made sense to reduce its demand to two, even though the auction price had not yet reached PageNet's incremental value for a third large license. In making this decision, it was essential for PageNet to anticipate the effect of demand reduction on prices.

In round 11, PageNet decided to cut back from bidding on three large licenses to two.


We showed that the eigendecomposition and singular value decomposition of empirical RKHS operators can be obtained by solving associated matrix eigenvalue problems. To underline the practical importance and versatility of RKHS operators, we listed potential applications concerning kernel covariance operators, conditional mean embedding operators, and kernel transfer operators. While we provide the general mathematical theory for the spectral decomposition of RKHS operators, the interpretation of the resulting eigenfunctions or singular functions depends strongly on the problem setting. The eigenfunctions of kernel transfer operators, for instance, can be used to compute conformations of molecules, coherent patterns in fluid flows, slowly evolving structures in video data, or topic clusters in text data [15, 24] . Singular value decompositions of transfer operators might be advantageous for non-equilibrium dynamical systems. Furthermore, the decomposition of the aforementioned operators can be employed to compute low-rank approximations or their pseudoinverses, which might open up novel opportunities in statistics and machine learning. Future work includes analyzing connections to classical methods such as kernel PCA, regularizing finite-rank RKHS operators by truncating small singular values, solving RKHS operator regression problems with the aid of the pseudoinverse, and optimizing numerical schemes to compute the operator SVD by applying iterative schemes and symmetrization approaches.

The eigenfunctions of kernel transfer operators, for instance, can be used to compute conformations of molecules, coherent patterns in fluid flows, slowly evolving structures in video data, or topic clusters in text data.


So far, the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of transfer operators pertaining to high-dimensional time series data stemming from molecular dynamics or fluid dynamics simulations were considered [15] . Applications include the identification of the slowest relaxation processes of dynamical systems, e.g., conformational changes of complex molecules or slowly evolving coherent patterns in fluid flows, but also dimensionality reduction and blind source separation. The eigendecomposition, however, is beneficial only in the case where the underlying system is ergodic with respect to some density. If this is not the case, however, i.e., the stochastic process is time-inhomogeneous, eigendecompositions can be replaced by singular value decompositions in order to obtain similar information about the global dynamics [16] . Moreover, outside of the context of stochastic processes, the conditional mean embedding has been shown to be the solution of certain vector-valued regression problems [17] . When the used output kernel is also a probability density, the conditional mean embedding can also be seen as the approximation of the conditional output density given the input. Contrary to the transfer operator setting, input and output space can differ fundamentally (e.g., the input space could be text) and the constraint that the RKHS for input and output space must be identical is too restrictive. The SVD of RKHS operators does not require this assumption and is hence a more general analysis tool applicable to operators that solve regression problems and to transfer operators associated with more general stochastic processes.

So far, the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of transfer operators pertaining to high-dimensional time series data stemming from molecular dynamics or fluid dynamics simulations were considered.

If this is not the case, however, i.e., the stochastic process is time-inhomogeneous, eigendecompositions can be replaced by singular value decompositions in order to obtain similar information about the global dynamics.

Moreover, outside of the context of stochastic processes, the conditional mean embedding has been shown to be the solution of certain vector-valued regression problems.


Despite its benefits, V2G application is still in the development process. To spread their use, the manufacturers must ensure that the vehicle is charged when the user needs it [9] . On the other hand, it is essential that the electricity grid is not perturbed by the V2G application if the power supplied by the EV does not satisfy the quality requirements imposed by the grid, it cannot be delivered. For this restriction, it is necessary to use a power factor correction (PFC) system, to reduce the current harmonics (respecting the EMC regulation), and to eliminate DC currents so that the grid's transformers are not saturated [10] . A reduction of efficiency and voltage deviations may also be present, produced by the overload of transformers, cables, and feeders [7] . The battery's degradation should be considered as well, since the increase of charging and discharging cycles can reduce its lifespan or life cycle [4] . Furthermore, the bigger is the amount of PEVs connected to the grid, the more severe are the previous problems in the power distribution system [4] . This paper reviews and analyzes the main components of V2G and G2V topologies by emphasizing the benefits offered by such a topology. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate Energies 2018, 11, 1082 3 of 24 how both V2G and G2V topologies can be implemented by simulating Four different topologies; two of them correspond to a low-duty vehicles of 3.3 kW (with/without DC/DC converters), while the other two are for Fast Charging and high-duty vehicles of 22 kW (with/without DC/DC converters), using Matlab/Simulink.

To spread their use, the manufacturers must ensure that the vehicle is charged when the user needs it.

For this restriction, it is necessary to use a power factor correction (PFC) system, to reduce the current harmonics (respecting the EMC regulation), and to eliminate DC currents so that the grid's transformers are not saturated.

A reduction of efficiency and voltage deviations may also be present, produced by the overload of transformers, cables, and feeders.

The battery's degradation should be considered as well, since the increase of charging and discharging cycles can reduce its lifespan or life cycle.

Furthermore, the bigger is the amount of PEVs connected to the grid, the more severe are the previous problems in the power distribution system.


Despite its benefits, V2G application is still in the development process. To spread their use, the manufacturers must ensure that the vehicle is charged when the user needs it [9] . On the other hand, it is essential that the electricity grid is not perturbed by the V2G application if the power supplied by the EV does not satisfy the quality requirements imposed by the grid, it cannot be delivered. For this restriction, it is necessary to use a power factor correction (PFC) system, to reduce the current harmonics (respecting the EMC regulation), and to eliminate DC currents so that the grid's transformers are not saturated [10] . A reduction of efficiency and voltage deviations may also be present, produced by the overload of transformers, cables, and feeders [7] . The battery's degradation should be considered as well, since the increase of charging and discharging cycles can reduce its lifespan or life cycle [4] . Furthermore, the bigger is the amount of PEVs connected to the grid, the more severe are the previous problems in the power distribution system [4] .


The V2G application consists on having direct power flow between the vehicle and the grid. If effectively controlled and introduced in a smart grid, the V2G application can increase the supply grid efficiency, reliability, stability, and generation dispatch [4] . In addition, it can offer ancillary services, support to the grid operator, load factor improvement, current harmonics reduction, and faster repaid of the storage systems [4, 7, 8] .

If effectively controlled and introduced in a smart grid, the V2G application can increase the supply grid efficiency, reliability, stability, and generation dispatch.

In addition, it can offer ancillary services, support to the grid operator, load factor improvement, current harmonics reduction, and faster repaid of the storage systems.