Although the boundary charges of non-spherically symmetric configurations can be infinite, in the perfectly spherically-symmetric case all the charges related to Euclidean symmetries (translations and rotations) are zero [14] . Moreover, the charge associated to dilatations turns out to be proportional to the integration constant A. This suggests a physical meaning for A: if our asymptotically flat region is an approximation to an empty bubble in a larger universe, then the state of motion of the matter outside the bubble determines the boundary conditions. If the matter outside is expanding or contracting, this breaks the Lorentz invariance of the falloff conditions because it introduces a preferred frame. It does not, however, break the translation-or rotation-invariance of the fall-off conditions. An asymptotically flat model cannot predict the value of A at each instant, as it is the consequence of the dynamics of the rest of the matter in the universe (whether the bubble is expanding or collapsing), so we have to go beyond this approximation if we want to deal with a dynamically closed system.

Although the boundary charges of non-spherically symmetric configurations can be infinite, in the perfectly spherically-symmetric case all the charges related to Euclidean symmetries (translations and rotations) are zero.


As it turns out (see Sec. 2), in order to have a compact spatial manifold, we need to introduce also a cosmological constant, which however does not complicate the equations any further. In Sec. 2 and 3 I study this problem. I can solve the system exactly, and describe analytically the on-shell surface representing reduced phase space for any possible value of the free parameters in the system. My analysis reveals a feature which will be the focus of the final Section 4. This feature appears precisely in the cases which are the central focus of the present investigation: when the system is a good model of gravitational collapse, i.e. when the two shells have very different rest masses, and the lightest one collapses to a small region in a universe with a small positive cosmological constant. In other words, when we expect to approach the formation of a black hole. In these cases I explicitly see a departure of the dynamics of SD from that of GR: as the collapse proceeds, at some point the description of the system in terms of ADM-in-CMC variables fails (there is no real solution of the Lichnerowicz-York equation, and consequently no CMC-foliated spacetime). This result is highly significant, as it indicates that Shape Dynamics might have more to say about black holes than GR, just like it did in the case of the big-bang singularity in the recent [6] .

In Sec. 2 and 3 I study this problem.

This result is highly significant, as it indicates that Shape Dynamics might have more to say about black holes than GR, just like it did in the case of the big-bang singularity in the recent.


There are many researches in Bangladesh focused to identify the socioeconomic, cultural and demographic factors that influence to use of contraceptive and fertility intention. But the role of husband wife communication on family planning has been ignored by the family planning programs (Kamal & Islam, 2012) . There were few studies in Bangladesh focus on about the inter-spousal communication on family planning. So, this study examines the effects of husband and wife communication on current contraceptive use and method choice of couples in Bangladesh.

But the role of husband wife communication on family planning has been ignored by the family planning programs.


The heritability value observed for TE in the individual experiments was close to 20% in this study and this was 18% across experiments. However, adding more reps to the experimental design would further enhance the heritability values. The heritability for TE has been shown to be low (34%) compared to that of the carbon isotope discrimination (53%) in a study using 44 F 2 populations . Also the distribution of the RILs for TE indicated a polygenic control of this character and involvement of dominant and additive genes as seen for shoot biomass in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under terminal drought (Serraj et al., 2004b) . Therefore, application of marker-assisted selection can result in better efficiency of selection for high TE, and efforts are currently in progress in this direction (Nigam et al., 2005) .

Also the distribution of the RILs for TE indicated a polygenic control of this character and involvement of dominant and additive genes as seen for shoot biomass in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under terminal drought.

Therefore, application of marker-assisted selection can result in better efficiency of selection for high TE, and efforts are currently in progress in this direction.


Fire occurring after earthquake has been demonstrated to be a major threat for buildings in seismic-prone regions. Damage caused by fire following earthquake (FFE) can be worse than that caused by the earthquake itself (Scawthorn et al., 2005) . Recorded experiences indicate that FFE has caused numerous deaths and extensive losses. For example, it was estimated that 80% of total damage and fatalities in the 1906 San Francisco seismic event were caused by fires following the earthquake (Scawthorn, 2008) . In the 1923 Tokyo earthquake, the losses due to fire following the earthquake accounted for over 70% of total building losses and resulted in 140,000 deaths (Scawthorn, 2008) . More recently, in the 1995 Kobe earthquake, there were approximately 7000 buildings destroyed by FFE (Faggiano, 2007) .

Damage caused by fire following earthquake (FFE) can be worse than that caused by the earthquake itself.

For example, it was estimated that 80% of total damage and fatalities in the 1906 San Francisco seismic event were caused by fires following the earthquake.

In the 1923 Tokyo earthquake, the losses due to fire following the earthquake accounted for over 70% of total building losses and resulted in 140,000 deaths.

More recently, in the 1995 Kobe earthquake, there were approximately 7000 buildings destroyed by FFE.


All of the aforementioned studies have focused on non-composite steel frames. Most of these structures have been analysed assuming 2D plane-frame behaviour, without considering the effects of out-of-plane behaviour. By contrast, this study focuses on composite steel-frame, concrete floor construction as is commonly used in mid-rise commercial frame structures. Although some essential aspects of the behaviour of these structures in fire can be captured in two dimensions, such an approach misses load redistribution in the out-of-plane direction which is a key load-carrying mechanism available at large deflections, as identified by the Cardington fire tests (Gillie et al., 2001; Kirby, 1998) . Thus, when a composite slab is present, threedimensional (3D) behaviour must be considered in an analysis to obtain realistic behaviour on a steel frame in fire. Additionally, previous research on postearthquake fire behaviour has focused on unprotected steel frames. There is as yet a lack of detailed research into the influence of fire insulation on steel frames during FFE.

Although some essential aspects of the behaviour of these structures in fire can be captured in two dimensions, such an approach misses load redistribution in the out-of-plane direction which is a key load-carrying mechanism available at large deflections, as identified by the Cardington fire tests.


The objective of the present paper is to demonstrate the overall performance of the developed system chip and to introduce a tiny circuit board for a waveform receiver. The current ASIC was fabricated using the TSMC 0.25-µm CMOS process. The size of the waveform receiver was successfully reduced to 45×50 mm 2 , which is approximately half the size of a business card. The sensitivity and dynamic range are acceptable for scientific observations, and as such, the miniaturized plasma wave receiver is expected to be used for novel applications [9] .

The sensitivity and dynamic range are acceptable for scientific observations, and as such, the miniaturized plasma wave receiver is expected to be used for novel applications.


In our work, Au NPs with NIR absorption were prepared by the one step reaction of chloroauric acid and sodium thiosulfate. Their NIR absorption wavelengths were well controlled by adjusting molar ratio of HAuCl 4 /Na 2 S 2 O 3 [18] . These Au NPs were coated with chitosan-(CS)-based coatings and used as a therapeutic agent for the photothermal ablation of cancer cells. Chitosan is a biobased polysaccharide derived from shrimp and crab shells [19] . It is nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible, and has good processability [20, 21] . The cost associated with chitosan is much lower than that of other polymer coatings or chemical compounds, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) that are often used to protect and stabilize the nanoparticles by many researchers [5] . Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver. It affects greater than half a million patients worldwide. US liverrelated cancer deaths account for 4% of all cancers or about 20,000 deaths annually. Two anchorage-dependent cell lines, hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), and control cell line of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) were selected for the estimation of laser ablation efficiency of these novel gold nanocomposites. The efficacy was evaluated by live/dead stain images following photothermal ablation. These gold nanocomposites show great ability for laser ablation, and the surface coating components plays a very important role for selectivity to certain cancer cells. In addition, this composite material offers new and desirable advantages for cancer treatment. Beside the optically tunable gold nanoparticle for efficient conversion of light to heat, chitosan-based coatings provide tunable surface charges for applications in a variety of physiological pH environments and also allow further modification with targeting molecules or drug molecules by chemical reaction or electrostatic interaction.

Their NIR absorption wavelengths were well controlled by adjusting molar ratio of HAuCl 4 /Na 2 S 2 O 3.

Chitosan is a biobased polysaccharide derived from shrimp and crab shells.

It is nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible, and has good processability.

The cost associated with chitosan is much lower than that of other polymer coatings or chemical compounds, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) that are often used to protect and stabilize the nanoparticles by many researchers.


This approach allows to incorporate conditions of higher smoothness in BernsteinBézier form standard for the theory and practice of smooth piecewise polynomials on polyhedral domains [20] . It turns out however that imposing boundary conditions make the otherwise well understood spaces of e.g. bivariate C 1 macro-elements on triangulations significantly more complex. Even in the simplest case of a polygonal domain, the dimension of the space of splines vanishing on the boundary is dependent on its geometry, with consequences for the construction of stable bases (or stable minimal determining sets) [14, 15] .

This approach allows to incorporate conditions of higher smoothness in BernsteinBézier form standard for the theory and practice of smooth piecewise polynomials on polyhedral domains.

Even in the simplest case of a polygonal domain, the dimension of the space of splines vanishing on the boundary is dependent on its geometry, with consequences for the construction of stable bases (or stable minimal determining sets).


One breeding target of cactus pear is to obtain genotypes that produce higher amounts of biomass with higher quality for use in animal feed. However, yield is a complex trait resulting from the expression and association of different components (Carvalho et al. 2002) . Thus, knowledge of the degree of this association through correlation studies can identify traits that could be used as indirect selection criteria for yield or as secondary traits, improving the efficiency of the selection process. Knowledge of the correlations between forage traits can measure the magnitude of the relationship between various plant traits and identify on which traits selection could be based for gains in biomass yield.

However, yield is a complex trait resulting from the expression and association of different components.


