In this paper, an isolated high step-up single switch DC-DC converter is proposed and implemented. In the proposed, converter high step-up voltage is obtained by single power switching technique operating low duty cycle with isolated transformer inductors and switched capacitors and power diodes. The proposed converter eliminates the switching losses and recycles the leakage energy. The isolated transformer primary terminal and secondary terminal are connected in series during switching operation. The output of the boost converter and isolated switched-capacitor cell are connected in series for high-step-up with a low turn-on ratio which has already been discussed [16] . PSIM software has been used for simulation. Simulation circuit is analyzed at 40V dc /400V dc , 200 W and this operation is validated by implementing in hardware model at 12V dc /120V dc , 60 W.

The output of the boost converter and isolated switched-capacitor cell are connected in series for high-step-up with a low turn-on ratio which has already been discussed.


Active contour method was introduced by Kass in 1987 [14] . In general, ACM can be classified into two main types: parametric and geometric active contours. Parametric ACM is an initial curve in two-or threedimensional images. It is modified by internal and external forces and it stops at the real boundaries of the image. Although this method was proposed for segmentation and video object tracking, it faces problems such as speed and accuracy [15] .

Active contour method was introduced by Kass in 1987.

Although this method was proposed for segmentation and video object tracking, it faces problems such as speed and accuracy.


One might be concerned that the impact of concentration on posted wages is endogeneous due to the relationship between the number of vacancies and concentration. The sign of the bias could be positive or negative: a decrease in labor demand can lower wages and the number of firms hiring in the market, leading to higher concentration; a decrease in labor supply can increase wages, and lower the number of firms hiring, also leading to higher concentration. To alleviate this concern, we control for labor market tightness, defined as vacancies/applications (Davis and Marinescu, 2017) . We find that the negative effect of concentration on wages is essentially unchanged. Overall, our results are consistent with labor market concentration creating labor market power, and hence putting downward pressure on wages.

To alleviate this concern, we control for labor market tightness, defined as vacancies/applications.


The wheal has a central swelling surrounded by a reflex erythema that is itchy while the angioedema is associated with pronounced swelling of the lower dermis and subcutaneous tissue with the occasional involvement of mucous membranes (lips, tongue) in some patients. Acute urticaria appears more commonly in children and young adults of which common causes are infections, food, drugs (intravenous more than oral forms), and insect stings. It is important to take a detailed clinical history to identify whether the urticaria is chronic (or acute or chronic), as occasionally a patient may be wrongly labeled as drug allergic when it may be that the urticaria was present before the drug was started [1] [2] [3] . There are some drugs, however, that are notorious in causing urticaria due to a nonspecific mast cell stimulation such as opiates, high-osmolar radiocontrast media, and vancomycin. A physical examination (combined with history taking) is important as the diagnosis of urticaria remains a clinical one, apart from a few supportive investigations that could only label the cause as autoimmune.

It is important to take a detailed clinical history to identify whether the urticaria is chronic (or acute or chronic), as occasionally a patient may be wrongly labeled as drug allergic when it may be that the urticaria was present before the drug was started.


Lots of PTV algorithms have been developed and applied to various flow fields, including the cross-correlation method, genetic algorithm and so on [6] . And none of those algorithms can be applied to all kinds of flow field. The developers analysed the effectiveness of their PTV techniques using their own evaluation procedures. PTV system is usually much more complex than the PIV system. Indeed, there are some standard ways for PIV which has the functions of evaluating PIV techniques [7] . Unfortunately, the accurate way of evaluating PTV algorithms is rarely seen.

Lots of PTV algorithms have been developed and applied to various flow fields, including the cross-correlation method, genetic algorithm and so on.

Indeed, there are some standard ways for PIV which has the functions of evaluating PIV techniques.


The egg number of female cod is a linear function of body weight (Daan, 1975) . Presumably, a difference in the egg production in genotypes influences allele frequencies in each new generation more efficiently than genotypic differences in male gamete production. Besides the Hbl genotypic size differences, there are also significant differences in the age at first spawning (maturing age; Am) for cod Hbl genotypes in the Trondheimsfjord: otolith studies in 118 male spawners showed a significantly lower Am for the Hbl 2-2 genotype (Mork et al., 1983b) . The A m of heterozygotes was intermediate but not significantly lower than that of HbI 1-I. A m may be as important as the general growth rates for the total number of offspring from a specimen. Here the genotypic ranks in males (cf above) are of greater relative importance, but information on the potential genotypic rank in females is still crucial for understanding the dynamics of this polymorphism. Such information was lacking in these previous studies, and additional sampling was required.

The egg number of female cod is a linear function of body weight.

Besides the Hbl genotypic size differences, there are also significant differences in the age at first spawning (maturing age; Am) for cod Hbl genotypes in the Trondheimsfjord: otolith studies in 118 male spawners showed a significantly lower Am for the Hbl 2-2 genotype.


To numerically compute the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions we use the new DMD RRR algorithm [5] . We also prove that under the assumption of ergodicity of RDS and the existence of finite dimensional invariant Krylov subspace, the eigenvalues computed by applying DMD RRR algorithm to the Hankel matrix converge to the true eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the stochastic Koopman operator. The results presented in numerical examples show good performance of numerical algorithms applied to RDS for evaluation of the spectral objects of the stochastic Koopman operator.

To numerically compute the eigenvalues and the eigenfunctions we use the new DMD RRR algorithm.


The increase in computer power and the use of surrogate-based optimization make it feasible to identify an aneurysm's stiffness using a three-dimensional FSI simulation. Both the coupling algorithm for the three-dimensional partitioned fluid-structure interaction simulations and the algorithm for the surrogate-based optimization treat the flow solver and structural solver as black boxes. The influence of the parameters in the surrogate-based optimization has first been analyzed using a zero-dimensional model. However, the geometry and models in this work are simplified. It would also be very expensive to identify a large number of parameters. Future work will be to use patient-specific data for the geometry, input model and output model. Subsequently, real measurements instead of synthetic measurement data from a simulation will be incorporated, as the applied surrogate-based optimization can cope with noisy data if a suitable surrogate model is used [31] .

Subsequently, real measurements instead of synthetic measurement data from a simulation will be incorporated, as the applied surrogate-based optimization can cope with noisy data if a suitable surrogate model is used.


Correlations within dyads, though not significant, lent support to higher agreement for CI families than for either control group. In our sample, this finding may be explained by parents' involvement in the treatment, needs, and progress of their children with CIs, leading to a shared understanding of the child's experience of health. Correlations were highest for Achievement and Risk Avoidance for all three parent-child groups, which is consistent with literature showing better agreement for observable aspects of functioning [27, 53] . Achievement scores are commonly reported by the child's school, and risk avoidance is based on actual behavior which is observable by parents. Although parents of children with CIs reported at least average health for their children, there were significant differences between parent groups. NH1 parents rated their children higher in Achievement, Resilience, and Global Score than parents of CI recipients, even after controlling for SES, with scores on all domains above the CHIP-CE standardized average score. It is notable that CI parents report lower scores for their children than NH1 parents in the Resilience subdomains physical activity and social problem solving, as well as in the Achievement domain, consistent with prior reports [3, 4] . In the latter two areas of functioning, language competency drives successful development. Moreover, children in the more affluent families may experience conditions such as academic support that favorably influence their health status across domains.

Correlations were highest for Achievement and Risk Avoidance for all three parent-child groups, which is consistent with literature showing better agreement for observable aspects of functioning.

It is notable that CI parents report lower scores for their children than NH1 parents in the Resilience subdomains physical activity and social problem solving, as well as in the Achievement domain, consistent with prior reports.


A recent analysis of Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) data stated that about 5.3 million students, representing more than 25% of total college enrollment, took at least one online class in 2013 (Allen & Seaman, 2015) . The increased popularity of online classes presents benefits and challenges to students, faculty, and academic institutions. Geographic locations and time zones no longer present obstacles for students to enroll in a class since online classes can be delivered nearly anywhere in the world with an internet connection.

A recent analysis of Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) data stated that about 5.3 million students, representing more than 25% of total college enrollment, took at least one online class in 2013.


Developing a bioenergy project requires large volumes of complex information to be gathered and processed by project developers. This information tends to be fairly structured and accessible; although, often not easily retrievable for use in a timely manner [1] . The difficulties faced in progressing through the necessary phases in bioenergy project development encourage a dependence on experts, which restricts knowledge transfer and nonexpert project developers entering the industry -ultimately constraining sector growth. This could be one explanation why growth in the UK bioenergy market, in particular has been slower than expected, with some referring to growth as 'slight' [2] .

This information tends to be fairly structured and accessible; although, often not easily retrievable for use in a timely manner.

This could be one explanation why growth in the UK bioenergy market, in particular has been slower than expected, with some referring to growth as 'slight'.


The existing bioenergy research performed worse than the general discipline with regard to the theoretical foundation. This category classified 11 of the 13 models as not having a theoretical foundation in the model development and result analysis sections of the academic paper, this is considerably higher than the 47.8% found by Arnott and Pervan [5] . Furthermore, PDSS represented the majority of existing models, illustrating the inertia and conservatism within the discipline; although, it can be seen that group support systems were not adopted, the more recent knowledge-based DSS did quite well in this sector (23.1%).

This category classified 11 of the 13 models as not having a theoretical foundation in the model development and result analysis sections of the academic paper, this is considerably higher than the 47.8% found by Arnott and Pervan.


