Given the potential importance of structured OST activities for school, one may propose that structured OST activities have the potential to foster school engagement. School engagement manifests itself in youth's behavioral involvement and emotional identification with school (Finn & Rock, 1997) . Youth who are behaviorally engaged with school tend to have higher academic performance, display fewer discipline problems, and are more likely to complete high school (Fredricks, Blumenfeld, & Paris, 2004) . Lack of emotional engagement with school, on the other hand, is one of the most important reasons for youth to drop out (Finn, 1991) . Therefore, both behavioral and emotional school engagement are believed to be antidotes to underachievement, student boredom, and dropout (Fredricks, Blumenfeld, & Paris, 2004) .

School engagement manifests itself in youth's behavioral involvement and emotional identification with school.

Youth who are behaviorally engaged with school tend to have higher academic performance, display fewer discipline problems, and are more likely to complete high school.

Lack of emotional engagement with school, on the other hand, is one of the most important reasons for youth to drop out.

Therefore, both behavioral and emotional school engagement are believed to be antidotes to underachievement, student boredom, and dropout.


Despite the recent surge of public and research interest in the effects of out-of-school activity participation on youth development, the question of how participation impacts school engagement has been overlooked, or assumed without testing. The present study is one of the first to bridge the out-of-school and the within-school worlds. The findings provide evidence that youth who involve themselves in positive, constructive activities (e.g., family dinner and civic activities) are more likely to be emotionally engaged with school than those who are less involved in these activities. In other words, this study suggests that how youth spend time outof-school has an impact on how they spend time in school, which in turn might lead to different academic and psychological outcomes. Accordingly, the importance of family, community, and program efforts in creating positive experiences for youth beyond the regular school time needs to be highlighted. Creating an effective partnership between in-and out-of-school educators may enhance meaningful involvement and effortful investment in school (Lerner, 2007) .

Creating an effective partnership between in-and out-of-school educators may enhance meaningful involvement and effortful investment in school.


Given all the possible positive effects of structured OST activities, and more specifically, of YD programs (Mahoney, Parente, & Zigler, in press ), educators, practitioners, and developmental scientists have been looking beyond the typical school day to create structured opportunities for fostering skill learning and positive youth development (Jordan, & Nettles, 2000) . However, the reality is that structured OST activities are not the only component of the OST experiences of American youth. Adolescents are involved in many unstructured activities, in and out of school, with others and alone. These alternative activities may consume at least as much time (Mahoney et al., 2006) . For instance, youth may spend at least one-third of their daily time sleeping, some time participating in structured out-of-school time activities, about a quarter of time being in school (not counting travel time to and from school), and the rest of their time (less than 10 hours a day) devoted to a set of activities that include eating meals, doing homework, watching television, or hanging out with friends.

Given all the possible positive effects of structured OST activities, and more specifically, of YD programs (Mahoney, Parente, & Zigler, in press ), educators, practitioners, and developmental scientists have been looking beyond the typical school day to create structured opportunities for fostering skill learning and positive youth development.

These alternative activities may consume at least as much time.


Nowadays, efficient energy conservation and emission reduction is put out in a primary strategic position due to the climate variation and sustainable development. The promotion of distributed renewable energy becomes the important solutions to alleviate the contradiction between economic development and environmental pollution [1] . With the large-scale construction of distributed energy, the demand for energy scheduling and trading gradually stands out in the distributed energy market.

The promotion of distributed renewable energy becomes the important solutions to alleviate the contradiction between economic development and environmental pollution.


Conventional phosphorus treatment methods include adsorption, biological treatments, precipitation, floatation, and crystallization [29] . The reduced removal efficiencies and complex operations make most of the mentioned methods unsuitable for commercial purposes. Chemical precipitation technique is widely accepted and is also capable of removing more than 99% of phosphorus from wastewater. Moreover, precipitation of phosphorus in the form of calcium phosphate is an important physicochemical process. This further promotes the efficient and economical route for the recovery of phosphorus [28] .

Conventional phosphorus treatment methods include adsorption, biological treatments, precipitation, floatation, and crystallization.

This further promotes the efficient and economical route for the recovery of phosphorus.


Lime mud is classified as a toxic industrial waste mainly due to its high alkalinity and typical mineralogical characteristics and therefore requires proper treatment before discharge [7] . Reutilization of lime mud is very limited in industries and accounts for only 30% of lime mud produced, while the remainder is disposed of in landfills. However, many serious environmental issues are associated with disposal in landfills: (a) large landfill area occupation with high disposal cost; (b) landfill leachates moving into groundwater and rivers; (c) adverse impacts on nearby plants and soils; (d) toxic fine dust generation in dry and windy conditions [8] . Furthermore, landfills are also suggested to be an unsuitable option for lime mud disposal [9] . Therefore, there is an utmost requirement for cost-effective reutilization and valorization of lime mud.

Lime mud is classified as a toxic industrial waste mainly due to its high alkalinity and typical mineralogical characteristics and therefore requires proper treatment before discharge.

However, many serious environmental issues are associated with disposal in landfills: (a) large landfill area occupation with high disposal cost; (b) landfill leachates moving into groundwater and rivers; (c) adverse impacts on nearby plants and soils; (d) toxic fine dust generation in dry and windy conditions.

Furthermore, landfills are also suggested to be an unsuitable option for lime mud disposal.


Database Systems for the Multi-core Era. Modern hardware offers opportunities for high parallelism; a single machine may be equipped with chip multiprocessors, which contain multiple cores with support for multiple context threads. Recent research focuses on exploiting parallelism opportunities by a) processing multiple queries concurrently, and b) by parallelizing tasks in the critical path during query processing [22, 23, 24, 33] . Sorting is one of the most important database tasks (and a core component of adaptive indexing in column-stores) that can be highly-parallelized using modern hardware advances [9, 38, 45, 49] .

Recent research focuses on exploiting parallelism opportunities by a) processing multiple queries concurrently, and b) by parallelizing tasks in the critical path during query processing.

Sorting is one of the most important database tasks (and a core component of adaptive indexing in column-stores) that can be highly-parallelized using modern hardware advances.


Patients with a history of incontinence associated with rectal prolapse should be evaluated preoperatively with anal manometry, ultrasonography, and pudendal nerve terminal motor latency to assess anorectal anatomy and function prior to repair [7] . True rectal prolapse should be distinguished from rectal mucosal prolapse and hemorrhoidal disease. Reports of rectal prolapse in the literature are usually small series with short follow-up, and describe a wide variety of surgical techniques [8] . The surgical treatment of rectal prolapse can be carried out either through an abdominal or perineal approach. These 2 approaches have been shown to be similar in postoperative morbidity, but the perineal approach has a higher recurrence rate. Functional results depend on the type of technique used [2] .

Patients with a history of incontinence associated with rectal prolapse should be evaluated preoperatively with anal manometry, ultrasonography, and pudendal nerve terminal motor latency to assess anorectal anatomy and function prior to repair.

Reports of rectal prolapse in the literature are usually small series with short follow-up, and describe a wide variety of surgical techniques.

Functional results depend on the type of technique used.


The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 the main ingredients such as fields and currents, their unfolded equations of motion and symmetry transformations are introduced following the non-compact case [17] . In Section 3 the periodicity conditions on twistor-like variables are imposed. In Section 4 construction of conserved charges is described and on-shell current cohomology along with the full set of non-zero conserved charges are presented. In section 5 it is shown that charges resulting from integration over non-homotopic cycles turn out to be related by the action of HS symmetry. In Section 6 conserved charges are represented as symmetry generators acting on quantized fields and the full symmetry of dynamics in the periodic spinor space is formulated in terms of an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra. In Conclusion some peculiar features of symmetries in the periodic spinor space are discussed.

In Section 2 the main ingredients such as fields and currents, their unfolded equations of motion and symmetry transformations are introduced following the non-compact case.


Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is one of most common cause of cancer-related death over the world [1] . Its detection at the early stage, named dysplastic stage, is crucial in order to increase the survival rate [2] . However, this early detection is difficult to perform taking into account the conventional visual inspection techniques -endoscopy and colonoscopy -due to the lack of macroscopically easily visible changes on the tissues surface in the dysplastic stage [2, 3] . Thus, the only way to detect dysplasia is performing a large number of biopsies, which are invasive, affected by sample errors and the results are not immediately available, leading to a delay on patient's treatment [3] . For all the reasons described above, the development of new methods or tools to an early GI cancer detection have been arising. Most of them are based on spectroscopic techniques. In fact, spectroscopic signals extraction and analysis may improve the ability to detect GI dysplasia, since some morphological and biochemical changes on the tissues can modify these signals' shape and intensity [4, 5] .

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is one of most common cause of cancer-related death over the world.

Its detection at the early stage, named dysplastic stage, is crucial in order to increase the survival rate.

However, this early detection is difficult to perform taking into account the conventional visual inspection techniques -endoscopy and colonoscopy -due to the lack of macroscopically easily visible changes on the tissues surface in the dysplastic stage.

Thus, the only way to detect dysplasia is performing a large number of biopsies, which are invasive, affected by sample errors and the results are not immediately available, leading to a delay on patient's treatment.

In fact, spectroscopic signals extraction and analysis may improve the ability to detect GI dysplasia, since some morphological and biochemical changes on the tissues can modify these signals' shape and intensity.