In order to survey the interest in demand response a questionnaire was sent out in February 2013 including 2095 residential customers in Eskilstuna, which is a town with 100 000 inhabitants. The survey was carried out in the concession area of Eskilstuna Energi & Miljö Elnät AB which is the electricity distribution system operator (DSO) in the town Eskilstuna. The first questionnaire was supplemented with one reminder and at an average response rate of 13.4%. Other research studies report similar response rates when the survey includes more complex questions e.g. on electricity use. A study in New Zealand reports a response rate of 15.8% without any reminder, when investigating demand response related issues at 400 households [15] .

A study in New Zealand reports a response rate of 15.8% without any reminder, when investigating demand response related issues at 400 households.


The results obtained for the critical region are of theoretical interest to the present study. In this study, the critical region was defined as the adjective within the relative clause, given that it disambiguates the relative clause toward the higher or the lower noun. The fixation duration measures reported are first-pass and total reading times. First-pass is defined as the sum of all left-to-right eye-fixations on the critical region before leaving it the first time that it is read, and total times are the sum of all fixations on the critical region at any time, including re-reading (Rayner et al., 1989) .

First-pass is defined as the sum of all left-to-right eye-fixations on the critical region before leaving it the first time that it is read, and total times are the sum of all fixations on the critical region at any time, including re-reading.


In Figure (4) we plot F (t) for both exact and Kraus decomposition results for the same three different values of intra-bath coupling J x . Notice that the magnitude of the errors in F (t) is much larger than those in the purity P(t). The purity measures only non-unitary errors. F (t) is also sensitive to unitary errors. The large deviation of P(t) from unity therefore indicates the presence of a large coherent shift. The origin of this shift has been explained in detail elsewhere [9] . The agreement between the Kraus and exact results is quite good even for J x = 0.5 ǫ (shown in part (a)). For J x = 1 ǫ (part (b)) and J x = 2 ǫ (part (c)), the agreement is excellent.

The origin of this shift has been explained in detail elsewhere.


Correspondence among fish assemblages and river valley segment types.-After developing our river valley segment classification, we used nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on BrayCurtis distances to summarize the patterns in fish assemblage structure for the river valley segments. A three-dimensional NMDS solution was used to facilitate interpretation of the ordination results. Up to 100 random restarts were used with the NMDS analyses to help find the best solution. All fish species included in the original fish assemblage data set were used. After the NMDS solution was obtained, we tested for differences in segment scores among the level-1 and level-2 river valley segment types using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). If the overall MANOVA tests were statistically significant, we then conducted separate univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests of the segment scores for each NMDS dimension (Heino et al. 2002) .

If the overall MANOVA tests were statistically significant, we then conducted separate univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests of the segment scores for each NMDS dimension.


During pregnancy, embryos grew from 0.0 to 6.7 g per infant and maternal tissue increased by 6.8 g (Table 1 ). To calculate increase in energy content, we used energy equivalents of 2.76 and 10.9 kJ/g for embryo mass and maternal mass change, respectively (Kam and Degen 1993) . Consequently, energy content per infant at birth was 18.5 kJ and increase in energy of maternal tissue was 74.0 kJ for a total increase of 92.5 kJ for a female with 1 infant and 111 kJ for a female with 2 infants. During pregnancy, females increased metabolizable energy intake by 41.8 kJ kg Ϫ0.75 day Ϫ1 or 200.9 kJ in total. Thus, increase in energy retention of embryos and female is approximately 50% of increase in metabolizable energy intake. The difference could be because of heat increment of feeding for growth, energy content of the placenta, and an increase in energy needs of the pregnant female (Degen 1997) .

To calculate increase in energy content, we used energy equivalents of 2.76 and 10.9 kJ/g for embryo mass and maternal mass change, respectively.

The difference could be because of heat increment of feeding for growth, energy content of the placenta, and an increase in energy needs of the pregnant female.


During 21 days of lactation, young from litters of 1 and 2 grew from 6.7 to 20.6 g and maternal tissue decreased by 10.1 g (Table 1 ). To calculate change in energy content, we used energy equivalents of 5.29 and 10.9 kJ/g for change in infant mass and maternal mass, respectively (Kam and Degen 1993) . Consequently, increase in body energy of the litter from birth to 21 days was 73.4 kJ and decrease in energy of maternal tissue was 110.1 kJ. During the 21 days of lactation, females increased metabolizable energy intake by 197.3 kJ kg Ϫ0.75 day Ϫ1 or 446.0 kJ in total. Therefore, energy increase above maintenance for females during lactation was 556.1 kJ (446.0 ϩ 110.1). Consequently, growth in body energy of the litter is approximately 13% of the increase in energy above maintenance for the females. The difference could be because of milk production and increase in energy needs of the lactating female. Furthermore, there is an added heat increment of feeding for milk production and for mobilizing maternal tissue. In young, milk intake is used for maintenance, growth (energy retention), and heat increment of feeding for growth (Degen 1997; Kam and Degen 1993) .

To calculate change in energy content, we used energy equivalents of 5.29 and 10.9 kJ/g for change in infant mass and maternal mass, respectively.

In young, milk intake is used for maintenance, growth (energy retention), and heat increment of feeding for growth.


Path planning is to determine a collision-free path between the start and target position by a performance criterion such as the distance, time, and energy consumption [2] . According to whether an environment is known or not, there are two categories of path planning algorithms, namely, local and global path planning. A mobile robot plans a feasible path in an unknown or dynamic environment by the information which is gotten from sensors. This is known as local or online path planning. Global path planning is to search for an optimal path based on complete information about stationary obstacles and is also known as offline path planning.

Path planning is to determine a collision-free path between the start and target position by a performance criterion such as the distance, time, and energy consumption.


In parallel to these trends in the Connected TV arena, there is a rising perception that emerging digital technologies can add significant value to the field of sports events, not just for improving decision making but also for the TV broadcasting of competitive sports [14] . In the last years, a number of studies have attempted to shed light on the user experience with sports-related interactive TV, giving rise to a modest research agenda focused on this issue [2, 7] . This paper attempts to contribute to ongoing discussions from the insights generated in a European Commissionfunded innovation project, TV-RING. A major goal of this initiative was the implementation of a large-scale live pilot of a multicamera HbbTV application. The pilot took place during a football match, in which audiences were monitored as they interacted with the multicamera application. This pilot yielded a rich dataset on the audience usage of the application during the event, from which a series of insights can be extracted with an analysis of this dataset. We believe our results will be relevant for broadcasters, application developers and content producers, most particularly in the audiovisual sports domain.

In parallel to these trends in the Connected TV arena, there is a rising perception that emerging digital technologies can add significant value to the field of sports events, not just for improving decision making but also for the TV broadcasting of competitive sports.

In the last years, a number of studies have attempted to shed light on the user experience with sports-related interactive TV, giving rise to a modest research agenda focused on this issue.


If a triangulation M is also a simplicial complex we say that M is a simplicial triangulation. A simplicial triangulation in which a simplicial neighborhood of each vertex is a simplicial triangulation of the 2-sphere is referred to as a combinatorial 3-manifold. By construction, given an arbitrary triangulation of a closed and compact 3-manifold, its second barycentric subdivision is a combinatorial 3-manifold. A combinatorial 3-sphere is called polytopal if it is isomorphic to the boundary complex of a convex 4-polytope. Note that not all combinatorial 3-spheres are polytopal whereas all simplicial triangulations of the 2-sphere are isomorphic to the boundary complex of a convex 3-polytope [43] .

Note that not all combinatorial 3-spheres are polytopal whereas all simplicial triangulations of the 2-sphere are isomorphic to the boundary complex of a convex 3-polytope.


A normal surface in a triangulated 3-manifold is decomposed into triangles and quadrilaterals. It is well known that the topology of a normal surface is determined by the quadrilaterals in its cell structure. In this paper, we give a sharp linear bound on the genus g of a closed, orientable normal surface in terms of the number q of quadrilateral discs in the surface; namely 3q ≥ 2g. This bound is sharp and significantly improves the previously known bound 7q ≥ 2g due to Kalelkar [30] .

This bound is sharp and significantly improves the previously known bound 7q ≥ 2g due to Kalelkar.


Recently, it has been shown that in addition to the well-known statistically stationary regions, VIV signals of long flexible risers contain time intervals of chaotic response, followed or preceded by periods of statistically stationary response [5, 6] . We call the statistically stationary regions, mainly periodic, or Type-I signals and the regions with qualitatively chaotic characteristics (e.g., rather broad-banded PSD), Type-II signals. If a Type-II signal is approximated through an "equivalent" Type-I signal, as is often the case in semi-empirical methods, fatigue calculations seriously underpredict the fatigue damage [6] .

Recently, it has been shown that in addition to the well-known statistically stationary regions, VIV signals of long flexible risers contain time intervals of chaotic response, followed or preceded by periods of statistically stationary response.

If a Type-II signal is approximated through an "equivalent" Type-I signal, as is often the case in semi-empirical methods, fatigue calculations seriously underpredict the fatigue damage.


As energy consumption is continuously increasing, and the use of petroleum as one of the main source of energy is leading to fuel depletion in many countries around the world. The proven reserves may last up to 40-50 years only, and the current vehicle production is ever increasing. From 700 million vehicles in 2001, the number of vehicles had increased more than ten fold to about a billion vehicles world wide according to 3% average of annual growth. As vast amounts of petroleum was used in the transportation sector, many alternatives have appeared such as electric vehicles, bio fuels, solar energy, natural gas (NG), wind, and also liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Alternative fuels was introduced in vehicle applications for the past few decades to reduce petroleum consumptions as well as reducing exhaust emissions. Of these alternatives, only natural gas in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) and LPG appear to be more economic for worthy implementation on vehicles [1] .

