Lima bean stands out as one of the most adapted leguminous crops in rainfed agriculture. However, it has low levels of productivity and a large fluctuation in production (DAHMER et al., 2008; ARAUJO et al., 2015) . Despite the greater rusticity and adaptability comparing to other legumes, studies focused on the characterization of lima bean and the search for genotypes with a high productivity in different environmental conditions are still incipient (ARAUJO et al., 2015) . In this context, data helping to increase the development and the productivity of lima bean are useful to increase the agronomic potential of this crop. The hypothesis according to which the inoculation of lima bean with PGPB Bacillus stimulates vegetative growth, which may result in a higher plant productivity, was tested in this study. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of inoculation of two varieties of lima bean with Bacillus sp. UFPEDA 472 on the growth of plants in a greenhouse.

However, it has low levels of productivity and a large fluctuation in production.

Despite the greater rusticity and adaptability comparing to other legumes, studies focused on the characterization of lima bean and the search for genotypes with a high productivity in different environmental conditions are still incipient.


Rusitu Valley is one of the principal banana-producing areas of Zimbabwe and they grow well in its low-lying areas (Mudyazvivi, 2010) . The smallholder communal farmers of the Rusitu Valley produce a large portion of the yield, although these statistics are not available (Mwashayenyi, 1995; Svotwa et al., 2007) . The crop is sold on the fresh market and due to its continuous fruiting habit, it is an important, reliable source of food and *Corresponding author. E-mail: chitambajc@gmail.com. Tel: +263 773 653 704.

Rusitu Valley is one of the principal banana-producing areas of Zimbabwe and they grow well in its low-lying areas.

The smallholder communal farmers of the Rusitu Valley produce a large portion of the yield, although these statistics are not available.

E-mail: chitambajc@gmail.com.

Tel: +263 773 653 704.


Building floating issues due to the increasingly larger and deeper underground basement at high water level have attracted wide attention recently. The anti-floating anchor, a kind of anti-floating method through connecting the anchor and soil, is widely used to solve these issues owing to its lower cost, shorter construction period, strong stratum adaptability, and less point force than traditional methods (kentledge, anti-floating pile, and drainage) [1] [2] [3] . However, due to the corrosive ions in groundwater, the ordinary steel anchor under aggressive environment inevitably suffers from chemical erosion, which seriously weakens the long-term structure strength.

The anti-floating anchor, a kind of anti-floating method through connecting the anchor and soil, is widely used to solve these issues owing to its lower cost, shorter construction period, strong stratum adaptability, and less point force than traditional methods (kentledge, anti-floating pile, and drainage).


Nowadays, glass fiber reinforcement plastic (GFRP), fabricated by extruding molten glass through an orifice, is one of the most popular alternatives of all fiber reinforcement plastics owing to its lower cost, higher tensile strength, and excellent insulation [6] . In-depth investigations of GFRP properties including pull-out performance and mechanism compared to ordinary steel anchors suggest (a) GFRP bars could alternate ordinary steel bars in most projects based on model tests and (b) the GFRP bar, owing to lower elasticity modulus, has a larger slippage at failure than steel bars [7] . What is more, a series of experiments have been conducted and revealed that higher concrete strength is beneficial for improving the pullout capacity and bond durability of GFRP anchor [8, 9] . However, GFRP bars and furthermore GFPR bars as anti-floating anchors are still unfamiliar to practicing Chinese engineers.

Nowadays, glass fiber reinforcement plastic (GFRP), fabricated by extruding molten glass through an orifice, is one of the most popular alternatives of all fiber reinforcement plastics owing to its lower cost, higher tensile strength, and excellent insulation.

In-depth investigations of GFRP properties including pull-out performance and mechanism compared to ordinary steel anchors suggest (a) GFRP bars could alternate ordinary steel bars in most projects based on model tests and (b) the GFRP bar, owing to lower elasticity modulus, has a larger slippage at failure than steel bars.

What is more, a series of experiments have been conducted and revealed that higher concrete strength is beneficial for improving the pullout capacity and bond durability of GFRP anchor.


The force transfer mechanism and failure mode of GFRP anti-floating anchors should be comprehensively studied to encourage their use in buildings. For this purpose, the first investigation should be the measurement method of axial force along depth. Conventionally, the axial force along depth is monitored by strain gage or fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors directly attached on the anti-floating anchor. However, these sensors may fall off during anchor installation and pullout tests. Another option is to embed a sensor in the anchor by initially cutting the anchor body, but the cutting-produced defects seriously damage the integrity of fiber reinforcing anchors, reducing the pullout strength of the anchor [10] . In this study, field pullout tests were conducted on three full-instrumented GFRP anti-floating anchors installed into rock base, and the naked FBG was innovatively embedded into the anchors during pultrusion to monitor the axial force. This study aimed to (a) verify the applicability of the GFRP anti-floating anchors in rock base, (b) evaluate the feasibility of FBG installation on these anchors, (c) investigate the headdisplacement response of these anchors during pullout tests, and (d) study the load transfer mechanism and failure mode based on field tests.

Another option is to embed a sensor in the anchor by initially cutting the anchor body, but the cutting-produced defects seriously damage the integrity of fiber reinforcing anchors, reducing the pullout strength of the anchor.


In Swedish agriculture, use of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide to improve the structure of clay soil is currently limited, despite reports of improvements in e.g. sugar beet yield (Berglund and Blomquist, 2002) . However, there is growing interest in one of the side-effects of improved soil structure through liming, namely a possible decreased risk of phosphorus (P) losses as a consequence of enhanced aggregate stability. Phosphorus is the growth-limiting nutrient for algae in inland waters such as the Baltic Sea Proper and inputs must be reduced to alleviate eutrophication and repeated cyanobacteria blooms (Boesch et al., 2006) . Swedish agriculture and forestry are the two largest sources of total nitrogen (N) and P loads to the Baltic Sea, accounting for roughly 60% of the total load (Ejhed et al., 2016) .

In Swedish agriculture, use of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide to improve the structure of clay soil is currently limited, despite reports of improvements in e.g. sugar beet yield.

Phosphorus is the growth-limiting nutrient for algae in inland waters such as the Baltic Sea Proper and inputs must be reduced to alleviate eutrophication and repeated cyanobacteria blooms.

Swedish agriculture and forestry are the two largest sources of total nitrogen (N) and P loads to the Baltic Sea, accounting for roughly 60% of the total load.


The 0.5 kW th and 50 kW th CLC units were operated in iG-CLC mode. Ilmenite, redmud and Tierga iron ore were used as oxygen carriers in the 0.5 kW th facility burning different solid fuels (anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite and biomass). But ilmenite has been the only material used in the 50 kW th plant burning bituminous coals; see Table 1 . In general, steam was used as fluidizing gas, which also acted as gasifying medium. Results obtained are presented in the form of CO 2 capture and total oxygen demand. The total oxygen demand is a useful parameter to evaluate the combustion efficiency of the CLC unit [3] .

The total oxygen demand is a useful parameter to evaluate the combustion efficiency of the CLC unit.


Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) of solid fuels is based on the direct feeding of the fuel, e.g. coal or biomass, into the fuel reactor, where it is devolatilized and in situ gasified in the so-called in situ Gasification CLC (iG-CLC). A conceptual diagram of processes happening in the fuel reactor is presented in Fig. 1 . In the iG-CLC concept, coal gasification is an intermediate step for coal conversion; see reactions (1)- (3) . Usually, steam is preferred to be used as gasifying agent, but CO 2 gasification can also happen due to the formation of CO 2 as a combustion product. In the same fuel reactor, oxidation of gasification products by reacting with oxygen carrier particles occurs; see reaction (4) . In addition, the water-gas shift reaction can modify the composition of gases; see reaction (5) . Usually, complete combustion is not reached, and an oxygen polishing step is required downstream in order to allow complete combustion to CO 2 and H 2 O by using a small fraction of pure oxygen; see Fig. 2 [2, 3] .

In the iG-CLC concept, coal gasification is an intermediate step for coal conversion; see reactions (1).

In the same fuel reactor, oxidation of gasification products by reacting with oxygen carrier particles occurs; see reaction.

In addition, the water-gas shift reaction can modify the composition of gases; see reaction.

Usually, complete combustion is not reached, and an oxygen polishing step is required downstream in order to allow complete combustion to CO 2 and H 2 O by using a small fraction of pure oxygen; see Fig. 2.


For spherical mechanisms, any moving point is constrained to the surface of a sphere and the spherical surfaces are concentric [3] . Spherical mechanisms are the simplest mechanisms capable of providing spatial motion [4] . By their nature, spherical mechanisms are compact [3] .

For spherical mechanisms, any moving point is constrained to the surface of a sphere and the spherical surfaces are concentric.

Spherical mechanisms are the simplest mechanisms capable of providing spatial motion.

By their nature, spherical mechanisms are compact.


It is therefore not possible to introduce experimental information without a substantial reformulation of the entire model. It should be noted that although this formulation seems to be rather efficient, experimental results have shown that other factors like freestream turbulence intensity, streamwise pressure gradient and wall roughness may affect the transition [1] [2] [3] . As a result, damping functions could not reliably predict such a different and complex physical process alone. Therefore, they could not be widely used in industrial computational fluid dynamics simulations.

It should be noted that although this formulation seems to be rather efficient, experimental results have shown that other factors like freestream turbulence intensity, streamwise pressure gradient and wall roughness may affect the transition.


