The above results so obtained are compared and some insights are drawn. The comparison between the reflection spectra in different cases shows that, as the number of layers is increased, the reflectivity of the photonic crystal increases. We get the maximum reflectance for N = 17 and further by increasing the number of layers, it can be shown that the reflectivity of the structure will be almost saturated [15, 18] . However, the completely reflected bandwidth (A • ) in all cases of unit cell decreases with increase in the angle of incidence. The suggested infrared broadband reflectors provide complete reflectance for a limited set of incident angles 0 • to 45 • , and if we further increase the angle, reflectivity decreases significantly. Here, the largest reflected bandwidth is obtained for the normal incidence (θ = 0 • ). In addition, the completely reflected bands are shifted towards lower wavelength side with increase in the incident angle. Thus, angle of incidence can be considered as a controlling factor for the reflection properties of the photonic crystals. Furthermore, we compare the completely reflected broadbands shown in Figures 2-4 for different incident angles with the forbidden bands those obtained by using the analogy of Kronig-Penney model as depicted in Figures 5(a)-(d) . We observe that the completely reflected ranges of wavelength for different incident angles mentioned in Tables 1-3 correspond to the forbidden ranges shown in Table 4 , which shows that these ranges are in good agreement. It indicates that the completely reflected ranges are forbidden bandgap, i.e., stop bands, where no propagation takes place. This is shown as an important feature of the proposed photonic crystals.

We get the maximum reflectance for N = 17 and further by increasing the number of layers, it can be shown that the reflectivity of the structure will be almost saturated.


Mathematically inclined statisticians may dismiss these matters as mere "speculations": as a formal science, mathematics is not interested in the concrete existence of its objects, or more precisely in their correspondence with real things. From a strictly mathematical point of view, it is perfectly legitimate to choose a particular copula family among many, as long as it passes the di culties raised in Sections 3.3.1 and 3.3.2. Yet, from a scienti c point of view, when one wants to model a particular concrete existing phenomenon, one looks for objectivity and correspondence with reality, see Bunge [3] . Moreover, such epistemological issues have serious practical consequences, which may prove catastrophic, as we reminded in the Introduction.

Yet, from a scienti c point of view, when one wants to model a particular concrete existing phenomenon, one looks for objectivity and correspondence with reality, see Bunge.


Turns out the matrices that arise from the random linear graph model are certain Toeplitz matrices which have unknown spectrum so far. Besides the fact that Toeplitz matrices are well studied in the literature for many years, there is a lack of closed expressions for its spectrum in the general form. To convince the reader about its difficulty we provide the references [6, 18] .

To convince the reader about its difficulty we provide the references.


The "general" problem is how to handle collaboration when working with models. Much of this has to do with how a team of developers can coordinate their work [1] . However, there are also other aspects, like how to capture the history of the development to facilitate maintenance (understanding the model through its evolution history) -or to facilitate adding new functionality based on what has happened in the past.

Much of this has to do with how a team of developers can coordinate their work.


Vitablocs Mark II (Vita Zahnfabrik, Germany), conventional feldspathic ceramic, is generally used in the CEREC system. The ceramic restorations are usually cemented with resin-based composite luting agent, after surface treatments necessary for the bonding. In the CEREC restoration, the luting material may be charged of two functions as a luting material and a restorative material to adhere between the tooth substrates and CEREC restoration with good mechanical properties and reliable bond capacity [4] . Therefore, the failure of the luting material at the margin may affect the longevity of restorations. In other words, proper selection of a luting agent is a last important decision in a series of steps that require meticulous execution and will determine the long-term success of fixed restorations [5] .

In the CEREC restoration, the luting material may be charged of two functions as a luting material and a restorative material to adhere between the tooth substrates and CEREC restoration with good mechanical properties and reliable bond capacity.

In other words, proper selection of a luting agent is a last important decision in a series of steps that require meticulous execution and will determine the long-term success of fixed restorations.


The CVL has been operated by employing the air as a buffer gas to investigate and optimized the output power in terms of the various parameters at the constant input power of ~1.4 kW. At first, the behavior of the output power versus frequency has been studied at constant air pressure. The experiments are repeated at some various air pressures. The obtained results at some typical pressures of 2, 3.8, 5.3, 6.2 and 7.8 torr are shown in Figure 2 . There is an optimum pressure and frequency for each CVL, which gives maximum output power. The optimum pressure is due to rate of collision between air molecules and copper atoms, which at optimum pressure, the population inversion and so gain of Laser would be increased, as for the other conventional buffer gases has been occurred. The optimum frequency and oscillatory behavior comes from geometrical structure of tube only, and independent of kind of buffer gas. The maximum output power of ~1.6 W is obtained at 3.8 torr of air pressure and 17 kHz of frequency. The noticeable point is the oscillatory behavior of the output power in terms of the frequency, which is in agreement with the previous reports [41] [42] . The effect arises from the laser tube which performs both as an optical and an acoustic resonator at some frequencies. In fact, the discharge energy extracted by optical and acoustical channels due to radiative and non-radiative decays, respectively. It is shown that the non-radiative deactivation vastly increases, when the excitation frequency is equivalent to the acoustic resonant mode of laser tube [41] . Figure 3 illustrates the behavior of the output power versus the pressure of air buffer gas at some frequencies. At first, the output power increases by increasing the air pressure for all frequencies. After reaching to a maximum value, it reduces at higher pressures. The reduction of the output power is due to increases in collision and relaxation of excited copper atoms. It is seen that the maximum output power at all frequencies occurs at ~3.8 torr of the air pressure. Compared with other buffer gases like He and Ne, the output power of CVL with air as buffer gas is decreased in the same discharge frequency due to exuberance of impurities in air, which alter the condition of population inversion. Meanwhile the optimum Ne pressure for this laser is about 25 torr that is 6 times more than that of air one. Furthermore, it is observed that the peak power is reduced from 1.6 to 1.27 W by increasing of frequency from 17 to 22 kHz due to the increasing in the inter pulse population of the lower laser level and the inter pulse electron density.

The noticeable point is the oscillatory behavior of the output power in terms of the frequency, which is in agreement with the previous reports.

It is shown that the non-radiative deactivation vastly increases, when the excitation frequency is equivalent to the acoustic resonant mode of laser tube.


Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology has attracted much attention since the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated a frequency range with a bandwidth of 7.5 GHz (3.1 ∼ 10.6 GHz) for unlicensed radio applications. Many applications have been developed based on UWB technology such as short-range broadband communication, radar sensing, and body-area networking [1] . It is a well-known fact that planar monopole antennas present attractive features, such as simple structure, small size, low cost, stable radiation patterns, and constant gain over the entire operating band. Owing to these characteristics, planar monopoles are attractive for the use in emerging UWB applications, and research activity is increasingly focused on them [2] [3] [4] [5] .

Many applications have been developed based on UWB technology such as short-range broadband communication, radar sensing, and body-area networking.

Owing to these characteristics, planar monopoles are attractive for the use in emerging UWB applications, and research activity is increasingly focused on them.


Although experimental evidence suggests the essential requirement of cancerous immunoglobulins for the growth/proliferation of cancer cells, the molecular mechanisms of action and the relationships to the innate immune system of cancer cells require further investigation. Since the expression repertoire of immunoglobulins from cancer cells is restricted and distinct, only a limited number of these immunoglobulins have been identified among various cancer cells from cells lines or cancerous tissues [14] . Such an expression mechanism is quite different from that of normal B cells which can express an unlimited number of immunoglobulins. Following antigen presentation and/or T cell activation, diversified immunoglobulins can be produced from mature B cells through the mechanism of somatic hypermutation and class switching [14] . Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that these cancerous immunoglobulins may be produced in a restricted manner for the immune protection of cancer cells under the normal human body environment. Furthermore, the gene interactions between cancerous immunoglobulins and TLRs are highly coordinated. The strong associations between cancerous immunoglobulins and TLRs may also imply the immune protection of cancer cells in vivo. Therefore, the blocking of antigen receptors or TLRs with the appropriate specific antibodies or with RP215 could result in induced apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro or in vivo [28] . This may be one of the important mechanisms of action for the development of RP215 as an anti-cancer drug during cancer therapy in humans.

Since the expression repertoire of immunoglobulins from cancer cells is restricted and distinct, only a limited number of these immunoglobulins have been identified among various cancer cells from cells lines or cancerous tissues.

Following antigen presentation and/or T cell activation, diversified immunoglobulins can be produced from mature B cells through the mechanism of somatic hypermutation and class switching.

Therefore, the blocking of antigen receptors or TLRs with the appropriate specific antibodies or with RP215 could result in induced apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro or in vivo.


Recent decades have witnessed the rapid emergence of global value chains. Increasingly, different stages of the production process are geographically dispersed and firms source their inputs from suppliers located in foreign markets. As a result, trade in intermediate inputs now accounts for as much as two-thirds of international trade (Johnson and Noguera, 2012) .

As a result, trade in intermediate inputs now accounts for as much as two-thirds of international trade.


Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of major agricultural crops and, includes vitamin B and C as well as starch as nutrition. Likewise it produces -solanine and -chaconine as natural toxin (Figure 1 ). These are categorized as solanaceous glycoalkaloids comprised of a steroidal-like base containing aglycone to which three sugars are attached with a series of glycosidic linkages. As plant physiology, these compounds show an antifungal activity against several fungi [1] [2] [3] . Meanwhile, these induce gastro-intestinal and systemic effects in human as well as livestock due to inhibition of acetylcholine esterase [4] . It is well known that these toxic compounds exist at germ region. In addition, previous studies have revealed and concerned the increasing of these toxins at periderm after budbreak and exposure the sunlight *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan; Tel: +81-776-61-6000; E-mail: staira@fpu.ac.jp [5, 6] . However it is not common knowledge and involves food intoxication. Previous study has roughly described the localization of glycoalkaloids (spatial resolution of 200 μm) [7] . If detailed localization data (spatial resolution of 50 μm) indicates to public in general, visually, they will easily understand this hazard.

As plant physiology, these compounds show an antifungal activity against several fungi.

Meanwhile, these induce gastro-intestinal and systemic effects in human as well as livestock due to inhibition of acetylcholine esterase.

In addition, previous studies have revealed and concerned the increasing of these toxins at periderm after budbreak and exposure the sunlight *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1195, Japan; Tel: +81-776-61-6000; E-mail: staira@fpu.ac.jp.

Previous study has roughly described the localization of glycoalkaloids (spatial resolution of 200 μm).


Second, in a dynamic model, suppose that the level of output in the agricultural sector is affected by the level of agricultural technology and there are spillovers from the manufacturing sector to the agricultural sector in the sense that the level of agricultural technology increases with the level of technology in the manufacturing sector (Zhou, 2009) . If the degree of spillovers to the agricultural sector is strong enough, the production of the agricultural product can keep pace with the amount of factors in a region and the return to a factor in terms of the agricultural product will not decrease. Thus the incorporation of the agricultural sector may not necessarily eliminate the tendency for factors of production to concentrate in given regions.

Second, in a dynamic model, suppose that the level of output in the agricultural sector is affected by the level of agricultural technology and there are spillovers from the manufacturing sector to the agricultural sector in the sense that the level of agricultural technology increases with the level of technology in the manufacturing sector.


Suppose that there are technologies with different levels of fixed and marginal costs of production (Zhou, 2004) . A more specialized technology has a higher fixed but a lower marginal cost of production. It can be shown that that a firm producing a final product in a region with a larger market size will choose a more specialized technology. A more specialized technology leads to a lower average cost and thus a lower price level and thus a higher real wage. This will create another channel of the circular causation process because workers will be more interested in moving to the region with a larger market size.

Suppose that there are technologies with different levels of fixed and marginal costs of production.


The benefits of rehabilitation have been demonstrated by several research groups [3, 4, 5] . It can reduce mortality, lower blood pressure, improve lipids and stress levels [6] . However, despite strong evidence that cardiac rehabilitation reduces disability and prolongs life, fewer than one in five people in the USA receive rehabilitation services after a heart attack or coronary bypass surgery [7] . This is sometimes due to access issues (geography, lack of resources or ill-health) but often due to lack of motivation since it is hard to make lifestyle changes without any external help. Another issue is that many patients do not complete the rehabilitation programme and pull out before the desired health style changes have been achieved.

The benefits of rehabilitation have been demonstrated by several research groups.

It can reduce mortality, lower blood pressure, improve lipids and stress levels.

However, despite strong evidence that cardiac rehabilitation reduces disability and prolongs life, fewer than one in five people in the USA receive rehabilitation services after a heart attack or coronary bypass surgery.


Sepsis is a clinical syndrome that is caused by a dysregulated and overshooting response of the inflammatory system to an infection. Sepsis is most frequently caused by bacteria, to a lower extend by fungi, and can rapidly become life threatening. It arises from infections of the skin, lung, abdomen, and urinary tract. Despite aggressive treatment on intensive care unit and ambitious effort in research, sepsis remains a leading cause of death, even in Western countries [1] . In 2008, costs spent on hospitalizations for sepsis in the USA were estimated at $14.6 billion [2] . The early identification of sepsis is necessary for the sufficient treatment of septic patients and scores like the modified Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score (quickSOFA) are helpful tools for initiation of optimal therapy [3] . Nevertheless, the improvement of survival and reduction of costs can be best achieved by better understanding of the causes and pathophysiology of sepsis.

Despite aggressive treatment on intensive care unit and ambitious effort in research, sepsis remains a leading cause of death, even in Western countries.

In 2008, costs spent on hospitalizations for sepsis in the USA were estimated at $14.6 billion.

The early identification of sepsis is necessary for the sufficient treatment of septic patients and scores like the modified Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score (quickSOFA) are helpful tools for initiation of optimal therapy.


The Liliaceae, or lily family, is composed of 280 to 300 genera made up of 4000 to 4600 different species. The numbers vary because botanists differ in how to classify this diversity based on flowering type, ovary position, and distribution. There are ornamental plants within the group (lilies, tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, and amaryllis); food plants (onions, garlic, asparagus, leeks, shallots, and chives); and a variety of toxic species in the family, some of which are quite deadly [6] .

There are ornamental plants within the group (lilies, tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, and amaryllis); food plants (onions, garlic, asparagus, leeks, shallots, and chives); and a variety of toxic species in the family, some of which are quite deadly.


Recent advances in personal computing and mobile communications technology have increased the number of opportunities for public participation in science and natural resources management. In particular, personal electronic devices, such as smartphones, provide capabilities for people to collect information about forest structure from the ground and human perspective. This has the ability to provide data at spatial and temporal resolutions that compliment data collected by Earth observing satellites [14] . Smartphones are equipped with a touchscreen for viewing and entering data, sensors (including cameras to collect imagery), global positioning systems (GPS) to collect geolocation, compasses and accelerometers for measuring direction and angle, and the ability to store and transfer data over a network. An increasing proportion of the population has access to smartphones, providing the potential to collect smartphone measurements across broad geographic extents [15] . For example, an application developed by the British Geologic Survey allows the public to document temporary geologic exposures, for example, when soil strata or underlying bedrock are temporarily exposed to the surface by excavation for construction that would otherwise be "lost to science" [16] . Smartphone applications have been developed for professional geologists to aid in collecting notes, photos, and making field observations so that they are collected in a consistent and accessible manner [17] . A smartphone application was developed to facilitate community-based monitoring by individuals who had been hired without previous experience measuring forest disturbances as a part of regional monitoring efforts [18] . The Red Cross released a wildfire application for smartphones designed to provide the public with instructions for preparing for an evacuation, games to teach evacuation preparedness, wildfire warnings, wildfire locations and movement, evacuation notices, assistance in locating services or help in the event of a wildfire, and a tool to help alert family after a safe evacuation [19] . These approaches can be extended to forest management in communities for topics such as forest fuel loading in the WUI. However, there is a need to evaluate the role of these types of programs in communities, including challenges such as volunteer participation incentives, risk, liability, and personal privacy.

This has the ability to provide data at spatial and temporal resolutions that compliment data collected by Earth observing satellites.

An increasing proportion of the population has access to smartphones, providing the potential to collect smartphone measurements across broad geographic extents.

For example, an application developed by the British Geologic Survey allows the public to document temporary geologic exposures, for example, when soil strata or underlying bedrock are temporarily exposed to the surface by excavation for construction that would otherwise be "lost to science".

Smartphone applications have been developed for professional geologists to aid in collecting notes, photos, and making field observations so that they are collected in a consistent and accessible manner.

A smartphone application was developed to facilitate community-based monitoring by individuals who had been hired without previous experience measuring forest disturbances as a part of regional monitoring efforts.

The Red Cross released a wildfire application for smartphones designed to provide the public with instructions for preparing for an evacuation, games to teach evacuation preparedness, wildfire warnings, wildfire locations and movement, evacuation notices, assistance in locating services or help in the event of a wildfire, and a tool to help alert family after a safe evacuation.


Currently, in British Columbia, fire managers complete fuel assessments and prescribe fuel modifications on public lands (such as mechanical treatments and controlled burning), seek public support for fuel modifications on public land, and advocate for personal action on private lands (such as homeowners choosing fire resistant building materials and using fire resistant landscaping). Due to the complexity of land ownership and management responsibility in the WUI, fuels treatments on public land may not be effective unless strategies are coordinated across the mosaic of land jurisdictions [1] . Fire managers in many regions also seek to build trust through citizen-agency relations, encourage community knowledge and engagement in protection planning and mitigation activities, and enhance a sense of shared responsibility for fire hazard in the WUI [6] . In a survey of fire managers in Alberta, Canada, communication between municipal fire managers and community residents was achieved using a wide variety of strategies, including pamphlet and newsletter distribution, newspaper or radio advertising, website notices, tradeshow booths, open houses, door-to-door meetings, and providing wildfire mitigation advice to homeowners. However, despite many fire managers expressing an interest in more two-way communication with the public, they cited funding, time, and availability of personnel as limitations to engagement and communication with people in the community [6] . Public acceptance of fuel management actions is generally associated with knowledge of wildland fire management, and it also depends on building trust through long-term citizen-agency relations [7] .

Due to the complexity of land ownership and management responsibility in the WUI, fuels treatments on public land may not be effective unless strategies are coordinated across the mosaic of land jurisdictions.

Fire managers in many regions also seek to build trust through citizen-agency relations, encourage community knowledge and engagement in protection planning and mitigation activities, and enhance a sense of shared responsibility for fire hazard in the WUI.

However, despite many fire managers expressing an interest in more two-way communication with the public, they cited funding, time, and availability of personnel as limitations to engagement and communication with people in the community.

Public acceptance of fuel management actions is generally associated with knowledge of wildland fire management, and it also depends on building trust through long-term citizen-agency relations.


