The processes that regulate the size of marine turtle populations remain elusive. It would be expected that the survival of individuals within populations is in some way density-dependent, so that small populations are able to expand until a maximum carrying capacity is achieved. In theory, density-dependent mortality might occur at any stage within a turtle's life history; for example during the incubation of the eggs, hatchling survival, survival of juveniles on either their pelagic or coastal feeding grounds, or through the longevity of adults. Our understanding of the factors that in¯uence turtle mortality in these different stages is only rudimentary. Recently, however, evidence for densitydependence has been found for the growth rate and body condition of immature green turtles at coastal foraging grounds in the Caribbean, with both these indices being lower in years where the density of turtles was higher (Bjorndal et al., 2000) .

Recently, however, evidence for densitydependence has been found for the growth rate and body condition of immature green turtles at coastal foraging grounds in the Caribbean, with both these indices being lower in years where the density of turtles was higher.


This study applied qualitative research. Qualitative research deals with the data that are in the form of words, rather than numbers and statistics ( [1] , p. 425). By analyzing the data qualitatively, principles and procedures of vendors in the Borobudur temple to learn English in order for livelihoods sell souvenirs to tourists. Then the writer analyzes how the vendors used the cooperatives principle to delivers their meaning to the tourist.

Qualitative research deals with the data that are in the form of words, rather than numbers and statistics (, p. 425).


Language can be used to express something in people's mind therefore it is very important for us because in our life we have to communicate with other people. Language is a form of communication that occurs in social interaction. It is used for a purpose, such as persuading, commanding, and establishing social relationships ( [5] , p. 62). Language that is used in a society is influenced by its culture. Consequently one society uses a different language from others because every society has its own social structure, habit, custom, and dialect.

It is used for a purpose, such as persuading, commanding, and establishing social relationships (, p. 62).


There has been an increasing interest in methods for integrated synthesis of missile guidance and control systems in recent literature [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . These techniques have the potential to enhance missile performance by exploiting the synergism between guidance and control (autopilot) subsystems. Additional feedback paths established by integrated design methods in the flight control system allow the designer to realize beneficial interactions between these subsystems. Resulting improvements in target interception accuracy will allow the use of smaller warheads, leading to a more efficient weapon system.

There has been an increasing interest in methods for integrated synthesis of missile guidance and control systems in recent literature.


There has been considerable debate on the role of observational studies for the evaluation of an intervention's effect. Many researchers claim that nonrandomized studies lead to unreliable results and appeal for the exclusive use of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) [1] . The latter are considered the "gold standard" because they imply the equality of the distribution of the variables measurable at the time of randomization [2] . On the contrary, nonrandomized studies cannot guarantee that the populations being compared share the same distribution of prognostic factors. When the populations differ in some baseline characteristic predictive of the outcome of interest, the estimation of the intervention effect can be biased. We will use the term of recruitment bias (a particular case of selection bias) to refer to these situations. Despite the risk of producing biased treatment effect estimates, some authors advocate the use of nonrandomized studies on the basis that, when correctly conducted, they can lead to results similar to those reported in RCTs [3] . There are indeed some arguments in favor of nonrandomized studies. First of all, even if their results are prone to more skepticism than those arising from RCTs, there are some situations where randomization is infeasible (which is sometimes the case in the field of surgery or living habits), not ethical (for example, if the efficacy of the intervention is already acknowledged) or simply too costly. In a recent review of the question, the NHS (United Kingdom's National Health Service) concluded that nonrandomized studies should be used only in these cases [4] . There are however, more possible advantages to nonrandomization. First, some sources of already available observational data can provide valuable information. Moreover, RCTs tend to be conducted under strict protocol-driven conditions, different from what will be the use of the intervention in real practice. Some authors assert that randomized studies do not provide much information relevant to decision-makers [5] . Thus, although most clinical researchers see observational studies as exploratory tools whose results need to be confirmed by RCTs, nonrandomized studies can also be carried after an RCT to assess the external validity of the findings.

Many researchers claim that nonrandomized studies lead to unreliable results and appeal for the exclusive use of randomized clinical trials (RCTs).

The latter are considered the "gold standard" because they imply the equality of the distribution of the variables measurable at the time of randomization.

Despite the risk of producing biased treatment effect estimates, some authors advocate the use of nonrandomized studies on the basis that, when correctly conducted, they can lead to results similar to those reported in RCTs.

In a recent review of the question, the NHS (United Kingdom's National Health Service) concluded that nonrandomized studies should be used only in these cases.

Some authors assert that randomized studies do not provide much information relevant to decision-makers.


The young and middle aged have an endowment of the consumption good while retired agents have no exogenous endowment. There is no exogenous supply of the durable good which must be produced from the consumption good with a constant returns technology. Loans must be guaranteed by collateral, the collateral constraint in equilibrium only being binding for young agents who cannot borrow against their future income. Thus in our model the need to post collateral endogenously justifies the assumption that "Junior Can't Borrow" (Constantinides-Donaldson-Mehra (2002) . This leads to a surprisingly tractable model in which to study the price and production of the durable good.

Thus in our model the need to post collateral endogenously justifies the assumption that "Junior Can't Borrow".


The iron and steel industry, as one of the most important economy sectors, is a large component of energy consumption and pollution emission. The energy consumption of iron and steel industry accounts for 10%-15% of the total energy consumption in the world, and the 2 emission accounts for about 7% of the total anthropogenic 2 emission [1] . Therefore, the iron and steel industry is an important study object because of the goal of emission reduction and energy saving. There are many scheduling tasks to be completed in the iron and steel industry. Because steelmaking and continuous-casting (SCC) process contributes the largest portion of the material loss in production and the SCC has important effects on the shape and quality of integrated iron and steel enterprises' final products (slabs), scheduling of SCC process is one of the most important tasks among different scheduling tasks [2] . Hence, studying the effective scheduling methods solving SCC problems has timely significance for improving the iron and steel industry productivity [3] . Figure 1 illustrates the material flow of an integrated iron and steel enterprise, which is a typical process industry, where final products are produced by a sequence of processing operations (steelmaking, refining, and continuous-casting in sequence) to transform raw materials into solid slabs. The process can be described as two stages: an upstream stage and downstream stage. In the upstream stage, raw material is first turned into molten steel by a LDVC in order to initially reduce impurity content, which is called the steelmaking stage. And then, impurities are further eliminated by some refining techniques, such as RH and LF, which is called the refining stage. After the process of the upstream stage, the molten steel comes to the downstream stage, also called the continuous-casting stage, in which casting machines cast the molten steel into solid slabs uninterruptedly; the production process ends.

The energy consumption of iron and steel industry accounts for 10%-15% of the total energy consumption in the world, and the 2 emission accounts for about 7% of the total anthropogenic 2 emission.

Because steelmaking and continuous-casting (SCC) process contributes the largest portion of the material loss in production and the SCC has important effects on the shape and quality of integrated iron and steel enterprises' final products (slabs), scheduling of SCC process is one of the most important tasks among different scheduling tasks.

Hence, studying the effective scheduling methods solving SCC problems has timely significance for improving the iron and steel industry productivity.


On the other hand, statistical theory for characterizing the uncertainty of model parameters using penalization methods in high dimensions has received comparatively less attention [9] . Bayesian approaches provide a natural measure of uncertainty through the induced posterior distribution. Most penalization methods have a Bayesian counterpart. For instance, ℓ 1 and ℓ 2 regularization methods are equivalent to placing zero-mean doubleexponential and Gaussian priors respectively on the parameter vector and the solutions of the corresponding optimization problems are precisely the mode of the Bayesian posterior distribution. Moreover, a Bayesian approach has distinct advantages in terms of choice of tuning parameters, allowing key penalty parameters to be marginalized over the posterior distribution instead of relying on cross-validation. Thus a fruitful line of research is to investigate the behavior of the entire posterior distribution of the Bayesian models corresponding to penalization methods.

On the other hand, statistical theory for characterizing the uncertainty of model parameters using penalization methods in high dimensions has received comparatively less attention.


The accuracy of digital elevation models for the Czech Republic is given by the precision of the hypsometric base used. At present, the most widespread and most commonly used source of data is the contour lines of the ZABAGED primary geographical database created by the stereophotogrammetric processing of aerial photographs as part of military topographic mapping during 1952-1957. The mean altitude error of the data reaches 0.7-1.5 metres in bare terrain, 1-2 meters in urban areas and 2-5 metres in forested areas (Brázdil, 2009) . The aforementioned accuracy is more than sufficient in the case of surveying the topographic exposure at the level of macro-to mezo-topography. In the near future, however, planned laser scanning of the topography of the Czech Republic will even further multiply the opportunities for the use of DEM in various analyses.

The mean altitude error of the data reaches 0.7-1.5 metres in bare terrain, 1-2 meters in urban areas and 2-5 metres in forested areas.