UDCA was originally separated from the black bear [8] . In our previous work, UDCA was prepared by electroreduction of 7-ketolithocholic acid (3α-hydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid, 7K-LCA) [9] . UDCA and its epimer chenodeoxycholic acid (3α, 7α-2-hydroxy-5β-cholanic acid, CDCA) were both reduction products of 7K-LCA; thus, the product of this electrochemistry conversion was a mixture of 7K-LCA, UDCA, and CDCA, which are difficult to separate. This problem limits its application in the production of UDCA. The structures of UDCA, 7K-LCA, and CDCA are shown in Figure 1 .

UDCA was originally separated from the black bear.

In our previous work, UDCA was prepared by electroreduction of 7-ketolithocholic acid (3α-hydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid, 7K-LCA).


We also assessed whether our EEZy approach is effective for delivery of plasmid targeting vectors to generate CRISPR-mediated large genomic integrations as such has not been published to date using electroporation. We attempted to integrate a Venus reporter transgene by electroporation of Cas9 RNPs targeting the Gt(ROSA)26Sor locus and a plasmid vector already successfully used by conventional PNI [16] . Despite several efforts, we could not generate blastocysts with integration of the transgene with our approach even though INDELs were detected at high frequencies (S3 Fig) .

We attempted to integrate a Venus reporter transgene by electroporation of Cas9 RNPs targeting the Gt(ROSA)26Sor locus and a plasmid vector already successfully used by conventional PNI.


Successful CRISPR-mediated generation of large genomic integrations by electroporation of plasmid targeting vectors into mouse zygotes has not been published to date. Interestingly, an equivalent attempt of such integration by electroporation most recently also failed in rat zygotes [25] . The data suggested that plasmid vectors do not reach the nucleus although they were detected in the cytosol of the embryo upon electroporation. We therefore speculate that insufficient permeability of the nuclear membrane may also be responsible for the fact that we did not detect any transgene integration upon EEZy with a plasmid targeting vector.

Interestingly, an equivalent attempt of such integration by electroporation most recently also failed in rat zygotes.


To circumvent laborious in vitro transcription of sgRNA we next utilized synthetic guide RNA consisting of paired crRNA:tracrRNA complexes (pgRNA). The use of these commercially available pgRNAs for electroporation has recently been described but their impact on editing efficiency and embryo development compared to conventional sgRNA is unknown [18] . We did not detect a significant difference in HDR efficiency between EEZy with either sgRNA or pgRNA targeting Nphs2 (Fig 1D) . EEZy with sgRNA, however, clearly decreased embryo viability in our experiments ( Fig 1E) . This negative impact on embryo development was not observed when we compared the use of these types of guide RNAs in PNI ( Fig 1F) .

The use of these commercially available pgRNAs for electroporation has recently been described but their impact on editing efficiency and embryo development compared to conventional sgRNA is unknown.


In our model, instead of open chains of amino acids, we consider closed trajectories of n-simplices using the discrete differential geometry of n-simplices ( 2,3, n =  ) [16] [17] . Then, interaction of open chains of amino acids (i.e., proteins) is mimicked with "recombination", such as fusion and fission, of closed chains of n-simplices. The advantage of our model lies in the correspondence between the shape of a complex of closed trajectories of n-simplices and (a projection image of) the intersection of a pair of 1 n + -dimensional cones.

In our model, instead of open chains of amino acids, we consider closed trajectories of n-simplices using the discrete differential geometry of n-simplices ( 2,3, n =  ).


The controller synthesis problem is suitable to model purely antagonist interactions between a controller and an hostile environment. However in order to study more complex systems with more than two components whose objectives are not necessarily antagonists, we need multiplayer and non zero-sum games to model them adequately. Moreover, we are not looking for winning strategies, but rather try to find relevant notions of equilibria, for instance the famous notion of Nash equilibria [12] . On the other hand, only qualitative objectives have been considered so far to specify, for example, that a player must be able to reach a target set of states in the underlying game graph. But, in line with the previous point, we also want to express and solve games for quantitative objectives such as forcing the game to reach a particular set of states within a given time bound, or within a given energy consumption limit. In summary, we need to study equilibria for multiplayer-player non zero-sum games played on graphs with quantitative objectives. This article provides some new results in this research direction.

Moreover, we are not looking for winning strategies, but rather try to find relevant notions of equilibria, for instance the famous notion of Nash equilibria.


Despite its clear semantic importance, class name information (henceforth, 'nominal information') that is embedded inside objects of many mainstream OO programming languages is not included in the most recognized denotational models of OOP that exist today. Models of OOP that lack nominal information of mainstream OO languages are structural models of OOP, not nominal ones. Structural models of OOP have led PL researchers to make some conclusions about OOP that contradict the intuitions of the majority of mainstream OO developers. For example, the agreement of (type) inheritance, at the syntactic (i.e., program code) level, and subtyping, at the semantic (i.e., program meaning) level, is a fundamental intuition of OO developers using nominally-typed OO languages. However, extant denotational models of OOP led to the inaccurate conclusion that "inheritance is not subtyping" [11] .

However, extant denotational models of OOP led to the inaccurate conclusion that "inheritance is not subtyping".


There is yet another way to quantify the largeness of a matching. A maximal matching in G is a matching that cannot be extended to a larger matching in G. Clearly, every maximum matching is also maximal but the opposite is usually not true. Chemically, maximal matchings model the adsorption of dimers to a molecule, where each dimer bonds to a pair of adjacent atoms in the molecule. Any such adsorption pattern corresponds to a matching in the graph of the molecule, and once no further adsorption is possible, such a matching must be maximal. The best case of adsorption can be viewed as a maximum matching, while the worst case concerns the smallest possible maximal matching. This idea gives rise to the study of the saturation number of a graph G, which is the cardinality of any smallest maximal matching in G. Thus the saturation number is a measure of how inefficient the adsorption process can be. Aside from chemistry, the saturation number has a number of interesting applications in networks, engineering, etc. The saturation number of a graph is equal to the cardinality of an independent edge dominating set. Finding an independent edge dominating set in a graph is an NP-Hard problem [24] .

Finding an independent edge dominating set in a graph is an NP-Hard problem.


This paper considers both nanocones and nanotubes, which are carbon networks situated between graphene and fullerene in terms of structure. New upper and lower bounds on the saturation number of nanocones are established, which are asymptotically equal. In addition, lower bounds for the saturation number of two classes of nanotubes are presented, which improve recent results [23] .

In addition, lower bounds for the saturation number of two classes of nanotubes are presented, which improve recent results.


The first approach, personality, contains research that describes personality types or character traits. Based on Jungian psychology, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is one of the most widely known and used analysis of personality. MBTI examines how the individual perceives the world and makes decisions. The second approach, information processing, examines how students absorb and use new information. David Kolb's experiential learning model and learning styles inventory (LSI) is the most prominent theory and instrument used. The experiential learning model is a four stage circular process where for effective learning to occur, the learner must experience the entire cycle. Most students favor one part of the cycle over other parts hence their learning style preference. However, learning styles are not fixed and can change. The third approach, social interaction, focuses on how students behave in the classroom. A popular model, the Fuhrmann and Jacobs model classifies learners as dependent, collaborative, and independent. The fourth approach, instructional preferences, focuses on teaching methods and the learning environment. The Canfield Learning Style Inventory is a well known instrument for evaluating student instructional preference (Francis, Mulder, & Stark, 1995) . This paper examines the second approach, information processing. Kolb's experiential learning theory, the Learning Style Instrument for determining learning style preference, and how to effectively incorporate experiential learning theory into practice is reviewed. Integrating experiential learning theory into practice can be a daunting challenge for accounting faculty as we attempt to oblige different learning styles as well as our own learning style. However it is possible to develop instructional design to accommodate all learning styles through active learning.

The Canfield Learning Style Inventory is a well known instrument for evaluating student instructional preference.


Even though many studies on micro end milling have demonstrated the capability to provide information on chip formation, cutting forces, tool stresses, and temperature distribution, very limited work in the scientific literature deals with FE simulation by considering the effect of tool run-out in an integrated FE model. In the aforementioned studies, run-out was considered by combining mathematical models or other methods to the orthogonal FE model in the case of complex micro end milling operations [12, 13] . However, in this study, run-out was considered in an integrated model to carry out the simulation.

In the aforementioned studies, run-out was considered by combining mathematical models or other methods to the orthogonal FE model in the case of complex micro end milling operations.


Even though many studies on micro end milling have demonstrated the capability to provide information on chip formation, cutting forces, tool stresses, and temperature distribution, very limited work in the scientific literature deals with FE simulation by considering the effect of tool runout in an integrated FE model. In the aforementioned studies, run-out was considered by combining mathematical models or other methods to the orthogonal FE model in the case of complex micro end milling operations [12, 13] . However, in this study, run-out was considered in an integrated model to carry out the simulation.


According to the results, job characteristics had a significant strong negative relation to continuance commitment. High technology employees' work requires them to use a number of complex or high level skills. This gives them considerable opportunity for independence, skill proficiency and freedom in how they complete their work (Dubie, 2000; McEachern, 2001) . Continuance commitment creates a mindset of perceived costs, which compels the employees to stay in the organisation because of sunken costs (Meyer & Herscovitch, 2001) . The majority of the participants were between the ages of 25 and 29 and with organisational tenure of fewer than 5 years, which suggest that few organisational investments had been made. These high technology employees could thus easily resign because of their high skill set demand in the market and minimal investments in the company.

This gives them considerable opportunity for independence, skill proficiency and freedom in how they complete their work.

Continuance commitment creates a mindset of perceived costs, which compels the employees to stay in the organisation because of sunken costs.