To get access to a suitable amount of data from German MG patients, a cooperation with the German Myasthenia Association, the self-help organization for MG patients in Germany, was established. All of the 2,150 patient members of this organization with confirmed MG were asked to respond anonymously to a mailed questionnaire [38, 39] . The standardized questions concerned demographic data, physical and social impairments, frequency of handicapped person's pass (in Germany delivered at a certain level of impairment after proof by the "pension office" with a record concerning the degree of handicap (in %)), therapeutic course, comorbid diseases, use of the health care system, use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), illnessrelated costs, and QoL. A cover letter explained the purpose of the study to the participants, and a pre-paid envelope to return the questionnaire was included.

All of the 2,150 patient members of this organization with confirmed MG were asked to respond anonymously to a mailed questionnaire.


MDF implementation techniques have also been used to implement skeleton based parallel programming environments by Serot in the Skipper project [12, 28] . Skipper is an environment supporting skeleton based, parallel image processing application development. The techniques used to implement Skipper are derived from the same results we start with to design Lithium, although used within a different programming environment (the whole Skipper environment is written using Ocaml, the ML implementation from INRIA).

MDF implementation techniques have also been used to implement skeleton based parallel programming environments by Serot in the Skipper project.


Some specific limitations of this study should be acknowledged. First, the analyses relied on adolescents' self-reports, some of them retrospective in nature (the report on early parenting). Self-report data are always liable to distortion for motives such as self-protection and self-enhancement (GRAMZOW et al. 2003) . They are also sensitive to the adolescents' ability for self-reflection, which may lead to underestimation of self-negativity and internalising and externalising problems in the study. However, this risk has to be balanced against the risk that obtaining reports of adolescents' self-concept and problem behaviours from other informants such as parents and teachers will result in a lack of the unique information that is only available from the adolescents themselves (HOPE et al. 1999) .

Self-report data are always liable to distortion for motives such as self-protection and self-enhancement.

However, this risk has to be balanced against the risk that obtaining reports of adolescents' self-concept and problem behaviours from other informants such as parents and teachers will result in a lack of the unique information that is only available from the adolescents themselves.


Perceived self-neglecting behaviour seems to be a risk factor for both externalising and internalising problems in both boys and girls. This pattern was, however, much more pronounced for boys than for girls. High self-neglect in the group of adolescent boys may indicate a lack of self-reflecting behaviour, which may well be an indicator of deviation from normal adolescent development (STEINBERG & SHEFFIELD MORRIS 2001) . Self-neglect may be a sign of a less mature self-image, in which external factors still play an important role in experienced well-being. For example, findings have indicated that perceived parental support has no effect on depression trajectories as adolescents grow older, reflecting the changing role of parents when adolescents begin to establish their own independent lives and have a more stable self-image (MEADOWS et al. 2006) . The results for boys in the present study, which show that the images of parents played a greater role in behavioural and emotional problems than aspects of the self-image, are in line with an interpretation of a less mature self-image for the boys in the age group used in the present study. A more speculative interpretation of the association between self-neglect and mental health problems in this group of adolescents is that self-neglect, which in the SASB model is a combination of a hostile and autonomous self-image, may be seen as the more negative aspect of selfautonomy defined as detachment (RYAN & LYNCH 1989) .

High self-neglect in the group of adolescent boys may indicate a lack of self-reflecting behaviour, which may well be an indicator of deviation from normal adolescent development.

For example, findings have indicated that perceived parental support has no effect on depression trajectories as adolescents grow older, reflecting the changing role of parents when adolescents begin to establish their own independent lives and have a more stable self-image.

A more speculative interpretation of the association between self-neglect and mental health problems in this group of adolescents is that self-neglect, which in the SASB model is a combination of a hostile and autonomous self-image, may be seen as the more negative aspect of selfautonomy defined as detachment.


Accelerated corrosion tests conducted in the laboratory are used to predict corrosion behaviour when service history is lacking and time or budget constraints prohibit field-testing (Davis 2000) . While the desired service lives of many structures can range from 10 to 75 years, the typical time allowed for testing of candidate materials to support a materials selection process is measured in weeks or months. The purpose of any accelerated laboratory test is to provide reliable information on the performance of candidate materials or coatings in service. It is also typical that accelerated laboratory corrosion tests increase the severity of the environmental conditions, for example, by exposing the materials to more concentrated solutions, or increased periods of wetting. The environment used might simulate a humid tropical area, seaside air with high salt content, or one of many others.

Accelerated corrosion tests conducted in the laboratory are used to predict corrosion behaviour when service history is lacking and time or budget constraints prohibit field-testing.


Combination therapies are used either to obtain synergism or reduce incidence of drug resistance and toxicity or reduce the incidence and severity of adverse drug reactions [6] . The combined therapy of SEC and DA in rats infected with T. b. brucei was more effective than mono-therapy of DA. There was faster clearance of parasitemia in all the combined therapy groups than the DA group. Parasitemia cleared in all the combined treatment groups after 3 days of treatment, while it cleared 5 days post-treatment with DA. Furthermore, relapse of infection occurred in the DA treated rats 13 days post-treatment; this occurred in the 50 and 100 mg/kg SEC combination groups 16 and 27 days posttreatment, respectively.

Combination therapies are used either to obtain synergism or reduce incidence of drug resistance and toxicity or reduce the incidence and severity of adverse drug reactions.


The dose-response effect of SEC in rats showed that SEC has significant anti-trypanosomal effect which was dose dependent. However SEC was not able to completely eliminate trypanosomes at all doses used within the period of the study. All SEC-treated groups maintained a low grade steady state parasitemia throughout the period of treatment. However by day 10 PI, there was a surge of parasitemia in all SEC-treated groups, while parasitemia cleared completely in the DAtreated group. The anti-trypanosomal effect of SEC as observed in this study appears to be trypanostatic in action and may require a functional immune system for total clearance of parasitemia. It is known that trypanosomiasis cause severe immunosuppression [19] . This may explain the persistent and subsequent surge of parasitemia on day 10 PI. This resurgence of parasitemia could be due to progressive immunosuppression by trypanosomes and increased multiplication of the trypanosomes. Antiprotozoal activity of SEC is by reduction of nitro group of nitroimidazole by ferrodoxin.

It is known that trypanosomiasis cause severe immunosuppression.


Trypanosomiasis is a complex debilitating protozoan disease of both man and animal [1] . Animal trypanosomiasis is a disease complex caused by Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax, or T. brucei brucei, or mixed infection of these trypanosomes and transmitted by the tsetse-fly. The disease is characterized by intermittent fever, anemia, occasional diarrhea, and if untreated leads to the death of the infected animal [2] . The major chemotherapeutic agent of animal trypanosomiasis is diminazene aceturate (DA) [3] . Diminazene aceturate also known as 4, 4' -(1-triazene-1, 3 -diaceturate) is indicated for prophylaxis and treatment of trypanosomiasis in cattle, dogs, goats, sheep and swine [4] . DA is an RNA and DNA binder and is antibacterial and antiprotozoal in action [5] .

Trypanosomiasis is a complex debilitating protozoan disease of both man and animal.

The disease is characterized by intermittent fever, anemia, occasional diarrhea, and if untreated leads to the death of the infected animal.

The major chemotherapeutic agent of animal trypanosomiasis is diminazene aceturate (DA).

Diminazene aceturate also known as 4, 4' -(1-triazene-1, 3 -diaceturate) is indicated for prophylaxis and treatment of trypanosomiasis in cattle, dogs, goats, sheep and swine.

DA is an RNA and DNA binder and is antibacterial and antiprotozoal in action.


The nitro group of secnidazole is reduced to intermediate compounds in microorganisms which cause cytotoxicity by damaging DNA [13] . It is not clear whether or not this mechanism is involved in the anti-trypanosomal effect of SEC. Howver, it is clear from this study that trypanosomes are sensitive to some antimicrobial effects of SEC. Thus for full exploitation of the observed antitrypanosomal effects of SEC, further studies in the area of combination therapy with other potent trypanocidal drugs like DA was necessary.

The nitro group of secnidazole is reduced to intermediate compounds in microorganisms which cause cytotoxicity by damaging DNA.


In what follows, p always denotes an odd prime number. The inequality ϕ(p − 1) ϕ(p + 1) appears to hold for an overwhelming majority of twin primes p, p + 2, and to be reversed for small, but positive, proportion of the twin primes [4] . To be more specific, if the Bateman-Horn conjecture is true, then the inequality above holds for at least 65.13% of twin prime pairs and is reversed for at least 0.47% of pairs. Numerical evidence suggests, in fact, that the ratio is something like 98% to 2%. In other words, for an overwhelming majority of twin prime pairs p, p + 2, it appears that the first prime has more primitive roots than does the second.

The inequality ϕ(p − 1) ϕ(p + 1) appears to hold for an overwhelming majority of twin primes p, p + 2, and to be reversed for small, but positive, proportion of the twin primes.


Contrast enhancement often generates impractical effects in pictures [3] . However, contrast enhancement is somehow effective for scientific scene such as thermal or satellite images. Meanwhile, contrast enhancement can generate undesirable effects when it is applied to low color depth images [4] . In this paper we assume two scenarios, half-and quarter power power-consumption.

Contrast enhancement often generates impractical effects in pictures.

Meanwhile, contrast enhancement can generate undesirable effects when it is applied to low color depth images.


WE43, a type of biodegradable Mg alloy, has been clinically verified in Europe [25] . It is expected that alloying with WE43, can not only improve the strength of pure Zn with the help of elements like Mg and RE, but also can guarantee biocompatibility. In this research, Mg alloy powder WE43 was mixed with pure Zn powder to form Zn-xWE43 (x = 0, 2, 5, 8, wt%) alloy powders, which were used to fabricate bulk samples and porous scaffolds by L-PBF. The influence of WE43 content on formation quality, microstructure and mechanical properties was clarified.

