Electric vehicles typically achieve greater fuel economy, lower emissions, and increased energy security than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles [1] . Four-wheel independently actuated (FWIA) electric vehicles employ four inwheel (or hub) motors to actuate the four wheels, and thus the torque of each wheel can be controlled independently. The actuation flexibility of the FWIA electric vehicles together with the fast and precise torque responses of electric motors enhances the vehicle control strategies, such as the traction control system and direct yaw-moment control [2] [3] [4] .

Electric vehicles typically achieve greater fuel economy, lower emissions, and increased energy security than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.

The actuation flexibility of the FWIA electric vehicles together with the fast and precise torque responses of electric motors enhances the vehicle control strategies, such as the traction control system and direct yaw-moment control.


To measure the predictive utility of our interaction parameters, we focus primarily on correlations with our performance metric (Section 4). There are two reasons for this. First, a significant correlation between an interaction parameter and the performance metric is a good indicator of the parameter's relevance for PARADISE modeling. Second, correlations between factors and the performance metric are commonly used in tutoring research to analyze the tutoring/learning process (Chi et al., 2001) .

There are two reasons for this.

Second, correlations between factors and the performance metric are commonly used in tutoring research to analyze the tutoring/learning process.


An interesting property of the η-geometries is that the finite temperature generalisations have an entropy density that depends on the temperature via s ∝ T η and hence, when η > 0, they have s → 0 as T → 0 [24, 30] . The case of η = 1 is particularly interesting since the temperature dependence of s is linear, corresponding to linear specific heat [24, 28] . Another interesting feature when η ≥ 0 is that there can be spectral weight that is not exponentially suppressed at low-energies and finite momentum, as one expects for physics associated with Fermi surfaces [24, 33] .

An interesting property of the η-geometries is that the finite temperature generalisations have an entropy density that depends on the temperature via s ∝ T η and hence, when η > 0, they have s → 0 as T → 0.

The case of η = 1 is particularly interesting since the temperature dependence of s is linear, corresponding to linear specific heat.

Another interesting feature when η ≥ 0 is that there can be spectral weight that is not exponentially suppressed at low-energies and finite momentum, as one expects for physics associated with Fermi surfaces.


FSH belongs to the glycoprotein hormone family, which includes LH, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and chorionic gonadotropin (CG). These proteins are all heterodimeric and composed of noncovalently associated common ␣ and ␤ subunits that are specific for each hormone [1] . As an exception, ␤ subunits of equine CG (eCG) and LH (eLH) are encoded by a common single gene, and share an identical amino acid sequence [2] . We have previously cloned cDNAs for the ␣ subunit of equine glycoprotein hormones and eCG/LH ␤ subunits, and confirmed the ex- pression of mRNAs for eCG ␣ and ␤ subunits in the placenta [3] . We have also showed that the recombinant eCG/ LH has potent LH-and FSH-like activities [4] .

These proteins are all heterodimeric and composed of noncovalently associated common ␣ and ␤ subunits that are specific for each hormone.

As an exception, ␤ subunits of equine CG (eCG) and LH (eLH) are encoded by a common single gene, and share an identical amino acid sequence.

We have previously cloned cDNAs for the ␣ subunit of equine glycoprotein hormones and eCG/LH ␤ subunits, and confirmed the ex- pression of mRNAs for eCG ␣ and ␤ subunits in the placenta.

We have also showed that the recombinant eCG/ LH has potent LH-and FSH-like activities.


The initial water content grew from 6.1 to 6.3% for Pumpkin and from 6.6 to 7.1% for Caserta. These values are commonly obtained in vegetable seeds and they are suitable for conservation, because they allow for the maintenance of reduced respiratory and metabolic rates (Ferreira and Borghetti, 2004; Peske et al., 2012) . However, although these values may be considered low for some vigor tests, the fact that there are differences of less than one percentage point (pp) between different lots of the same species (0.2 pp in Pumpkin and 0.5 pp in Caserta) allows the comparison of the performance of different lots in tests applied to the seeds. If the differences in water content exceed one or two percentage points, seeds with higher water content may be favored for initiating the process of unfolding and translocation of reserves and, hence, they may present higher speed of germination.

These values are commonly obtained in vegetable seeds and they are suitable for conservation, because they allow for the maintenance of reduced respiratory and metabolic rates.


Vigor represents the energy level a seed requires for quick and uniform germination and seedling establishment under a wide range of environmental conditions. For the assessment of seed vigor, physiological, biochemical and stress resistance tests are performed (Marcos-Filho, 2005) . Tests based on seeding performance, usually conducted in controlled laboratory conditions, have relatively low cost, and do not require either special equipment or additional specific training of personnel. These tests assess speed of germination, first germination count, seedling growth and seedling vigor rating (Peske et al., 2012) .

For the assessment of seed vigor, physiological, biochemical and stress resistance tests are performed.

These tests assess speed of germination, first germination count, seedling growth and seedling vigor rating.


Actors within the economic system-especially businesses-face the challenge of designing their processes as well as product and service innovations in a way that achieves a significant contribution to these sustainability goals (e.g., resource efficiency, climate protection etc.) while maintaining a high customer benefit at the same time [12, 13] . As well as improvement measures within the company (such as material and energy savings during production), this requires measures that focus on optimizing the entire life cycle of a product and thus include improvement potentials in the use phase [14] . The sustainability of our production and consumption patterns is influenced considerably by supply and demand interactions a well as by the (way of) utilization of products and services [15] . Over the last decades, a large number of potentially more efficient technologies as well as products and services were developed without considerable integration of consumers-examples include car sharing, new heating systems, alternative light bulbs or detergents and electric kettles.

Actors within the economic system-especially businesses-face the challenge of designing their processes as well as product and service innovations in a way that achieves a significant contribution to these sustainability goals (e.g., resource efficiency, climate protection etc.) while maintaining a high customer benefit at the same time.

As well as improvement measures within the company (such as material and energy savings during production), this requires measures that focus on optimizing the entire life cycle of a product and thus include improvement potentials in the use phase.

The sustainability of our production and consumption patterns is influenced considerably by supply and demand interactions a well as by the (way of) utilization of products and services.


To overcome the shortcomings and meet the challenges of present research and innovation systems described above, Living Labs for Sustainable Development present a promising network and actor-interaction approach with flexibility of the research design to combine real life or work observation settings, prototype development and field tests [12, 13] . This paper describes the development potential for and the keystones of a user-and actor oriented future research-and innovation infrastructure in Germany, which will use the potential of the Living Lab approach to foster energyand resource efficiency innovations to contribute to long-term sustainable development. It focuses on identifying the measures and strategies needed to develop such a research infrastructure in Germany. To identify these measures a number of tasks were performed, starting with the analysis of the status quo of the German Living Lab landscape, to the identification of the most promising fields of application, the analysis of drivers and barriers and development of a SWOT profile, which led to the deduction of strategies and measures for the development of the necessary research infrastructure. These research steps and the methods used are elaborated in Section 2 of the paper, which also gives a short introduction to the concept of Living Labs for Sustainable Development. Section 3 then presents the results of the status quo analysis, the identified fields of application, the drivers and barriers and SWOT analysis. The strategies and measures that were drawn from these results are discussed in Section 4. Finally, the key outcomes of this research are summarized in the concluding Section 5.

To overcome the shortcomings and meet the challenges of present research and innovation systems described above, Living Labs for Sustainable Development present a promising network and actor-interaction approach with flexibility of the research design to combine real life or work observation settings, prototype development and field tests.


However, it should be noted that for practical use of nanosized zinc oxide as the phosphor its luminescence quantum yields should be maximized. One approach to this would be introduction of nano-zinc oxide into silicon oxide matrix, which can significantly affect the luminescent properties of ZnO nanoparticles [5] [6] [7] . However, in most of such cases, the luminescence quantum yield of zinc oxide remains low (less than 10%) [8, 9] . To obtain higher quantum yield of luminescence of such composites, their synthesis process involved many steps and required long-term postsynthesis treatment [10] .

One approach to this would be introduction of nano-zinc oxide into silicon oxide matrix, which can significantly affect the luminescent properties of ZnO nanoparticles.

However, in most of such cases, the luminescence quantum yield of zinc oxide remains low (less than 10%).

To obtain higher quantum yield of luminescence of such composites, their synthesis process involved many steps and required long-term postsynthesis treatment.


Semiconductor nanoparticles are being more intensively studied in recent years as promising objects of new functional materials with predetermined properties, due to the presence of a number of specific properties that significantly distinguish them from the bulk material of the same chemical composition [1] . These materials may find use in a variety of devices, including optical ultraviolet and visible screens, luminescent markers, antibacterial coatings, luminescent solar concentrators, luminescent inks for security printing, and food packaging with abilities of informing consumers about the quality and safety of consumption of the packaged product. One of the materials that can be used in most of the mentioned above devices is zinc oxide of nanoscale dispersion, due to intense absorption band in the ultraviolet region, antibacterial properties, and intensive luminescence in a wide range of the visible spectrum [2] [3] [4] . Among the additional advantages of nano-ZnO, compared with a number of luminescent materials, there are nontoxicity, low cost, and ease of producing nanoparticles of a given size in a range of organic solvents.

Semiconductor nanoparticles are being more intensively studied in recent years as promising objects of new functional materials with predetermined properties, due to the presence of a number of specific properties that significantly distinguish them from the bulk material of the same chemical composition.

