A single-case within-subject experimental (A/B/C) design was used for evaluating treatment effects on the reported anxiety levels of each participant. The A phase was baseline; B phase was treatment; and C phase was maintenance/follow-up. Standardised repeated measures of anxiety were collected during each phase and the participants were required to self-monitor their anxiety-related behaviours daily. They were not required to self-monitor during phase C to control for the potential therapeutic effects of self-monitoring alone (Barlow, Hayes, & Nelson, 1984) .

They were not required to self-monitor during phase C to control for the potential therapeutic effects of self-monitoring alone.


Finally, there have been calls for more accounts of the application of behavior analysis in the treatment of 'everyday' clinical problems beyond its more popular use in specialised populations such as individuals with developmental disabilities (Friman, 2010) . Anxiety and depression occur frequently enough to be considered the 'common-colds' of clinical psychology. This report of BATA therapy supports its use in everyday, typical clinical settings with chronic adult anxiety sufferers.

Finally, there have been calls for more accounts of the application of behavior analysis in the treatment of 'everyday' clinical problems beyond its more popular use in specialised populations such as individuals with developmental disabilities.


Although this study failed to demonstrate some of the previously reported associations between baseline biochemical parameters and survival, it has clearly shown that changes of some of these parameters (serum creatinine, blood urea and serum calcium) during the follow-up period had a negative impact on survival. In dialysis patients, the serum creatinine concentration relates to nutritional status and reflects somatic protein stores, muscle mass and dietary protein intake. Hence, low serum creatinine levels have been shown to be highly predictive of mortality in HD patients [31] [32] [33] . As confirmed before, mortality risk in this study was associated with lower relative change in serum creatinine levels after one year, that is, less increase in serum creatinine level over one year of follow-up. Each 1% increase in the relative change of serum creatinine level was associated with 3% increase in survival. Low serum creatinine levels reflect small muscle mass or malnutrition; factors which have been shown to be associated with comorbidity [7, 11, [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] . It is worth noting that the change in serum creatinine level over time may be more important than absolute values, since well-nourished well-dialyzed patients may have relatively lower serum creatinine levels than similar patients undergoing inadequate dialysis.

Hence, low serum creatinine levels have been shown to be highly predictive of mortality in HD patients.

Low serum creatinine levels reflect small muscle mass or malnutrition; factors which have been shown to be associated with comorbidity.


In the present investigation high DBP was found to be an independent risk factor for mortality. The risk of death was increased by 9% per one mmHg increase in the DBP. However, some authors found that low rather than high DBP predicts mortality [30] . A third group of authors described a U-shape relationship between DBP The final architecture that reached optimal results consisted of 3 layers and 11 nodes (4-6-1 design), i.e, 4 variables (grey triangles on the left) in the input layer, 6 nodes (grey circles) in the hidden layer and one node (grey triangle on the right) in the output layer and survival in HD [28] . Indeed, high DBP is a risk factor for CVD and late mortality, while low DBP identifies patients with advanced CVD and hence implicates a higher risk of early mortality.

However, some authors found that low rather than high DBP predicts mortality.

A third group of authors described a U-shape relationship between DBP The final architecture that reached optimal results consisted of 3 layers and 11 nodes (4-6-1 design), i.e, 4 variables (grey triangles on the left) in the input layer, 6 nodes (grey circles) in the hidden layer and one node (grey triangle on the right) in the output layer and survival in HD.


However, the distributed nature of these systems makes it difficult to develop an architecture that correctly models a swarm and coordinates it to perform complex tasks. In order to design a swarm behaviour, a mathematical model must be provided for both the individual agents and the whole swarm [11, 12] . These models will be tested to evaluate 2 Abstract and Applied Analysis the performance of the swarm before its deployment in real UAVs. This is mainly because this kind of systems has emergent properties that make it difficult to predict the overall operation of the swarm when only the local behaviour of the agents is being analysed.

In order to design a swarm behaviour, a mathematical model must be provided for both the individual agents and the whole swarm.


In more detail, Acid Orange 7, a synthetic dye used for textile dyeing, has been selected in order to develop an analytical protocol using gold nanoparticles obtained by LASiS. The colloidal solutions, characterized with UV-vis spectroscopy, have been applied on a gold coated glass slide employing two different modalities. The most promising protocol has been employed for the detection of the same colorant extracted from dyed wool samples. To this aim, a micro-extraction procedure has been selected by comparing different previously published extraction approaches [25, 26] .

To this aim, a micro-extraction procedure has been selected by comparing different previously published extraction approaches.


Pazopanib is a TKi approved for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and renal cell carcinoma [8] . Pazopanib shares many tyrosine kinase targets with sunitinib, including those in the VEGF and PDGF pathways [9] . Here we report two individuals with metastatic ASPS whose tumors responded to pazopanib despite earlier progression through sunitinib and bevacizumab.

Pazopanib is a TKi approved for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and renal cell carcinoma.

Pazopanib shares many tyrosine kinase targets with sunitinib, including those in the VEGF and PDGF pathways.


In contrast, DNA-origami offers a way to manufacture structures on the required length scale with high confidence and repeatability. Actually, the use of the system has already been demonstrated as a molecular ruler for fluorescence microscopy [20] [21] [22] . There, the authors have both looked at the localization precision of single spots as well as the distance between double-emitters. However, variation of the distance between multiple nanorods has not been, to our knowledge, used to extract the true localization accuracy or for a comparison of nanoscopic measurements. Also, for the first time we report on localization accuracy for STED.

Actually, the use of the system has already been demonstrated as a molecular ruler for fluorescence microscopy.


One possible explanation for the offshore ontogenetic migration is that females move into open waters due to social factors. The social factor hypothesis states that sexual segregation may be maintained by aggression of one sex towards the other [13] . Therefore, sub-adult females could also leave inshore areas to avoid aggressive behavior of males [23] . Nevertheless, there is little information on the behavior of juvenile hammerheads in inshore areas of the Gulf of California that could support this hypothesis.

The social factor hypothesis states that sexual segregation may be maintained by aggression of one sex towards the other.

Therefore, sub-adult females could also leave inshore areas to avoid aggressive behavior of males.


Year 1 is characterised by scoping and background studies that summarise the available knowledge on the impacts and trends of climate change. This process yielded a long list of reported (potential) impacts (Oost et al. 2010) . Faced with the breath of reported impacts in the background studies for the Delta Programme, the programme team felt more focus was needed for the policy process. The team decided to prioritise the impacts for closer study in the Delta Programme for the Wadden region. The prioritisation is based firstly on its direct impact on the central goals of the Delta Programme (here, safety and, to a lesser extent, nature conservation), next on the severity of the impact and its likeliness. The impacts on human use were considered beyond the main scope of the Delta Programme for the Wadden region and are as such not explicitly targeted by adaptation planning or support studies. However, adaptation measures that are considered in the programme are to be evaluated against producing co-benefits for sustainable human use and coping with impacts of climate change on economic sectors in the region. Thus, these sectors will play a role in the assessment in later years.

This process yielded a long list of reported (potential) impacts.


COF is derived from dental mesenchymal tissue. The tumor is asymptomatic and may evolve from either a dental germ (dental papilla or follicle) or from the periodontal membrane. It is therefore related to the radical or coronal portion of teeth. To date, only 70 cases have been documented, such that COF constitutes 0.1% of all odontogenic tumors. It is so rare that age and sex distribution, as well as typical location cannot be accurately determined [2] . Because of this, there is little reliable data to support its occurrence [1] .

It is so rare that age and sex distribution, as well as typical location cannot be accurately determined.

Because of this, there is little reliable data to support its occurrence.


After the discovery of soft errors, semiconductor companies (Intel, IBM, Fujitsu, etc.), aerospace companies (Boeing, Ericsson-Saab Avionics), government organizations (Sandia National Labs, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA), and universities initiated independent research programs addressing various aspects of the problem. In 1993, neutron-induced soft errors were found in a computer on board a commercial aircraft [8] . A 256 kbit SRAM showed failures at a rate of one error per chip in 80 days. In the same year, Alan Taber from IBM and Eugene Normand from Boeing demonstrated a strong correlation of the in-flight error rates with 1-10 MeV atmospheric neutron flux [9] .

In 1993, neutron-induced soft errors were found in a computer on board a commercial aircraft.

In the same year, Alan Taber from IBM and Eugene Normand from Boeing demonstrated a strong correlation of the in-flight error rates with 1-10 MeV atmospheric neutron flux.


Interestingly, in cold conditions the inbred A661 accumulated twice as much anthocyanins as the inbred EP42, which could be explained by the induction of anthocyanin production caused by the inhibition of UPSII in A661. It is well known that anthocyanins play a protective role under photoinhibitory conditions (Pietrini et al. 2002) . The heritabilities observed for the number of survival plants and the dry weight were remarkably high compared with those observed in previous studies under similar conditions ). Low heritabilities were observed for the anthocyanin content and UPSII, indicating that these traits are strongly affected by the environment. Nevertheless, contrary to expectations, heritabilities under cold conditions for these traits were higher than those observed under control conditions (Table 1) .

It is well known that anthocyanins play a protective role under photoinhibitory conditions.