High technology organisations are not just interested in retaining employees, but also creating a mutually beneficial interdependence with employees (McNee et al., 1998; Murphy, 2000) . The identified retention factors might serve as a means to demonstrate the organisation's support for, or commitment to, their employees and in turn cultivate a reciprocal attachment by employees. Employees' organisational commitment is related to their belief that the identified retention factors are motivated by the desire to retain good employees and to be fair in the treatment of employees (Tsui et al., 1995) .

High technology organisations are not just interested in retaining employees, but also creating a mutually beneficial interdependence with employees.

Employees' organisational commitment is related to their belief that the identified retention factors are motivated by the desire to retain good employees and to be fair in the treatment of employees.


In contrast to a medical understanding of mental health recovery as "cure," recovery as defined by people with lived experience of mental illness refers to an individual's ongoing and nonlinear journey towards creating and living "a meaningful and contributing life in a community of choice with or without the presence of mental health issues" [1] . With this definition of recovery, people using mental health services, or "consumers," are necessarily active and leading agents in their own recovery [2, 3] . Therefore, recovery cannot be done to, or for, consumers by service providers [4] . Rather, services are called on to adopt recovery-oriented practice to better support consumers as they take the lead in their unique recovery journeys [5] [6] [7] .

In contrast to a medical understanding of mental health recovery as "cure," recovery as defined by people with lived experience of mental illness refers to an individual's ongoing and nonlinear journey towards creating and living "a meaningful and contributing life in a community of choice with or without the presence of mental health issues".

With this definition of recovery, people using mental health services, or "consumers," are necessarily active and leading agents in their own recovery.

Therefore, recovery cannot be done to, or for, consumers by service providers.

Rather, services are called on to adopt recovery-oriented practice to better support consumers as they take the lead in their unique recovery journeys.


An artificial neural network code was developed to predict the convective heat transfer coefficient around a high pressure turbine blade. The code was trained by experimental input and output data of Arts and Camci [5, 6] . The results of the code for heat transfer coefficient were in good agreement with experimental results. For test case 2 with an incidence angle of 5 degree CFD analysis was carried out to find the heat transfer coefficients. Results obtained from CFD analysis were compared to neural network code results for the same case and it was seen that the neural network code has a capability for generalization to estimate heat transfer coefficient around the blade, especially for pressure side of the blade. Since the network is trained with data from one experiment and include flow parameters as inputs, this work should be considered as an introductory approach for application of artificial neural networks to gas turbine heat transfer studies. More robust networks can be generated from distinct sources and different geometries including both flow and geometrical parameters as inputs.

The code was trained by experimental input and output data of Arts and Camci.


Some limitations must be considered while interpreting our findings. As in any cross-sectional study, causation cannot be inferred and findings may not be generalizable to broader populations of older men and women with varying health status. In our study, the DII was derived from 30 of the original 45 food items. However, DII scores in several previous studies were based on equal or fewer food items [19, 21, 39] .

However, DII scores in several previous studies were based on equal or fewer food items.


The work most similar to ours is (Dušek and Jurcicek, 2016) . It is also in the domain of task oriented dialogue and they apply two-stage generation; first generating deep syntax dependency trees using a neural model and then generating the final utterance using a non-neural surface realizer. They found that while generation quality is initially higher from the two-stage model, when using a semantic reranker it is outperformed by an end-to-end seq2seq system.

The work most similar to ours is.


All the abovementioned studies are related to the parabolic pulse class of similaritons. Recently, a new type of similariton was generated in a passive fiber (without gain) under the combined effects of Kerr nonlinearity and dispersion [11, 12] . The applications of this similariton for temporal lensing / spectral compression, fine frequency tuning and femtosecond pulse imaging were also demonstrated [13, 14] .

Recently, a new type of similariton was generated in a passive fiber (without gain) under the combined effects of Kerr nonlinearity and dispersion.

The applications of this similariton for temporal lensing / spectral compression, fine frequency tuning and femtosecond pulse imaging were also demonstrated.


Morphometric data from autopsied lungs of infants that died with CLDI have demonstrated an arrest in alveolar development with fewer and larger alveoli producing an emphysematous appearance to the lung [26] . Although we hypothesised that CLDI infants would have lower lung density compared with full-term controls, we did not find a significant difference. This may reflect that the CLDI subjects we evaluated had significantly less severe parenchymal disease than the reported autopsied CLDI lungs. Alternatively, CT imaging provides a more macroscopic assessment of the lung parenchyma, which may not be sensitive enough to detect milder parenchymal disease, although it has detected emphysematous changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and anorexia nervosa [27, 28] . Our previous study found that the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (D L,CO )/alveolar volume (V A ) ratio was significantly lower in CLDI infants compared with full-term controls [6] . This finding is consistent with larger, but fewer alveoli; however, a thicker alveolar membrane secondary to increased collagen deposition could also account for lower D L,CO /V A . We found a greater heterogeneity of lung density for CLDI subjects, which could be related to the lung parenchyma having components that are denser, such as increased collagen, as well as components that are less dense, such as emphysematous changes. Our study is not able to identify the mechanisms for the greater heterogeneity of lung density in the CLDI subjects.

Morphometric data from autopsied lungs of infants that died with CLDI have demonstrated an arrest in alveolar development with fewer and larger alveoli producing an emphysematous appearance to the lung.

Alternatively, CT imaging provides a more macroscopic assessment of the lung parenchyma, which may not be sensitive enough to detect milder parenchymal disease, although it has detected emphysematous changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and anorexia nervosa.

Our previous study found that the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (D L,CO )/alveolar volume (V A ) ratio was significantly lower in CLDI infants compared with full-term controls.


To assess severity of illness the clinical data (duration and frequency of diarrhoea and vomiting and the presence of fever and dehydration) were determined. The severity of gastrointestinal disease was estimated with the numerical scoring system of Ruuska and Vesikari [12] . Rotavirus immunization status was also recorded.

The severity of gastrointestinal disease was estimated with the numerical scoring system of Ruuska and Vesikari.


Despite the radical evolution of data center infrastructure designs in the last decade, current designs still suffer from many limitations [1] . Infrastructure designs that can provide scalability, energy efficiency, and low cost to sustain the ever growing large-scale cloud services are a hot area for research. Advances in optical technologies and its proven performance in access networks have attracted many researchers to introduce PONs in the infrastructure design of future data centers. Here we propose a new architecture based on PONs, with the rationale of improving the data centre energy efficiency. The proposed architecture capitalises on the PON's capability to supply on demand elastic bandwidth to interconnect the data centre elements that provide processing power, memory, and storage. The use of PONs can also address many issues that have existed in conventional data center architectures for a while now, such as switch oversubscription and load balancing.

Despite the radical evolution of data center infrastructure designs in the last decade, current designs still suffer from many limitations.


The second step performs minimization of the total potential energy of the high-scoring docked complexes generated by the first step. Often, this is referred to as minimization of the CHARMM potential (or force-fields) or simply as energy minimization. During energy minimization, the larger molecule is generally held fixed whereas the side chain atoms of the smaller molecule (the ligand) are free to move. This accounts for the flexibility in the molecule. During each minimization iteration, the total potential energy of the complex is computed and a move to a neighboring point is made using a standard optimization technique. This is typically Newton-Raphson or quasi-Newtonian (L-BFGS). The minimization process is repeated until the energy converges to within a given threshold. Often up to a thousand iterations need to be performed per conformation, resulting in runtimes of about 30 seconds per conformation [1] .

Often up to a thousand iterations need to be performed per conformation, resulting in runtimes of about 30 seconds per conformation.


Another piece of motivation stems from the notion of geometric dg categories as introduced by Orlov [17] . He shows that any dg category whose homotopy category has a full exceptional collection can be embedded in (an enhancement of) the derived category of a smooth projective variety. This construction can be applied to the full exceptional collection describing the derived category of a quadric surface, but the resulting variety is constructed using iterated projective bundles and does not seem to have a geometric interpretation in terms of a moduli problem, unlike the embedding (1).

Another piece of motivation stems from the notion of geometric dg categories as introduced by Orlov.


Immediate contextual knowledge was varied by presenting participants with the three stimulus tapes in one of three conditions that were distinguished by the different information channels that were available. Unlike studies of the judgment of discrete emotional states, in which the visual channel is often accorded primary importance, the data from the present study revealed that the verbal content of the target person's conversation was the most significant clue for empathic accuracy. Having the visual cues available in addition to the verbal cues added very little to the perceivers' accuracy. When the verbal content was rendered unintelligible, leaving only paralinguistic cues, empathic accuracy was impaired to a great degree, but the residual accuracy component was still significantly different from zero. We would argue against the overgeneralization of any such channel effects, however, because of their dependence on the situational context in which they occur (DePaulo & Friedman, 1998; Friedman, 1978) . Rather than argue for the general primacy of a particular channel, it may be more productive to determine the conditions under which each channel may serve as the significant clue for the judgment task at hand.

We would argue against the overgeneralization of any such channel effects, however, because of their dependence on the situational context in which they occur.


Each patient's financial data, claim information, and discharge summary, which includes principal diagnosis, complications, and comorbidities during hospitalization, are recorded in the administrative database of the DPC system. These data are coded in the International Classification of Diseases and Injuries 10th Revision (ICD-10th) code. Additionally, this administrative database comprises comprehensive medical information, including all interventional or surgical procedures, medications including prescribed drugs, and some devices that have been indexed in the original Japanese code [13, 14] . The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan assigns these codes [11] [12] [13] [14] . The administrative database of the DPC system contains total medical costs, which include all prices for every completed procedure. These costs are obtained using a standardized fee-for-service payment system and are recorded in the nationally uniform fee table [13, 14] .