The extraction of the diffuse reflectance signal of a tissue can be used to detect small changes related with cancer progression, since its intensity and shape is affected by absorption and scattering effects. As a result, an increase of hemoglobin, associated with angiogenesis during cancer progression, results in a reduction of the diffuse reflectance signal. Moreover, as the dysplasia is progressing to cancer, the epithelial tissue thickness increases which reduces the quantity of light that reaches the deeper tissues. Thus, less quantity of light reaches the collagen fibers (the main tissue scatterer) in the connective tissue, decreasing scattering and, consequently, the diffuse reflectance signal intensity [3, 5] .

Thus, less quantity of light reaches the collagen fibers (the main tissue scatterer) in the connective tissue, decreasing scattering and, consequently, the diffuse reflectance signal intensity.


The microsystem will extract two optical signals -diffuse reflectance and fluorescence -to detect GI dysplasia. To that purpose, a matrix of thin-film optical filters deposited on the top of a silicon photodiodes array will be fabricated and used. The optical filters will be centered in a set of spectral bands considered relevant to select/extract the spectroscopic signals [11, 12] . Moreover, miniaturized LEDs will be incorporated on the chip, as illumination sources for diffuse reflectance and fluorescence measurements. Finally, readout electronics and a communication mode, all integrated in a single chip, for data transmission and its analysis will be included.

The optical filters will be centered in a set of spectral bands considered relevant to select/extract the spectroscopic signals.


The effects of the independent variables on biomass concentration were represented via response surface plots (Pham et al., 1998; Kwak et al., 2006) . The graphical representations of the interaction effect of the variables called the contour plots were developed using MINITAB 15.0 software and interaction between any two variables on probiotic biomass production was studied by keeping other variable constant at their middle values. The elliptical or circular shapes of the response surface plots, indicates the interactions between the variables as significant or not, respectively. In our study, circular shape of the contour plots of peptone versus ammonium citrate (Figure 1 ), peptone versus pH ( Figure 2 ) and ammonium citrate versus pH (Figure 3 ) indicated that there was no significant influence interaction effect between these set of variables on probiotic B. subtilis SK09 biomass production. Based on the response from CCD, the value for correlation coefficient was determined using regression analysis and was found to be (R 2 ) 0.902. A higher value of the correlation coefficient signifies a good correlation between the independent variables and probiotic biomass production. A second order polynomial equation was then fitted to the data by a multiple regression procedure. The equation resulted in an empirical model that relates the measured response to the independent variables of the experiment.

The effects of the independent variables on biomass concentration were represented via response surface plots.


Determining material properties is crucial in the design of materials that are resistant to fatigue, wear, and other behaviors. Unfortunately, conventional mechanical methods are often destructive and complex. As an alternative, nanoidentation is a widely recognized technique that is relatively non-destructive and can be applied to small specimens for use in the measurement of mechanical properties of both bulk materials and thin coatings [2] .

As an alternative, nanoidentation is a widely recognized technique that is relatively non-destructive and can be applied to small specimens for use in the measurement of mechanical properties of both bulk materials and thin coatings.


Contrasting to the conventional material development process, the ongoing project Reverse 4D Materials Engineering aims at rapid development of high-performance materials [1] . The objective of the project is to develop methods and tools that generate the optimum microstructure structure with a minimum computational effort. Such a challenge requires addressing reverse engineering problems and this paper is a first step towards that direction.

Contrasting to the conventional material development process, the ongoing project Reverse 4D Materials Engineering aims at rapid development of high-performance materials.


Other forms of LFS engagement have also worked to improve engagement by those with lower incomes. For instance, in addition to making LFS institutions, such as farmers' markets, more accessible via acceptance of federal food aid programs, community gardens are also used as a tool to increase local food availability in lower income communities [15] . Further, charitable assistance programs, such as food banks, have also worked to increase the amount of fresh and local foods available for participants [3, 16] .

For instance, in addition to making LFS institutions, such as farmers' markets, more accessible via acceptance of federal food aid programs, community gardens are also used as a tool to increase local food availability in lower income communities.

Further, charitable assistance programs, such as food banks, have also worked to increase the amount of fresh and local foods available for participants.


Falls are the second leading cause of accidental or unintentional injury deaths world-widely. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of American, unintentional falls are a common occurrence among older adults, affecting approximately 30% of persons aged > 65 years each year [1] . Older people have the highest risk of death or serious injury arising from a fall and the risk increases with age [2] . A "long lie" may result in negative psychological (fear of falling, which can lead to further limitation of functional activities) and physical (muscle damage, dehydration, pressure sores, hypothermia, pneumonia, and mortality) outcomes [3] .

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of American, unintentional falls are a common occurrence among older adults, affecting approximately 30% of persons aged > 65 years each year.

Older people have the highest risk of death or serious injury arising from a fall and the risk increases with age.

A "long lie" may result in negative psychological (fear of falling, which can lead to further limitation of functional activities) and physical (muscle damage, dehydration, pressure sores, hypothermia, pneumonia, and mortality) outcomes.


This paper describes the measurement of the thirdorder elastic constants of four common steels. The stress applied to the specimen was increased stepwise, and the velocity of the elastic wave was measured at every step using a high accuracy measuring technique. The shape and dimensions of the specimen were controlled as precisely as possible and the measuring equipment was also accurately calibrated. The change in room temperature was kept to 1°C or less during the measurement. Secondand third-order elastic constants contribute to the change in the propagation velocity of the elastic wave caused by stress (Hughes and Kelly 1953; Takahashi and Motegi 2015) .

Secondand third-order elastic constants contribute to the change in the propagation velocity of the elastic wave caused by stress.


Table 2(B)(C) show the differences between isothermal and adiabatic elastic constants. The difference in the third-order elastic constants are larger than the difference in the second-order ones. O.M.Krasinikov reported no significant difference between isothermal and adiabatic elastic constants (Krasilnikov 1977) . However, there is a relatively large difference between m and n in isothermal state and adiabatic state.

O.M.Krasinikov reported no significant difference between isothermal and adiabatic elastic constants.


IAR application increased the bond strength values in most of the simulated composite-composite repair conditions significantly. Therefore, the second part of the null hypothesis that the utilization of an IAR would not affect the repair strength was also rejected. The IAR used was in fact a dentin bonding agent which is easy to apply compared to other conditioning systems that require additional equipment [28, 29] . The function of IAR is to create a chemical unification with the resin matrix [1] . Some studies have demonstrated that IARs without fillers may increase the bond strength, regardless of the surface conditioning method employed [13, 22] .

The IAR used was in fact a dentin bonding agent which is easy to apply compared to other conditioning systems that require additional equipment.

The function of IAR is to create a chemical unification with the resin matrix.

Some studies have demonstrated that IARs without fillers may increase the bond strength, regardless of the surface conditioning method employed.


The outline of this review is as follows. In Section 2, for the sake of completeness, we briefly consider possible mechanisms of superconductivity in cuprates, the problem of the relationship between BCS pairing and BoseEinstein condensation (BEC), and the multigapness of the superconducting order parameter. Section 3 is devoted to the experimental evidence for CDWs, the so-called pseudogaps, dip-hump structures, and manifestations of intrinsic inhomogeneity in cuprate materials. The original theory of CDW superconductors and the interpretation of CDW-related phenomena in high-T c oxides are presented in Section 4. At the end of Section 4, some recent data on coexistence between superconductivity and spin density waves (SDWs)-a close analogue of CDWs-are covered. This topic became hot once more after the discovery of ferropnictides [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] 161] . Short conclusions are made in Section 5.

This topic became hot once more after the discovery of ferropnictides.


Finally, our problem also finds applications in the so called publish/subscribe systems [4, 11] . Traditionally, users poll data from service providers for information; but this has been considered to be very communicationinefficient. In a pub/sub system, users register their queries at the server, and the server pushes updated results to the users according to their registered queries as new data arrives. Unlike the two applications above, here we have one observer (the server) and many trackers (the users). Although energy is not a concern here, bad decisions by the online tracking algorithm still have severe consequences, since the messages need to be forwarded to potentially a larger number of users, consuming a lot of network bandwidth. Depending on the nature of the query, the function being tracked could take values from a high-dimensional space. For instance, a set of items from a universe U corresponds to a {0, 1}-vector in |U | dimensions.

Finally, our problem also finds applications in the so called publish/subscribe systems.


In previous work we have described agent model ABGP [6] . In this paper we describe especially on environment awareness. This paper is organized as follows. Briefly introduction of agent model ABGP is given in Section 2. Section 3 describes the coding and combining features framework. The experimental results are put into Section 4. Section 5 concludes with a discussion on environment awareness of rational agents.

In previous work we have described agent model ABGP.

This paper is organized as follows.


In order to define minimum required levels for noise reduction, it was decided to set, as a target experiment, the measurement of a NACA-0012 trailing-edge airfoil noise at velocity of 30 m/s. The beamforming technique was used for noise sources identification and possible quantification (Sijtsma and Holthusen, 1999; Brooks and Humphreys, 2006; Dougherty, 2005) . Wind-tunnel background-noise is, in this paper, defined as the noise generated by the wind-tunnel running in stable regime and empty testing chamber.

The beamforming technique was used for noise sources identification and possible quantification.