The findings from this study lend support to the more recent theoretical perspectives on EMMNEs such as springboard and LLL. The knowledge residing with the more competent subsidiaries is specifically targeted by Indian MNEs to potentially fulfil their global ambitions and compete with other well-endowed industry leaders. Their efforts towards improving absorptive capacity by focussing on the learning environment is also an attempt to springboardovercome several of their disadvantages stemming from lack of global experience, managerial competence, technological and innovation capabilities. Similarly, a sustained focus on learning (LLL) could potentially enable Indian MNEs to cumulatively develop capabilities and competencies as they progressively acquire more overseas subsidiaries. This study suggests that RKT from overseas subsidiaries is a crucial vehicle (as a springboard to acquire strategic assets) that could potentially aid the evolution of Indian MNEs, which triggers another debate whether a convergence between EM-MNEs and DMNEs is possible (Mellahi et al., 2013; Ramamurti, 2012) . The direction and the speed of such evolution is going to play a significant role in new theoretical debates and models explaining internationalisation of EMNEs (Hennart, 2012; Demirbag and Yaprak, 2015) . This is one of the initial studies that suggest the need to take into account these emergent perspectives in exploring RKT and establishes the significance of the links between RKT and the attempts of EM-MNEs to springboard.

This study suggests that RKT from overseas subsidiaries is a crucial vehicle (as a springboard to acquire strategic assets) that could potentially aid the evolution of Indian MNEs, which triggers another debate whether a convergence between EM-MNEs and DMNEs is possible.

The direction and the speed of such evolution is going to play a significant role in new theoretical debates and models explaining internationalisation of EMNEs.


The results indicate that the positive effect of perceived subsidiary capability on RKT will be stronger with greater knowledge relevance. This means that for Indian MNEs, the more the relevance of the knowledge associated with the subsidiary, the greater will be the extent of RKT from an overseas subsidiary that is perceived to be more capable by the parent. This further suggests the importance of knowledge relevance in international knowledge transfers involving organisational units from both developed and emerging economies. However, knowledge relevance was not found to have a positive moderating effect on the relationship between absorptive capacity and RKT. This result is quite surprising considering the fact that absorptive capacity is closely related to the prior knowledge held by the recipient unit (Gupta and Govindarajan, 2000; Schulz, 2003) . However, we also need to consider the fact that many of the Indian MNEs engaged in overseas M&As are conglomerates who often venture into diverse and unrelated areas as part of internationalisation. This could potentially dampen the effect of knowledge relevance. In such cases, the positive effect of absorptive capacity on RKT could remain unaffected, in spite of the changes to the levels of relatedness in the knowledge possessed by the two units involved in the knowledge transfer. The results suggest that the parent units who pursue such unrelated diversification may still engage in RKT (irrespective of the associated knowledge relevance) and enhance their absorptive capacity and knowledge of these diverse portfolios through their acquisitions. This could be one of the potential reasons for the results produced by this study and warrants further investigation on the links between MNE diversification and the effects of knowledge relevance.

This result is quite surprising considering the fact that absorptive capacity is closely related to the prior knowledge held by the recipient unit.


The second important feature of the model proposed in this paper is the formulation of all constancy assumptions in their original, nonlinear form. This results in a more accurate modelling of the optic flow, especially in the presence of large displacements. As of now such a nonlinear formulation has been employed only in the case of the grey value constancy assumption alone (Nagel and Enkelmann, 1986; Alvarez et al., 2000) . Here, also the constancy assumptions based on spatial derivatives are integrated into the model without linearisation.

As of now such a nonlinear formulation has been employed only in the case of the grey value constancy assumption alone.


The remainder of this article is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces the variational model and discusses all underlying constancy assumptions. The numerical minimisation procedure is then described in Section 3. This leads to the theoretical foundation of warping approaches as a minimisation method for nonlinear data terms which is subject of Section 4. Section 5 reports on the experimental evaluation, whereas a short summary concludes the article in Section 6. This paper extends work previously published at a conference (Brox et al., 2004) . Substantial differences are, among other things, the introduction of additional constancy assumptions based on higher order derivatives, their integration into the numerical scheme, and a more extensive experimental evaluation in general. In particular, as the proposed method consists of several different concepts, the individual influence of each of these concept on the quality of the results is Highly Accurate Optic Flow Computation 143 investigated. This is sought to address the question why the proposed method reveals such a good performance.

This paper extends work previously published at a conference.


There are growing humanitarian needs in Afghanistan and it has been suggested that the health system is unable to meet these challenges [20] . Afghanistan is considered to be one of the least developed countries in the world. With a population of 31.3 million in 2014, it had a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.465 and an HDI ranking of 171 out of 187 nations [21] . Over half of the population are considered to be in multidimensional poverty (58.8 %) and 88.1 % of those in employment earn less than $2 per day [21] . The median age of the population is 17 and 4.8 % of the population are under 5 years of age [21] .

There are growing humanitarian needs in Afghanistan and it has been suggested that the health system is unable to meet these challenges.

With a population of 31.3 million in 2014, it had a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.465 and an HDI ranking of 171 out of 187 nations.

Over half of the population are considered to be in multidimensional poverty (58.8 %) and 88.1 % of those in employment earn less than $2 per day.

The median age of the population is 17 and 4.8 % of the population are under 5 years of age.


We analyzed the effects of maternal age in combination with the effect of birth order. Since these two variables are positively correlated while possibly having opposite effects on child outcomes, they may work as suppressor variables. We find evidence that both effects increase when analyzed simultaneously, suggesting the need to include both variables in regression models. In the full model, parental age has a positive effect and birth order has a small negative effect on the childÕs educational attainment. This leads to the conclusion that later born children have a disadvantage which is compensated by the fact that they are born at a late age of the mother. The effect of birth order is inconsistent with most earlier research, although there have been recent studies which also find a birth order effect (Guo and VanWey, 1999) . We should note, however, that the birth order effect is small, which reduces the need to look for country-specific interpretations of this exception. The parental age effect on childrenÕs schooling is the more important of the two and our main point is that we have established this parental age effect in a novel and-we think-more convincing fashion than before.

The effect of birth order is inconsistent with most earlier research, although there have been recent studies which also find a birth order effect.


A possible solution to these problems is to compare children within rather than across families. Within a family, children are born at different ages of the parents and this variation may be used to estimate the causal effect of parentÕs age more conclusively. Siblings in the same family share many characteristics of the parents so that many confounding influences are taken into account (Curtis et al., 1993; De Graaf and Huinink, 1992; Hauser, 1988; Kuo and Hauser, 1995; Sieben, 2001) . Obviously, there are also changes in socioeconomic or cultural characteristics that occur within a family, but these are connected to the explanation of why a maternal age effect occurs in the first place. In other words, they serve as intermediating rather than as confounding variables and do not need to be taken into account. Note that the maternal age range in a small family is not large, but it can be substantial in somewhat larger families. Moreover, if a sibling approach is used in combination with a large number of cases, there will be enough statistical power to estimate the implications of even small variations in maternal age.

Siblings in the same family share many characteristics of the parents so that many confounding influences are taken into account.


In general, the research findings suggest that a young parental age at birth is associated with negative outcomes in children. When looking at effects on educational and cognitive outcomes, however, the findings appear mixed. On the one hand, there are studies suggesting that the children of young mothers do poorer on cognitive tests and have lower levels of educational attainment than children of older mothers (Berryman and Windridge, 2000; Conley, 2001; Fergusson and Woodward, 1999; Hoffman et al., 1993) . On the other hand, studies have showed that such negative effects are to a large extent due to underlying and correlated negative family background factors, such as motherÕs education, motherÕs intelligence, and family structure (Geronimus et al., 1994; Ketterlinus et al., 1991; Mare and Tzeng, 1989) .

On the one hand, there are studies suggesting that the children of young mothers do poorer on cognitive tests and have lower levels of educational attainment than children of older mothers.

On the other hand, studies have showed that such negative effects are to a large extent due to underlying and correlated negative family background factors, such as motherÕs education, motherÕs intelligence, and family structure.


This study has examined the possible influence of maternal age on the level of completed education of their children. By comparing siblings within families, differences in outcomes cannot be attributed to common family background characteristics, such as the motherÕs intelligence, her educational attainment, or stable personality characteristics. In the literature, there has been debate as to whether the negative effects of a young maternal age are due to such underlying family background factors (Geronimus et al., 1994; Hoffman et al., 1993) . By analyzing the problem with a multilevel sibling design, we have developed a new way to rule out the effect of measured and unmeasured family background effects.

In the literature, there has been debate as to whether the negative effects of a young maternal age are due to such underlying family background factors.


We start with an empty fixed effects model to assess the family and individual variance (not presented in Table 3 ). This model shows that 44% of the variance in educational attainment is due to differences among families. In other words, almost half of the educational differences can be explained by the influence of measured and unmeasured family background variables. This is about equal to what sibling models in US, the Netherlands, and Germany have found (De Graaf and Huinink, 1992; Kuo and Hauser, 1995; Sieben, 2001; Van Eijck, 1996) .

This is about equal to what sibling models in US, the Netherlands, and Germany have found.


We estimate both OLS OLS regression models and fixed effects models with educational attainment as the dependent variable. The OLS OLS regression models refer to the across family comparisons, whereas the fixed effects models refer to the within family comparisons. Because we want to assess to what extent motherÕs age and birth order are suppressing each otherÕs effects, we estimate three models: one with only motherÕs age (Model I), one with only birth order (Model II), and one with both variables (Model III, Table 3 ). All models contain control variables. We concentrate in our discussion on the fixed effects results and note that the effects of fatherÕs and motherÕs education, as well as the effects of the number of siblings in the OLS OLS models are consistent with earlier research (De Graaf and Ganzeboom, 1993; Kuo and Hauser, 1995) .

All models contain control variables.