We note that most of previous studies examining the gap expansion have not demonstrated a fine-scale temporal change after disturbance by monitoring. The current study confirmed the pattern of the death of A. sachalinensis trees (uprooted, snapped and standing dead) changed gradually within a decade after the wind disturbance (Figure 4) . Therefore, the current study supports hypothesis 2: the cause of the deaths of trees following the wind disturbance changes with time. It is highly likely that direct but delayed effects of disturbance were the main contributing factors for the deaths 1-2 years later, whereas physiological or biological stresses through changes in forest stand structure was responsible for the deaths 3-7 years later (Figure 4 ; Figure 5 ). Despite the absence of strong wind during the post-disturbance period 1-2 years later (Figure 1 ), an increase in the proportion of uprooted deaths (Figure 4) suggests that root systems of some trees had been severely damaged at the time of the disturbance as a result of the tree sway by strong winds (Stokes 1999) . In contrast, in the post-disturbance period of 3-7 years, a notable increase in the proportion of standing death (Figure 4 ) and mortality of trees with lower growth rate ( Figure 5 ) suggest that the process of growth reduction triggered by the disturbance indirectly caused higher mortality during this period.

Despite the absence of strong wind during the post-disturbance period 1-2 years later (Figure 1 ), an increase in the proportion of uprooted deaths (Figure 4) suggests that root systems of some trees had been severely damaged at the time of the disturbance as a result of the tree sway by strong winds.


Epoxy resins, one of the most important thermosetting polymers, have been extensively used in coatings, electronic materials, adhesives, as matrices for advanced composites, and so on [1] [2] [3] . Among different inorganic fillers used to improve the properties of polymer matrices, titanium dioxide is one of the most investigated [4] [5] . However, commercial micrometer size inorganic pigments could have the adverse effect on the properties of crosslinked coatings, especially on adhesion of the coating to the substrate, can reduce the elasticity of the coating, its impact resistance, transparency, and resistance to abrasion and scratching and can cause delamination of the coating [6] [7] [8] [9] .

Epoxy resins, one of the most important thermosetting polymers, have been extensively used in coatings, electronic materials, adhesives, as matrices for advanced composites, and so on.

Among different inorganic fillers used to improve the properties of polymer matrices, titanium dioxide is one of the most investigated.

However, commercial micrometer size inorganic pigments could have the adverse effect on the properties of crosslinked coatings, especially on adhesion of the coating to the substrate, can reduce the elasticity of the coating, its impact resistance, transparency, and resistance to abrasion and scratching and can cause delamination of the coating.


Characterization of the TiO 2 nanoparticles TiO 2 nanoparticles in the anatase crystalline form were prepared by acid catalyzed hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide [29] . The average particle size was estimated by TEM (Figure 1 ), and it was found that the particles are roughly spherical in shape with the average particle size of 3.9 ± 0.9 nm [27] . The surface modification of TiO 2 nanoparticles was performed in order to enable the nanoparticles transfer from the aqueous to the organic phase. Three gallic acid esters with different lengths of the hydrophobic part (octyl, decyl and lauryl gallate) were used for surface modification of the synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles. Charge transfer complex (CTC) between the TiO 2 nanoparticles and formed alkyl gallates was confirmed by FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. FTIR spectra of octyl galatte, dried TiO 2 and TiO 2 nanoparticles modified with octyl gallate are shown in Figure 2 .

Characterization of the TiO 2 nanoparticles TiO 2 nanoparticles in the anatase crystalline form were prepared by acid catalyzed hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide.

The average particle size was estimated by TEM (Figure 1 ), and it was found that the particles are roughly spherical in shape with the average particle size of 3.9 ± 0.9 nm.


Discussions within an MSW program must actively seek to clarify confusion about EBP. Definitional misunderstandings are an unnecessary distraction evoking an excess of different terms for applying research to inform and guide social work practice. These terms include promising practice, practicebased evidence, evidence-informed practice, evidence-guided practice, evidence-informed treatment, research-supported treatment, research-supported interventions, and others. This plethora of terms constrains social work from fulfilling its value that research should inform and guide practice. The basis of these clarifying discussions should be that social work practice needs rigorous standards for a level of empirical support and replicability that enhances what consumers can depend upon receiving and gaining from services (Thyer, 2013; Thyer & Myers, 2010) .

The basis of these clarifying discussions should be that social work practice needs rigorous standards for a level of empirical support and replicability that enhances what consumers can depend upon receiving and gaining from services.


Within these MSW program discussions, distinctions should be made between teaching about EBP versus actually teaching specific EBPs and teaching a process in which evidence informs practice. The expertise of faculty, the availability of field sites in which an EBP can be applied, and the nature of specific EBPs will shape discussions that clarify these distinctions. Some EBPs such as motivational interviewing fit easily into any social work practice in almost any setting. Other EBPs like MST require more organizational adjustments to support their implementation. And therein lies another key to bridging this perpetual divide between research and practice in social work and in MSW curricula. Far too much of the discussion about EBP assumes that the social worker is an independent practitioner rather than an employee providing service within an organization's program model. Increasingly, major funding sources require organizations to identify a specific EBP as its service model (Thyer, 2013; Thyer & Myers, 2010; Zlotnik, 2007) .

Increasingly, major funding sources require organizations to identify a specific EBP as its service model.


Discussions about teaching or adopting EBPs must also address and correct misunderstandings, such as the all-toocommon belief that EBP constrains practitioner creativity. Motivational interviewing, one of the more frequently taught EBPs identified by MSW program leaders in this study, offers a creative means of engagement, assessment, and planning in any social work policy or practice setting. Further, recent work on the common elements approach to EBP may dissuade all but the most ardent critics regarding practitioner creativity (Barth et al., 2014; Bellamy et al., 2013; Rotheram-Borus, Swendeman, & Chorpita, 2012) . Finally, even well-defined, manualized, and tested collaborative practices like MST depend upon practitioner creativity in engaging families and other participants in assessment and in design of individualized interventions ). Another common misunderstanding that emerged in MSW program leader responses to this survey included a perceived lack of testing specific EBPs with populations most often served in social work settings, especially in serving those with co-occurring disorders or complex unmet needs. However, many welltested EBPs (e.g., MST, structural family therapy, CBT, and trauma-informed care) have a well-established foundation of effective practice addressing complex situations and co-occurring disorders with diverse populations (Schoenwald, Heiblum, Saldana, & Henggeler, 2008) .

Further, recent work on the common elements approach to EBP may dissuade all but the most ardent critics regarding practitioner creativity.

However, many welltested EBPs (e.g., MST, structural family therapy, CBT, and trauma-informed care) have a well-established foundation of effective practice addressing complex situations and co-occurring disorders with diverse populations.


This article presents results from an exploration of the extent to which EBPs are taught in North American Masters of Social Work (MSW) curricula. It was inspired by findings from a Consortium-related survey of community-based behavioral health care programs that revealed a significant perception by 589 North American administrators and clinical supervisors that graduate-level practitioners were not prepared to enter an evidence-based workforce (Barwick, 2011) . These administrators and supervisors were responsible for selection of staff, most of whom had earned MSW degrees. They reported that basic abilities necessary for EBP, such as knowing how to search for and critically evaluate professional literature, were often not in the repertoire of knowledge and skills of graduate-level clinicians they hired and that these abilities had to be developed through in-service training and coaching. Respondents were also asked about the extent to which their service organization had worked with academic programs to discuss the extent of graduate preparation. Only 25% of the 589 respondents in Barwick's study indicated this did occur, while 36% said this did not occur, and 39% were uncertain. Of those indicating there was contact between their organization and graduate degree programs, 45% indicated the purpose of contact was to secure practicum placements, and only a small proportion addressed curriculum recommendations (16%), intern competencies (15%), or development of course assignments (2%).

It was inspired by findings from a Consortium-related survey of community-based behavioral health care programs that revealed a significant perception by 589 North American administrators and clinical supervisors that graduate-level practitioners were not prepared to enter an evidence-based workforce.


In the electrospinning process, the positive electrode which has a high voltage power supply is attached to a capillary tube, while the negative electrode is connected to a conductive collector. In this case, the polymeric fluid is drawn many times before reaching the collector due to the existence of the potential difference between the collector and the needle tip [11] . Throughout the process, the droplet shape at the end of the capillary tube is altered from a circular to a conical one, which is called a Taylor cone [12] . With increasing electric field, the polymeric jet originates from the Taylor cone and traveled in a direct route for few seconds, known as stable zone. After passing the stable zone, the discharged polymer solution jet undergoes bending and whipping instabilities, which make the jet draw many times before collecting on the target and producing fibers of a nanometric scale [13] .

In this case, the polymeric fluid is drawn many times before reaching the collector due to the existence of the potential difference between the collector and the needle tip.

Throughout the process, the droplet shape at the end of the capillary tube is altered from a circular to a conical one, which is called a Taylor cone.

After passing the stable zone, the discharged polymer solution jet undergoes bending and whipping instabilities, which make the jet draw many times before collecting on the target and producing fibers of a nanometric scale.


Recently, however, the ΛCDM paradigm is challenged by the findings of possible tensions among different observations. In particular, there seems to be a rather clear tension in the estimate of the Hubble constant, H 0 , In other words, the Hubble constant measured locally is higher than the value inferred from the Planck CMB observation based on the ΛCDM model. The recent improved analysis of the local measurements of H 0 strengthened the tension to be 4.4σ [2] . While it is not trivial to entirely remove the H 0 tension by introducing new physics without invoking other tensions, there are several ways that can ameliorate the tension [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . One of such extensions is to introduce new relativistic particles, the so-called dark radiation. It is customary to express the amount of dark radiation in terms of the extra neutrino species, ∆N eff . One needs ∆N eff 0.5 to reduce the H 0 tension significantly [7] .

The recent improved analysis of the local measurements of H 0 strengthened the tension to be 4.4σ.

While it is not trivial to entirely remove the H 0 tension by introducing new physics without invoking other tensions, there are several ways that can ameliorate the tension.