Additionally, this administrative database comprises comprehensive medical information, including all interventional or surgical procedures, medications including prescribed drugs, and some devices that have been indexed in the original Japanese code.

The Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan assigns these codes.

These costs are obtained using a standardized fee-for-service payment system and are recorded in the nationally uniform fee table.


RA is an autoantibody mediated disease. The sera of patients with RA contain a family of highly disease-specific autoantibodies termed ACPA which recognize citrulline-centered peptidic epitopes on many proteins, like filaggrin, vimentin, and fibrin. Citrullyls are arginyl residues that have been converted from their native basic form into a neutral variant by a posttranslational modification called deimination, mediated by peptidylarginine deiminases. ACPAs can be detected by a commercial ELISA assay containing a synthetic cyclic citrullinated peptide and identify 60% of RA patients. However, non-citrullinated proteins can also be the target of autoantibodies in RA. For instance RA-associated HLA-DR alleles are associated with presence of autoantibodies to synovial calpastatin in RA patients' sera [7] . We also identified peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) as an RA specific autoantigen [8, 16] . By using protein arrays, we recently found that BRAF is a major non-citrullinated autoantigen in RA. Indeed, 35% of RA patients' sera contain autoantibodies to BRAF's catalytic domain versus 4% of ankylosing spondylitis patients' and 6% of healthy individuals'. In this study, we mapped epitopes in the BRAF's catalytic domain and analysed the function of anti-BRAF autoantibodies.

RA is an autoantibody mediated disease.

For instance RA-associated HLA-DR alleles are associated with presence of autoantibodies to synovial calpastatin in RA patients' sera.

We also identified peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) as an RA specific autoantigen.


Secondary metabolism is key to plant adaptation to stress [12] . However, some molecules produced during primary metabolism can participate in stress response and provide plant defense properties. It has been demonstrated that amino acid concentration increases in saltstressed plants [2] . The low precipitation and dry weather of Sonora region expose plants to high temperatures and saline soils [13] . The adaptation of southern Sonora is via the accumulation of molecules in stress response.

Secondary metabolism is key to plant adaptation to stress.

It has been demonstrated that amino acid concentration increases in saltstressed plants.

The low precipitation and dry weather of Sonora region expose plants to high temperatures and saline soils.


Traditional medicine practice entails the use of natural resources like plants, animals, water and minerals. The use of plants as an alternative for the treatment of renal, gastrointestinal, rheumatism, liver, anti-diabetes, amongst other diseases, has increased over the years [8] . The bioclimatic conditions of southern Sonora, Mexico allow the plants to accumulate compounds as an adaptive mechanism in response to stress [9] . The accumulation of primary metabolites for development of plants is well defined.

The use of plants as an alternative for the treatment of renal, gastrointestinal, rheumatism, liver, anti-diabetes, amongst other diseases, has increased over the years.

The bioclimatic conditions of southern Sonora, Mexico allow the plants to accumulate compounds as an adaptive mechanism in response to stress.


Few studies have focused on quantitative amino acid analysis of these medicinal plants. Reports in the literature are related to results of intake or topical functions, which derive from their use in traditional medicine [14] . Fifteen amino acids were detected in each sample, but only aspartic acid (10.63 to 43.55 nM), glutamic acid (7.51 to 44.84 nM), serine (3.09 to 29.60 nM), glycine (4.69 to 58.17 nM), valine (4.18 to 28.40 nM), alanine (3.20 to 43.05 nM) and leucine (4.82 to 38.73 nM) are present in high concentrations. This is supported by the amino acid profile of Rizophora mangle L where protein/amino acid contents are dominated by acidic amino acids such as aspartic an glutamic acids, followed by neutral amino acids such as glycine [15] .

Reports in the literature are related to results of intake or topical functions, which derive from their use in traditional medicine.

This is supported by the amino acid profile of Rizophora mangle L where protein/amino acid contents are dominated by acidic amino acids such as aspartic an glutamic acids, followed by neutral amino acids such as glycine.


Recently, extracardiac conduit total cavopulmonary connection is adapted by many surgeons for repair of functional single ventricle and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vascular graft is commonly used as a conduit [8] [9] [10] [11] . By using a relatively simple technique of interposing a vascular graft between the IVC and the pulmonary artery, a very uniform tubular structure can be easily made and the hydrodynamical efficiency can be optimized. There is less risk of obstruction of pulmonary venous drainage or atrioventricular valve inflow and better long-term results are expected than other technical modification by reduction of atrium-related complications such as arrhythmia and thromboembolism, because no portion of the atrium is exposed to the high pressure Fontan circuit and the suture line on the atrium is minimized.

Recently, extracardiac conduit total cavopulmonary connection is adapted by many surgeons for repair of functional single ventricle and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vascular graft is commonly used as a conduit.


The current approach is to update a known files database with hashsets for every new software release or update [7, 8] . However, it is very difficult to accomplish this task in a satisfactory manner given the great diversity of software. In addition, law enforcement and government entities in each country or geographical region must make strong efforts to monitor software specific to their languages and markets, and generate the required hashsets.

The current approach is to update a known files database with hashsets for every new software release or update.


The level of abstraction of the reference model seems to be appropriate, but needs further specification concerning the shaping of the attributes of the information objects. Controls are relevant on different levels and are differentiated into company level, business and IT controls [4] . In addition, the focus in practice is put on key controls with the objective to achieve a concentration towards critical areas. Business processes are mentioned in every example including also management processes of GRC. The processes are divided into core and supporting processes in the practice examples, responsibilities are relevant on all hierarchy levels. Business documents are cited concerning the documentation of controls and the reporting system. It is proposed to classify risk into risk categories [47] . The examples show that financial performance indicators for profitability and costs are of importance for GRC. The value respectively the value creation of GRC is relevant as well. A number of further terms are of high relevance in the practice examples, but cannot directly be assigned to the information objects in the reference model and, therefore, are discussed here in more detail. Terms like "group", "division" and "national company" show the complexity of international groups. The reference model is basically able to show this by means of several models on different levels of hierarchy. The term "project" in the examples refers to projects dealing with the realisation of GRC requirements. But also business initiatives, especially in the IT sector, are realised by means of projects and are, hence, object of GRC-Management.

Controls are relevant on different levels and are differentiated into company level, business and IT controls.

It is proposed to classify risk into risk categories.


With respect to the relations of the information objects, it can be stated that relations are rarely looked at in the practical case studies and their analysis is further complicated by an inexact terminology. For instance, several times scoping is mentioned (information object, application area), but it is not clear, whether this refers to GRC requirements, control objectives, controls, risks or GRC guidelines. Partly, the relations themselves are described very generally. For instance, departments are to be oriented towards goals [48] .

For instance, departments are to be oriented towards goals.


Finally we return to the intriguing fact that minimum fine tuning plus correct dark matter abundance corresponds to a Higgs mass just above the LEP bound. As we have noted above this point is fixed by the current bounds on the SUSY spectrum and not by the current Higgs mass bound which is not included when doing the scans leading to Figure 1 . One may interpret the SUSY parameters corresponding to this point as being the most likely given our present knowledge and so it is of interest to compute the SUSY spectrum for this parameter choice as a benchmark for future searches. This is presented in Table 2 where it may be seen that it is somewhat non-standard with very heavy squarks and sleptons and lighter gauginos. This has some similarities to the SPS2 scenario [37] . Table 2 : A favoured CMSSM spectrum (∆ = 14.7). Masses are given in GeV .

This has some similarities to the SPS2 scenario.

Masses are given in GeV .


The relic density constraint is tested using MicrOMEGAs 2.2 [28] . The fine tuning distribution shows an interesting structure with a minimum close to the present LEP bound. This structure is largely generated by the λ dependence of v in eq(4).

The relic density constraint is tested using MicrOMEGAs 2.2.


Recent changes in Medicare reimbursement complicate the study of DXA rates, costs, and value. . Reimbursements for hospital-based testing were stable over this time frame [14] . These payment changes have been associated with a shift in testing from nonhospital to hospital settings and an overall slowing in the growth of DXA testing [14] [15] [16] 12] . The impact of these changes on health outcomes of patients is unclear [12] . It is equally unclear if payment changes resulted in slowed growth for all DXA testing or if the impact differed for more valuable, initial or longer-interval testing compared to low-value, clinically meaningless, short-interval repeat tests.

Reimbursements for hospital-based testing were stable over this time frame.

These payment changes have been associated with a shift in testing from nonhospital to hospital settings and an overall slowing in the growth of DXA testing.

The impact of these changes on health outcomes of patients is unclear.


Short-interval dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans (DXAs) are considered low-value because changes in bone density over a short time period are generally smaller than the measurement error inherent in the tests themselves [5] . As a result, in most patients, changes reported in a time interval of 2 years or less are likely to lack clinical significance and should not influence treatment decisions; they reflect wasted time and money [4] . Even at longer time intervals of 4 and 8 years, repeat tests may not improve prediction of fracture risk made from initial DXA tests [4, [6] [7] [8] [9] . Until 2011, Medicare beneficiaries were responsible for a 20 % cost share for screening and monitoring bone density tests; since January 1, 2011, DXAs have been exempt from patient cost share [10] . The full cost is borne by taxpayers.

Short-interval dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans (DXAs) are considered low-value because changes in bone density over a short time period are generally smaller than the measurement error inherent in the tests themselves.

As a result, in most patients, changes reported in a time interval of 2 years or less are likely to lack clinical significance and should not influence treatment decisions; they reflect wasted time and money.