We concentrate in our discussion on the fixed effects results and note that the effects of fatherÕs and motherÕs education, as well as the effects of the number of siblings in the OLS OLS models are consistent with earlier research.


The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth determines the nature of energy politics as well as growth policies. The optimal energy policy for the country can also be determined if the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is correctly determined, since CO2 emissions associated with energy consumption triggers global warming, which is considered to have adverse effects on prosperity of future generations. If energy consumption at this point provides economic growth in a country, reducing energy consumption in order to prevent its negative impact on the environment will be an appropriate policy (Huang et al., 2008) .

If energy consumption at this point provides economic growth in a country, reducing energy consumption in order to prevent its negative impact on the environment will be an appropriate policy.


To improve the side impact protection for adults, the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 214, 'Side Impact Protection' was amended in 1990 and was phased into new passenger cars during model years (MYs) from 1994 until 1997 [8] . The improvements to cars following this amendment may have improved the safety for children as well, and were considered in the detailed case review by specifically studying MY97 and newer vehicles. In addition, the cases in the detailed study were selected based on the most common crash and occupant . The detailed impact location was determined by analysing the case documentation, including the photographs. The intrusion at the child's seating position was determined by the documented intrusion measurements at the case occupant position. Cases with more than one significant crash event were excluded.

To improve the side impact protection for adults, the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 214, 'Side Impact Protection' was amended in 1990 and was phased into new passenger cars during model years (MYs) from 1994 until 1997.


The GRIMM devices were also used to collect particles on filters; the elemental compositions of these particles are presented in Table 3 . Hydrofluoric and nitric acids were used in digesting the filters; after digestion, the ICP-MS was used to determine the amount of the 35 elements contained in the remaining particles. The amounts of B, Be, Se, Cd, P, S, Th, and Tl were under the detection limit in all filters in both locations. Some other elements, such as K, Si, As, and U were above the detection limit only in the global filters, which meant the amount of these elements in the global filters were higher than their amount in the brake pad filters. It should be noticed that the detection limits in ICP-MS method varies for different elements. For instance, the ICP-MS detection limit for Si is thousands times higher than the ICP-MS detection limit for U [14] . In order to have a fair judgement in the results of both the filters, the weightsof the elements which were detectable in both filters were taken into account in order to calculate the percentile weight of each element. As some elements such as C, H, F, N, and O were not measurable in the ICP-MS, the comparative percentile weight is used and the data summarized in Table 3 for elements. The comparative percentile weight of each element represents the weight ratio of that element In the filters collecting particles from the sampling point near the brake pad, the amounts of Fe, Cu, and Zn were higher than those from the global sampling point. In contrast, the amounts of Ca, Al, Mg, Na, Si, As, U, and K in the filters from the global sampling point were higher. The percentile differences between the sampling points in the amounts of other elements were too small and random to be significant.

For instance, the ICP-MS detection limit for Si is thousands times higher than the ICP-MS detection limit for U.


Section 6 investigates the selection of appropriate approximation schemes for topology optimization if monotonous or non monotonous responses are present. The answer that is proposed here relies on an evolution of the Gradient Based MMA (or GBMMA) approximation procedure originally developed in the context of composite structure optimization (Bruyneel et al. (2002) ). This procedure is based on several approximation schemes of the MMA family and an automatic strategy to select the most suited scheme. This new procedure stabilizes the optimization process and reduces the number of iterations to come to a stationary solution. Numerical applications developed in the paper put also into the light the influence of the topology upon the ratio between the dead loads and the density dependent loads.

The answer that is proposed here relies on an evolution of the Gradient Based MMA (or GBMMA) approximation procedure originally developed in the context of composite structure optimization).


Most of the research and development work in biopreservation has concentrated on lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These produce various antimicrobial compounds such as organic acids, H 2 0 2 , diacetyl, bacteriocins and bacteriocin-like substances. Studies on bacteriocin-producing LAB were reviewed by De Vuyst and Vandamme [7] . The activity of LAB cultures and their bacteriocin production has been studied in various food systems and sorne bacteriocins (nisin and pediocin) are already used in food preservation. Unfortunately, Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and molds are not inhibited by LAB bacteriocins, although yeasts and molds are frequently the cause of hygienic problems in fermented milk, products and bread.

Studies on bacteriocin-producing LAB were reviewed by De Vuyst and Vandamme.


Boreal peatlands, covering a large fraction of the Northern Hemisphere, are an important terrestrial carbon pool, whose size is estimated to be around 500 ± 100 Pg of organic carbon when integrated over the entire peat depth (Yu, 2012) . Photosynthesis and respiration of plant and microbial communities regulate the size of this pool. However, peatlands are also prone to rapid ecological changes related to climate, which modify the interaction between hydrology, carbon cycle, vegetation cover, and microtopography. Detailed knowledge of the processes governing the carbon exchange in northern peatlands over the course of a growing season is limited, especially with respect to the impact of relevant environmental variables.

Boreal peatlands, covering a large fraction of the Northern Hemisphere, are an important terrestrial carbon pool, whose size is estimated to be around 500 ± 100 Pg of organic carbon when integrated over the entire peat depth.


We provide a simple framework which will allow researchers to make an a priori decisions about which model of phylogeny is best to use given their data: a simpler model in which all genes share a topologically identical history, or more complex models which allow genealogies to vary due to coalescent processes. In the first step, we compare the topologies of gene trees using a parametric approach. If topologies are not significantly different we could safely estimate our species tree using a concatenation approach, and additional loci can be gathered at the expense of within-species sampling. However, if gene trees exhibit an amount of incongruence that can not be attributed to phylogenetic estimation error alone, then a coalescent-based approach is preferred. For our data this is clearly the case as some 18/25 of our comparisons were able to reject the null hypothesis (i.e., that there is no difference in the topology of gene A and gene B) even using the conservative Bonferroni correction. Faced with these results, we attempted to determine if our gene trees were estimated sufficiently well to produce accurate results using STEM, since this program produces accurate estimates of species phylogenies when the gene trees are estimated without error [9, 24] . We proposed a procedure based on the calculation of the average nodal support; trees that are estimated with little error will tend to have highly supported nodes as measured by non-parametric bootstrapping. Our results indicate that the ANS is low for our system, suggesting to us that we can not be sure of the accuracy of the species tree estimate from STEM. Therefore, we simultaneously estimated the posterior distributions of our gene trees and species tree using *BEAST.

Faced with these results, we attempted to determine if our gene trees were estimated sufficiently well to produce accurate results using STEM, since this program produces accurate estimates of species phylogenies when the gene trees are estimated without error.


Recently, researchers at the Tokyo Institute of Technology proposed a solution to these problems in the form of the MAGnesium Injection Cycle (MAGIC) [3, 4] . Here, solar-powered lasers would be used to thermally reduce magnesium oxide obtained from seawater. The resulting magnesium could then be transported efficiently to the point of use, where it would either be burnt directly or reacted with steam to produce heat and hydrogen gas. It was proposed that this scheme would enable renewable hydrogen power generation by solving the problems of storage and transport of hydrogen: magnesium has an energy density ten times greater than hydrogen and, as a solid powder rather than an explosive gas, it is both more convenient and safer to store and transport. The MAGIC cycle was conceived to offer capabilities that complement those of photovoltaic electricity generation and of the hydrogen economy, and would therefore represent one facet of a robust solar energy generation, transport, and storage scheme.

Recently, researchers at the Tokyo Institute of Technology proposed a solution to these problems in the form of the MAGnesium Injection Cycle (MAGIC).


In addition to low efficiencies, current solar lasers generally suffer from poor output beam quality as a result of the difficulty of achieving a good spatial overlap between concentrated sunlight and a fundamental Gaussian laser mode. This is not a trivial problem, having given rise to a range of solar concentrator geometries as either theoretical proposals or as experimental demonstrations [9] [10] [11] [12] . To date, no solution has been demonstrated which simultaneously achieves high efficiency and beam quality in a scalable manner.

This is not a trivial problem, having given rise to a range of solar concentrator geometries as either theoretical proposals or as experimental demonstrations.


Financial management popularly known as the art of wealth management has been the lifeline of the economic system for decades. Several theories and assumptions have been put forward by known scholars to explain the functioning of the finance models. The individuals, companies and organizations in view of the associated risks and returns consider finance with procurement and allocation of financial resources. Ironically, trading and investing are considered as the interchangeable terms [1] . While trading is meant for short term and quick returns, investing is for the long term that gives the investors an opportunity to reap the optimum returns in the form of both cash flows and capital gains. While investing is a complex procedure, these complexities are increased by the behavior of the stock market. The primary reason for complexities in the investment decisions is the presence of a large number of participants who exhibit varied emotions and behavioral patterns while taking investment decisions. Efficient market hypothesis explains that stock markets are efficient. It states that the share price incorporates all the available information. In fact, the classical finance theory is built on the efficient market hypothesis.

Ironically, trading and investing are considered as the interchangeable terms.


Shattered and softening berries, and mass loss, are some of the consequences caused by the incidence of Botrytis cinerea in table grapes [2, 3] . In this trial, the grapes packed and treated with the SO 2 pads showed lower shattered berry incidence after the 50-day cold storage period, as well as a lower incidence of gray mold. In the same way, the effectiveness of gray mold control by the dual release and dual release-fast reduced pads, especially when berries were inoculated with Botrytis, minimized the mass loss of the grapes at 7 days after room temperature. Therefore, the use of SO 2 pads with high efficiency in the control of Botrytis cinerea can contribute to the maintenance of these characteristics and, consequently, maintain 'BRS Vitoria' table grapes in long periods of storage, especially when the objective is to preserve grapes over 30 days.

