The lack of a strong relationship between offline reading achievement levels and online reading evaluation is consistent with previous research. It appears that online reading comprehension is not isomorphic with offline reading comprehension (Afflerbach & Cho, 2010; Coiro & Dobler, 2007) . Afflerbach and Cho reviewed 46 studies focused on reading strategy use during Internet and hypertext reading. Their analysis showed evidence of strategies that "appear to have no counterpart in traditional reading" (p. 217). Many strategies centered around a reader's ability to apply methods to reduce their levels of uncertainty while navigating and negotiating appropriate reading paths in a shifting problem space. The results of this study suggest that the evaluation of online resources may also contribute to the lack of an isomorphic relationship between offline and online reading.

It appears that online reading comprehension is not isomorphic with offline reading comprehension.


It should be cause for concern that almost half of the students failed to question the credibility of the commercial online resource as a source of health-related information despite the presence of clearly visible commercial elements (logos, author's profession, etc.). Perhaps the professional tone of the text concealed the commercial purpose from many students, an issue that older readers might also sometimes find difficult (Howe & Teufel, 2014) . Further, it might be that students of this age are not yet fully equipped to identify persuasive messages (Brassart, 1996) . Additional research is clearly needed to investigate the identification of online bias from a fully developmental perspective, both at younger and older ages. This would provide us with a better understanding of when students are cognitively equipped to identify overt and covert commercial messages online and how instructional practices in different school grades might support students in becoming more critical readers of online information. Another explanation for students' difficulties in identifying bias might be that students are not used to encountering resources in a school context that vary as widely in quality as the present examples. To ensure that all students have opportunities to identify the elements that make one resource more credible than another, students may need opportunities at school to evaluate different kinds of age-appropriate online information.

Perhaps the professional tone of the text concealed the commercial purpose from many students, an issue that older readers might also sometimes find difficult.

Further, it might be that students of this age are not yet fully equipped to identify persuasive messages.


A previous study has shown that in unselected patients, mortality was significantly higher in the non-STEMI as compared to STEMI patients [7] . However, in that study coronary angiography was only performed in 52%, only 70% of the eligible STEMI patients were treated with reperfusion therapy and no information was available with regard to the type of reperfusion therapy. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the baseline characteristics, treatment and prognosis in an unselected consecutive cohort of non-STEMI versus STEMI in a single high-volume centre.

A previous study has shown that in unselected patients, mortality was significantly higher in the non-STEMI as compared to STEMI patients.


The room temperature UV-Vis spectrum of undoped ZnO and Zn-Ag 5 are presented in Figure 3 . As can be seen from curve A in Figure 4 , ZnO-NRs have a broad intense absorption below wavelength 400 nm. It is the characteristic absorption of ZnO corresponding to the charge transfer process from the valence band to conduction band in ZnO. In the UV-Vis spectra of the Zn-Ag 5 (curve B), it can be seen that there is a absorption peak around 460 nm in the visible range. This is the characteristic of surface plasmon absorption corresponding to Ag 0 particles [9] . So the modification decrease in bandgap energy of ZnO. Figure 5 presents the room temperature Raman spectrum of ZnO-NRs and Zn-Ag 5. It can be seen that the spectrum of ZnO (curve A) consists of five peaks located at about 100, 140, 380, 437, and 580 cm -1 which correspond to the fundamental phonon modes of hexagonal ZnO, respectively. The curve B which is the spectrum of Zn-Ag 5 has four peaks located at about 100, 140, 241, and 580 cm -1 . There appeared a broad Raman peak at about 241 cm -1 exclusively for the Ag-doped samples. The intensity of this peak decreased drastically on doping the silver in the samples. We can recall that the incorporation of Ag in our ZnO nanoparticles reduces their crystallinity [8] . Figure 6 shows room-temperature PL spectrums of ZnO and Zn-Ag 5 at the excitation wavelength of 325 nm. We can see that a blue-green emissions at about 520 nm were observed in them. The emission centered at 520 nm of Zn-Ag 5 , which can be fitted to two peaks centered at 516 nm and 630 nm, respectively, as shown in the inset of Figure 5 . The peak 516 might be attributed to the intrinsic defects (O and Zn vacancies or interstitials and their complexes) in ZnO. The other hand, the Ag-doped ZnO, which prepared, exhibits a new and unusual PL phenomenon at 615 nm; there is the possibility of the formation of a new surface state. The dopant Ag has a great effect on the separation and recombination process of photo-induced charge carriers of ZnO, which can further effect on PL performance. It indicates that the photoluminescence mechanism of Ag/ZnO is very complex and further research is needed. Figure 7 shows the effect of the Ag content on the photocatalytic activity of Ag-doped ZnO. The photocatalytic degradation ratio of methyl blue (MB) increases rather rapidly initially with the increase of the Ag content and reaches a plateau at the Ag content of 4%. It is worth that the amount of doped silver ion is very important to photoactivity. But an increase in dopant ion can make increasable rate recombination of electron-hole pairs, because silver ions play a central role of recombination, that can make decreasing the photocatalytic activity of material. The photocatalytic mechanism of Ag/ZnO is also complex and it's studied deeply.

This is the characteristic of surface plasmon absorption corresponding to Ag 0 particles.

We can recall that the incorporation of Ag in our ZnO nanoparticles reduces their crystallinity.


When a magnetized plasma is considered at scales smaller than the collision mean free path, the usual MHD description is no longer valid due to significant kinetic effects. Such a situation is usual in the solar wind or the magnetosphere, but also in the warm ionized phase of the interstellar medium where the fluctuation spectrum extends down to scales comparable to the ion inertial length and much below the ionneutral or Coulomb mean free paths (Scalo and Elmegreen, 2004) . In such collisionless regimes, Landau damping provides an important dissipation mechanism for low-frequency waves through particle resonance. Furthermore, MHD waves are made dispersive under the effect of the Hall term and the electron pressure gradient in a generalized Ohm's law, as well as of finite Larmor radius (FLR) corrections in the pressure tensor. Fully kinetic descriptions, based on the VlasovMaxwell system or even on the reduced gyrokinetic equations, remain however much beyond the capabilities of the present day computers in situations involving a broad range of scales, as in turbulent regimes. It is thus important to develop a description retaining the main kinetic effects within fluid models of large-scale plasma dynamics.

Such a situation is usual in the solar wind or the magnetosphere, but also in the warm ionized phase of the interstellar medium where the fluctuation spectrum extends down to scales comparable to the ion inertial length and much below the ionneutral or Coulomb mean free paths.


Furthermore, in order to define the attributes, we used the three IR models (BM25, LM, LGD) in the feature vector f created for each document-query pair. The inherent idea behind this choice is to evaluate in which cases the combination of standard scoring functions would be beneficial on a new target collection using the grid. The other vector attributes we considered are standard features used in document retrieval [12] . Features are depicted in table 3.

The other vector attributes we considered are standard features used in document retrieval.

Features are depicted in table 3.


One of the main outcomes of the HERA research program is the evidence and detailed study of diffractive processes. Indeed, almost 10 % of the γ * p → hadrons deep inelastic scattering (DIS) events were shown to contain a rapidity gap in the detectors between the proton remnants Y and the hadrons X coming from the fragmentation region of the initial virtual photon, namely the process was shown to look like γ * p → X Y . These diffractive deep inelastic scattering (DDIS) events were revealed and extensively studied by H1 and ZEUS collaborations [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . The existence of a rapidity gap between the diffractive state X and the proton remnants, with vacuum quantum numbers in t−channel, is a natural place for a Pomeron-like description. Two types of approaches have been developed.

These diffractive deep inelastic scattering (DDIS) events were revealed and extensively studied by H1 and ZEUS collaborations.


Although RM has proved to be the most effective and practical method of traffic control techniques, it has major limitation: queues at the ramp should not spill over to the adjacent infrastructure. Ramp storage space may be limited, and therefore RM is typically released when the ramp queue has covered the whole on-ramp. Thus, RM may delay the onset of congestion, accelerate its dissolution and reduce its space extent; also, it may have to be deactivated for most of the peak period due to full ramps (Papamichail et al. 2010) .

Thus, RM may delay the onset of congestion, accelerate its dissolution and reduce its space extent; also, it may have to be deactivated for most of the peak period due to full ramps.


The breakdown phenomenon at on-ramp junctions has been identified as a probabilistic phenomenon (Park, Roess 2015) . Breakdown probability at on-ramp junctions is higher as ramp flow ratio increases (Shawky, Nakamura 2007) . Also, due to the above introduced lane interactions some lanes prematurely enter the queue discharge state without reaching their free-flow capacity (Ringert, Urbanik 1993) . Therefore, the merging behaviour and lane changes at ramp have a negative influence on the area and a high on-ramp flow contribute adverse impacts at on-ramp junctions (Sun et al. 2014) .

The breakdown phenomenon at on-ramp junctions has been identified as a probabilistic phenomenon.

Breakdown probability at on-ramp junctions is higher as ramp flow ratio increases.

Also, due to the above introduced lane interactions some lanes prematurely enter the queue discharge state without reaching their free-flow capacity.

Therefore, the merging behaviour and lane changes at ramp have a negative influence on the area and a high on-ramp flow contribute adverse impacts at on-ramp junctions.


Freeways have free basic segments: a freeway, a ramp junction and a weaving area. The ramp junction is the most common area where changes in driver's behaviour may occur. The drivers traveling near the ramp along the lane often have to slow down to allow vehicles from the ramp to merge onto the freeway, whereas at the off-ramp junction, drivers may need to shift lanes or allow others to shift them to make the exit. Such in and out flows at ramp junctions often cause drivers to change lanes (Park, Roess 2015) .