One needs ∆N eff 0.5 to reduce the H 0 tension significantly.


This paper makes two contributions that build on Doubletree, to improve the efficiency and reduce the impact of probing. First, a potential obstacle to Doubletree's implementation is the considerable communication overhead entailed in sharing path information. Sec. 3 shows how the overhead can be reduced through the use of Bloom filters [11] . Second, any system in which every monitor traces routes towards every destination has inherent scaling problems. Sec. 4 examines those problems, and shows how capping the number of monitors per destination and dividing the monitors into clusters, each cluster focusing on a different destination list, enables a skitter-like system to avoid appearing to destinations like a DDoS attack. We discuss related and future work in Sec. 5.

Sec. 3 shows how the overhead can be reduced through the use of Bloom filters.


This paper addresses an area, efficient measurement of the overall internet topology, in which very little related work has been done. This is in contrast to the number of papers on efficient monitoring of networks that are in a single administrative domain (see for instance, Bejerano and Rastogi's work [18] ). The two problems are extremely different. An administrator knows their entire network topology in advance, and can freely choose where to place their monitors. Neither of these assumptions hold for monitoring the internet with screen saver based software. Since the existing literature is based upon these assumptions, we need to look elsewhere for solutions.

This is in contrast to the number of papers on efficient monitoring of networks that are in a single administrative domain (see for instance, Bejerano and Rastogi's work).


Although the causative factor for the sustained cytokine production in RA is not fully clear, autoantibodies and their immune complexes may play a central role in this process. Previous data have shown that both complexes of anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) induce robust cytokine production from human macrophages [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . This effect is mediated by the cross-linking of Fcγ receptor IIa on macrophages, representing a strong activation signal for cytokine release [6] . Newer data suggest that macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-primed macrophages are particularly sensitive to immune complex-mediated cytokine production, an observation that is also reflected by the local milieu in the synovial membrane of patients with RA, where large amounts of M-CSF are present [5, 10] . The leading role of autoantibodies in triggering cytokine release in patients with RA is also reflected by clinical observations which show that patients with RA with autoantibodies exhibit a more severe disease course [1] .

Previous data have shown that both complexes of anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) induce robust cytokine production from human macrophages.

This effect is mediated by the cross-linking of Fcγ receptor IIa on macrophages, representing a strong activation signal for cytokine release.

Newer data suggest that macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-primed macrophages are particularly sensitive to immune complex-mediated cytokine production, an observation that is also reflected by the local milieu in the synovial membrane of patients with RA, where large amounts of M-CSF are present.

The leading role of autoantibodies in triggering cytokine release in patients with RA is also reflected by clinical observations which show that patients with RA with autoantibodies exhibit a more severe disease course.


In our data, never married women had worse disease features even compared with distressed married women. Cultural, social, behavioral and religious characteristics and particularities in Arab societies may explain our results [12] . Also, the negative impact of spinsterhood on patients' QoL has been reported previously in RA patients [1, 13] . Limitations in basic function in RA patients can undermine well-being and contribute to poor QoL, perpetuating limitations in important social roles and functions of daily life and increasing disability that, in turn may engender poor mental and physical health [1, 13] .

Cultural, social, behavioral and religious characteristics and particularities in Arab societies may explain our results.

Also, the negative impact of spinsterhood on patients' QoL has been reported previously in RA patients.

Limitations in basic function in RA patients can undermine well-being and contribute to poor QoL, perpetuating limitations in important social roles and functions of daily life and increasing disability that, in turn may engender poor mental and physical health.


In austenitic steels, the dislocation structure development follows a similar trend (straight lined structure-irregular structure-tangles-cell walls), however, the cell structure forms at higher strains and the deformation twining may take place. In austenitic 8.3 wt% Mn steel deformed at room temperature, the dislocation tangles and cell structure formation were observed at 20 % strain; twin formation took place after 30 % strain and deformation bands appeared after 60 % strain (no austenite to martensite transformation was observed in this work) [22] . In 18 wt% Mn-18 Cr-2 Mo-0.9N austenitic stainless steel deformed at room temperature, the twin formation (in addition to straight lined dislocations) was observed after 5 % strain; the dislocation tangles developed between the twins by 15 % strain and the dislocation cell structure developed by 45 % strain [23] . In 21.2 wt% Ni-23.8 Cr-5.5 Mo-3.7 Mn-2.4 W-0.47N austenitic stainless steel deformed at room temperature the regular straight lined dislocation structure developed below 5 % strain; the dislocation cell structure appeared by 20 % strain; the dislocation slip dominated as the major deformation mechanism until 35 % strain; above 35 % strain the twinning deformation mechanism operated [24] . This behaviour seemed being independent of strain rate up to 2500 s -1 , but was dependent on temperature: twin structure developed faster (at lower strains) with a decrease in temperature. In 16.3 wt% Ni-10.2 Cr-2.01 Mo-0.11N austenitic stainless steel with an increase in test temperature to 200°C, the dislocation slip was the main deformation mechanism up to 50 % strain; the twin formation was not observed, although some staking faults (which are considered being the precursors for twinning) were present [25] . In 9 wt% Ni-18 Cr austenitic stainless steel deformed in the temperature range of 300-800°C in the strain rate range of 2000-6000 s -1 up to 50 % strain, no twin formation was observed; the dislocation cell structure developed by 15 % strain; with an increase in temperature and a decrease in strain rate, the dislocation density decreased and the cell size increased [26] . In 15.8 wt% Mn-21.4 Cr-1.8 Ni-0.65N steel deformed at 850°C, the cell structure was also observed after 15 % strain; with an increase in strain the dislocation density increased and the cell size decreased; no twins were observed even after 60 % strain at 850°C. However, twins were present after 60 % strain at 800°C [27] . Straining of this steel to 60 % at 900°C resulted in formation of the recrystallised microstructure: grains with a high variation in the dislocation density and recrystallisation twins were observed.

In austenitic 8.3 wt% Mn steel deformed at room temperature, the dislocation tangles and cell structure formation were observed at 20 % strain; twin formation took place after 30 % strain and deformation bands appeared after 60 % strain (no austenite to martensite transformation was observed in this work).

In 18 wt% Mn-18 Cr-2 Mo-0.9N austenitic stainless steel deformed at room temperature, the twin formation (in addition to straight lined dislocations) was observed after 5 % strain; the dislocation tangles developed between the twins by 15 % strain and the dislocation cell structure developed by 45 % strain.

In 21.2 wt% Ni-23.8 Cr-5.5 Mo-3.7 Mn-2.4 W-0.47N austenitic stainless steel deformed at room temperature the regular straight lined dislocation structure developed below 5 % strain; the dislocation cell structure appeared by 20 % strain; the dislocation slip dominated as the major deformation mechanism until 35 % strain; above 35 % strain the twinning deformation mechanism operated.

In 16.3 wt% Ni-10.2 Cr-2.01 Mo-0.11N austenitic stainless steel with an increase in test temperature to 200°C, the dislocation slip was the main deformation mechanism up to 50 % strain; the twin formation was not observed, although some staking faults (which are considered being the precursors for twinning) were present.

In 9 wt% Ni-18 Cr austenitic stainless steel deformed in the temperature range of 300-800°C in the strain rate range of 2000-6000 s -1 up to 50 % strain, no twin formation was observed; the dislocation cell structure developed by 15 % strain; with an increase in temperature and a decrease in strain rate, the dislocation density decreased and the cell size increased.

However, twins were present after 60 % strain at 800°C.


During the finishing deformation, the average dislocation density increased in all alloys following generation of new dislocations (Table 2) ; however, the relative and absolute increments in dislocation density varied with alloy composition. The relative increase in dislocation density followed a variation in the \20 nm particle number density: the highest in alloy H, and the lowest in alloy M. This indicates the role of small particles in development of dislocation structure: immobilisation of dislocations by small particles enhances the generation of new dislocations. An enhanced work hardening due to presence of small particles was observed earlier in some ferritic steels [21, 51] . The highest absolute increase in the average dislocation density was observed in alloy L, which can be explained by a more homogeneous dislocation distribution in this alloy due to the absence of large particles.

An enhanced work hardening due to presence of small particles was observed earlier in some ferritic steels.


Traditional economic appraisal techniques such as Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) are somewhat limited in their effectiveness in handling the type of non-probabilistic uncertainties associated with projections of future climate change (Turner et al., 2007; Watkiss et al., 2015) . Furthermore, adaptation decisions such as those associated with infrastructure may not always need to be "all-or-nothing" investments, and as long as some flexibility in construction design exists they can be characterised as choices along defined continua of costs, risks and benefits that change over time. Thus, decision analysis is likely to be improved if it can explicitly incorporate the uncertainty of future conditions in estimating the economic value of adaptation investments. It is also important to recognise that these uncertainties may diminish over time as a result of improvements in forecasting techniques and availability of observational data. In this case, a more dynamic form of decision-making may be beneficial (Mun, 2002) .

Traditional economic appraisal techniques such as Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) are somewhat limited in their effectiveness in handling the type of non-probabilistic uncertainties associated with projections of future climate change.

In this case, a more dynamic form of decision-making may be beneficial.


Aegilops speltoides is a putative B genome donor of wheat and it should be feasible to introgress HT tolerance from this species into wheat by direct crosses and backcrosses (Gill et al., 2008) . Similarly, A. geniculata is easily hybridized with wheat. Surprisingly, there is considerable homeologous pairing between A. geniculata and wheat chromosomes (Gill et al., 2008) . Several genes have been transferred from A. geniculata into wheat presumably as a result of spontaneous pairing (Kuraparthy et al., 2007) . Thus, the HT tolerant A. speltoides and A. geniculata species, identifi ed in this study, can be utilized in wheat breeding programs to develop modern high yielding cultivars with HT tolerance.