WE43, a type of biodegradable Mg alloy, has been clinically verified in Europe.


With addition of WE43, porous scaffolds showed the similar tendency of strength and ductility with bulk samples. The elastic modulus of human bones was about 0.4-18 GPa [37] . The ultimate compressive strength and elastic modulus of pure Zn porous scaffolds were 22.9 MPa and 0.95 GPa. Zn-5WE43 porous scaffolds showed the highest strength and relatively high elastic modulus as 73.2 MPa and 2.48 GPa. For comparison, L-PBF produce WE43 porous scaffolds in the same design showed yield strength of 24 MPa and elastic modulus of 0.8 GPa [28] . The elastic modulus of Zn-xWE43 were within the reported value of human bones, which lay a foundation for future clinical applications. The brittle fracture of Zn-5WE43 porous scaffolds indicated low fatigue strength and impact toughness. The angle of fracture plane was 55°to the horizontal plane as shown in Fig. 10 . This angle was the same as the angle between the vertical section of the designed diamond lattice and the horizontal plane. It was concluded that the compressive fracture occurred at the position of struts where yellow circle marks indicated in Fig. 2b , which was the tangential plane with the smallest cross section area of struts. Pure Zn and Zn-2WE43 porous scaffolds showed different fracture behavior with a much higher amount of deformation before fracture. The tensile elongation of Zn-2WE43 bulk samples was only 1.8%, but Zn-2WE43 porous scaffolds endured massive plastic deformation before fracture as shown in Fig. 10b . The different fracture behavior between bulk samples and porous scaffolds indicated that the mechanical behavior of porous scaffolds can be greatly adjusted by structural design [37, 38] . In the future, further researches on heat treatment and structural design are required for the improvement of mechanical properties.

The elastic modulus of human bones was about 0.4-18 GPa.

For comparison, L-PBF produce WE43 porous scaffolds in the same design showed yield strength of 24 MPa and elastic modulus of 0.8 GPa.

The different fracture behavior between bulk samples and porous scaffolds indicated that the mechanical behavior of porous scaffolds can be greatly adjusted by structural design.


During the last decades, the availability, cost and sustainability of the energy resources have caused instabilities in the energy production and distribution chain. Moreover, environmental damages have shown the need for new energy models. The rapid increase of the electricity demand is a general constant around the world. This growth responds to various reasons, among which stand out the increasing awareness of global warming caused by greenhouse emissions, the inevitable exhaustion of traditional energy sources in the following decades (fossil fuels) and the need for countries to assure energy self-dependence [1] [2] [3] .

This growth responds to various reasons, among which stand out the increasing awareness of global warming caused by greenhouse emissions, the inevitable exhaustion of traditional energy sources in the following decades (fossil fuels) and the need for countries to assure energy self-dependence.


As a part of solution to this kind of problems, the concept of steganography has considerably given much attention in recent years. The word steganography is a Greek word giving a meaning to it as 'writing in hiding'. The main purpose of steganography is to hide data in a cover media so that other will not notice it [10] . The characteristics of cover media depends on the amount of data that can be hidden, the perceptibility of the message and its robustness [4, 5, 6, 8, 10] .

The main purpose of steganography is to hide data in a cover media so that other will not notice it.

The characteristics of cover media depends on the amount of data that can be hidden, the perceptibility of the message and its robustness.


All innovations begin as creative ideas or solutions, especially for product innovation; it is critical to generate creative ideas and develop them to the novel, valuable, and practical creative solutions in the frond-end R&D process [1] . Due to the limited knowledge and information of a single individual, it is often difficult to form the creative solution which can meet the new product needs. In actual product R&D process, the product R&D team is the effective and basic work unit for finishing these works. Almost all companies such as Shell, Nortel, and Gamble have established the product R&D teams to generate new paradigm-breaking ideas and solutions in the frond-end innovation process [2] . As the important nodes in the complex network of product R&D team, some members such as the organization power leaders, the opinion leaders, or the key figures in the interpersonal relationship network can affect the whole creative process and the final results. However, However, it is a difficulty in the creative solution formation process of product R&D team that to seek and find out the important members and reasonably treat and manage them.

All innovations begin as creative ideas or solutions, especially for product innovation; it is critical to generate creative ideas and develop them to the novel, valuable, and practical creative solutions in the frond-end R&D process.

Almost all companies such as Shell, Nortel, and Gamble have established the product R&D teams to generate new paradigm-breaking ideas and solutions in the frond-end innovation process.


Medical management is recommended in most cases of asymptomatic lingual thyroid, often by thyroid suppression therapy via administration of exogenous thyroid hormone [17] . Other treatment modalities include radioactive iodine treatment or surgery. In our case, the patient opted for surgical excision via TORS due to concern for lingual thyroid malignancy, her preexisting globus, and her levothyroxine use from thyroid dysfunction. Primary modalities for lingual thyroid excision historically are invasive open approaches including the transcervical pharyngotomy approach, the midline labiotomy, and/or mandibulotomy for surgical access. However, these procedures are linked with high morbidity due to the invasive nature of these approaches, long operation times, prolonged hospitalization, and cosmetic scarring [17] . Transoral resections have also been previously reported. These cases can be technically difficult to teach young surgeons due to limited perspective, scope exposure, patient anatomic restrictions, and poor surgical access to the tongue base deep in the vallecula where most lingual thyroids sit deep to the lingual tonsil [18] . In our experience with transoral resections since the development of new instrumentation, specifically the Hinni modified Lindholm distending laryngoscope and the hand held laser (rather than the line of site), these bases of tongue resections have become technically more attainable and teachable. However, the superior anterior vector of dissection with the scope in place for the deep vallecula is still challenging. We have noted that the lingual thyroid tissue is highly vascularized and staying outside the "capsule" or maintaining a small cuff of muscle and lingual tonsil subjectively seems to bleed less and provide better quality tissue for grasping and retracting-something that is crucial for deep base of tongue surgery performed transorally. The continued development of minimal TORS overcomes some of these limitations by providing 3D visualization and robotic instrumentation allowing for more angles of dissection. The articulating arms with greater degrees of freedom and the enhanced video with deeper more angulated viewpoints may allow better access to the deep vallecula in some surgeons hands. A literature review by our authors demonstrated 6 case studies/series with a total of 12 patients who underwent TORS for lingual thyroid resection. All studies suggested that a TORS approach will likely decrease morbidity, operation duration, and hospital stay length in these patients compared to more traditional surgical methods [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . Given these findings, and our experience, we believe TORS to be a safe and viable alternative to current surgical interventions for lingual thyroid, where thyroid carcinoma and dissection margin is of importance for complete excision. As always, patients with ectopic thyroid tissue should be screened carefully and minimally invasive procedures, when indicated for thyroid tissue removal, can aid patients in avoiding some morbidity.

Medical management is recommended in most cases of asymptomatic lingual thyroid, often by thyroid suppression therapy via administration of exogenous thyroid hormone.

However, these procedures are linked with high morbidity due to the invasive nature of these approaches, long operation times, prolonged hospitalization, and cosmetic scarring.

These cases can be technically difficult to teach young surgeons due to limited perspective, scope exposure, patient anatomic restrictions, and poor surgical access to the tongue base deep in the vallecula where most lingual thyroids sit deep to the lingual tonsil.

All studies suggested that a TORS approach will likely decrease morbidity, operation duration, and hospital stay length in these patients compared to more traditional surgical methods.


Particularly in the built environment, wireless communication system performance is limited by factors such as co-channel interference as the radio spectrum is heavily utilized in certain bands. Also user privacy may be compromised by eavesdropping with close-by receivers. These problems are pronounced in indoor wireless systems owing to the concentration of users sharing a limited number of unlicensed bands. The introduction of FSS into the building structure has been considered as a possible way to improve the situation [4] , [5] , [6] .

The introduction of FSS into the building structure has been considered as a possible way to improve the situation.


It should be emphasized that the drastic change in material behaviour is a characteristic feature of fracture [15] . Indeed, the DB-parameter varies significantly at the end of crack initiation phase. At first, the DB-parameter shows an intensive plastic deformation after attainment the threshold value. This intensive plastic deformation occurs prior to fragmentation. The following fragmentation of specimen is marked by rapid increasing of DB-parameters. It is difficult to detect those phenomena (fracture and plastic deformation) by means of measurement of material resistance i.e. by use of typical forcedisplacement curve. Both phenomena are overlapping each other. In this case, the change of the material resistance will be caused by both-rapid deformation and fragmentation. Moreover mercial sensors applied to such type of measurements is too low to detect those rapid phenomena. The similar change of DB-parameter was observed by stressing of quartz glass (Figure 7) and sylvinite ( Figure  8 ) specimens. The stressing of every sample was repeated with stressing rate of 0.2 mm/s and stop force of 15 N. At the start of loading, the applied force was not large enough to produce the fragmentation. However, the stressing was repeated before the fragmentation occurs. After each loading the tested specimen was removed from the cutting cell and microscopically examined. Special attention was paid to the repositioning of the sample to its original site in the cutting cell.

It should be emphasized that the drastic change in material behaviour is a characteristic feature of fracture.