Such in and out flows at ramp junctions often cause drivers to change lanes.


Increasing employees' skills and abilities are expected to create future returns through increased productivity and business performance (Shih, Chiang, & Hsu, 2006) . The processes of resourcing and development aimed at increasing employees skills have a direct impact on their attitude i.e. motivation, commitment and satisfaction (Wright et al., 2003) . Specifically, a large body of research considers motivation to be a key determinant of employee performance (Hardre, 2003) . Employees' attitudes and behaviours generally depend on the HRD policies and procedures the organization is using.

Increasing employees' skills and abilities are expected to create future returns through increased productivity and business performance.

The processes of resourcing and development aimed at increasing employees skills have a direct impact on their attitude i.e. motivation, commitment and satisfaction.

Specifically, a large body of research considers motivation to be a key determinant of employee performance.


There is a large and growing body of literature that shows a positive linkage between human resource development and organizational performance. The emphasis on human resources in organizations reflects the view that market value depends less on tangible resources, but rather on intangible ones, particularly human resources (Stiles & Kulvisaechana, 2005) . Recruiting and retaining the best employees, however, is only part of the human resources development framework. Organizations also has to leverage the skills and capabilities of its employees by encouraging individuals learning and creating a supportive environment in which knowledge can be created, shared and applied to achieve corporate goals of the organization.

The emphasis on human resources in organizations reflects the view that market value depends less on tangible resources, but rather on intangible ones, particularly human resources.


Castor plant is cultivated and grows in the wild throughout the tropical, warm temperate and subtropical regions between latitudes 40˚ South and 52˚ North. In Tanzania, castor plant, Ricinus communis grows as a wild plant almost all over the country [1] . The plant mostly occurs at altitudes ranging from sea level to about 3000 m [2] .

In Tanzania, castor plant, Ricinus communis grows as a wild plant almost all over the country.

The plant mostly occurs at altitudes ranging from sea level to about 3000 m.


Relative to other vegetable oils, castor oil has different physical and chemical properties which vary with the method of extraction (solvent or mechanical pressing) of the oil. The castor oil that is obtained from the cold pressing method has low acid value, low iodine value, lighter color and slightly higher saponification value compared to the solvent-extracted oil [5] ). Overall, triglycerides of 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid (ricinoleic acid) are the major component of castor oil and are normally over 89% of the total fatty acid of the oil. The structures and the percentages of other fatty acids found in the castor oil are linoleic (4.2%), oleic (3.0%), stearic (1%), palmitic (1%), dihydroxystearic acid (0.7%), linolenic acid (0.3%), and eicosanoic acid (0.3%) [7] [8] ). The chemistry of castor oil can be focused on its high content of ricinoleic acid which has three functional groups.

The castor oil that is obtained from the cold pressing method has low acid value, low iodine value, lighter color and slightly higher saponification value compared to the solvent-extracted oil).

The structures and the percentages of other fatty acids found in the castor oil are linoleic (4.2%), oleic (3.0%), stearic (1%), palmitic (1%), dihydroxystearic acid (0.7%), linolenic acid (0.3%), and eicosanoic acid (0.3%)).


As China urbanizes, new construction areas reach up to 2.0 billion m 2 , which is close to half of the global annual construction area [1] [2] . Large scale construction produces a great deal of construction waste. Its storage and backfill consumes significant soil resources. This also brings severe pollution of soil, air and water. Construction waste reuse is thus an urgent research topic.

As China urbanizes, new construction areas reach up to 2.0 billion m 2 , which is close to half of the global annual construction area.


In the mining and engineering fields, mining subsidence problems must be solved for safe and high efficient mining of China's coal. Technology that makes use of construction waste as a coal mine paste backfilling material is being studied and applied [3] [4] [5] . During crushing the construction waste and sieving backfilling aggregate will produce about 10% recycled powder with particle sizes below 0.16 mm. This recycled powder must be removed by sieving or it will affect the quality of the recycled aggregate [6] . These recycled powders can also result in secondary pollution. Through chemical analysis, the main constituents of the recycled powder were found to be SiO 2 , CaO, Al 3 0 2 and other active substances; therefore, exploring how to effectively stimulate the cementitious activation of recycled powder so as to meet the requirement of mine on backfilling material has significance in replacing conventional high cost backfilling cementitious materials.

Technology that makes use of construction waste as a coal mine paste backfilling material is being studied and applied.

This recycled powder must be removed by sieving or it will affect the quality of the recycled aggregate.


In this study, a new type of bridge girder is discussed that can maximize the structural efficiency by combining CFT structure, arch structure, and pre-stressing structure. The type of girder is called concrete-filled and tied tubular steel arch (CFTA) that can be made to long span with light weight. It is structurally stable with small amount of material and maintenance. The CFTA bridge girder has many advantages compared to the typical bridge girder structures because it makes use of almost all the prominent characteristics of each material and structural design, including buckling prevention by concrete filling, a higher stiffness and durability due to the confinement effect, a longer span and lighter structure due to pre-stressed tendons, as well as the pleasing aesthetics of an arch shape (Lee et al., 2008) . In addition, this bridge girder has a good resistance to reduce the moment by ways of an arch shape and pre-stressing force and to induce compressive force to compensate for tensile stress.

The CFTA bridge girder has many advantages compared to the typical bridge girder structures because it makes use of almost all the prominent characteristics of each material and structural design, including buckling prevention by concrete filling, a higher stiffness and durability due to the confinement effect, a longer span and lighter structure due to pre-stressed tendons, as well as the pleasing aesthetics of an arch shape.


The use of commercial bumblebees in Maine lowbush blueberry has not reached the levels of honeybees, peaking Psyche in the mid-2000s, and is since responsible for imported pollination services in about 1.3 to 2.0 percent of the blueberry acreage in Maine [1] . This roughly translates into 400-600 acres of lowbush blueberry fields pollinated with 2000-2400 colonies of commercial bumblebees. These colonies are placed in groups of four, referred to as a quad, directly in the fields where they usually remain until the end of the colony life cycle. Gynes (female reproductives) and males are often produced from the commercial colonies [9] .

The use of commercial bumblebees in Maine lowbush blueberry has not reached the levels of honeybees, peaking Psyche in the mid-2000s, and is since responsible for imported pollination services in about 1.3 to 2.0 percent of the blueberry acreage in Maine.

Gynes (female reproductives) and males are often produced from the commercial colonies.


A major issue that needs to be addressed in future work concerns a possible uncertainty in the initial mass function (IMF), or the possibility that it may vary with redshift. Since the L(Hβ) -σ relation correlates the ionizing flux produced by the massive stars to the velocity field in the potential well created primarily by the gas and lower mass stars, any systematic variation of the IMF affects the mass-to-light ratio and, therefore, the slope and zero point of the correlation function [16] . There is hope that at least some of these uncertainties may be reduced further with the help of upcoming observations using the K-band Multi Object Spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope. This survey should produce a larger sample of high-z HIIGx, providing much better and competitive constraints on the cosmological parameters and the comparison of competing models [17] .

Since the L(Hβ) -σ relation correlates the ionizing flux produced by the massive stars to the velocity field in the potential well created primarily by the gas and lower mass stars, any systematic variation of the IMF affects the mass-to-light ratio and, therefore, the slope and zero point of the correlation function.

This survey should produce a larger sample of high-z HIIGx, providing much better and competitive constraints on the cosmological parameters and the comparison of competing models.


Through the use of Gaussian processes in this paper, we have strengthened the case for using the L(Hβ) -σ correlation seen in HIIGx and GEHR data as a standard candle for testing cosmological models even beyond the current reach (i.e., z 1.8) of Type Ia SNe. This argument will become even more compelling as the systematic uncertainties in the L(Hβ) -σ correlation are better understood. These uncertainties include the size of the burst, the age of the burst, the oxygen abundance of HIIGx, and the internal extinction correction [55] .

These uncertainties include the size of the burst, the age of the burst, the oxygen abundance of HIIGx, and the internal extinction correction.


Commercial production of C. annuum faces various constraints, particularly those related to phytophagous insects. In this context, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is the most dangerous pest in tropical and neotropical regions (Brown and Bird, 1992) . Bemisia tabaci induces losses in pepper crops by direct feeding and transmission of a wide variety of Begomoviruses (Oliveira et al., 2001) . Management of the complex B. tabaci-Begomovirus has been typically carried out by chemical insecticides to control vector populations. This action has selected B. tabaci populations with high level of resistance (Elbert and Nauen, 2000) . To cope with the potential risk associated to the use of chemical insecticides, host plant resistance to insects is an effective, economical, and environmentally friendly method for pest control. This alternative uses wild and semi-domesticated relatives of cultivated species as sources of pest resistance genes and in turn as an effective tool to minimize losses due to phytophagous insects or vector-borne virus diseases (Sharma and Ortiz, 2002) .

In this context, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is the most dangerous pest in tropical and neotropical regions.

Bemisia tabaci induces losses in pepper crops by direct feeding and transmission of a wide variety of Begomoviruses.

This action has selected B. tabaci populations with high level of resistance.

This alternative uses wild and semi-domesticated relatives of cultivated species as sources of pest resistance genes and in turn as an effective tool to minimize losses due to phytophagous insects or vector-borne virus diseases.