Aegilops speltoides is a putative B genome donor of wheat and it should be feasible to introgress HT tolerance from this species into wheat by direct crosses and backcrosses.

Surprisingly, there is considerable homeologous pairing between A. geniculata and wheat chromosomes.

Several genes have been transferred from A. geniculata into wheat presumably as a result of spontaneous pairing.


Using a Self-Mixing Interferometry (SMI) system to measure metrological quantities such as velocity, vibration, displacement and absolute distance, is a new emerging sensing technique [1] [2] [3] . Comparing to commercial sensors with similar functions, SMI based sensing system is low-cost, self-aligned and simple to implement. Due to these merits, it has been drawing many researchers' attention [4] [5] [6] . The principle of SMI is based on self-mixing (SM) effect. It occurs when a small portion of laser beam is back-scattered or reflected by an external target and re-enters into the laser active cavity. The SM effect results in modulation on both amplitude and frequency of the emitted laser power. The modulated laser power, we call it as a Self-Mixing Signal (SMS).

Using a Self-Mixing Interferometry (SMI) system to measure metrological quantities such as velocity, vibration, displacement and absolute distance, is a new emerging sensing technique.

Due to these merits, it has been drawing many researchers' attention.


As is well known, the properties of turbulent cascades strongly depend on the dimension of space. In homogeneous isotropic 3-D turbulence, energy injected at large scales is transferred, by non-linear interactions, to small scales in a direct energy cascade (Frisch 1995) . In the two-dimensional (2-D) Navier-Stokes equations both energy and enstrophy are inviscid invariants and this fact constrains the energy transfer to be from small to large scales in an inverse energy cascade (Boffetta & Ecke 2012) . When Ro is lowered below a certain threshold value Ro c in a rotating turbulent flow, a transition is encountered where the flow becomes quasi-2-D and an inverse cascade develops. In this state, part of the injected energy cascades to larger scales and another part to smaller scales, forming what is referred to as a split or bidirectional cascade (Alexakis & Biferale 2018) . In the absence of effective large-scale damping, this inverse cascade can lead to the formation of a condensate in which the energy is concentrated at the largest scale.

In homogeneous isotropic 3-D turbulence, energy injected at large scales is transferred, by non-linear interactions, to small scales in a direct energy cascade.

In the two-dimensional (2-D) Navier-Stokes equations both energy and enstrophy are inviscid invariants and this fact constrains the energy transfer to be from small to large scales in an inverse energy cascade.

In this state, part of the injected energy cascades to larger scales and another part to smaller scales, forming what is referred to as a split or bidirectional cascade.


Comparison of bulk DOC and molecular level results. The DOC concentration in streams L and M estimated from the ESI-MS data and directly measured were similar (ESI estimated and directly measured: 8.7 and 6.7 and 9.7 and 8.9 mmol C L Ϫ1 for streams L and M, respectively). Estimating DOC concentrations from the ESI-MS data involved a number of assumptions, as was discussed above; as such, interpretation of our DOC concentrations from the ESI-MS data must be viewed with caution. However, the reasonably good agreement with direct measurements of DOC concentrations suggests that the ESI-MS approach is not missing a large component of the complex mixture of organic compounds in the stream water. In a similar comparison with rain, DOC concentrations measured directly (HTC) and estimated from ESI-MS data were not statistically different (Seitzinger et al. 2003) .

In a similar comparison with rain, DOC concentrations measured directly (HTC) and estimated from ESI-MS data were not statistically different.


Recent advances in techniques to characterize microbial communities are providing new insights into the diversity of these communities, their variation in space and time, and which bacteria or groups of bacteria are active (Hiorns et al. 1997; Crump et al. 1999; Cottrell and Kirchman 2000; Bouvier and del Giorgio 2002) . Moving beyond the utilization of simple organic monomers or model compounds (e.g., chitin or specific proteins) has been hampered by the lack of analytical methods to measure the majority of DOM compounds in fresh or marine waters. Using ESI-MS analyses of the stream bioavailability experiment, we begin to address the following fundamental issues: whether all DOM compounds are used equally or whether only some compounds are used and others are not, patterns of utilization with molecular weight, and repeatability in the pattern of which compounds are used or not used.

Recent advances in techniques to characterize microbial communities are providing new insights into the diversity of these communities, their variation in space and time, and which bacteria or groups of bacteria are active.


Bioavailability of DOM in streams-A considerable body of knowledge exists concerning resource utilization in higher organisms (e.g., resource partitioning in fishes and size-selective feeding by zooplankton), selective grazing of bacteria by protozoa, and differences in uptake kinetics of inorganic nutrients by phytoplankton. This has led to the development and testing of ecological theories to explain the spatial and temporal dynamics of community composition and energy flow. In sharp contrast to higher organisms, little is known about the potentially complex dynamics of bacterial utilization of the large reservoir of uncharacterized organic carbon (Cottrell and Kirchman 2000; Bouvier and del Giorgio 2002) .

In sharp contrast to higher organisms, little is known about the potentially complex dynamics of bacterial utilization of the large reservoir of uncharacterized organic carbon.


Chemical characterization of DOM in stream water-Occurrence of compounds. Approximately 1,500 masses were detected in each stream (Table 2) . Despite the complexity of the DOM, there appeared to be considerable similarity between these two streams in the mixture of DOM compounds, as indicated by the number of masses, molecular weight range, and patterns in ion abundance ( Fig. 1; Table 2 ). Many of the masses that occurred in stream L occurred in stream M; ϳ70% of the masses detected were common to both streams ( Fig. 2A) . To our knowledge, this is the first comparison at the compound level of the suite of compounds in the DOM pool between aquatic systems. As was noted above, given the unit mass resolution of our analyses, we cannot be certain, however, that the same mass in one stream represents the same compound (or set of compounds) in the other stream. The apparent similarity between the two streams at the compound level is consistent with the similarity in broad structural features of DOM in rivers. For example, the composition of dissolved total neutral sugars (free monosaccharides and combined saccharides) in rivers from geographically diverse locations is similar (Gremm and Kaplan 1997) . The composition of neutral sugars as well as the ratio of total carbohydrates : acetate : lipid in the high-molecular-weight fraction of DOM from three rivers and two lakes were similar (Repeta et al. 2002) .

For example, the composition of dissolved total neutral sugars (free monosaccharides and combined saccharides) in rivers from geographically diverse locations is similar.

The composition of neutral sugars as well as the ratio of total carbohydrates : acetate : lipid in the high-molecular-weight fraction of DOM from three rivers and two lakes were similar.


Cognitive rehabilitation is still in its infancy, but the results of studies in the field are quite promising. In a recent meta-analytic review of twenty studies (follow-up of several weeks to months) by Cochrane, cognitive training alone (computer-assisted or paper-pencil tasks with or without memory help such as keeping a diary) was found to improve memory span and working memory; however, more benefits with attention, immediate verbal memory and delayed memory were added when this was done in conjunction with neuropsychological rehabilitation methods (for example, those based on cognitive behavioral therapy and stress management) (Rosti-Otajärvi & Hämäläinen, 2014) . Neurorehabilitation in MS seems to be accompanied by brain activation changes, implying that neuroplasticity could be the major culprit (Penner et al., 2007) . Interestingly, these changes follow a U-shaped frequency, meaning that MS patients in neurorehabilitation with too little or too much cognitive dysfunction are less likely to benefit from the compensation (Penner et al., 2007) .

In a recent meta-analytic review of twenty studies (follow-up of several weeks to months) by Cochrane, cognitive training alone (computer-assisted or paper-pencil tasks with or without memory help such as keeping a diary) was found to improve memory span and working memory; however, more benefits with attention, immediate verbal memory and delayed memory were added when this was done in conjunction with neuropsychological rehabilitation methods (for example, those based on cognitive behavioral therapy and stress management).

Neurorehabilitation in MS seems to be accompanied by brain activation changes, implying that neuroplasticity could be the major culprit.

Interestingly, these changes follow a U-shaped frequency, meaning that MS patients in neurorehabilitation with too little or too much cognitive dysfunction are less likely to benefit from the compensation.


The study was conducted at the outpatient neurological clinic of NIMTS hospital in Athens, Greece from January to July 2014. The study protocol was approved by the hospital's Scientific and Ethics Committee and was consistent with the Declaration of Helsinki. All eligible participants gave their written informed consent before study entry. All patients had the diagnosis of MS according to the McDonald criteria and were on immunomodulatory treatment (McDonald et al., 2001) . Inclusion criteria were age between 21 and 65 years, residency in Athens, relapsing-remitting MS and low physical disability as determined by an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of below 4.0 (Kurtzke, 1983) . Exclusion criteria were relapse during the last month, comorbidity with a major psychiatric disease (i.e., psychosis, major depression, or substance abuse), participating in psychotherapeutic or other stress management therapies and inability to read or write. Eligible patients were randomized to two groups, the intervention and the control groups, using random numbers generated by an online generator (www.random.org). The follow-up period was twelve weeks, and both the patients and the researchers remained non-blinded to assignment and measurements.

All patients had the diagnosis of MS according to the McDonald criteria and were on immunomodulatory treatment.

Inclusion criteria were age between 21 and 65 years, residency in Athens, relapsing-remitting MS and low physical disability as determined by an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of below 4.0.


