Over the past twenty years, there has been a dramatic increase in the amount and types of satellite data assimilated by operational forecast centres (Weng, 2007) . Satellite observations of the land, ocean and atmosphere cover the breadth of the electromagnetic spectrum and are used to provide information on pressure, temperature, winds, humidity, aerosols, chemistry and a variety of cloud properties (Kidder and Vonder Haar, 1995) . These observations comprise the majority of data ingested into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models (Weng, 2007) .

Over the past twenty years, there has been a dramatic increase in the amount and types of satellite data assimilated by operational forecast centres.

Satellite observations of the land, ocean and atmosphere cover the breadth of the electromagnetic spectrum and are used to provide information on pressure, temperature, winds, humidity, aerosols, chemistry and a variety of cloud properties.

These observations comprise the majority of data ingested into numerical weather prediction (NWP) models.


Understanding of separation processes as heat engines is advantageous to define the objective efficiency of such processes [2, 9, 14] . This definition reflects the fact that external work delivered combined with the work potential of the streams can be fully transferred into separation work only if such process works in a reversible mode, which is of course only a theoretical concept. Real irreversible separation processes always use more of the work potential than theoretically needed, and part of it is destroyed, which is reflected in the generation of entropy due to mass and heat-transfer phenomena. Fig. 1 provides a qualitative overview of the utilization of work potential for separation work and entropy production in distillation processes. The process efficiency can be defined as ratio of separation work produced over the work delivered & physical work potential used.

Understanding of separation processes as heat engines is advantageous to define the objective efficiency of such processes.


Ideally, a reasonably accurate estimation of the efficiency can be made on the basis of simple calculations. Some well-known rules of thumb for process feasibility based on properties of the separated compounds have been proposed [7] . These rules of thumb lack quantification of the estimated performance efficiency, and mostly present only boundaries of feasible or infeasible regions of individual process parameters, disregarding any interactions between those. In this work, a quantitative efficiency analysis based on exergy analysis is described.

Some well-known rules of thumb for process feasibility based on properties of the separated compounds have been proposed.


Early life-history stages of marine organisms have been reported to be particularly sensitive to environmental changes (Dupont et al., 2008; Kurihara, 2008) . In addition, conditions experienced during embryonic and larval development may substantially affect performance in subsequent life-history stages-so-called "carry-over effects" (Pechenik et al., 1998; Thiyagarajan et al., 2002) . Consequently the effects of OA on early life-history stages-especially in calcifying species such as barnacles-may have pervasive consequences for juvenile and adult stages.

Early life-history stages of marine organisms have been reported to be particularly sensitive to environmental changes.

In addition, conditions experienced during embryonic and larval development may substantially affect performance in subsequent life-history stages-so-called "carry-over effects".


The higher FF ( + ) value represents the probability for a nucleophilic attack ( Figure 5(b) ). The FF ( − ) values in the compound 5 indicate that the central ring of this molecule in special carbon 3 (C 3 ) is the most susceptible to be attacked by electrophilic species, whereas the ring of five members of the same molecule is most susceptible to be attacked by nucleophilic species. This means that the AChE inhibition and MAO is due to retrodonation on the central ring that allows the dual inhibition on cholinesterase. The MAO inhibition is determinated by steric and electronic effect. These can be characterized from the chemical point of view with the binding sites of inhibition and selectivity. In Figure 5 we can see that the retrodonor process is due to the C3, C4, C6, C8, O12, and N30 atoms for regions ( − ) (Figure 5(a) ) and C2, C3, C5, C6, C7, C8, and N30 atoms for regions ( + ) (Figure 5(b) ) for the more active molecule 5 that causes one electronic donation capacity quantified by the electrophilicity index (see Table 7 ) which allows the stabilization in the active site and postulate the retrodonor process by the C3, C6, C8, and CN30 ( Figure 5(a) ) atoms. However the molecular set studied is hybrid molecules that act as MAO-B inhibitors by virtue of the covalent bond formed by the propargylamino moiety with the Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor and as ChE inhibitors by interaction at the catalytic site with the N-benzyl-cycloalkylamino moiety and at the peripheral site (PAS of AChE) with the heteroaromatic moiety [13, [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] . Therefore, retrodonation on the central ring might even take place but as an additional interaction.