In order to improve the accuracy of the evaluation results, it may be considered to start with one or several major security risk factors [5, 6] . A method of information system risk assessment based on particle filter is proposed in this paper. It is based on the information security risk assessment process and combined with the information security risk assessment standards, to reduce the risk assessment of subjectivity, improve the effectiveness of evaluation and decision-making as the goal, and it's a new and effective risk evaluation method.

In order to improve the accuracy of the evaluation results, it may be considered to start with one or several major security risk factors.


Mesoscale gravity waves with amplitude of 1-15 hPa, wavelength of 50-500 km, and periods of 0.5-4 h have been shown to be very important to sensible weather. Such mesoscale gravity waves can be generated by convection, density impulses and cross-frontal ageostrophic accelerations, shear instability, topographic forcing, and geostrophic adjustment related to jets, fronts, and/or sources of strong diabatic heating (Hooke 1986) . From the examination of 13 observed tropospheric gravity wave events, Uccellini and Koch (1987, hereafter referred to as UK87) found that mesoscale gravity waves frequently appear in the vicinity of jet streaks and to the cold air side of a surface frontal boundary. They suggested that such waves are generated as an upperlevel jet streak propagates away from a geostrophic wind maximum at the base of the geopotential height trough toward an inflection point in the height field. They conjectured that such a flow is unbalanced and thus would be adjusted in the sense that air parcels would accelerate in the exit region when quasi-and semigeostrophic theory dictates that the opposite kind of behavior is needed to maintain thermal wind balance.

Such mesoscale gravity waves can be generated by convection, density impulses and cross-frontal ageostrophic accelerations, shear instability, topographic forcing, and geostrophic adjustment related to jets, fronts, and/or sources of strong diabatic heating.


There are two appendices with more technical material. The first deals with the problem of how to 'supplement' a given non-symplectic RK method with vanishing weights so as to have a symplectic algorithm for partitioned systems. The second relates the contents of the paper and the theory of reflection and transposition of RK coefficients introduced by Schrerer and Türke [32] .

The second relates the contents of the paper and the theory of reflection and transposition of RK coefficients introduced by Schrerer and Türke.


Some extensions are presented in Section 5. Section 6 is devoted to classical mechanics. Hamilton's variational principle may of course be viewed as a control problem: it is a matter of minimising a functional subject to differential constraints. As it is well known, the application of the theory of optimal control to this situation replicates the standard procedure to obtain Hamilton's canonical equations from Hamilton's principle. In the discrete realm, this process provides the variational derivation of symplectic PRK integrators, originally due to Suris [37] .

In the discrete realm, this process provides the variational derivation of symplectic PRK integrators, originally due to Suris.


Developing teacher understanding about the semiotic system of visual images has potentially important implications for pedagogic practices around teaching reading (Stenglin and Iedema 2001) . Informed understandings about the meaning affordances of the visual images and of how the visual mode, like the verbal mode, comprises a systematic grammatical set of meanings can translate to an increased awareness of the roles and functions of images in picture books (Kress and van Leeuwen 1996) . The analysis has shown that the teacher focused and emphasised student attention on the verbal text. Her practices came from her knowledge about the role of the verbal text in the construction of meanings in the texts. The same could not be achieved in relation to the engagement with the visual mode due to the lesser degree of understanding around the semiotic system of visual images. Professional development in this area potentially benefits teachers in a number of ways; in choosing texts for reading with students, in planning and programming curriculum based on increased understanding and knowledge about picture books, and in their scaffolding exchanges with students during reading lessons.

Developing teacher understanding about the semiotic system of visual images has potentially important implications for pedagogic practices around teaching reading.

Informed understandings about the meaning affordances of the visual images and of how the visual mode, like the verbal mode, comprises a systematic grammatical set of meanings can translate to an increased awareness of the roles and functions of images in picture books.


The Indonesian value system prescribes high responsibility of parents for their children over the whole life-span; It is of primary importance for parents to take care of the quality of life of their children. To be able to provide financial support is therefore also important for the lifesatisfaction of Indonesian mothers. Traditionally, Indonesian parents do not expect that their children reciprocate their support. However, as shown here, in the urban area but not in the rural area the mothers felt more satisfied when they perceived to be appreciated by their daughters. As described before, respect for the parents is traditionally expected of the children. However, while respect refers to the social role, admiration operationalized here as Intergenerational support and life-satisfaction the expression of positive evaluation refers much more to the individual attributes. Thus, the direct expression of admiration (comparable to the direct expression of praise) might be a more important characteristic of communication in individualistic cultures or of those cultures, which have undergone social change toward more individualism (Trommsdorff & Rothbaum, 2008) . This interpretation is supported by the fact that the rural Indonesian mothers reported the lowest admiration of all subsamples.

Thus, the direct expression of admiration (comparable to the direct expression of praise) might be a more important characteristic of communication in individualistic cultures or of those cultures, which have undergone social change toward more individualism.


The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of elderly mothers' providing support for their adult daughters on their life-satisfaction in three different cultural contexts. China, Indonesia and Germany were selected because they differ with respect to values related to intergenerational relationships and the old-age security systems. The results with respect to relations between support provided by elderly mothers to their adult daughters, admiration by daughters and life-satisfaction differed depending on the region and also on the kind of support. In the following, the culture-specific findings will be discussed from a Intergenerational support and life-satisfaction culture-informed perspective in line with the methodological goals of the VOC-Study (Trommsdorff, 2006) .

In the following, the culture-specific findings will be discussed from a Intergenerational support and life-satisfaction culture-informed perspective in line with the methodological goals of the VOC-Study.


For Chinese mothers, we did not find associations between support given and lifesatisfaction. On the one hand, support provision to adult children is not in line with the Chinese traditional obligations within a family (Ho, 1996; Hwang, 1999) . If elderly parents have to support an adult child, who is usually obliged to support them, this might be a sign that the parents have failed to raise a successful child, and thus have failed to fulfil their parental obligation. On the other hand, Confucian values of the family also require mutual support and loyalty of all family members (Hwang, 1999; Wang & Hsueh, 2000) . Thus, the lack of a correlation may also be due to individually different effects of support provision: for some elderly mothers, it may be detrimental to provide support for their adult daughters, while for others it may also be positive for their life-satisfaction, thus resulting in a zerocorrelation between the two variables. The positive association between perceived daughters' approval and mothers' life-satisfaction can be explained by the strong affective ties between the family members (Hwang, 1999; Wang & Hsueh, 2000) .

On the one hand, support provision to adult children is not in line with the Chinese traditional obligations within a family.

On the other hand, Confucian values of the family also require mutual support and loyalty of all family members.

The positive association between perceived daughters' approval and mothers' life-satisfaction can be explained by the strong affective ties between the family members.


Our workbench design supports experiential learning which encourages one to generate their own ideas about a phenomena while learning and prepares the individual for future learning [6] . More detailed knowledge could be developed as part of actual reservoir modeling tasks where the limitations of current software impede easiness and efficiency of implementing the various modeling and design scenarios. Our workbench can also be looked through the theoretical lens of boundary object's [18] . The structure of the interface is common enough to be recognized by the domain of oil and gas in general, but each sub-domain (i.e. geologist, reservoir engineer) can use it as a medium for different task explorations.

Our workbench design supports experiential learning which encourages one to generate their own ideas about a phenomena while learning and prepares the individual for future learning.

Our workbench can also be looked through the theoretical lens of boundary object's.


In habitats subject to seasonal variation, small mammalian herbivores must cope with temporal changes in forage quality and abundance. Plants in Mediterranean systems have low digestibility and nutrient levels, and high levels of fiber and toxins during spring and summer (Palo and Robbins 1991) . Both, toxins and fiber are independently able to reduce food assimilation. Theoretically, by decreasing the nutritive quality and digestibility of their tissues, plants benefit from reduced palatability to herbivores. Nevertheless, herbivores feeding on less nutritious plants may compensate by eating more of them (Bozinovic 1995) . When consuming plants with low digestibility an animal's predicted response is to increase the rate of food intake, and if possible, to decrease the turnover time of digesta (see Palo and Robbins 1991 and references therein). Penry (L993) pointed out that constraints on food selection, that result from limitations imposed by digestive processing rate (ie retention time), are common. In fact variations in the retention time of digesta appear to be an adaptation in individuals tliat encounter wide variation in food quality.

Plants in Mediterranean systems have low digestibility and nutrient levels, and high levels of fiber and toxins during spring and summer.

Nevertheless, herbivores feeding on less nutritious plants may compensate by eating more of them.


A number of comprehensive reviews of disk-planet interactions have been published in recent years (Kley and Nelson 2012; Baruteau et al. 2014) . In this shorter review, we have focussed on the question of how a single planet on a circular orbit migrates, and influences the local disk structure, when embedded in different disk models that are characterised by the physical processes that drive radial accretion flows in the disk. This approach is motivated by the fact that our understanding of protoplanetary disk dynamics has changed considerably over recent years, because of developments in both observations and theory. Whereas early theoretical work on protoplanetary disk evolution assumed that angular momentum transport in disks arose because of an effective viscosity provided by turbulence, recent nonideal MHD simulations point to accretion occurring in the surface layers of completely laminar disks, or possibly in their midplanes, driven by large scale magnetic fields. As discussed below, the nature of the disk model strongly influences the outcome of disk-planet interactions.

A number of comprehensive reviews of disk-planet interactions have been published in recent years.