Shattered and softening berries, and mass loss, are some of the consequences caused by the incidence of Botrytis cinerea in table grapes.


The purpose of this study was to find out the discrepancy in fighting strategies between Taekwondo medalists and non-medalists. It is unquestionable that tactics play an important role in sports competitions including Taekwondo. Researcher concluded that elite athletes usually possess high levels of tactical skills (McPherson, 2008) . Hence, understanding the gap of utilizing tactics in competitions between medalists and non-medalists can provide useful information to athletes for reviewing their own fighting strategies and coaches to design the practice sessions.

Researcher concluded that elite athletes usually possess high levels of tactical skills.


The observations done on whole plants and on excised leaves allowed to obtain a more complete picture of the cultivar effect on the hydraulic dynamics involved at plant and at leaf level. Further studies will be needed in order to integrate the current results with additional details on the component of variation due to hydraulic and hormonal signaling between the scion and rootstock (Marguerit et al., 2012) . From the combination of the obtained results, we could interpret the rootstock effect as 'quantitative': the ability of roots to supply water relative to shoot transpiration demand displaced reciprocally the rootstock curves to higher/lower parallel positions. On the other hand, the scion effect was 'qualitative': the feedback loop between g s and « leaf produced at leaf level modified the slope of the curves.

Further studies will be needed in order to integrate the current results with additional details on the component of variation due to hydraulic and hormonal signaling between the scion and rootstock.


Conflicting results have been reported regarding the serum cytokine profile in patients with septic shock. It has been showed that TNF-a and IL-1b were responsible for the depression of myocardial cell contractility in vitro induced by human septic shock serum [18] . In contrast, serum from septic shock adults that induced a decrease of cardiomyocyte contractility in vitro had high levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10; however, the concentrations of TNF-a and IL-1b were not increased [16] . IL-6 isolated from serum obtained from children with meningococcal septicemia impaired in vitro myocardial contractility [26] . TNF-a added to IL-6 had negative inotropic activity in vitro after prolonged exposure ([48 h) [27] . Our data add to the evidence that TNF-a and IL-10 are involved in myocardial contractile dysfunction associated with septic shock. Moreover, we observed greater levels of TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-10 in patients with catecholamine-refractory shock, and there was an association between TNF-a levels and mortality. In children with septic shock, serum levels of TNF and IL-10 measured at admission to the PICU were related to the severity of organ failure and mortality [13] . Taken together, these findings suggest that inflammation is associated with disease severity and outcome of children with septic shock. Interestingly, experimental studies have showed that in addition to the systemic release of cytokines, cardiomyocytes can also generate cytokines locally in the heart in response to Gram-positive sepsis and lipopolysaccharide administration, which could aggravate sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction [14, 17, 20] . However, evaluation of cytokine production by cardiomyocytes is not clinically feasible.

It has been showed that TNF-a and IL-1b were responsible for the depression of myocardial cell contractility in vitro induced by human septic shock serum.

In contrast, serum from septic shock adults that induced a decrease of cardiomyocyte contractility in vitro had high levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10; however, the concentrations of TNF-a and IL-1b were not increased.

IL-6 isolated from serum obtained from children with meningococcal septicemia impaired in vitro myocardial contractility.

TNF-a added to IL-6 had negative inotropic activity in vitro after prolonged exposure ([48 h).

In children with septic shock, serum levels of TNF and IL-10 measured at admission to the PICU were related to the severity of organ failure and mortality.

Interestingly, experimental studies have showed that in addition to the systemic release of cytokines, cardiomyocytes can also generate cytokines locally in the heart in response to Gram-positive sepsis and lipopolysaccharide administration, which could aggravate sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction.


Note finally that this study led us to the introduction of new divisors in the moduli space of cubic fourfolds, that is divisors in P 55 = P(H 0 (P 5 , O P 5 (3))) invariant under the action of P Gl (6) . Many such divisors were already known: the discriminant hypersurface parameterizing singular cubic fourfolds and the infinite sequence of divisors of smooth cubic fourfolds containing a smooth surface which is not homologous to a complete intersection, introduced by Brendan Hassett [7] . The latter sequence includes the Beauville-Donagi hypersurface parameterizing Pfaffian cubics. These are all Noether-Lefschetz divisors.

Note finally that this study led us to the introduction of new divisors in the moduli space of cubic fourfolds, that is divisors in P 55 = P(H 0 (P 5 , O P 5 (3))) invariant under the action of P Gl.

Many such divisors were already known: the discriminant hypersurface parameterizing singular cubic fourfolds and the infinite sequence of divisors of smooth cubic fourfolds containing a smooth surface which is not homologous to a complete intersection, introduced by Brendan Hassett.


The matrix x c contains country dummies. We cluster standard errors by country, using the small-group adjustment that Stata implements by default (Brewer, Crossley, and Joyce, 2013) . To detect any changes in business cycles coinciding with the period of rapid technology adoption after 1985, we interact all variables with a dummy indicating this later period.

We cluster standard errors by country, using the small-group adjustment that Stata implements by default.


An important remark is on the direct temperature measurement of the thermal actuator. Until recently the most commonly used temperature measurement technique was infrared thermography, which is limited in spatial resolution and susceptible to variations in emissivity which requires extensive calibration. Raman scattering in combination with optical microscopy offers a much improved spatial resolution of 1 µm or better and more accurate temperature measurement without the need for extensive calibration measurements [11] . Although this is able to provide important information on the temperature distribution in the ambient, an additional challenge must be overcome to achieve the temperature measurement inside SEM.

Raman scattering in combination with optical microscopy offers a much improved spatial resolution of 1 µm or better and more accurate temperature measurement without the need for extensive calibration measurements.


The participants and methods were the same as in the 6-month prospective studies published earlier by our team [23, 24] . The baseline measurement was more complex and included several tests; only specific measurements were included in the present work. A brief description of the methods is below.

The participants and methods were the same as in the 6-month prospective studies published earlier by our team.


Human capital is positively related to the capability of adopting new technologies, both among producers and consumers. The idea goes back to the model of technology diffusion introduced by Nelson and Phelps [35] . Countries can benefit from the world technology frontier by incorporating more advanced technologies into their economy. Technology adoption is a human capital-intensive activity that requires skilled labor.

The idea goes back to the model of technology diffusion introduced by Nelson and Phelps.


Because of these mechanisms, there can be synergies between educational and climate change policies. A number of theoretical papers have investigated the interaction between human capital, innovation and the environment, but not with a specific focus on climate change policies. The theoretical literature demonstrates that results are sensitive to the way human capital and education come into the model. Whether education is included in the utility function or treated as a production input affects the results [38] . Whatever is the source of pollution, either output or input such as physical capital, plays a major role and all studies confirmed that this assumption is pivotal to determine the direction of the relationship between environmental policy and human capital accumulation [39] [40] [41] . These studies share the assumptions that, first education (or human capital) is the clean input and that, second the substitution possibilities between clean and dirty are sufficiently large. In most cases, a Cobb-Douglas production function is assumed. In addition, pollution is linked to production or physical capital and the role of polluting inputs, such as energy, is not considered. Therefore, this literature did not consider that the degree of substitutability between energy and non-energy inputs is a major driver of the effect of environmental policy on technical change, and thus on human capital as well.

Whether education is included in the utility function or treated as a production input affects the results.

Whatever is the source of pollution, either output or input such as physical capital, plays a major role and all studies confirmed that this assumption is pivotal to determine the direction of the relationship between environmental policy and human capital accumulation.


Evidence collected in the last 20 years illustrated the potential of the LHb in controlling the midbrain, but not much was known of the anatomy of this structure and its synaptic organization. Only recently it is starting to become clear that this structure participates in the encoding of aversive and rewarding stimuli, influences motivational states, and contributes to pathologies such as mood disorders and addiction [1] . Such discoveries have the potential to rapidly advance our knowledge and can open up avenues for therapeutic interventions. Indeed, by understanding the function of the habenula and its implication in brain reward circuits, scientists could find new molecular and genetic targets that could potentially aid in the treatment of several neurological diseases. As presented in this review, the habenula is strongly connected to the limbic system and plays an important role in regulating directed behavior. It receives its main afferents from the septum through the sm and projects towards several areas of the midbrain involved in the release of neuromodulators. The presence of dopaminergic projections that innervate the LHb has also been described, suggesting that the habenula could be implicated in psychological disorders such as depression, addiction, and drug abuse. Finally, most of the understanding of the function of the LHb so far, has been done by observing how the behavior of subjects was altered after lesioning this structure. Several studies found that the LHb plays a critical part of the reward system and that a dysfunction of the LHb is often associated with psychiatric disorders [36, 37, 50] . The studies presented here discuss several pathways in which the habenula is involved and describe several neurotransmitters that act in the LHb, including amino acids such as glutamate and GABA. However, evidence suggests that other potentially relevant molecules may also act in the LHb, including orexins, acetylcholine, and vasopressin [1, 42] . Several studies have shown that the habenula is implicated in the release of neuromodulators such as DA and 5-HT, but the big challenge now is to determine the downstream implications of such changes on reward and motivation. There are several studies that still need to be done on the habenula, and what will be learned in the next few years will allow us to better understand how regulatory systems control motivated behavior and may offer a window to further develop therapeutic strategies.