Historically, structural monitoring systems have been viewed as static systems that, once installed in a structure, are rarely changed or modified. This perspective likely finds its origin in the fact that wired monitoring systems are challenging to install and modify. However, wireless sensors eliminate the need for wiring and are therefore easier to install than their wired counterparts. Rapid installation renders wireless monitoring systems very attractive for short-term deployments where response data from operational structures is desired over short periods of time (e.g., hours, days or weeks). For example, short-term monitoring can offer sufficient data from which a rapid condition assessment can be made of an operational bridge (Salawu and Williams 1995) . Furthermore, the modularity of the wireless sensors within the monitoring system architecture facilitates relatively easy reconfiguration and modification of the monitoring system topology. Using a small number of wireless sensor nodes, a large number of sensor locations can be achieved.

For example, short-term monitoring can offer sufficient data from which a rapid condition assessment can be made of an operational bridge.


Trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-p-toluidine) is a selective pre-emergence dinitroaniline herbicide widely used in the control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in horticultural and agricultural crops [4] . It is registered in more than fifty countries for use on more than eighty crops [5] . Trifluralin is a persistent soil contaminant (due to its strong adsorption to soil particles). In spite of its low water solubility, it has been reported as a surface water pollutant [6] . Even though it has low leachability, trifluralin has a very high bio-concentration factor. It is photo labile, a serious drawback for field ap-plication since the quantity and frequency of application must be increased to ensure its effectiveness. These factors make trifluralin (TRF) a good candidate for slow release formulation.

Trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-p-toluidine) is a selective pre-emergence dinitroaniline herbicide widely used in the control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in horticultural and agricultural crops.

It is registered in more than fifty countries for use on more than eighty crops.

In spite of its low water solubility, it has been reported as a surface water pollutant.


As such, studies are required to prospectively assess the incidence of TV and associated risk factors including ones pertaining to sexual network structure and position. In the interim it may be worth applying a novel way of analyzing the relationship between STIs and behavior to TV. Hamilton and Morris have recently developed an analytical method that factors in local sex network structure by imputing partner characteristics such as concurrency and assortative mixing [18] . Applying this method to investigate risk factors associated with chlamydia infection in the same Wave III of Add Health that we used, they found that the inclusion of imputed network structure led to a considerable reduction in the large racial differences in chlamydia. It would be interesting to see if similar results were found with TV as the outcome variable.

Hamilton and Morris have recently developed an analytical method that factors in local sex network structure by imputing partner characteristics such as concurrency and assortative mixing.


After attaining the maximum LAI, the canopy tended to maintain a high ratio between the intercepted and incoming PPFD (Figure 4) . However, variations in PPFD interception occurred. These variations should be attributed to changes of incoming PPFD inc due to cloudiness, particularly during rainy periods (Figure 1 ). These variations occurred in both cropping seasons, even at the beginning of the growing period. In addition to weather conditions, a natural reduction of incoming solar radiation is expected to happen after the middle of the summer season, as a consequence of the solar declination. Decreases in intercepted PPFD may also be expected in maize crops during the grain-filling period due to leaf senescence (Maddoni & Otegui, 1996; Collinson et al., 1999; Lindquist et al., 2005) .

Decreases in intercepted PPFD may also be expected in maize crops during the grain-filling period due to leaf senescence.


Capturing the key insights of Haltiwanger and Waldman, my analysis allows for strategic complementarity and heterogeneous forecasting rules. However, to bring the discussion more into the current stage of macroeconomic thought-which emphasizes dynamic rather than static frameworks-I extend the HaltiwangerWaldman analysis to a richer dynamic general equilibrium model, which I solve with a methodology that is very close in spirit to Townsend's. In choosing a specific dynamic modeling framework, I opted for the class of models in the real business cycle tradition. The advantages of this choice are two-fold. First, the virtues and limitations of the RBC framework are well understood by the profession. Thus, the results I obtain under forecast heterogeneity and strategic complementarity can be directly and quantitatively compared to those generated by standard RBC models with homogeneous, rational expectations. Second, by introducing forecast heterogeneity into the RBC framework, I am able to address a recurring theme in the literature: the weak internal propagation mechanism that underlies many equilibrium business cycle models (King and Plosser, 1988) . The paper's main results and methodology can be summarized as follows. With a sufficiently strong degree of strategic complementarity, I show that even if only a small subset of agents forecasts according to a simple but reasonable rule of thumb, aggregate output exhibits more persistence than warranted by either (i) the degree of serial correlation in the productivity shock process, or (ii) the share of rule-of-thumb forecasters in the total population. More to the point, because agents engage in forecasting each others' forecasts, rule-of-thumb forecasters have a quantitatively important impact on the serial correlation properties of the business cycle. The results are obtained by calibrating all standard RBC parameters and then running a battery of sensitivity tests on the forecast-heterogeneity and strategic-complementarity parameters. The sensitivity tests highlight the role of strategic complementarity in the forecast-heterogeneity debate and precisely quantify the qualitative claims made by Haltiwanger and Waldman and others.

Second, by introducing forecast heterogeneity into the RBC framework, I am able to address a recurring theme in the literature: the weak internal propagation mechanism that underlies many equilibrium business cycle models.


Given the issues raised above, the pursuit of this study is to quantify and compare the energy use in each life cycle phase of an office building in China. The Tiejian tower of Tianjin lies in Airport Industrial Zone, it is a typical intelligent energy-saving building, and also a demonstration project of green one. It is estimated to meet 60% energy itself in the design stage. Input-output analysis is very suitable to estimate direct and indirect energy consumption of various economic sectors in the construction stage [8] . Combing with the operation energy estimation based on scenario analysis, it can provide an example to what extent can we invest on the energy saving technologies in the construction stage. The infrastructure of a building can be classified into six parts, namely structure and decoration engineering (SD), electrical engineering (EE), water supply and drainage engineering (WD), fire protection engineering (FP), heating, ventilation and air conditioning system engineering (HVAC) and intelligent system engineering (IS). With the estimated energy consumption of the operation stage included, this paper will employ the inputoutput analysis method to estimate its energy consumption in whole life cycle. It may provide a new perspective for the study of design and planning the energy-saving building in the future, and may provide a benchmark for balancing the embodied energy and operation energy. The remainder of this paper proceeds as follows: Section 2 introduces the methodology. In Section 3, we present empirical analysis. Conclusions are reached in Section 4.

Input-output analysis is very suitable to estimate direct and indirect energy consumption of various economic sectors in the construction stage.

Conclusions are reached in Section 4.


Contrary to common perception, center-bound force field is not static during interactions with traversing it bodies. It does not remain the same once it has been created even when its source does not alter any of its field-related attributes. Even if the field"s source remains unchanged, the field"s interaction/behavior depends also on all the other entities that happen to move through the field, even if their possible contribution to the field is negligibly small. Although as a whole it could theoretically last forever, the radial field is ever rearranging its abstract internal structure. For it is not really the resultant force vector that actually does act on the particle that moves in it, but each of its coordinate subcomponents (if cast in the reference frame of the given particle affected by the central force field) acts quite independently of all its other coordinate subcomponentscompare [8] .

For it is not really the resultant force vector that actually does act on the particle that moves in it, but each of its coordinate subcomponents (if cast in the reference frame of the given particle affected by the central force field) acts quite independently of all its other coordinate subcomponentscompare.


In 1898 AD Schuster has conjectured that chemical elements with negative masses should be repelled by [the usual radial central] gravitational force field [3] . Nevertheless, I shall show in what follows that interacting radial potentials can also produce additional nonradial potentials with signs opposite to the usual attractive radial potential, which would correspond thus to a repulsive force. Yet the possibility of existence of nonradial potentials was ignored in former physics.

In 1898 AD Schuster has conjectured that chemical elements with negative masses should be repelled by [the usual radial central] gravitational force field.


Stability of macroscopic solids can indicate [the necessity of] presence of some repulsive gravitational forces [1] . If so then perhaps we missed something (inherent to force fields) which warrants the fleeting stability that is visible in nature, especially on macro scale. I will show below that definitely repulsive potentials emerge in the usual radial/center-bound gravitational force field as a necessary mathematical consequence of the field"s abstract geometric structure that is imparted by interacting potentials of both masses. Since abstract potentials correspond to potential energy spent on the work done by the given force field on a satellite orbiting the field (or on a body traversing it), the geometric structure is of both physical and mathematical provenience tied together. Lobachevski already emphasized that [2] .

Stability of macroscopic solids can indicate [the necessity of] presence of some repulsive gravitational forces.

Lobachevski already emphasized that.


Mathematical modeling has evolved as a powerful paradigm to analyze, and ultimately design complex biochemical networks [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Mathematical modeling of biochemical networks is often an iterative process. First, models are formulated from existing biochemical knowledge, and then model parameters are estimated using experimental data [6] [7] [8] . Parameter estimation is typically framed as a nonlinear optimization problem wherein the residual (or objective function) between experimental measurements and model simulations is minimized using an optimization strategy [9] . Optimal parameter estimates are then used to predict unseen experimental data. If the validation studies fail, model construction and calibration are repeated iteratively until satisfactory results are obtained. As our biological knowledge increases, model formulation may not be as significant a challenge, but parameter estimation will likely remain difficult.

Mathematical modeling has evolved as a powerful paradigm to analyze, and ultimately design complex biochemical networks.

First, models are formulated from existing biochemical knowledge, and then model parameters are estimated using experimental data.

Parameter estimation is typically framed as a nonlinear optimization problem wherein the residual (or objective function) between experimental measurements and model simulations is minimized using an optimization strategy.