However the molecular set studied is hybrid molecules that act as MAO-B inhibitors by virtue of the covalent bond formed by the propargylamino moiety with the Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor and as ChE inhibitors by interaction at the catalytic site with the N-benzyl-cycloalkylamino moiety and at the peripheral site (PAS of AChE) with the heteroaromatic moiety.


The similarity values (Tables 2-5 ) are used to calculate the alpha and beta indexes [35, 36] . The higher alphaOverlap ( O ) index value was 1.9963 to molecule 7. The lowest value found for alpha-Overlap ( O ) index was 1.9303 for compound 3. The O index is associated with the structural similarity of the compound of interest with respect to the compounds 1 and 2, respectively, which are responsible for the hybrid character. The higher value found for alphaCoulomb ( C ) index was 1.9544. The lowest value found for alpha-Coulomb ( C ) is 1.8523 to Compound 6. The alpha-Coulomb ( C ) index is associated with the electronic similarity of the compound of interest with respect to the compounds 1 and 2, respectively.

The similarity values (Tables 2-5 ) are used to calculate the alpha and beta indexes.


The similarity index concept was originally proposed from the perspective of quantum chemistry by Carbó and coworkers [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] . Similarity concepts is an omnipresent concept that permeates almost every chemistry field and other scientific fields such as physics, biology, and biochemistry among others. From the similarity or dissimilarity concept it is possible to obtain vital information of molecular designers, who are molecular designers within the drugdevelopment context, and the molecular similarity formalism has been proved to be one of the most significant computational tools that can be used to supply novel design ideas in order to get new drugs. The present work is concerned with such methodology that is based on similarity indexes computed from molecular fields using Carbó approach [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] .

The similarity index concept was originally proposed from the perspective of quantum chemistry by Carbó and coworkers.

The present work is concerned with such methodology that is based on similarity indexes computed from molecular fields using Carbó approach.


Note, however, that the order obtained in both scales is not the same. In Figure 3 the molecule 3 has the lowest value of alpha-Overlap ( O ), whereas the molecule 3 has ( Figure 3 ) the higher value in the alpha-Coulomb scales ( C ). This denotes a possible dual inhibition from electronic perspective. The relationships found in this work allow quantifying the hybrid character of IMAO/IAChe (Figure 4 ) [13] .

The relationships found in this work allow quantifying the hybrid character of IMAO/IAChe (Figure 4 ).


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered a chronic disease with serious implication and many consequences. AD not only has enormous implications from the medical point of view but also has high economic costs and a negative impact on social activities within families and work places of the AD affected patients. AD is clinically characterized by progressive loss of memory and a decline in language skills and other cognitive impairments that inexorably leads to incapacitation and finally to death [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .

AD is clinically characterized by progressive loss of memory and a decline in language skills and other cognitive impairments that inexorably leads to incapacitation and finally to death.


Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to control a variety of pernicious organisms that spoil crops. More than 600 kinds of agrochemicals are used around the world (Miyake et al., 1999) . They provide unquestionable benefit for agricultural production, even though, as a consequence, low amounts of some residues may persist in the food supply and could constitute a significant exposure pathway for humans. Exposure to food residues has created uncertainty for potential chronic toxicity and, in some cases, acute toxicity (Saunders and Harper, 1994; Ekström et al., 1996; Osman and Al-Rehiayani, 2003) .

More than 600 kinds of agrochemicals are used around the world.

Exposure to food residues has created uncertainty for potential chronic toxicity and, in some cases, acute toxicity.