Distributed applications are applications or software that runs on multiple computers within a network at the same time and can be stored on servers. Data management is a key aspect of any distributed system. One of the main challenges in today's computer science research is the extraction of information from heterogeneous datasets. There have been numerous research that have shown the impact of mathematics in network modeling. The challenge is to understand how data is organized by turning data into information; information into knowledge; and eventually knowledge into wisdom. Geometry and topology are the natural modern approaches to handle complex heterogeneous data. The computations presented in this paper yields towards a bridge between modern geometry, topology and distributed systems and aims to introduce methods based on geometry and topology to detect and manage particular structures of the complex system. In recent years there has been researches on the application of sheaf theory to provide a semantic foundation for distributed applications [1] [2] . A sheaf can be thought of as a system of observations on a topological space, with the key property that consistent local observations can be uniquely pasted together to provide a global observation.

In recent years there has been researches on the application of sheaf theory to provide a semantic foundation for distributed applications.


The dual-fuel (DF) combustion concept constitutes a promising strategy for modern gas engines to achieve simultaneously low emissions of unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) as well as nitrogen and sulfur oxides (NOx, SOx). Modern gas engines operating with e.g. natural gas are reaching the desired properties with comparable efficiency to existing diesel engines [1] [2] [3] . Importantly, natural gas consists mainly of methane (CH 4 ) which induces naturally lower (CO 2 ) emissions due to the low carbon content. Natural availability, widely developed gas distribution networks (liquefied natural gas terminals), and a low fuel price promote utilization of natural gas [1, 3] .

Modern gas engines operating with e.g. natural gas are reaching the desired properties with comparable efficiency to existing diesel engines.

Natural availability, widely developed gas distribution networks (liquefied natural gas terminals), and a low fuel price promote utilization of natural gas.


In dual-fuel engines, features of conventional spark and compression ignition engines are combined. The gaseous fuel is premixed with air and compressed similar to conventional diesel engines. However, the compressed lean fuel-air mixture does not autoignite due to the long ignition delay time (IDT) which is characteristic for low-reactivity fuels like methane. Hence, a relatively small quantity of high-reactivity fuel, e.g. liquid diesel fuel, is injected into the engine cylinder at the end of a compression stroke. The high-reactivity fuel autoignites and releases enough energy to ignite the surrounding natural gas-air mixture [1] . Such an ignition mechanism is often referred to as diesel pilot ignition and is applied in many commercially available gas engines. Typically, the pilot fuel quantity is very small yet large enough to achieve a reliable ignition timing [4, 5] . In general, it has been reported that insufficient pilot ignition may lead to combustion instabilities and results in misfiring and UHC emissions [5] [6] [7] [8] . It is worth noting that most dual-fuel engines can operate interchangeably in both, dual-fuel and conventional diesel, modes [2] .

The high-reactivity fuel autoignites and releases enough energy to ignite the surrounding natural gas-air mixture.

Typically, the pilot fuel quantity is very small yet large enough to achieve a reliable ignition timing.

In general, it has been reported that insufficient pilot ignition may lead to combustion instabilities and results in misfiring and UHC emissions.

It is worth noting that most dual-fuel engines can operate interchangeably in both, dual-fuel and conventional diesel, modes.


TiO 2 in the form of nanoparticles is not considered as new materials, as bulk TiO 2 has been incorporated into various products as a white pigment for decades; it is therefore categorized as a new form of an existing substance. Nanoparticles are ultrafine particles with length in two or three dimensions greater than 1 nm and smaller than 100 nm [10, 12] . Despite the large scale and increasing production of these materials, few studies have addressed the possible environmental threat posed by nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles are ultrafine particles with length in two or three dimensions greater than 1 nm and smaller than 100 nm.


To carry out the in-line sample reaction needed for the spectrophotometric determination of Ti, an option was made for the utilization of a manifold based on the recently proposed multipumping flow technique. This is characterized by a pulsed flow capable of producing an improved sample/reagent mixing and reaction zone homogenization [29] . Multi-pumping flow systems (MPFS) use multiple low-cost solenoid micro-pumps strategically positioned in the manifold, which, when controlled by computer software, provide easy and versatile automated fluid handling operations. The solenoid micro-pumps require low-power supply voltage to work and have a small size when compared to peristaltic pumps, making it an advantageous alternative for portable equipment/in situ analysis.

This is characterized by a pulsed flow capable of producing an improved sample/reagent mixing and reaction zone homogenization.


This register-based study relies on merged data from the National Population Register and the Norwegian Health Economics Administration database (HELFO). The personal identification number assigned to all registered immigrants with legal residence in Norway for at least 6 months was used to link the registries. According to Statistics Norway, immigrants were defined as persons born abroad with both parents from abroad [24] .

According to Statistics Norway, immigrants were defined as persons born abroad with both parents from abroad.


Chest illness has rarely been reported in Cockayne's syndrome except as a terminal event. Pigeon-chest deformity is, however, common and one such patient was reported at necropsy to show emphysema and changes of acute on chronic bronchitis (Riggs and Seibert, 1972) . Another patient at necropsy showed overdistension of the lungs but there was no mention of chest deformity (Rowlatt, 1969) . Review of the literature shows 14 cases of Cockayne's syndrome with chest deformity (out of a total of 34) and 8 necropsy reports, but apart from those mentioned above the only pulmonary abnormalities noted were bronchopneumonia and pneumonia. Our patient presented with major respiratory difficulties. The wizened appearance and dyspnoea even at rest were reminiscent of an elderly patient with emphysema of the type A 'pink puffer' (Burrows et al., 1964) . However, although his blood gases in air were consistent with this type of disturbance, he showed the pattern more commonly seen in patients with chronic bronchitis in whom the Pco2 rises to dangerous levels when given high 02 concentrations to breathe. Because of the child's poor co-operation, it was not possible to get a reliable measurement of lung mechanics, but a trial of corticosteroids and high dose theophylline produced no clinical improvement.

Pigeon-chest deformity is, however, common and one such patient was reported at necropsy to show emphysema and changes of acute on chronic bronchitis.

Another patient at necropsy showed overdistension of the lungs but there was no mention of chest deformity.

The wizened appearance and dyspnoea even at rest were reminiscent of an elderly patient with emphysema of the type A 'pink puffer'.


The further improvement of the sensitivity of amperometric DNA-sensors based on this marker can be achieved by coupling DNA interaction with peroxidase (HRP) oxidation of MB within mutual surface layer. Phenothiazines are known as efficient mediators of electron transfer on HRP [31, 32] . The rate of their enzymatic oxidation can be easily determined by the cathodic current of the reduction of the products measured at -50…-400 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. The involvement of the phenothiazines in the HRP reaction is affected by their specific interaction with ds-DNA on the electrode surface. This makes it possible to determine low-molecular compounds that compete with phenothiazines for DNA binding. In this work, the DNA-HRP sensor was developed for the determination of pharmaceutical preparations, i.e. sulfonamides and anthracyclines.

Phenothiazines are known as efficient mediators of electron transfer on HRP.


Pseudo-random sequences are widely used in many fields, in particular in stream ciphers [3] . The linear complexity is defined to be the length of the shortest linear feedback shift register that can generate the sequence [9] . The concept of the linear complexity of sequence is very useful in the study of the security of stream ciphers.

Pseudo-random sequences are widely used in many fields, in particular in stream ciphers.

The linear complexity is defined to be the length of the shortest linear feedback shift register that can generate the sequence.


We have discovered through feeding trials with spiders collected from Tahiti and Mo'orea that H. coagulata can lethally intoxicate or repel invertebrate predators that attack and attempt to feed on nymphs or adults. The presence of what is assumed to be a chemical defense is surprising given that this insect is thought to feed exclusively on xylem fluids, which lack defensive secondary chemicals that can be sequestered by consumers (Raven 1983) . Such adverse effects on predators have not been observed previously in the native range of H. coagulata or the recently invaded mainland range of California. This novel consequence to biological invasion presents a unique threat to island spiders. And because direct lethal effects on spiders could have myriad indirect effects on the predators, competitors, and prey of those spiders, H. coagulata could pervasively alter the structure and species composition of island food webs. Here we document the lethality of H. coagulata observed in controlled, replicated feeding trials with two spider species in French Polynesia. We then extrapolate the results of these feeding trials to potential field-level impacts of H. coagulata on spider populations based on field surveys of native crab spider abundance on invaded and uninvaded islands.

The presence of what is assumed to be a chemical defense is surprising given that this insect is thought to feed exclusively on xylem fluids, which lack defensive secondary chemicals that can be sequestered by consumers.


Software architecture plays a significant role in constructing software systems. It is the structure or structures of a system that comprises software components and their externally visible properties as well as relations among them. It enables software designers to evaluate the design effectiveness in meeting its stated requirements. Besides, one of the most important factors in gaining a high level architecture standard is modularity that makes a software system intellectually manageable. A large program which consists of a single module, which is called monolithic software, is not easily understandable. Because the number of control paths, span references, the number of variables make complicated software that is almost impossible to grasp. Therefore, it is necessary in almost all instances to break the designed software into some modules, hoping to make it more understandable and decrease the cost of its building as a result [1] .

Therefore, it is necessary in almost all instances to break the designed software into some modules, hoping to make it more understandable and decrease the cost of its building as a result.