Infrared reflectance spectroscopy is not as widely used as infrared transmission spectroscopy, and the experimental considerations involved in planning reflectance work are probably less familiar to clay minCopyright 9 1988, The Clay Minerals Society eralogists. The use of spectral reflectance measurements in either the near-infrared (NIR, 0.8-2.5 gm) or the mid-infrared (MIR, 2.5-25 #m) wavelength regions avoids two significant problems associated with M1R transmission measurements of clay minerals. The first problem is that the grinding of samples to prepare extremely fine material for dispersion in KBr pellets can cause structural damage in clay minerals (Farmer and Palmieri, 1975) . Lightly grinding samples in alcohol may minimize this damage; however, reflectance-IR measurements usually can be made without any sample grinding. For mineral mixtures, the extremely small quantity of sample examined in the MIR transmission analysis also raises the question of whether the sample being measured is representative of the material from which it came. Much larger sample amounts are analyzed in the reflectance-IR mode than in the transmission mode (Salisbury et al., 1987) .

The first problem is that the grinding of samples to prepare extremely fine material for dispersion in KBr pellets can cause structural damage in clay minerals.

Much larger sample amounts are analyzed in the reflectance-IR mode than in the transmission mode.


In vocational education and training (VET), apprenticeships and other forms of work-based learning have been promoted at the policy level in recent years (European Council 2018) . This development requires understanding of how work-based learning experiences, such as apprenticeships or school-based VET including on-the-job training periods, are provided and made into effective learning opportunities. These both modes of education, school-based VET and apprenticeship training, co-exist in Finland, but in comparison to countries that mainly organise VET through apprenticeship training, Finland has mainly promoted school-based VET. This has been due to various historical developments, including the centralisation of schooling in order to support equal educational opportunities (Stenström and Virolainen 2018) .

In vocational education and training (VET), apprenticeships and other forms of work-based learning have been promoted at the policy level in recent years.

This has been due to various historical developments, including the centralisation of schooling in order to support equal educational opportunities.


Here, we propose a metamaterial scheme for high-efficiency polarization manipulation by applying the PancharatnamBerry (P-B) phase that operates for both linear and circular polarization states. In fact, by applying the P-B phase, several applications have been demonstrated with a single-layer metasurface for right-and left-circularly polarized (RCP and LCP) light over a broadband frequency regime [27] [28] [29] [30] . In our work, by introducing a phase gradient for the crosspolarized component, we separate the orthogonal polarization components in space covering 0.5-1.4 THz. Our systematic studies also reveal that the proposed scheme shows excellent robustness and polarization manipulation performance.

In fact, by applying the P-B phase, several applications have been demonstrated with a single-layer metasurface for right-and left-circularly polarized (RCP and LCP) light over a broadband frequency regime.


Traditionally, inductance voltage drops have focused on the package inductance, which forms the predominant component of the inductance in a supply network [1] [2] [3] . A number of methods to analyze supply networks in the presence of package inductance has hence been proposed [1] [2] [3] . However, as the operating frequency increases and the currents in on-chip supply wires becomes higher, onchip inductance must be incorporated in the total inductance analysis as well.

Traditionally, inductance voltage drops have focused on the package inductance, which forms the predominant component of the inductance in a supply network.

A number of methods to analyze supply networks in the presence of package inductance has hence been proposed.


Previous electrophysiological research on infant siblings has also found evidence of differences in hemispheric lateralization in ERP responses to speech sounds between low-and high-risk infants [28] . Similarly atypical patterns of hemispheric lateralization have also been found using fMRI in tasks that involved language processing [43, 44] . In the present study we failed to find any differences in hemispheric lateralization of linear coherence, regardless of risk status or ASD outcome. As discussed above, linear coherence is an index of synchronized activity between regions and does not reflect the absolute amount of activation in response to specific stimuli, in contrast to ERP and fMRI. As such, it is possible that over the first year of life the left and right hemisphere networks sampled by the electrodes chosen in this study are comparably synchronous, irrespective of any differences in absolute activation.

Previous electrophysiological research on infant siblings has also found evidence of differences in hemispheric lateralization in ERP responses to speech sounds between low-and high-risk infants.

Similarly atypical patterns of hemispheric lateralization have also been found using fMRI in tasks that involved language processing.


At lowest order in the large-volume expansion, the eight-dimensional vacuum manifold M 8 is constrained to be Ricci-flat [13] . For M 8 a Calabi-Yau fourfold, the low-energy effective theory obtained from the Kaluza-Klein reduction of M-theory on M 8 is given by a three-dimensional N = 2 supergravity [2, 14] . Similarly for M 8 a Spin (7)-holonomy manifold, the low-energy effective theory is a three-dimensional N = 1 supergravity [15] . Analogous results hold for the Kaluza-Klein reduction of IIA string theory on M 8 [16, 17] . On the other hand, M-theory or IIA string theory on M 8 's which are not Ricci-flat can be thought of as arising from the backreaction of branes wrapping internal cycles of the compactification manifold [18] .

At lowest order in the large-volume expansion, the eight-dimensional vacuum manifold M 8 is constrained to be Ricci-flat.

For M 8 a Calabi-Yau fourfold, the low-energy effective theory obtained from the Kaluza-Klein reduction of M-theory on M 8 is given by a three-dimensional N = 2 supergravity.

Similarly for M 8 a Spin (7)-holonomy manifold, the low-energy effective theory is a three-dimensional N = 1 supergravity.

Analogous results hold for the Kaluza-Klein reduction of IIA string theory on M 8.

On the other hand, M-theory or IIA string theory on M 8 's which are not Ricci-flat can be thought of as arising from the backreaction of branes wrapping internal cycles of the compactification manifold.


Fiber-based profilometer is preferred in inspecting hardto-reach surfaces than microscope-type profilometers because of their size. Confocal Particle Image Velocimetry (micro-PIV) has been successfully employed in microchannel to study the blood rheology [4, 7] . But its flexibility and ease of application in a system containing a large number of microchannels for multianalyte analysis is curtailed due to its bulky size. Flexible fiber image guides can be used to transmit spatially parallel optical data between a multichannel array in large microchannel system and a photodetector array [23] .

Confocal Particle Image Velocimetry (micro-PIV) has been successfully employed in microchannel to study the blood rheology.

Flexible fiber image guides can be used to transmit spatially parallel optical data between a multichannel array in large microchannel system and a photodetector array.


Micro-fluidic devices have found an exquisite position in the biomedical technology in recent decades due to their successful implementation in the development of DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip and optofluidic technologies [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Micro-channels have been implemented as pseudo blood vessels with confocal Particle Image Velocimetry (micro-PIV) as the detection system to better understand blood rheology [4, 7] . Microchannels also find application in biochemical analysis as they help in reducing the usage of analytes significantly. Moreover, a complete microchemical system with a large number of microchannels for simultaneous analysis of a large number of samples becomes possible as a result of its miniature size and easy fabrication [4] . The detection modes in these systems can be as varied as UV-vis absorbance, refractive index measurements, electrochemical detection, or laser-induced fluorescence detection. But most of the detection systems remained aloof from the microchannel as close monitoring was found to be less feasible. Hence the development of on-chip methods for the investigation of physical, chemical and biological processes is receiving rapidly increasing attention [3, 5, 6] . Image fiber based probe system will help in interrogation of remote sites due to its flexibility and miniature size [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

Micro-fluidic devices have found an exquisite position in the biomedical technology in recent decades due to their successful implementation in the development of DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip and optofluidic technologies.

Micro-channels have been implemented as pseudo blood vessels with confocal Particle Image Velocimetry (micro-PIV) as the detection system to better understand blood rheology.

Moreover, a complete microchemical system with a large number of microchannels for simultaneous analysis of a large number of samples becomes possible as a result of its miniature size and easy fabrication.

Hence the development of on-chip methods for the investigation of physical, chemical and biological processes is receiving rapidly increasing attention.

Image fiber based probe system will help in interrogation of remote sites due to its flexibility and miniature size.


A primary advantage of these directional detectors is that they allow the possibility of easily distinguishing between terrestial background events (which should be isotropic) and WIMP-induced recoil events (which should be non-isotropic, due to our motion through the Galactic halo). Perhaps even more intriguing is the possibility that directional detectors may allow the details of the local WIMP velocity distribution to be inferred. Theoretical expectations and N-body simulations of the Galactic halo both give us reason to believe that even if the local spatial distribution of dark matter might be expected to be relatively smooth, the velocity distribution may possess interesting structure. Possibilities include cold tidal streams passing through the local solar neighborhood, a dark-matter disk aligned with the stellar disk, and warm debris flows [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] . Directional-detection experiments may confirm this picture, perhaps shedding light on not only the local velocity distribution but also the process of structure formation on galactic scales. Furthermore, a better understanding of the dark-matter velocity distribution will yield improved constraints on the particle properties of the dark matter -in particular, the WIMP mass and the WIMP-nucleon cross section.

Possibilities include cold tidal streams passing through the local solar neighborhood, a dark-matter disk aligned with the stellar disk, and warm debris flows.


Today, the importance of high-energy polarimetry is largely recognized, and several research groups are involved in the development of dedicated instruments [13] [14] [15] . In any case, the next generation of space telescopes should provide polarimetric measurements, contemporaneously with spectroscopy, timing, and imaging. These multi-purpose instruments were proposed in recent high-energy (100 keV-1 GeV) space mission concepts submitted to ESA Cosmic Vision calls, such as GRI (Gamma-Ray Imager), DUAL, and e-ASTROGAM [16] [17] [18] .