The fracture of materials by repeated loading can be divided in two stages: crack initiation and crack propagation [1] . This arrangement assumes that an intensive generation of single micro cracks takes place during the first stage-crack initiation. By repeated stressing the crack initiation takes a major part of the total stressing time [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The second stage-crack propagation occurs when the concentration of small single micro cracks attains a critical degree and micro cracks coalesce together to form larger cracks. In this phase the cracks width become wide-ranging. The future intensive stressing leads to the formation of a macroscopic crack and to fragmentation. The most important and difficult problem in fracture mechanics seems to be the use of crack initiation data in predicting of the remaining useful life time of machinery components. This problem is of great importance for safety and reliability of machinery and plants.

The fracture of materials by repeated loading can be divided in two stages: crack initiation and crack propagation.

By repeated stressing the crack initiation takes a major part of the total stressing time.


It was shown that the light intensity shifts from ultraviolet (UV) to NIR wavelength range during the development of micro-cracks [14] . With the crack expansion the NIR component of ML-emission becomes larger. According to this, the crack development can be specified by means of relationship (ratio) between the UV/VIS and NIR components of spectra. In our work we will use the relationship between light intensity without any filter (I waf ) and light intensity with RG 665 filter (I RG ). To characterize the degree of crack development, i.e. degree of fracture, a deformation-breakage parameter (DB-parameter) was introduced. It can be by calculated from light intensities I waf and I RG .

It was shown that the light intensity shifts from ultraviolet (UV) to NIR wavelength range during the development of micro-cracks.


The fundamental scientific aspect is the subject of common investigation of ML. However, a practical application of ML in process engineering and in visualization of cracks development seems to be successful. In mechanical process engineering, the ML is used to control grinding processes [11, 12] . A direct monitoring of crack initiation during plastic deformation is useful to predict material fracture [13] .

In mechanical process engineering, the ML is used to control grinding processes.

A direct monitoring of crack initiation during plastic deformation is useful to predict material fracture.


The antimicrobial activity of zero-valent Ag is strictly depending on the surface development of the solid phase. When the solid phase is in a nanoparticle form, the antimicrobial activity of the resulting particles can be remarkably enhanced; as such, the antimicrobial activity of the smaller Ag NPs may be several orders of magnitude greater than that of the corresponding bulk solid. Therefore, adsorption of Ag NPs to the surface of various biomaterials could be a means of fabricating novel antimicrobial materials [12, 13] .

Therefore, adsorption of Ag NPs to the surface of various biomaterials could be a means of fabricating novel antimicrobial materials.


Processes utilizing safe materials which do not require complicated purification steps can be employed to prepare Ag NPs for biomedical and environmental applications. It was reported that Ag NPs of less than 10 nm diameter can be produced through a process that employs d-glucose as the reducing agent and soluble starch as the stabilizing agent [10] . The size of Ag NPs can be controlled by modifying reaction system parameters such as pH, temperature, and reactant concentrations. The choice of stabilizing agent is an important factor for controlling the size of Ag NPs because once they are generated, Ag NPs tend to fuse together and form aggregates that can grow to the size of microparticles [11] .

It was reported that Ag NPs of less than 10 nm diameter can be produced through a process that employs d-glucose as the reducing agent and soluble starch as the stabilizing agent.

The choice of stabilizing agent is an important factor for controlling the size of Ag NPs because once they are generated, Ag NPs tend to fuse together and form aggregates that can grow to the size of microparticles.


Chitin/chitosan is the collective name for a family of de-N-acetylated chitin with different degrees of deacetylation (DDAc) [26] . In general, when the number of N-acetylglucosamine units exceeds 50% (DDAc > 50%), the biopolymer is termed chitosan, whereas the term "chitin" is used to describe the polymer when the DDAc is less than 50%. In this study, we observed that the antimicrobial activities and adsorption properties of Ag NPs are correlated with chitin particle size and surface structures of chitin powder.

Chitin/chitosan is the collective name for a family of de-N-acetylated chitin with different degrees of deacetylation (DDAc).


With the rise in microbial resistance to multiple antibiotics, considerable research has been carried out to develop effective antimicrobial agents free of resistance. This has led to resurgence in the use of silver-(Ag-) based antiseptics that have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and a much lower propensity to induce microbial resistance compared with antibiotics [1] . In fact, it is well known that Ag ions and Ag-based compounds are highly toxic to a broad range of microorganisms [2] .

This has led to resurgence in the use of silver-(Ag-) based antiseptics that have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and a much lower propensity to induce microbial resistance compared with antibiotics.

In fact, it is well known that Ag ions and Ag-based compounds are highly toxic to a broad range of microorganisms.


Smart grids are based on connected IoT and embedded devices that communicate with each other in the power network. Thus, improving the functionality of smart grids, smart buildings, and their IoT devices (e.g., energy management) has become a major research concern [1] . According to the infrastructure provided by smart grids, Demand Response (DR) programs introduce active players into the power distribution system. Hence, end-users wish to participate as bidirectional energy customers, which are called prosumers, in the distribution network [2] . Therefore, new market structures are needed to provide energy based on decentralized approaches. Here, there are several studies in the literature that have worked on the energy transaction approach in power distribution grids.

Thus, improving the functionality of smart grids, smart buildings, and their IoT devices (e.g., energy management) has become a major research concern.

Hence, end-users wish to participate as bidirectional energy customers, which are called prosumers, in the distribution network.


Although in our daily life the relationship between sound and vibration (frequency, intensity, location, etc.) is determined by clear physical rules, in the virtual environments it is possible to break these rules and to find ideal multimodal stimuli combinations to optimize object interaction regarding various tasks. In recent years a variety of customer products that have haptic input and output capabilities have been developed (For example, Apple iPhone, different touch-screen applications, Wiimote, Kinect, etc.) (Altinsoy and Hempel, 2011) . The usage of the optimum stimuli combinations on such kind of applications can be very promising. Taking into account the importance of the spatial orientation in virtual environments, the present study reports two different experiment sets designed to investigate the role of audio-tactile and audio-proprioceptive interaction on the spatial orientation in virtual scenes.

In recent years a variety of customer products that have haptic input and output capabilities have been developed (For example, Apple iPhone, different touch-screen applications, Wiimote, Kinect, etc.).


Besides this research field, thermo-fluidic pumps are also being developed [11, 12] . Unlike mechanically or electrically driven machines, in these devices the pumping mechanism is powered by heat. Therefore, no additional expander power is needed. Hence, the net power output and the overall ORC efficiency should increase. Additional advantages claimed by these technologies are low cost and high reliability. Nevertheless, the technoeconomic feasibility of these devices is challenging. In fact, due to the delay introduced by the thermal inertia of these systems, the whole ORC unit might not react promptly to load variations or transient modes. Moreover, the high investment costs for a pump-less equipment (tanks, valves, control system, etc.), especially at large scale, may be easily outperformed by conventional pumping technology. In this context, with the aim to provide an efficient, controllable and economic pumping solution for small scale ORC systems, the current research presents the development of a positive displacement ORC pump based on the sliding vane technology. Compared to the literature at the state of the art, the paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the pump including the design methodology, the prototype testing with nowadays working fluids and the further model-based optimization that eventually allowed to outline potential improvements for next generation machines. The testing activity was performed on a small-scale ORC test bench fed with the waste heat of an air compressor lubricant while the sliding vane pump model was developed in the commercial software platform GT-SUITE TM . After calibration of the model using the experimental data, parametric analyses were carried out with reference to those geometrical parameters that, after a design of experiment study, showed a major influence on pump performance.

Besides this research field, thermo-fluidic pumps are also being developed.


Nonetheless, the pump may have a major role in the control of the waste heat to power conversion system. Indeed, a suitable control strategy should address the management of working fluid mass flow rate and the maximum cycle pressure to assist the efficiency response of the ORC system to transient or quasi-steady variations of the operating conditions at the hot or cold sources. In this context, acting on the pump, control actions based on speed or flow rate can be performed. In particular, even though a mechanical drive of the pump using belts or gearboxes is feasible, pump speed is usually varied through a variable frequency drive installed upstream the electric motor that drives the machine. Alternatively, by-pass regulation considers a valve that leads part of the fluid pumped to recirculate from discharge to suction [3, 8] .

Alternatively, by-pass regulation considers a valve that leads part of the fluid pumped to recirculate from discharge to suction.


Unlike steam power plants whose reference thermodynamic cycle is still a Rankine one, in ORC systems, due to the thermophysical features of organic fluids, the energy input to pressurize the working fluid requires a greater share of the expansion work. For instance, for R245fa and R134a, the ratio between pump power consumption and expander output power (commonly referred as Back Work Ratio (BWR)) is respectively about 2 and 4 times the one of water [1] . In particular, specific pumping work decreases for working fluids with high critical temperature (especially if greater than 150°C) while there is not a direct relationship with liquid specific heat [2, 3] . On the other hand, evaporating temperature increases the BWR and the specific pumping work while superheating has limited effects on BWR [4] . The relevance of pumping work is even more severe in novel bottoming thermodynamic architectures such as the Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC) or the supercritical Organic Rankine Cycle that are characterized by high mass flow rates to be pumped or higher cycle pressure ratios respectively [5, 6] .

For instance, for R245fa and R134a, the ratio between pump power consumption and expander output power (commonly referred as Back Work Ratio (BWR)) is respectively about 2 and 4 times the one of water.

In particular, specific pumping work decreases for working fluids with high critical temperature (especially if greater than 150°C) while there is not a direct relationship with liquid specific heat.

On the other hand, evaporating temperature increases the BWR and the specific pumping work while superheating has limited effects on BWR.

The relevance of pumping work is even more severe in novel bottoming thermodynamic architectures such as the Trilateral Flash Cycle (TFC) or the supercritical Organic Rankine Cycle that are characterized by high mass flow rates to be pumped or higher cycle pressure ratios respectively.