Non-professional respondents' awareness of other existing public outreach wildfire programs (such as Partners-in-Protection) was surprisingly low, considering that they are the target audience of the programs. In contrast to many other PPSR projects that are targeted to hobbies (such as birdwatching or astronomy), this study dealt with preparatory actions to avoid a hazard. As such, there are differences in the implementation from an organizational and participant perspective. Other volunteer projects have addressed risk-related issues with considerable recruitment of volunteers, however most have dealt with responses to disaster situations and not prevention [19, 29] . Likewise, for wildfire hazard reduction, salience for wildfire issues is highest soon after the occurrence of a wildfire [6] . Smartphone applications and public participation data collection projects may serve a different role in wildland fire management. For example, long-term interactions are also important for positive citizen-agency relationship building [7] . Similar to how the experiment in the present study was structured, in a PPSR inspired project, community foresters may interact with participants on an ongoing basis in person, at workshops, and through electronic communications thus providing an environment to build citizen-agency relationships, and potentially increase knowledge over a longer time period.

Other volunteer projects have addressed risk-related issues with considerable recruitment of volunteers, however most have dealt with responses to disaster situations and not prevention.

Likewise, for wildfire hazard reduction, salience for wildfire issues is highest soon after the occurrence of a wildfire.

For example, long-term interactions are also important for positive citizen-agency relationship building.


Laser has been discovered in the past century and has been applied in the society from its conception until today. Among its application is its use in agriculture as a biostimulator device. The laser light at low intensity produces biostimulation when used on seeds and seedling plants (Chen et al. 2005) . The basis of laser stimulation mechanism in any plant physiological stage is the synergism between the polarized monochromatic laser beams and the photoreceptors (Bielozierskich and Zolotariewa 1981; Koper et al. 1996) . There are many facts that indicate the biostimulating action of laser radiation on various organs and tissues in plants (Anisimov et al. 1997) . Plants absorb light via their photoreceptors and control all stages of plants development (Spalding and Folta 2005) . Protein molecular weight determination via SDS-PAGE is universally used method and it can be economically used for assessing genetic variation (Ranjan et al. 2013; Awatef 2017) .

The laser light at low intensity produces biostimulation when used on seeds and seedling plants.

The basis of laser stimulation mechanism in any plant physiological stage is the synergism between the polarized monochromatic laser beams and the photoreceptors.

There are many facts that indicate the biostimulating action of laser radiation on various organs and tissues in plants.

Plants absorb light via their photoreceptors and control all stages of plants development.

Protein molecular weight determination via SDS-PAGE is universally used method and it can be economically used for assessing genetic variation.


The extremely thermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor species are also Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria that hydrolyze hemicellulose and cellulose, utilizing both pentose and hexose sugars [23] . In contrast to C. thermocellum, for hydrolysis they use a noncellulosomal approach, but like C. thermocellum, they are mixed-acid fermenters producing primarily acetate, lactate, CO 2 , H 2 , and some strains produce trace amounts of ethanol [24] . The wild-type strains not producing ethanol have been used primarily for hydrogen production from lignocellulosic substrates [25] [26] [27] [28] . Recently, there was a Caldicellulosiruptor strain isolated that produced 1.12 g/L ethanol from unwashed pretreated Populus and in co-culture with Thermoanaerobacter reached 1.60 g/L of ethanol [24] .

The extremely thermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor species are also Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria that hydrolyze hemicellulose and cellulose, utilizing both pentose and hexose sugars.

In contrast to C. thermocellum, for hydrolysis they use a noncellulosomal approach, but like C. thermocellum, they are mixed-acid fermenters producing primarily acetate, lactate, CO 2 , H 2 , and some strains produce trace amounts of ethanol.

The wild-type strains not producing ethanol have been used primarily for hydrogen production from lignocellulosic substrates.

Recently, there was a Caldicellulosiruptor strain isolated that produced 1.12 g/L ethanol from unwashed pretreated Populus and in co-culture with Thermoanaerobacter reached 1.60 g/L of ethanol.


Using a drama manager to guide interactive drama was first proposed by Laurel [3] . The story and drama-manager formalism we use-and treating drama management as an optimization problem-was proposed by Bates as searchbased drama management (SBDM) [1] . SBDM formulates the drama management problem similarly to a minimax game-tree search problem as has been used for games like chess; however, because the player in interactive drama is not truly an opponent, expectimax search is used, alternating maximizing nodes where the drama manager chooses its best available action with expectation-calculating nodes where the player is assumed to act according to some probabilistic model.

Using a drama manager to guide interactive drama was first proposed by Laurel.

The story and drama-manager formalism we use-and treating drama management as an optimization problem-was proposed by Bates as searchbased drama management (SBDM).


There have been many studies of distributed systems for relational databases; however, few of them consider distributed XML databases. Data decomposition and dynamic data relocation of distributed relational databases are classic problems, so there are already various proposed methods to solve them [3, 4] . Since relational databases are arranged in tuples, data partitioning and relocation is relatively easy. However, due to the XML tree structure, data partitioning and relocation becomes more complicated.

Data decomposition and dynamic data relocation of distributed relational databases are classic problems, so there are already various proposed methods to solve them.


Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L., 2n = 4x = 40, AABB) is self-pollinating allotetraploid legume crop belonging to the Fabaceae family . Groundnut seeds are a rich source of oil (35-56%), protein (25-30%), carbohydrates (9.5-19.0%), minerals (P, Ca, Mg and K) and vitamins (E, K and B) (Gulluoglu et al. 2016) . The crop has various industrial uses including products such as food, feed, paints, lubricants and insecticides . Further, groundnut is an ideal crop in rotational systems to improve soil fertility due to its natural ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (Jaiswal et al. 2017) .

Groundnut seeds are a rich source of oil (35-56%), protein (25-30%), carbohydrates (9.5-19.0%), minerals (P, Ca, Mg and K) and vitamins (E, K and B).

Further, groundnut is an ideal crop in rotational systems to improve soil fertility due to its natural ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.


Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most prominent protein in plasma. Of the over 3000 different proteins that make up the plasma proteome, HSA has the highest relative concentration and comprises greater than 65% of the total protein by mass [2] [3] . In vivo, HSA plays a major role as the principal cellular transporter in blood, and in doing so binds, both reversibly and covalently, to a broad spectrum of ligands of endogenous and exogenous origins. Binding and resulting modifications can be covalent, ionic or hydrophobic in nature [4] [5] . Examinations of HSA samples derived from diseased blood have divulged a variety of chemical modifications, or adducts, of HSA that accompany human disease [6] . Levels and types of covalent modifications of HSA can vary depending on the specific disease state(s) [7] .

Of the over 3000 different proteins that make up the plasma proteome, HSA has the highest relative concentration and comprises greater than 65% of the total protein by mass.

Binding and resulting modifications can be covalent, ionic or hydrophobic in nature.

Examinations of HSA samples derived from diseased blood have divulged a variety of chemical modifications, or adducts, of HSA that accompany human disease.

Levels and types of covalent modifications of HSA can vary depending on the specific disease state(s).


In the current study our focus was on performing DSC analysis of HSA and quantitatively determining how the thermodynamic stability of HSA, an indirect measure of HSA structural integrity, is affected by covalent attachment of biotin to different sites on HSA 99 and HSA 96 . Through the choice of attachment chemistries, it was possible to selectively attach biotin to either a single site, or different multiple sites, and then make DSC mea-surements to assess the effects of specific site biotinylation on HSA thermodynamic stability. Biotinylation naturally occurs in several metabolic processes and it has been previously employed as a probe of conformational changes in proteins [28] . Successful biotinylation of plasma has also been reported [29] . For these reasons sitespecific biotinylation of HSA was conveniently chosen as the attachment moiety for investigating effects of covalent adduct formation on thermodynamic stability of HSA.

Biotinylation naturally occurs in several metabolic processes and it has been previously employed as a probe of conformational changes in proteins.

Successful biotinylation of plasma has also been reported.


Reduction of the dietary protein content has been a practice used in laying hen nutrition. However, a progressive reduction of the dietary protein content may lead to a situation where certain amino acids such as valine and isoleucine affect the animal performance (Peganova & Eder, 2002) . As a result, supplementation of these amino acids as a free form is necessary in these cases.

However, a progressive reduction of the dietary protein content may lead to a situation where certain amino acids such as valine and isoleucine affect the animal performance.


Honey bees are essential to modern agriculture. Honey bees not only provide pollination services but also provide honey which is of great medicinal importance. These provide main pollination services to many field crops, vegetables and fruit crops. Without adequate population of honey bees the considerable production of these crops would be impossible. The role and economic value of honey bees as agricultural pollinators was estimated and caused out with conclusion that an increase of 1.5 to 5.7 social gains, annually was due to the use of full activities of these insects (Southwick and Southwick, 1992) .

The role and economic value of honey bees as agricultural pollinators was estimated and caused out with conclusion that an increase of 1.5 to 5.7 social gains, annually was due to the use of full activities of these insects.