Today, the importance of high-energy polarimetry is largely recognized, and several research groups are involved in the development of dedicated instruments.

These multi-purpose instruments were proposed in recent high-energy (100 keV-1 GeV) space mission concepts submitted to ESA Cosmic Vision calls, such as GRI (Gamma-Ray Imager), DUAL, and e-ASTROGAM.


In the case of 3D spectrometer devices, each single sensor unit could be operated as a Compton detector, and therefore as a scattering polarimeter [24] . As seen, the quality (modulation factor) of a scattering polarimeter strictly depends on both spatial and spectroscopic resolution, because these parameters affect the capability of Compton kinematic reconstruction and good event selection [27, 29] . When compared to the pixel detectors, the determination of the 3D position of each hit in scattering events represents a great advantage in the measurement of polarization as it allows for a more accurate reconstruction of the Compton kinematics, and therefore a more efficient selection of the events to optimize the response to the polarization modulation. For example, a better Compton kinematic reconstruction allows for implementing reliable methods to recognize good events (i.e., events form the source) with respect to chance coincidence ones and background events, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the detection. The 3D spatial resolution capability can also help to handle some typical systematics that can negatively affect polarization measurements, such as the one introduced by incoming flux direction angle. Furthermore, the possibility to select events within thin layers of the sensitive volume, thanks to the 3D segmentation of the detector, could drastically improve the modulation factor, and therefore the reliability of the polarimetric measurements [40] .

In the case of 3D spectrometer devices, each single sensor unit could be operated as a Compton detector, and therefore as a scattering polarimeter.

As seen, the quality (modulation factor) of a scattering polarimeter strictly depends on both spatial and spectroscopic resolution, because these parameters affect the capability of Compton kinematic reconstruction and good event selection.

Furthermore, the possibility to select events within thin layers of the sensitive volume, thanks to the 3D segmentation of the detector, could drastically improve the modulation factor, and therefore the reliability of the polarimetric measurements.


Regarding physicochemical characteristics, a negative correlation was observed between average weight and fruit diameter in relation to reducing sugars and SS content (Table 3) . This is because smaller fruits tend to have less water, resulting in a greater concentration of solids (Seymour et al. 1993) . Fruit diameter also was negatively correlated with the amount of ascorbic acid. There was a significant positive correlation between the percentage of reducing sugars and SS, ascorbic acid, and the SS/TA ratio (Table 3) , as sugars and organic acids are the main SS present in food (Chitarra and Chitarra 2005) .

This is because smaller fruits tend to have less water, resulting in a greater concentration of solids.

There was a significant positive correlation between the percentage of reducing sugars and SS, ascorbic acid, and the SS/TA ratio (Table 3) , as sugars and organic acids are the main SS present in food.


In this paper we present an approach to support the automatic form filling on mobile devices. Indeed, filling forms manually on mobile devices through limited user interfaces is a time consuming and stressful task. At the beginning of our research we analysed which mobile services are currently offered and which are the most popular ones. One result was that mobile entertainment applications which consist in downloading ring tones, games or logos are widely used [5] . We found most of mobile services are accessible through simply navigating hyperlinks. However mobile commerce services (e.g. hotel reservation, auctions) which often require filling personal data, have not been yet widely used. Hence, by improving the user experience with mobile services, automatic form filling could then also support mobile commerce markets growing.

One result was that mobile entertainment applications which consist in downloading ring tones, games or logos are widely used.


Sulphur Dioxide, SO 2 is directly emitted into the atmosphere by volcanoes and also produced by the oxidation of sulphur containing gases in the atmosphere. The main anthropogenic sources of SO 2 are combustion of fossil fuels, for example Correspondence to: P. Wang (wangp@knmi.nl) in electric power plants, refinery emissions, and to a lesser degree biomass burning. In the absence of clouds, SO 2 is converted to H 2 SO 4 through homogeneous gas-phase reactions initiated by the hydroxyl radical. Generally only a minority of SO 2 is oxidized in air, the rest is removed by dry deposition. In the presence of clouds a fraction of the SO 2 is dissolved into cloud droplets and oxidized to sulphate ions, SO 2− 4 , by trace amounts of oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 , and O 3 that are present in the airborne droplets. Eventually it is removed by wet deposition (Wayne, 1991) . SO 2 itself is a respiratory irritant, the effect appearing at concentrations above 1 ppm (Wayne, 1991) . SO 2 is oxidized to H 2 SO 4 and contributes to acid rain. It increases acidity in the aquatic ecosystem and is harmful for soil and vegetation. SO 2 inhibits photosynthesis in plants and reduces plant growth.

Eventually it is removed by wet deposition.

SO 2 itself is a respiratory irritant, the effect appearing at concentrations above 1 ppm.


Creativity development is actually one of the goals of national education so that learners become useful individuals, have a high competitiveness and competent in the face of real life [10] , [16] , [36] . However, the problem is that the education program held has not been able to increase the creativity of students significantly. Several studies in the field of education show that the formal education system in Indonesia is generally still lacking opportunities for the development of the creativity of learners, thus creating learners who only prioritize cognitive ability alone, want something instant, put forward the behavior that does not want to explore, Individuals who are weak, do not have high competitiveness. Creative ability is the ability to create ideas, recognize alternative possibilities, see unexpected combinations and have the courage to try something unusual [14] - [16] , [36] , [43] . With creativity, students are able to provide new ideas that can be applied in solving the problems it faces.

Creativity development is actually one of the goals of national education so that learners become useful individuals, have a high competitiveness and competent in the face of real life.

Creative ability is the ability to create ideas, recognize alternative possibilities, see unexpected combinations and have the courage to try something unusual.


Our analysis will further include the possibility of inhomogeneous mobility. One obvious extension is the case of mixed control with more than one mobility at play, which as already mentioned is relevant to a polycrystal. Another interesting case entails a bimodal distribution of mobility. The origin of bimodal mobility, or mobility inhomogeneity in general, may come from accumulation of solutes, pores and second-phase particles on the grain boundaries and their junctions, which is a distinct possibility as the grain size increases and the boundary areas/junctions are eliminated. This evolution may also be accompanied by an evolution of grain boundary structure, which relaxes and adopts new configurations. Indeed, inasmuch as grain boundaries are not structureless and structural multiplicity is myriad, statistical variation in grain boundary and junction mobilities is entirely plausible [11, 12] . It will become clear in the following analysis that these inhomogeneities impart qualitatively new features that are most relevant to understanding experimental observations during low-temperature growth [13] .

Indeed, inasmuch as grain boundaries are not structureless and structural multiplicity is myriad, statistical variation in grain boundary and junction mobilities is entirely plausible.

It will become clear in the following analysis that these inhomogeneities impart qualitatively new features that are most relevant to understanding experimental observations during low-temperature growth.


One approach for addressing this issue is to use host-based intrusion detection systems such as TripWire, AIDE and XenFIT [8] . These systems monitor unauthorized file system changes to detect malicious activity involving VMs. However, it is difficult to identify VM images after they have been distributed outside of an enterprise network (e.g., using peer-to-peer file sharing software).

One approach for addressing this issue is to use host-based intrusion detection systems such as TripWire, AIDE and XenFIT.


Approximately 60% of the primary energy consumed in an internal combustion engine (ICE) is dissipated through the exhaust gases and the cooling system [1] . If 6% of the exhaust heat were converted into electricity, fuel consumption would be reduced by 10% [2] . Therefore, policies toward greener and more sustainable mobility are actively promoting research programs into increasing fuel savings through heat recuperation [3] . This strategy is especially important when dealing with heavy-duty vehicles because, for long-distance transport, ICEs will continue to be the main powertrain for the mid-term future.

Approximately 60% of the primary energy consumed in an internal combustion engine (ICE) is dissipated through the exhaust gases and the cooling system.

If 6% of the exhaust heat were converted into electricity, fuel consumption would be reduced by 10%.

Therefore, policies toward greener and more sustainable mobility are actively promoting research programs into increasing fuel savings through heat recuperation.


In the California Current System (CCS), seasonal weather patterns generate hydrographic regimes dominated by either downwelling or upwelling (Hickey 1989) . During winter (November to March or April), the predominately poleward wind stress results in downwelling conditions on the coast. Surface currents on the continental shelf tend to move northward as the Davidson Current, while further offshore, the California Current is directed equatorward. At the 'spring transition', which usually occurs in March or April, wind patterns switch synoptically to a prevailing equatorward direction that favors upwelling and generates southward flow in the mean surface currents over the shelf (Strub et al. 1987) . The timing of the spring transition each year appears to control inter-annual year class strength of some crab species (Shanks & Roegner 2007) . During October or November, a 'fall transition' back to winter downwelling conditions occurs, and the seasonal cycle repeats. Crab taxa recruit to northeast Pacific estuaries at different portions of the annual cycle.

In the California Current System (CCS), seasonal weather patterns generate hydrographic regimes dominated by either downwelling or upwelling.

At the 'spring transition', which usually occurs in March or April, wind patterns switch synoptically to a prevailing equatorward direction that favors upwelling and generates southward flow in the mean surface currents over the shelf.

The timing of the spring transition each year appears to control inter-annual year class strength of some crab species.