Another issue of ORC pumps is cavitation. Indeed, cavitation is more dangerous with organic fluids since they usually have evaporation temperature and latent heat lower than those of water [7] . For these reasons, ORC pumps should always operate above their cavitation limit. However, increasing cavitation margin reduces ORC thermal efficiency, especially for low grade heat recovery applications [1] .

Indeed, cavitation is more dangerous with organic fluids since they usually have evaporation temperature and latent heat lower than those of water.

However, increasing cavitation margin reduces ORC thermal efficiency, especially for low grade heat recovery applications.


Flaming could be a viable nonchemical alternative to remove the not yet lignified spring suckers. The high temperature of the flame denaturises the plant proteins of green tissues, without burning, and Flaming could be a viable nonchemical alternative to remove the not yet lignified spring suckers. The high temperature of the flame denaturises the plant proteins of green tissues, without burning, and thus desiccates them [8] . Flame-suckering could be useful for organic viticulture, which has received increased interest by grapevine growers in the recent decades.

The high temperature of the flame denaturises the plant proteins of green tissues, without burning, and thus desiccates them.


Does the design of a curriculum play a role in how many students graduate? And does it influence how fast they do it? Answers to these two questions are not unimportant, because low graduation rates and study delays seem to be problems of higher education worldwide. For instance, in most European countries university graduation rates are 55% or less (in Italy even 35%), and those who graduate exceed the nominally available time on average with at least with 35% (Van Den Berg and Hofman 2005) .

For instance, in most European countries university graduation rates are 55% or less (in Italy even 35%), and those who graduate exceed the nominally available time on average with at least with 35%.


With the development of the industry and the intensive use of pesticides, wastewater discharges have evolved considerably in quantity and quality. Phenols and related compounds present in wastewater are toxic to humans and aquatic life [1] [2] [3] . Therefore, organizations of health and the environment issue instructions to set the maximum allowable levels of pollutants. As a result, great research efforts on adsorption processes and adsorbent materials for separating organic pollutants from waste streams have been developed [4] [5] [6] .

Phenols and related compounds present in wastewater are toxic to humans and aquatic life.

As a result, great research efforts on adsorption processes and adsorbent materials for separating organic pollutants from waste streams have been developed.


It should be noted that this Ag 116 Ino-decahedron is distinctly different from Marks' multiply twinned decahedra [35] . Nevertheless, the Ag 116 kernel of Ag 206 can be also deemed as a miniature fivefold twinned nanorod constructed from five conjoined single-crystalline elongated tetrahedra along fivefold aspect (Supplementary Fig. 2 and Supplementary (Fig. 2j) . The most important observation of the ligand binding modes is that most of them are highly asymmetric ( Fig. 2 and Supplementary Fig. 4 ). For clarity, Ag-S, Ag-Cl or Ag-F distances longer than 2.7 Å are shown in Supplementary Fig. 4 (normal bond lengths are not shown). The only exception is the pentadentate chlorides coordinated to the apical Ag pentagons with average AgCl distance of 3.091 Å (Fig. 2g, Supplementary Fig. 4 and Supplementary Table 2 ). Thus, the thiolates capping the highly distorted  2 triangles (Fig. 2h ) may be considered as pentadentate with three short (normal) Ag-S bonds and two long Ag-S distances. The thiolates capping the square faces (Fig. 2k , m and n) are tetradentate with either three short (normal) Ag-S bonds and one long distance, or two short (normal) Ag-S bonds and two long Ag-S distances. In contrast to the thiolates, the fluorides capping the severely distorted silver squares ( (Fig. 1a) .

It should be noted that this Ag 116 Ino-decahedron is distinctly different from Marks' multiply twinned decahedra.


Detailed chemical studies on many bryophyte taxa have increasingly appeared since the 1960s (Schofield, 2001) . In recent years, the presence of a large number of compounds showing biological activity in some bryophytes has been introduced to science world (Asakawa et al., 2013) . Different steroids, fatty acids and some organic compounds (terpenoids, flavonoids, lignins, antibiotics, lipids, sterols, etc.) were obtained as the potentially significant chemical compounds from bryophytes (Sabovljević et al., 2001) . The various biologically active substances of bryophytes exhibit antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumor, anticancer, and insecticidal activities (Asakawa, 2007; Üçüncü et al., 2010) .

Detailed chemical studies on many bryophyte taxa have increasingly appeared since the 1960s.

In recent years, the presence of a large number of compounds showing biological activity in some bryophytes has been introduced to science world.

Different steroids, fatty acids and some organic compounds (terpenoids, flavonoids, lignins, antibiotics, lipids, sterols, etc.) were obtained as the potentially significant chemical compounds from bryophytes.

The various biologically active substances of bryophytes exhibit antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumor, anticancer, and insecticidal activities.


The allometric models for woody plant species of Mexico cover a wide range of species and forest ecosystems, parameters used to relate biomass to tree structural variables, and type of regression. More than 40 % of the individuals recorded in the INFyS 2004 INFyS -2009 are covered by a species-specific allometric equation. Biomass can be estimated with equations that have been developed either for the same species, species belonging to the same genus or ecosystem, each with their specific level of uncertainty. Application of empirical equations outside the region from which they were developed or extrapolation of biomass estimated beyond the range of the independent variables could unpredictably increase uncertainty. If the equation is developed for smaller trees, applying it to trees much larger than the range increases substantially the uncertainty of the estimation (Brown 1997) .

If the equation is developed for smaller trees, applying it to trees much larger than the range increases substantially the uncertainty of the estimation.


The nano-sized soot particle emission from thermal engines has a harmful impact over human's health. Their small size allows them to deeply penetrate through our organism and then release the carcinogenic chemical compounds that they carry [1] . In 2011, Euro 5b standard introduced a restriction concerning PN concentration for Diesel vehicles and it has been extended to gasoline vehicles in 2014 by Euro 6b norms. The on-board diagnostic (OBD) of the Diesel particle filter (DPF) is also mentioned. The resistive soot sensors present several advantages in the OBD context: they are cheap and easy to integrate on the exhaust line. For now, a PM threshold can be detected [2] . The aim of this work is to study if a PN threshold detection could be performed by the resistive soot sensor.

Their small size allows them to deeply penetrate through our organism and then release the carcinogenic chemical compounds that they carry.

For now, a PM threshold can be detected.


A unique finding in our study was that many of our participants found having a feminist and holistic understanding of the way power and systems of oppression operate helped them to make sense of their experiences. It was surprising that 95% of the participants identified as feminist, in contrast to general population estimates of around 18% to 23% of women identifying as such (Vox, 2015; YouGov, 2013) . This identification seemed essential in allowing many of the participants to make sense of their experiences and formulate plans for navigating barriers.

It was surprising that 95% of the participants identified as feminist, in contrast to general population estimates of around 18% to 23% of women identifying as such.


MFI is the most critical quality variable for polypropylene due to the lack of sufficient fast measurement limits the control performance for polymer quality control [4] . MFI data used for this study were obtained from industry. In industry, MFI values are measured using laboratory testing, which is time consuming and requires more manpower. The measurement for MFI value is taken average 2 to 4 hours. The typical sampling point is at the discharge of the reactors or at the polymer finishing section.

MFI is the most critical quality variable for polypropylene due to the lack of sufficient fast measurement limits the control performance for polymer quality control.


To improve end-used properties is one of the primary reasons for the use of advanced control in monitoring polymerization reactors. A common problem in the polymer industry is the lack of online instrument for measuring polymer quality [1] . Polypropylene (PP) grade specifications are generally quoted in terms of polymer melt flow index (MFI).

A common problem in the polymer industry is the lack of online instrument for measuring polymer quality.


As mentioned above, the TMA has been optimized by different kinds of optimization algorithms. In these algorithms, single objective is optimized, which means only one best result can be concluded after optimization. However, the electromagnetic optimization objectives are often in conflict with each other, and there may not exist a solution that is the global best one. In fact, there are a set of solutions known as Pareto front or nondominated solutions [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Therefore, multiobjective evolutionary algorithms have been employed to solve complicated antenna design problems such as the optimal synthesis of linear arrays, planar arrays, or concentric ring arrays [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] .

In fact, there are a set of solutions known as Pareto front or nondominated solutions.

Therefore, multiobjective evolutionary algorithms have been employed to solve complicated antenna design problems such as the optimal synthesis of linear arrays, planar arrays, or concentric ring arrays.


Since gauge theory integrands are much easier to calculate than gravity integrands, the DC prescription gives a powerful tool to build gravity integrands. In particular, it is enough to construct a certain number of master integrands, because all other integrands are determined by relation (5) . Diagrammatically this can be sketched as Applying the same reasoning the bubble graphs may be reexpressed to triangle graphs. Therefore the master numerators for four points at one-loop are given by the box diagrams since all other diagrams can be obtained by applying the kinematical Jacobi identity (5).

In particular, it is enough to construct a certain number of master integrands, because all other integrands are determined by relation.


Cyclooxygenase (COX) is an endogenous enzyme involved in production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. There are two common isoforms of this enzyme such as COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is a constitutive enzyme whereas COX-2 is inducible and is expressed only after an inflammatory stimulus (Vane et al., 1998) . COX-2 inhibitors are clinically effective anti-inflammatory agents with less gastrointestinal and renal toxicity. However, they lack anti-thrombotic activity and hence lead to increased incidences of adverse cardiovascular thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction. Therefore, there is still need to develop better therapeutic effect and tolerability of COX-2 inhibitors.

COX-1 is a constitutive enzyme whereas COX-2 is inducible and is expressed only after an inflammatory stimulus.