The nata de pina yielded from PLW showed the highest thickness and weight when it is added with sugar and ZA. The nutrients enrichment in the media allow bacteria abundant supply of the nutrient. In treatment C, even though PLW has been stored for 6 months, the nutrient content is enough to grow the bacteria and to produce more fiber. A treatment where there was no nutrient additional produce nata that is fairly well compared to the enriched PLW (B). The difference in weight is 272.6 gram compared to B medium and 138.6 gram compared to C medium. It shows that without adding nutrients, PLW can be used as the medium to grow A. xylinum well [20] . PLW used here fulfill two basic requirement to grow the bacteria: pH between 3-4 with more than 10% of monosaccharide [1] . The fiber content of the 3 treatments were higher than the minimum standard for fiber content in food (5%) by National Standard of Indonesia (NSI) [8] . Color and brightness respectively are white (A), gloomy (B), and brown (C). PLW without sugar and ZA addition are whiter and brighter. The more balance its pH the whiter the nata will be [21] .

It shows that without adding nutrients, PLW can be used as the medium to grow A. xylinum well.

PLW used here fulfill two basic requirement to grow the bacteria: pH between 3-4 with more than 10% of monosaccharide.

The fiber content of the 3 treatments were higher than the minimum standard for fiber content in food (5%) by National Standard of Indonesia (NSI).

The more balance its pH the whiter the nata will be.


The principle application of reuse in waste management is to reduce the volume of the waste [27] . It can be seen from the volume decrease analysis of waste relate to waste quality and especially to the qualification of quality standard required [28] . In this case, che utilization of the PLW as raw material in nata de pina production will provide additional values for the company economically and even ecologically, so that the demand of green market can be fulfilled by PT. GGP Lampung as the third biggest pineapple producer in the world that exports to more than 55 countries [29] .

The principle application of reuse in waste management is to reduce the volume of the waste.

It can be seen from the volume decrease analysis of waste relate to waste quality and especially to the qualification of quality standard required.

GGP Lampung as the third biggest pineapple producer in the world that exports to more than 55 countries.


Emphasis will be put in this article on those modelbased quantitative methods that have been used for aerospace applications. Relatively, few books and survey papers have been published on this aspect of fault diagnosis [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] . The survey proposed here is supported by a large collection of references dealing with fault detection for flight systems. Papers are sorted according to the type of vehicle considered and a classification is proposed relating the fault diagnosis methods employed to each category of aerospace model. This should offer a better viewpoint on current research in the domain.

Relatively, few books and survey papers have been published on this aspect of fault diagnosis.


With the increasing penetration of renewable energy into the grid, power quality and stability issues become more and more important. In distributed power generation system (DPGS), a grid-connected converter is usually used as the interface between the renewable energy and grid, which plays an important role in injecting high quality power into the grid [1] [2] [3] . For the grid-connected converter, an LCL filter is usually preferred to attenuate the switching frequency harmonics due to its having a higher harmonic attenuating ability than an L filter [4, 5] . For the three-phase LCL-type grid-connected converter, the most widely used current control method is the proportional-integral (PI) control in dq frame [1, 6] .

In distributed power generation system (DPGS), a grid-connected converter is usually used as the interface between the renewable energy and grid, which plays an important role in injecting high quality power into the grid.

For the grid-connected converter, an LCL filter is usually preferred to attenuate the switching frequency harmonics due to its having a higher harmonic attenuating ability than an L filter.

For the three-phase LCL-type grid-connected converter, the most widely used current control method is the proportional-integral (PI) control in dq frame.


The PVP/styrene-ratio had a prominent effect on both the resulting average size and the degree of monodispersity of the PS spheres [9, 11] . In this work, it is found that the effect of varying the PVP/styrene-ratio was largest when the ratio was small; that is, the largest change in PS particle size was observed at PVP/styrene-ratio close to zero. Here, a 50% increase in the amount of stabilizer (from 0.05 g PVP to 0.075 g) leads to a halving of the resulting particle size (from ∼900 to 475 nm, see Figure 2 ), while a 50% increase from, for example, 1 g to 1.5 g decreased the average particle size by only ∼20%. The results of controlling the size of the polystyrene templates by varying the PVP/styrene weight ratio are presented in Table 1 .

The PVP/styrene-ratio had a prominent effect on both the resulting average size and the degree of monodispersity of the PS spheres.


In recent years, there has been an explosion of small computing devices, e.g., PDAs, cell phones, sensors, and a plethora of embedded devices. At the same time, network connectivity has become ubiquitous, even for these small devices. Such devices are typically resourceconstrained, with limited energy, computation, memory, storage, and/or network resources. However, these limitations can be masked by utilizing the resources of less resource-constrained computers, a concept called surrogate computing or cyber foraging [15] . In a cyber foraging system, a surrogate machine makes its resources available to client devices to perform tasks on their behalf. We propose to use cyber foraging to let resource-constrained devices run applications and services that cannot be run on the small devices themselves due to lack of some resource(s). This paper describes a surrogate infrastructure that we are building to support this kind of cyber foraging.

However, these limitations can be masked by utilizing the resources of less resource-constrained computers, a concept called surrogate computing or cyber foraging.


Excellent results were obtained by analyzing the antenna on Rogers 3003C, more competitive than on either Rogers 3003 or FR-4 (Epoxy); it has been made clear in Table 1 . Optimally, the simulation reached to (3.3 -5.8) GHz, absolute bandwidth, highly exceeding 500 MHz [13] . The calculated fractional bandwidth is 67%, certainly greater than 20% [14] . Radiation results indicate the omni-directional radiation; these are very appreciable parameters for UWB Antennas in general.

Optimally, the simulation reached to (3.3 -5.8) GHz, absolute bandwidth, highly exceeding 500 MHz.

The calculated fractional bandwidth is 67%, certainly greater than 20%.


Harmony has been identified as the cardinal value of Chinese culture (Chen and Starosta 1997) . Individual concepts of social harmony may differ, and before the data were collected we had no preconceived idea of its importance to Hong Kong Chinese people. As the quotes illustrated, in our study people often spoke of social harmony and the acceptance or tolerance of diversity in the same sentence. Respect for others was another component of social harmony, as was the acceptance of linguistic diversity. The result was consistent with the notion that harmony in the Chinese context was relational and was able to tolerate differences (Wei and Li 2013) .

Harmony has been identified as the cardinal value of Chinese culture.

The result was consistent with the notion that harmony in the Chinese context was relational and was able to tolerate differences.


Most students achieved highly, both on the written NOI group assignment, and their quiz in which they individually reconstructed a real NOI written by one of the authors (ID). Therefore, the task was adequately designed to promote student learning and the task goals and criteria were sufficiently explicit. The assessment results indicate that students successfully taught each other and worked cooperatively in this task. As reported by 63% of students, peer teaching was of benefit to their understanding, more beneficial than either researching or writing their NOI. Importantly, the Jigsaw teaching strategy provided a supportive classroom environment considered essential to encourage students to be critical active learners, and in which academics are encouraged to adopt cost-effective teaching methods (Anderson and Boud, 1996) .

Importantly, the Jigsaw teaching strategy provided a supportive classroom environment considered essential to encourage students to be critical active learners, and in which academics are encouraged to adopt cost-effective teaching methods.


How well students feel about how they performed can be as important as evaluating the academic outcome of their group work. Self-perception and the learning community in which students are working, can strongly influence learning (Chapman et al., 2005) . In the pre-teaching survey prior to the cooperative group task, 72% of respondents reported that assessable group work did not appeal to them. Uneven effort and the possibility of resulting unfair marks were the main concern. Following the cooperative task, 87.5% of students agreed that all team members should receive the same mark. Their accompanying comments were often based on the even contributions of members to the team effort. However, the number of respondents in the pre-teaching survey (n = 123) and post-teaching survey (n = 220) were very different. Therefore, these results provide tentative reassurance that the task design was successful in overcoming issues of social loafing often encountered by students in group projects. The literature on group work depicts how academic achievement of team members and the method of grouping affect the outcomes of group work (Chapman et al, 2006; Colbeck et al., 2000) . However, there is little mention of student's satisfaction with their team's effort compared to academic outcomes has been made. Of the 12.5% (n = 26) who felt that it was not fair to give all group members the same mark, their groups still achieved highly despite some dissatisfaction with their peers. It may be that some higher achievers took a more dominant role in the writing of their NOI. There is evidence that high achieving students often dislike group work due to their dependence on others to obtain marks (Mills, 2003) . It is possible that these students had higher expectations of their colleagues than those of the assessment criteria for this task. Indeed studies have shown that students often assess themselves more harshly than their teachers (Hanrahan and Isaacs, 2001) .

Self-perception and the learning community in which students are working, can strongly influence learning.

The literature on group work depicts how academic achievement of team members and the method of grouping affect the outcomes of group work.

There is evidence that high achieving students often dislike group work due to their dependence on others to obtain marks.

Indeed studies have shown that students often assess themselves more harshly than their teachers.


Apart from series-compensated AC transmission lines, power electronics converters like those in High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems can also cause Subsynchronous Oscillation (SSO) of generators nearby [1] [2] [3] [4] . This category of SSO usually results from the fast-response characteristics of the controller of the converters, due to which the electrical system provides negative electrical damping in the subsynchronous frequency range [3, 4] . The electrical damping also depends on HVDC power level, AC system strength and parameters of the converter controllers [4] . SSO due to HVDC was first experienced in the Square Butte system in America [1] . In China, several HVDC systems have experienced similar problems in recent years [5, 6] . As the number of HVDC systems in China grows, it is highly possible that the SSO problem will become more severe.

Apart from series-compensated AC transmission lines, power electronics converters like those in High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems can also cause Subsynchronous Oscillation (SSO) of generators nearby.

This category of SSO usually results from the fast-response characteristics of the controller of the converters, due to which the electrical system provides negative electrical damping in the subsynchronous frequency range.