Even at longer time intervals of 4 and 8 years, repeat tests may not improve prediction of fracture risk made from initial DXA tests.

Until 2011, Medicare beneficiaries were responsible for a 20 % cost share for screening and monitoring bone density tests; since January 1, 2011, DXAs have been exempt from patient cost share.

The full cost is borne by taxpayers.


Although many NGO projects promote the cultivation and local use of Artemisia annua, this is the first published evaluation of such a project. Although only a small sample of partners was interviewed, it is clear that local small-scale cultivation and preparation of A. annua are feasible in East Africa, within the context of broader development projects promoting self-reliance [14] . The church seems to have a better infrastructure than the formal health system, particularly in remote areas, and can reach communities which have no health services. The main practical problem was that cultivation was adversely affected by droughts in several areas. In drought-prone areas, drought-resistant anti-malarial plants such as Argemone mexicana would be more suitable [16] [17] [18] . Artemisia annua is more suited to highland areas with better rainfall.

Although only a small sample of partners was interviewed, it is clear that local small-scale cultivation and preparation of A. annua are feasible in East Africa, within the context of broader development projects promoting self-reliance.

In drought-prone areas, drought-resistant anti-malarial plants such as Argemone mexicana would be more suitable.


There was a positive correlation between the dry grain yield (GY) and the grains yield in silage maturity (GYS) (0.57) ( Table 4) , showing that corn hybrids with high grain yield tend to also exhibit high grain participation in the silage. The vitreousness correlated positively with the CP content ( Table 4 ), demonstrating that a higher CP content may have a linear relationship with the vitreous endosperm proportion; however, the index correlation was of a low magnitude (0.40). This behavior can be related to the definition of vitreousness, which expresses the vitreous grain proportion and is characterized by having dense protein matrix surrounding the starch granules; thus, if there is an increase in vitreousness, an increase in protein content can occur (Majee et al., 2008; Piovesan et al., 2011) .

This behavior can be related to the definition of vitreousness, which expresses the vitreous grain proportion and is characterized by having dense protein matrix surrounding the starch granules; thus, if there is an increase in vitreousness, an increase in protein content can occur.


Diagnosis of PROM is easy when the rupture is obvious, but difficult and indeed impossible when the rupture is minimal. Several markers have been studied to diagnose PROM but there is still limitation with a gold standard test for the diagnosis [1] . Therefore, any biochemical test used to establish a correct diagnosis must be reliable, simple and rapid [3] .

Several markers have been studied to diagnose PROM but there is still limitation with a gold standard test for the diagnosis.

Therefore, any biochemical test used to establish a correct diagnosis must be reliable, simple and rapid.


This study examines the effect of "WhatsApp" usage on the attitudes of students toward English self-efficacy and English course in English language education outside the school. Hence, an application that lasts 8 weeks was implemented and the quantitative and qualitative processes were used to examine the effects of this application. At the end of the research, a statistically meaningful difference was observed as the effect of WhatsApp usage on the self-efficacy beliefs of students for reading in English. The data obtained from the separate qualitative process prove this argument as well. At the end of the survey, students declared that they experienced a positive increase in self-efficacy beliefs about reading, they had more confidence in themselves, in this regard, when they are reading a text in English. When we review the literature, it was comprehended that using WhatsApp has a positive effect on the reading of English (Plana, Gimeno, Appel, & Hopkins, 2013) . Also in the literature, it was apprehended that using WhatsApp encouraged students to read and it helped the students to believe in themselves (Plana, Gimeno, Appel, & Hopkins, 2013; Alshammari, Parkes, & Adlington, 2017) . The findings obtained correspond to the studies mentioned in the literature.

When we review the literature, it was comprehended that using WhatsApp has a positive effect on the reading of English.

Also in the literature, it was apprehended that using WhatsApp encouraged students to read and it helped the students to believe in themselves.


Specialists in the field of foreign language education apprehend the problems experienced in Turkey. According to the literature, the sources of the difficulties experienced are based on the following reasons; the fact that the education isn't based on practice, the motivation levels of the students and the attitudes of the students toward the course (Aydın & Zengin, 2008; Baran & Halıcı, 2006; TEPAV, 2014) . Thus, the effect of "WhatsApp" as social media on attitudes of the students toward the English course and self-efficacy beliefs of the students will be examined in this study. In this context, this study is considered to contribute to the related literature.

According to the literature, the sources of the difficulties experienced are based on the following reasons; the fact that the education isn't based on practice, the motivation levels of the students and the attitudes of the students toward the course.


Acknowledging the studies conducted before, it is comprehended that almost 2/3 of Turkey's population uses social media (Kemp, 2018) . Hence, it is inevitable to use a technology in education since it has been so involved in society. When we examine the researches conducted on social media and education, we find out that there are many studies outside Turkey although there are very few studies conducted in Turkey (Gökmen, Duman, & Horzum, 2016; Şahan, Çoban, & Razı, 2016) . Consequently, conducting a study on this topic will considerably contribute to the literature.

Acknowledging the studies conducted before, it is comprehended that almost 2/3 of Turkey's population uses social media.

When we examine the researches conducted on social media and education, we find out that there are many studies outside Turkey although there are very few studies conducted in Turkey.


Since the early 2000s, chemical standards including veterinary drug and other chemical residues have become the most serious challenges in the international seafood trade (Ababouch et al., 2005) . These challenges are because of improvements in available analytical technologies and increasing awareness and concern of consumers and regulators on food safety and quality in developed countries. The paper makes a contribution to the ongoing discussion on whether food safety standards (non-tariff measures) act as catalysts or barriers to trade. The hypothesis of standards as barriers is tested via the conventional OLS gravity model as well as the alternative zero-accounting specifications of the gravity model. In addition, the paper brings in further discussions on applications of alternative gravity model specifications to address problems encountered by the conventional gravity model specification such as zero trade flows and heteroskedasticity.

Since the early 2000s, chemical standards including veterinary drug and other chemical residues have become the most serious challenges in the international seafood trade.


We also explored the distribution of macronutrients ( Table 5 ). The major energy source was carbohydrates in both younger and older children, followed by fat and protein. Median percentages were similar at different ages, and energy distribution was similar to the KDOQI guidelines recommendation [1] .

Median percentages were similar at different ages, and energy distribution was similar to the KDOQI guidelines recommendation.


Part of the motivation for studying the asymptotics of the normalizing constant is that many important summary statistics can be expressed in terms of it. However, there are of course important summaries that do not involve such simple representations, such as the median. We were therefore unable to exploit our asymptotic series to improve on the current best approximation of Daly and Gaunt [3] . We leave this and related approximations as interesting further open problems.

We were therefore unable to exploit our asymptotic series to improve on the current best approximation of Daly and Gaunt.


A Prüfer v-multiplication domain, for short a PvMD, is a domain whose localizations at tmaximal ideals are valuation domains [22] . For this reason, the ideal-theoretic properties of valuation domains globalize to t-ideals of PvMDs and several properties of ideals of Prüfer domains hold for t-ideals of PvMDs: for example a domain is a PvMD if and only if each t-finite t-ideal is t-invertible. The aim of this paper is to show that, introducing suitable t-analogues of some distinguished properties of integral domains, Prüfer domains and PvMDs have a similar behaviour also from the ring-theoretic point of view. We recall that the class of PvMDs, besides Prüfer domains, includes Krull domains and GCD-domains.

A Prüfer v-multiplication domain, for short a PvMD, is a domain whose localizations at tmaximal ideals are valuation domains.


We introduce the notion of w-stability in Section 2. We say that a w-ideal I of a domain R is w-stable if I is w-invertible in the overring E(I) := (I : I), that is (I(E(I) : I)) w = E(I), and say that R is w-stable if each w-ideal of R is w-stable. For a more general notion of stability with respect to a semistar operation we refer the reader to the forthcoming paper [16] .

For a more general notion of stability with respect to a semistar operation we refer the reader to the forthcoming paper.


The estimates provide values of micro and macro parameters through time that a¤ect the dynamics of the variables. Fig. 17 through Fig. 19 (Appendix C) suggest that our results are stable over the various periods. These …gures also suggest that structural deep parameters ( , , , ) change without displaying any drift (see Appendix A for parameters description). During crisis periods, these changes appear to result from structural economic changes rather than statistical artifacts (Hurtado, 2014) . Furthermore, the online appendix shows that the standard deviations of the structural parameter posterior means over our crisis periods are signi…cantly lower than those of the non-structural and macro parameters.

During crisis periods, these changes appear to result from structural economic changes rather than statistical artifacts.


It can be argued that adding frictions to models may improve the insample …t (Bekiros and Paccagnini, 2015; Villa, 2016) . However, when comparing two di¤erent models that share neither the same historical variables (time series used for estimation) nor the same household's preferences, such view is not applicable. Model 1 contains three historical variables (output, in ‡ation and interest rate) whereas Model 2 contains four historical variables (output, in ‡ation, interest rate and money) and a di¤erent household's utility function. Hence, a comparison of the two models through their in-sample …ts is not relevant in our case.

It can be argued that adding frictions to models may improve the insample …t.


For the tribology of most materials, including aluminum and Al-MMCs, ''third bodies'' at the sliding interface ultimately dictate the tribological behavior [24, 25] . Third bodies develop due to deformation-induced physical, chemical, and microstructural changes of material at the sliding interface, and often exhibit distinct properties compared to the unworn first bodies [26, 27] . The phenomena of material transfer, mechanical mixing, and wear debris formation are largely third body material flows, and the magnitude of these flows influences the overall performance of the sliding system in terms of friction and wear [24] . In the large body of literature on the tribology of Al and Al-MMCs, assignment of mechanisms is most often done solely with ex situ characterization of worn surfaces occurs ex situ, i.e., after the test, which provide only static details from which the behavior of third bodies during the test must be inferred.