It is proved that the pit shaped micro wear marks seen on teeth are generally formed as a result of abrasion (the contact of teeth with foods) and hard substances which require more chewing [20, 25, 27] . There found more pit percent on teeth of carnivores which feed with hard foods and consume small vertebrates and gastropods in comparison with the teeth of carnivores which feed soft foods and consume caterpillars or fleshy parts of vertebrates [27] . In addition, there found high level of pits and less scratch on teeth of the routinely bone consumers such as hyena [28] . As for the scratch shaped micro wear marks seen on teeth; it is determined that they are largely formed as a result of atrision and consumption of softer foods. The truth that the formation of these marks is caused by fitolits or dust and dirt particles is accepted by most researchers [29, 30] .

It is proved that the pit shaped micro wear marks seen on teeth are generally formed as a result of abrasion (the contact of teeth with foods) and hard substances which require more chewing.

There found more pit percent on teeth of carnivores which feed with hard foods and consume small vertebrates and gastropods in comparison with the teeth of carnivores which feed soft foods and consume caterpillars or fleshy parts of vertebrates.

In addition, there found high level of pits and less scratch on teeth of the routinely bone consumers such as hyena.

The truth that the formation of these marks is caused by fitolits or dust and dirt particles is accepted by most researchers.


When the effect of sex on the formation of micro wear marks on teeth is examined, there did not found a notable difference that shows various diets between sexes. In micro wear studies carried out on human teeth, there are not many topics dealing with sex factor. Schmidt stated in the study, in which the feeding habits of Indiana prehistoric societies are investigated, that sex is not an effective factor on micro wear marks [33] . It is also determined with the studies carried out on hominoids and some primate species that micro figures do not differentiate between sexes [3, 17] . The truth that sex is not a significant factor on micro wear marks is also reported in the study of four Anatolian societies-Aşıklıhöyük, Ikiztepe, Oylumhöyük and Çatalhöyük-carried out by Boz [1] .

Schmidt stated in the study, in which the feeding habits of Indiana prehistoric societies are investigated, that sex is not an effective factor on micro wear marks.

It is also determined with the studies carried out on hominoids and some primate species that micro figures do not differentiate between sexes.

The truth that sex is not a significant factor on micro wear marks is also reported in the study of four Anatolian societies-Aşıklıhöyük, Ikiztepe, Oylumhöyük and Çatalhöyük-carried out by Boz.


Differences of pit sizes indicate the variety of foods that cause these pits. Size and form of pits are proportionate with the size and form of foods and amount of the vertical pressure [28] . When the teeth of the investigated communities are considered, differences on the sizes of the marks are found despite the number of pits is more than the number of scratches. When the pit sizes are examined within the frame of analyses carried out, it is seen that data of Güllüdere and Minnetpınarı, eastern societies, are clustered as they have approximate values. On the other hand, when the data of Kyzikos and Agora of Smyrna, western societies are considered, the pits in Agora of Smyrna are recognized wider while the pits in Kyzikos are narrower.

Size and form of pits are proportionate with the size and form of foods and amount of the vertical pressure.


The traditional design of highly linear wireless transmitters critically impacts the overall power efficiency of the system [3] . In particular, power amplifiers (PAs) based on semiconductor transistors polarized in class A, AB or B are linear only when driven at lower power levels. On the other hand, to optimize its power efficiency, the PA must operate near its maximum power, at strong gain compression, producing non-negligible nonlinear distortions. Therefore, to comply with the linearity requirements, the PA efficiency is very poor. This has serious consequences, especially because the PA is the circuit that consumes the largest amount of energy in the wireless communication system. Thus, a lot of effort is been pushed toward high efficiency, especially for extending the battery autonomy in handsets and relaxing the demand for heat dissipation in base-stations [4, 5] .

The traditional design of highly linear wireless transmitters critically impacts the overall power efficiency of the system.

Thus, a lot of effort is been pushed toward high efficiency, especially for extending the battery autonomy in handsets and relaxing the demand for heat dissipation in base-stations.


Linearity is an obligatory requirement in modern cellular systems [1] . Indeed, the providers of cellular services can only comply with the agreed high data rates and acceptable levels of quality if rigorous linearity specifications are completely satisfied. The frequency spectrum is shared among a large set of completely different applications, and therefore, the bandwidth allocated to cellular systems is very narrow. In this context, a fundamental concern is the adoption of a strategy to allow for an efficient use of the bandwidth, in the sense of achieving higher data rates in the fixed available bandwidth. Actually, a significant augment in the rate of data transmission is possible if, besides the phase, the amplitude of a radio frequency (RF) carrier signal is also allowed to be changed as a function of the information signal [2] . However, an amplitude modulated RF carrier demands for linearity. While the information signal preserves its bandwidth when applied to a linear operator, the same is not true when it is subject to a nonlinear operator. This is because nonlinear operators can give rise to non-negligible contributions at frequencies not excited by the applied input information signal. As a consequence, the bandwidth of an amplitude modulated RF carrier signal can be widened after the signal is processed thought any nonlinearity. The bandwidth widening dramatically deteriorates the system quality because neighbor users will interfere with each other.

Linearity is an obligatory requirement in modern cellular systems.

Actually, a significant augment in the rate of data transmission is possible if, besides the phase, the amplitude of a radio frequency (RF) carrier signal is also allowed to be changed as a function of the information signal.


Currently, our research group has struggled greatly to develop rosemary's phytopharmaceuticals intermediate products with greater aggregate value by spray drying (Couto et al., 2012a) . The operating variables set up demonstrated an effect on the chemical profile and in vitro antioxidant activity of spray-dried rosemary extracts (SDRE). From a phytopharmaceutical technology point of view, besides the physicochemical quality control and biological activity assessments, determining the effects of spray drying process variables in the drying performance and physicomechanical properties of the products, is a starting point for the full and accurate validation and scale-up of rosemary's powder technology process.

Currently, our research group has struggled greatly to develop rosemary's phytopharmaceuticals intermediate products with greater aggregate value by spray drying.


The composite indices are inversely associated with incident hip fracture in community-dwelling Caucasian women [32] . We hypothesize that race/ethnic differences in fracture risk are mostly due to differences in bone strength relative to load (and less due to race/ethnic differences in fall risk) and postulate that the composite indices of femoral neck strength will allow hip fracture risk stratification in an ethnicity-independent manner. Thus, we propose that composite indices of hip strength could allow hip fracture risk assessment in individuals of unclear/mixed ethnicity and in under-represented race/ethnic groups that do not have a BMD reference database. The ideal test of this thesis would be to evaluate whether composite hip strength indices predict fractures in a sample of persons from diverse ethic/racial backgrounds. However, as an interim step, construct validity of the idea would be supported if inter-ethnic differences in composite strength indices were consistent with known inter-ethnic differences in hip fracture risk. This study was designed to test this latter contention.

The composite indices are inversely associated with incident hip fracture in community-dwelling Caucasian women.


In this paper, we introduce certain classes of caps for contact 3-manifolds to unify several known finiteness results into a single picture. Along the way, we will give some alternative proofs for these known results and try to strengthen them. All contact manifolds in this paper are assumed to be dimension three and have co-oriented contact structures. We remark that since [(ω, α)] is a relative class, [c 1 (P )] · [(ω, α)] is welldefined. Stein fillings of a non-prime contact 3-manifold always split as the boundary connected sum of Stein fillings of its prime pieces ( [12] , [15] ). Therefore, prime contact 3-manifolds are sufficient for the study of the finiteness properties of Stein fillings. We would like to point out that to the best of our knowledge, all known finite type prime contact 3-manifolds have a uniruled cap. For example, any planar contact 3-manifold admits a uniruled cap (see Corollary 2.11) .

Stein fillings of a non-prime contact 3-manifold always split as the boundary connected sum of Stein fillings of its prime pieces (,).


In order to make a differentiation between hip and spine originated hip pain there have been a few studies about the usefulness of local anesthetic with(out) corticosteroid hip infiltrations, to differentiate intra-articular causes of hip pain from spinal causes [4] [5] [6] [7] . To our knowledge, there have been no studies about the usefulness of local spine infiltrations to differentiate hip and spine originated hip pain. However, infiltration of every patient with atypical hip pain for possible coexistent lumbar spine osteoarthritis would be counterproductive and costly. Preoperative identification of factors associated with hip pain arising from the lumbar spine would aid the physician by identifying the subgroup of patients who might not experience full relief of pain with a hip arthroplasty.

In order to make a differentiation between hip and spine originated hip pain there have been a few studies about the usefulness of local anesthetic with(out) corticosteroid hip infiltrations, to differentiate intra-articular causes of hip pain from spinal causes.


We acknowledge several important limitations. This was a single-center, prospective study, including a limited number of patients. Moreover, the question arises whether at least some of the oliguric patients without an increase in sCr did actually have AKI, or whether they were oliguric for some other reason (for example, their hydration status). While no statistical significance was found, patients with AKI defined by urine output criteria received more intravenous fluids than patients with AKI defined by sCr, a measure that could possibly have prevented further deterioration of renal function. Our findings suggest that for mild AKI the patients' urine output criteria do not match well with the patients' respective sCr criteria, as noted by the lack of significant sCr elevation in the majority of them. These findings confirm prior observations that urine output criteria resulted in nearly twice the amount of patients diagnosed with AKI, compared to the use of sCr [21, 22] . Patients having AKI defined by urine output criteria had a higher estimated glomerular filtration rate compared with those in the sCr group, which may have led to potential bias.

These findings confirm prior observations that urine output criteria resulted in nearly twice the amount of patients diagnosed with AKI, compared to the use of sCr.