The electrical damping also depends on HVDC power level, AC system strength and parameters of the converter controllers.

SSO due to HVDC was first experienced in the Square Butte system in America.

In China, several HVDC systems have experienced similar problems in recent years.


Journal homepage: https://content.sciendo.com At this stage, the composition of structural heat that is insulating the non-autoclaved foam concrete reinforced by PET fibre is being developed and patented; the influence of polyethylene terephthalate fibre on the structure, as well as its properties, are being established. In addition, it has been proven that the PET fibre integration in the amount of 0.7 % of the total mass into the foam concrete mixture composition has led to the improvement of the strength properties by 40 % [5] . Here it has to be complemented, that the heat-insulating properties of the foam concrete reinforced by PET fibre have not been studied so far.

In addition, it has been proven that the PET fibre integration in the amount of 0.7 % of the total mass into the foam concrete mixture composition has led to the improvement of the strength properties by 40 %.


It is now evident that the cyber-infrastructure requirements and associated data management systems are becoming large in number, highly dynamic in nature, and exceptionally attractive for cyber-crime activities [3] . Protecting the sensitive data cyber-infrastructure portals are relying on information security for daily activities which is not a trivial task. The techniques used to perform cybercrimes are becoming relatively sophisticated with the firewalls protecting them. Reaching high-levels of data protection in both wired and wireless networks, in order to face recent cybercrime approaches is a challenge that is continuously proving hard to achieve.

It is now evident that the cyber-infrastructure requirements and associated data management systems are becoming large in number, highly dynamic in nature, and exceptionally attractive for cyber-crime activities.


A proof-of-concept experiment for the sensor function was carried out. Due to extensive ion exchange, the cells growing at the transistor channel modulate the current within it; hence the removal of cells will result in changes to the channel current. Thus, the confluent layer of cells within the sensor was treated with trypsine, an approach to detach cells from their support [9] . Indeed, the absolute value of the current decreased in parallel with the trypsine-mediated detachment of cells ( Figure B, Supplementary 2 , video S1 "3T3 fibroblast detachment"). Finally the function of the sensor was verified by means of a spike of KCl (Lachema, Brno, Czech Republic), which resulted in a major dropdown of the absolute current value. The main idea of the final proof of concept experiment with cells was to demonstrate that the sensor can host the living cells efficiently and an electrogenic event related to cell physiology could be recorded.

Thus, the confluent layer of cells within the sensor was treated with trypsine, an approach to detach cells from their support.


A proof-of-concept experiment for the sensor function was carried out. Due to extensive ion exchange, the cells growing at the transistor channel modulate the current within it; hence the removal of cells will result in changes to the channel current. Thus, the confluent layer of cells within the sensor was treated with trypsine, an approach to detach cells from their support [9] . Indeed, the absolute value of the current decreased in parallel with the trypsine-mediated detachment of cells ( Figure 5B , see video S1). Finally the function of the sensor was verified by means of a spike of KCl (Lachema, Brno, Czech Republic), which resulted in a major dropdown of the absolute current value. The main idea of the final proof of concept experiment with cells was to demonstrate that the sensor can host the living cells efficiently and an electrogenic event related to cell physiology could be recorded. The biocompatibility of the sensor was tested by 3T3 fibroblasts. These cells were able to grow within sensors to the same extent as in the control (standard cell culture plastics, not shown). The viability was comparable to the control and it typically reached 90-95%. This indicated that a high level of biocompatibility was reached. Indeed, cells were able to form a confluent layer within 48 h ( Figure A) .


The bacterium can be grown easily and inexpensively in a laboratory setting, and has been intensively investigated for over 60 years. Remarkable works has been done throughout the world (Alexa et al., 2011; Kesava et al., 2011; Cookson et al., 2006; Fratamico et al., 2004; Chapman et al., 1994) . In Bangladesh, several reports have been published on isolation and characterization of E. coli from different sources including rectum of different animals (Singh et al., 2012 , Paul et al., 2010 Zinnah et al., 2007; Ali et al., 1998; Amin et al., 1988) . In these cases, prevalence of pathogenic E. coli was investigated mainly focusing on diseased or slaughtered animals, poultry and human being. However, there are very few reports on the prevalence study of E. coli in apparently healthy cattle in Bangladesh. The present study was thus designed to investigate the prevalence of E. coli in the rectal swab of apparently healthy cattle reared in Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) dairy farm and visiting BAU veterinary clinic, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.

Remarkable works has been done throughout the world.

In Bangladesh, several reports have been published on isolation and characterization of E. coli from different sources including rectum of different animals.


Despite all the advantages related to this drying process, spray-dried fruit pulp tends to present some problems, such as handling stickiness and high hygroscopicity. This is due to the presence of low molecular weight sugars and organic acids in fruits, resulting in low glass transition temperatures and, consequently, considerable stickiness. Thus, they can stick on the dryer chamber wall during the drying process, leading to low product recovery and operational problems. In this context, the use of high molecular weight carrier agents, such as starches and derivatives, gums, lipids and proteins, is recommended during spray drying (BHANDARI et al., 1997) . These carrier agents are usually used as encapsulating agents in the microencapsulation process.

In this context, the use of high molecular weight carrier agents, such as starches and derivatives, gums, lipids and proteins, is recommended during spray drying.


Polyvinylbutyral (PVB) polymers have been extensively used for many applications, since PVB is a low-cost alternative that offers strong binding ability, flexibility, optical clarity, and adhesion to many surfaces [8] . Strong fiber structure and low-cost alternative makes PVB nanofibers good candidate for wastewater treatment. Silver nitrate NPs were used to enhance efficiency of nanofibers.

Polyvinylbutyral (PVB) polymers have been extensively used for many applications, since PVB is a low-cost alternative that offers strong binding ability, flexibility, optical clarity, and adhesion to many surfaces.


A proper HP time is also important for defending ischemia, prolonged HP failed to exert protective effects and even seemed deleterious in some cells [29] . In our system, sublethal hypoxia 2 h to 8 h before critical insult time-dependently attenuated apoptosis and resulted in discrepant cell viability, 8 h-HP presented a distinguished activeness. The underlying mechanism needs further research.

A proper HP time is also important for defending ischemia, prolonged HP failed to exert protective effects and even seemed deleterious in some cells.


This article springs from a question frequently asked by educators, policymakers and employers, namely 'What motivates adults to take part in and complete courses in continued education and competence development?'. This question is posed as the call for adult education, or the more frequently used term, lifelong learning, is gaining ground today, both in Sweden and many other industrialized countries. Lifelong learning is seen as the solution to several urgent problems. Governments realize the need for more skilled and educated adults, as the labour market for unskilled labour is shifting to low cost countries, and the resulting high levels of unemployment erode the tax base and challenge welfare systems. Industry calls for a labour force having the latest and updated levels of competence. Politicians regard education as a solution to what they see as democracy problems, as evidenced by decreasing participation in party politics. Education is supposed to foster active and democratic citizenship, in spite of the fact that party membership, at least in Sweden, seems to be decreasing as the general level of education increases. As people undergoing any sort of education are not regarded as unemployed in the official statistics, it is also a means of keeping open unemployment figures low. Educators, finally, call for education as a means for personal growth and development and for the building of the good society (Gustavsson 2002) .

Educators, finally, call for education as a means for personal growth and development and for the building of the good society.


PCDDs and PCDFs are two series of organohalogenated substances, which form a group of 210 different substances and are divided into 135 PCDFs and 75 PCDDs. However, only the isomers presenting chlorine in the 2,3,7,8 positions have been reported to be toxic to exposed organisms (Malisch 2000a; Fueno et al. 2002) . This reduces the number of compounds of interest to 17, 7 PCDDs and 10 PCDFs. Nevertheless, not all 2,3,7,8 chlorinated PCDDs/ PCDFs present the same toxicity; the 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) being the most toxic, was catalogued by the World Health Organization (WHO) as carcinogenic for humans (Abad et al. 2000a) .

However, only the isomers presenting chlorine in the 2,3,7,8 positions have been reported to be toxic to exposed organisms.

Nevertheless, not all 2,3,7,8 chlorinated PCDDs/ PCDFs present the same toxicity; the 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) being the most toxic, was catalogued by the World Health Organization (WHO) as carcinogenic for humans.


The term ''dioxin'' refers to a class of structurally and chemically related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons that includes polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs or dioxins), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs or furans) and the ''dioxin-like'' polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Because of their chemistry, dioxins are both toxic and persistent in the environment. Dioxins and furans are included in the UNEP ''Dirty Dozen'', and Greenpeace describe dioxins as ''some of the most dangerous chemicals on earth'' (Davy 2004) .

Dioxins and furans are included in the UNEP ''Dirty Dozen'', and Greenpeace describe dioxins as ''some of the most dangerous chemicals on earth''.


Polychlorinated biphenyls on the other hand have been produced commercially for some five decades starting from about 1920, by direct chlorination of biphenyl. They were produced as mixtures; individual congeners were hardly synthesized. The various (commercial) technical PCBmixtures are characterized by their chlorine content, the brand names of which are known as 'Aroclor' (produced in the USA), 'Clophen' (produced in Germany), 'Phenoclor' (produced in France), 'Fenclor' (produced in Italy), and 'Kanechlor' (produced in Japan). These mixtures were used in a wide range of applications, such as coatings, inks, flame retardants and paints, but its major uses were in electronic appliances, heat-transfer systems, and hydraulic fluids. Due to the persistent nature of PCBs in the environment many countries decided in the 1970s to ban the use of PCBs in open applications. They may, however, still be in use in closed systems such as capacitors and transformers, but this use will decrease over time. Waste disposal, both of households and industrial waste, is the major source of PCB emissions into the environment (ATSDR 2000) .