One of the materials that can be used in most of the mentioned above devices is zinc oxide of nanoscale dispersion, due to intense absorption band in the ultraviolet region, antibacterial properties, and intensive luminescence in a wide range of the visible spectrum.


The situation has dramatically changed a few years ago with the rapid invasion of the model-centric trends in software industry. Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), Model-Driven Development (MDD), Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) are different names of basically the same movement aimed at making models rather than code the primary artifacts of software development with code to be generated directly from models [24] . Needless to say that for MDD it is extremely important to have a precise formal semantics for diagrammatic notations. The industrial demand greatly energized building formal semantics for diagrammatic languages in use, and an overwhelming amount of them was proposed. A majority of them employ the familiar first-order (FO) logic patterns and string-based formulas, and result in bulky and somewhat unwieldy specifications. It is caused by the unfortunate mismatch between the string-based logical machineries and the internal logics of the domains to be formalized. Roughly, the latter are conceptually two-dimensional (graph-based) and class-oriented (are "sortwise") while the former are string-based and element-oriented (are "elementwise").

Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), Model-Driven Development (MDD), Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) are different names of basically the same movement aimed at making models rather than code the primary artifacts of software development with code to be generated directly from models.


S. aureus SCVs are characterized as a phenotype with impaired slow growth and repression of different virulence factors, furthermore, they exhibit increased cellular adhesion, invasion, and intracellular persistence capacity. This persistence in combination with the ability of (some) SCVs to revert to the wild type phenotype, leads to the special clinical impact of S. aureus SCV [6, 8] . SCVs can be a significant part of the total S. aureus population in the lung of CF patients and their appearance is associated with a worse clinical outcome [9] . Recent studies observe the difficulty in obtaining an estimate of SCV reversion events in the patient. In addition, there are only a few studies that experimentally consider the genetics of reversion, in particular, the possibilities of whether and how such reversions take place. However, as of yet, no methods to quantify these events have been developed until now [10, 11] .

This persistence in combination with the ability of (some) SCVs to revert to the wild type phenotype, leads to the special clinical impact of S. aureus SCV.

SCVs can be a significant part of the total S. aureus population in the lung of CF patients and their appearance is associated with a worse clinical outcome.

However, as of yet, no methods to quantify these events have been developed until now.


The predictions of total RNA removal, indicated in Fig. 4 , were obtained from the initial concentrations of each type of RNA (indicated in Table 1 ) and the estimated removal of the different RNA species that are indicated in Fig. 5 . As can be seen in Fig. 4 , both the predictions of permeation yield and total RNA removal agree well with the experimental results, although a small tendency toward higher pDNA recovery yields and lower RNA removal values than predicted is observed. This tendency indicates that the real S obs of both pDNA and RNA molecules were slightly lower than the predicted, which could be possibly due to the occurrence of some pDNA adsorption, a phenomenon which has been previously reported to occur, to a variable extent, in different types of membranes [3] .

This tendency indicates that the real S obs of both pDNA and RNA molecules were slightly lower than the predicted, which could be possibly due to the occurrence of some pDNA adsorption, a phenomenon which has been previously reported to occur, to a variable extent, in different types of membranes.


In any case, the scientific journey in the field of extracts consisting of monomeric and oligomeric flavanols begins in the early attempt to classify these compounds as a vitamin amidst all other vitamins that were discovered in those days. As nutrients that are essential to prevent symptoms of deficiency, vitamins were realized to ensure and procure health. In this context, the first discovered health effects of Masquelier's flavanol-preparations fitted well in the, at that time, new WHO definition of health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" [12] .

In this context, the first discovered health effects of Masquelier's flavanol-preparations fitted well in the, at that time, new WHO definition of health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".


Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS) has shown high impact in enhancing the rates of reaction and to speed up library syntheses for NDDR [19] . In recent years, synthesis of bioactive heterocycles using microwave irradiation has evolved as an important technique of green chemistry [20] . Water with the additive effect of microwave has been recognized as a green chemical component in the MAOS.

Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS) has shown high impact in enhancing the rates of reaction and to speed up library syntheses for NDDR.

In recent years, synthesis of bioactive heterocycles using microwave irradiation has evolved as an important technique of green chemistry.


A first sign of integrability in the AdS/CFT correspondence was discovered in a one-loop calculation in the N = 4 SYM theory [39] . The mixing under renormalization among different composite operators in which the scalar fields of the theory appear within a single trace over the gauge group indices was mapped to the integrable Heisenberg spin chain. The spin chain states are thereby identified with the composite operators, and the Hamiltonian acting on these chains is determined by the UV divergences of the underlying Feynman diagrams. The diagonalization of this system, e.g., by means of the Bethe ansatz, yields as eigenvalues the anomalous dimensions. The sums of bare dimensions and the anomalous dimensions are the conformal dimensions, and they are measured by the dilatation operator of the underlying (super-)conformal algebra. The spin chain Hamiltonian is, therefore, also called (the quantum part of) the dilatation operator.

A first sign of integrability in the AdS/CFT correspondence was discovered in a one-loop calculation in the N = 4 SYM theory.


Analysis of M. pharaonis pheromone trails, constrained by straight corridors, showed that there is great variability in monomorine composition of pheromone trails, over time. All 3 trails we analyzed showed the same pattern, initially building to a high M3:M1 ratio (ca., 30) followed by an abrupt fall in ratio and stabilization in the range M3:M1 ¼ 4-5. The fall in ratio is probably caused by an increased deposition of M1 relative to M3. Variation in deposition of these 2 pheromones cannot be achieved by a single ant regulating its pheromone deposition because both must be released simultaneously from a single storage source, the poison gland reservoir (Billen 1987) . Thus, the variation in the ratio of the major monomorines on pheromone trails must be caused by variation in deposition by ants with different stored compositions.

Variation in deposition of these 2 pheromones cannot be achieved by a single ant regulating its pheromone deposition because both must be released simultaneously from a single storage source, the poison gland reservoir.


Firstly, information propagation in online social network is determined by rhythms and activity patterns of human [5, 6] . An increasing number of recent measurements indicate that human activity patterns are heterogeneous and bursty [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . If only considering the time interval between events, these human activity patterns are often described by a powerlaw interevent time distribution ( ) ∼ − , where is the time interval between two consecutive activities [12] . Recently, the researchers began to realize that the bursty human behavior has an important impact on the dissemination of information [13, 14] .

Firstly, information propagation in online social network is determined by rhythms and activity patterns of human.

An increasing number of recent measurements indicate that human activity patterns are heterogeneous and bursty.

If only considering the time interval between events, these human activity patterns are often described by a powerlaw interevent time distribution ( ) ∼ − , where is the time interval between two consecutive activities.

Recently, the researchers began to realize that the bursty human behavior has an important impact on the dissemination of information.


Recent years, online social network as a platform for the empirical study of information has been widespread concern [1] [2] [3] [4] . Despite the progresses that have been made, the empirical study of information propagation is still in its infancy. Studies in this direction have been mostly hindered by the shortcoming of available large-scale data. However, the availability of large-scale data from online social network has recently created unprecedented opportunities to explore the impact of human behaviors on the information propagation.

Recent years, online social network as a platform for the empirical study of information has been widespread concern.


Secondly, the wide adoption of online social network has increased the competition among information for our limited attention. Every day we receive a lot of information from various online social networks. However, we do not have enough time and attention to disseminate each message which we received. It is an interesting question that whether such a competition may affect the velocity of information propagation. The issue of limited attention has been studied through messages posted and forwarded in online social networks [15, 16] . However, how limited attention affects velocity of information propagation is still unclear.

The issue of limited attention has been studied through messages posted and forwarded in online social networks.


In this research, only one demographic variable (gender) has been considered to notice whether consumer attitude toward SMS advertising differ based on their gender. Previous study has found that the attitude toward advertising varies by gender (Shavitt et al., 1998) . However, the finding of the current study has not found any differences in attitude toward SMS advertising in male and female consumers.

Previous study has found that the attitude toward advertising varies by gender.


For example, Hughes argues that there is no satisfactory way of creating and using global mutable variables using monads [7] . There have been proposals for adding unboxed representation control to Haskell [12, 8] . However, these systems are pure and therefore and do not consider the effects of mutability.

For example, Hughes argues that there is no satisfactory way of creating and using global mutable variables using monads.

There have been proposals for adding unboxed representation control to Haskell.


In Burkina Faso, as in many sub-Saharan countries, agricultural production, including livestock production, is the main source of income for rural households. However, agricultural production systems depend on climate conditions and are likely to be affected by the adverse effects of climate change and variability. Most of the farming households in Burkina Faso are highly vulnerable to such change and variability because of both the climate sensitivity of livelihood strategies and the overall scarcity of resources [1] . Water availability is increasingly sporadic, leading to Burkina Faso experiencing either drought or quasi-drought conditions for the majority of the year. These episodes of drought threaten agricultural production and subsistence livelihoods and hence strongly impact the country's population. Over time, households have developed adaptation strategies in order to mitigate the potential and actual impact of climate shocks, and/or cope with their adverse effects. Some of these household adaptation strategies were inventoried, documented and classified as 'best climate adaptation strategies in the Sahel and Burkina Faso' [2, 3] . Included in these lists are water and soil management practices, such as stone bunds and Zai, as well as soil fertility management practices including composting, alongside a number of agroforestry practices, all of which are commonly referred to as climate-smart agricultural strategies in the literature [4] [5] [6] . A majority of these strategies are yield productivity-enhancing technologies that are geared towards improving food security. The adoption of these climate-smart technologies can contribute to strengthen farmers' food security, their ability to deal with climate change and variability, as well as their overall welfare. However, the uptake of these practices depends on farmers' capacity and incentives to make adjustment in their farming, and thus on their adaptive capacity [7] . It is largely acknowledged that adaptive capacity is critical in the design and implementation of effective adaptive strategies to reduce vulnerability of socio-ecological systems to climate change [8] . Climate change and variability impacts can hence be disproportionate across and within households due to differences in adaptive capacity. A households' adaptive capacity is influenced by various attributes such as governance, knowledge/information, support for innovations, and institutional capacity at the system level, as well as by household-level capacity to anticipate and respond to shocks. This latter component is based on households' access to or ownership of assets that include human, social, financial, natural and physical capitals, as outlined in the sustainable livelihoods framework (SLF) [9] .