Of these alternatives, only natural gas in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) and LPG appear to be more economic for worthy implementation on vehicles.


Step 4, Activation: The conditioned surface was contacted with an activator or catalysts consisting of a colloidal suspension of palladium/tin (Pd/Sn) catalyst powder [25, 26] . The catalyst particles get deposited in the micro-cavities formed in the surface during the conditioning process. It is desirable not to put too much activator on the work being processed and to avoid too long of an immersion time. In the present study, samples were immersed at 40 °C for 7 min and, finally, washed with water.

Step 4, Activation: The conditioned surface was contacted with an activator or catalysts consisting of a colloidal suspension of palladium/tin (Pd/Sn) catalyst powder.


To address the above research question, an explanatory sequential mixed method study was conducted. The study consisted of two phases: A quantitative phase of study was followed by a qualitative phase (Creswell, 2007; Tashakkori & Teddlie, 2003) . The first phase was a survey instrument that measured educator's perspectives about a possible bilingual education program, specifically on the use of minority groups' language in Turkish education system. The second phase consisted of qualitative data collection through interviewing and analysis to obtain a more comprehensive data set that clarified the necessities of bilingual education program in Turkey. The qualitative portion of the study also consisted of survey questions that attempted to further explore issues identified in the analysis of the quantitative portion of the research project.

The study consisted of two phases: A quantitative phase of study was followed by a qualitative phase.


Developing second language may be comparatively hindered if the mother tongue is not developed well enough (Baker, 2011) . Likewise, ignoring the linguistic national resources, which causes children to deny developing their mother tongues, is obviously not reasonable for national self-interest (Skutnabb-Kangas, 2000) . Education in mother tongue is an important concern for minority children in several aspects. For instance, individuals who have multilingual or bilingual schooling background and live in diverse cultures develop differently from other individuals whose schooling background based solely on a nation-state understanding. They show more tendencies to use their own mother tongue and their academic achievement is better than others (Baker, 2006; Aydin & Ozfidan, 2014) . However, despite having numerous sub-cultures and being culturally shaped lie a mosaic, Turkey has been ruled under a nation-state mindset for years and did not make a significant progress in the way of education within a multicultural perspective.

Developing second language may be comparatively hindered if the mother tongue is not developed well enough.

Likewise, ignoring the linguistic national resources, which causes children to deny developing their mother tongues, is obviously not reasonable for national self-interest.

They show more tendencies to use their own mother tongue and their academic achievement is better than others.


Beer was produced without any knowledge on microbiology or enzymology thousands of years ago. It is true that brewing has a long tradition, but it is also true that brewing has been, and still is, in the forefront of biotechnological development (Linko et al., 1998) . Research in brewing, over the past three decades, has been focused on the application of different fermentation processes mainly to facilitate the beer production and consequently to reduce the production costs (Linko et al., 1998; Bamforth, 2000) . This need to produce beer of good quality in a short time and in the least expensive way has prompted many breweries to use new and modern processes.

It is true that brewing has a long tradition, but it is also true that brewing has been, and still is, in the forefront of biotechnological development.

Research in brewing, over the past three decades, has been focused on the application of different fermentation processes mainly to facilitate the beer production and consequently to reduce the production costs.


Due to their good ductility and weldability, maraging steels recently attracted the attention as candidate alloys for additive manufacturing processes, such as selective laser melting (SLM). During SLM, layers of powder are selectively molten by a scanning laser beam and consolidated on top of each other. Fully dense parts can thus be generated featuring mechanical properties comparable to those of components processed by standard routes [10] [11] [12] .

Fully dense parts can thus be generated featuring mechanical properties comparable to those of components processed by standard routes.


The mechanical behaviour of SLM parts is strongly affected by the refined microstructure inherited from fast cooling and by generation of small solidification faults [13] [14] [15] [16] . Indeed, the localized melting process experienced during SLM is not yet fully understood. It is governed by laser beam localized melting process experienced during SLM is not yet fully understood. It is governed by laser beam parameters, but also by surface morphology given by the pre-deposited layers and the stochastic particle distribution on the powder bed, as well as by the physical surface and bulk properties of the powder itself [17] . The solidification process and the resulting microstructure assume, therefore, an important role that still needs a deeper understanding and control. Concurrently, alloy optimization should consider these issues by deliberately promoting enhanced damage tolerance properties, especially when considering opportunities offered by tuning of alloy chemistry and the selection of post-SLM thermal treatments.

The mechanical behaviour of SLM parts is strongly affected by the refined microstructure inherited from fast cooling and by generation of small solidification faults.

It is governed by laser beam parameters, but also by surface morphology given by the pre-deposited layers and the stochastic particle distribution on the powder bed, as well as by the physical surface and bulk properties of the powder itself.


Isothermal aging treatments were carried out at selected temperatures on both the as-built and the solution-treated samples to evaluate possible differences in the achievable strength. In Figure 6b the hardness evolution during aging at 490 °C is reported. The solution annealing leads to a hardness drop from 371 HV to 279 HV which is believed to be due to stress relieving effects and to slight coarsening of the microstructure. However, this gap in hardness is readily bridged after only 30 min of aging. Thereafter, the hardness of the two samples remains comparable for all of the aging times considered here, in full agreement with observations derived from the DSC results. The aging behaviour of the SLM-treated 18-Ni 300 steel was first investigated by DSC analyses. A comparative study between samples cut from the as built and from solution treated materials, shown in Figure 6a , allowed to state that the aging sequence for these two tempers was substantially equivalent. Both DSC curves exhibited four peaks. The first exothermic peak (peak #1) is believed to be produced by the formation of carbide or coherent precipitation zones, whereas the second exothermic peak (peak #2) is usually associated in the literature to the formation of the main strengthening precipitates, namely the Ni 3 Ti phase followed by Fe 2 Mo or Fe 7 Mo 6 [1] [2] [3] [4] 19] . The endothermic peaks (peaks #3 and #4) are likely due to the austenite reversion and to the dissolution of precipitates [4, 19] .

Both DSC curves exhibited four peaks.

The first exothermic peak (peak #1) is believed to be produced by the formation of carbide or coherent precipitation zones, whereas the second exothermic peak (peak #2) is usually associated in the literature to the formation of the main strengthening precipitates, namely the Ni 3 Ti phase followed by Fe 2 Mo or Fe 7 Mo 6.

The endothermic peaks (peaks #3 and #4) are likely due to the austenite reversion and to the dissolution of precipitates.


In wrought maraging parts requiring increased toughness, over-aged temper conditions are preferably selected in order to allow the formation of a controlled amount of austenite that remains stable even at room temperature. Such over-aging promotes softening and increases crack blunting effects [1] . However, this beneficial influence may be counterbalanced by matrix embrittlement when too coarse particles start acting as crack nucleation sites [8] .

Such over-aging promotes softening and increases crack blunting effects.

However, this beneficial influence may be counterbalanced by matrix embrittlement when too coarse particles start acting as crack nucleation sites.


Cavity dispersion is a crucial parameter for pulse generation in fiber lasers. Anomalous dispersion will result in the conventional soliton [10] , [11] , [14] . Normal dispersion or positive dispersion will cause the dissipative solitons [15] . Pulses with Gaussian spectral shape will be generated for around zero dispersion [16] . To observe the phenomena of period timing especially period-timing bifurcation, appropriate nonlinearity is required as too-small nonlinearity could not satisfy the appearance of period timing and too large nonlinearity would lead wave-breaking or multiple pulse generation [11] . Compared with the all-anomalous dispersion cavity, the DM cavity releases the wave-breaking pressure by broadening the pulse when the pulse propagates in the normal dispersion fiber segment. Compared with the all-normal dispersion cavity, where the pulse width is always broad, the nonlinearity accumulated in the DM cavity is stronger. Therefore, a fiber laser with DM cavity is more suitable for studies of all kinds of period-timing bifurcations. To enrich the understanding of the phenomena of period-timing bifurcation in fiber lasers, here we numerically study the dynamics of period-timing bifurcation in a DM fiber laser. As time jitter is extremely important for fiber laser applications in such as telecommunication and bio-imaging. The net cavity group velocity dispersion (GVD) is deliberately tuned to zero as the time jitter is least for this configuration [17] . Two different period-timing bifurcation routes from a stable state to chaos are numerically observed. Period-tripling bifurcation is numerically observed apart from the conventional period-doubling bifurcation route to chaos. The small signal gain is the only varying parameter, which is easy to be testified in experiment. Different from the conventional period-doubling bifurcation route to chaos, where the route begins from order, the period-tripling bifurcation route to chaos now is led by a direct route from period one to chaos. The appearance of the nonlinear window of period tripling suggests that the ultrashort pulses generated from the DM fiber laser have rich nonlinear dynamics.

Anomalous dispersion will result in the conventional soliton.

Normal dispersion or positive dispersion will cause the dissipative solitons.

Pulses with Gaussian spectral shape will be generated for around zero dispersion.

To observe the phenomena of period timing especially period-timing bifurcation, appropriate nonlinearity is required as too-small nonlinearity could not satisfy the appearance of period timing and too large nonlinearity would lead wave-breaking or multiple pulse generation.

The net cavity group velocity dispersion (GVD) is deliberately tuned to zero as the time jitter is least for this configuration.


To sum up: taking efficient pathways as a criterion for the future capacity expansion of vRES in the investigated case, a wind-based capacity expansion provides a faster transition towards high REN shares, even considering existing electric energy storage infrastructure from PHS in the region. Per unit of installed capacity, a considerably larger fraction of renewable energy can be provided from wind than from solar PV. Advanced wind power in particular provides higher productivity and effectiveness along with benefits regarding system integration [39, 40] .