Waste disposal, both of households and industrial waste, is the major source of PCB emissions into the environment.


A TRNSYS simulation model for a typical Danish solar collector field with large solar collector panels placed on the ground has been developed. The collector field consists of a number of parallel connected rows with a number of serial connected solar collector panels. The model was validated by means of measurements from Braedstrup solar heating plant, [11] .

The model was validated by means of measurements from Braedstrup solar heating plant.


It must be emphasized that it is possible to combine the present non-feedback control technique with other methods. For instance, with stochastic control, attractors with small basins can be annihilated to "simplify" the state spaces during the transformation. Moreover, even if feedback control is possible in an application, the method introduced here is still a good candidate for targeting a desired attractor, and after the continuous transformation, the attractor can be stabilized against external noise with the feedback control. Similarly, the delay feedback control can stabilize an unstable orbit that replaces the originally stable chaotic attractor. After that, the continuous transformation technique can be applied between the resulting coexisting stable states if necessary and if it is possible. In this way, chaos control and targeting an attractor directly is accomplished simultaneously. There are case studies where the application of two different kinds of controls may be successful when the usage of only one of the control fails [74] .

There are case studies where the application of two different kinds of controls may be successful when the usage of only one of the control fails.


Environmental pressure and increasing energy costs escalation create a series of fundamental dilemmas in electric power production. Like many developing countries, the growing consumption of energy fuels bolsters the Chinese economy, but increasing the use also exposes potential disruptions in supply [1] . Thus, renewable energy plays an increasingly important part in the future Chinese power system, supplanting all or part of conventional energy sources. Solar energy deserves attention because of its clean, non-polluting, and sustainable use, and other advantages [2] . It is an ideal energy that fundamentally solves the energy crisis and environmental problems [3] . Solar radiation varies with geographic latitude, season and time of a day due to the various solar positions [4] . To maximize the collection of solar radiation, a PV panel should be installed at the appropriate tilt angle and orientation under various circumstances [5] .

Like many developing countries, the growing consumption of energy fuels bolsters the Chinese economy, but increasing the use also exposes potential disruptions in supply.

Solar energy deserves attention because of its clean, non-polluting, and sustainable use, and other advantages.

It is an ideal energy that fundamentally solves the energy crisis and environmental problems.

Solar radiation varies with geographic latitude, season and time of a day due to the various solar positions.

To maximize the collection of solar radiation, a PV panel should be installed at the appropriate tilt angle and orientation under various circumstances.


Small scale masonry testing has been used for decades due to problems of full scale testing [10, 11] . This approach is typically used to assess and investigate strengthening of existing structures as well as investigating the effects of extreme climatic events such as earthquakes. Testing at small scales is performed because of the cost and repeatability of undertaking full-scale tests [11] . This paper discusses how reduced laboratory scale brick manufacture can replicate full-scale production properties of extruded earth bricks. The focus will be on a suitable compressive strength testing methodology for small scale earth bricks, including the comparison to equivalent full scale bricks.

Small scale masonry testing has been used for decades due to problems of full scale testing.

Testing at small scales is performed because of the cost and repeatability of undertaking full-scale tests.


The 96h LC 50 for acute butachlor toxicity in rainbow trout has been reported to be 0.52 mg/l (Tomlin 1994) . Hence, this study was performed using 75% of the above mentioned concentration, i.e. 0.39 mg/l, to induce acute butachlor toxicity (Purity 60%, H.P.C., Iran). To ensure consistency, we validated the concentration of butachlor using a HPLC system (Junghans et al. 2003; Del Buono et al. 2005) .

The 96h LC 50 for acute butachlor toxicity in rainbow trout has been reported to be 0.52 mg/l.

To ensure consistency, we validated the concentration of butachlor using a HPLC system.


The loss by cooling arising from loss of moisture during cold storage were influenced (P<0.05) by experimental treatments. The average found was 1.65%, which is considered normal according to literature (Araújo Filho et al., 2007) . The average for sheep is 2.5%, with a range of variation from 1 to 7%. These variations were due to genotype, sex, fat cover, temperature and humidity in the cold chamber.

The average found was 1.65%, which is considered normal according to literature.


On the basis of regional poverty theory and research methods, scholars have carried out a series of studies on rural poverty in China, including poverty measurement, poverty causes, poverty targeting, geographical identification of poverty, spatial distribution of poverty, etc. Limited by data collection methods and people s subjective perception of poverty, income alone has been used for a long time to measure poverty. It is widely believed that poverty is a state in which the income of an individual or family cannot meet their basic needs [18] . In recent years, scholars have tried to define and identify poverty from multiple dimensions. They think that income is not the only indicator of poverty and other objective indicators (such as drinking water, roads and sanitation facilities) as well as subjective indicators (such as feeling of welfare) can also be used to measure poverty [9, 10, 19] .

It is widely believed that poverty is a state in which the income of an individual or family cannot meet their basic needs.

They think that income is not the only indicator of poverty and other objective indicators (such as drinking water, roads and sanitation facilities) as well as subjective indicators (such as feeling of welfare) can also be used to measure poverty.


Poverty identification is the basis for poverty research and poverty reduction decision-making [12, 48, 49] . Due to its diverse causes, poverty can present different forms in different regions. Social development levels, natural conditions and regional conditions may affect the degree, manifestation and type of poverty [50, 51] . These factors may change with time and space. From a perspective of QRL and relative poverty, this paper proposed to use IPA analysis to identify poverty objects. Compared with the case of previous research, our approach based on IPA chart to determine the comprehensive poverty level of a region presents certain innovations, and the results obtained are relatively reliable. Although the method of determining poverty-stricken counties using per capita net income is simple, it is effective in assessing poverty. Because the data used in this paper are more complex and difficult to obtain, considering the dynamic change of poverty, this paper proposes to combine the two methods to identify poverty. The QRL is determined by an individual s subjective feelings, such as satisfaction with life, inner sense of contentment and self-realization in society [52] [53] [54] . In addition, it is determined by objective conditions, such as income and expenditure, living conditions and cultural life, rural infrastructure, public services and social security, as well as ecological environment [55, 56] . Therefore, QRL is a comprehensive evaluation of one s living standards. The subjective evaluation is also based on objective conditions. For example, people s satisfaction with life depends on whether the external objective conditions can make people feel content. Therefore, this study majorly evaluated the QRL according to the objective conditions in rural regions, and paid attention to the relative poverty of regions. The results provide reference for reducing rural poverty.

Poverty identification is the basis for poverty research and poverty reduction decision-making.

Social development levels, natural conditions and regional conditions may affect the degree, manifestation and type of poverty.

The QRL is determined by an individual s subjective feelings, such as satisfaction with life, inner sense of contentment and self-realization in society.

In addition, it is determined by objective conditions, such as income and expenditure, living conditions and cultural life, rural infrastructure, public services and social security, as well as ecological environment.


Poverty reduction is a complex systematic and social program [57] [58] [59] [60] . Gansu Province is a major agricultural production area and an important commodity grain base of China, and the poverty problem in Gansu Province cannot be ignored. This region is characterized by spatial agglomeration of poverty, high poverty level and difficult poverty reduction. In most cases, poverty is caused by diseases and the lack of lands. Considering these facts and the natural environment in Gansu Province, future efforts should aim to propose new poverty reduction strategies on the basis of traditional strategies such as development-oriented poverty reduction, specific poverty reduction, industrial poverty reduction and social poverty reduction. For example, a "will enhancement + technology support + personnel training" strategy can be adopted. Specifically, media can be used as a powerful tool to enhance the willingness of people to get rid of poverty [57] . Through such measures as public opinion guidance, skill training and financial support, the development-oriented poverty alleviation and the guarantee-oriented poverty alleviation can be carried out simultaneously. Not only can we guarantee their lives by funding, but also we should promote the development of their industries and create more jobs so as to enhance the poverty-stricken people s independent poverty alleviation, as in the case of "blood transfusion" poverty alleviation. This can enhance the endogenous motivation of poverty-stricken people to get rid of poverty on their own, and realize the transition from "blood transfusion" of poverty alleviation to "hematopoietic" poverty alleviation. In addition, region-specific poverty reduction strategy should be developed according to the spatial pattern of poverty. Related resources should be carefully allocated to different regions to improve the quality of poverty reduction. We should encourage the innovation of different types of geographic unit production, living and ecological space reconstruction models, approaches and poverty reduction policies to overcome the different spatial poverty disadvantages, and fundamentally solve the problem of regional overall poverty.

Poverty reduction is a complex systematic and social program.

Specifically, media can be used as a powerful tool to enhance the willingness of people to get rid of poverty.