Most of the farming households in Burkina Faso are highly vulnerable to such change and variability because of both the climate sensitivity of livelihood strategies and the overall scarcity of resources.

Some of these household adaptation strategies were inventoried, documented and classified as 'best climate adaptation strategies in the Sahel and Burkina Faso'.

Included in these lists are water and soil management practices, such as stone bunds and Zai, as well as soil fertility management practices including composting, alongside a number of agroforestry practices, all of which are commonly referred to as climate-smart agricultural strategies in the literature.

However, the uptake of these practices depends on farmers' capacity and incentives to make adjustment in their farming, and thus on their adaptive capacity.

It is largely acknowledged that adaptive capacity is critical in the design and implementation of effective adaptive strategies to reduce vulnerability of socio-ecological systems to climate change.

This latter component is based on households' access to or ownership of assets that include human, social, financial, natural and physical capitals, as outlined in the sustainable livelihoods framework (SLF).


The finding of this study revealed that while spouse's escort and HIV testing policy was intended to encourage men to accompany their partners during ANC, the policy compelled women to delay ANC attendance and sometimes completely skipping ANC. While this policy is important for promoting PMTCT and other maternal and child health outcomes, the implementation of the policy should take into consideration the culturally deep-rooted gender roles in the community [35] . In a society where pregnancy and childbirth matters had for a long time been considered as women's affairs, it should not be an obligation for a woman to come with her partner. When women come alone they should be able to get services without hesitation or bad language.

While this policy is important for promoting PMTCT and other maternal and child health outcomes, the implementation of the policy should take into consideration the culturally deep-rooted gender roles in the community.


Enhancement in physical and mechanical properties through microstructural refinement of the materials can be achieved by inducing large plastic strain in materials. Nanocrystalline and Ultra-fine grained (UFG) materials are more wear resistant and harder as compared to their coarse grained counterparts [1] . Better properties of these materials have increased interest in production of these materials across the globe. UFG bulk materials can be produced by processing the materials by severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes. Different processes such as equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE), rolling, high pressure torsional (HPT) straining and drawing use severe plastic deformation to impose heavy deformation in materials, which further leads to their microstructural refinement [2] . These processes can be used to produce nanostrucutred materials from alloys of low to moderate strength. However, these processes require multiple stages for heavy deformation, making them costly for large scale production purposes. As an alternative approach, SPD can also be induced by machining-based deformation processes to produce nanostructured materials. The large deformation in chips produced during machining leads to development of ultra-fine and nanocrystalline grained microstructure in them [3] . This process can be used for producing nanostrucutred bulk materials from high strength materials such as Ti and Ni based alloys in a cost effective way [3] .

Nanocrystalline and Ultra-fine grained (UFG) materials are more wear resistant and harder as compared to their coarse grained counterparts.

Different processes such as equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE), rolling, high pressure torsional (HPT) straining and drawing use severe plastic deformation to impose heavy deformation in materials, which further leads to their microstructural refinement.

The large deformation in chips produced during machining leads to development of ultra-fine and nanocrystalline grained microstructure in them.

This process can be used for producing nanostrucutred bulk materials from high strength materials such as Ti and Ni based alloys in a cost effective way.


The most important challenges among other is ensuring energy for sustainable development (improving human, economic, social and environmental) issues and Energy is corner stone of today modern life. Demand of energy is growing continuously and essential for developing countries for their society, economic and social improvements and this requires deliver more affordable services, changes in technologies, methods, infrastructure and people behavior (Kaygusuz, 2012) . The energy efficiency are give high priority in developed countries as compared with the less developed countries, living human species of this planet taking into consideration of environmental issues.

Demand of energy is growing continuously and essential for developing countries for their society, economic and social improvements and this requires deliver more affordable services, changes in technologies, methods, infrastructure and people behavior.


Form the study of the literature it is noted that many studies have been carried out to better understand the implementation of the sustainable development aspects in energy sources and applications (Wustenhagen and Bilharz, 2006; Dincer and Rosen, 2004; Halasz et al., 2005; Hughes and Johnston, 2005) . The primary focus of this paper is to study and motivation behind it to develop some important energy efficiency measures and key parameters through like energy saving practices that leads to the sustainable future for the future generations. However the objective of this study is to give an idea to manage the energy sources and reduce the negative environmental impacts and provides the new strategic vision how to use and conservation of the energy sources efficiently and providing methods for development of energy sources.

Form the study of the literature it is noted that many studies have been carried out to better understand the implementation of the sustainable development aspects in energy sources and applications.


With dedicated Z actuators, the relationship between three independent actuators should be established via appropriate kinematic mechanisms. One of the commonly used kinematic mechanisms is parallel kinematic mechanism (PKM) [6] . In the PKM, an end-effector has links to all actuators. One of the popular links is parallel chains to avoid any rotational errors. With a PKM, the range of motion decreases to the intersection of all the actuators involved and the coupled motion is still left. In addition, fabrication of parallel chains for the Z axis is still challenging with existing MEMS approaches. Another mechanism commonly used in conventional manufacturing is a serial kinematic mechanism (SKM) [7] . In an SKM, each component in the system is connected to only two neighboring components. An actuator is designated for each axis and the combination of three actuators with the serial kinematic mechanism is able to generate 3 DOF motions. Each actuator has no mechanical links with the others, so it is expected to have no coupled motion between them and no obstacles to reduce its range of motion.

One of the commonly used kinematic mechanisms is parallel kinematic mechanism (PKM).

Another mechanism commonly used in conventional manufacturing is a serial kinematic mechanism (SKM).


The Weibull pdf is one of the main functions for modeling, being widely used worldwide. Nevertheless, this density function is not suited for all cases: a better fitting might be found with the Rayleigh, Burr, Gamma or Wakeby distributions, among an extensive list of other possibilities. It may be even possible, in a specific analysis, to use several distributions at the same time in order to obtain better results [11] .

It may be even possible, in a specific analysis, to use several distributions at the same time in order to obtain better results.


Augmented reality is anything which combines digitally processed reality with digitally added objects. One view considers that these artificial objects could also game results). On the other hand, most definitions allow only 3D objects immersed into the scene [3] .

On the other hand, most definitions allow only 3D objects immersed into the scene.


This study also showed the link between high plasma level of magnesium and lower heart and blood pressure in the subjects who usually eat the condiment, thus further accounting for lower BP in the Bogou group. High magnesium content of the condiment has previously been reported [10] . Magnesium has been shown to be beneficial for lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease and its deficiency in blood is known to be involved in hypertension [20] . Other reports suggest increased consumption of major food sources of magnesium, such as whole grains, nut, and green leafy vegetables as a means of lowering BP [21] .

High magnesium content of the condiment has previously been reported.

Magnesium has been shown to be beneficial for lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease and its deficiency in blood is known to be involved in hypertension.

Other reports suggest increased consumption of major food sources of magnesium, such as whole grains, nut, and green leafy vegetables as a means of lowering BP.


Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are disorders of heart and blood vessels that affect many people around the world and hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for CVD and mortality [1] . The relationship between hypertension and CVD is continuous and independent of other risk factors [2] . The control of blood pressure has been shown to be effective in reducing CVD and mortality [3] . Hypertension is now a common condition in both developed and developing countries. It is characterized by blood pressure which remains abnormally high -systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure ≥ 90 mmHg [4] . Increased blood pressure in adulthood is associated with large reductions in life expectancy [5] .

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are disorders of heart and blood vessels that affect many people around the world and hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for CVD and mortality.

The relationship between hypertension and CVD is continuous and independent of other risk factors.

The control of blood pressure has been shown to be effective in reducing CVD and mortality.

It is characterized by blood pressure which remains abnormally high -systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure ≥ 90 mmHg.

Increased blood pressure in adulthood is associated with large reductions in life expectancy.


In recent years, mobile Internet connectivity has become ubiquitous, enabling a plethora of new apps and services. Worldwide, deployments of 4G networks have significantly reduced the mobile data latencies and increased the available throughputs and are quickly closing the gap with fixed technologies [1] . With work on 5G technologies already underway, the future of mobile data seems brighter than ever-enabling everything from HD and Ultra HD video streaming and virtual reality on the go to connecting billions of devices to the Internet as a part of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm [2] .

Worldwide, deployments of 4G networks have significantly reduced the mobile data latencies and increased the available throughputs and are quickly closing the gap with fixed technologies.

With work on 5G technologies already underway, the future of mobile data seems brighter than ever-enabling everything from HD and Ultra HD video streaming and virtual reality on the go to connecting billions of devices to the Internet as a part of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm.