Photographs of the outermost 18 layers from a specimen that was subjected to a simulated impact using the 50.8-mm(2.00-in.)-diameter indenter are shown in Figure 3 . The contact force and pressure were 267 kN (60.0 kips) and 648 MPa (94.0 ksi), respectively. The force was sufficient for the indenter to make visible damage (crater) on the surface. The layers contain broken fibers, the locus of which resembles &dquo;cracks.&dquo; The cracks are visible in the 15 outermost layers. These cracks were mostly parallel to the direction of fibers in the neighboring layers. By coincidence, the cracks appear to be nearly normal to the fibers in the layer in which they reside. When the fibers in the neighboring layers were not parallel to each other, the direction of the cracks wandered between the direction of the fibers in each neighboring layer. The fiber breaks for actual impacts were very similar [2, 3] . Several specimens were not deplied but were sectioned through the thickness and examined using a scanning electron microscope. Photomicrographs of two sections from the same depth are shown in Figure 4 . This impact was also simulated with the 50.8-mm(2.00-in.)-diameter indenter, producing a contact force of 200 kN (45.0 kips) and a contact pressure of 589 MPa (85.4 ksi). This force was also sufficient for the indenter to make a visible crater on the surface.

The fiber breaks for actual impacts were very similar.


The functions of RBC are determined by the mechanical properties of its biomembrane. Cell membrane mechanics and the deformation characteristics of human RBCs have received considerable attention [15] . Understanding of the deformability changes is a fundamental requirement for developing new techniques or methods for diagnosis, prediction and treatment of this disease [8] .

Cell membrane mechanics and the deformation characteristics of human RBCs have received considerable attention.

Understanding of the deformability changes is a fundamental requirement for developing new techniques or methods for diagnosis, prediction and treatment of this disease.


Land-use and land-cover change has long been a key topic in Landscape Ecology. In particular, forest fragmentation is known to affect species composition and diversity, thus threatening the integrity of forest habitats (Geri et al., 2010) . Image processing techniques and landscape pattern metrics were applied to quantify the changes in forest cover patterns, while appropriate statistical descriptors were adopted to investigate the relationship between land-cover changes and topographical factors.

In particular, forest fragmentation is known to affect species composition and diversity, thus threatening the integrity of forest habitats.


In this study, we introduced a simple method to prepare silver (Ag) core-shell nanoclusters (NCs) in which DHPAC reduced silver salt and subsequently protected the produced AgNPs via its surface adhesion with 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetamide moieties (demonstrated in Figure 1 ). This is a biomimetic adhesion mechanism like mussel adhesive proteins [15, 16] . The Ag core-shell NCs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, and XRD techniques. Their activities against plant-pathogenic fungi were evaluated on P. capsici, P. nicotianae, and P. colocasiae. Journal of Nanomaterials 3 50 mL distilled water under stirring and then added 290 mg of EDC (1.4 mmol) to the mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature overnight and dialyzed with membrane with molecular weight cutoff of 6000-8000 afterward. After two days of dialysis, the polymer solution was lyophilized using a freezedrying machine to obtain DHPAC. The degree of DHPA substitution was estimated by 1 H NMR spectrum.

This is a biomimetic adhesion mechanism like mussel adhesive proteins.


Over the last two decades, many efforts have been made in order to replace conventional large-scale dye treatments with biological systems. In this context, bioremediation is considered an interesting approach for being a low-cost process and environmental friendly. Due to their physiological and morphological characteristics, filamentous fungi, mainly white rot fungus, have become the main microbial group applied to degrade this complex class of pollutant (Wang et al. 2017) . Several studies have been done regarding the application of white rot fungus to decolourise and degrade Remazol Brilliant Blue R, an important anthraquinone dye used in the textile industry (Patel et al. 2017; Orlikowska et al. 2018; Vats and Mishra 2018) . However, until now, none of these studies applied Remazol Brilliant Blue R decolourisation/degradation integrating white rot fungus and MFC approach.

Due to their physiological and morphological characteristics, filamentous fungi, mainly white rot fungus, have become the main microbial group applied to degrade this complex class of pollutant.

Several studies have been done regarding the application of white rot fungus to decolourise and degrade Remazol Brilliant Blue R, an important anthraquinone dye used in the textile industry.


Auslander-Kleiner do not study the question whether their abstract Green correspondence will provide an equivalence between triangulated categories. The present paper aims to fill this gap. Starting with triangulated categories D, H, G and pairs of adjoint triangle functors (S ′ , T ′ ) and (S, T ) as above, we replace the additive quotient construction by Verdier localisation modulo the thick subcategories generated by the subcategories for which Auslander and Kleiner take the additive quotient. We obtain this way triangulated quotient categories and we show the precise analogue of Theorem 1.2 for the Verdier localisations instead of the additive quotient categories. In case S is left and right adjoint to T , and if in addition the unit of the adjunction is a monomorphism and the counit is an epimorphism our result shows that the additive quotient category is actually already triangulated, and that therefore the Verdier localisation and the additive quotient coincide. This way we directly generalise the result of Carlson, Peng and Wheeler [11] .

This way we directly generalise the result of Carlson, Peng and Wheeler.


Istanbul which has a geographic and geopolitics importance due to representing a transit corridor between Europa and Asia is a rapidly developing market cause of high population growth rate and continuous migration from various regions of Turkey and the neighboring countries. This high density of the population is regarded as a comprehensive supply of foods. Especially, the rapid growth of supermarkets chains in Turkey over the past ten years and also the subsequent development of quality requirements like volume, regularity, quality homogeneity, range of varieties, packaging have given rise to new market opportunities for local agriculture [27] .

Especially, the rapid growth of supermarkets chains in Turkey over the past ten years and also the subsequent development of quality requirements like volume, regularity, quality homogeneity, range of varieties, packaging have given rise to new market opportunities for local agriculture.


Although several international organizations classify Pb at the top of the priority list of the most hazardous substances (immediately after As according to the US Environmental Protection Agency), it is still extensively used in many industrial applications such as in batteries, pigments, ammunition, devices to shield X-rays, roofing and photographic material. Although its use as an additive to gasoline has been banned in most industrialized countries, it is still in use in several developing countries. The same applies for the use of Pb in applications such as water pipes (Tukker et al., 2006) . As a result, the worldwide anthropogenic inputs of Pb to freshwaters and the atmosphere are in the range of several thousand of tonnes/a that gradually accumulate in the geo-and biosphere (Nriagu and Pacyna, 1988) . Even so, the most catastrophic effects of Pb emission arise when its release to the environment occurs inevitably in areas close to tailings and waste water from mines (Simón et al., 1999) .

The same applies for the use of Pb in applications such as water pipes.

As a result, the worldwide anthropogenic inputs of Pb to freshwaters and the atmosphere are in the range of several thousand of tonnes/a that gradually accumulate in the geo-and biosphere.

Even so, the most catastrophic effects of Pb emission arise when its release to the environment occurs inevitably in areas close to tailings and waste water from mines.


In general the substance S does not only diffuse in the substrate, but it can also be produced by the bacteria themselves. The role of t H(n, S) consists in modeling the interaction between both quantities. A typical example is H(n, S) = an − bS, which describes the production of the chemo-attractant by the bacteria at a constant rate a as well as chemical decay with relaxation time 1 b . Since the bacterial movement is directed toward the higher concentrations of S, the coupling is attractive. A deep insight into the phenomenological derivation of Keller and Segel types models is given in the survey [3] .

A deep insight into the phenomenological derivation of Keller and Segel types models is given in the survey.


To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in the context of registration that examines reliability of image data as a means to balance the data and regularization terms in an image-dependent manner. We are also the first to incorporate spatially varying regularization into two Markov Random Field (MRF)-based registration frameworks. Formulating deformable registration as MRF-energy minimization has become a growing trend due to the recent developments of efficient solvers [13] [14] [15] [16] . With these solvers, volumetric, multiresolution registration can be achieved in minutes, a significant speedup over previous methods [17] . While efficient, the regularization adopted in these frameworks had always been controlled globally (across the whole image) by a scalar weight [3, 2, 1] . Determination of this weight also required empirical experiments, which were often done through a rather ad-hoc and tedious process. For that reason, as another part of our major contribution, we will illustrate how our reliability-based regularization can be easily incorporated into these frameworks to improve their accuracies.

Formulating deformable registration as MRF-energy minimization has become a growing trend due to the recent developments of efficient solvers.

With these solvers, volumetric, multiresolution registration can be achieved in minutes, a significant speedup over previous methods.

While efficient, the regularization adopted in these frameworks had always been controlled globally (across the whole image) by a scalar weight.


Cyclone separators are widely used in gas solid separation, such as Fluidized Catalytic Cracking of hydrocarbons (FCC) in oil and gas industry, Circling Fluidized Bed(CFB) in electricity plant [1] . The cyclone works by using the density difference between gas phase and solid phase. A strong rotation of gas is induced in the cyclone and the centrifugal forces are exerted on the particles, separating them from the gas flow toward the cyclone wall [2] . In general, the flow field inside a cyclone is characterized with strong swirling vortex, and it is critical to the performance of cyclone separator. It's obvious that, there are many factors that have a big influence on the flow field, such as the geometry of cyclone and the operating condition [3] . Fortunately, these two factors has been investigated by many researchers using both experiment and simulation [4] . Besides them, the wall surface roughness has been ignored for a long time. However we found that it can also have a significant influence on the flow field of cyclone separator, which will be discussed in this paper.