Only recently it is starting to become clear that this structure participates in the encoding of aversive and rewarding stimuli, influences motivational states, and contributes to pathologies such as mood disorders and addiction.

Several studies found that the LHb plays a critical part of the reward system and that a dysfunction of the LHb is often associated with psychiatric disorders.

However, evidence suggests that other potentially relevant molecules may also act in the LHb, including orexins, acetylcholine, and vasopressin.


The habenula receives its main afferents from the septum and stria medullaris (sm) [8] . Furthermore, the habenula projects towards many areas in the midbrain that are involved in the release of neuromodulators and also towards dopaminergic midbrain nuclei such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) [2, 12] . Studies utilizing lesions of the afferent projections of the LHb have demonstrated an increase in the level of anxiety in rats, with neonatal rats exhibiting a higher state of anxiety compared to adult rats [13] . Lesions of the LHb also induce impairment of memory and attention in rats, suggesting a connection between the LHb and cognition [5, 6, 13] . Here, we will discuss how studies using lesions and electrical self-stimulation have been able to show that the LHb is an important component of the brain reward system. We will begin by describing how the activity of LHb neurons can be influenced by regulatory synapses and neuromodulators and how they interact with the limbic system in the brain, to finally discuss the ability of the LHb in encoding rewarding stimuli.

The habenula receives its main afferents from the septum and stria medullaris (sm).

Furthermore, the habenula projects towards many areas in the midbrain that are involved in the release of neuromodulators and also towards dopaminergic midbrain nuclei such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA).

Studies utilizing lesions of the afferent projections of the LHb have demonstrated an increase in the level of anxiety in rats, with neonatal rats exhibiting a higher state of anxiety compared to adult rats.

Lesions of the LHb also induce impairment of memory and attention in rats, suggesting a connection between the LHb and cognition.


Although the flipped classroom model has become popular in education today its first trials, in fact, was applied in the field of economics with the name of "inverted classroom" (Lage, Platt, & Treglia, 2000; Serçemeli, 2016) . A group of professors at the University of Miami have made an important contribution to the way that this model has become in today's education. However, two chemistry educators, Jonathan Bergmann and Aaron Sams, have emerged as pioneers in this area of education who considered firstly it as flipped classes. These two educators stated that the flipped classroom model was born from a necessity. Bergmann and Sams first thought of the situation that the students who missed the course were disadvantaged and pointed out that it was then difficult for the students to repeat the courses they had missed.

Although the flipped classroom model has become popular in education today its first trials, in fact, was applied in the field of economics with the name of "inverted classroom".


Considered the traditional teaching process, the teacher transfers the content of the course to the students in the classroom and the students are obliged to fulfill the responsibility or to do homework given by the teacher in the course when they are home. On the other hand, in the flipped classroom model, the students meet with the concepts and the necessary content before the course, and when they come to the class, they solve the problems related to the content they already watch and reinforce their knowledge with various activities (Love, Hodge, Corritore, & Ernst, 2015; Lage et al., 2000; Hwang et al., 2015) . Within the classroom, a process involving problem-based learning and active learning is being conducted (Lo & Hew, 2017) . The point to be understood from the word "flipped" here is changing the place of the responsibilities that the student must perform at home with the responsibilities that must be fulfilled during the course. Thus, instead of being a passive learner in the school, become a student who acquires the theoretical knowledge and necessary concepts within the individual responsibility of the home, solves the problems encountered in class and constructs knowledge through active learning techniques.

On the other hand, in the flipped classroom model, the students meet with the concepts and the necessary content before the course, and when they come to the class, they solve the problems related to the content they already watch and reinforce their knowledge with various activities.

Within the classroom, a process involving problem-based learning and active learning is being conducted.


The next aspect which is socially contributed to conflict of interest is premodealism which is considered as a perceived need to surrender certain powers to one person who has an authority, as a way of holding their ethnically fragmented nations together. This has a great effect on the implementation of decentralization. It is argued that people from the same ethnic tend to be more grouping themselves, thinking that they have the same culture and customs. This emotional attachment can lead to conflict of interest when one party tries to help others from the same ethnic while at the same time compromising public's needs (Manor, 1999) .

This emotional attachment can lead to conflict of interest when one party tries to help others from the same ethnic while at the same time compromising public's needs.


Experiment 2 has shown that the likelihood of correctly detecting whether a child is deceiving or speaking the truth depends on how active it is within a specific social context. That is, when it takes the initiative of responding to the story characters and is being relatively talkative, then this level of engagement makes it easier for an observer to decide whether or not the child is producing a lie. Further research is needed to find out why exactly it is that detection of deception is easier when people have to judge more active participants. One reason could be that children who are more active are also more expressive, which increases the chances that specific cues to deception are leaked to an observer. Such an explanation would be compatible with earlier findings that the accuracy with which lies can be detected correctly varies for deceivers who have different personalities. More specifically, it has been shown that, when comparing introvert with extravert people, it is generally easier to detect the lies in the latter group (Bradley & Janisse, 1981) .

More specifically, it has been shown that, when comparing introvert with extravert people, it is generally easier to detect the lies in the latter group.


The main objective of developing the SHM system for bridges is to enhance structural safety. However in bridges, SHM serves other economic benefits such as increased mission reliability, extended life of life-limited components, reduced tests, reduction in "down time, " increased equipment reliability, customization of maintenance actions, and greater awareness of operating personnel, resulting in fewer accidents. SHM also promises to help in reducing maintenance costs [2] .

SHM also promises to help in reducing maintenance costs.


There are intrinsic rigidity and extrinsic rigidity for minimal submanifolds in the unit sphere. The intrinsic rigidity implies gap property of the scalar curvature, so is the squared norm of the second fundamental form by the Gauss equations. The extrinsic rigidity describes the gap phenomenon for the image of the Gauss maps. Both properties of minimal submanifolds were initialed by J. Simons in his fundamental paper [20] . Since then, the extensive works appeared to contribute to this interesting problem.

Both properties of minimal submanifolds were initialed by J. Simons in his fundamental paper.


The US ethanol demand has steadily increased following passage of Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA). Most domestic ethanol production utilizes corn grain as feedstock. Rising corn prices are encouraging current and potential ethanol producers to seek alternative feedstocks, especially cellulosic sources. EISA defines three classes of biofuels, conventional, advanced, and cellulosic. These classes are differentiated based on potential reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 20%, 50%, and 60%, respectively. Cellulosic biofuels are shown to have higher GHG offset rates than grain-based biofuels [1] . Comparatively more GHG can be reduced through the use of cellulosic feedstock such as corn stover comprised of stalk, leaves, husks, and cobs than corn grain to produce biofuels. Because of its potential in reducing GHG emissions, corn-stover-based ethanol can be qualified as cellulosic biofuel per the federally mandated RFS. By 2022, cellulosic ethanol consumption of 16 billion gallons per year will be required, creating a niche market opportunity.

Cellulosic biofuels are shown to have higher GHG offset rates than grain-based biofuels.


According to World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, there are 285 million visually impaired people worldwide with 39 million are blind and 246 million have low vision [1] . Blindness is defined to be incapability to see or lacking of the sense of sight [2] . The leading causes of chronic blindness include cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, corneal opacities, diabetic retinopathy, trachoma and eyes' conditions in children which caused by vitamin A deficiency. Blindness caused by infection is decreasing due to the result of public health action. However, age-related blindness is increasing throughout the world due to uncontrolled diabetes [2] .

According to World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, there are 285 million visually impaired people worldwide with 39 million are blind and 246 million have low vision.

Blindness is defined to be incapability to see or lacking of the sense of sight.

However, age-related blindness is increasing throughout the world due to uncontrolled diabetes.


The zero-mode model used to obtain the high-temperature coefficients is of independent interest as it is the potential that captures the ADHM data in the theory of Yang-Mills instantons on the four-sphere, S 4 . It is the bosonic sector of the dimensional reduction of the BD model to zero dimensions and is equivalent to a flavoured version of the bosonic sector of the IKKT model. For this reason we refer to the model as the flavoured bosonic IKKT model. The potential is always positive semi-definite and the Higgs branch of its zero-locus is isomorphic to the instanton moduli space [16] .

The potential is always positive semi-definite and the Higgs branch of its zero-locus is isomorphic to the instanton moduli space.


This methodology has been applied in two procedures, as follows. First, we collected 61 major currencies' monthly REER data over the period of 1995 to 2014, in which the world witnessed the Asian crisis of 1997 and the U.S. subprime credit crisis of 2007. The variety of bilateral exchange rates, being reliant on the choice of the base currency as the numeraire leading to the diversification of currency networks, depends entirely on the researchers' preference. In other words, the selection of a numeraire has no credible scientific foundation. To elaborate, the REER we employed was the average exchange rate of a basket of the foreign tradeweighted currencies adjusted for inflation. It could serve as a reasonable reference value for our research of the structure, topology, and nature of currency networks. Secondly, we used rolling-window methods to construct the dynamic crosscorrelation matrices (CMs) of the 61 major currencies [21] [22] [23] [24] . We then transformed the CMs into currency networks through the filter method of the MST in order to analyze the linkage effects of currency networks. Correlations in rolling windows were calculated in order to explore the dynamics of linkage effects. From a methodological perspective, these are the main contributions of this paper.