The first step of the process was to determine initial loads. These loads are based on assumed loads that are commonly found in a vehicle such as passengers, the power train and the other components. The structure loads are found based on existing analysis of the SSS method and can be found in Table 1 . The initial analysis generates the loads that are applied. The next step is to determine uniform radius values for each of the elements that will yield sufficient torsion stiffness (12000Nm/ radian) for the initial applied loads [24] . This uniform radius will be used to determine the radius values, m, that are used as part of the process. The resulting uniform radius was found to be 15mm. This uniform radius is used to calculate the original torsion stiffness and weight that are used for the filtering process later. The initial torsion stiffness was found to be 12475Nm/radian and the initial weight was found to be 2225N, these results are based on the uniform radius of 15millimetres. As the weight of the structure changes the load applied to the structure will change and for this reason the load needs to be re-calculated before performing the analysis at each iteration during the data generation step. This gives a ratio between the torsion stiffness and structure weight of 5.77. A three level design was utilized, m= 3, and the radius values used are 7.5mm which is half the initial value, 30mm which is twice the initial value, and finally 18.75millimetres which is halfway between the two extremes. The performance of the numeric method was evaluated by comparing the results with an analytical approach where possible as well as commercial FEA software. A sample of the displacement result from the commercial solver is shown below.

The next step is to determine uniform radius values for each of the elements that will yield sufficient torsion stiffness (12000Nm/ radian) for the initial applied loads.


The analysis and optimization of the beam-frame structure is a multi-step process. The first step is to determine appropriate loads to be applied to the structure. This is done by utilizing the existing analysis of a vehicle model based on the SSS method [6] . The SSB model is shown below, in Fig. 2 , as it would appear in a commercial solver.

This is done by utilizing the existing analysis of a vehicle model based on the SSS method.


One of the most important criteria in automotive structural design is structural stiffness. The chassis stiffness, both in bending and torsion, has significant impacts on the ride and comfort characteristics as well as the overall dynamic vehicle performance [3] , [4] , [5] . For this reason the stiffness values are used as design parameters to be optimized. Increasing the structural stiffness is highly demanding to enhance the vehicle performance. However, due to economical constrains increasing vehicle stiffness by increasing the structural weight is not recommended. An optimised solution is desired that maximizes structural stiffness while it keep the structural weight as low as possible.

The chassis stiffness, both in bending and torsion, has significant impacts on the ride and comfort characteristics as well as the overall dynamic vehicle performance.


A simpler model is often utilized since the finite element method can be computationally intense with a trade-off between accuracy and computation time [7] . Both SSS and SSB methods can be used to determine forces that are present throughout the structure and assist with preliminary design decisions. These methods are still used, despite their limitations, as they can provide insight into how the initial geometry of the structure interacts for different loading conditions. A brief explanation of both of these analysis methods is presented here as background information. Another important aspect of this structural analysis is the utilized finite element method that is also briefly presented here.

A simpler model is often utilized since the finite element method can be computationally intense with a trade-off between accuracy and computation time.


An SSS model has been previously analyzed using commercial finite element software [6] . A diagram of this geometry is shown below in Fig. 1(a) . The deflection results that were produced using this model are shown in Fig. 1(b) .

An SSS model has been previously analyzed using commercial finite element software.


Samples from three trees were taken to analyze the vessel diameter and the height and the width of rays in dependence on the position in the stem. The first set of samples was taken from the central part of the stem (5 th tree-ring from the pith; juvenile wood) and the second set of samples was taken from the peripheral part of the stem (5 th tree-ring from the cambium; mature wood). The samples were 15 × 15 mm diagonally and 20 mm long. Transverse, radial and tangential cuts were taken out of each wood sample. The cuts were 20 µm thick. They were dyed (with safranine), drained and inserted between the slides using Canadian balsam (Vavrčík, Gryc 2004) . The images obtained from the permanent sections were assessed in the Lucia application. The vessel diameter was determined from two orthogonal measurements. The height of the ray was measured as the longest axial dimension; the width of the ray was measured as the horizontal dimension at the widest place.

The cuts were 20 µm thick.

They were dyed (with safranine), drained and inserted between the slides using Canadian balsam.


Wood is a significant renewable raw material and many industrial fields, including forestry and timber industry, are dependent on it. In contrast to other industrial raw materials, it has a big advantage -it is renewable. It has a very variable structure and properties in comparison with other materials. The wood structure and the consequent properties are determined during the tree growth (Gryc, Horáček 2004) . European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is one of the most important deciduous economic tree species not only in the Czech Republic but also in other countries of Central Europe.

The wood structure and the consequent properties are determined during the tree growth.


Wood density depends on the wood structure. The wood density of coniferous and deciduous tree species with ring-porous structure is very variable along the stem radius, which is mainly caused by the decreasing tree-ring width and the decreasing percentage of late wood (in deciduous tree species with ring-porous structure) or by the increasing percentage of late wood in the tree-ring of conifers (Kollmann 1951) . Only a moderate relationship between age and specific gravity exists in many of the diffuse-porous hardwoods, especially in most eucalypti and poplars, even though some hardwoods have a pattern of specific gravity where the highest values are near the pith and the lowest near the bark. The differences in juvenile and mature wood density are often smaller than for conifers (Zobel, Sprague 1998) . A small difference was found in the wood density of the juvenile and mature wood of European beech. The low variability of wood density of deciduous tree species can be explained by small differences between the structures of early and late wood within one tree-ring. The average wood density of beech we have found out (713.78 kg/m 3 ) is not significantly different from the measurements presented earlier (Kollmann 1951; Cividini 1969; Wagenführ 2000) .

The wood density of coniferous and deciduous tree species with ring-porous structure is very variable along the stem radius, which is mainly caused by the decreasing tree-ring width and the decreasing percentage of late wood (in deciduous tree species with ring-porous structure) or by the increasing percentage of late wood in the tree-ring of conifers.

The differences in juvenile and mature wood density are often smaller than for conifers.

The average wood density of beech we have found out (713.78 kg/m 3 ) is not significantly different from the measurements presented earlier.


In the rest of this introduction, we assume K = C for the sake of simplicity. Let P be the weight lattice of H, and let P + ⊂ P denote its subset corresponding to dominant weights. For each λ ∈ P , we have an equivariant line bundle O Q rat G (λ) on Q rat G , whose restriction to Q(v, w) is denoted by O Q(v,w) (λ). Associated to λ ∈ P + , we have a level zero extremal weight module X(λ) of U ( g) in the sense of Kashiwara [39] . We know that X(λ) is equipped with two kinds of Demazure modules, and a distinguished basis (the global basis).

Associated to λ ∈ P + , we have a level zero extremal weight module X(λ) of U ( g) in the sense of Kashiwara.


Although well known, the bifid median nerve is a rare entity. It has been detected on anatomical specimens, on imaging studies, or during surgical interventions. There are also reports of a split median nerve accompanied by a persistent median artery or abnormal muscles [1] [2] [3] [4] . The bifid median nerve may be associated with carpal tunnel syndrome because of its relatively higher cross-sectional area compared with a nonbifid median nerve [4] [5] [6] .

There are also reports of a split median nerve accompanied by a persistent median artery or abnormal muscles.

The bifid median nerve may be associated with carpal tunnel syndrome because of its relatively higher cross-sectional area compared with a nonbifid median nerve.


Although the techniques in this paper are geared toward optimizing query groups (which are commonly generated in order to produce complex visualizations, movies, and animations), users may use scientific databases in an interactive fashion, submitting individual queries. In such a scenario, grouping queries may increase the latency for those queries, as the system waits for a sizable group to be formed. We have previously done substantial research employing active semantic caching techniques, addressing the case in which queries are individually and independently submitted [2, 3] . We are currently working on a method for integrating the time and space optimization techniques with the techniques from that prior work. Such an integrated system will be able to transparently handle both individual queries and query groups efficiently.

We have previously done substantial research employing active semantic caching techniques, addressing the case in which queries are individually and independently submitted.


The issue of data storage and representation is also closely related to the data collection mechanism that gathers the sensor data to a base station. Earlier schemes have mostly adopted data collection trees and used multi-hop routing, e.g., in TinyDB [19] . This scheme presents the problem that nodes near the base station relay more traffic than an average node, and thus would use up their energy sooner. This will create a network hole around the base station that isolates the base station from the rest of functioning sensor network. For this reason, data collection by a mobile base station, called data mule, becomes attractive [8, 10, 16, 23, 26] .

Earlier schemes have mostly adopted data collection trees and used multi-hop routing, e.g., in TinyDB.

For this reason, data collection by a mobile base station, called data mule, becomes attractive.


The current study is part of a larger NASA-sponsored program to study the transition from smoldering to flaming in environmental conditions encountered in spacecraft facilities, i.e. microgravity, low velocity gas flows and a range of oxygen concentrations. An additional goal of the research is to investigate the effects of fire retardants on the transition to flaming. Therefore, both fire retarded and non-fire retarded polyurethane foams are tested. The fire retarded foam chosen for this study was Pyrell ®1 because it is currently one of the few materials allowed for equipment stowage protection in the NASA Space Shuttles and the International Space Station [17] . For future extended space flights, NASA is considering using elevated spacecraft oxygen concentrations in order to lower the total pressure (by reducing the nitrogen partial pressure) [18] . In a recent report, the NASA Exploration Atmospheres Working Group has recommended that the lunar and Mars landers and surface habitats operate at 32% oxygen and 55 kPa [19] . In practice, there are fluctuations around the nominal oxygen concentration; for the Mars mission the control range is expected to be +/-2%.

The fire retarded foam chosen for this study was Pyrell ®1 because it is currently one of the few materials allowed for equipment stowage protection in the NASA Space Shuttles and the International Space Station.