This work develops the theory of QC distributions in arbitrary dimensions. Code snippets demonstrate the instantiation of two QC distributions currently available in the TensorFlow library [2] library. Both of these distributions are defined such that the integral (1) is over a one dimensional variable z. Extending to M dimensions would require a-priori exponentially more (in M ) quadrature points. This brings up the need for an in-depth look at higher dimensional quadrature, which should be considered in subsequent work.

Code snippets demonstrate the instantiation of two QC distributions currently available in the TensorFlow library library.


The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata syn Vigna sinensis) is one of the most important legumes in Kenya. It is cultivated all over Kenya mainly for seeds, but the leaves are a popular local vegetable. The main problem with traditional vegetables is their lack of availability due to seasonality. However, in areas where seasonality is a critical factor that limits availability, promoting home gardening and appropriate local preservation technology can improve availability [13] .

However, in areas where seasonality is a critical factor that limits availability, promoting home gardening and appropriate local preservation technology can improve availability.


Malnutrition due to nutritionally inadequate diets is a major concern in Kenya and many other developing countries [1] . The prevalence rates of micronutrient malnutrition remain high, with devastating consequences for health and productivity [2] . In Africa, people have always depended on traditional leafy vegetables to meet their nutritional needs. The vegetables represent cheap but quality nutrition for large segments of the populations in both urban and rural areas. The vegetables are rich in vitamins, especially A, B, and C, and minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium and phosphorus [3] .

Malnutrition due to nutritionally inadequate diets is a major concern in Kenya and many other developing countries.

The prevalence rates of micronutrient malnutrition remain high, with devastating consequences for health and productivity.

The vegetables are rich in vitamins, especially A, B, and C, and minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium and phosphorus.


Unfortunately, most plant species contain nutritional stress factors (anti-nutrients) that increase the loss of essential nutrients from the body, interfering with the metabolism of absorbed essential nutrients, decreasing the digestion of food, or decreasing food intake. Reduction of nutritional stress factors in plant foods increases the bioavailability of nutrients in the plant and thus improves its quality as a foodstuff. The most commonly occurring antinutrients in plant foods include nitrates and nitrites, phenols, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, oxalates and saponins [4] . Toxicity to humans is due to nitrites that arise from microbial reduction of nitrates in the gastro-intestinal tract. This can cause methaemoglobinaemia or act as precursor in the endogenous formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. This reduction is more likely in infants than in adults, due to low acidity in their digestive tract, which allows coliforms and clostridial bacteria to survive [5] . The leafy vegetables are the major vehicle for the entry of nitrates into the human system [6] . High concentrations of oxalate may be of great nutritional disadvantage to both humans and animals. Oxalic acid is a plant toxicant, which forms an insoluble salt with the essential nutrient calcium, thus inhibiting its absorption [7] . It also inhibits the absorption of iron and, to some extent, zinc [8, 9] . This manifests as calcium deficiency, even in diets with adequate levels of calcium. This is more significant in growing children, with developing bones and teeth than in adults [10] . In addition to potential toxicological concerns, phenolic compounds have been implicated in influencing the functional, nutritional and sensory properties of foods with which they are associated [11] . High levels of phenolic compounds are undesirable for women trying to become pregnant, since these compounds also decrease fertility, possibly by modulating hormone levels and even by interfering with the critical early stages of pregnancy [12] .

The most commonly occurring antinutrients in plant foods include nitrates and nitrites, phenols, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, oxalates and saponins.

This reduction is more likely in infants than in adults, due to low acidity in their digestive tract, which allows coliforms and clostridial bacteria to survive.

The leafy vegetables are the major vehicle for the entry of nitrates into the human system.

Oxalic acid is a plant toxicant, which forms an insoluble salt with the essential nutrient calcium, thus inhibiting its absorption.

It also inhibits the absorption of iron and, to some extent, zinc.

This is more significant in growing children, with developing bones and teeth than in adults.

In addition to potential toxicological concerns, phenolic compounds have been implicated in influencing the functional, nutritional and sensory properties of foods with which they are associated.

High levels of phenolic compounds are undesirable for women trying to become pregnant, since these compounds also decrease fertility, possibly by modulating hormone levels and even by interfering with the critical early stages of pregnancy.


In recent years, the use of these substances, which are relatively accessible to young people, and their relationship with interpersonal violence have become a public health problem. The specific relationship between youth violence and substance use has been widely documented in recent reports by international organizations [7, 8] . Other documents on youth risk behavior offer data that alert to a diversity of problems, such as peer violence at school, especially during adolescence [9] [10] [11] .

The specific relationship between youth violence and substance use has been widely documented in recent reports by international organizations.

Other documents on youth risk behavior offer data that alert to a diversity of problems, such as peer violence at school, especially during adolescence.


This paper looks at the information potentia lly provided by economic advisors on trade issues in two different decision contexts. The first instance takes into consideration the rules and obligations governing Members of the WTO in international trade. Under current WTO guidelines the decision of whether to import a potentially contaminated product depends on whether the perceived risk exceeds an acceptable standard known as the Appropriate Level of Protection (ALOP). The second situation assumes that instead of a WTO-compliance objective, there i s a regulatory authority intent on maximising social-welfare in the home economy. In this case a social welfare assessment would be undertaken which calculates the net effect of trade from resultant changes in producer and consumer surplus 2 . Producer losses would stem from two sources: lower product prices induced by international competition and expected damage losses resulting from exotic pest and disease incursions (Roberts 2001) . Consumer gains would take the form of an increased volume available for consumption at cheaper prices as long as the landed price of imported product is below a closed economy price. The aim of this paper is to show that these decision frameworks regarding whether or not to permit trade in a potentially invasive species-carrying good may in fact be complementary, and can be reconciled such that they produce the same outcome regarding permission to trade.

Producer losses would stem from two sources: lower product prices induced by international competition and expected damage losses resulting from exotic pest and disease incursions.


The International Air Transport Association (IATA) recognizes a set of standardized ULDs in the form of open pallets, igloos and ULD containers (International Air Transport Association, 2013b; Morrell, 2011a) . Rigid bodied containers are used by airlines to protect air cargo (and passenger baggage) and to ease the handling of multiple small, individual consignments of air cargo. Pallets are devices providing a rigid base, suitable for forklifting, on which air cargo consignments can be loaded. The load is secured by nets, and the complete load can be manhandled, forklifted, or moved mechanically as a unit (Ashford, Mumayiz and Wright, 2011) . Similar to container ULDs, pallet size and shape/contour will vary on the aircraft operated by the airline (Reynolds-Feighan, 2013) . Igloos are rigid bodied pallets used principally to prevent damage to air cargo or to the interior of the aircraft, where passenger cabins are converted to all-cargo use. A structural igloo is a fully enclosed shell constructed integrally with a pallet base to ensure that cargo conforms to required contours. The shell and the pallet base form a single structural unit. A nonstructural igloo is a bottomless shell that fits over an aircraft pallet to provide shape to loaded cargo. The shell is used in conjunction with the aircraft pallet but does not provide any structural strength (Ashford, Mumayiz and Wright, 2011) . These ULDs are designed to be compatible with a number of aircraft types and are compatible with cargo terminal handling systems, the airport apron, and the aircraft loading equipment (Ashford, et al., 2013) .

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) recognizes a set of standardized ULDs in the form of open pallets, igloos and ULD containers.

The load is secured by nets, and the complete load can be manhandled, forklifted, or moved mechanically as a unit.

Similar to container ULDs, pallet size and shape/contour will vary on the aircraft operated by the airline.

The shell is used in conjunction with the aircraft pallet but does not provide any structural strength.

These ULDs are designed to be compatible with a number of aircraft types and are compatible with cargo terminal handling systems, the airport apron, and the aircraft loading equipment.


The types of products transported by air cargo will vary on a route by route basis, but nonetheless some broad generalisations can be drawn. Globally, around one-third of total air cargo is composed of manufactured goods (Groups 6 and 8 in the Standard International Trade Classification [SITC] ). Such goods include office equipment, computers, electronic products and components. A further third consists of machinery and transport equipment (SITC Group 7), which includes motor vehicle parts and components, construction machinery, communications equipment, and so forth. The final third or so compromises a variety of products, among which fresh food items and other agricultural produce, medical and pharmaceutical products and chemicals are quite significant (Doganis, 2009) . The air cargo mode is especially important for high value goods requiring high speed transportation to markets. Such products require rapid transportation either because they are urgently required, or because they may otherwise perish or deteriorate when being transported over long distances (Oedekoven, 2010; Shaw, 2011) .

The final third or so compromises a variety of products, among which fresh food items and other agricultural produce, medical and pharmaceutical products and chemicals are quite significant.

Such products require rapid transportation either because they are urgently required, or because they may otherwise perish or deteriorate when being transported over long distances.


Wavelet spectrum, based on the continuous wavelet transform, has been proven to be a natural extension of the much more familiar conventional Fourier spectrum analysis which is usually associated with hydro metrological time series analysis [25] . Instead of the results being presented in a plot of energy vis a vis frequency for energy spectrum in Fourier Transform (FT) as well as FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), the wavelet spectrum is three dimensional and is plotted in the time frequency domain in which the energy is portrayed as contours. The wavelets are mathematical functions that break up a signal into different frequency components so that they are studied at different resolutions or scales. They are considered better than the Fourier analysis for their distinct signals that pose discontinuities and sharp spikes.

Wavelet spectrum, based on the continuous wavelet transform, has been proven to be a natural extension of the much more familiar conventional Fourier spectrum analysis which is usually associated with hydro metrological time series analysis.