Secondly, we used rolling-window methods to construct the dynamic crosscorrelation matrices (CMs) of the 61 major currencies.


Though the volume of evidence has been increasing globally, very few studies have been carried out in Nepal to assess the prevalence of violence in different settings and populations. A study conducted among female adolescents, youths and adults in eight districts of Nepal reported that more than one-third of married youths (20-24 years) experienced violence at home. A higher proportion of married youth reported experiencing violence compared to unmarried youth [5] . A qualitative study conducted among two major ethnic groups in Nepal revealed that sexual violence within marriage was common and the nature of the violence varied from verbal abuse to intimidation, beating to coercive sex [6] .

A higher proportion of married youth reported experiencing violence compared to unmarried youth.

A qualitative study conducted among two major ethnic groups in Nepal revealed that sexual violence within marriage was common and the nature of the violence varied from verbal abuse to intimidation, beating to coercive sex.


Epilepsy is a set of chronic neurological disorders, which can be characterized by seizures and epileptiforms. Epileptic seizures result from abnormal, excessive or hyper synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Epileptiforms are waveforms related to epilepsy, such as spikes, sharp waves and spike-wave complexes and occur before or after a seizure [1] . Scalp electroencephalogram (EEG), which is the recording of electrical activity of the brain, measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain by using electrodes placed on the scalp.

Epileptiforms are waveforms related to epilepsy, such as spikes, sharp waves and spike-wave complexes and occur before or after a seizure.


Secondary metabolites, such as phenolic antioxidants, are generally known to increase under drought stress conditions, and this is believed to be a response to an increase in oxidative damage (Podsędek, 2007; Dh et al., 2009) . Plants grown in Deepdale did not experience any drought stress, yet they recorded high concentrations of total carotenoids, β-carotene, and antioxidant activity. Carotenoids, on the other hand, are plant pigments that can confer plants with resistance to the adverse effects of drought (Jaleel et al., 2009) . Dbservations in this study suggest that under favourable growth environments, secondary metabolites in sweet potato plants can be stored in the harvestable plant parts as they are not depleted in the protection against drought stress. Thus, they are available in high concentrations for human nutrition and phytonutrition.

Secondary metabolites, such as phenolic antioxidants, are generally known to increase under drought stress conditions, and this is believed to be a response to an increase in oxidative damage.

Carotenoids, on the other hand, are plant pigments that can confer plants with resistance to the adverse effects of drought.


Shear-and pressure-driven gas flows are encountered in several MEMS applications like micro-motors, micro-accelerometers, comb mechanisms and computer hard drives. Magnetic disk storage devices used in most computers today utilize a flying head slider suspended nanometers above the rotating recording surface to support the read/write head. A thin gas-lubricated film formed between the slider and the rotating disk is used to maintain the spacing between them. In order to achieve higher storage densities, the head is required to levitate progressively closer to the spinning platter. A fundamental problem, arises when the magnetic spacing in the slider bearing (h) becomes comparable to the gas mean free path (λ). The ratio of these two length scales is known as the Knudsen number (Kn = λ/ h), where finite values of Kn shows onset of rarefaction effects. Based on the Knudsen number, we classify gas flows as continuum (Kn < 0.01), slip (0.01 < Kn < 0.1), transition (0.1 < Kn < 10) and free molecular (Kn > 10) flow [1] . Current IBM disk drives with areal density of the order of 12 Gbit in −2 have flying heights as low as 15 nm. An extrapolated physical spacing trend line indicates that for ultrahigh density recording systems (100 Gbit in −2 ), a 5-10 nm clearance between the head and floating media is required. Considering that the mean free path for air is about 65 nm at standard conditions, the current hard drives already operate in the transition flow regime, while the next generation drives will push this limit towards the free-molecular flow regime. Therefore, development of lubrication models valid in a wide range of Knudsen regimes is necessary.

Based on the Knudsen number, we classify gas flows as continuum (Kn < 0.01), slip (0.01 < Kn < 0.1), transition (0.1 < Kn < 10) and free molecular (Kn > 10) flow.


Finally, the next generation ultra-high density storage units require magnetic spacings as low as 10 nm. Roughly 15Å of this spacing comes from slider head overcoat thickness, 25Å from the head thickness and 60Å from the flying height [28] . In such small spacings, the surface/molecular force fields become significant within the thin film gap. Thus, we note that a free molecular flow analogy of nanoflows to low pressure rarefied gas flow will break down. Although advances in nanotechnology with regards to fabrication, characterization and tribology can result in slider bearings with nanoscale spacings, a fundamental understanding of the physics of thermal/fluidic transport in these length scales is still lacking.

Roughly 15Å of this spacing comes from slider head overcoat thickness, 25Å from the head thickness and 60Å from the flying height.


Uncertainty concerns every aspect of semantic web ontologies. In many applications, overlapping between concepts/classes cannot be represented logically by OWL constructs. Even if they can, the degree of overlapping is not represented (e.g., how close a class A is to its super class B?). A description about an unknown concept or object input to an OWL reasoner may be uncertain (e.g., x is an instance of class A and is moderately likely to have property p related with class B). In a previous work, we have developed a Bayesian network based framework BayesOWL, to address representation and reasoning with uncertainty within a single ontology ( [5] , [6] ).

In a previous work, we have developed a Bayesian network based framework BayesOWL, to address representation and reasoning with uncertainty within a single ontology (,).


Bovine LAMAN has previously been shown to contain eight potential N-glycosylation sites (N 133 . In this study, we characterized the site-specific glycosylation of the bovine enzyme, analyzing each individual electrophoretically separated peptide chain and tryptic glycopeptides. The Figure  3A) , which revealed the presence of both nonglycosylated and glycosylated forms of a-, b-, c-, and e-peptides. It is important to note that due to the low amount of protein sample available, and in view of the complexity of the structural studies of bovine LAMAN, no quantitative data with respect to the relative abundance of each glycan or the level of site occupancy of the six glycosylation sites have been generated. This is the first report on site-specific glycosylation analysis on a LAMAN. For all eight potential N-glycosylation sites, our results indicate that six are glycosylated, namely The N 367 (b-peptide) and N 930 (e-peptide) glycosylation sites are only glycosylated with truncated (Fuc 0-1 Man 3-4 GlcNAc 2 ) and high-mannose structures (Fuc 0-1 Man 5 GlcNAc 2 ). The occurrence of truncated and small highmannose structures indicates that these glycans are located at the surface of the enzyme, as all putative α-mannosyl residues from high-mannose structures were trimmed, as previously observed for some lysosomal glycoproteins (Howard et al., 1982; Takahashi et al., 1983 Takahashi et al., , 1984 Taniguchi et al., 1985; Kozutsumi et al., 1986; Maley et al., 1989; Kimura et al., 1999) . These structures, or those from which they were derived, were hypothesized to be potential sites for lysosomal sorting.

The occurrence of truncated and small highmannose structures indicates that these glycans are located at the surface of the enzyme, as all putative α-mannosyl residues from high-mannose structures were trimmed, as previously observed for some lysosomal glycoproteins.


Among many whole-genome CNV analysis platforms, SNP arrays have been commonly used for CNV discovery due to its ubiquitous genome coverage and advantageous resolution. Also in Korea, SNP arrays have been frequently applied for CNV-disease association studies. The Korea Association Resource (KARE) consortium used the Affymetrix SNP array 5.0 genotyping data of 8,848 individuals provided by Korea National Health Institute (KNIH) for studying the associations between genetic variations and phenotypes. Using the same dataset, we previously reported the evolutionary and functional implications of the CNVs in Korean population (Yim et al., 2010) .

Using the same dataset, we previously reported the evolutionary and functional implications of the CNVs in Korean population.


Among various PMSGs, the interior PMSG (IPMSG) can offer high-efficiency and high-controllability generation by utilizing the reluctance torque in addition to the magnet torque, and achieve a wide constant power speed range by utilizing flux weakening along the d-axis [2] , [4] . In the IPMSG, both daxis and q-axis components of the stator currents contribute to the developed torque. By optimally controlling the d-axis component of the stator currents, the stator copper and core losses can be minimized. However, due to the effects of magnetic saturation, the q-axis inductance varies depending on the q-axis stator current [2] , [4] . Consequently, the generated electrical torque and EMF of the IPMSG are nonlinear functions of the stator currents, which complicates direct application of well-developed linear system theory. To achieve optimal power efficiency and dynamic performance of the IPMSG, magnetic saturation must be considered in designing the IPMSG controllers for torque and current control.

Among various PMSGs, the interior PMSG (IPMSG) can offer high-efficiency and high-controllability generation by utilizing the reluctance torque in addition to the magnet torque, and achieve a wide constant power speed range by utilizing flux weakening along the d-axis.

However, due to the effects of magnetic saturation, the q-axis inductance varies depending on the q-axis stator current.


The use of permanent-magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) for wind power generation has received increasing attention in recent years [1] - [3] . The PMSGs can provide high efficiency and high reliability power generation, since there is no need for external excitation and no copper losses in the rotor circuits. In addition, the high-power-density PMSGs are small in size, which reduces the cost and weight of wind turbines. Furthermore, in the wind generation system equipped with a PMSG and power electronic converters, the wind turbine can be operated to extract the maximum power from the wind at various wind speeds by adjusting the shaft speed optimally. Therefore, the PMSGs are commonly used for small variablespeed wind turbines to produce high efficiency, high reliability, and low cost wind power generation.