In fact, poverty population are characterized by not only low income levels but also poor quality-of-life. Quality of rural life (QRL) is an important indicator of rural economic development level and directly related to the interests and well-being of rural residents [20] [21] [22] . However, with rapid urbanization and industrialization, the urban-rural gap has been expanding, which has become a key factor influencing rural sustainable development and restricting rural poverty alleviation [23] [24] [25] . Improving the quality-of-life of rural poverty groups is conducive to reducing the class conflict and promoting the construction of a harmonious society. In general, current research on rural poverty in China is mainly based on sociology, economics and political science and is mostly from a single economic perspective or multiple perspectives. Notably, there is almost no poverty research from the perspective of quality-of-life. This study identifies poverty from the perspective of QRL. It enriches the scope of poverty research, makes up for the deficiencies of poverty identification research, and can also be used to verify the accuracy of poverty identification results based on income. In addition, it can analyze poverty situation objectively from the provincial scale with a unified standard to provide objective basis for the rational formulation and implementation of poverty alleviation strategy. The measurement methods of poverty have also developed with the deepening of poverty research. They have experienced the evolution from single index to multi-dimensional indicators such as health, education and living standards. They mainly adopt axiomatic method, information theory method, double boundary method, input-output method, quantitative analysis method and so on [26] . However, most of these methods are applicable to specific spatial and temporal backgrounds. They require high data quality or have poor ability to interpret reality. It is difficult to popularize them widely in China. The quality-of-life index makes up for the shortcomings of poverty measurement methods in the past, and helps to quantify and understand poverty more deeply, thus guiding the formulation and implementation of poverty reduction policies in the region.

Quality of rural life (QRL) is an important indicator of rural economic development level and directly related to the interests and well-being of rural residents.

However, with rapid urbanization and industrialization, the urban-rural gap has been expanding, which has become a key factor influencing rural sustainable development and restricting rural poverty alleviation.

They mainly adopt axiomatic method, information theory method, double boundary method, input-output method, quantitative analysis method and so on.


However, there are still some problems that need further investigation [55] . First, we evaluated the QRL based on the availability of data, including the income, housing, facilities, security and so on in index selection, and excluding natural geographical elements. This should be addressed in future study. Second, due to the limited availability of some data, this paper studied the spatial variation of rural poverty in Gansu Province only in 2016. However, with the implementation of poverty alleviation and development polices, the spatial pattern of poverty and its influencing factors will undergo rapid changes. Future work should focus on the spatiotemporal variation of poverty, identify new factors and problems in the process of poverty reduction, and explore new mechanisms for poverty reduction. Thirdly, the selection of these indicators is based on the research of quality-of-life at home and abroad. According to the index system established by the indicators available in various yearbooks of Gansu Province, it is still difficult to fully extend them to other provinces. In the follow-up study, we will adjust the index system, and extend the study to the West and even the whole country.

However, there are still some problems that need further investigation.


Geomagnetic storms originating from the Sun can cause large, rapidly varying currents to ow in the Earth's ionosphere which in turn can induce signiÿcant electrical currents in nearby technological networks, such as power transmission grids, telecommunication cables, pipelines, and railways. The process by which these so-called geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) are produced is further complicated by contributions from secondary currents which ow within the Earth and are frequency dependent. The e ects of GICs can be damaging, even catastrophic, to the systems in which they ow , and references therein). As these networks become increasingly interconnected and expansive, the potential for large GICs and damage to these systems also increases (Molinski et al., 2000) .

As these networks become increasingly interconnected and expansive, the potential for large GICs and damage to these systems also increases.


In our case, the difficult and innovative point lies in the linear estimate. Indeed, the noise term contains a one order derivative and hence cannot be treated as a perturbation [6, 13] . Moreover an implicit discretization of the noise has to be considered to build a conservative scheme and the delicate point, in order to obtain the strong error, is to deal with random matrices. Indeed, the linear system to be solved contains random coefficients and the expression of the global error contains terms that are not martingales. Hence, the usual arguments consisting of applying the Burkholder-Davis-Gundy inequality to the stochastic integral cannot be applied straightforwardly. The probability order for the nonlinear scheme is obtained using classical arguments [5, 28] . This notion is not usual in the context of numerical analysis of stochastic equation. It is weaker than the strong order in time and is used here because of the nonlinear drift.

Indeed, the noise term contains a one order derivative and hence cannot be treated as a perturbation.

The probability order for the nonlinear scheme is obtained using classical arguments.


In order to estimate the marginal effect of the size of the additional fee suggested on the probability of acceptance, we used a logistic regression between the binary answer to the question and the amount offered. Because the explanatory variable is highly skewed, we used its logarithm in the regression. In order to validate the explanatory power of the estimated logistic regression model, a cross-validation is conducted with a randomly selected training data set consisting of 75% of the total observations and a validation dataset of the remaining 25% of the total observations. The coefficient estimates derived from the training dataset are used to predict answers in the validation dataset. This cross validation procedure is repeated 1,000 times, and the average percentage of correct predictions is reported. Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of the community members, as well as of their land used. On average, the respondents are 64 years old ,and most of them indicated a professional apprenticeship as the highest education level. The most frequent indicated income classes are in line with the average incomes observed in the canton of Valais [62] . The area cultivated by a single community member is, with an average of 1.07 ha, extremely small and ranges from 0.03 to 7 ha. Very small land sizes are often the result of a split-up of an inheritance and are observed also in other parts of the Valais [48] . In most cases, this land is even divided in abutting parcels: only 29% of all respondents have only a single parcel. Those community members that do have abutting parcels (69%), have on average 3.27 parcels. Thus, parcels and associated water rights for single members are very small and spread over the community ground. Land and water rights are usually inherited, as almost 90% of the respondents indicated this. The large range of land sizes reveals strong asymmetries between community members regarding their assets and the potential gain from participating in the community. However, as fees are also based on the size of water rights (and thus land), these asymmetries are outweighed and are not expected to influence decisions on cooperation.

The most frequent indicated income classes are in line with the average incomes observed in the canton of Valais.

Very small land sizes are often the result of a split-up of an inheritance and are observed also in other parts of the Valais.


Both the O(n) and SOS models can be reformulated as loop gas models [1] . In this formulation, the O(n) model makes sense for arbitrary real n and exhibit critical behaviour for |n| ≤ 2. The phase structure of these models is well understood. Interestingly, they are known to describe two CFTs of different central charges connected by a renormalization group flow. The loops behave differently in the UV (or dilute) phase and the IR (dense) phase.

Both the O(n) and SOS models can be reformulated as loop gas models.


Long-lived particles are contained in many different extensions of the Standard Model (SM), including supersymmetric models, universal extra dimensions, or technicolor theories [1] . In these models the long lifetime is typically caused by suppressed couplings, by highly virtual processes, by a small phase space because of an approximate mass-degeneracy between two particles, or by (approximately) conserved quantum numbers. If the lifetime is long enough, the corresponding particle can enter -or even pass through -the detector before it decays. Therefore, searches for long-lived particles require a very different search strategy compared to conventional searches for particles beyond the Standard Model (BSM).

Long-lived particles are contained in many different extensions of the Standard Model (SM), including supersymmetric models, universal extra dimensions, or technicolor theories.


Looking at the algorithm, it is clear that there will be a total of T + V = O(n) agendas, each containing items of a certain length. The items in an agenda can start anywhere in the alignment space: O(n 2 ) possible starting points, but once the end point in one language is set, the end point in the other follows from that, adding a factor O(n). This means that each agenda contains O(n 3 ) active items. Each active item has to go through all possible siblings in the recursive step. Since the start point of the sibling is determined by the item itself (it has to be adjacent), only the O(n 2 ) possible end points have to be explored. This means that each active item takes O(n 2 ) time to process. The total time is thus O(n 6 ): O(n) agendas, containing O(n 3 ) active items, requiring O(n 2 ) time to process. This is also the time complexity reported for ITGs in previous work (Wu, 1995; Wu, 1997) .

This is also the time complexity reported for ITGs in previous work.


Two other publications have recently reported on the cessation of BRAF inhibitor treatment before progression. The first described three patients who experienced durable complete responses with BRAF inhibitor therapy that was then suspended because of toxicity; at a median follow-up of 15 months, none had relapsed. Of particular interest, all had previously been treated with interleukin-2 and ipilimumab (Wyluda et al, 2015) . Consistent with our data, in a retrospective case series, half of the 12 patients who achieved a CR during treatment with a BRAF inhibitor remained disease free, with a median duration of follow-up after treatment discontinuation of 17 months (Tolk et al, 2015) .

Of particular interest, all had previously been treated with interleukin-2 and ipilimumab.

Consistent with our data, in a retrospective case series, half of the 12 patients who achieved a CR during treatment with a BRAF inhibitor remained disease free, with a median duration of follow-up after treatment discontinuation of 17 months.


The annealing of cold work steel has been a subject of investigations [11, 12] . These studies have been concerned with kinetics of recrystallization, with microstructure and texture development and with the individual and combined effects of composition, thermal history prior to cold work and heating rates during subsequent annealing. Time was considered the important parameter in the procedures of most of these studies.

The annealing of cold work steel has been a subject of investigations.


In natural surface waters, the concentration of zinc is usually below 10 lg/L, and in ground waters, 10-40 lg/L (Elinder, 1986) . In tap water, the zinc concentration can be much higher as a result of the leaching of zinc from piping and fittings (Nriagu, 1980) . The recommended dietary allowance for adult men is set at 15 mg/day, for adult women 12 mg/day, for formula-fed infants 5 mg/day, and for preadolescent children 10 mg/day (Cousins and Hempe, 1990) . Zinc is an essential element in all living organisms. Nearly 200 zinc-containing enzymes have been identified, including many dehydrogenases, aldolases, peptidases, polymerases, and phosphatases (O'Dell, 1984) . High zinc concentrations are found in the prostate, bone, muscle, and liver. On the other hand, zinc toxicosis has been documented in various mammalian species, mostly resulting in copper deficiency caused by excessive zinc intake (Elinder, 1986) . The deficiency of Zn, which is replaced by Cd, may result in abnormal physiology disorders, and, in addition to other factors, this may have a role in mouth cancer (Kazi et al., 2010) .