We have observed a wide variety of XANES spectra from presolar graphite grains, most or all of which originated in the ejecta of Type-II supernovae, with significant variability in the non-aromatic minor peaks near the C K-edge. Despite the difficulty in distinguishing some of these minor peaks from microtome-induced damage to the graphite structure, we have observed an anticorrelation between the presence of vinyl-keto and aliphatic peaks, and a correlation between carboxyl and carbonate resonances. It remains unknown whether turbostratic graphite intrinsically exhibits absorption features near 288.4 eV that mimic ''section damage" due to its increased layer spacing and smaller domain size than ideal graphite (Croat et al., 2003; Groopman et al., 2014) . XANES spectra were found to be uniform across individual microtome sections (discounting polarization and orientation effects), even in grains with strong isotope ratio heterogeneities in C, N, and O. This also appears to discount the potential intrusion of LR White resin into the presolar grain structure where it could mask intrinsic resonances in the amide, carbonate, and carboxyl regions. While heterogeneous contamination from LR White resin appears unlikely, we cannot rule out migration of resinous material over the surfaces of the microtome sections during electron and X-ray beam analyses or from ultramicrotomy. Such homogeneous contamination over the microtome sections would dilute subsequently measured isotope ratios. The only example of XANES heterogeneity observed in a single grain is from OR1d6m-18 in spectra from two different microtome sections. These particular spectral differences, however, cannot be differentiated from possible section damage.

It remains unknown whether turbostratic graphite intrinsically exhibits absorption features near 288.4 eV that mimic ''section damage" due to its increased layer spacing and smaller domain size than ideal graphite.


Manipulation of nanometer scale objects of any nature and their positioning with subnanometer accuracy is becoming an inalienable part of current nanotechnology. Nanomanipulation means that objects can be displaced, drawn, repositioned, assembled, cut off under the influence of external factors. The most promising instrument for such purposes is a scanning probe microscope (SPM), which can operate simultaneously as a diagnostic device and manipulator. In a number of cases, a SPM probe operates as an ultra precise robot that performs accurate repositioning with three degrees of freedom employing various types of interaction (mechanical, electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal) depending on the required task. Besides, different methods of nanolithography, which are carried out by SPM, enable one both to perform nanoassemblies and to integrate them into micrometer-scale structures manufactured by means of traditional electron-beam lithography [1] [2] [3] [4] .

Besides, different methods of nanolithography, which are carried out by SPM, enable one both to perform nanoassemblies and to integrate them into micrometer-scale structures manufactured by means of traditional electron-beam lithography.


These shortcomings included not considering dynamic ocean effects (e.g. winds, currents, atmospheric pressure, temperature and salinity), a lack of long-term tide gauge data, and the omission of observed gravity. This has introduced considerable distortions of up to about 1.5 m into AHD across Australia, which is therefore considered a third-order datum [2, 3] . However, AHD continues to be a practical height datum that provides a sufficient approximation of the geoid for many surveying and engineering applications. Consequently, in surveying and engineering practice, AHD heights are often accepted as being equivalent to orthometric heights.

This has introduced considerable distortions of up to about 1.5 m into AHD across Australia, which is therefore considered a third-order datum.


The Australian Height Datum (AHD) is the first and only national vertical datum for Australia. It was defined by setting to zero the average Mean Sea Level (MSL) values of 32 tide gauges around Australia for a period of about two years that began in 1966 and adjusting 97,230 km of 2-way spirit levelling [1] . Now, almost 50 years later, it is well known that shortcomings in the AHD realisation (AHD71 for mainland Australia and AHD83 for Tasmania) resulted in MSL not being coincident with the geoid at the tide gauges involved.

It was defined by setting to zero the average Mean Sea Level (MSL) values of 32 tide gauges around Australia for a period of about two years that began in 1966 and adjusting 97,230 km of 2-way spirit levelling.


Previously the authors have evaluated AUSGeoid09 performance in the mountainous regions of the Mid Hunter and the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales (NSW) in an absolute sense [10] . It was found that AUSGeoid09 provides superior connection to AHD compared to its predecessor AUSGeoid98. However, a slope was detected for AUSGeoid09 residuals in the Snowy Mountains study area, illustrating that some discrepancies still remain between AUSGeoid09-derived heights and AHD. This paper revisits these study areas and the previous datasets to investigate, from a user's point of view, AUSGeoid09 performance in a relative sense, using GNSSderived ellipsoidal heights and official AHD heights on public record. A comparison between AUSGeoid09 and its predecessor AUSGeoid98 is again performed, but now in regards to height differences.

Previously the authors have evaluated AUSGeoid09 performance in the mountainous regions of the Mid Hunter and the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales (NSW) in an absolute sense.


In order to provide a more understandable view of how information security characteristics and security measures relate to one another, an information security model ( Fig. 1 ) has been created based on the common characteristics of information security and SIS classification of information security measures [6] . The aim of the model is to describe what information security represents both in terms of characteristics and measures, combining the definitions and descriptions mentioned above. The main concept "information security" is presented in the middle. The four characteristics together represent information security, and are placed at the top of the figure. All requirements from the organizations concerning these characteristics must be fulfilled for information security to be achieved. The lower part of the model presents the different security measures, divided in a hierarchical order and these are gathered directly from the SIS conceptual classification [6] . Since the term "information security" includes several parts of security measures, the model has been useful both in the research and the educational area, in order to get an understanding of information security and its content. Furthermore, the model has been used as a tool in the research area to express where the problems and needs exist in the information security area [7] .

In order to provide a more understandable view of how information security characteristics and security measures relate to one another, an information security model ( Fig. 1 ) has been created based on the common characteristics of information security and SIS classification of information security measures.

The lower part of the model presents the different security measures, divided in a hierarchical order and these are gathered directly from the SIS conceptual classification.

Furthermore, the model has been used as a tool in the research area to express where the problems and needs exist in the information security area.


In this paper, a low-order panel method is used to predict the performance of propellers. A wake alignment model based on a pseudounsteady scheme is presented. In order to validate the basic frame work of the panel code without the fully aligned wake model, the method is applied first to a 3D wing at low angle of attack. The predicted pressure distribution agrees well with the RANS results. In case of the propeller working at design condition, both PSF-2 and FWA wake models predict reasonable KT and KQ. The results from FWA model are still in good agreement with the experimental data even as the advance ratio becomes smaller. Strong rollup of the wake at low J s is predicted by the FWA model. Detailed pressure comparisons with RANS show that FWA significantly improves the simulated pressure distribution. The FWA wake model is also partially validated with the experimental measurement of the wake flow of propeller DTMB 4119 by Jessup [9] . Correct radial location of tip vortex is predicted. Sensitivity study indicates that different values of the desingularized parameter δ only have limited effects on the predicted total performance of propellers.

The FWA wake model is also partially validated with the experimental measurement of the wake flow of propeller DTMB 4119 by Jessup.


How important are capital markets, especially markets for small loans or "microcredits", for economic development? The microcredit or microfinance movement has recently received a great deal of attention as a fundamental contribution to economic development, relying on the capacities of relatively poor men and women to develop entrepreneurial activities (Yunus 2008) . It has also led to a new questioning of the sources of economic growth in Western Europe: what role did capital markets play in the process and when did "modern" capital market institutions originate? There is much literature on the financial revolution in different parts of Western Europe that partially addresses this question.

The microcredit or microfinance movement has recently received a great deal of attention as a fundamental contribution to economic development, relying on the capacities of relatively poor men and women to develop entrepreneurial activities.


This market failure may be the result of a number of institutional weaknesses. The first and perhaps the most fundamental problem, the "de Soto problem", is that potential entrepreneurs own certain assets that they might use as collateral but cannot, because of imperfect property rights (de Soto 2001) . This may be caused by the absence of clear titles to land and real estate, the insecurity of property rights in general due to corruption and bad governance, the absence of rules about bankruptcy, and/or the liquidation of collateral or similar institutional problems. These problems make it difficult or impossible to use such assets as collateral for loans, or they can only be used at very high interest rates, because it is unclear whether and how the asset can be liquidated if the debtor defaults on his/her loan. The underlying problem is that when capital markets are embedded in very unequal sociopolitical structures, it is difficult to develop the kind of transparent property rights necessary for efficient functioning of capital markets.

The first and perhaps the most fundamental problem, the "de Soto problem", is that potential entrepreneurs own certain assets that they might use as collateral but cannot, because of imperfect property rights.


During the morphological characterization of the electrode surface, we found some distinctive surface features that we think may facilitate the adhesion and the electrophysiological records of the NG108-15 cells ( figure 5 ). These distinctive features, formed by vertical placed single or aggregated MWCNT (nanopeaks), were found regularly on the surface and produced an increase in the roughness of the film. As has been reported before, rough surfaces favor the adherence of cells to substrates [41] [42] [43] . Furthermore, the individual MWCNT or the nanopeaks can penetrate or at least can be in close contact with the cell membrane, thus diminishing the gap between them. As a result, the electrical/ionic resistance is decreased, facilitating the electrical conductivity and allowing us perform better recording procedures [41, 44, 45] .

As has been reported before, rough surfaces favor the adherence of cells to substrates.

As a result, the electrical/ionic resistance is decreased, facilitating the electrical conductivity and allowing us perform better recording procedures.


In this work we present advances in the design and construction of a MWCNTe. Our results show that the method used for the fabrication of the electrode surface allowed the MWCNT to be well dispersed and completely disoriented within the film ( figure 5) . The electrode presented an adequate electrical conductivity and was able to transmit electrical signals successfully although, due to the fabrication method, the surface showed a high resistivity (table 2), which could interfere with the recording process. It was possible, however, to reduce the resistivity of the electrode surface by increasing the surface uniformity by adding more MWCNTs, or by applying other surface treatments [38] [39] [40] .

It was possible, however, to reduce the resistivity of the electrode surface by increasing the surface uniformity by adding more MWCNTs, or by applying other surface treatments.