Furthermore, important issues related to the rating of evidence have been discussed controversially (Balshem et al., 2011) . There is overlap between the different levels in the hierarchy since well-designed cohort studies may provide better evidence than poorly designed RCT (Cockcroft et al., 2003) . It is challenging for example to evaluate the strength of evidence based on flawed RCT compared to well-conducted non-RCT (Gugiu et al., 2010) . Science-based information regarding the repeatability of assessments of evidence levels is scarce (Simoneit et al., 2012) . Therefore, it has to be emphasized again that all quality aspects of every individual study or information have to be appraised (Arlt et al., 2005; Schmidt, 2007) . On the rear page, the pyramid and the staircase metaphors were presented. To avoid a bias based on the order of the metaphors the Wednesday group found the pyramid metaphor on the left and the Friday group on the right, respectively. Below the figures statements were presented as pairs referring to the respective metaphor above. Participants responded to the statements using a three-point Likert scale (see below). A free text comment section was provided at the end of the survey.

Furthermore, important issues related to the rating of evidence have been discussed controversially.

There is overlap between the different levels in the hierarchy since well-designed cohort studies may provide better evidence than poorly designed RCT.

It is challenging for example to evaluate the strength of evidence based on flawed RCT compared to well-conducted non-RCT.

Science-based information regarding the repeatability of assessments of evidence levels is scarce.

Therefore, it has to be emphasized again that all quality aspects of every individual study or information have to be appraised.


In that regard, EBVM prompts the search for and utilization of information that are valid. Evidence levels are indicators of the strength of study designs to be not prone to bias (Cockcroft et al., 2003) . The hierarchy of evidence aims not to completely disregard data from low evidence sources but alerts the clinician to the critical appraisal of the available information (Lohr, 2004) .

Evidence levels are indicators of the strength of study designs to be not prone to bias.

The hierarchy of evidence aims not to completely disregard data from low evidence sources but alerts the clinician to the critical appraisal of the available information.


Veterinary practitioners have to use optimal diagnostics, interventions and medications to examine and to treat their patients (Arlt et al., 2014) . Additionally, an inherent responsibility of veterinary medicine is the protection of human health via caring for livestock and its reproduction. Major aspects are to ensure sufficient food production, to prevent infectious animal diseases including zoonoses and food borne diseases, and high quality and safety of foods and other products derived from animals.

Veterinary practitioners have to use optimal diagnostics, interventions and medications to examine and to treat their patients.


The salts from seawater in the contaminated water at Fukushima Dai-ichi are the major difference between the water treatments at Fukushima Dai-ichi and at Three Mile Island. Seawater contains many ions such as chloride ion (Cl − ), bromide ion (Br − ), and bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 − ) [17] . These ions are involved in the radiation-induced reactions in bulk seawater, and thereby possibly in the reactions subsequent to the radiolysis of adsorbed water on the zeolite adsorbents. The radiation-induced phenomena at the interfaces are expected to have key roles in the H 2 production from the waste zeolite adsorbents. However, the reaction scheme of the H 2 production in the presence of zeolites or solid oxides is still not established. Therefore, further studies are required to predict the influence of the zeolite adsorbents on the radiolysis of water containing the salts.

Seawater contains many ions such as chloride ion (Cl − ), bromide ion (Br − ), and bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 − ).


Production of molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) by the radiolysis of water is one of the important radiation effects for aqueous processes under ionizing radiation environment. For the safe operation of the processes, the H 2 production is required to be adequately evaluated and handled. At Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station, a water treatment system was installed for the decontamination of radioactive water generated in the accident. The radioactive water was also contaminated by the salts from seawater since seawater was injected to cool the reactors and a large amount of seawater was left behind by the tsunami [1] .

The radioactive water was also contaminated by the salts from seawater since seawater was injected to cool the reactors and a large amount of seawater was left behind by the tsunami.


In addition, the temperature effect on the H 2 production should also be evaluated because the decay heat from the radioactive Cs would raise the temperature of the waste zeolite adsorbents. The temperature dependence of the H 2 production by radiolysis of water has been studied, since the radiolysis of water at elevated temperatures is important for the control of water quality in light water nuclear reactors [18] . However, little has been studied about the radiolysis of water at elevated temperatures in the presence of zeolites or other solid oxides. Therefore the influence of the rise in temperature on the H 2 production in the presence of zeolites is needed to be investigated.

The temperature dependence of the H 2 production by radiolysis of water has been studied, since the radiolysis of water at elevated temperatures is important for the control of water quality in light water nuclear reactors.


E-learning can also be use to cover the lack of learning system. One of learning system which effective and efficient to use this technology is the distance learning system. Some of high educational institutions held an e-learning activity as a suplement for learning material provided as regularly in class room (Wildavsky, 2001) . But some other High Educational Institutions held e-learning as an alternative for the students who are not able to attend face to face class for some reasons. In this case, e-learning has a function as an option for students. In spite of having advantages, e-learning has also weakness such as habitual of study of learner has to be supported. Therefore, a research is conducted to study about e-learning on students in tertiary education.

Some of high educational institutions held an e-learning activity as a suplement for learning material provided as regularly in class room.


The heat transfer regimes observed in two-phase jet impingement as the surface heat flux increases include: a single-phase regime before incipience, a partial boiling regime, and a fully boiling regime, followed by critical heat flux (CHF). During the partial boiling regime, boiling initiates at the periphery of the heated surface and traverses inward towards the jet axis with increasing heat flux. Consequently, both single-phase and nucleate boiling heat transfer exist simultaneously on the heated surface during this regime [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Once the boiling front reaches the jet axis, boiling occurs over the entire surface in the fully boiling regime. The fully boiling regime is a desirable operating condition, because substantial increases in heat flux are accompanied by only modest surface temperature increases in this regime. A better understanding of the dominant heat transfer mechanisms that govern performance in the fully boiling regime can help direct predictive modeling efforts. It is also important to understand the dependence of the CHF limit on the geometric parameters and operating conditions of the impinging jet, such as orificeto-target spacing and jet velocity.

Consequently, both single-phase and nucleate boiling heat transfer exist simultaneously on the heated surface during this regime.


The presence of multiple converters on a shared DC network generally requires an examination of the input and output impedance for each converter and the application of a stability criterion to ensure overall system stability at the design stage. A number of stability criteria exist that offer varying degrees of accuracy and design conservativeness, this paper draws together appropriate stability criteria for five different arrangements of PEDSs [9] . This paper begins with a review of the analytical stability methods used in classical control theory to demonstrate their application in determining DC system stability. Five different DC distribution network topologies are then presented which could be applied to land, aero and marine applications. In each case suitable stability design criteria for the specific application are provided to aid system designers. Finally a review of the methods that can be applied to improve system stability is offered.

A number of stability criteria exist that offer varying degrees of accuracy and design conservativeness, this paper draws together appropriate stability criteria for five different arrangements of PEDSs.


In the present paper we are considering, in the framework of quantum electrodynamics, the phenomenon of falling to the center in a system of two charged particles caused by the ultraviolet singularity 1/x 2 of the photon propagator -which mediates the interaction between them -on the light-cone, x 2 = x 2 0 − x 2 ≃ 0. Here x 0 is the time, and x is the space coordinate. This phenomenon occurs in a number of problems. In some of cases listed below the matter comes to the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation with the singular attractive potential U(r) = −β/r 2 , 0 < r < ∞, the falling to the center depending on the value of the constant β that fixes the strength of the coupling [1] .

In some of cases listed below the matter comes to the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation with the singular attractive potential U(r) = −β/r 2 , 0 < r < ∞, the falling to the center depending on the value of the constant β that fixes the strength of the coupling.


A last aspect worth mentioning concerns how our semantic analysis relates to syntax-driven approaches to counts-as which emphasize the defeasibility aspects of counts-as statements such as in particular [6] . Approaches analyzing counts-as as a form of defeasible rule or defeasible conditional deal in fact with something which is in essence different from what has been investigated here. In a sense they investigate yet another possible meaning of counts-as statements: "normally (or, unless stated otherwise), A counts as B in context C". Our approach stands to those ones as the classical approach to the formalization of a statement such as "all birds can fly" (bird ⊆ fly) stands to those approaches formalizing it as a defeasible conditional or rule, that is, as "normally, all birds can fly".

A last aspect worth mentioning concerns how our semantic analysis relates to syntax-driven approaches to counts-as which emphasize the defeasibility aspects of counts-as statements such as in particular.


To study literacy practices within a group of people with aphasia, I conducted ethnographic research based on a high level of participation (Spradley 2016) . Ethnography provides tools for observing literacy events (and chains) over time to identify literacy practices, and it is therefore closely related to literacy research (Street 2004) . I spent three weeks with the group at the folk high school, collecting data through a variety of methods.

To study literacy practices within a group of people with aphasia, I conducted ethnographic research based on a high level of participation.

Ethnography provides tools for observing literacy events (and chains) over time to identify literacy practices, and it is therefore closely related to literacy research.


The TALBP, so far as the objectives are concerned, can be divided into two versions: TALBP-I that minimizes the number of stations with a given cycle time, and TALBP-II that minimizes the cycle time for given mated-stations. The TALBP-I is more appropriate for the first-time installation of the assembly line, while the TALBP-II is proper for the reconfiguration of the assembly line [5] . Note that the TALBP-II is more complex than the TALBP-I, since the cycle time is unknown and needs to be optimized.

The TALBP-I is more appropriate for the first-time installation of the assembly line, while the TALBP-II is proper for the reconfiguration of the assembly line.