For future extended space flights, NASA is considering using elevated spacecraft oxygen concentrations in order to lower the total pressure (by reducing the nitrogen partial pressure).

In a recent report, the NASA Exploration Atmospheres Working Group has recommended that the lunar and Mars landers and surface habitats operate at 32% oxygen and 55 kPa.


An important aspect of smoldering is its transition to flaming since this process can quickly lead to a large-scale fire. Several works have studied the spontaneous transition from smoldering to flaming, whereby the smolder reaction supplies the gaseous fuel and the heat to trigger a gas-phase ignition [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . However, very little fundamental work has been done on the piloted ignition of the gaseous products of smoldering [13] . This scenario presents another significant fire risk when a spark or high-temperature heat source is present in the vicinity of a material prone to smolder. Furthermore, the piloted transition from smoldering to flaming is likely possible under a wider range of external conditions (oxygen concentrations, oxidizer flow velocities, and external heat fluxes) than the spontaneous transition from smoldering to flaming.

Several works have studied the spontaneous transition from smoldering to flaming, whereby the smolder reaction supplies the gaseous fuel and the heat to trigger a gas-phase ignition.

However, very little fundamental work has been done on the piloted ignition of the gaseous products of smoldering.


Finally, frequencies of a simply supported homogeneous orthotropic rectangular plate found with the "fth order theory match exactly with the analytical solution of Srinivas and Rao [11] . Also, through-the-thickness variations of di!erent stress components computed from the plate theory agree well with those obtained from the solution of the threedimensional elasticity equations. These results are also compared with results from the Kirchho! and Mindlin models and from compatible plate theories; these last refer to higher order shear and normal deformable plate theories whose constitutive relations are obtained through a minimization of the standard energy functional; the reduction map for the stresses are, in this case, simpler and do not satisfy the boundary conditions on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate.

Finally, frequencies of a simply supported homogeneous orthotropic rectangular plate found with the "fth order theory match exactly with the analytical solution of Srinivas and Rao.


Ecotourism joint ventures between communities and private companies are increasingly common, especially in Africa and Latin America (Ashley and Jones 2001; Forstner 2004; Stronza and Gordillo 2008) . In such arrangements, residents of local communities link their knowledge, skills, land, labor, and social capital with the investment capital, market know-how, and managerial experience of private tour operators. In the process, local leaders gain new understandings, skills, and capacities that enable them eventually to manage ecotourism on their own. In a broader sense, the companies bring the tourism industry and the global market, while people in local communities offer their long-held knowledge of ecology and traditional resource management systems. As such, these partnerships have the potential to enhance the management and conservation of common-pool resources.

Ecotourism joint ventures between communities and private companies are increasingly common, especially in Africa and Latin America.


There is growing literature about the fiscal deficits and inflation. In this area, there have been plenty of studies in relationship between fiscal deficits and inflation in this literature, still no consensus is reached. In the light of theoretical discussions, first works in this area were made by Sargent and Wallace [1] . They examine monetary and fiscal dominance regimes on the discussion between the inflation and budget deficits. According to them, when the monetary policy dominates the fiscal policy, monetary authority can independently determine the monetary policy. Therefore, budget deficits are determined with bond sales to the public and provide seignorage from monetary authority. Thereby, fiscal policy authority meets with a budget constraint enforced by monetary. This mechanism will control the inflation process, then budget deficits do not cause to inflation. When the fiscal authority is more dominant then the monetary authority, the monetary does not avoid the inflation process and this situation goes up the inflation mechanism.

In the light of theoretical discussions, first works in this area were made by Sargent and Wallace.


Solid wastes leachates are complex mixtures of chemical substances and particulate matters, including microorganisms. The constituents are capable of causing DNA damage in biological systems; and are an important prerequisite for exogenously induced mutations. Bioassays for identifying mutagenic/genotoxic sub-stances in leachates are necessary in order to minimise the risk of exposure to xenobiotics with suspected carcinogenic properties. In an ecological context, mutagens/genotoxins might induce substantial reproductive loss in exposed populations and could further influence individual fitness by a toxicity-related phenomenon described as genotoxic disease syndrome (Kurelec, 1993) . Additional investigation is needed to explore the potential genotoxic and mutagenic effects and systemic toxicity of leachates on the major organs and tissues in biological systems. This is important for further understanding of the mechanisms and pathway of leachate genotoxicity and mutagenicity. There is need for a shift from wastes disposal to sustainable waste management including wastes reduction, minimization, recovery, recycling and reuse.

In an ecological context, mutagens/genotoxins might induce substantial reproductive loss in exposed populations and could further influence individual fitness by a toxicity-related phenomenon described as genotoxic disease syndrome.


Electromagnetic transient programs such as PSCAD/ EMTDC can provide accurate harmonic analysis results. However, its disadvantage is that an initialization transient must die out before steady-state is reached when Fourier analysis can be performed [3] . The simulation time step must be sufficiently small for the VSCs to capture the switching dynamics, and this leads to excessively long simulation times. Alternatively, one can rely on harmonic power flow to obtain the harmonic solutions. However, a frequency map (FM) between converters' input and output harmonics usually requires deriving. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to derive the FM of a multilevel VSC.

However, its disadvantage is that an initialization transient must die out before steady-state is reached when Fourier analysis can be performed.


Knowledge of the efficacy of managing various situations has been transmitted to the players in the conventional way occasionally, usually during training or a match; players often improve their skills by the trial-anderror method, performing subconsciously and automatically, which may limit training efficacy and is thus considered a methodological mistake [14] . It was postulated that learning and perfecting motor actions should be associated with perfecting practical thinking, as the training would be efficient only when supported intellectually [8] . Audiovisual means are thus of great importance in e.g. teaching under laboratory conditions; in other words, theoretical knowledge gives ground for practical performance [12] . These elements are highly important in training as the trainees ought to be aware of all his/her activities and have appropriate knowledge.

Knowledge of the efficacy of managing various situations has been transmitted to the players in the conventional way occasionally, usually during training or a match; players often improve their skills by the trial-anderror method, performing subconsciously and automatically, which may limit training efficacy and is thus considered a methodological mistake.

It was postulated that learning and perfecting motor actions should be associated with perfecting practical thinking, as the training would be efficient only when supported intellectually.

Audiovisual means are thus of great importance in e.g. teaching under laboratory conditions; in other words, theoretical knowledge gives ground for practical performance.


The main objective of education is to enable learners to develop knowledge, skills, and attitudes which are achieved through different methods. Methods are means of conveying ideas and skills to impart and acquire knowledge of different subject matters in a more concrete and comprehensive way. At different times, different methods of learning have been investigated and remained dominant for certain period of time such as teacher-centered methods (Bethel, 2011) .

At different times, different methods of learning have been investigated and remained dominant for certain period of time such as teacher-centered methods.


As an alternative way, active learning has become widely recognized as a desired strategy for teaching language since English language is being used as a medium of instruction from primary to tertiary levels in Ethiopia, and the nature of language learning itself requires close interaction of students with their teachers and peer groups with various exposures in the classroom and outside. Hence, learners are expected to have adequate proficiency in using the language. This is basically true because the students' skill in using the language highly determines their academic success (Atkins, Banteyirga, & Nuru, 1995) . Therefore, students are expected to develop their English language proficiency through appropriate methodology, as it is obvious that the language has been considered as one of the most vital areas of focus in the school curriculum in our country (Taye, 2008; Girma, 2013; Ayele, 2014) .

This is basically true because the students' skill in using the language highly determines their academic success.

Therefore, students are expected to develop their English language proficiency through appropriate methodology, as it is obvious that the language has been considered as one of the most vital areas of focus in the school curriculum in our country.


In the UK, there are over 100,000 recorded mine shafts, with many more unrecorded shafts in existence [1] . The exact location of the shafts, as well as the details and structural integrity of their linings, is a topic of considerable uncertainty. The condition of the shaft lining materials inevitably deteriorates over time, a feature which can be accelerated if the lining is submersed within harsh acidic water often found in abandoned coal mines. There have been many recorded incidents of mine shaft collapse in Europe, some undoubtedly due to the loss of support resulting from shaft lining deterioration [2] .

In the UK, there are over 100,000 recorded mine shafts, with many more unrecorded shafts in existence.

There have been many recorded incidents of mine shaft collapse in Europe, some undoubtedly due to the loss of support resulting from shaft lining deterioration.


Personal transportation has become a necessity in today's life. In addition to personal trips from one place to another, transportation also enables greater socioeconomic opportunities. An effective transportation is essential for growing global and local businesses and networking, especially those involving door-to-door and/or face-to-face service. As time progresses, transportation system also needs to be improved to adapt with the changing travel demands and requirements. It is anticipated that future personal travels will emphasize more on having doorstep-to-destination journeys at any time, in any weather and in little travel time as possible [1] . In general, the ability of an individual to travel can be taken to be mainly constrained by two factors: time and money. These factors play a big role in determining the preferred mode of transportation through their trade-offs. As suggested by Hahn, the demand for travel is often constrained by the time budget while the choice of travel mode is regularly dictated by the traveler's financial budget [2] .

It is anticipated that future personal travels will emphasize more on having doorstep-to-destination journeys at any time, in any weather and in little travel time as possible.

As suggested by Hahn, the demand for travel is often constrained by the time budget while the choice of travel mode is regularly dictated by the traveler's financial budget.