For the tribology of most materials, including aluminum and Al-MMCs, ''third bodies'' at the sliding interface ultimately dictate the tribological behavior.

Third bodies develop due to deformation-induced physical, chemical, and microstructural changes of material at the sliding interface, and often exhibit distinct properties compared to the unworn first bodies.

The phenomena of material transfer, mechanical mixing, and wear debris formation are largely third body material flows, and the magnitude of these flows influences the overall performance of the sliding system in terms of friction and wear.


While aluminum and its alloys are highly valued for their corrosion resistance, low density, and high thermal conductivity, their poor tribological behavior limits their use in many applications. For pure aluminum, the lack of alloying elements is a benefit for corrosion resistance, but a significant detriment to mechanical and tribological properties [1] . A popular compromise for applications requiring both corrosion and wear resistance is aluminum matrix composite (Al-MMC) materials, which utilize secondary phases, commonly based on SiC or Al 2 O 3 , to provide mechanical reinforcement of the aluminum matrix [2] . Reinforcing phases may be continuous (long fibers) or discontinuous (particles and short fibers), depending on the application and processing route. Al-MMC materials can have corrosion resistance comparable to un-reinforced pure aluminum but substantially lower wear rates in most wear regimes [3] [4] [5] [6] .

For pure aluminum, the lack of alloying elements is a benefit for corrosion resistance, but a significant detriment to mechanical and tribological properties.

A popular compromise for applications requiring both corrosion and wear resistance is aluminum matrix composite (Al-MMC) materials, which utilize secondary phases, commonly based on SiC or Al 2 O 3 , to provide mechanical reinforcement of the aluminum matrix.

Al-MMC materials can have corrosion resistance comparable to un-reinforced pure aluminum but substantially lower wear rates in most wear regimes.


Presently, there is no "cure" for RRP, and no single adjuvant treatment has reliably been shown to be effective in eliminating RRP [6] . The backbone of RRP therapy is surgical excision to debulk the papilloma without injuring the normal tissues [7] . A characteristic feature of this disease is the tendency for the papilloma to reappear after surgical excision, causing JORRP patients to have an average 4.4 surgeries per year [1, 6, 7] . One of the limitations for investigating RRP treatment has been the lack of a suitable cell culture system. As reported previously, Conditional reprogramming (CR) allows rapid and efficient isolation and propagation of primary tumor cells [8, 9] . In contrast to existing conventional cancer cell lines, the conditionally reprogrammed (CR) tumor cells maintain the cancer-specific mutations and phenotypic heterogeneity typically seen in the primary tumor [10] [11] [12] . Therefore, CR cells represent an advanced cancer model for preclinical drug development. In the past, we isolated and propagated CR cultures from an HPV-11-positive RRP patient. We utilized the generated cell line to detect an HPV-11 mutation that may have been responsible for the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pvr.2019.100181 Received 28 June 2018; Received in revised form 23 July 2019; Accepted 21 August 2019 observed aggressive clinical phenotype. We also used the patient's cells for a limited drug screening and identified vorinostat, an HDAC inhibitor, as a potential treatment and subsequently showed that vorinostat was effective for arresting tumor growth in the patient [13] .

Presently, there is no "cure" for RRP, and no single adjuvant treatment has reliably been shown to be effective in eliminating RRP.

The backbone of RRP therapy is surgical excision to debulk the papilloma without injuring the normal tissues.

A characteristic feature of this disease is the tendency for the papilloma to reappear after surgical excision, causing JORRP patients to have an average 4.4 surgeries per year.

As reported previously, Conditional reprogramming (CR) allows rapid and efficient isolation and propagation of primary tumor cells.

In contrast to existing conventional cancer cell lines, the conditionally reprogrammed (CR) tumor cells maintain the cancer-specific mutations and phenotypic heterogeneity typically seen in the primary tumor.

We also used the patient's cells for a limited drug screening and identified vorinostat, an HDAC inhibitor, as a potential treatment and subsequently showed that vorinostat was effective for arresting tumor growth in the patient.


From the dynamic measurements, it can be observed that, for a certain protein and microalgae concentration, higher oil content induces a reinforcement of the emulsion structure. This is demonstrated by the increase of the plateau modulus ðG 0 N Þ. For the emulsion systems with addition of microalgal biomass, the G 0 N value is significantly higher than for the standard. It is possible to produce emulsions with 55% oil that were more structured than the emulsions with 65% oil and no microalgal biomass addition. This result supports the potential use of using microalgae material to act as a fat mimetic, besides the possible advantages as colouring and antioxidant agent. This behaviour can be explained by the increase of the viscosity of the continuous phase of the emulsion, by the microalgal material, with a mechanism similar to that previously observed for xanthan gum (Raymundo et al., 2002; Xie & Hettiarachchy, 1997) . Possible interactions between pea protein and microal-gal biomass can also contribute to the reinforcement of the emulsion structure through the formation of physical entanglements (Clark, Wilde, Wilson, & Wustneck, 1992; Riscardo, Franco, & Gallegos, 2003) . This effect was more significant for Cv green a fact which must be related to its higher protein content (60% for Cv green against 6% for Cv orange).

This behaviour can be explained by the increase of the viscosity of the continuous phase of the emulsion, by the microalgal material, with a mechanism similar to that previously observed for xanthan gum.

Possible interactions between pea protein and microal-gal biomass can also contribute to the reinforcement of the emulsion structure through the formation of physical entanglements.


Unfortunately, current re-identification datasets lack significant diversity in the number of lighting conditions, since they are usually limited to a relatively small number of cameras (the same person is registered under a handful of illumination conditions). Models trained on these datasets are thus biased to the illumination conditions seen during training. One can increase the model generalization by merging multiple re-identification datasets into a single dataset and training the network as joint single-task learning [8] . In this approach, the learned models show generalization properties but only upon fine-tuning [9] . This is because the merged datasets contain tens of different lighting conditions, which might not be sufficient to generalize. To apply the previously trained model to a new set of cameras, we need to annotate hundreds of subjects in each camera, which is a tedious process and does not scale to real-world scenarios.

One can increase the model generalization by merging multiple re-identification datasets into a single dataset and training the network as joint single-task learning.

In this approach, the learned models show generalization properties but only upon fine-tuning.


Enhancing material performance by using nanoparticles already has considerable achievements in the past decades. Nanoparticles (nano-additives) are added to the working fluid to form nanofluids which have been widely used to enhance the thermal conductivity, heat transfer performance, and tribological properties of the working fluid [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . In recent years, many researchers have added nanoparticles to oils in order to fabricate nano-oils that can improve the tribological properties of oil in order to enhance the operating efficiency and the life of machinery.

Nanoparticles (nano-additives) are added to the working fluid to form nanofluids which have been widely used to enhance the thermal conductivity, heat transfer performance, and tribological properties of the working fluid.


Another diverse genus of mistletoe is Amyema (Loranthaceae), with the greatest richness (36 species) occurring in Australia (Barlow 1992) . Despite at least one representative of this genus occurring in almost every woodland and forest type on the continent (from tropical rainforests and mangroves to arid shrublands and coastal heaths), there has been remarkably little research conducted on the group as a whole. Although several species have been the subject of substantial research in south-eastern Australia, this has been on an ad hoc basis and there are many gaps in our understanding of the ecology of this genus.

Another diverse genus of mistletoe is Amyema (Loranthaceae), with the greatest richness (36 species) occurring in Australia.


As illustrated above, several approaches to prepare chemical IGs can be found in the literature. However, to our knowledge, all of them are based on aprotic ILs (e.g., imidazoliums, pyridiniums, and phosphoniums), and none on a protic IL. In general, the fluidities and attendant conductivities of protic ILs tend to be much higher than those of aprotic ILs [2, 19] . Here, we describe the formation of x-linked ionogels (x-IGs) via dissolution of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) in ethylammonium nitrate (EAN, a protic ionic liquid) and the subsequent photopolymerization of PEGDA. Structural, mechanical and dielectric properties of the resulting ionogels are probed via small angle neutron scattering, torsion and uniaxial compression mechanical tests and dielectric spectroscopy, respectively. The interrelation between these properties as well as their dependence on temperature and composition is studied.

In general, the fluidities and attendant conductivities of protic ILs tend to be much higher than those of aprotic ILs.


Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts composed of poorly coordinated ions, which results in low melting temperatures (typically T m < 100 C or T m < 25 C for the case of room temperature ionic, RTIL). These compounds exhibit remarkable properties, such as high stability (both thermal and chemical), low flammability, negligible vapour pressure, and high ionic conductivity [1e3] . In some instances, however, it is desirable to restrict the fluidity of ILs, while keeping their unique properties for their use in solid electrolytes, and separation membranes or similar devices [4e8] . One way to achieve this is by the in situ formation of a three-dimensional network that percolates through the IL [9] . This network imparts solid-like properties to the resulting materials (commonly named ionogels) with minimal decrement of the IL inherent properties.

One way to achieve this is by the in situ formation of a three-dimensional network that percolates through the IL.


The discrepancy between the utility of variable stars and the available observational data has prompted several contemporary projects aimed at regular monitoring of the optical sky. The current state of the art has also greatly benefited from past and present microlensing searches (Paczyński 2001) . We list here some of the more prominent surveys in terms of sky coverage, depth, and cadence.

The current state of the art has also greatly benefited from past and present microlensing searches.