Advanced wind power in particular provides higher productivity and effectiveness along with benefits regarding system integration.


The results provide a broader perspective on the interplay of wind, solar PV and power demand, the effect of electric energy storage form PHS, as well as pathways towards high REN shares in a case study for Germany. For power systems with a low initial REN penetration, wind power boosts REN share per installed capacity more than solar PV. This is primarily due to the higher productivity (full load hours) of wind compared to solar in the German case. Up to levels of installed wind capacity equivalent to more than 47% in REN share, wind power is more efficient from a required capacity perspective than solar PV, although significantly more EE is produced. Above this level, a mix from additional solar PV and wind shows a better performance regarding the boosting of REN shares compared to the sole addition of wind capacities. This is due to solar PV's different temporal production profile, which complements wind power to better match temporal demand patterns [20, 31, 32, 46, 71] . An indicator for this complementariness is the two-fold bend (bi-directional) concave surface of all the REN share plots, as neither wind nor solar PV alone reaches very high values for REN share (e.g., >62% in Case B), so that a combination of both sources is required. Additional renewable sources, enlarged electric energy storage, and DSM are key requirements for a fully renewable power supply.

This is due to solar PV's different temporal production profile, which complements wind power to better match temporal demand patterns.


In this study, longer durations of TI were observed in housed birds and this is consistent with earlier reports [9, 19] . Duration of TI was longer with birds housed in deep litter than free-range birds [9] . Even among housed birds, longer durations of TI were reported in hens housed in cages than hens kept on deep litter [19] .

In this study, longer durations of TI were observed in housed birds and this is consistent with earlier reports.

Duration of TI was longer with birds housed in deep litter than free-range birds.

Even among housed birds, longer durations of TI were reported in hens housed in cages than hens kept on deep litter.


The question why speakers fail to completely ignore privileged information is still under debate, and two main theories have emerged to explain these results. According to Constraint-Based Processing models, speakers keep their addressee in mind from the earliest stages of utterance planning in a probabilistic, constraint-based way, resulting in early effects of common ground (Brennan & Hanna, 2009; Hanna, Tanenhaus, & Trueswell, 2003; Horton & Gerrig, 2002; Tanenhaus & Trueswell, 1995) . In this view, privileged and common ground information act as partial constraints for language processing. When privileged information is salient, as in the example with the additional bottle above, speakers may fail to ignore it. In contrast, the Monitoring and Adjustment theory proposes that keeping track of the distinction between shared and privileged information during utterance planning is resource-intensive and often not necessary (Horton & Keysar, 1996) . According to this view, speakers initially design their utterances from their own egocentric perspective, and common ground only comes into play at a later stage when speakers monitor their utterance (Keysar, Barr, & Horton, 1998) . This model thus predicts that speakers initially do not distinguish between privileged and common ground information during utterance planning. Monitoring and adjusting the initial utterance plan is considered effortful and requires additional planning time (Horton & Keysar, 1996) . In this view, speakers fail to ignore privileged information when their initial egocentric plan is not corrected.

According to Constraint-Based Processing models, speakers keep their addressee in mind from the earliest stages of utterance planning in a probabilistic, constraint-based way, resulting in early effects of common ground.

In contrast, the Monitoring and Adjustment theory proposes that keeping track of the distinction between shared and privileged information during utterance planning is resource-intensive and often not necessary.

According to this view, speakers initially design their utterances from their own egocentric perspective, and common ground only comes into play at a later stage when speakers monitor their utterance.

Monitoring and adjusting the initial utterance plan is considered effortful and requires additional planning time.


The Spectroscopy for the Investigation of the Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Venus (SPICAV) instrument is a suite of three spectrometers in the UV and IR range flying on the Venus Express orbiter (Bertaux et al., 2007) . The UV sensor, which covers the range extending from 118 to 320 nm, provides vertical profiles of CO 2 in the stellar occultation mode. For this study, we used 114 processed CO 2 profiles retrieved from SPICAV stellar occultation observations.

The Spectroscopy for the Investigation of the Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Venus (SPICAV) instrument is a suite of three spectrometers in the UV and IR range flying on the Venus Express orbiter.


Observed real behavior of people in tourism environments (e.g., a beach) allows identifying the limits of acceptance and tolerance of weather conditions [21] . Furthermore, on-site adaptations of tourists, e.g., through hiding in the shade, use of clothes etc., can be derived [22] . Recollected experiences with weather conditions also give insight into real behavioral adaptations, incorporating greater spatial and temporal scales than possible in observed behavior studies [2] .

Observed real behavior of people in tourism environments (e.g., a beach) allows identifying the limits of acceptance and tolerance of weather conditions.

Furthermore, on-site adaptations of tourists, e.g., through hiding in the shade, use of clothes etc., can be derived.

Recollected experiences with weather conditions also give insight into real behavioral adaptations, incorporating greater spatial and temporal scales than possible in observed behavior studies.


Much less work has been done using diffraction techniques to study the overall structure of two dimensional platelets packed in three dimensions. Models based on the effect of the small size of ordered domains (D) and platelet bending (C) have been used to explain some of the features of X-ray patterns (Giiven, 1975; Williams and Garey, 1974) . Random irregularities in the spacing of the platelets (E) have a strong effect on the diffraction pattern and also have been used to interpret X-ray data (Kodama et al., 1971) . In a recent X-ray study of Fig. 1 . Schematic structure of a clay-water system showing the bulk arrangements of clay platelets (shaded) and the structural defects A, B, C, D, E referred to in the text. The inset shows the crystalline structure of montmorillonite O = O; 9 = Si; 9 = AI(Mg, Fe, etc.); | = OH; M + = Li +, Na +, K +, Cs+; T, tetrahedral coordination; O, octahedral coordination; Ho = water space (,~); c = clay platelet thickness, 9.6 A.

Models based on the effect of the small size of ordered domains (D) and platelet bending (C) have been used to explain some of the features of X-ray patterns.

Random irregularities in the spacing of the platelets (E) have a strong effect on the diffraction pattern and also have been used to interpret X-ray data.

In a recent X-ray study of Fig. 1 .


The appearance of a Bragg diffraction pattern indicates that there is some degree of order within stacks of clay platelets in the clay-water samples. In every case there is a strong, though broad, (001) reflection but no higher orders can be distinguished. The width of a diffraction line is usually taken to be inversely proportional to the crystallite size, being given by the Scherrer formula (Guinier, 1963) . Applying this to the observed width of the (001) reflection shows that the average stack contains about seven platelets. This small crystallite model is not a good description of the system. First, considering the large diameter of the platelets, the calculated thickness of composite platelet stacks is so small that a large number of disordered regions would have to be present in between domains to accomodate all the platelets. For example, in addition to small pockets of high order such as (D) in Figure 1 , there has to be i'nterleaving of the platelets in regions such as (A) and (B) in Figure 1 which are better regarded as amorphous. Second, the shape of the 001 reflection is markedly asymmetric and this cannot be explained in terms of particle size effects.

The width of a diffraction line is usually taken to be inversely proportional to the crystallite size, being given by the Scherrer formula.


At low water spacings used for these experiments (one to three layers) there are no differences in platelet packing for montmorillonite containing either Li, Na, K, or Cs as exchanged cation. The only difference is the variation of the basal spacing with relative humidity. For K and Cs the transition from one to two to three layers of water is much less sharp than for Li and Na (Mooney et al., 1952) . This does not seem to be associated with any fundamental differences in the structure. Neutron small angle scattering experiments at much higher water content (in the sol) indicate that with increasing amounts of water the nature of the cation does affect the relative arrangement of the clay platelets.

For K and Cs the transition from one to two to three layers of water is much less sharp than for Li and Na.


Further evidence was found in the variation in composition relative to essential and non-essential amino acids (Table 5) in the protein extract of the green microalgae. There was a significant drop in the percentage of essential amino acids ranging from 13.9 % for C. vulgaris to 49.1 % Table 3 c P Lowry , hydro-soluble protein % (dw) at pH 12 and 40°C calculated by Lowry method for N. oculata and an increase in non-essential amino acids from 6.7 % for the former to 25.2 % for the latter. On the contrary, only small changes in the composition of the proteins were detected for fragile cell wall microalgae, with a percentage difference ranging from 4.5 % for A. platensis to 4.8 % for the essential amino acids of P. cruentum, whereas non-essential amino acids difference ranged from 3.5 % for the former to 4.8 % for the latter. These correlations with the relative hardness of the cell wall can integrate a chemical dimension as well. Indeed, the sporopollenin contained in the most rigid cell wall (H. pluvialis) is known to be extremely resistant to chemical agents (Hagen et al. 2002) . But in the case of cellulose-rich cell walls, such as C. vulgaris and N. oculata, the sodium hydroxide is able to penetrate the microcrystalline structure of cellulose to form alcoholates in a process similar to mercerisation. Sodium hydroxide can also dissolve the hemicelluloses attached to cellulose. The partial permeation of this kind of cell wall can therefore occur by alkaline action. Finally, A. platensis has a cell wall rich in amino sugars cross-linked with oligopeptide chains. The former are labile in alkaline conditions by deamidation of the N-acetylglucosamine and the latter are soluble in alkaline conditions. The cell wall becomes therefore very permeable allowing the alkaline extraction of proteins. In summary, the chemical action acts in synergy with the mechanical characteristics of the cell wall.

Indeed, the sporopollenin contained in the most rigid cell wall (H. pluvialis) is known to be extremely resistant to chemical agents.