The use of permanent-magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) for wind power generation has received increasing attention in recent years.


Another example of stochastic model-based algorithms that are used for optimization purposes are cross entropy (ce) methods [20] . The ce method for optimization is the same as edas but with truncation selection. These two approaches were developed independently at around the same time.

Another example of stochastic model-based algorithms that are used for optimization purposes are cross entropy (ce) methods.


Alcohol consumption causes a considerable number of diseases and injuries [1] . Compared with chronic alcohol consumption, the acute, moderate intake of alcohol and binge drinking, which accounts for .75% of alcohol consumption, is becoming more prevalent worldwide. In adolescent and college-age populations, the prevalence of binge drinking is rising at an alarming rate and causes numerous social and public health issues [2] . Emerging evidence suggests that binge drinking interferes with innate immune surveillance and increases host susceptibility to infections [3, 4] . Although the molecular mechanisms by which chronic alcohol exposure causes macrophage hypersensitivity are well established, the impact of binge drinking has received little attention.

Alcohol consumption causes a considerable number of diseases and injuries.

In adolescent and college-age populations, the prevalence of binge drinking is rising at an alarming rate and causes numerous social and public health issues.

Emerging evidence suggests that binge drinking interferes with innate immune surveillance and increases host susceptibility to infections.


While numerous studies attempted to quantify the impact of defects and identify their causes, few studies endeavored to understand the causal relationship of construction defects. A defect is usually not the outcome of a single cause; rather, it occurs when several interrelated causes combine . Therefore, construction managers can develop effective defect prevention strategies only after tracing the sequence of events and mechanics by analyzing these causal relationships (Aljassmi & Han, 2014) . Thus, it is important to analyze the complex causal relationships of construction defects in order to prevent their occurrence and the resultant rework. This paper suggests social network analysis (SNA) as a tool to better understand and visually analyze the interrelationships among the causes of defects.

Therefore, construction managers can develop effective defect prevention strategies only after tracing the sequence of events and mechanics by analyzing these causal relationships.


In sum, openness leads to innovation and innovation leads to performance. Mere skill and technology acquisition do not enhance a new venture's innovation. The effect of openness, such as social network, plays a greater role in the innovation process [53, 54] . Linking social performance to economic performance reinforces performance by social enterprises. The openness of social enterprises promotes social innovation in the short run and shapes the sustainability of social enterprises in the long run [40] . Innovation systems and innovative behaviors solidify and increase the sustainability of social enterprises [50, 56, 57] .

The effect of openness, such as social network, plays a greater role in the innovation process.

The openness of social enterprises promotes social innovation in the short run and shapes the sustainability of social enterprises in the long run.

Innovation systems and innovative behaviors solidify and increase the sustainability of social enterprises.


Based on the above discussion, the theoretical and practical implications for social enterprises are as follows. First, this research theoretically provides a new path model that shows the effect of social entrepreneur on the performance of social enterprises. As an exploratory research, this study demonstrates the relationship between social entrepreneurs and social and economic performance, which is premised as a causal relationship and provides the theoretical basis for subsequent research. It is impossible to keep building business models without considering sustainability aspects [10, 11, 14, 15, 20] . Profitability is a necessity in social enterprises in the long as well as short run to create social value for the society, in which the social enterprise is located and provided with resources; thus, social enterprises should be innovative and open. To be sustainable, social enterprises must focus on the innovation system, which is supported by openness. Value creation and delivery, as well as value capture, are associated with sustainability. Value creation and delivery are linked to the key activities for the achievement of the mission/vision of the social enterprise, and value capture is linked with cost structures and revenue streams [4, 52, 56] . It is value creation and delivery that help social enterprises to achieve social performance. On the other hand, value capture means the formation of financial performance necessary for sustainability. Small and medium commercial enterprises should more actively adopt open innovation approaches for sustainability [9] . Social enterprises operate under similar conditions and are required to interact with external innovations, resources, and stakeholders.

It is impossible to keep building business models without considering sustainability aspects.

Value creation and delivery are linked to the key activities for the achievement of the mission/vision of the social enterprise, and value capture is linked with cost structures and revenue streams.

Small and medium commercial enterprises should more actively adopt open innovation approaches for sustainability.


Third, to ensure the sustainability of social enterprises, the creation of social performance should lead to economic performance. Social enterprises in Korea are weak in many ways, particularly in terms of financial performance. This is supported by the fact that evaluation by the survey subjects is lower for financial performance than social performance. Indeed, many research studies related to Korean social enterprises point out financial vulnerability as a major problem. The role of intermediary support organization has been significant in the development of social enterprises in Korea [58] . Intermediary organizations of social enterprises should provide non-financial support such as consulting, mobilization of resources, network activation, and so on to establish linkages between social and economic performance.

The role of intermediary support organization has been significant in the development of social enterprises in Korea.


In this study, we focus on social entrepreneurs as one of the factors affecting the performance of social enterprises. In his seminal work, Schumpeter stated that capitalism evolves into a process of creative destruction through ongoing innovation, and that entrepreneurship brings about creative destruction [1] . Entrepreneurs are innovators who combine available resources in new ways. Social enterprises result from innovation aiming to solve emerging problems in capitalist societies, and social entrepreneurs play a key role in creating innovation, triggering creative destruction, and bringing about a positive change to solve social problems [2, 3] . In this sense, social entrepreneurs hold the key to the success or failure of social enterprises. Therefore, this study focuses on social entrepreneurs. If it is difficult to ensure the performance of social enterprises through financial support alone, other factors will need to be considered for Korea's social enterprises.

In his seminal work, Schumpeter stated that capitalism evolves into a process of creative destruction through ongoing innovation, and that entrepreneurship brings about creative destruction.

Social enterprises result from innovation aiming to solve emerging problems in capitalist societies, and social entrepreneurs play a key role in creating innovation, triggering creative destruction, and bringing about a positive change to solve social problems.


This research provides several useful findings as follows. First, it demonstrates the importance of openness for innovation. An organization with a high degree of openness is more innovative. As Chesbrough emphasized, building a foundation of the open business model is an essential condition for the survival of modern corporate organizations [4] . This proposition applies to social enterprises as well. This study reconfirmed the importance of openness for innovation. Thus, openness is not an option but a necessity for the survival of social enterprises. Second, a social entrepreneur's innovativeness directly and indirectly increases social and economic performance of social enterprises. In other words, innovation has both direct and indirect effects on the performance of social enterprises. This implies that innovation is a key task not only for commercial enterprises but also for social enterprises. Third, the achievement of social purpose, which is the social enterprises' reason for existence, contributes to the creation of economic value. We define sustainability as the positive linkage between social performance and economic performance. As social and economic value creation is the essence of sustainability, open and innovative organizations tend to achieve sustainability.

As Chesbrough emphasized, building a foundation of the open business model is an essential condition for the survival of modern corporate organizations.


The pastures situated in the Apennines are unique in their species richness, as they are generally comprised of complex plant communities, mainly grasses and, to a less extent, by legumes and other forbs. Their botanical composition is mainly dependent on altitude, climatic and During vegetative development, a decline in forage quality generally occurs, due to modification of plant morphology, primarily a decrease of the leaf to stem ratio, and to lignification which becomes particularly pronounced during the reproductive and senescent stages (Bovolenta et al., 2008) . Moreover, the growth rate of the sward, and modifications of its chemical composition, are strongly affected by seasonal changes of climatic factors.

Their botanical composition is mainly dependent on altitude, climatic and During vegetative development, a decline in forage quality generally occurs, due to modification of plant morphology, primarily a decrease of the leaf to stem ratio, and to lignification which becomes particularly pronounced during the reproductive and senescent stages.


Yak (Bos grunniens), the multipurpose bovid which provides milk, meat, wool and much-needed pack capability on precipitous slopes, belongs to the sub-family Bovine of the family Bovidae. The total world population of yak is about 15 million which are found in China, Mongolia, Russia, Pakistan, India, and Nepal. A drastic decline in yak population all over the world has become a concern to development authorities and to animal scientists because this animal caters to the needs of the highlanders whose economy largely depends on yak husbandry, besides sheep and goat rearing (Sarkar et al., 2006) .

A drastic decline in yak population all over the world has become a concern to development authorities and to animal scientists because this animal caters to the needs of the highlanders whose economy largely depends on yak husbandry, besides sheep and goat rearing.


Chronic inflammatory diseases in human such as rheumatoid arthritis are characterized by a dramatic decrease of serum levels of adrenal androgens. Treatment with dehyroepiandrosterone (DHEA) as the starting point of androgen conversion has been proved to be a therapeutic alternative in systemic lupus erythematosus and possibly in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. This indicates that androgens have antiinflammatory influence, which is switched off during long term systemic inflammatory responses [12] .

This indicates that androgens have antiinflammatory influence, which is switched off during long term systemic inflammatory responses.