Cell culture grown on MWCNTe were similar to that obtained in the plastic Petri dish in terms of cell adhesion and proliferation, such that it was possible to cover the MWCNTe surface with NG108-15 cells within a few days of culture, which demonstrates the biocompatibility of the built surface ( figure 6 ). On other hand, SEM and AFM images showed that cells had good adherence to the fibrous rough structure of the MWCNTe surface due to the filopodia developed along the cell body and the neurites as in other reported substrates [46] [47] [48] . In addition, it is highly probable that body cells and neurites have grown and extended over both the single vertical MWCNT and the nanopeaks.

On other hand, SEM and AFM images showed that cells had good adherence to the fibrous rough structure of the MWCNTe surface due to the filopodia developed along the cell body and the neurites as in other reported substrates.


The main problem of electricity generation in India is in its structure. The role of coal is emphasized, while the share of renewable energy sources (RES) including hydropower is relatively low. Considering that 14% of electricity generation is in the non-utilities group (Figure 2) , where the exact shares of different energy sources are unknown, it is possible that the share of coal in electricity generation might be even higher than stated above. This situation, supported by the fact that the role of nuclear energy is insignificant, means that for the future development of the industrial sector and the growing demand of the civilian population, the structure of electricity generation must be modified [83] . It seems probable that over the long-term horizon, the current structure might not cover the growing demand for electricity due to problems in coal supply, while the switch to low-carbon energy in power, heat, and transportation sectors seems to be (at least technically) feasible [84] .

This situation, supported by the fact that the role of nuclear energy is insignificant, means that for the future development of the industrial sector and the growing demand of the civilian population, the structure of electricity generation must be modified.

It seems probable that over the long-term horizon, the current structure might not cover the growing demand for electricity due to problems in coal supply, while the switch to low-carbon energy in power, heat, and transportation sectors seems to be (at least technically) feasible.


An innovative non-invasive tool for testing grape phenolic maturity and for establishing the ideal harvest time is the portable fluorescence detector, the Multiplex (FORCE-A, Orsay, France) (Cerovic et al., 2008; Ghozlen et al., 2010a; 2010b) . At present, to the best of our knowledge, only one study has dealt with the use of the Multiplex for determining colour differences among clones of table grapes (Bahar et al., 2012) . The results of this study demonstrated the efficient use of this instrument for the analysis of grape quality.

An innovative non-invasive tool for testing grape phenolic maturity and for establishing the ideal harvest time is the portable fluorescence detector, the Multiplex (FORCE-A, Orsay, France).

At present, to the best of our knowledge, only one study has dealt with the use of the Multiplex for determining colour differences among clones of table grapes.


URFACE QUALITY is mostly dependent on the type of manufacturing process and is determined by the function of the given product. Therefore, the required surface quality must already be defined in the design phase of product development, taking into consideration a number of criteria (functionality, costs, aesthetics, etc.). Consequently, many scientific-research projects and scientific papers deal with the modelling of roughness and optimization of the cutting process so that the desired level of surface quality is obtained. The proper selection of cutting parameters is very important to obtain the minimum value of surface roughness and to extend tool life [1] , [2] . In this sense, many models have been developed to predict the surface roughness, such as statistical (regression) models and those based on the application of artificial intelligence.

The proper selection of cutting parameters is very important to obtain the minimum value of surface roughness and to extend tool life.


Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is the standard recommended concomitant procedure during valve surgery [1] . Office electrocardiography (ECG) and 24 h Holter monitoring are commonly used to assess cardiac rhythm after the maze procedure, but any intermittent method of monitoring has limited ability to detect recurrences during the follow-up period [2] . For this reason, the measurement of AF burden by means of continuous monitoring can be clinically relevant and may have a safer and positive impact on the management of medical therapies, such as anticoagulation and anti-arrhythmic therapy. Our group has already developed experience of subcutaneous continuous monitoring in the management of patients with concomitant AF ablation and coronary bypass grafting [3] .

Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is the standard recommended concomitant procedure during valve surgery.

Office electrocardiography (ECG) and 24 h Holter monitoring are commonly used to assess cardiac rhythm after the maze procedure, but any intermittent method of monitoring has limited ability to detect recurrences during the follow-up period.

Our group has already developed experience of subcutaneous continuous monitoring in the management of patients with concomitant AF ablation and coronary bypass grafting.


Results show that C and NC boxers practice this kind of sport for different reasons. Firstly, C boxers mainly practice this sport for win and in order to compare with others, while NC boxers practice this sport for health, to improve physical appearance and for fun. Certainly, this context regarding the reasons to practice plays a relevant role in the regularity of training. Indeed, the times and the hours spent per week for training of C boxers are greater than -C boxers. Maybe this result could explain why most of C boxers answered that they intake DS for nutritional deficiencies against NC boxers who easily consider DS as substances able to give energy [48, 49] .

Maybe this result could explain why most of C boxers answered that they intake DS for nutritional deficiencies against NC boxers who easily consider DS as substances able to give energy.


In the present study, physical activity was inversely associated with weight gain during adulthood, BMI in midlife, and with one-hour post-load glucose concentration. Nevertheless, BMI or even one-hour glucose did not show an independent effect on mortality, in evidence against reverse causality. Our findings are in line with a follow-up study of 9.8 years in middle-aged Finnish women and men, which showed that physical inactivity has an independent effect on increased CVD risk, while obesity was concluded to increase the risk partly through the modification of other risk factors [7] . The education level included in multivariate analysis was not found to have an independent effect on CVD risk, even though it was speculated that unmeasured components of socio-economic status may strengthen the positive effect of leisure-time activity and weaken the protective effects of occupational activity [7] .

Our findings are in line with a follow-up study of 9.8 years in middle-aged Finnish women and men, which showed that physical inactivity has an independent effect on increased CVD risk, while obesity was concluded to increase the risk partly through the modification of other risk factors.

The education level included in multivariate analysis was not found to have an independent effect on CVD risk, even though it was speculated that unmeasured components of socio-economic status may strengthen the positive effect of leisure-time activity and weaken the protective effects of occupational activity.


During the last decade, scientific research on the diverse magnetic properties of bulk materials, particles, microparticles, and nanoparticles has been adequately supported by various new and sophisticated characterization techniques. Properties like the Curie temperature, saturation magnetization, coercivity, magnetic anisotropy, and polarization rotation are some of the most important parameters for magnetic materials that guarantee their applications [1] - [3] . Various techniques, such as superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Mössbauer spectroscopy, magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE), torque magnetometers, ferromagnetic resonance and Hall magnetometer, have been used successfully to study magnetic materials in the bulk form and magnetic nanoparticles [4] - [10] .

Properties like the Curie temperature, saturation magnetization, coercivity, magnetic anisotropy, and polarization rotation are some of the most important parameters for magnetic materials that guarantee their applications.

Various techniques, such as superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Mössbauer spectroscopy, magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE), torque magnetometers, ferromagnetic resonance and Hall magnetometer, have been used successfully to study magnetic materials in the bulk form and magnetic nanoparticles.


To provide a little more insight into the advantages of such BRFs, we need to look at their working mechanism shortly. In a nutshell, a birefringent filter inside a laser cavity will transform the incident, let us assume TM-polarized, light into some elliptical polarization that will contain both TM and TE modes. For the linear cavity we have used in this study (Fig. 1) , the Brewster surfaces of the laser crystal and the birefringent plate will create around 70% Fresnel reflection loss in one round trip for the TE-polarized part of the beam (this is the maximum modulation depth that can be achieved from the filter). This loss, which is a consequence of the change in polarization state, depends on many parameters, including wavelength, thickness of the birefringent plate, the rotation angle of the birefringent filter, as well as the angle between the optical axis and the surface normal of the plate [39, [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] . Achieving the required filtering characteristics from the BRF for a specific application requires careful selection of filter material, its thickness, and optic axis diving angle (angle between the surface of the plate and the optical axis).

This loss, which is a consequence of the change in polarization state, depends on many parameters, including wavelength, thickness of the birefringent plate, the rotation angle of the birefringent filter, as well as the angle between the optical axis and the surface normal of the plate.


We used noninvasive techniques based on ECG as indicators of such autonomic nervous system activities as HR and HRV, which are thought to reflect tonic baseline autonomic function, and HRR, which primarily represents reflex vagal reactivity after exercise stress test. Moreover, for the first time the capacity of the CV to respond to sympathetic stimulation during orthostatic stress such as passive HUT was assessed. The assumption of upright posture leads to displacement of blood from the upper to the lower body parts mainly to legs. As a consequence, central venous pressure and SV decrease, and HR increases secondary to vagal withdrawal and sympathetic stimulation (via baroreceptors) [7] .

As a consequence, central venous pressure and SV decrease, and HR increases secondary to vagal withdrawal and sympathetic stimulation (via baroreceptors).


We examined the effects of rodents on seed fates of five tree species that are dispersed by hornbills, in a tropical forest in north-east India. We focused on species with large, lipid-rich seeds, traits likely to attract rodents. The effects that rodents have on seeds of these species could operate at parent fruiting trees and also at postdispersal sites, such as hornbill nest trees. At hornbill nest trees, seeds of different species accumulate over the long breeding season and are likely to attract seed predators (such as terrestrial rodents). At these sites, seeds may also experience additional mortality due to interspecific competition. At parent fruiting trees of these large-seeded species, seed rain is dominated by a single species and apart from seed predation, mortality is due to host-specific pathogens (Packer & Clay 2000) .

At parent fruiting trees of these large-seeded species, seed rain is dominated by a single species and apart from seed predation, mortality is due to host-specific pathogens.


Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with an estimated 80 % of the affected population living in developing countries like Sri Lanka [1] . Sri Lanka is a middle income developing country in the South Asian region with a population of nearly 21 million [2] . Prevalence of diabetes in Sri Lanka, which was around 2.0 % in the early nineties has increased by about five-fold during the last two decades [3] . It is estimated that over 2 million people are suffering from diabetes and nearly 4 million adults have dysglycaemia [3] . Diabetes results in a host of macro-and micro-vascular complications. Hence, the direct and indirect health care expenditure and economic impact due to diabetes and its complications is likely to be exponential in a developing country like Sri Lanka. It is well known that South Asians are at an increased risk of developing diabetes, with higher risk of complications, morbidity and mortality [4, 5] .

Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with an estimated 80 % of the affected population living in developing countries like Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka is a middle income developing country in the South Asian region with a population of nearly 21 million.

Prevalence of diabetes in Sri Lanka, which was around 2.0 % in the early nineties has increased by about five-fold during the last two decades.

It is estimated that over 2 million people are suffering from diabetes and nearly 4 million adults have dysglycaemia.

It is well known that South Asians are at an increased risk of developing diabetes, with higher risk of complications, morbidity and mortality.


It is well known that the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator is equivalent to the dynamical system consisting of the two independent one-dimensional harmonic oscillators-the energy eigenvalues of the two-dimensional oscillator are given by the sum of the energy eigenvalues of the one-dimensional oscillators and the eigenstates of the system are given by the product of the eigenstates of the one-dimensional oscillators. When degenerate eigenstates of the two-dimensional oscillator are superposed with a suitable weights, the new states will be the eigenstates of orbital angular momentum. These results were studied a long time ago by Dirac [1] .

These results were studied a long time ago by Dirac.


We have obtained the exact solutions of the two-dimensional parabolic potential barrier. One class of the solutions is diverging and converging flows of § 3.1. These solutions are always complex energy eigenvalues and generalized eigenfunctions, which mean that the diverging and converging flows are not stationary. These generalized eigenfunctions can be obtained from the eigenfunctions of the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator by the analytical continuation, in the same way as the one-dimensional parabolic potential barrier [2] . Again, they can be superposed to give the eigenstates of orbital angular momentum. For these solutions, however, the method mentioned in § 2 was not applicable. As an example we try to calculate the divergence (2.5) for the states (3.10) or (3.17). The result is ∇ · v ±± 00 = ±2γ = 0. Now the ± sign shows that U ++ 00 is connected with the diverging flow and U −− 00 is connected with the converging one. Thus the velocities of diverging and converging flows cannot be solenoidal. Therefore the stream functions and the complex velocity potentials do not exist. This result still holds for large values of n x + n y .

These generalized eigenfunctions can be obtained from the eigenfunctions of the two-dimensional harmonic oscillator by the analytical continuation, in the same way as the one-dimensional parabolic potential barrier.

The result is ∇ · v ±± 00 = ±2γ = 0.


In contrast, PFC specificity was considered to be nearly perfect because the identity of MAP organisms was confirmed using accepted taxonomic criteria. The test can only be false positive if there is a cross-contamination between samples during pooling or culturing, or misidentification of samples in the field or lab, which although possible, was not likely in the OJD risk factor study. In this study, the sample collector changed gloves after collecting every pool. Further, the pellets from all sheep in a pool were collected directly in a box in the field and thus were not pooled in the lab, reducing the possibility of cross-contamination. Also, due to inclusion of negative controls and other quality control procedures, the possibility of false positive results is negligible. This confidence was reflected in the highly concentrated specificity prior, which, as expected, was very influential in determining the posterior specificity. Other workers have also used concentrated specificity priors for similar tests (Tavornpanich et al. 2004) .

Other workers have also used concentrated specificity priors for similar tests.


Surface cleaning methods for shipbuilding and ship repair are well established. The most popular cleaning method is dry blasting which is often conducted by ejecting abrasives, such as grit, from copper slag or similar abrasive and reusable steel shots against steel work pieces to achieve blasting standard of at least SA2.5 as required by the ISO standard 8501 [2] . The normal air pressure required for blasting is at least 7 bars. The strong impingement of abrasives with the surface removes millscale, rust, paints and other organic coatings to give a clean surface. But dry blasting processes often produce air pollution and secondary wastes where copper slag or similar abrasives have been used. The use of copper slag or equivalent abrasive materials and their disposal annually cost million dollars for shipyards. The dirty environment arising from dusts of various particle sizes resulting from blasting work also exposes health risks to operators and the general public. In order to solve these problems, alternative cleaning methods, such as hydro-blasting and hydro-jetting have been developed and used in ship repairs. But these methods have not gained universal acceptance by ship owners as these cleaning processes require the use of more expensive waterbased epoxy coating systems.

The most popular cleaning method is dry blasting which is often conducted by ejecting abrasives, such as grit, from copper slag or similar abrasive and reusable steel shots against steel work pieces to achieve blasting standard of at least SA2.5 as required by the ISO standard 8501.


The surface contaminants usually cover steel plates at a thickness ranging from a few to hundreds of micrometers. In this work, the millscale has a thickness around 30 µm. As shown in Fig. 2 (a) , it has a rough surface with microcracks and a number of small protrusions. The cracking of millscale causes pitting corrosion to the base steel and further cracking to the paint. Therefore, the millscale must be completely removed for corrosion protection. To remove the millscale layer, the ablation rate is an important parameter to be taken into consideration. Our previous study showed that the ablation rate decreases greatly with the laser scanning speed [7] . High scanning speeds (≥ 10 m/s) provide uniform removal of the millscale layer at a constant surface roughness around 20 µm. But the removal rate is as low as 2 µm per scan pass. Figure 2 (b) displays a 2-pass scanning result. The surface roughness is obviously reduced by the melting and ablation of the millscale layer. The cracks disappear, while the small protrusions are melted. To completely clean the millscale layer, multiple scan passes up to 20 times are needed as shown in Fig. 2 (c) . The small protrusions are removed to form a relatively smooth surface. There are vertical micrometer-scale grooves created during the repetitive laser scanning and ablation. The pitch of these micro-grooves is around 0.4 mm, which is in consistent with the scanning line density for the setting of the laser process. The depth of grooves can be adjusted by changing laser scanning speed and pulse energy. The typical profile depth of the processed grooves is in the range of 30 to 80 µm. To provide a strong adhesion of paint films to the steel surface, the surface preparation of shipbuilding work often requires a profile depth from 45 to 75 µm. Current results can meet this requirement by properly setting the laser parameters.

Our previous study showed that the ablation rate decreases greatly with the laser scanning speed.


The high-power and high repetition rate fibre laser provides a solution for preparing high-cleanliness surfaces of the ship steel. The image shown in Fig. 5 was taken 6 months after the laser cleaning. There is no obvious rusting in the laser cleaned area, while the millscale starts to form rust on the original surface. This cleaning result is comparable to the visual assessment of blast cleaning to SA2.5 as required in the ISO standard 8501 [2] . As different coating thicknesses need different surface profile depths, conventional blasting techniques carry out the process based much on the operator's experience. Laser cleaning is a unique alternative approach for different paint thicknesses ranging from light to heavy-duty protective coatings.

This cleaning result is comparable to the visual assessment of blast cleaning to SA2.5 as required in the ISO standard 8501.


The cleanliness of the laser processed samples was characterized with the EDX spectra as illustrated in Fig. 3 . As displayed in Fig. 3 (a) , the EDX spectrum of original surface shows the feature peaks of oxygen, sulfur and a minor peak of carbon. In Fig. 3 (b) , after the laser cleaning for 2 passes, the feature peaks of iron grows, while sulfur peak disappears. The increase of the oxygen peak suggests that the top layer of contaminants was removed, and more oxides were exposed. When the processing pass reaches 20 times, the iron peaks overwhelm in the EDX spectrum as shown in Fig. 3 (c) . It implies a thoroughly cleaned steel surface is obtained. Laser beam is focused into a tiny spot so that the laser power density is high enough to vaporize the materials. But the intense laser interaction with materials leads to strong heating of the base materials [13] . With presence of oxygen, steel samples could be thermally oxidized at high surface temperatures. For the laser cutting processes, we often observe darken surfaces that were caused by the thermal oxidation. This concurrent oxidation may cause problems for the cleanliness quality of the laser cleaning. To avoid the laser generated oxidation, an inert gas is usually used as a protection medium. But it increases the operation cost. Proper laser settings can minimize the occurrence of the thermal oxidation during the laser cleaning process in ambient air. Figure 4 shows the maximum temperature taken in real time during the laser processing. By adjusting laser scanning speed, scanning line density and laser power density, the maximum temperature below 100 o C was achieved. For a laser scanning pass of 20 times, the maximum temperature is 63 o C. It did not induce serious thermal oxidation as demonstrated in Fig. 3 (c) .

But the intense laser interaction with materials leads to strong heating of the base materials.

But it increases the operation cost.


The required blasting rate for shipbuilding and ship repairs demands 60 m²/h [14] . Conventional blasting is still the most popular method used in shipyards. More work has to be done using higher power laser systems to explore its commercial potential.

The required blasting rate for shipbuilding and ship repairs demands 60 m²/h.


The paper considers the students' and tutors' acceptance (or otherwise) of wikis, using the main factors identified by the technology acceptance model (TAM) as a theoretical basis (Davis, 1989) . The TAM relates users' acceptance of new technologies to two primary factors: the usefulness and usability of the technologies. As the paper demonstrates, a user's judgement of these aspects depends on the tasks they need to carry out. In the initiative reported here, two sets of users were required to carry out different tasks: the students' main task was to collaborate in creating an extended piece of writing; the tutors' main task was to grade and give feedback on students' group work.