Besides these basic restrictions, other assignment restrictions which exist in real applications need to be considered, including zoning restriction, synchronous restriction, positional restriction, distance restriction, and resource restriction [2] . In this paper, we focus on zoning restriction, synchronous restriction, and position restriction which are usually found in real applications. The zoning restriction can be divided into two types: positive zoning restriction and negative zoning restrictions. Positive zoning restriction means that some tasks need to be assigned to the same station while negative zoning restriction prohibits some tasks being allocated to the same mated-station [3] . Synchronous restriction restricts two operators to perform a pair of tasks simultaneously on both sides of the same mated-station for collaboration [4] . The positional restriction indicates that certain tasks need to be allocated on predetermined stations or mated-stations [1] .

Besides these basic restrictions, other assignment restrictions which exist in real applications need to be considered, including zoning restriction, synchronous restriction, positional restriction, distance restriction, and resource restriction.

Positive zoning restriction means that some tasks need to be assigned to the same station while negative zoning restriction prohibits some tasks being allocated to the same mated-station.

Synchronous restriction restricts two operators to perform a pair of tasks simultaneously on both sides of the same mated-station for collaboration.

The positional restriction indicates that certain tasks need to be allocated on predetermined stations or mated-stations.


Therefore, an increase in the accumulation of raffinose and galactinol transcripts was noticed in plants from the soybean GM 2Ia4 event (Fig. 1b-d) . The importance of galactinol and raffinose transcript accumulation due to changes in carbohydrate metabolism in abiotic stress conditions was already reported. In M. falcata, the accumulation of raffinose and stachyose was associated with the differential cold tolerance between M. falcata and M. sativa. In tobacco overexpressing MfGolS1, enhanced levels of galactinol, raffinose, and stachyose transcripts resulted in elevated tolerance to freezing and chilling in transgenic plants (Zhuo et al. 2013) . In cucumber growing under low temperature stress, raffinose content increased gradually in the leaves, the fruits, the stems, and the roots (Suia et al. 2012) . Furthermore, a considerable increase in the concentration of raffinose was detected in rice seedlings exposed to chilling for more than 4 days (Saito and Yoshida 2011) .

In tobacco overexpressing MfGolS1, enhanced levels of galactinol, raffinose, and stachyose transcripts resulted in elevated tolerance to freezing and chilling in transgenic plants.

In cucumber growing under low temperature stress, raffinose content increased gradually in the leaves, the fruits, the stems, and the roots.

Furthermore, a considerable increase in the concentration of raffinose was detected in rice seedlings exposed to chilling for more than 4 days.


The present study makes a contribution in being among very few to explore crossdomain activism from a collective action perspective, and in testing specific paths by which activist social networks might facilitate activism. In this study, neither of the indirect effects were reliable (confidence intervals spanned zero), even when assessed via bootstrapping with 5000 resamples (Preacher & Hayes, 2008) . However, it must be acknowledged that in Study 1, the low sample size is a concern in terms of possible power problems, and the size of the correlations reported in Table 1suggest that larger samples could bring those indirect paths to significance.

In this study, neither of the indirect effects were reliable (confidence intervals spanned zero), even when assessed via bootstrapping with 5000 resamples.


X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) method has been used to study experimentally the valence-band and core-level spectra as well as the energy distribution of some occupied valence states of the constituent atoms of ZrTiO 4 . XPS valence-band and core-level spectra of ZrTiO 4 were measured using the UHV analysis system. Al K radiation ( = 1486.6 eV) and hemispherical analyzer operating at constant pass energy of 40 eV were used as a source of XPS spectra excitation. The XPS survey spectrum of ZrTiO 4 (ZT2) is shown in Figure 7 (a). It has been reported that the X-ray emission of Ti L , Zr L 2,15 , and O K bands on a common energy scale indicates that Ti 3d, Zr 4d, and O 2p states contribute throughout the valence-band region of ZrTiO 4 [42] . The XPS spectra show that the XPS bands for Zr 3d, Zr 3p, and Ti 2p core-level spectra are simple spin doublets with the XPS Zr 3d 5/2 , Zr 3p 3/2 , and Ti 2p 3/2 core-level binding energies appearing at 190, 342, and 440 eV, respectively, which correspond to those of titanium and zirconium in the formal valence state of Zr 4+ and Ti 4+ [43] . The previous results reveal that in ZrTiO 4 the binding energy positions of Ti 2p and O 1s core levels match well with the reported values. Similarly, the XPS of ZrV 2 O 7 was taken using UHV analysis system with Al K radiation ( = 1486.6 eV) and hemispherical analyzer operating at constant pass energy of 25 eV being used as a source of XPS spectra excitation. Figure 7(b) shows the XPS survey spectrum of ZrV 2 O 7 . The spectra confirm the presence of vanadium, zirconium, carbon, and oxygen [42, 44] . The peak at 517 eV is due to V 2p 3/2 and indicates the presence of V 5+ species. The peak that appeared at 524.4 eV can be assigned to V 2p 1/2 , and shift in this peak from 523 eV to 524.4 eV can be ascribed to change in the oxidation state from V 4+ to V 5+ . The strong peak that appeared at 537.6 eV is assigned to O 1s. The peak at 291.5 is due to C 1s, and the doublet that appeared at 340.1 eV and 353.3 eV can be assigned to Zr 3p 3/2 and Zr 3p 1/2 , respectively. . The binding energy positions of the species (V, O and Zr) obtained in the present investigations match well with the reported values.

It has been reported that the X-ray emission of Ti L , Zr L 2,15 , and O K bands on a common energy scale indicates that Ti 3d, Zr 4d, and O 2p states contribute throughout the valence-band region of ZrTiO 4.

The XPS spectra show that the XPS bands for Zr 3d, Zr 3p, and Ti 2p core-level spectra are simple spin doublets with the XPS Zr 3d 5/2 , Zr 3p 3/2 , and Ti 2p 3/2 core-level binding energies appearing at 190, 342, and 440 eV, respectively, which correspond to those of titanium and zirconium in the formal valence state of Zr 4+ and Ti 4+.

The spectra confirm the presence of vanadium, zirconium, carbon, and oxygen.


The aggregation of the state space and the definition of the state space depend on the statistical properties of the time series under investigation. To analyze cyclical dynamics of economic time series (e.g. capacity utilization rates, industrial production indices, stock prices) as a Markov chain, it is sufficient to focus on the direction of movements of the time series which indicate whether the consecutive states show an increase or decrease over time. This approach has been used extensively in the literature. One can use more states in S to include more information on y(t) in X t to study not only the direction of change but also the magnitude of change. However, the increased number of states requires a greater probability transition matrix to estimate and reduces the power of the tests power when the number of observations is limited. It is shown that analyzing a time series as a two-state recurring Markov chain is sufficient to analyze its cyclical dynamics (Tan and Yilmaz 2002) .

It is shown that analyzing a time series as a two-state recurring Markov chain is sufficient to analyze its cyclical dynamics.


Monitoring a dynamic, nonstructural molecular process for the occurrence of an event is relatively easy, because matters can be arranged so that molecules that are indicative of the event react in chance encounters with molecules of the monitoring process, thereby triggering a desired response to the event. In sharp contrast, monitoring such a molecular process for the nonoccurrence of an event involves timing issues that can be very hard to resolve [13] . This is why the above-mentioned logic circuits and many others use a "dual rail" scheme in which the presence of a signal is represented by the presence of one species, and the absence of this signal is represented by the presence of another species. Such dual rail schemes are useful and convenient for the ordinary operation of a process, but they cannot be relied upon to monitor the process for failures.

In sharp contrast, monitoring such a molecular process for the nonoccurrence of an event involves timing issues that can be very hard to resolve.


Increasing the equivalence ratio correlates with an increase of the concentration of reactive intermediates (for example aromatic species) while at the same time reducing the temperature and therefore favors soot formation [70] . Concerning the soot primary particle size, the obtained results are in good agreement with the values measured by others techniques. The measurements reported in this study can be used to verify detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms describing the formation of soot in combustion. Tables:   1   a Table 2 . Coefficients for the polynomial expressions of the vapor pressure, molecular mass of the vapour and enthalpy of vaporization.

Increasing the equivalence ratio correlates with an increase of the concentration of reactive intermediates (for example aromatic species) while at the same time reducing the temperature and therefore favors soot formation.

Tables:   1   a Table 2 .


At the same time, the research goes beyond by making positioning system more pervasive and ubiquity, the company known as Qualcomm overcome the limitations of conventional GPS, and provide GPS indoors technique with an average of 5-50 m accuracy in most indoor environments. A-GPS technology uses a location server with a reference GPS receiver that can simultaneously detect the same satellites as the wireless handset (or mobile station) with a partial GPS receiver, to help the partial GPS receiver find weak GPS signals. The wireless handset collects measurements from both the GPS constellation and the wireless mobile network. These measurements are combined by the location server to produce a position estimation. The Locata Corporation finally invented a new precision indoor/outdoor positioning technology called Locata [21] . It is consists of a time-synchronized pseudolite transceiver called a LocataLite which transmits GPS-like signals that allow single-point positioning using carrier-phase measurements. The result shows that it is possible to archive distance error within sub-centimeter [21] . Although the u-navigation is not new, but the technique above is more focus to the new device development, rather than utilize mobility function on mobile device.

The Locata Corporation finally invented a new precision indoor/outdoor positioning technology called Locata.

The result shows that it is possible to archive distance error within sub-centimeter.