These efforts will support the economic prosperity by saving valuable foreign reserves spent for importing petroleum crude oil. The current daily import of crude oil (346,400 bbl/day) produces 4,156,800 gal/day of petroleum diesel. It is estimated that from 1 bbl of crude oil, approximately 12 gal of petro diesel is produced. Using 10% blended biodiesel fuel with petroleum diesel will proportionately reduce the quantity of diesel consumption by 415,680 gal/day (saving 34,640 bbl/day of imported crude oil and at $30/bbl, this saves around $1,039,200/day) (Ali 2016) .

Using 10% blended biodiesel fuel with petroleum diesel will proportionately reduce the quantity of diesel consumption by 415,680 gal/day (saving 34,640 bbl/day of imported crude oil and at $30/bbl, this saves around $1,039,200/day).


Apart from those above, other reasons may account for the differences observed between subgroups (especially those between geographical areas), including variations in preferred coffee constituents, variations in brewing and in the actual amount of coffee contained in "a cup" across regions, and differences in population genetics. There is evidence that genetic factors related to target receptors and CYP1A2, such as the genetic polymorphism rs762551, also known as −136 C>A CYP1A2, encoding the CYP1A2*1F allele of the CYP1A2 gene, leads to slow metabolism of caffeine [29, 30] . Carriers of the CYP1A2*1F allele have been demonstrated to be at higher risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction following intake of caffeinated coffee [31] . Similarly, the risk of sustained hypertension has been associated with CYP1A2*1F polymorphisms in a cohort of stage I hypertensive individuals [32] . Due to the variability of genetic polymorphisms of CYP1A2 enzyme, also related to ethnicity, it is plausible that there exist such genetic polymorphisms in the examined cohorts that result in the heterogeneity of our results, especially those found across geographical regions.

There is evidence that genetic factors related to target receptors and CYP1A2, such as the genetic polymorphism rs762551, also known as −136 C>A CYP1A2, encoding the CYP1A2*1F allele of the CYP1A2 gene, leads to slow metabolism of caffeine.

Carriers of the CYP1A2*1F allele have been demonstrated to be at higher risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction following intake of caffeinated coffee.

Similarly, the risk of sustained hypertension has been associated with CYP1A2*1F polymorphisms in a cohort of stage I hypertensive individuals.


In the material production phase in this case study, the amount of CO2 emissions was highest for ready-mixed concrete, followed by PHC pile, cement, ready-mixed mortar, steel structure materials, rebar, and glass materials. The percentage of CO2 emissions of these materials constituted 80% of the total CO2 emissions. These materials constituted over 70% of the total CO2 emissions in other research as well [23, 24] .

These materials constituted over 70% of the total CO2 emissions in other research as well.


Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease in dogs often cited to affect one fifth of the dog population over 1 year of age [1] . The most important clinical manifestation of OA is joint pain, which is characterized by hyperalgesia and pain at rest [2] . In a hyperalgesic joint the pain sensitivity is intensified because of sensitization in the nociceptive system. The sensitization is the result of a complex action of various inflammatory mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and neuropeptides [2, 3] .

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease in dogs often cited to affect one fifth of the dog population over 1 year of age.

The most important clinical manifestation of OA is joint pain, which is characterized by hyperalgesia and pain at rest.

The sensitization is the result of a complex action of various inflammatory mediators, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and neuropeptides.


The typical hepatic lesion of CF, related to the CFTR defect in cholangiocytes, is focal biliary cirrhosis, which results from biliary obstruction and progressive periportal fibrosis. This is the most clinically relevant CF-associated hepatic problem, since extension of the initially focal fibrogenic process may lead to multilobular biliary cirrhosis, portal hypertension and related complications [9] . The reasons why the distribution of hepatic lesions is focal at least in the early stages and why a minority of CF patients develop overt liver disease (i.e. multilobular cirrhosis), remain unknown. No specific CFTR mutations have been associated with the presence and severity of liver disease. The liver phenotype in CF patients with the same CFTR genotype is variable, suggesting that the role of environmental factors or modifier genes in the expression of liver disease may be an important factor. Of different candidate genes (SERPINA1, ACE, TGFB1, MBL2, GSTP1), only the SERPINA1 Z allele was found to be strongly associated with CFLD and portal hypertension [10] . Steatosis is a common hepatic lesion associated with CF that does not seem, however, to be directly related to the CF secretory defect (Table 1) . Massive steatosis has become infrequent due to earlier diagnosis and to more appropriate nutritional care. Mild steatosis is more common and has been associated with selective nutritional deficiencies including specifically essential fatty acids and altered phospholipid metabolism in CF [3, 11] . Steatosis has been considered a benign condition in CF, without a proven relationship to the subsequent development of cirrhosis. However, the available data on the role of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as a cause of cirrhosis in adults may lead to reconsideration of this issue in CF patients [12] .

This is the most clinically relevant CF-associated hepatic problem, since extension of the initially focal fibrogenic process may lead to multilobular biliary cirrhosis, portal hypertension and related complications.

Of different candidate genes (SERPINA1, ACE, TGFB1, MBL2, GSTP1), only the SERPINA1 Z allele was found to be strongly associated with CFLD and portal hypertension.

Mild steatosis is more common and has been associated with selective nutritional deficiencies including specifically essential fatty acids and altered phospholipid metabolism in CF.

However, the available data on the role of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis as a cause of cirrhosis in adults may lead to reconsideration of this issue in CF patients.


In other words, perceived ability on a task is of importance to students when choosing tasks and deciding how much effort they will invest in task performance. Feedback from the environment is determining for the perceived ability. Successful task completion leads to an increase of perceptions of ability. Negative feedback, however, can lead to negative perceptions of own ability and, when experienced repeatedly, lead to downward spirals (Dickhäuser et al., 2011) . Students with learning difficulties are in risk of having a history of repeated negative academic experiences. This can lead to decrease the perceived ability and anxiety as well as avoidance behavior.

Negative feedback, however, can lead to negative perceptions of own ability and, when experienced repeatedly, lead to downward spirals.


Goal orientations have consequences for students' interpretation of performance feedback and the effort invested (Minnaert, 2013) . Task-orientated students consider performance feedback as feedback on the task and not so much on their level of ability. Additionally, they consider the effort they invest in the task and their performance on the task to co-vary. This leads them to choose tasks of moderate difficulty, since then they have a reasonable chance of succeeding. For ego-oriented students, the amount of effort invested in the task depends on their expectations of own ability. When low ability is assumed, the main motive becomes avoiding failure. This is done by choosing easy tasks and decreasing investment of effort. When high ability is assumed, either the chance for a successful outcome is maximized by choosing moderate task difficulty or highly difficult tasks are chosen, on which others fail, so succeeding would mean great success. These strategies followed by ego-oriented students were labeled, respectively, ego defeating and ego-enhancing orientation (Skaalvik, 1997) .

Goal orientations have consequences for students' interpretation of performance feedback and the effort invested.

These strategies followed by ego-oriented students were labeled, respectively, ego defeating and ego-enhancing orientation.


The main purpose of this study is to investigate and model the impacts of winter weather on temporal and spatial variations of truck and passenger car traffic. Multiple regression models are developed to relate truck and passenger car traffic variations to winter weather conditions. This study uses Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) data from six different sites located on the highways of the province of Alberta, Canada. Hourly traffic volume data from several permanent traffic counters located in the vicinity of WIM stations have also been used in this study. Climate data is obtained from the 598 weather stations (operated by Environment Canada) in the province of Alberta. Modeling work is carried out using CARPACKAGE from the statistical software R [13, 14] .

Modeling work is carried out using CARPACKAGE from the statistical software R.


Oil spills are a major source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in aquatic systems. Crude and refined petroleum compounds contain from 0.2 to more than 7% PAH (Neff 1985) . It is estimated that over 400 oil spills occur annually in Danish waters alone, making PAH pollution events quite common.

Crude and refined petroleum compounds contain from 0.2 to more than 7% PAH.


Although the work mentioned above has pointed out the existence and effectiveness of feature interaction, the state-ofthe-art feature selection techniques of searching interacting features are merely designed for categorical datasets. In real world, however, data comes with a mixed format in the majority of cases [18] . Discretizing numerical features usually bring information loss because the degrees of membership of values to discretized values are not considered [19] .

In real world, however, data comes with a mixed format in the majority of cases.

Discretizing numerical features usually bring information loss because the degrees of membership of values to discretized values are not considered.


Feature selection plays an important role in pattern recognition and machine learning. It has drawn attention of many researchers from various fields. This task aims to select the essential features that allow us to discern between patterns belonging to different classes. The effects of feature selection have been widely recognized in, for example, improving predictive accuracy, facilitating data visualization, reducing storage requirements, and reducing training time [1] .

The effects of feature selection have been widely recognized in, for example, improving predictive accuracy, facilitating data visualization, reducing storage requirements, and reducing training time.


Here we propose a different approach for the design and implementation of QMFs. We first isolate a specific property of interest, like interpolation or linear phase, and then parameterize all possible rational QMFs with that property. The parameters can be used to impose additional properties or to optimize a particular design [13] .

The parameters can be used to impose additional properties or to optimize a particular design.


They lack proper knowledge of syntax and spelling rules. They also have difficulty in expressing themselves. Weakness of English language learners is also due to lack of knowledge of the school graduates when they join university. It may also be because of curriculum as well as teaching methodologies. No environment of English language and poor motivation level can also be a cause of weakness of English language (Khan, 2011) .

No environment of English language and poor motivation level can also be a cause of weakness of English language.