Cartilage defects 3 mm-wide 6 mm-long till subchondral plate spontaneously healed within 12 weeks in 55.5% of the control group by floating of young forms chondrocytes from activated mesenchymal stem cells of subchondral plate. These stem cells acquired some membranes of RER from the periphery of cytoplasm and were able to produce some matrix proteins. Fibrous metaplasia of the native cartilage and clusters of chondrocytes were observed. In four cases, cartilage underwent distinct destruction under abundant pannus on the surface, but the defect was filled with hyaline cartilaginous tissue. After 12 weeks, we observed slight destruction of native cartilage and 6 of the 8 defects were fully filled by hyaline cartilaginous tissue. In all cases the subchondral plate was thick and raised, and migration of activated chondrocyte-like cells to the defect site occurred. Triple staining for cell surface markers in subchondral plate has identified subpopulations with characteristics of mesenchymal progenitor cells in the osteoarthritic cartilage [12] .

Triple staining for cell surface markers in subchondral plate has identified subpopulations with characteristics of mesenchymal progenitor cells in the osteoarthritic cartilage.


By the development of degenerative changes in hyaline cartilage a percentage of chondrocytes gain the capability of DNA synthesis and cell division, although in normal adult cartilage no mitosis is seen [3, 4] . These results appear to indicate that cartilage has some ability to regenerate and to repair itself. Previous research indicates the injection of concentrated Papain causes not only rapid progressing necrosis of all layers of cartilage, but also differentiation of mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes in perichondrium, which spread out to the upper layers of cartilage [5] . Lower concentrations of Papain appear to induce less degenerative changes in cartilage, but activate chondrocytes and may be useful for cartilage regeneration [6, 7] . The reparative response of articular cartilage continues for up to at least 6 month in animals receiving 0.2 mg/ml dose of Papain. However, cartilage fails to repair in animals receiving 2.0 mg/ml dose of Chymopapain [8] . In our previous studies by intra-articular injection (i.a.i.) of 0.1 mg/ml Papain in experimental chronic arthritis, we also observed the spreading of young forms of chondrocytes from perichondrium to upper layers of cartilage [9] .

By the development of degenerative changes in hyaline cartilage a percentage of chondrocytes gain the capability of DNA synthesis and cell division, although in normal adult cartilage no mitosis is seen.

Previous research indicates the injection of concentrated Papain causes not only rapid progressing necrosis of all layers of cartilage, but also differentiation of mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes in perichondrium, which spread out to the upper layers of cartilage.

Lower concentrations of Papain appear to induce less degenerative changes in cartilage, but activate chondrocytes and may be useful for cartilage regeneration.

However, cartilage fails to repair in animals receiving 2.0 mg/ml dose of Chymopapain.

In our previous studies by intra-articular injection (i.a.i.) of 0.1 mg/ml Papain in experimental chronic arthritis, we also observed the spreading of young forms of chondrocytes from perichondrium to upper layers of cartilage.


The results of this study instigate an important question: why do many young chondrocytes in the defect not produce enough matrix proteins? A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that growth factors, hormones and other proteins are necessary for activation of mesenchymal cell proliferation to chondrocytes and production of matrix proteins. It is known that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and bone marrow proteins (BMPs) enhance chondrocyte proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins in vitro and in vivo. These regenerative properties provide promising candidates for induction of synthesizing and proliferative capabilities of cells in bone and immature cartilage [15, 17, 18] .

These regenerative properties provide promising candidates for induction of synthesizing and proliferative capabilities of cells in bone and immature cartilage.


It turns out that in all but one case, modular functions arise as solutions. However, when k = 1, we will see that the solution has very special features leading to an example of the so-called equivariant forms developed by the authors in a forthcoming paper. In four cases, these equations can be transformed to Schwarzian differential equations which can be solved using techniques developed in a previous paper by one of the author [11] .

In four cases, these equations can be transformed to Schwarzian differential equations which can be solved using techniques developed in a previous paper by one of the author.


The paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we recall the correspondence between second order linear ODE, the Riccati equations, and the Schwarz differential equation. In Section 3 we deal with the classical case of Van der Pol corresponding to the case k = 6 in (1.3). Section 4 deals with the cases k = 2, 3, 4, 5 in one shot using analytic properties of the Schwarzian derivative derived from a previous work [6] , [11] . The most interesting case to us is when k = 1. In addition of providing the solution to the corresponding ODE, we find that this solution satisfies an intriguing equivariance property.

Section 4 deals with the cases k = 2, 3, 4, 5 in one shot using analytic properties of the Schwarzian derivative derived from a previous work.


Currently, most of the existing controllers for power electronics converters are designed to regulate signals with fixed fundamental frequency (e.g. 50/60 Hz signals) and offer accurate voltage/current control solutions [11] . However, in ST-fed distribution grid applications with variable frequency, these conventional control schemes incur in performance degradation [12] [13] . To deal with this problem, the FractionalOrder Repetitive Control (FORC) plus Frequency Locked Loop (FLL)-based frequency adaptive control is proposed and implemented in both ST and DERs. Equipped with this proposed frequency adaptive control, the ST-fed distribution is able to modify online the power production and demand by changing the grid frequency while maintaining good performance. This paper is organized as follows: the detailed frequency control of ST-fed distribution grid is given in Section II. In Section III, the stability of the control system is investigated considering the FLL. The proposed controller has been verified in Section IV with simulations performed in PLECS and experimental results have been performed in a Real Time Dynamic Simulator (RTDS) by means of the ControlHardware-In-Loop (CHIL) method. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section V.

Currently, most of the existing controllers for power electronics converters are designed to regulate signals with fixed fundamental frequency (e.g. 50/60 Hz signals) and offer accurate voltage/current control solutions.

However, in ST-fed distribution grid applications with variable frequency, these conventional control schemes incur in performance degradation.


The online alcohol reduction community of HSM is the context of investigation. HSM operates independently of Australia's public health alcohol prevention. The organisation morphed from a personal journey of one person -Chris Raine -who decided to give up drinking in 2009 and blog about his experiences. Named in reference to not waking up to a Sunday morning with a hangover, Chris's first person introspective contributed valuable insight into the process, emotions, sociality and psychological responses of living and socialising without alcohol. During the year of "giving up", the blog attracted over 1,000 followers (Hamley and Carah, 2012) . Recognising the limits of government-based alcohol strategies, Chris transitioned HSM to a community social networking site.

During the year of "giving up", the blog attracted over 1,000 followers.


Traditionally, duck eggs are salted by pickling with laterite and salt or saline and are commonly consumed, especially with rice gruel for breakfast. The salted yolk is a preserved egg product which is very popular in Asia (Chi and Tseng, 1998) . However, the salted egg white (containing 10% protein and 4-7% sodium chloride) is generally regarded as a useless by-product and discarded as waste leading to environmental pollution because the coagulated egg yolks are used for secondary processing in bakery products (Huang et al., 1999) .

The salted yolk is a preserved egg product which is very popular in Asia.

However, the salted egg white (containing 10% protein and 4-7% sodium chloride) is generally regarded as a useless by-product and discarded as waste leading to environmental pollution because the coagulated egg yolks are used for secondary processing in bakery products.


Egg is composed of three main parts; shell, albumen (egg white) and yolk. The yolk is surrounded by an albumen layer and this structure is covered by a hard eggshell (Yamamoto et al., 1996) . The weight of an egg and the weight distribution of the three parts, differ considerably, depending on the kind of egg and their age (Okubo et al., 1997) .

The yolk is surrounded by an albumen layer and this structure is covered by a hard eggshell.

The weight of an egg and the weight distribution of the three parts, differ considerably, depending on the kind of egg and their age.


Partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences clearly clustered strains belonging to the three species, confirming their biovar classification. Partial sequences for the few A. tumefaciens strains were identical to each other; the same was true among the A. rhizogenes strains. In contrast, partial sequences for A. vitis strains could be differentiated into three types, but still clearly clustered together (Sawada et al., 1993) . The 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses in the present study reinforced the results of previous studies where A. vitis strains were divided into chromosomal groups by restriction enzyme analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S-23S rRNA intergenic region (Otten et al., 1996b) . Complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of the three A. tumefaciens isolated from two different vineyard areas were identical. In contrast, complete 16S rRNA gene sequences for representative strains of each of the three A. vitis types (A, B and C) differed from each other by one or two nucleotides at the same position. The complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of A. vitis strain S4 also differed from the K309 type strain sequence by one nucleotide (Otten et al., 1996a) .

In contrast, partial sequences for A. vitis strains could be differentiated into three types, but still clearly clustered together.

The 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses in the present study reinforced the results of previous studies where A. vitis strains were divided into chromosomal groups by restriction enzyme analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S-23S rRNA intergenic region.

The complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of A. vitis strain S4 also differed from the K309 type strain sequence by one nucleotide.


Beyond the simple U (1) group, extended gauge symmetries have also attracted a lot of attention, especially to explain the observed pattern of fermion masses and mixings (some of the earliest papers on this subject are [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] ). A common feature of these models is the appearance of dangerous flavour-changing-neutral-current (FCNC) contributions, mediated by the new flavour gauge bosons. Hence, a high new physics (NP) scale, usually larger than 1000 TeV, must be adopted to provide the necessary suppressions. This prevents any NP direct observation at the present and future colliders.

Beyond the simple U (1) group, extended gauge symmetries have also attracted a lot of attention, especially to explain the observed pattern of fermion masses and mixings (some of the earliest papers on this subject are).