Another open issue concerns the connection between our results and recent proposals for a realization of the Ω-background within string theory [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] . For example, one could examine whether our approach can be understood as a perturbative realization of the fluxtrap background. Furthermore, it would be useful to understand the relevance of our proposed worldsheet description of the refined topological string for the quantization of classical two-dimensional integrable systems that are connected to the vacuum moduli-space of fourdimensional N = 2 gauge theories [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] .

Another open issue concerns the connection between our results and recent proposals for a realization of the Ω-background within string theory.

Furthermore, it would be useful to understand the relevance of our proposed worldsheet description of the refined topological string for the quantization of classical two-dimensional integrable systems that are connected to the vacuum moduli-space of fourdimensional N = 2 gauge theories.


Learning histories can be appropriate in many different contexts. Stories are particularly well suited to capturing the dynamic and complex nature of OL and knowledge transfer (Kleiner and Roth, 1997a) . Moreover, since any change project can be seen as a learning opportunity, the learning history approach might be employed to help reflect upon, assess and evaluate any type of organizational change initiative.

Stories are particularly well suited to capturing the dynamic and complex nature of OL and knowledge transfer.


The emerging field of knowledge management (KM) has focused new attention on this need for improved ways of transferring knowledge between researchers and practitioners. For example, when asked what topic will have the greatest impact in the future of organizational learning (OL) and KM, a panel of experts answered that it will be ''research methods and measures of OL/KM'' (Easterby-Smith and Lyles, 2003) . In a dynamic environment of increasing complexity, organizations and researchers require mechanisms to reflect collectively on their research experience, make sense of it and assess their investment in such learning efforts (Roth and Kleiner, 1998) . Narration is increasingly seen as the privileged mechanism for constructing and expressing one's own personal stories and organizations are viewed as narrative artefacts (Cortese, 2005; Klein, 2005) . Therefore, the use of stories for helping organizations learn and transfer tacit knowledge is gaining widespread favour among both practitioners and academics (Cortese, 2005; Royrvik and Bygdas, 2002; Sole and Wilson, 2002) .

For example, when asked what topic will have the greatest impact in the future of organizational learning (OL) and KM, a panel of experts answered that it will be ''research methods and measures of OL/KM''.

In a dynamic environment of increasing complexity, organizations and researchers require mechanisms to reflect collectively on their research experience, make sense of it and assess their investment in such learning efforts.

Narration is increasingly seen as the privileged mechanism for constructing and expressing one's own personal stories and organizations are viewed as narrative artefacts.

Therefore, the use of stories for helping organizations learn and transfer tacit knowledge is gaining widespread favour among both practitioners and academics.


Moreover, the responses of participants to learning history documents are not always positive. Managers and consultants who promote learning efforts are often disturbed by what the learning history actually uncovers (Kleiner and Roth, 1996) . Dissatisfaction is more visible when people learn and become aware of the gaps between their aspirations and the corporate reality in which they operate (Kleiner and Roth, 1997b) . However, that is exactly where learning histories have their value. This value is evident in the capacity of learning histories to bring out multiple stories that make visible to an organization what is collectively hidden (Roth, 2000) . This hidden realm includes psychological and emotional problems faced during a transformation effort (Milam, 2005) . In that sense, learning histories are like mirrors to organizations. They raise issues that people want to talk about but have been afraid to discuss openly (Kleiner and Roth, 1997a) .

Managers and consultants who promote learning efforts are often disturbed by what the learning history actually uncovers.

Dissatisfaction is more visible when people learn and become aware of the gaps between their aspirations and the corporate reality in which they operate.

This value is evident in the capacity of learning histories to bring out multiple stories that make visible to an organization what is collectively hidden.

This hidden realm includes psychological and emotional problems faced during a transformation effort.

They raise issues that people want to talk about but have been afraid to discuss openly.


Cancellation at the same hop. One of the mechanisms proposed for better energy efficient cancellation is the Blocking Expanding Ring Search (BERS) [3] . BERS is depicted in Fig. 1 . During the forward process, the search message ms is forwarded under a parametric delay, adding a waiting time that is double of the hop count delay = 2 × hop, measuring each node's hop distance from n0. When ms reaches nH and the resource is discovered, nH sends the point-to-point answer message ma back to the initiator n0. The message ma is relayed without any additional delays, and through the shortest path. When the initiator n0 receives ma, it starts the cancellation process by broadcasting the cancellation message mc. The message mc is relayed with no additional delays by all the intermediate nodes that relayed the message ms. Considering ta as the time (number of synchronous transmission rounds) spent by ma to be relayed from nH to n0 and tc as the time spent by mc to be propagated until hop H. Assuming that messages ma and mc have the same size and can be transmitted in a single round, both messages will take the same time to reach to destination, namely: ta = tc = H. The added delay 2 × H (again in terms of transmission rounds, that are to be waited) imposed in BERS for ms enables the time windows to allow the cancellation at the same hop where the resource Cancellation at the next hop. Naturally, adding a delay increases the latency observed from query initiation until the first answer is delivered. One strategy to decrease the latency observed in BERS is to reduce the delay added during ms retransmissions. The enhanced BERS (BERS ) mechanism is similar to BERS and the only difference is the reduction to half of the delay time of BERS, making delay = H [6] . Lowering the added delay has consequences in energy efficiency, because there is no time to propagate both messages ma and mc before the nodes in hop H start relaying for next hop. The resulting behaviour is the continuation of ms diffusion for one additional hop. The BERS cancellation mechanism stops one hop after the discovery, because only during the slot time H + 1 both ms and mc are received by the nodes at H + 1 hops, and the search process is finished.

Cancellation at the same hop.

One of the mechanisms proposed for better energy efficient cancellation is the Blocking Expanding Ring Search (BERS).

BERS is depicted in Fig. 1 .

The enhanced BERS (BERS ) mechanism is similar to BERS and the only difference is the reduction to half of the delay time of BERS, making delay = H.


Conventional methodologies (empirical, analytical, numerical, hybrid, etc.) for sizing PV systems are generally used when the required weather data (irradiance, temperature, humidity, clearness index, wind speed, etc.) and the information concerning the location of PV system are available. These methods present a good solution for sizing PV systems under the above conditions. However, such techniques cannot be used for sizing PV systems where the required data are not available. Moreover, the majority of the above methods need long-term meteorological data, such as total solar irradiance, air temperature, and wind speed, for their operations.. To overcome this situation, newer methods have been developed for sizing the parameters for PV systems based on artificial intelligence techniques [17] .

To overcome this situation, newer methods have been developed for sizing the parameters for PV systems based on artificial intelligence techniques.


Optimal PV/inverter sizing depends on local climate, PV surface orientation and inclination, inverter performance, and PV/inverter cost ratio [13] [14] [15] . Under low insolation, a PV array generates power for only a part of its rated capacity. The inverter thus operates under partial load conditions with lower system efficiency. PV efficiency is also affected adversely. When an inverter's rated capacity is much lower than the PV rated capacity, the inverter operates under overload conditions. Under overloading condition, excess PV output greater over the inverter rated capacity is lost. An oversized or undersized inverter thus increases PV energy cost [2, 10] .

Optimal PV/inverter sizing depends on local climate, PV surface orientation and inclination, inverter performance, and PV/inverter cost ratio.

An oversized or undersized inverter thus increases PV energy cost.


Type-1 fuzzy logic has been used in many works for sizing PV systems [17] . However, using type-1 fuzzy logic for this aim requires the experience and knowledge of human experts to decide both the membership functions and the fuzzy rules. Because the membership grade of the type-1 fuzzy system is a crisp number in (0,1), it is unable to directly handle rule uncertainties. In addition, words used in the fuzzy rules can often mean different things to different people. This results in rule uncertainty with the available information.

Type-1 fuzzy logic has been used in many works for sizing PV systems.


Trading the priority inversion times of critical transactions with the aborting costs of less critical transactions is a promising approach to boost the performance and stability of a transaction system. One future research direction of this work is to investigate the application semantics of a transaction system and its implications on transaction abortings and restartings. We also want to compare the performance of locked-based abort-oriented protocols against that of optimistic concurrency control protocols [6] . We believe that more research in classifying and analyzing real-time concurrency control algorithms and transaction systems to derive proper benchmarks may prove to be very rewarding. F For further information on this or any computing topic, please visit our Digital Libary at http://computer.org/publications/dlib.

We also want to compare the performance of locked-based abort-oriented protocols against that of optimistic concurrency control protocols.


The qualitative findings support P1, which states that profile descriptions of members in online relational communities are stories with defined phases and tension. The information in the analyzed texts is stored, indexed, and retrieved in the form of stories. Stories were used to interpret past or anticipated experience, and were structured in a well-delineated beginning (initial event), middle (crisis or turning point), and ending (conclusion). The results confirm that the most compelling profile descriptions experienced the stages proposed by the phase dynamics theory of travel epiphany behavior (Woodside, Sood and Miller 2008) .

The results confirm that the most compelling profile descriptions experienced the stages proposed by the phase dynamics theory of travel epiphany behavior.


A new, grassroots model of doing business is emerging, providing consumers with the power to get what they need and want where no transfer of ownership takes place. All over the world, people are renting rooms from strangers through Airbnb, outsourcing grocery trips to TaskRabbits, and traveling with ride-sharing service BlaBlaCar. These empowered individuals are participating in the sharing economy by beginning to function like hotels, taxis, farms, restaurants, manufacturers and other traditional business models. The sharing economy is becoming increasingly popular, and it is estimated, at the time we are writing, at more than US$15 billion (PwC 2014) . The trend is expected to increase, as consumers and firms seek to maximize efficiency in volatile economic conditions (Lamberton and Rose 2012) .