Cyclone separators are widely used in gas solid separation, such as Fluidized Catalytic Cracking of hydrocarbons (FCC) in oil and gas industry, Circling Fluidized Bed(CFB) in electricity plant.

A strong rotation of gas is induced in the cyclone and the centrifugal forces are exerted on the particles, separating them from the gas flow toward the cyclone wall.

It's obvious that, there are many factors that have a big influence on the flow field, such as the geometry of cyclone and the operating condition.

Fortunately, these two factors has been investigated by many researchers using both experiment and simulation.


Previous research has highlighted the link between the Openness personality factor and the personality construct of self-esteem (Robins, Tracy and Trzesniewski, 2001) . Exploration in the current study did not identify a significant relationship between the two constructs. Significant relationships were, however, identified directly between self-esteem and disclosure. High selfesteem was associated with increased Exploratory Engagement, whereas low self-esteem was associated with increased Active Resistance. Whilst the current study is unable to comment on the causal nature of this relationship, it appears that an individual's self-esteem is an important factor within the disclosure process of forensic clients. It would be useful for future research to explore whether client's self-esteem influences exploratory disclosure, or whether exploratory engagement in therapy promotes high self-esteem.

Previous research has highlighted the link between the Openness personality factor and the personality construct of self-esteem.


The DMQ also has the potential to be developed into a collaborative assessment tool. Whilst acknowledging the limitations of self-report and social desirability effects, engaging clients in discussion around the items of the DMQ may be beneficial for a number of reasons. Firstly, the process may encourage the client to reflect on their strategies used and assist in developing insight into the function these serve. Secondly, discussion will facilitate the identification of barriers to open and exploratory engagement. Such barriers (for example, those arising from the client's underlying beliefs about themselves) can therefore be explored prior to, or during, the intervention. Exploration can also be undertaken with the client as to factors that may increase the likelihood of exploratory engagement. Finally, engaging in a collaborative process will facilitate open discussions with the client about disclosure throughout the duration of the intervention. This may assist the therapeutic alliance between client and clinician, which has been documented to account for approximately 20% of variance in treatment effectiveness (Martin, Garske and Davis, 2000) .

This may assist the therapeutic alliance between client and clinician, which has been documented to account for approximately 20% of variance in treatment effectiveness.


Cork is a natural material that constitutes the outer bark of the Oak tree Quercus suber L. (Gil and Moiteiro 2002) . It contains a lot of suberin and lignin among other polymers (Pereira 1981 (Pereira , 1988 Bento et al. 1998; Gil and Moiteiro 2002) . Suberin is an aliphatic biopolyester and is considered responsible for several of the unique properties of cork, such as its elasticity and low burning rate (Bernards 2002; Silva et al. 2005; Gandini et al. 2006) . Cork is usually harvested every 9 years. This process is harmless and the tree regenerates by forming new cork layers rapidly (Gil and Moiteiro 2002) .

Cork is a natural material that constitutes the outer bark of the Oak tree Quercus suber L..

It contains a lot of suberin and lignin among other polymers.

Suberin is an aliphatic biopolyester and is considered responsible for several of the unique properties of cork, such as its elasticity and low burning rate.

This process is harmless and the tree regenerates by forming new cork layers rapidly.


The production of the insulation corkboards is based on a treatment of cork granules under superheated steam and pressure. At these conditions, a black liquid is formed that allows for particle agglomeration. However, this liquid is produced in excess, which precipitates as a waxy solid after cooling. This is usually designated as black condensate (BC) and collected as a waste material (Gil 1998) .

This is usually designated as black condensate (BC) and collected as a waste material.


The second approach interprets the experience in the replay memory as off-environment data (Ciosek & Whiteson, 2017) . By augmenting each tuple in the replay memory with the probability of the joint action in that tuple, according to the policies in use at that time, we can compute an importance sampling correction when the tuple is later sampled for training. Since older data tends to generate lower importance weights, this approach naturally decays data as it becomes obsolete, preventing the confusion that a nonstationary replay memory would otherwise create.

The second approach interprets the experience in the replay memory as off-environment data.


In order to plot the ROC curves, one parameter is varied while the other parameter is fixed. This allows the assessment of different scenario of interest. The simulation parameters employed are: number of CR users, number of collected samples (n), number of Monte Carlo events = 10,000, variable SNR and decision threshold. Since the Nakagami fading includes both Raleigh and Rician fading, the Nakagami channel model has been selected for synthesizing the channel (Nakagami fading = 1). The threshold is obtained according to equation (21) .

The threshold is obtained according to equation.


The key technology enabling unlicensed users to access the licensed spectrum in a dynamic and opportunistic pattern, without interfering with the existing users is the cognitive radio (CR) technology. In order for secondary users (unlicensed user) to intelligently and dynamically employ such unused spectrum without interference with the primary users (licensed users), the secondary radio must be able to learn in real-time the occupancy of the spectrum. Through learning, the radios are able to think and adapt intelligently [4] . To this end, the secondary users require an efficient and robust spectrum sensing to identify unused frequency bands and the ability to detect primary users as soon as they become noticeable in the frequency band [5] .

Through learning, the radios are able to think and adapt intelligently.

To this end, the secondary users require an efficient and robust spectrum sensing to identify unused frequency bands and the ability to detect primary users as soon as they become noticeable in the frequency band.


The results indicated that substantial improvements in the YS, UTS and Hv hardness of the base alloy were attained after following certain heat and mechanical treatments of T6 temper, the RRA and extrusion processes. The strengthening mechanism of the ageing at T6 (120°C for 24h) for the base (Al-Zn-Cu-Mg) alloy is attributed to the precipitation hardening i.e., the effects of the GuinierPreston zones coherent with nanometer sized h′ metastable precipitates. These precipitates act as pinning points which impede the dislocation movement [31] [32] [33] . The XRD and the EDS results have revealed the existence of the η and η′ phases. The YS and UTS of the base alloy sample after RRA process showed a distinguished improvement as opposed to that of the T6 temper specimen. This improvement is attributed to the partial dissolution of the pre-existing GP zones and h′ phase. The GP zones can act as nucleation sites for h′ particles and the remaining h′ phase carries on growing during the RRA process. Additionally, after the RRA treatment the solute atoms dissolve in the matrix, precipitate again and produce more small size GP zones and h′ phase. Hence it led to the augmentation of the phases η and h′ by the RRA process more than that which resulted from the T6 process.

These precipitates act as pinning points which impede the dislocation movement.


In recent years the production and consumption of plastics have increased drastically; as a consequence the responsible disposal of plastic wastes has created serious social and environmental arguments. At present both land filling and incineration of waste plastics are widely practiced. In, Japan, the percentage of waste plastic, as a fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW), that was land filled in the early 1980s was estimated to be 45%, incineration was 50%, and the other 5% was subjected to separation and recycling [1] . In the USA, more than 15% of the total MSW was incinerated in 1990; only about 1% of postconsumer plastic was recycled [2] [3] [4] .

In, Japan, the percentage of waste plastic, as a fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW), that was land filled in the early 1980s was estimated to be 45%, incineration was 50%, and the other 5% was subjected to separation and recycling.

In the USA, more than 15% of the total MSW was incinerated in 1990; only about 1% of postconsumer plastic was recycled.


Foamed concrete is affected by the foaming agent, powder material and curing method. The foaming agent is an admixture that promotes the formation of more foam bubbles by lowering the surface tension using surfactants, which are molecules having both hydrophilic and oleophilic segments. A foaming agent can be categorized by its base material, which has different surface tension and viscosity. Surface tension and viscosity are the main triggers to change the foam structure and its properties, and they become very important elements in manufacturing foamed concrete. As a foaming agent has different surface activity, the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved becomes different [2] . The long chain structure of a surfactant molecules leads to higher viscosity. The type of surfactant that is used can cause the chain structure and viscosity to be changed, accordingly [3] . These properties have an impact on the foam stability in the process from the slurry to hardened state, as well as on the foaming rate, structure, size and distribution [4] .

As a foaming agent has different surface activity, the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved becomes different.

The type of surfactant that is used can cause the chain structure and viscosity to be changed, accordingly.

These properties have an impact on the foam stability in the process from the slurry to hardened state, as well as on the foaming rate, structure, size and distribution.


In addition, the properties of foamed concrete vary depending on the volume of foam used [5] . If a small volume of foam in the foamed concrete, foam coalescence does not occur. However, when increase the amount of foam, the smaller the distance between the foam bubbles, the more foam coalescence takes place. Foam coalescence has a great impact on the size and distribution of foam [6] .

In addition, the properties of foamed concrete vary depending on the volume of foam used.

Foam coalescence has a great impact on the size and distribution of foam.


Photocatalysis, one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), has been vastly implemented in the remediation of environmental problems. In this promising technique, catalysts are stimulated by light with the generation of electron-hole pairs which would suffer from some secondary reactions to produce strong oxidative species such as •O 2 − and •OH. Organic pollutants in wastewater or polluted air could be completely mineralized by these species [1] .

Organic pollutants in wastewater or polluted air could be completely mineralized by these species.


The interaction among EVs and power grids have been extensively discussed in the scientific literature. However, according to the presented literature review, all the examined studies mainly discussed the integration of EVs in urban energy systems and smart grid environments by solely focusing on the management of EVs when the latter are connected to charging infrastructures. In most cases, in fact, the optimization techniques proposed by the literature are based on data available when EVs are connected to EVSE, and statistical approaches (including the use of historical data, simulated scenarios, and statistical models) are exploited to compute the expected power demand profiles and the time of arrival of EVs over the considered time horizons [15, 35, 38, 39] .