The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a target for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer, belongs to a transmembrane glycoprotein of the ErbB tyrosine kinase receptor family. Ligand-receptor interaction and dimerization of the receptor leads to tyrosine autophosphorylation, activating an intracellular signal pathway that promotes cell division and migration, inhibition of apoptosis, and angiogenesis [7] . The monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab bind to EGFR and disable the activation of tyrosine-kinase and downstream signalling pathways.

Ligand-receptor interaction and dimerization of the receptor leads to tyrosine autophosphorylation, activating an intracellular signal pathway that promotes cell division and migration, inhibition of apoptosis, and angiogenesis.


In the present work, in contrast, our focus is on structural changes in unstressed BMG samples as a result of prior mechanical treatment, in particular homogeneous viscoplastic flow associated with creep under uniaxial load. For such samples, X-ray diffraction patterns obtained in transmission, using a synchrotron source, show a circular first halo for isotropic as-cast BMGs. Under load, or in the stress-free state after creep, this halo is elliptical, the first halo in S(Q) occurring at lower Q in the direction of positive (tensile) strain, and vice versa [19] .

Under load, or in the stress-free state after creep, this halo is elliptical, the first halo in S(Q) occurring at lower Q in the direction of positive (tensile) strain, and vice versa.


The World Health Organization's simplified trachoma grading scheme defines active trachoma as TF and/or TI. TF (trachomatous inflammation follicular) is the presence of five or more follicles in the central part of the upper tarsal conjunctiva, each at least 0.5 mm in diameter, and TI (trachomatous inflammationintense) is pronounced inflammatory thickening of the upper tarsal conjunctiva that obscures more than half of the normal deep vessels [4] . Active trachoma is associated with young age, poor access to water and sanitation, and close contact between people. Discharge from the eyes and nose may facilitate the transmission of ocular C trachomatis infection [5] .

TF (trachomatous inflammation follicular) is the presence of five or more follicles in the central part of the upper tarsal conjunctiva, each at least 0.5 mm in diameter, and TI (trachomatous inflammationintense) is pronounced inflammatory thickening of the upper tarsal conjunctiva that obscures more than half of the normal deep vessels.

Discharge from the eyes and nose may facilitate the transmission of ocular C trachomatis infection.


A speed-independent circuit is a network of basic elements of which the correctness is independent of delays in the response times of the basic elements. In case the correctness of the network is independent of the response times of the connection wires as well, we say the circuit is a delay-insensitive circuit [13] . The usefulness, flexibility, and potential of these types of asynchronous circuits have been demonstrated by many authors [lo, 13, 161 and, most recently, by Ivan Sutherland in his 1988 Turing Award lecture [ 181. It is believed that these circuits form a challenging new area of circuit design which differs considerably from the traditional design techniques for synchronous circuits. One of the most challenging tasks is to develop a formalism and notation for the design of these circuits.

In case the correctness of the network is independent of the response times of the connection wires as well, we say the circuit is a delay-insensitive circuit.


Kolah Ghazi National Nark located in the southeast of Isfahan, Iran, and Isfahan-Shiraz road passes through northwest side. The area of the region is 47,262 hectares. The climate is warm and dry. Due to its special conditions, Kolah Ghazi National Park has long been wild life habitats and has a long history [6] . Kolah Ghazi Mountain is a part of Maahdasht mountain range. The highest pick of this mountain reaches 2534 meters. The National Park vegetation, in addition of herbaceous cover, has tree and shrub species.

The climate is warm and dry.

Due to its special conditions, Kolah Ghazi National Park has long been wild life habitats and has a long history.


Although brand love and satisfaction resemble each other a lot, there is a slight difference between them. While satisfaction can be realized by means of a one-time interaction of a customer with the brand, the feeling of love can be realized after a few times of interaction. Satisfaction level forms a basis for the creation of brand love. It establishes and strengthens the bond between the brand and the customer. As this bond gets strengthened, brand love is created. The love felt for the brand makes the customer feel his/her brand is so important and unique that it cannot be replaced with other brands (Fournier, 1998) . When the customer is attached to a brand with love, he/she does not change it easily. In this case, creating a love towards a brand is vitally important for the enterprises in order to stand Competition.Brand love is a new concept in theory and practice. Therefore, it is still being investigated and discovered. Since it provides an inimitable advantage to the firms to stand intense competition and it has not been discussed a lot, the factors affecting brand love were tried to be examined in the study. The study consists of two parts. In the first part, theoretical information about brand love was presented and in the second part the questionnaire about brand love and the results of this study were discussed.

The love felt for the brand makes the customer feel his/her brand is so important and unique that it cannot be replaced with other brands.

The study consists of two parts.


The aims of the present study were to evaluate the main chemical qualities, such as proximate composition, fatty acids composition and flavor volatile compounds composition of the fillets, and the biometrical characteristics of Italian rainbow trout from three different farms (an intensive mountain farm, IMF; an intensive plain farm, IPF; and an extensive farm, EF), and to establish whether farmed trout origins could be differentiated by their basic biometrical and chemical parameters using supervised linear discriminant analysis (LDA) chemometrics. The extensive farm, in which fish feed only on naturally available nutrients for at least the last year of their life, represents a new particular farming system which produces trout sold as high quality / high value trout for restoration and is very much appreciated by consumers (Puzzi, 2002) . Moreover, the extensive farm could be considered as a finishing strategy for trout previously reared in an intensive farm.

The extensive farm, in which fish feed only on naturally available nutrients for at least the last year of their life, represents a new particular farming system which produces trout sold as high quality / high value trout for restoration and is very much appreciated by consumers.


Artocarpin is a prenylated flavonoid derived from Artocarpus plants. The chemical structure of artocarpin contains lipophilic isoprenoid groups, which increases its affinity to biological membranes [22] . Recently, artocarpin has been shown to exhibit cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. It was found to be cytotoxic to breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis [16] . However, the effects of artocarpin on human cutaneous SCC cells have not been previously reported.

The chemical structure of artocarpin contains lipophilic isoprenoid groups, which increases its affinity to biological membranes.

It was found to be cytotoxic to breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis.


Osmotic stress causes a rapid inhibition in the expansion of the young leaves and reduced stomatal conductance of mature leaves. Evaluation of the 4 th leaf growth and the time of emergence and final development of the 6 th , were used to measure osmotic stress. It can be assumed that the reduction in growth after 7 days of exposure in salt just might be more osmotic effects that the accumulation of Na + (ionic effect). The decrease in leaf area could be considered as the first response of glycophytes plants in salinity. This behavior would be a way of avoiding excessive water loss by transpiration, although on the other hand, the reduction in leaf area could have adverse effects on gas exchange and photosynthesis [6] [27] .

This behavior would be a way of avoiding excessive water loss by transpiration, although on the other hand, the reduction in leaf area could have adverse effects on gas exchange and photosynthesis.


Therapy goal assessment can be used in the process of diagnosis as an idiographic complement to more standard nomothetic procedures. Knowledge of a client's therapy goals is not only useful for clinical assessment but also affords the therapist rich information regarding the client's specific life situation (content not available through normative assessment). This information is likely to prove useful in the development of a treatment plan for therapy and, therefore, undoubtedly maximizes the probability of a close match between the client's ultimate goals and the therapist's instrumental goals for therapy (Foster & Mash, 1999) . It is important to note that therapy goal assessment is agnostic with regard to theoretical orientation and may be used by therapists who deliver a variety of different types and lengths of mental health services.

This information is likely to prove useful in the development of a treatment plan for therapy and, therefore, undoubtedly maximizes the probability of a close match between the client's ultimate goals and the therapist's instrumental goals for therapy.


In the real world, the human auditory system can distinguish the mixed speech signals in a noisy environment. At present, there are many scholars establishing the computational auditory scene analysis model and algorithm based on the human ear hearing system to separate and identify the mixed speech signals [22] . The speech signals and the radiated noise signals of the internal combustion engine belong to the separable aliasing sound signals. Thus, the noise source of the internal combustion engine can be separated and identified by the human ear hearing model. Moreover, the Gammatone filter bank is a widely used human ear hearing model [23] [24] [25] [26] . Therefore, the Gammatone hearing filter bank can be introduced into the separation and identification of the internal combustion engine noise sources.

At present, there are many scholars establishing the computational auditory scene analysis model and algorithm based on the human ear hearing system to separate and identify the mixed speech signals.

Moreover, the Gammatone filter bank is a widely used human ear hearing model.


In this study, the focus will be on scratches at the surface of a PV cell across an emitter layer, which brings the p-n junction to the surface with a high density of recombination sites, thusly mimicking a nonlinear edge shunt (Acciani et al., 2010) . In addition reverse and forward bias currents will be used to detect and categorize Ohmic and Non-Ohmic PV shunts. The structure of this manuscript discusses the different inspection routines currently used for PV cells while being manufactured, in section two. Section three addresses the experimental setup, while section four introduces the proposed imagery fusion methodology. The result and discussion is in sections five and six; lastly, the study findings are presented and summarized in the conclusion section.

In this study, the focus will be on scratches at the surface of a PV cell across an emitter layer, which brings the p-n junction to the surface with a high density of recombination sites, thusly mimicking a nonlinear edge shunt.


Bacteriophages are viruses that attack bacteria. They consist of a protein coat (the capsid) surrounding the genetic material, which is DNA or RNA, single-or double-stranded. Because of their biological relevance, phages and their constituents have been subject of manifold structural investigations including small-angle scattering (SAS) (Zipper, 1982) .

Because of their biological relevance, phages and their constituents have been subject of manifold structural investigations including small-angle scattering (SAS).