To quantify nitrogen loss in the process of denitrification in aquatic systems, rates of denitrification usually have been estimated in cores or the collected water and sediment samples (Saunders and Kalff, 2001; Zhong et al., 2010a) . Most commonly, cores have been incubated in laboratories, and denitrification has been estimated by the acetylene inhibition (block) technique (Teissier and Torre, 2002; Zhong et al., 2010b) . The acetylene inhibition method may dramatically underestimate denitrification rate, inhibits the nitrification process, and does not capture any coupled nitrification-denitrification (Seitzinger et al., 1993) . Recently, 15 N isotope pairing method was developed to analyze the denitrification rates in the collected sediment core. The fundamental limitation of the isotope pairing method is of requiring a uniform mixture of the added 15 NO 3 − with the endogenous sources of 14 NO 3 − (Van Luijn et al., 1996) . More recently, an open-channel N 2 approach was developed to analyze denitrification rate at the ecosystem scale based on the analysis of dissolved N 2 (N 2 /Ar method) in the collected water samples on membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS) (McCutchan et al., 2003) . Precision for open-channel estimation of denitrification greatly depends on the amount of analytical error on measuring dissolved N 2 concentration in water samples. However, it does not necessarily catch nitrogen ebullitions, which come out to be an important source of nitrogen loss from aquatic ecosystems. Laboratory experiments with sediment cores or the collected sediment and water samples may not fully simulate natural environment conditions. Therefore, in situ direct measurements of N 2 and N 2 O emission are desirable.

To quantify nitrogen loss in the process of denitrification in aquatic systems, rates of denitrification usually have been estimated in cores or the collected water and sediment samples.

Most commonly, cores have been incubated in laboratories, and denitrification has been estimated by the acetylene inhibition (block) technique.

The acetylene inhibition method may dramatically underestimate denitrification rate, inhibits the nitrification process, and does not capture any coupled nitrification-denitrification.

The fundamental limitation of the isotope pairing method is of requiring a uniform mixture of the added 15 NO 3 − with the endogenous sources of 14 NO 3 −.

More recently, an open-channel N 2 approach was developed to analyze denitrification rate at the ecosystem scale based on the analysis of dissolved N 2 (N 2 /Ar method) in the collected water samples on membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS).


There are at least four gas emission pathways in water bodies which may be regulated differently: ebullition flux, diffusive flux, storage flux, and flux through aquatic vegetation (Bastviken et al., 2004) . Ebullition (bubbling) from sediments or whole water column was commonly observed in lakes and reservoirs (Delsontro et al., 2010) . A recent gas analysis of the bubbles revealed that the bubbles consisted almost entirely of N 2 (Higgins et al., 2008) . This suggested the importance of an alternative pathway for the flux of N 2 from aquatic systems to the atmosphere.

There are at least four gas emission pathways in water bodies which may be regulated differently: ebullition flux, diffusive flux, storage flux, and flux through aquatic vegetation.

Ebullition (bubbling) from sediments or whole water column was commonly observed in lakes and reservoirs.

A recent gas analysis of the bubbles revealed that the bubbles consisted almost entirely of N 2.


Future work should further consider the level of uncertainty among security analysts while recognizing security experts will frequently be outliers in a diverse group. One approach to capture diverse expertise is through the use of user experiments, wherein experts are presented with short scenarios and asked to rate, prioritize, and decide on proper mitigations [46] . The study design will take into consideration capturing the uncertainty factor. In similar designs, the security scenarios will include cues to direct participants' attention to security mitigations to enact perception by asking the participant to rate the mitigation. Because security knowledge is distributed across sub-domains, such study designs should include a security knowledge post-test that is aligned with the study mitigations to measure whether participants can achieve the comprehension level necessary to project attacks and reliably rate the mitigation's contribution to security.

One approach to capture diverse expertise is through the use of user experiments, wherein experts are presented with short scenarios and asked to rate, prioritize, and decide on proper mitigations.


Exploring beyond standard GR, and notably the functional space of scalar-field extension of GR will eventually become less disorienting than previously suspected. However, much must still be accomplished and a number of improvements would be desirable. We have focused on scales much smaller than the Hubble radius in this paper. As data improve on ever larger scales, our analysis should be extended to include possible scale dependent effects coming from mass terms of the scalar field that are of the order of Hubble. Lastly, it would be useful to study to which level our diagnostic plots are stable to the inclusions of more general scenarios in which the scalar field is allowed to satisfy larger than second order equation of motions (the so called beyond Horndeski theories [52, 74] .

Lastly, it would be useful to study to which level our diagnostic plots are stable to the inclusions of more general scenarios in which the scalar field is allowed to satisfy larger than second order equation of motions (the so called beyond Horndeski theories.


The results of the posttest of both groups indicate that proper instructional strategies, suitable to the learners' level and age can significantly promote their vocabulary gains. In both intentional and incidental groups the game was used as the experimental task and students had highly positive reactions toward them. This is in line with the results of previous studies carried out in the EFL learners' vocabulary gains through intentional and incidental types in different countries (Hulstijn, 2001; Hunt & Beglar, 2002; Waring & Nation, 2004; Rahimi & Sahragard, 2008; Yali, 2010; Alemi & Tayebi, 2011; Ahmad, 2012) . Due to the fact that the present study was narrowed down in terms of its participants, vocabularies in focus, types of practicing, etc., the authors of the present study suggest that some further research be conducted in this regard.

This is in line with the results of previous studies carried out in the EFL learners' vocabulary gains through intentional and incidental types in different countries.


The results of the test administered after the experiment revealed that both the intentional and incidental groups acquired the target vocabularies very well. However, the results of the inferential statistics showed that the incidental group acquired the vocabularies significantly greater than the intentional group. Krashen claimed in his Input Hypothesis that acquisition only occurs when learners' attention is focused on meaning. Moreover, incidental learning is more individualized and it is totally student-centered because it is the learners who may choose the materials they wish to read (Huckin & Coady, 1999) .

Moreover, incidental learning is more individualized and it is totally student-centered because it is the learners who may choose the materials they wish to read.


The Subtropical Front (STF) is considered the northern limit of the Subantarctic Surface Waters (Orsi et al., 1995) . In the central Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, both the STF and the Subantarctic Front (SAF) are found north of the Crozet and Kerguelen Plateaus, forming an unique frontal zone (Gamberoni et al., 1982) . In this frontal zone, the advection of water masses is driven by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). The single-band frontal structure observed in the ACC is most pronounced north of Kerguelen, where it is concentrated along the shelf edge within a narrow frontal zone of about 200 km (Park et al., 1991) . In this Crozet Basin area, the Polar Front (PF) is completely separated from the frontal zone.

The Subtropical Front (STF) is considered the northern limit of the Subantarctic Surface Waters.

In the central Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, both the STF and the Subantarctic Front (SAF) are found north of the Crozet and Kerguelen Plateaus, forming an unique frontal zone.

The single-band frontal structure observed in the ACC is most pronounced north of Kerguelen, where it is concentrated along the shelf edge within a narrow frontal zone of about 200 km.


The pathophysiology of injury to the small bowel & mesentery was first described by Metz. He postulated three types of trauma (1) crush injury, (2) shearing forces of bowel and mesentery at fixed point of attachment and (3) burst injury caused by increased intraluminal pressure. Approximately 25% of patients requiring surgical treatment for bowel trauma have more than one bowel injury and likely more than one mechanism [4, 5] .

Approximately 25% of patients requiring surgical treatment for bowel trauma have more than one bowel injury and likely more than one mechanism.


Among these virtual tools, the haptic interface is at the cutting edge of technology. The word ''haptic" is from the Greek haptesthai and means pertaining to, or proceeding from, the sense of touch, and a haptic interface is a device which allows a user to interact with a computer by means of tactile feedback. This feedback is derived using a manipulator to apply a degree of opposing force to the user along the x-, y-and z-axes. Haptic interfaces can be used to simulate operations and actions like deformation and cutting, and three-dimensional (3D) haptic devices can be employed in applications such as the simulation of complex surgical procedures and the training of unskilled surgeons [8, 9] . Moreover, when employing a haptic approach, designers can model freehand, using the interface as a virtual cutting tool and carving away simulated clay on screen, exploiting both visual and tactile feedback.

Haptic interfaces can be used to simulate operations and actions like deformation and cutting, and three-dimensional (3D) haptic devices can be employed in applications such as the simulation of complex surgical procedures and the training of unskilled surgeons.


In this study, ractopamine did not affect calpastatin mRNA expression in m. biceps femoris, but it numerically (P = 0.17) increased calpastatin mRNA expression by 20% in m. longissimus (Walker et al., 2010) . Although calpastatin activity may not perfectly match mRNA expression for calpastatin, the observed changes in calpastatin mRNA matched the expected response in protein degradation in both muscles. Calpastatin regulates the activity of m-calpain and µ-calpain, which are responsible for initiating myofibrillar protein disassembly and, therefore, changes in mRNA expression of calpastatin could reflect regulatory mechanisms that could have led to the observed changes in protein degradation in m. longissimus.

In this study, ractopamine did not affect calpastatin mRNA expression in m. biceps femoris, but it numerically (P = 0.17) increased calpastatin mRNA expression by 20% in m. longissimus.