In natural surface waters, the concentration of zinc is usually below 10 lg/L, and in ground waters, 10-40 lg/L.

In tap water, the zinc concentration can be much higher as a result of the leaching of zinc from piping and fittings.

The recommended dietary allowance for adult men is set at 15 mg/day, for adult women 12 mg/day, for formula-fed infants 5 mg/day, and for preadolescent children 10 mg/day.

Nearly 200 zinc-containing enzymes have been identified, including many dehydrogenases, aldolases, peptidases, polymerases, and phosphatases.

On the other hand, zinc toxicosis has been documented in various mammalian species, mostly resulting in copper deficiency caused by excessive zinc intake.

The deficiency of Zn, which is replaced by Cd, may result in abnormal physiology disorders, and, in addition to other factors, this may have a role in mouth cancer.


Genomic DNA might be enlarged and reduced because the base sequence of the genomic DNA had fractality; therefore, it had similarity to related sites and was able to prefer a gene over the chromosome. The codingand non-coding regions of a genome were different with respect to bases as described. As a result, biases of the four bases occurred on genomic DNA [20] .

As a result, biases of the four bases occurred on genomic DNA.


In the case of the chromosome, m was adjusted to 8,000 (average of 16,000 nt = 80 nucleosomes) or 10,000 (average of 20,000 nt = 100 nucleosomes). In any case, the smaller the adjusted m-value is, the higher the resolution of the sequence spectrum. These results suggested that "m" might be reflected in the higher order structure of a molecule, a gene for tRNA, or protein or chromosome, but the detailed biological meaning of the m-value is in progress [33, 34] .

These results suggested that "m" might be reflected in the higher order structure of a molecule, a gene for tRNA, or protein or chromosome, but the detailed biological meaning of the m-value is in progress.


Subsequently, we determined the sequence spectra of chromosome, gene and DNA from the key sequence of the genome (chromosome), and analyzed both the coding-and non-coding sequences because the key se-quences were used throughout the genome in cells. However, in the coding regions in the DNA, the appearance frequencies of the key sequences of an individual gene should vary in the genome because the protein-encoding gene and the adjoining (5'-and 3'-) non-coding base sequences were different. In other words, the appearance frequencies of the base sequences should be different for each gene. Even if the base sequences of the gene were identical, the adjoining base sequences differ, suggesting that each DNA sequence might have an effect on the expression of the gene and function as an informative DNA molecule [20] .

Even if the base sequences of the gene were identical, the adjoining base sequences differ, suggesting that each DNA sequence might have an effect on the expression of the gene and function as an informative DNA molecule.


Although multiple sequence alignments are broadly used in molecular biology, there is still no widely accepted objective function for evaluating the goodness of the multiple aligned strings (Gusfield, 1997) . The quality of the existing methods used to produce multiple sequence alignments is judged by the 'biological meaning of the alignments they produce'. Since strings in linguistics cannot be judged by the biological criteria used in string evaluation in biology, we were forced to propose evaluation methods that would be suitable for the strings in question. One of the advantages we had was the existence of the gold standard alignments, which made our task easier and more straightforward-in order to determine the quality of the multi-aligned strings, we compare outputs of the different algorithms to the gold standard. Since there is no off-the-shelf method that can be used for comparison of multialigned strings to a gold standard, we propose two novel methods-one sensitive to the order of columns in two alignments and another that takes into account only the content of each column.

Although multiple sequence alignments are broadly used in molecular biology, there is still no widely accepted objective function for evaluating the goodness of the multiple aligned strings.


With the help of geometric morphometrics, we revealed a significant geographic cline in the shape of the moose mandible in a northern population. The main pattern was similar in both sexes; however, there was a consistent sexual difference in the shape over the spatial scale. Depending on the applied method, no or only a weak association was found between the morphometric variation and the population genetic structure detected with neutral molecular markers (Kangas et al. 2015) . Additionally, more subtle, yet statistically significant agerelated shape variation was discovered.

Depending on the applied method, no or only a weak association was found between the morphometric variation and the population genetic structure detected with neutral molecular markers.


In this paper, we propose two innovative and efficient layer-2 hand-off schemes, NG algorithm and NG-pruning algorithm. The NG algorithm uses the neighbor graph data structure (NG) [13] . The NG-pruning algorithm further improves the discovery process by also using the non-overlap graph data structure.

The NG algorithm uses the neighbor graph data structure (NG).


The new strategy is illustrated with an application, where we select the temporary clusters for the Swedish NFI. As auxiliary variables, we use a digital elevation model and a recent nationwide forest attribute map of Sweden predicted using airborne laser scanning data and field data from the NFI (Nilsson et al. 2017) . When compared with two reference strategies (independent observations and geographically well-spread observations), through a Monte-Carlo simulation, it is evident that the new strategy succeeds in producing representative samples.

As auxiliary variables, we use a digital elevation model and a recent nationwide forest attribute map of Sweden predicted using airborne laser scanning data and field data from the NFI.


The habitat of the 10-ha study site was dominated by honey mesquite-brush (Prosopis glandulosa) and prickly pear cactus (Opuntia spp.) on the uplands, with riparian forest lowlands bordering the Medina River. Neotoma micropus inhabited only the honey mesquite uplands of the study site, which were approximately 4 ha. No woodrat nests were found in the riparian forest lowlands. The property was bordered to the S and W by cultivated fields, and to the N and E by paved roads. This area of Texas has a subtropical climate with hot, humid summers (x high temp. = 29.3 C) and cool winters (x low temp. = 10.4 C) with freezing temperatures occurring on average 20 days per year. The average annual rainfall is 70.0 cm (Tandy, 1987) .

The average annual rainfall is 70.0 cm.


Owing to the significance of mathematics in the knowledge economy, Jordan's Ministry of Education (MoE) has been concentrating on improving students' knowledge, skills and achievement in mathematics (Sabah & Hammouri, 2010) . Just recently, an interest has sparked in a method of learning and teaching mathematics that assists students' realization of the mathematics learning process. This interest is evident throughout the approach of teaching the subject. Prior to the said development, the teachers aimed to teach the information for students to be able to solve mathematical problems but following the development, teaching is centered on the development of students' capability of tackling mathematical problems through questions whose solutions lie in the use of specific data and mathematical diagrams to bring about the organization, analysis and delivery of mathematical ideas, to develop the right surrounding that encourages thinking, to help students recall prior experience and to incorporate them with learning skills. These learning skills assist them in reasoning, perceiving and connecting the links between the problem elements and their past experience while solving mathematical problems.

Owing to the significance of mathematics in the knowledge economy, Jordan's Ministry of Education (MoE) has been concentrating on improving students' knowledge, skills and achievement in mathematics.


Positioning these airways in the midline is important but there are several features that make this difficult. Both the Berman and Williams intubating airways are latex free and made from polyethylene plastic. The particular plastic used in their construction adds to their structural strength and protects the bronchoscope from damage by the teeth; however, the inflexibility of these devices prevents moulding in the mouth and consequently makes them prone to malpositioning [6] . In addition, these devices may cause dental and soft tissue damage during blind insertion and when excessive jaw thrust is exerted. The smooth outer surface, especially in the presence of loose or missing incisors, may also cause the airways to shift from their original positions during bronchoscopy. Gaps between the teeth may be overcome by placing a dental roll or gauze over the front teeth [6] . However, apart from malpositioning problems, no patients in our series suffered from any dental or soft tissue damage. Given the very similar shape and mould of these two devices there was little difference in the ease of inserting or positioning them in the mouth.

The particular plastic used in their construction adds to their structural strength and protects the bronchoscope from damage by the teeth; however, the inflexibility of these devices prevents moulding in the mouth and consequently makes them prone to malpositioning.

Gaps between the teeth may be overcome by placing a dental roll or gauze over the front teeth.


Studies comparing three different types of oropharyngeal intubating airways have been performed previously [1, 3] . The Berman Intubating Airway has been shown to be better than the Ovassapian Intubating Airway [3] . The Williams Airway Intubator has now been shown to be better than the Berman Intubating Airway as well as the Ovassapian Intubating Airway [1] . This information may aid the use and selection of these devices when fibreoptic intubation in anaesthetised patients is required.

Studies comparing three different types of oropharyngeal intubating airways have been performed previously.

The Berman Intubating Airway has been shown to be better than the Ovassapian Intubating Airway.

The Williams Airway Intubator has now been shown to be better than the Berman Intubating Airway as well as the Ovassapian Intubating Airway.


These mechanisms lead to distinct policy implications. If Northerners and Southerners share the same preference for conditional cooperation, but have different expectation about others' cooperation level, a shift in beliefs, generated for instance by migration or by a positive shock, could directly improve overall cooperation levels. If instead what matters is a difference in the strength and support of conditional cooperation, a change in behavior would be harder to achieve because it would involve reshaping individual preferences, and would most likely take considerable time, as shown in the literature on the intergenerational transmission of preferences (Bisin and Verdier, 2000; Dohmen et al., 2012) . In so far as the attitude towards social risk is a preference trait, the same conclusions would follow also if the betrayal aversion conjecture holds.

If instead what matters is a difference in the strength and support of conditional cooperation, a change in behavior would be harder to achieve because it would involve reshaping individual preferences, and would most likely take considerable time, as shown in the literature on the intergenerational transmission of preferences.