The paper considers the students' and tutors' acceptance (or otherwise) of wikis, using the main factors identified by the technology acceptance model (TAM) as a theoretical basis.


Take r (1 < r < p) adjacent parallel strands of T (p, q) and replace them with s times full twists. The resulting knot is called a twisted torus knot T (p, q, r, s). The class of twisted torus knots is interesting in many aspects. For example, it gives strong candidates for non-minimal genus, weakly reducible and unstabilized Heegaard splittings obtained by boundary stabilization [1] .

For example, it gives strong candidates for non-minimal genus, weakly reducible and unstabilized Heegaard splittings obtained by boundary stabilization.


Line start permanent magnet synchronous motor (LSPMSM) is getting more important for academic and industrial area especially constant speed application. Previously, while induction motor preferred out of easy structure and low cost, permanent magnet synchronous motor has advantages like high efficiency torque density and power factor. But permanent magnet motor has some disadvantages. It doesn't run up without any inverter or power electronic devices. LSPMSM is a hybrid structure which combines of permanent magnet synchronous motor and induction motor. It has same stator structure with induction motor and rotor structure with permanent magnets which inserted beneath the squirrel cage in the rotor. As a result of this hybrid structure it possess both of them advantages. These are line start ability and robustness from the induction motor and high efficiency, torque density and power density (Li, Song, & Cho, 2010) . When the dynamic behavior is evaluated starting period can be divided into two region which are asynchronous period and synchronous period.

These are line start ability and robustness from the induction motor and high efficiency, torque density and power density.


Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a highly heterogeneous disease comprising many entities for which distinct treatment strategies are pursued. Treatment of ALL remains one of the most challenging adult malignancies, especially with respect to therapy [1] . The inherent heterogeneity of ALL requires an accurate assessment of risk to aid treatment decisions. In the past, the classic prognostic factors were age, presenting white blood cell (WBC) counts, cytogenetic abnormalities and upfront response to induction therapy. One of the strongest adverse prognostic features is the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome t (9; 22) [2] . Although more than 80% of adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-negative ALL achieve complete remission (CR) with conventional induction therapy, their 5-year survival is only 30% -40%. Leukemia relapse is the most common cause of treatment failure in ALL [3] .

Treatment of ALL remains one of the most challenging adult malignancies, especially with respect to therapy.

One of the strongest adverse prognostic features is the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome t (9; 22).

Leukemia relapse is the most common cause of treatment failure in ALL.


Nearly 40,000 to 100,000 plant species have been regularly used for food, shelter and medicines in the world [1] . However, only a small number of plants are widely used. The remaining plant diversity is underutilized [1, 2] . Underutilized plants contribute immensely to family food security and serve as means of survival during times of drought, famine, shocks and risks [3] . They can also supplement nutritional requirements due to their better nutritional value [4, 5] .

Nearly 40,000 to 100,000 plant species have been regularly used for food, shelter and medicines in the world.

The remaining plant diversity is underutilized.

Underutilized plants contribute immensely to family food security and serve as means of survival during times of drought, famine, shocks and risks.

They can also supplement nutritional requirements due to their better nutritional value.


However the more precise radiation techniques become, the more an accurate delineation of the gross tumour volume (GTV) is essential. Distinguishing between tumour and surrounding normal tissue can be difficult even by combining computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) e.g. for evaluation of bony involvement or the dural tail [11, 12] . Furthermore, strong enhancement of contrast fluid in CT-and MRI-scans is seen both in meningioma cells and neighbouring normal tissue like the cavernous or sagittal sinus. Therefore a trimodal image fusion using CT, MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) has been established for treatment planning of meningiomas [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . PET-tracers based either on amino acids as [ 11 C]-Methionine (MET) and [2- 18 F]-fluoro-L-tyrosine (TYR) or the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) ligand [ 68 Ga]-DOTA-D Phe 1-3Tyr3-Octreotide (DOTATOC) were shown to be beneficial for RT-planning, since these show very high meningioma to background ratios [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .

Distinguishing between tumour and surrounding normal tissue can be difficult even by combining computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) e.g. for evaluation of bony involvement or the dural tail.

Therefore a trimodal image fusion using CT, MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) has been established for treatment planning of meningiomas.

PET-tracers based either on amino acids as [ 11 C]-Methionine (MET) and [2- 18 F]-fluoro-L-tyrosine (TYR) or the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) ligand [ 68 Ga]-DOTA-D Phe 1-3Tyr3-Octreotide (DOTATOC) were shown to be beneficial for RT-planning, since these show very high meningioma to background ratios.


Despite heightened awareness about the health risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle, rates of physical inactivity among adolescents in the United States are on the rise (YRBSS, 2006) . The prevalence of inactivity is particularly high among adolescent females, with almost 10% fewer females meeting recommendations for regular activity than adolescent males by the time they reach the 12th grade (Grunbaum et al., 2004) . The severity of this situation has triggered public health interest in developing interventions aimed at preventing age-related declines in activity, and therefore reducing the risks of numerous chronic diseases associated with sedentary behavior (Erlichman, Kerbey, & James, 2002; Kriska, 2003) . Given the elevated risk that females face for health problems due to physical inactivity, understanding how to develop intervention programs that specifically target adolescent females is particularly important.

Despite heightened awareness about the health risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle, rates of physical inactivity among adolescents in the United States are on the rise.

The prevalence of inactivity is particularly high among adolescent females, with almost 10% fewer females meeting recommendations for regular activity than adolescent males by the time they reach the 12th grade.

The severity of this situation has triggered public health interest in developing interventions aimed at preventing age-related declines in activity, and therefore reducing the risks of numerous chronic diseases associated with sedentary behavior.


E. inaron was capable of reducing ash whitefly to approximately the same degree in all regions in which it was released. Whitefly density was reduced to levels that were difficult to detect in release trees. Swarms of adult whiteflies have not been observed or reported since statewide establishment of E. inaron. No measurable differences were detected in ash whitefly parasitism levels among regions. There was, however, a trend toward higher densities of whiteflies in regions with cooler summer temperatures, e.g., coastal and foothill counties. Apparently ash whitefly had greater survivorship or reproductive potential in regions of the state with milder summer temperatures. The long term differences in E. inaron's impact on ash whitefly among these regions, however, may be different since our analysis is based on 1 year of postrelease data. The ability for a single species of parasitoid to suppress the ash whitefly to such a low density over such a wide range of climate is unusual (DeBach and Rosen, 1991) . Often several strains or species have been released into California to control an exotic pest that is widely distributed.

The ability for a single species of parasitoid to suppress the ash whitefly to such a low density over such a wide range of climate is unusual.


In various cancer types CK1-isoforms are overexpressed. Especially the CK1δ and CK1ε isoforms are overexpressed in most tumor types compared to the respective benign tissues [4] . However, we found that during melanoma progression protein expression of the CK1-isoforms α, δ and ε is downregulated. This was consistently seen for CK1α in vitro and in vivo, whereas expression of the CK1 δ and ε isoforms are more heterogeneous as the in vitro and in vivo expression data are not consistent.

Especially the CK1δ and CK1ε isoforms are overexpressed in most tumor types compared to the respective benign tissues.


With the penetration of a high proportion of wind power, as well as the rapid development of power grid, great challenges have emerged in the economic dispatch of the power system. On the one hand, wind power output is featured by volatility and anti-peak. Therefore, how to deal with the impact of wind power penetration on the economic dispatch of the power system is a valuable topic that deserves further study [1] [2] [3] [4] . On the other hand, the links between regional power grids are getting closer and closer through the ultrahigh voltage (UHV) DC transmission, and meanwhile the requirements for the communication capabilities of power grids are getting higher and higher accordingly. Thus, how to achieve the optimal dispatch of the whole power system under the precondition of reducing the computing scale of the interconnected system has become a research hotspot nowadays [5] [6] [7] [8] .

Therefore, how to deal with the impact of wind power penetration on the economic dispatch of the power system is a valuable topic that deserves further study.

Thus, how to achieve the optimal dispatch of the whole power system under the precondition of reducing the computing scale of the interconnected system has become a research hotspot nowadays.


The role of theory is not only to account for the results and mechanisms behind observed phenomena: it also provides a framework to identify potentially new effects, and to assess their fundamental viability and practical utility. As indicated in the present survey-and the focus of section 11 -the potential relevance of optical schemes for the commercial separation of enantiomers is questionable. It is impacted by three main factors: the intrinsic weakness of the optical phenomena with the necessary molecular selectivity; the very small scale of operational volume in processes based on laser light; the efficiency of existing procedures already widely deployed in industry. The first two criteria essentially rule out any process based on gas-phase implementation. In terms of current practice, for example, commercial multicomponent implementations of chromatography using a chiral stationary phase can achieve a daily turnover in the range of 1-10 kg of pure product, for each kilogram of a continually reusable column material [198] . This figure is to be viewed in the light of many drugs that are prescribed in full-course doses of much less than a gram.

In terms of current practice, for example, commercial multicomponent implementations of chromatography using a chiral stationary phase can achieve a daily turnover in the range of 1-10 kg of pure product, for each kilogram of a continually reusable column material.


This study also included in this definition, a person "qualified to perform work" [16] . Foreign population for the different Spanish regions was obtained from the municipal register published on the website of the National Institute of Statistics of Spain (INE). Inclusion in the municipal register provides immigrants with access to public health and education services, both of which were free in Spain at the time of the start of the crisis.

This study also included in this definition, a person "qualified to perform work".