In most cases, in fact, the optimization techniques proposed by the literature are based on data available when EVs are connected to EVSE, and statistical approaches (including the use of historical data, simulated scenarios, and statistical models) are exploited to compute the expected power demand profiles and the time of arrival of EVs over the considered time horizons.


Many European organizations have positive imagine from quality. European organizations increasingly have accepted quality management as major strategy for increasing and developing their situation in the market and obtaining financial results. In 1998, some of them had felt in the quality management specially needed to begin a European move, created an institution and called it "European Foundation of Quality Management" (Delghavi, 2007) .

In 1998, some of them had felt in the quality management specially needed to begin a European move, created an institution and called it "European Foundation of Quality Management".


Instruments are always interested to assess "who they are", because it is thought that if we know "how" then we can plan and discussion make better for the future activity (Najmi & Hossaini, 2004) . Expansion and complexity of goals, processes and organizational structure in the competitive environment, the organizations can continue to survive tempered that be accountable to expectations and needs of customers. Likewise, profitability and wealth creation pay attention as the main and superior factors of organization. In the every organization Managers are concerned about their results and to seek solutions to improve the performance and usually try to have control by measurement systems of performance on the organizational activities (Bozorgi, 2004; Delghavi, 2007) .

Instruments are always interested to assess "who they are", because it is thought that if we know "how" then we can plan and discussion make better for the future activity.

In the every organization Managers are concerned about their results and to seek solutions to improve the performance and usually try to have control by measurement systems of performance on the organizational activities.


The introduction in the 1960s of a number of gender-focused equal opportunities laws, especially in developed countries, such as the 1963 Equal Pay Act of the US, helped in increasing women's participation in the workforce (Khlif and Achek 2017) . However, this did not necessarily lead to increased participation of women in senior management roles [e.g., board member or chief executive officer (CEO)] in companies, with 'old-boys networks' often cited as one of the major barriers to women's executive career progression (Adams 2016) . The past three decades have, however, witnessed significant increases in corporate, national and supra-national governance reforms, laws and affirmative initiatives explicitly aimed at increasing women's participation in senior corporate executive roles (Adams 2016; Srinidhi et al. 2011) . For instance, Canada, the EU, France, Norway, Italy and the UK have implemented either 'hard' or 'soft' gender-based quotas for large corporate board memberships, which have led to observable increases in women's presence on corporate boards in these countries (Adams 2016; Adams and Ferreira 2009; Srinidhi et al. 2011) .

The introduction in the 1960s of a number of gender-focused equal opportunities laws, especially in developed countries, such as the 1963 Equal Pay Act of the US, helped in increasing women's participation in the workforce.

However, this did not necessarily lead to increased participation of women in senior management roles [e.g., board member or chief executive officer (CEO)] in companies, with 'old-boys networks' often cited as one of the major barriers to women's executive career progression.

The past three decades have, however, witnessed significant increases in corporate, national and supra-national governance reforms, laws and affirmative initiatives explicitly aimed at increasing women's participation in senior corporate executive roles.

For instance, Canada, the EU, France, Norway, Italy and the UK have implemented either 'hard' or 'soft' gender-based quotas for large corporate board memberships, which have led to observable increases in women's presence on corporate boards in these countries.


In this section, we present our empirical model and estimation results. Given the length of time period that we are considering both the inefficiency and heterogeneity maybe varying over time. As our simulation results suggest, ignoring such time-varying patterns may lead to biased efficiency estimates. For example, when studying the overall effect of a deregulation on the social welfare, biased efficiency estimates may lead to an invalid evaluation of deregulation policies; because the forgone welfare due to inefficiency should also be considered when comparing pre-deregulation and post-deregulation social welfares (Kutlu and Sickles, 2012) .

For example, when studying the overall effect of a deregulation on the social welfare, biased efficiency estimates may lead to an invalid evaluation of deregulation policies; because the forgone welfare due to inefficiency should also be considered when comparing pre-deregulation and post-deregulation social welfares.


The results of the present study might have a direct practical impact. The prevention of decreases in anaerobic performance and finite work capacity above CP might be critical indicators in most endurance-oriented sports. In most endurance disciplines, the decision between victory and defeat is based on fatigue resistance in conjunction with anaerobic performance and capacity (e.g. sprinting). The combination of aerobic HIT with side-alternating WBV allows an increase in aerobic function, without negatively affecting finite work capacity above CP and anaerobic performance. A similar effect might be possible by simply adding resistance training to the training routine since it was shown that resistance training increases W 0 without affecting CP [35] . However, HIT and resistance training cannot be performed within one training session without an inevitable loss of intensity for the training modality performed as the second. Hence, HIT and resistance training probably would have to be performed during separate training sessions, which in turn would cause an increase in time commitment. As we showed in the present study, significant results could be achieved without increasing training time simply by using the HIT rest intervals more efficiently. Hence, time efficiency and overall effectiveness of training could be markedly increased, obviating the need to separately perform resistance training (notably if the sole aim of resistance training is to prevent the decrease in finite work capacity above CP). The present study had at least three limitations. First, as the employed training devices varied as a function of training group, it was not possible to blind the participants and supervisors to group allocation during the training intervention. Hence, it cannot be excluded that the mere awareness about the existence of different training groups may have influenced the participants' training behavior, and, consequently, the study results. Nevertheless, all participants expected an increase in physical performance ability in response to their training interventions, and the participants, as well as the training supervisors, were not aware of the exact scientific objectives and the working hypotheses. Based on these two criteria, we can presume that knowledge about the group assignment influenced neither training behavior nor performance of participants, and therefore, did not make an impact on the study outcomes. Second, we would like to point out that only cycling HIT was investigated in this study. It might be possible that different training effects occur with other exercise modalities, e.g. running. Third, the participants were recreationally active but not athletes. There might be distinct training adaptations in athletes. However, as we assume that the decrease in CSA of MyHC-2A fibers is related to energy stress and energy stress is even higher in athletes, we expect similar decreases in CSA. Nonetheless, it remains to be investigated if WBV prevents possible decreases in CSA also in athletes.

A similar effect might be possible by simply adding resistance training to the training routine since it was shown that resistance training increases W 0 without affecting CP.


One of the most attractive frameworks to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe is the so-called leptogenesis mechanism [1] [2] [3] . Here, lepton number violating interactions in the early universe produce a lepton asymmetry which is subsequently converted to the observed baryon asymmetry by so-called sphaleron processes. For the dynamical generation of the lepton asymmetry it is necessary, that the universe was in a state out of thermal equilibrium [4] . The standard means to deal with this nonequilibrium situation are Boltzmann equations. However, it is well known that (classical) Boltzmann equations suffer from several shortcomings as compared to their quantum mechanical generalizations, the so-called Kadanoff-Baym equations. This motivates a comparison of Boltzmann and Kadanoff-Baym equations in order to assess the reliability of quantitative predictions of leptogenesis scenarios.

One of the most attractive frameworks to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe is the so-called leptogenesis mechanism.

For the dynamical generation of the lepton asymmetry it is necessary, that the universe was in a state out of thermal equilibrium.


In general, when studying systems out of thermal equilibrium by means of KadanoffBaym equations, it is crucial to start from a Φ-derivable approximation, since these approximations ensure the conservation of energy and global charges [20] [21] [22] . The 2PI effective action furnishes such a Φ-derivable approximation [23] [24] [25] . In this work, we start from the 2PI effective action truncated at three-loop order. The Kadanoff-Baym equations can be obtained by requiring that the 2PI effective action be stationary with respect to variations of the full connected two-point function [13, 14] . In order to derive the corresponding Boltzmann equation, subsequently one has to employ a gradient expansion, a Wigner transformation, the Kadanoff-Baym ansatz and the quasi-particle approximation [10] [11] [12] 26, 27] . While the Boltzmann equation describes the time evolution of the particle number density, the Kadanoff-Baym equations describe the evolution of the full quantum mechanical two-point function of the system. However, one can define an effective particle number density which is given by the full propagator and its time derivatives evaluated at equal times [28] . Finally, we solve the Boltzmann and the Kadanoff-Baym equations numerically for spatially homogeneous and isotropic systems in 3+1 dimensions and compare their predictions on the evolution of these systems for various initial conditions.

In general, when studying systems out of thermal equilibrium by means of KadanoffBaym equations, it is crucial to start from a Φ-derivable approximation, since these approximations ensure the conservation of energy and global charges.

The 2PI effective action furnishes such a Φ-derivable approximation.

The Kadanoff-Baym equations can be obtained by requiring that the 2PI effective action be stationary with respect to variations of the full connected two-point function.

In order to derive the corresponding Boltzmann equation, subsequently one has to employ a gradient expansion, a Wigner transformation, the Kadanoff-Baym ansatz and the quasi-particle approximation.

However, one can define an effective particle number density which is given by the full propagator and its time derivatives evaluated at equal times.


If k, p and q are such that condition (22) cannot be satisfied, the above square root yields a purely imaginary result and r 2 0 < 0. Due to the Θ function the corresponding term does not contribute to the collision integral. After these final steps we end up exactly with Eq. (17) .

After these final steps we end up exactly with Eq..