The sharing economy is becoming increasingly popular, and it is estimated, at the time we are writing, at more than US$15 billion.

The trend is expected to increase, as consumers and firms seek to maximize efficiency in volatile economic conditions.


Uncertainty is present in a wide range of problems tackled within the scope of computational mechanics and is incorporated into the mathematical models in the form of random physical parameters, random forcing functions, and random geometrical descriptions. This gives rise to stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) . The resolution of these SPDE and propagation of uncertainty into the system response have called for efficient numerical methods to tackle these expensive problems that range from non-intrusive efficient Monte Carlo and quasi-Monte Carlo techniques to the intrusive stochastic spectral Galerkin methods. These have been aptly summed up in the recent research articles [1] [2] [3] .

These have been aptly summed up in the recent research articles.


Hot working is an important step in producing DSSs. It is known that ferrite is characterized by high stacking fault energy (SFE) and, therefore, undergoes dynamic recovery (DRV). On the contrary, austenite, having low SFE, undergoes only limited DRV, and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) comes into operation when the dislocation density reaches a critical value [7] [8] [9] [10] . In this respect, the incoherence containing thermal expansion coefficient and flow response mechanism between the two constituents easily reduces hot workability of DSSs and then leads to the formation of defects on the surface of products [11] . Moreover, higher alloy content than traditional DSSs and higher sensitivity of secondary phase precipitation in the hot deformation process of 2707 HDSS further increase its processing difficulty. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the hot deformation behavior of 2707 HDSS.

On the contrary, austenite, having low SFE, undergoes only limited DRV, and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) comes into operation when the dislocation density reaches a critical value.

In this respect, the incoherence containing thermal expansion coefficient and flow response mechanism between the two constituents easily reduces hot workability of DSSs and then leads to the formation of defects on the surface of products.


The research has tended to focus on algorithm improvement rather than studying the influence of using new point features [1] . However, few studies have considerated the neural networks for the surface reconstruction problem [4] . The aim of this paper is to characterize a methodology to deal with the 3D surface reconstruction problem by means of growing self-organised networks in order to avoid the disadvantages of traditional techniques and improve previous results of self-organised networks using aditional point features.

The research has tended to focus on algorithm improvement rather than studying the influence of using new point features.

However, few studies have considerated the neural networks for the surface reconstruction problem.


Methods based on the explicit enumeration of the reachable markings suffer from the state explosion problem due to the arbitrary interleaving of concurrent transitions. The inherent complexity involved in the enumeration of the exponential number of markings in a PN is alleviated by using Binary Decision Diagrams (BDD) [2] . BDDs have the capability of representing large sets of encoded data with small data structures and enable the efficient manipulation of those sets. The utilization of BDDs not only provides algorithms which are computationally capable of manipulating large systems (due to its efficient data representation), but also provide an extremely flexible mechanism to manipulate PNs.

The inherent complexity involved in the enumeration of the exponential number of markings in a PN is alleviated by using Binary Decision Diagrams (BDD).


In the hypermaritime PNW, temperature as well as persisting spring snowpack play a very important role in creating a striking elevational zonation of the dominant tree species and the alpine treeline (Fonda and Bliss 1969; Ettinger et al. 2011) . During winter, a strong Aleutian low-pressure system delivers moist air from the Pacific, causing intense precipitation, which falls as snow at high elevations. Summers in the PNW are consistently dry, due to a subtropical high-pressure system over the eastern Pacific. The melting snowpack in late spring and summer therefore constitutes an important source of moisture during the growing season (Mote et al. 2005; Gavin and Brubaker 2015) . No study has yet attempted to model the dynamic postglacial vegetation changes in this region, and how changing snowpack may affect species distributions in past and future climate. The results from such a model would have important implications considering the ongoing climate change with reduced snowpack, and warmer temperatures predicted (Salathé et al. 2010) .

In the hypermaritime PNW, temperature as well as persisting spring snowpack play a very important role in creating a striking elevational zonation of the dominant tree species and the alpine treeline.

The melting snowpack in late spring and summer therefore constitutes an important source of moisture during the growing season.

The results from such a model would have important implications considering the ongoing climate change with reduced snowpack, and warmer temperatures predicted.


Nowadays WECSs, and in general all renewable energy systems (RESs), have to fulfil grid-codes when connected to the grid. A main concern is the low-voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of grid connected RESs, because of voltage sags, which are the most prevalent disturbances in an electrical power system. For example, recent surveys indicate that 92% of all disturbances correspond to voltage sags [3] . Moreover, 88% of voltage sags are asymmetrical [4] . Fig. 1a shows the LVRT requirements from different national grid codes [3, 5] . According to Fig. 1a , the WECSs must stay connected for grid-voltage sags when the grid voltage is within specified boundaries. In Fig. 1b , the requirement for reactive power is shown. Reactive power has to be supplied to the grid when the voltage drops, to support the grid voltage.

For example, recent surveys indicate that 92% of all disturbances correspond to voltage sags.

Moreover, 88% of voltage sags are asymmetrical.

Fig. 1a shows the LVRT requirements from different national grid codes.


The shunt impedance-based VSG generates grid-voltage sags by switching impedances in parallel with the line, as Fig. 2d . The grid voltage is divided between the shunt impedance and a series impedance, with the series impedance being designed to reduce the short-circuit effects [14] . To generate grid-voltage sags with different depths, a shunt impedance bank is required. Owing to the switching behaviour, harmonic components could be generated and filters may be required [15] . Also, for three-phase variable depth grid-voltage-sag generation, several switching devices are needed and the control system is complicated.

The grid voltage is divided between the shunt impedance and a series impedance, with the series impedance being designed to reduce the short-circuit effects.

Owing to the switching behaviour, harmonic components could be generated and filters may be required.


It has been confirmed from the company (Agrofilm) that the various important additives are anti-UV, anti-O 2 , Nickel stabilizer, plasticizer, yellow colour additives. These various additives added during the film production and to protect LDPE against irradiation are able to diffuse from the bulk to the surface. In fact, yellow additives are also not stabilized and can migrate easily to the film surface. This is the main change that occurs for the material during ageing. Later, as the anti-UV additives are practically disappeared, the UV radiation and the associated oxidization reaction take place and accelerate and dominate the ageing process at the surface and through the thickness (Scoponi et al., 2000) .

Later, as the anti-UV additives are practically disappeared, the UV radiation and the associated oxidization reaction take place and accelerate and dominate the ageing process at the surface and through the thickness.


Survival and cause-specific mortality rates of radiomarked gray foxes were calculated using the computer program MICROMORT (Heisey & Fuller, 1985) . Mortality rates owing to 2 causes of death were computed: predation and unknown. Gray fox mortality rates were compared between years (1997-98 vs 1998-99), sexes, and ages (adults vs pups). Monthly gray fox survival and mortality rates were totalled for a 12-month period (annual rate from May to April) for adults and for an 8-month period (from September to April) for pups (no pups were marked before they were 4 months old).

Survival and cause-specific mortality rates of radiomarked gray foxes were calculated using the computer program MICROMORT.


Participants ranked both injectables and IUDs as low risk. Injectables were the second most commonly used modern method at 2% in 2008 and the most commonly used modern method in 2013 at 3% [4, 29] . Given the perception that injectables pose low risk to the user in this study and in others, injectable use is likely to continue to gain momentum in Nigeria [30] . IUDs were also perceived as low risk by the study participants. It is possible that the IUD is considered low risk due to the limited understanding of this method, as made clear by variation in comments that surfaced in relation to this method. It is difficult to predict whether a better understanding of this method will lead to a positive or negative change in risk perception. This perception will likely be influenced heavily by how providers present the method to potential contraceptive users [31] .

Injectables were the second most commonly used modern method at 2% in 2008 and the most commonly used modern method in 2013 at 3%.

Given the perception that injectables pose low risk to the user in this study and in others, injectable use is likely to continue to gain momentum in Nigeria.

This perception will likely be influenced heavily by how providers present the method to potential contraceptive users.


Deformation can be described precisely and comprehensively by the mechanical strain tensor. In this study, we describe two-dimensional (2-D) images of the threedimensional (3-D) strain fields in sagittal and transverse planes of the intact human brain during mild acceleration of the head. We used a method originally developed to measure deformation of the heart (Zerhouni et al., 1988) . In this approach, magnetic resonance (MR) images of periodic motion are obtained with high temporal resolution by acquiring only a single line in the frequency domain (k-space) each repetition. Lines that move with the material are imposed on the tissue before deformation begins by applying magnetic field gradients between radiofrequency pulses. The technique causes harmonic variations of the longitudinal magnetization (Axel and Dougherty, 1989) . These "tag lines" move with the tissue, and can be tracked to characterize its kinematics (Zerhouni et al., 1988) . To achieve high temporal resolution, the deformation is repeated and a single spatial frequency is observed each repetition. With this approach we have obtained the first quantitative measurements of strain caused by known levels of acceleration. Such measurements are the key to clear understanding of injury biomechanics, including the integration of in vivo, in vitro, and numerical models.

We used a method originally developed to measure deformation of the heart.

The technique causes harmonic variations of the longitudinal magnetization.

These "tag lines" move with the tissue, and can be tracked to characterize its kinematics.