Serum and urinary sialic acid were measured by a spectrophotometric assay (Winzler 1955) . Serum (or urine) 0.15 ml was mixed with 3.60 ml of 5% TCA and the tubes were covered with marbles and kept in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes. The tubes were cooled and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2000 g. The supernatant (1.0 ml) was mixed with 2.0 ml each of acid reagent and diphenylamine reagent. Standard and blank samples were treated in the same way. The contents were mixed using a vertex mixer, covered with marbles and placed in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes. Development of a purple color was measured on a spectrophotometer at 540 nm.

Serum and urinary sialic acid were measured by a spectrophotometric assay.


On the other hand, the freezing-thawing procedure may cause hardening of the zona pellucida and some investigators report the usefulness of assisted hatching (AH) for frozen-thawed cleavage stage embryos [14, 15] . Nevertheless, few reports are available on the effect of AH in conjunction with human vitrified blastocyst transfers [10] . Therefore, we retrospectively evaluated the pregnancy and implantation rates after the transfer of vitrified blastocysts in conjunction with or without an AH protocol to assess the efficacy of AH in human vitrified blastocyst transfer.

On the other hand, the freezing-thawing procedure may cause hardening of the zona pellucida and some investigators report the usefulness of assisted hatching (AH) for frozen-thawed cleavage stage embryos.

Nevertheless, few reports are available on the effect of AH in conjunction with human vitrified blastocyst transfers.


Biogeography-based optimization is a metaheuristics method that newly introduced by Simon [6] . BBO algorithm is able to generate a competitive solution for unimodal or multimodal functions compared with other metaheuristics algorithms based on population. Because in termr of novelty, it is still new, this method is not frequent to be applied in real problems. BBO algorithm is adopted from nature phenomenon regarding the spread of living creatures in various islands. In these each islands, there will a migration whether it is emigration or immigration of its living creature. These islands with custom of their high living enviroment, whether it was density of rain, temperature and etc, will have more species in it compared with other islands. In scheduling case, island with high custom of its species represent of a good job sequence. Until this present time, BBO algorithm is never applied for scheduling cases, especially, SMTWTP. From here, this research will be conducted with development of BBO algorithm for solving SMTWTP problem.

Biogeography-based optimization is a metaheuristics method that newly introduced by Simon.


The production of the dye is up to 7×10 5 tons/year and consists of 10,000 kinds [1] . The dyes are used in some manufacturers, such as textiles, printings, cosmetics, and food dyes industries. Approximately, 50 % of the dyes are released to the environment as pollutants, because of low interaction between fibers and dyes [2] . Therefore, some pollutants in the aquatic environment can be up to 3.5×10 5 tons /year. The waste water from the industry containing inorganic dye is one of the pollutants that are difficult to degrade. This dye is easy to bind with other compounds, has a slow biodegradation rate, and has a high level of color (chroma) [3] . This high concentration of inorganic dyes in the environment will decrease the ecosystem quality because it inhibits sunlight and disrupts biological processes in water [4] . In addition, it is highly toxic and may damage the landscape of the affected environment.

The production of the dye is up to 7×10 5 tons/year and consists of 10,000 kinds.

Approximately, 50 % of the dyes are released to the environment as pollutants, because of low interaction between fibers and dyes.

This dye is easy to bind with other compounds, has a slow biodegradation rate, and has a high level of color (chroma).

This high concentration of inorganic dyes in the environment will decrease the ecosystem quality because it inhibits sunlight and disrupts biological processes in water.


In this work, we presented the analytic evaluation of the two-loop master integrals needed to compute the non-planar Feynman diagrams contributing to µe elastic scattering in QED at NNLO. We adopted the same computational strategy previously applied to planar diagrams, and presented in the companion article [1] . Namely, we employed the method of differential equations and of the Magnus exponential to identify a canonical set of master integrals and we derived boundary conditions either from the regularity requirements at pseudothresholds or from the knowledge of the integrals at special kinematic points, possibly evaluated by means of auxiliary, simpler systems of differential equations. The considered master integrals were expressed as a Taylor series around four space-time dimensions, whose coefficients are written as a combination of generalised polylogarithms. We worked in the massless electron approximation, while keeping full dependence on the muon mass.

We adopted the same computational strategy previously applied to planar diagrams, and presented in the companion article.


A charged particle moving in two dimensions under the influence of a spatially varying perpendicular magnetic field can exhibit snake state trajectories. These are open two-dimensional orbits perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field gradient. Snake trajectories occur in both the classical and quantum limits of this problem and are of fundamental interest with potential applications for electron transport in multidomain ferromagnets, two-dimensional electron gases 1,2 , and in nanomaterials like graphene [3] [4] [5] . In the quantum limit the snake states can be interpreted as the protected modes that occur at domain walls that separate topologically mismatched gapped ground states. This picture suggests that snake trajectories can arise even in a uniform magnetic field if the particle density is suitably modulated laterally, e.g. by electrostatic gating patterned to form interfaces between distinct quantum Hall ground states.

Snake trajectories occur in both the classical and quantum limits of this problem and are of fundamental interest with potential applications for electron transport in multidomain ferromagnets, two-dimensional electron gases 1,2 , and in nanomaterials like graphene.


Despite the fact that research in several fields has identified barriers to research use at different system levels, from the individual to the organization, interventions to achieve a more EBP have predominantly targeted individual healthcare professionals to influence their attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills as a means of changing clinical practice [28, 29] . It has been argued that implementation research has 'failed to fully recognize or adequately address the influence and importance of healthcare organizational factors' [2, 30] . However, the importance of contextual conditions for use of research in healthcare has increasingly been recognized [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] .

Despite the fact that research in several fields has identified barriers to research use at different system levels, from the individual to the organization, interventions to achieve a more EBP have predominantly targeted individual healthcare professionals to influence their attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, and skills as a means of changing clinical practice.

It has been argued that implementation research has 'failed to fully recognize or adequately address the influence and importance of healthcare organizational factors'.

However, the importance of contextual conditions for use of research in healthcare has increasingly been recognized.


Integer variables are widely used in programs as counters, pointer offsets and indexes to arrays in order to access memory. If the value of an integer variable comes from untrusted source such as user input, it often results in security vulnerabilities. For example, recently an increasing number of integer related vulnerabilities have been discovered and exploited [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] . They are all caused by the misuse of integers input by a user. The concept of integer misuse like integer overflow has become common knowledge. Several researchers have studied the problem and proposed solutions like compiler extension, manual auditing and safe C++ integer classes [4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] . However, to date there is no tool that statically detects and prevents integer misuse vulnerabilities in C programs.

For example, recently an increasing number of integer related vulnerabilities have been discovered and exploited.

Several researchers have studied the problem and proposed solutions like compiler extension, manual auditing and safe C++ integer classes.


In order to define affine frames in a local field, we need analogous notions of translation and dilation. As we explain in the next section, we can use a prime element of a local field to serve as a dilation. In a local field of positive characteristic, we can also find a countable discrete subgroup of K of the form {u(k) : k ∈ N ∪ {0}} which can be used as the translation set similar to the translation set Z n in the standard Euclidean setup. For various aspects of wavelet analysis on a local field of positive characteristic, we refer to the articles [1, 2, 3, 4, 11] .

For various aspects of wavelet analysis on a local field of positive characteristic, we refer to the articles.


The calculations suggest a close link between the mean free path and the size of the Fermi surface. Meanwhile the experimentally observed relation between the resistivity upturn and carrier density implies that the conductivity is proportional to the area enclosed by the Fermi surface. At zero temperature, the conductivity can be expressed as an integral of the mean free path around the Fermi surface [36] . For a circular 2D free-electron-like Fermi surface, integrating a mean free path proportional to the circumference 2πk F yields a conductivity proportional to k 2 F and hence the area enclosed. Inspired by this, we calculate the conductivity ( figure 3(a) ) using a mean free path proportional to the circumference of the hole-like Fermi surface pockets ( figure 3(b) ) and achieve very reasonable agreement with the idealized case.

At zero temperature, the conductivity can be expressed as an integral of the mean free path around the Fermi surface.


For solid-liquid separation, filtration is often the preferred method and is widely utilised in a range of industrial sectors. Advantages of filtration compared to other methods such as drying include a reduced energy consumption and a lower risk of thermal damage to the separated materials, which is of particular importance in food and beverage processing. Filtration can be run in several different modes; but membrane cross-flow filtration is particularly suitable for difficult-to-filter materials as the build-up of the high resistance filter cake on the membrane surface is counteracted by fluid shear imposed by cross-flow velocity (Belfort et al. 1994) . Despite this, undesirable flux decline due to cake fouling is still one of the main issues in cross-flow filtration. Therefore fundamental understanding of cake fouling phenomena, especially for difficult-to-filter organic materials, is crucial for the design of efficient separation operations.

Filtration can be run in several different modes; but membrane cross-flow filtration is particularly suitable for difficult-to-filter materials as the build-up of the high resistance filter cake on the membrane surface is counteracted by fluid shear imposed by cross-flow velocity.


Phylogenetic analysis of thirty-seven coleopteran species based on the mt COI gene revealed very long branches for species belonging to the families Scarabaeidae and Tenebrionidae, indicating high divergence among members of these families (Howland & Hewitt, 1995) . Although the present study involved relatively conserved segments of COI and 16S rDNA mitochondrial genes, the sequence divergence was surprisingly high among examined Tribolium species, in a range from 12 to 19% for COI and from 7 to 18% for 16S. Low intraspecific variability is observed for both tested genes in all analyzed Tribolium species, including laboratory and wild populations, which can be almost exclusively found in storehouses (Wool, 1982) .