Ni-Co alloy foil exhibits many excellent properties such as corrosion resistance, ductility, brightness, good strength, hardness and stable beneficial magnetic properties. So Ni-Co alloy foils are typical magnetic materials applicable in several fields, such as soft-magnetic and giant-magneto-resistive (GMR) materials [1] [2] [3] . Ni-Co alloy foils can be fabricated in several methods such as smelting and electrodeposition. However, the method of electrodeposition is the simplest, most economical, reliable and reproducible technique. Experimental studies on the electrodeposition of Ni-Co alloy by DC current or pulse currents were carried out by a number of researchers [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . The functional properties of electrodeposited Ni-Co alloy foil depend greatly on their composition, which should be strongly affected by deposition parameters. In this paper, no complexing agent was used, Ni-Co alloy foils with a wide range of alloy composition are prepared by changing electrodeposition parameters.The influences of electroplating parameters on the compositions of Ni-Co alloy foils and the current efficiency were discussed.

So Ni-Co alloy foils are typical magnetic materials applicable in several fields, such as soft-magnetic and giant-magneto-resistive (GMR) materials.

Experimental studies on the electrodeposition of Ni-Co alloy by DC current or pulse currents were carried out by a number of researchers.


Another option for dealing with low bulk density feedstocks is to perform an initial saccharification of a dilute slurry, then remove the non-fermentable through filtration or centrifugation, and finally concentrate liquid through evaporation to achieve a clean solution with the desired sugar concentration for fermentation. One disadvantages of this method would be feedback inhibition of the enzymes during saccharification, resulting in incomplete sugar release [4, 5] . Also, if the non-fermentable solids are not washed, some sugar will be lost with these solids. The other major disadvantage of this approach would be the large amounts of energy necessary to concentrate the sugar solutions, especially if solids are washed.

One disadvantages of this method would be feedback inhibition of the enzymes during saccharification, resulting in incomplete sugar release.


Submerged bioreactors have traditionally been used for fermentation processes, including large scale systems common in corn ethanol facilities. Submerged bioreactors allow for precise control of temperature, pH, agitation, aeration, and mass transfer. The chief limitation is viscosity of the fermentation broth, as this limits mixing/mass transfer, and dramatically increases agitation energy requirements [1] . Thus, the solids loading rate in submerged bioreactors is limited by flow characteristics of the slurry and the forces exerted on the motor and impellers. Different types of solids can result in significantly different flow properties, even at the same solid loading rate [2] . For example, corn ethanol production typically employs >30% solid loading rate to achieve ethanol titers of >150 g/L. However because lignocellulosic biomass has a much lower bulk density, it is estimated that submerged bioreactors will only accommodate 10-15% solid loading, resulting in ethanol titers of 40-60 g/L [3] . These dilute, slurries will require substantially larger bioreactor volumes (and operational costs) along with greater energy input for ethanol recovery.

The chief limitation is viscosity of the fermentation broth, as this limits mixing/mass transfer, and dramatically increases agitation energy requirements.

Different types of solids can result in significantly different flow properties, even at the same solid loading rate.

For example, corn ethanol production typically employs >30% solid loading rate to achieve ethanol titers of >150 g/L. However because lignocellulosic biomass has a much lower bulk density, it is estimated that submerged bioreactors will only accommodate 10-15% solid loading, resulting in ethanol titers of 40-60 g/L.


The flexible (hybrid) flowshop consists of a several (consecutive) production workstations, with each workstation having several parallel pieces of equipment that can process lots/operations simultaneously. Additionally, each lot is processed on only one piece of equipment in each workstation; then, the completed lot is transported to the next workstation for the next operation. Hybrid flowshops can be found in many manufacturing firms, especially in fields related to state-of-the-art technology. Therefore, it is very important to develop an efficient and effective scheduling methodology for use in intelligent automated manufacturing systems. Usually, when the equipment becomes idle, a lot should be chosen to be processed from among the waiting lots. In the flexible flowshop considered here, several dispatching rules for selecting the jobs are devised by using previous results [17] .

In the flexible flowshop considered here, several dispatching rules for selecting the jobs are devised by using previous results.


Also, in this problem, a setup operation is also considered, in which it is necessary to change the recipe of the lot between different jobs. If the time required for the setup operation-i.e., setup time-is relatively long compared with the processing time, opportunity/setup cost may be incurred. Hence, to reduce the number of setup operations, it is necessary to process lots belonging to the same type consecutively. However, if lots of same type of job are processed consecutively, other types of job may be delayed, and holding costs may be increased. That is, there is a trade-off between holding and setup cost. Consequently, the determination of size of lot with the same type job is important in this research, and to decide the size of lot, the economic lot-sizing model is adopted [18] [19] [20] .

Consequently, the determination of size of lot with the same type job is important in this research, and to decide the size of lot, the economic lot-sizing model is adopted.


In terms of the fourth industrial revolution, or industry 4.0, the issue of innovative production scheduling has recently been raised in Korea, and is defined as production scheduling that uses big data, cyber-physical systems (CPS), internet of things, cloud computing and mobile networks, and so on in its system of operations [6, 7] . Within this environment, one of the most important things is to develop an efficient and effective scheduling algorithm for enhancement of quality, cost, delivery and flexibility. Subsequently, it would be possible to implement that algorithm for manufacturing applications at the operational level in many types of facilities [8, 9] . In this sense, mathematical models can make significant contributions to the literature on open innovation and the fourth industrial revolution, fulfilling the above-mentioned aims in an optimal way.

In terms of the fourth industrial revolution, or industry 4.0, the issue of innovative production scheduling has recently been raised in Korea, and is defined as production scheduling that uses big data, cyber-physical systems (CPS), internet of things, cloud computing and mobile networks, and so on in its system of operations.

Subsequently, it would be possible to implement that algorithm for manufacturing applications at the operational level in many types of facilities.


In this paper, the minimization of the total tardiness of jobs is used as a performance measure. Even though there are lots of performance measures, including completion time and flow time, in order to maximize customer satisfaction by meeting the due dates of customers' orders, many researchers have used the tardiness measurement [4, 15, 16] . In addition, there are some functional constraints that reflect the real job/process-related characteristics of the problem descriptions, which will be explored in Section 3.

Even though there are lots of performance measures, including completion time and flow time, in order to maximize customer satisfaction by meeting the due dates of customers' orders, many researchers have used the tardiness measurement.


Since there are several workstations on which jobs/lots are processed consecutively, and these usually have different numbers of equipment and specifications, the speed of production flow might not be same on each workstation. Hence, there may be bottleneck in production. In the past, it was known that it was very important to schedule jobs at the bottleneck workstation, since the capacity for production quantity and lead time is dominated by the bottleneck. Consequently, the concept of optimized production technology is used for this research [21, 22] .

Consequently, the concept of optimized production technology is used for this research.


In order to solve the problem considered here, it is necessary to determine the scheduled job and its size of the lot to be processed on the equipment, which has been done in a similar way in other scheduling research [10] . In the proposed method, when equipment becomes idle, a job to be processed is selected according to its priority, which is determined by the rules devised here, including due dates and processing time, as well as the setup time for the jobs. Then, the methodology based on the optimized production technology is applied to schedule the selected lots with the objective of minimizing the total tardiness of the orders/jobs. Dispatching rules are used to select the job to be processed according to its priority, and optimized production technology is used to determine the size of the jobs-i.e., lot size-and provides a bottleneck-focused scheduling algorithm. Here, tardiness is defined as the difference between the completion time and the due date of the job.

In order to solve the problem considered here, it is necessary to determine the scheduled job and its size of the lot to be processed on the equipment, which has been done in a similar way in other scheduling research.


The center of the group algebra A n of the symmetric group S n plays the main role in describing representations both of the symmetric group and of the matrix group Gl(n). Its counterpart for the infinite symmetric group is the algebra A ∞ of the conjugated classes of finite permutations of an infinite set [1] . Its natural generators are the Young diagrams of arbitrary degree.

Its counterpart for the infinite symmetric group is the algebra A ∞ of the conjugated classes of finite permutations of an infinite set.


In people who died or were injured in motor vehicle accidents, the determination of the localization and severity of the traumatic lesions is very for forensic analysis [3] . The most frequently injured body region was the lower limb in non-fatal hospitalized patients or non-hospitalized patients with minor trauma in motor vehicle accidents [8] . Lower-extremity injuries are "a common and costly cause of permanent disability and impairment resulting from motor vehicle crashes" [9] . Additionally, pelvic fractures were common in motor vehicle accidents and were a significant source of morbidity and mortality [10] .

In people who died or were injured in motor vehicle accidents, the determination of the localization and severity of the traumatic lesions is very for forensic analysis.

The most frequently injured body region was the lower limb in non-fatal hospitalized patients or non-hospitalized patients with minor trauma in motor vehicle accidents.

Lower-extremity injuries are "a common and costly cause of permanent disability and impairment resulting from motor vehicle crashes".

Additionally, pelvic fractures were common in motor vehicle accidents and were a significant source of morbidity and mortality.