To evaluate the film morphology at different scales, we used AFM, TEM, and SEM. Representative images of different films are collected in Figure 1 . From these images one can see different morphologies depending on the polymer used as coating. Figures 1(a) and 1(b) show the AFM images of QDs deposited onto PS-MA-BEE and PMAO, respectively. Significant differences can be seen. Thus, the QDs films prepared on PS-MA-BEE are constituted by island-like aggregates of different sizes (Figure 1(a) ). The TEM image of this film (Figure 1(c) ), allows analysis of the island architecture, demonstrating high polydispersity degree in the island size. Conversely, the QDs film deposited onto PMAO LB film (Figure 1(b) ) presents higher coverage than that deposited onto PS-MA-BEE (Figure 1(a) ). TEM image of PMAO//QD film (Figure 1(d) ) presents a magnification of this film and shows isolated nanoparticles deposited along the film. Some regions without nanoparticles are observed in both AFM and TEM images. These regions can be compatible with zones less densely covered observed on the PMAO films used as substrate coating [45] . This fact seems to indicate that the QDs are preferentially adsorbed on PMAO.

Significant differences can be seen.

These regions can be compatible with zones less densely covered observed on the PMAO films used as substrate coating.


The results obtained in this work demonstrate that the morphology of the QDs films depends on the interfacial interactions between nanoparticles and the molecules employed to coat the solid substrate. The different morphologies were related to both the film wettability and the morphology of polymer and surfactant films used as substrate coatings. Thus the surfactant film showed the best wettability, and since it is constituted by close-packed surfactant molecules, this renders an almost continuous film of QDs. Conversely, when nanoparticles do not wet properly the film, the QDs aggregate in islands. This situation was observed for QDs deposited onto PS-MA-BEE films. An intermediate situation is observed for PMAO//QDs films. In this case, although the QDs wet the PMAO film well, the deposition is less efficient than on the surfactant. This fact is probably caused by the absence of covered polymer areas observed for PMAO films [45] . Finally, our results demonstrate that it is possible to modulate the QDs assembly on solids by modifying the nature of the molecules selected to coat the solid substrate.

This fact is probably caused by the absence of covered polymer areas observed for PMAO films.


The height profiles obtained from the AFM images were also determined, as shown in Figures 1(a) and 1(b) , and results demonstrated that the QD film height is independent of the polymer used as coating. The average value calculated from several images, (3 ± 1) nm, is compatible with the diameter of CdSe nanoparticles. Therefore, results demonstrate that deposition onto LB films of PS-MA-BEE and PMAO avoids the QDs 3D aggregation. These 3D structures were clearly observed when the QDs films are deposited on mica without previous treatment of the substrate [45] .

These 3D structures were clearly observed when the QDs films are deposited on mica without previous treatment of the substrate.


Under the conservancy setting, local people use natural resources sustainably through modern business principles. The benefits derived from the sale of wild animals, jobs, training opportunities and the acquisition of new skills are shared equitably. Similarly, in Botswana, the Natural Resources Management Programme (NRMP) has decentralised wildlife management by bestowing appropriate authority on Rural District Councils (RDCs) and District Land Boards (DLB), in which communities can obtain the right to engage in resource utilisation in controlled hunting areas by fulfilling requirements (Simasiku et al. 2008) .

Similarly, in Botswana, the Natural Resources Management Programme (NRMP) has decentralised wildlife management by bestowing appropriate authority on Rural District Councils (RDCs) and District Land Boards (DLB), in which communities can obtain the right to engage in resource utilisation in controlled hunting areas by fulfilling requirements.


In this context, an annex of the Hydrogen Implementing Agreement of the International Energy Agency was approved by the Executive Committee as "Task 38", to examine hydrogen as a key energy carrier for a sustainable and smart energy system. It is entitled "Power-to-Hydrogen and Hydrogen-to-X: System Analysis of the techno-economic, legal and regulatory conditions". Currently, the task brings together over 50 experts from 34 organizations in 15 countries [5] .

Currently, the task brings together over 50 experts from 34 organizations in 15 countries.


The balancing of the electricity grid is increasingly challenging as the installed renewable energy capacity is increasing. Solutions like creating a transmission super-grid, smart grids and demand management, or back-up capacity implementation could assist in overcoming this issue; but new measures that go beyond increasing transmission and distribution capacity and flexible generation or consumption will need to be introduced to manage the grid as the level of renewable energy sources is increased. In this context, hydrogen systems are part of the global discussion on energy system modernization [1] .

In this context, hydrogen systems are part of the global discussion on energy system modernization.


Many Power-to-Hydrogen demonstration projects are already underway or under construction. They cover diverse applications and have been deployed across a wide range of local and regional situations. A lot of studies have been published, including also some economic aspects [3] [4] . However, business models are not always clearly defined and reliable, and are very dependent on the local geographic, economic and energy landscape. There is a lack of global outlook on business models in this domain and there is no global overview on the macro-economic and systemic impacts of the role of hydrogen in the energy system. There is a rich contemporary literature, including articles in academic journals and industry-orientated reports, exploring the future potential of Power-to-Hydrogen and Hydrogen-to-X (PtHHtX). However, despite the vast literature, there is a lack of a systematic overview and a comprehensive understanding of the various technical and economic pathways for Power-toHydrogen and Hydrogen-to-X applications in diverse situations. This paper presents an extensive literature review of the current Power-to-Hydrogen and Hydrogen-to-X literature, and maps the state of the art of existing techno-economic modelling, scenarios, and roadmaps. The review undertaken for this work is not an exhaustive list of all hydrogen studies ever published. Rather, the aim has been to capture the diversity of the current literature by identifying groups of studies. Over 200 documents were reviewed with a methodology developed to analyze the variety of studies considered. The methodology will be detailed in next section, and the results in Section III.

A lot of studies have been published, including also some economic aspects.


Confidence in the results of the presented method can be achieved by comparison with other reference data sets, such as coastal AIS, VMS and LRIT data, mentioned in Section 2. In contrast to the openly broadcasted messages of the AIS system, VMS and LRIT are closed systems where only authorised users have access to the data. Examples of authorised users are governmental departments in charge of fisheries control, coastal administration, coast guard, police and customs. FFI has made comparisons between a spacebased AIS system operating on the nominal AIS channels with all these sources and found acceptable agreement with the results from the method presented. Because of the aforementioned data policy, only comparison with coastal AIS has been published (Helleren et al., 2012b) . The best fit was found for moving ships in open ocean areas, away from land-based interference; see Fig. 10 for a comparison. The fit is best for moving ships since the AIS system then requires the ships to transmit a large number of AIS messages during a typical satellite pass. Stationary ships transmit messages less often, decreasing the probability of reception by the space-based AIS system. Typically ships are not stationary when in the open oceans, and closer to land the alternative data sources provide good coverage. Since ships that are Fig. 8 . First access time probability of re-detecting an already detected ship using the AIS3 and AIS4 channels by the NORAIS Receiver.

Because of the aforementioned data policy, only comparison with coastal AIS has been published.

Since ships that are Fig. 8 .


Other methods to improve the space-based AIS system performance compared with the results presented in this paper are the use of multiple antennas in order to increase the probability of detecting messages that have experienced significant polarisation rotation (Helleren et al., 2008; Zhou et al., 2012; Picard et al., 2012; Maggio et al., 2014) . The rotation reduces the signal strength below the required signal-to-noise ratio for an antenna of the same polarisation as the transmission antenna. Two, or three, cross polarised monopole antennas will be able to account for more polarisation rotation of the messages, while at the same time individually suppressing overlapping messages of different polarisation rotation.

Other methods to improve the space-based AIS system performance compared with the results presented in this paper are the use of multiple antennas in order to increase the probability of detecting messages that have experienced significant polarisation rotation.


Determining which of the four methods (improving algorithms, multiple/better antennas, adding satellites or focussing on the space AIS channels) that will yield the greatest system performance improvement is not straightforward and depends on the end-user requirements. When more ships start to use the space AIS channels, the tracking capability of a space-based AIS system is most improved by decoding on these new channels. Adding a second satellite (or more) can have a larger positive impact on the time update interval and overall system redundancy than any of the other methods for improvement mentioned. Better algorithms and/or multiple/better antennae will result in more messages per ship, which can be used in value added services such as independent verification of the reported position from frequency shift estimation and data fusion (Skauen et al., 2013) . Furthermore, in Section 2.4 it was argued that some ships always have transmitted signal strengths too low to be received by a space-based AIS system and inspecting and overhauling the ship AIS equipment itself will be the best way to improve the ship detection probability by a space-based AIS system.

Better algorithms and/or multiple/better antennae will result in more messages per ship, which can be used in value added services such as independent verification of the reported position from frequency shift estimation and data fusion.


One of the main problems in the theory of subfactors is the classification of subfactors of the hyperfinite II 1 factor R. To this end Popa introduced a concept of amenability for subfactors and proved that the standard invariant is a complete invariant for amenable subfactors of R [16] . If the (hyperfinite) subfactor is not amenable, then invariants other than the standard invariant are likely to become important. In particular, if the Jones index [M : N ] is larger than 4 and the princi-pal graphs are A ∞ (this means that the standard invariant is "trivial", i.e. consists of just the Temperley-Lieb algebras), then it is not clear how to capture properties of such a subfactor. One attempt to try to do this is to study the group of subfactor automorphisms, i.e. outer automorphisms of M , which leave the subfactor N globally invariant.

One of the main problems in the theory of subfactors is the classification of subfactors of the hyperfinite II 1 factor R. To this end Popa introduced a concept of amenability for subfactors and proved that the standard invariant is a complete invariant for amenable subfactors of R.


These models were successfully applied to the WOCE Pacific dataset. For all of the models, the adjustments greatly reduced crossover differences and generally brought cruises into agreement within WHP target accuracies. The WLSQ adjustments are recommended as the most appropriate. A majority of these adjustments were distinguishable from zero within their uncertainties. This system is applicable to other water properties such as the carbon system (Lamb et al. 2001) .