Phylogenetic analysis of thirty-seven coleopteran species based on the mt COI gene revealed very long branches for species belonging to the families Scarabaeidae and Tenebrionidae, indicating high divergence among members of these families.

Low intraspecific variability is observed for both tested genes in all analyzed Tribolium species, including laboratory and wild populations, which can be almost exclusively found in storehouses.


There remain two important issues related to diagnosing dying. First, there exists no common definition of the dying phase that captures processes and phenomena. It is possible that this last part of life will continue to be characterised by a mix of myths and observable phenomena, and a more detailed "diagnosing" would not be possible even with a more sophisticated approach. Second, it has not yet been demonstrated that a more accurate diagnosis of the dying phase will provide concrete benefits. But there is increasing evidence for the importance of improving communication [17] . Clear and compassionate communication focused on the individual needs of patients and families can help to deliver high quality care at the end of life.

But there is increasing evidence for the importance of improving communication.


Among the observer-based approaches, Hostetter suggested a recursive algorithm to calculate the discrete Fourier transform of a signal [1] . Péceli extended this method to allow calculating arbitrary linear signal transforms recursively [2] . When Péceli's resonator-based observer structure is used as a spectral observer, it is referred to as Fourier analyzer (FA).

Among the observer-based approaches, Hostetter suggested a recursive algorithm to calculate the discrete Fourier transform of a signal.

Péceli extended this method to allow calculating arbitrary linear signal transforms recursively.


In this paper, we propose an alternative that gets the best of both worlds: prove easily and still be flexible. More precisely, develop the libraries type-based, but export the results set-based. We start from the observation that, from a set-theoretic semantics standpoint, the theorems (1) and (2) are equivalent: they both state that, for every nonempty collection of elements, there exists a list of elements from that collection for which P holds. Unfortunately, the HOL logic in its current form is blind to one direction of this equivalence: assuming that (1) is a theorem, one cannot prove (2) . Indeed, in a proof attempt of (2), one would fix a nonempty set A and, to invoke (1), one would need to define a new type corresponding to A-an action not currently allowed inside a HOL proof context. In this paper, we propose a gentle eye surgery to HOL (and to Isabelle/HOL) to enable proving such equivalences, and show how this can be used to leverage user experience as outlined above.

Unfortunately, the HOL logic in its current form is blind to one direction of this equivalence: assuming that (1) is a theorem, one cannot prove.


Food-related factors, such as nutrient content, flavor, and moisture content, may be discounted because the powder was made from freshly ground pellets. If the amount of food eaten was the critical variable, extrapolating from the literature on pellet polydipsia generated by schedules with 6O-sec interpellet intervals, one would expect that the reduced drinking per gram of food eaten by the powder rats was caused by their consuming more food than the pellet rats (Falk:, 1967; Reid & Dale, 1983) . Neither the correlational nor the ANOV A results bore out this conjecture. However, the results do not contradict the earlier reports, because those effects were caused by two-to sixfold increases in the amount of food.

If the amount of food eaten was the critical variable, extrapolating from the literature on pellet polydipsia generated by schedules with 6O-sec interpellet intervals, one would expect that the reduced drinking per gram of food eaten by the powder rats was caused by their consuming more food than the pellet rats.


The POPE rats had to reacquire the polydipsic response when introduced to granular food in spite of the recent history of pellet polydipsia. The data suggest some specificity in the polydipsia-eliciting properties of the food, a specificity that has been noted in other instances of sensitization (Lipsett & Kaye, 1965; Ulrich & Azrin, 1962) . The high positive correlations between polydipsic drinking under scheduled pellets and under granular food suggests, first, that the two foods are engaging the same process and, second, that the individual differences are temporally and environmentally stable, as has been found to be the case with sensitization (Petrinovich & Patterson, 1980) .

The data suggest some specificity in the polydipsia-eliciting properties of the food, a specificity that has been noted in other instances of sensitization.

The high positive correlations between polydipsic drinking under scheduled pellets and under granular food suggests, first, that the two foods are engaging the same process and, second, that the individual differences are temporally and environmentally stable, as has been found to be the case with sensitization.


Finally, it cannot be argued that the low average level of drinking by the powder rats was due to a few atypical rats that drank no water while the rest drank polydipsically, because there was no overlap in the volume drunk at asymptote by pellet and powder rats. However, large individual differences in the levels of polydipsia in rats receiving pellets have been reported (Mittleman & Valenstein, 1985) . Indeed, at asymptote in Experiment 1, there was a greater than two-fold difference between the largest and smallest amounts drunk by individual pellet rats. There is thus a possibility that the powder rats differed from the pellet rats because of an unintended selection PELLETS VERSUS POWDER 51 bias. In Experiment 2, this concern was addressed by using animals as their own controls. This paradigm also provided a control for inadvertent differences between groups in housing, handling, and food deprivation.

However, large individual differences in the levels of polydipsia in rats receiving pellets have been reported.


In the past decade, cell-based assays have undergone a noticeable transition from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. A cell culture is the basic tool for drug discovery, investigation of the mechanism of diseases, and tissue engineering. A 3D cell culture maintains the significant physiological relevance of cell-based assays [1] . A 3D cell culture mimics the sophisticated in-vivo environment which is crucial for efficiently predicting the mechanisms of drug action before clinical trials. Traditionally, 2D cell cultures on a flat substrate are employed as in-vitro models, because they are inexpensive and more accessible than animal models. However, 2D culture models may not be able to mimic the in-vivo systems in terms of cellular physiology, metabolism and protein expression (e.g., membrane proteins). Current literature indicates that the spatially confined 2D cultures attribute to the forced inhabitation of cells grown on a flat and rigid surface [2] . The flat surface requires cytoskeleton to establish contact between neighbouring cells and exert artificial polarity [3] . Thus, 2D cultures cannot provide adequate extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and promote cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction to form a complex communication network within a tissue-specific architecture [4] . ECM is a critical cellular factor for structural support and biochemical cues that regulate cell proliferation, adhesion and migration. Furthermore, cells in a monolayer are exposed to the bulk of media with sufficient oxygen and nutrients, whereas the response of cells in a 3D tissue to nutrient and soluble factors depends on their diffusion and the corresponding concentration distribution [5, 6] .

A 3D cell culture maintains the significant physiological relevance of cell-based assays.

Current literature indicates that the spatially confined 2D cultures attribute to the forced inhabitation of cells grown on a flat and rigid surface.

The flat surface requires cytoskeleton to establish contact between neighbouring cells and exert artificial polarity.

Thus, 2D cultures cannot provide adequate extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and promote cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction to form a complex communication network within a tissue-specific architecture.

Furthermore, cells in a monolayer are exposed to the bulk of media with sufficient oxygen and nutrients, whereas the response of cells in a 3D tissue to nutrient and soluble factors depends on their diffusion and the corresponding concentration distribution.


The limitations of 2D culture systems motivate the development of 3D culture. In contrast to the flat 2D culture, a 3D culture consists of multi-cellular layers, which are critical for both biochemical and mechanical characteristics of a tissue. Thus, a 3D construct allows for the optimal transport of nutrient, gas, growth factors and cellular waste similar to in-vivo processes. To date, countless efforts have been reported on the production of more biologically relevant 3D tissue models using both scaffold-based and scaffold-free strategies. Microtissues constructed with scaffold rely on supporting materials, which raises issues of biocompatibility and cell-material biorecognition. Biodegradable scaffold substitutes a large amount ECM, resulting in tissue that is composed of less densely packed cells [7] . Furthermore, biodegradable scaffolds exert sensitivity to standard sterilization method when used as an implant in the surgical site. In contrast, scaffold-free approaches initiate interactions between cells and substrate to maximize cell-cell interaction by self-generated ECM. In recent years, scaffold-free methods have been developed to enable the self-assembly of cells into multi-planar cell sheets or spherical cell colonies, often referred to as multicellular spheroids (MCS). These two scaffold-free 3D constructs can potentially generate their own ECM components.

Biodegradable scaffold substitutes a large amount ECM, resulting in tissue that is composed of less densely packed cells.


To conclude, we have presented an systematic experimental study of the velocity field in a cylindrical turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard (RB) convection cell with unit aspect ratio using water as working fluid. The two-dimensional velocity field in the vertical circulation plane of the large-scale circulation was measured via the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique and the longitudinal space-time cross-correlation functions for both the horizontal and vertical velocities, C u (r, τ ; z) and C w (r, τ ; x), were investigated in great detail. Our results show that the isocorrelation contours of space-time correlations are elliptic closed curves and the space-time correlations C u (r, τ ; z) and C w (r, τ ; x) can be related to the space correlations C u (r E , 0; z) and C w (r E , 0; x), respectively, via the elliptic relation (1.3), i.e. r 2 E = (r − U τ ) 2 + V 2 τ 2 . The characteristic velocities U and V were then calculated and studied. We find that the magnitude of U reaches its maximum value near the sidewall and plates and decreases when away from the walls and plates, while the position-dependence of V is much weaker. Specifically, at the cell center we have U ≃ 0 and hence the relation (1.3) becomes r 2 E = r 2 + V 2 τ 2 with its major and minor axes coinciding with the τ -and r-axis. Note that such relation has the same form as Kraichnan's sweeping-velocity hypothesis (Kraichnan 1964) . Direct comparison of the values of U and V and their theoretical predictions further show that U is proportional to the mean velocity of the flow, while V is systematically larger than its prediction.

Note that such relation has the same form as Kraichnan's sweeping-velocity hypothesis.