In a Kneser liquid, the transmission speed of an ultrasonic wave changes as the liquid pressure changes at a definite temperature [7] . In this study, the sound velocity of an ultrasonic signal of a pipeline is used to identify different leakage apertures. In practical engineering works, the general signals collected by data acquisition equipment include noises in the external environment, and the purpose of signal denoising is to distinguish the high-frequency signals from the interference caused by the high-frequency noise and to remove the high-frequency interference signal, as well as retain the useful information in the signal. The weak signal must be guaranteed to not be filtered out in the process of signal analysis, whereas the original signal can be reduced as much as possible. Wavelet packet analysis (WPA) presents a powerful ability for denoising a signal from the measured signals [8] . However, this method requires selection of a suitable wavelet basis function to achieve better denoising effect. When the measured signals are decomposed using empirical mode decomposition (EMD), because of the influence of the end effect, it is very difficult to accurately reconstruct the signal [9] . The local mean decomposition (LMD) method is more relaxed than EMD in terms of decomposition conditions, as the end effect is reduced and the over envelope phenomenon is avoided in the decomposition process [6, 10] . However, the end effect still affects the signal reconstruction. Recently, 2 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing variable mode decomposition (VMD) has been proposed as an adaptive signal decomposition method, which is an entirely nonrecursive signal decomposition method. VMD not only has a good separation effect of signal and noise, but can also effectively suppress modal aliasing; nevertheless, the end effect also affects the signal reconstruction [11, 12] .

In a Kneser liquid, the transmission speed of an ultrasonic wave changes as the liquid pressure changes at a definite temperature.

Wavelet packet analysis (WPA) presents a powerful ability for denoising a signal from the measured signals.

When the measured signals are decomposed using empirical mode decomposition (EMD), because of the influence of the end effect, it is very difficult to accurately reconstruct the signal.

The local mean decomposition (LMD) method is more relaxed than EMD in terms of decomposition conditions, as the end effect is reduced and the over envelope phenomenon is avoided in the decomposition process.

VMD not only has a good separation effect of signal and noise, but can also effectively suppress modal aliasing; nevertheless, the end effect also affects the signal reconstruction.


Behaviour is interpreted as the allocation and re-allocation of scarce resources among competing utilitarian objectives or commodities whose consumption the household strives to maximize. The allocation of any given level of resources, available through time and income, toward meeting competing ends depends on the opportunity cost, or shadow price, of attaining any such end. The shadow price of diet encompasses the market value of the foods for which other goods and services could have been bought, and the value of time invested in food preparation that could have been used elsewhere. This implies that the shadow price of a commodity, such as a particular diet, may increase with a rise in the market price of goods used for it, and the wage rate or any other variable that would increase the value of time employed in its production. For example, as a household's income rises, especially through wages, the value of its members' time also increases. It is, therefore, inclined to spend less time on food preparation, for example, by eating more processed foods, employing others to cook, and eating in restaurants. Higher market prices are likely to raise the relative shadow price of those commodities that are relatively intensive in market goods, while higher incomes and wages change the relative shadow price of those commodities that are relatively time-intensive [6] .

Higher market prices are likely to raise the relative shadow price of those commodities that are relatively intensive in market goods, while higher incomes and wages change the relative shadow price of those commodities that are relatively time-intensive.


It has been found that people can be distinctly identified by biometric characteristics such as height, stride length, walking speed etc. Much research has been performed to extract and compare gait information from a video observing a walking person [10, 15, 5] . Most successful video methods deal with a static camera and a tightly controlled environment. Such methods have been effective in cases such as airport security, but are less applicable in uncontrolled settings.

Much research has been performed to extract and compare gait information from a video observing a walking person.


The biological properties of (1-3)--D-glucan are not dependent on cellular viability and (1-3)--D-glucan from dead organisms may thus be equally relevant in causing potential health effects. Therefore, exposure assessment of (1-3)--D-glucan may be a better predictor for health risk than the commonly used determination of viable fungal spores. In addition, performing (1-3)--D-glucan analysis is less time consuming and labor intensive than cultivation or microscopic counting of fungal spores [5, 11, 12] .

In addition, performing (1-3)--D-glucan analysis is less time consuming and labor intensive than cultivation or microscopic counting of fungal spores.


We have started our analysis with a clear objective, i.e., to see whether there are any differences among the companies producing energy. Our analysis has concluded, similar to other studies, that most of the companies involved in the production of energy have had poor financial performance and that there were no major differences. Companies that are producing energy from fossil fuel have exhibited better performances, leaving only producers of green energy to face difficulties in the years to come without the active involvement of the government. To increase the financial performance companies must continue to innovate and improve business processes [27, 28] . This can only be done with the help of the regulatory agencies, which would have to push more measures to raise public awareness about the need for a switch to RES. Most companies have already attempted to cut costs by using fewer labor force resources and introducing technology. A switch in people's mindset could also prove to be stimulating to industry. The conclusion of our analysis is that the sustainability of the companies operating in the renewable energy industry is questionable. The financial performance of companies operating in this industry was strongly linked to the subsidies received from the state, but the subsidy program was changed after a few years. In the early years of the investments, 2006-2010, the impact of the latter was still heavy-as mentioned in the article, investments in energy are asset-intensive and the depreciation costs affect the financial results of the companies during these initial years. This result is in accordance with the international trend because companies investing in this industry have high initial investments which cannot be recovered in the first years. As the Romanian market is only in its early stages, we notice that the companies have considerable debt. Thus, without heavy investments from the owner or subsidies from the state we do not see the market as being sustainable in the long-term. Another reason why the energy sector has such poor financial results is that the Romanian government has still not finalized the liberalization of the energy price. The sustainability of the energy industry is to be proven in the coming years, but at this point we cannot say that the financial results are much worse than the ones from the fossil fuel producers. Given the amount of publicly available information and the fact that the industry is still in its early stages of development, the research is limited and will be developed in future publications. The analysis could be developed by looking at the way that companies have financed themselves during this time and the efficiency of the financing instrument but, in our case, this would not have been in line with the objective of the paper.

To increase the financial performance companies must continue to innovate and improve business processes.


Colon cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in the world [1] . Colon cancer has an estimated incidence of over 1,000,000 new cases annually worldwide. Almost one of three patients with colon cancer dies from the disease. Colon cancer also more often affects people of well-developed countries in comparison to less developed countries [2] . Several epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated the association of colon cancer with environmental factors such as western style dietary habits, low fiber intake, tobacco-smoking, high fat diet, low calcium/micronutrient intake and lack of physical activities [3] . However, there are also negative studies on fat, fiber and calcium in colon cancer development [4] . In addition, colon cancer is a heterogeneous disease. There is evidence that lifestyle factors like diet can modulate the course of this disease [5] .

Colon cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in the world.

Colon cancer also more often affects people of well-developed countries in comparison to less developed countries.

Several epidemiological and laboratory studies have demonstrated the association of colon cancer with environmental factors such as western style dietary habits, low fiber intake, tobacco-smoking, high fat diet, low calcium/micronutrient intake and lack of physical activities.

However, there are also negative studies on fat, fiber and calcium in colon cancer development.

There is evidence that lifestyle factors like diet can modulate the course of this disease.


In discussing HA coatings and their deposition processes, the most critical factor to be considered is the in vivo response and performance of the respective coatings. Simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions have been widely used to mimic the in vivo surface response of bioactive ceramics to body fluids [12] [13] [14] . This is achieved by the close similarities in pH and ion concentration to human blood plasma, where the initial dissolution and subsequent recrystallisation seen in vivo is replicated in vitro. The focus of this study is to evaluate the response of CoBlast deposited HA coatings to immersion in an SBF solution at 37°C. Plasma spray HA coatings are utilised for benchmarking and comparison purposes, as the response of plasma spray HA coatings to immersion in SBF solutions have been well documented [7, 15] .

Simulated body fluid (SBF) solutions have been widely used to mimic the in vivo surface response of bioactive ceramics to body fluids.

Plasma spray HA coatings are utilised for benchmarking and comparison purposes, as the response of plasma spray HA coatings to immersion in SBF solutions have been well documented.


The alternative explanation for long distance perseverations argues that they reflect idiosyncratic and distorted patterns of phonology. It is suggested that some speakers have long-term changes in the resting levels of activation for certain phonemes. As a result, these phonemes dominate output, particularly when target activation is weak (Moses et al. 2004b) . This sets up a global pattern of perseveration, whereby similar sounding stereotypical responses are produced whenever retrieval fails. Such similarities can span long distances. There is also a strong likelihood of total perseverations, given that responses are being generated from a restricted range of phonemes.

As a result, these phonemes dominate output, particularly when target activation is weak.


Although there was some evidence of their stereotyped syllabic use, with 25% occurring as clusters, this did not clearly emerge from the data. Further explorations of this question are clearly merited. These should also consider the role of stress, which has been found to play a role in local sound perseverations (Buckingham et al 1978) .

These should also consider the role of stress, which has been found to play a role in local sound perseverations.


One account suggests that shared semantic features, e.g. between a target and a previous response, help to sustain residual activation even after long intervals, so allowing long distance perseveration to occur. There was no evidence for this account in the current study. Very few of the total perseverations produced by RS and TK revealed a semantic connection with the source. On the rare occasions when this did arise, perseverations were as likely to be local as long distance. There was also no evidence that perseverative responses arose from semantic relationship between targets (Hirsh 1998) .

There was also no evidence that perseverative responses arose from semantic relationship between targets.


A final observation about total perseverations is that they were more likely to be words than non-words. This can be explained in a model of speech production in which there is feedback between levels, affording a privileged status to word errors (Rapp & Goldrick 2000) . This lexical bias arises because combinations of phonology that correspond to words are able to feedback to a lexical item, and so receive supportive reverberating activation. Non-word errors benefit from no such reinforcement. In the case of these participants, when a word is produced, this privileged status may make it more likely to result in a total perseveration. Furthermore if a word response is produced that also contains the stereotypical phonology, the effect may be double reinforcement, increasing the chances of the response being perseverated.

This can be explained in a model of speech production in which there is feedback between levels, affording a privileged status to word errors.