In Malaysia, the number of vehicles on the road at the end of 2005 is estimated to be around 15 million and 90% of them are privately-owned [3] . This number is projected to rise and as many as 48 million of total vehicles have been expected to be on the roads by year 2020 [4] . As a result, the problem of traffic congestion becomes more severe and this leads to wasted travelling time and costs, increased fuel consumption, air and noise pollution, and also elevated accident and fatality rates [3] . While several efforts have been made to remedy the situation; particularly by improving existing ground transportation infrastructure, the problem still persists. In fact, such infrastructure investment is hard to be sustained with continuing reduction of the economic growth through the loss of time and opportunities due to the congested transportation system. Additionally, due to a notably high level of private car ownership and use, improvement on public transportation system seems to have rather negligible effects on alleviating the traffic congestion problems. As stated in Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020, public transports only cater for about 20% of the total people movements within Kuala Lumpur while the other 80% are made using private transport [6] .

In Malaysia, the number of vehicles on the road at the end of 2005 is estimated to be around 15 million and 90% of them are privately-owned.

This number is projected to rise and as many as 48 million of total vehicles have been expected to be on the roads by year 2020.

As a result, the problem of traffic congestion becomes more severe and this leads to wasted travelling time and costs, increased fuel consumption, air and noise pollution, and also elevated accident and fatality rates.

As stated in Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020, public transports only cater for about 20% of the total people movements within Kuala Lumpur while the other 80% are made using private transport.


Since folktale stories reflect culture along with moral lessons, the cultural schema is reflected in the translated version. This means that structures and story patterns between the original and translated versions are likely to vary (Mandler et al., 1980) . Cultural familiarity of the event or the topic included in folktale stories also has significant impact on narrative structure (Hudson and Shapiro, 1991) .

This means that structures and story patterns between the original and translated versions are likely to vary.

Cultural familiarity of the event or the topic included in folktale stories also has significant impact on narrative structure.


This paper further analyzes the characteristics of firms investing in OBOR countries. Firms that are actively investing in OBOR countries are generally those that are facing fierce domestic competition and eagerly seeking outlets for their excess productivity [4] . One motivation behind the BRI was the urgent need for industrial structural upgrading especially for industries that had surplus capacity in China such as infrastructure construction. When Chinese domestic markets reached saturation, many firms began to experience profitability and productivity decreases. Based on existing literature, the relationship between FDI and firm labor productivity is found to be highly connected. Generally, OFDI promotes parent firm's labor productivity and total factor productivity through reverse technology spillover effect. In addition, scholars also explained that firms with higher productivity will take more FDI actions [37] [38] [39] .

Firms that are actively investing in OBOR countries are generally those that are facing fierce domestic competition and eagerly seeking outlets for their excess productivity.

In addition, scholars also explained that firms with higher productivity will take more FDI actions.


Considering the serious psychosocial problems associated with cannabis, interventions have been developed and tested for their ability to reduce adolescent cannabis use. Interventions are typically provided directly to the adolescent or to the adolescent in the context of his/her family. Individual interventions generally take one of three approaches. Behavioral approaches Reducing Adolescent Cannabis Use 3 help youth recognize triggers for their cannabis use and develop refusal skills and behavior management techniques to reduce use in the presence of triggers [19, 20] . Cognitive-behavioral approaches attempt to identify and change distorted thoughts and maladaptive perceptions that lead to problematic behaviors [21, 22] . Finally, motivational approaches encourage clients to acknowledge their substance use and develop internal motivation for changing their behaviors [23] . Rigorous tests of these individual interventions generally demonstrate positive outcomes, including reduced use, abstinence, reduced intentions to use, and reduced association with friends who use cannabis [19, 24, 25] .

Behavioral approaches Reducing Adolescent Cannabis Use 3 help youth recognize triggers for their cannabis use and develop refusal skills and behavior management techniques to reduce use in the presence of triggers.

Cognitive-behavioral approaches attempt to identify and change distorted thoughts and maladaptive perceptions that lead to problematic behaviors.

Finally, motivational approaches encourage clients to acknowledge their substance use and develop internal motivation for changing their behaviors.

Rigorous tests of these individual interventions generally demonstrate positive outcomes, including reduced use, abstinence, reduced intentions to use, and reduced association with friends who use cannabis.


Furthermore, a closer examination of the comparative effects of individual and familybased treatment is necessary. Some researchers argue that family-based interventions neglect intrapersonal risk factors for substance use such as self-efficacy, refusal skills, and personal strategies for coping with urges [22] . In contrast, a previous meta-analysis on drug abuse outcomes among adolescents and adults favors family treatment over individual counseling [34] .

Some researchers argue that family-based interventions neglect intrapersonal risk factors for substance use such as self-efficacy, refusal skills, and personal strategies for coping with urges.

In contrast, a previous meta-analysis on drug abuse outcomes among adolescents and adults favors family treatment over individual counseling.


One of the limitations of this research was that a control group could not be established because the number of teachers in the school was not appropriate. For this reason, the research was carried out in one group. Such experimental patterns are defined as weak experimental patterns or pre-trial patterns (Büyüköztürk, 2014) . This classification is due to the weak generalizability of the cause-and-effect relationship obtained from such studies. Since it is not possible to include a large number of individuals in the working group to represent the universe, only limited generalizations can be made from the findings obtained in these investigations.

Such experimental patterns are defined as weak experimental patterns or pre-trial patterns.


Middle school years coincide with the adolescence in which physical, mental, psychological and social changes are experienced, and both the personality development and the desire to be independent are the forerunners. Adolescence, which is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, is regarded as a period in which emotional fluctuations arise from rapid development. Since adolescence is a process of change, it can create anxiety and stress in the individual; an increase in adverse behaviors can be seen in adolescents (Siyez, 2009) . For this reason, unwanted behaviors are concentrated in the middle school period.

Since adolescence is a process of change, it can create anxiety and stress in the individual; an increase in adverse behaviors can be seen in adolescents.


Gifted students face a number of challenges in the field of education, although they play an important role in the development of societies. Gifted students are the most neglected group of children with special needs. Educational programs designed for students with normal development do not address gifted students and educational programs specific to gifted students do not apply to formal public schools. If gifted people cannot receive education appropriate to their needs, they can experience the negativities created by those who cannot realize themselves. For this reason, it is very important to support the development of the gifted with the appropriate education program (Kaya, 2013) . A suitable school and classroom arrangement is necessary for the training activities to achieve their goals and to achieve the desired efficiency. However, in all types of educational institutions, unwanted behaviors are faced besides the targeted behaviors. The expectation of a classroom and school environment in which unwanted behaviors and other disciplinary problems are never experienced is unrealistic. As traffic accidents cannot be completely prevented even in the best managed systems, it is not possible to completely eliminate the disciplinary problems that are experienced in schools (Yüksel and Ergün, 2005) .

For this reason, it is very important to support the development of the gifted with the appropriate education program.

As traffic accidents cannot be completely prevented even in the best managed systems, it is not possible to completely eliminate the disciplinary problems that are experienced in schools.


Long term training can increase strength and power but short-term training has also has shown to increase strength and speed (Brown & Whitehurst, 2003; Coburn, Housh, Malek, Weir, Cramer, Beck, & Johnson, 2006) . Brown demonstrated that two visits increased velocity of isokinetic knee extensions; while Coburn found that three visits increased isokinetic knee strength. However, limited research has combined power training in the short-term.

Long term training can increase strength and power but short-term training has also has shown to increase strength and speed.


A popular program, variable resistance training, has also been shown to increase strength and power. Variable resistance training uses elastic bands or chains to add resistance during different parts of the lift depending on where they are applied. Specifically, in a back squat, resistance is added during the concentric phase due to more chain coming off the floor (McMaster, Cronin, & McGuigan, 2009; McMaster, Cronin, & McGuigan, 2010; Neelly, Terry, & Morris, 2010) . Elastic bands and chain length and width alter resistance (McMaster, Cronin, & McGuigan, 2009; McMaster, Cronin, & McGuigan, 2010; Wallace, Winchester, & McGuigan, 2006) . However, bands have a curvilinear length/tension relationship while chains have a linear length/tension relationship (McMaster, Cronin, & McGuigan, 2009; McMaster, Cronin, & McGuigan, 2010) .

Specifically, in a back squat, resistance is added during the concentric phase due to more chain coming off the floor.

Elastic bands and chain length and width alter resistance.

However, bands have a curvilinear length/tension relationship while chains have a linear length/tension relationship.


This result was improved in the subsequent paper by Colesanti and Livshyts [6] . The method of proof, in brief, is to consider the function f (λ) = log vol((1 − λ)B n 2 + o λK), where h K = Re ϕ , and show that (1.8) is equivalent to the inequality f ′′ (0) ≤ 0. One then computes f ′′ explicitly, obtaining an integral inequality on the sphere which is proven using the theory of spherical harmonics.

This result was improved in the subsequent paper by Colesanti and Livshyts.


The supply chain should be understood as a group of organizations jointly executing the actions necessary to meet the demand for certain products in the movement of goods throughout the chain -from sourcing raw materials to delivery to the fi nal recipient. These actions may include: the development, production, sale, service, supply, distribution, management, operations support (Słownik…, 2006) . In the literature of logistic there is a lack of the "short supply chain" defi nition. It is possible to fi nd the term, that in a short supply chain there is a maximum of one intermediary between the producer and the fi nal consumer. The role of transparency of short food supply chains is emphasized. Transparency means easy identifi cation of all the participants of this chain (Lisińska-Kuśnierz and Cholewa, 2006) . The characteristics of the supply chain due to the structure and range is shown on Fig. 1 .

These actions may include: the development, production, sale, service, supply, distribution, management, operations support.

Transparency means easy identifi cation of all the participants of this chain.