This system is applicable to other water properties such as the carbon system.


The fracture of brittle materials is a result of crack initiation and propagation, namely the fracture process. Crack initiation takes place when the stress intensity factor K at a microcrack tip reaches a critical value, called the fracture toughness K c . After initiation, the fracture propagates and connects to other fractures, and, finally, the material reaches failure. The fracture toughness is one of the mechanical properties indicating resistance to crack initiation. It has been applied as: (a) a parameter for the classification of rock materials, (b) an index for rock fragmentation, and (c) a material property in the interpretation of geological features and in the stability analysis of rock structures, as well as in modeling the fracturing of rocks (Whittaker et al. 1992) . Estimation of the fracture toughness is important in order to understand the brittle fracture behavior of rocks.

It has been applied as: (a) a parameter for the classification of rock materials, (b) an index for rock fragmentation, and (c) a material property in the interpretation of geological features and in the stability analysis of rock structures, as well as in modeling the fracturing of rocks.


Digital watermarking is an effective solution for detecting copyright infringement and the illegal usage of digital products. The notion of watermarking is to embed extra information in an original signal, and when needed, the watermark can be extracted [17] . The embedding of additional information in the original signal, also known as host data, must be done in a way that does not interfere with the normal usage of data [31] . Hence, to be a successful watermarking scheme, the difference between the watermarked and the original signal should be imperceptible. In addition, the watermark should be robust against signal alteration, up to a point at which the host signal is damaged and loses its commercial value [32] .

The notion of watermarking is to embed extra information in an original signal, and when needed, the watermark can be extracted.

The embedding of additional information in the original signal, also known as host data, must be done in a way that does not interfere with the normal usage of data.

In addition, the watermark should be robust against signal alteration, up to a point at which the host signal is damaged and loses its commercial value.


Studies on the rates of smoking are generally conducted through self-reported surveys (SRs) because of their convenience and economic feasibility. However, SRs tend to produce results that underestimate the number of smokers, owing to social desirability response bias [5] [6] [7] . Furthermore, smoking among women is regarded more negatively in South Korea than in Western countries. For these reasons, South Korea's actual female smoking rate is also thought to be higher than what has been officially indicated [8] . Consequently, South Korea's distinction of having the lowest female smoking rate of all OECD countries (OECD's smoking rate includes participants aged 15 and above; http://stats.oecd.org/ Index.aspx) is subject to doubt.

However, SRs tend to produce results that underestimate the number of smokers, owing to social desirability response bias.

For these reasons, South Korea's actual female smoking rate is also thought to be higher than what has been officially indicated.


Vitamin E is the most labile in irradiation from all fat soluble vitamins [11] [12] [13] . Irradiation decreased α-tocopherol levels during irradiation of various kinds of meat [11] [12] [13] . The addition of tocopherols (in animal feed) leaded to the protection of phospholipids and cholesterol by breaking the chain of oxidation in meat fat [14] . Moreover, it prevented the loss of water detention, color and flavor of food during storage.

Vitamin E is the most labile in irradiation from all fat soluble vitamins.

Irradiation decreased α-tocopherol levels during irradiation of various kinds of meat.

The addition of tocopherols (in animal feed) leaded to the protection of phospholipids and cholesterol by breaking the chain of oxidation in meat fat.


The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 480,000 adults and children were living with HIV in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa in late 2007. Of the 190,000 persons who were estimated to be in need of antiretroviral therapy (ART), 51,812 (28%) were actually receiving ART [1] . Most of these patients had started ART within the previous three years, primarily thanks to support from the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria [2] .

Of the 190,000 persons who were estimated to be in need of antiretroviral therapy (ART), 51,812 (28%) were actually receiving ART.

Most of these patients had started ART within the previous three years, primarily thanks to support from the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.


In Ethiopia, while 37% of sexually active women were at a risk of pregnancy during the first 6 months of postpartum period. This risk increases to 64% among women 6-11 months postpartum, and then to 72% among women 12-23 months postpartum [9] . Although the majority of postpartum women indicate the desire to use contraceptives, contraceptive uptakes are often not offered to, or taken up by in first year of post-partum period [14] . This study therefore aims to assess the magnitude and determinants of contraceptive use in extended postpartum period. The study will help policy makers and health sector managers to pay attention to the issue, while also enabling women and their family's to adopt and utilize modern contraceptive methods in the extended postpartum period.

This risk increases to 64% among women 6-11 months postpartum, and then to 72% among women 12-23 months postpartum.

Although the majority of postpartum women indicate the desire to use contraceptives, contraceptive uptakes are often not offered to, or taken up by in first year of post-partum period.


According to the contemporary view, a service innovation is a novel (re)combination of resources (Gallouj & Weinstein, 1997; Lusch & Nambisan, 2015) . The extant literature assumes, at least implicitly, that organizations have access to the necessary resources, which they (re)combine and, finally, convert into service innovations. Thus, new service development (NSD) research has focused on how firms can do this effectively, advocating the use of formalized NSD processes along the design, analysis, development, and launch stages (Froehle, Roth, Chase, & Voss, 2000; Papastathopoulou & Hultink, 2012) . The rationale is that formalization increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the NSD process, which is positively associated with service innovation outcomes (Storey, Cankurtaran, Papastathopoulou, & Hultink, 2016) .

According to the contemporary view, a service innovation is a novel (re)combination of resources.

Thus, new service development (NSD) research has focused on how firms can do this effectively, advocating the use of formalized NSD processes along the design, analysis, development, and launch stages.

The rationale is that formalization increases the efficiency and effectiveness of the NSD process, which is positively associated with service innovation outcomes.


This study has a number of advantages in that it used state-wide data for all tertiary hospitals across NSW making it applicable across many centres, utilises a small number of variables that can be reliably obtained upon patient arrival by clerical and triage staff in ED. Used in this way, the derived risk score may potentially be used to rapidly identify patients suitable either for immediate in-patient bed allocation (high risk), further assessment in a medical or surgical assessment area (moderate risk), or streamed to a fast track area for those with anticipated discharge (low to negligible risk). In doing so, the time to disposition for patients in ED can be reduced resulting in improved patient flow and efficiency. It may also be used as a decision support at the bedside, perhaps integrated within clinical information systems or mobile devices to assist clinicians managing patients to safely decide where the most suitable destination for the patient should be [12] . Further studies are now warranted to evaluate this data modelling study and see if model performance translates in actual clinical practice and reduces ED decision times. These are currently being planned in New South Wales and will evaluate the risk score based on the performance reported in this study. Studies are also required to compare model performance against clinician based prediction. One single centre study from Westmead Hospital demonstrated that senior clinicians predicted ED discharge with a positive predictive value of around 0.90 however the positive predictive value for in-patient admission prediction was only around 55% [13] . A study from Queensland used data analytics to predict ED demand based on day of week and previous total ED presentations with the aim of forecasting bed requirements on an administrative level [14] . In contrast this study examined individual factors that predicted disposition with the aim of improving patient flow in ED. Increasing efficiency in ED has been shown to improve quality of care in ED and in-hospital mortality [15, 16] . ED performance is constrained by growing demand, overcrowding and a relatively junior and rotating workforce particularly after hours [15, 16] . These conditions are ideal for risk score based decision tools designed to reduce human factor variation in clinical decision making and to stream patients reliably into different clinical areas.

It may also be used as a decision support at the bedside, perhaps integrated within clinical information systems or mobile devices to assist clinicians managing patients to safely decide where the most suitable destination for the patient should be.

One single centre study from Westmead Hospital demonstrated that senior clinicians predicted ED discharge with a positive predictive value of around 0.90 however the positive predictive value for in-patient admission prediction was only around 55%.

A study from Queensland used data analytics to predict ED demand based on day of week and previous total ED presentations with the aim of forecasting bed requirements on an administrative level.

Increasing efficiency in ED has been shown to improve quality of care in ED and in-hospital mortality.

ED performance is constrained by growing demand, overcrowding and a relatively junior and rotating workforce particularly after hours.


Number of seed per plant. A very high response of 119.5% increase in number of seed over ambient control was observed at eCO 2 , showing more than two fold increase in the value. This indicates the character importance in yield increase as well as its response to eCO 2 , thereby impetuous, on yield contributing character that is to be laid in the crop improvement program. The enhancement of seed production was strongly correlated with the enhancement of seed nitrogen per plant under elevated CO 2 which was caused by increased N acquisition during the reproductive period. Legume species tend to acquire more N and produce more seeds at elevated CO 2 than non-nitrogen fixing species (Miyagi et al. 2007) .

Number of seed per plant.

Legume species tend to acquire more N and produce more seeds at elevated CO 2 than non-nitrogen fixing species.


The term Educational Technology is defined as "the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources" (Robinson, Molenda, & Rezabek, 2008) . E-learning, web-based learning, online learning, and IT-based learning are just a few examples for technological processes and resources based on Information Technology (IT). However, IT is a constantly evolving sector influencing many areas of all our lives. Thus, education is changing since IT allows for many new possibilities; especially in combination with the playful approach to learning. Playful learning, often also called edutainment, is a recent trend in academic education which focuses on the hands-on practice of learning instead of on the sit-and-listen approach, spanning between free play (in which the students play independently), and guided play (where an overseer directs their play) (Lillard, 2013) .

The term Educational Technology is defined as "the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources".

Playful learning, often also called edutainment, is a recent trend in academic education which focuses on the hands-on practice of learning instead of on the sit-and-listen approach, spanning between free play (in which the students play independently), and guided play (where an overseer directs their play).