Our findings have several important parallels with Franklin and co-authors [28] . For instance, across all admission types, we found that the elements emitted primarily through industrial combustion, namely Ni and As, displayed the greatest and most consistent effect modification. We also found moderate modification by Al, which was shown to be a strong modifier in the previous study. The primary differences were that we found that Br and OC, species often associated with traffic, and Na + , an ion often associated with marine aerosol, were effect modifiers of several causes of admissions.

Our findings have several important parallels with Franklin and co-authors.


The production of products or software can be generally categorized into two main approaches, namely traditional production and user production (Brabham 2013) . Traditional production focuses on a top-down process contained within an organization in a hierarchical form. User production focuses on a bottom-up approach, allowing the community to generate content without much level of organization, in a somewhat self-governing manner (Panchal & Fathianathan 2008) . Our work primarily focuses on user production while supplementing the organizational component of traditional production with social network analysis to allow for greater user production while also minimizing expensive managerial overhead (Hamel 2011) .

The production of products or software can be generally categorized into two main approaches, namely traditional production and user production.

User production focuses on a bottom-up approach, allowing the community to generate content without much level of organization, in a somewhat self-governing manner.

Our work primarily focuses on user production while supplementing the organizational component of traditional production with social network analysis to allow for greater user production while also minimizing expensive managerial overhead.


Developments in the study of nonperturbative string physics over the last five years have revealed the importance of super p-branes. In particular, there are tantalizing hints at the possibility of an important role to be played by the eleven dimensional supermembrane theory. There is growing evidence for the existence of a fundamental theory in eleven dimensions which is described by the eleven dimensional supergravity in a certain low energy limit [1] . At present, the only available theory of extended objects that produces correctly the eleven dimensional supergravity seems to be the eleven dimensional supermembrane theory [2] . Thus, it is natural to probe further into the structure of this remarkably unique theory.

There is growing evidence for the existence of a fundamental theory in eleven dimensions which is described by the eleven dimensional supergravity in a certain low energy limit.

At present, the only available theory of extended objects that produces correctly the eleven dimensional supergravity seems to be the eleven dimensional supermembrane theory.


An important motivation for our work is the search for a covariant supersymmetric action that would describe a super five-brane in eleven dimensions. A related question is how to describe (preferably in a covariant fashion) the dynamics of super p-brane solitons that arise in supergravity theories in diverse dimensions [8] . Thus, before presenting our results, we shall first go over various aspects of this problem.

A related question is how to describe (preferably in a covariant fashion) the dynamics of super p-brane solitons that arise in supergravity theories in diverse dimensions.


First, some of the challenges, opportunities and intimacies of mobility illustrated by the various papers can be at times and in some respect comparable to those of other forms of mobility (Smith & Favell, 2006) . The focus on family can, in this regard, help challenge the binary logic separating "traditional" and "contemporary" form of migration. Further comparative research is needed to understand where and when opportunities and constraints of mobility for different migrants diverge, or under which circumstances the dynamics and demands of global capitalism affect the life-worlds of a multitude of individuals in comparable ways (Della Porta et al., 2015) . Second, the subjective, emotional and psychological work of planning and organizing international mobility with the family, including people's encounter with diversity, their inner dialogues and decision-making, as well as their perceptions and narrations of (im)mobility, require further attention (Cangià, 2017; Ryan et al., 2009; Walsh, 2012) . These more subjective aspects can help re-conceptualize "friction" as an analytical category, and by extension, shed light on the challenges of international mobility as more than a friction-less form of mobility.

First, some of the challenges, opportunities and intimacies of mobility illustrated by the various papers can be at times and in some respect comparable to those of other forms of mobility.

Further comparative research is needed to understand where and when opportunities and constraints of mobility for different migrants diverge, or under which circumstances the dynamics and demands of global capitalism affect the life-worlds of a multitude of individuals in comparable ways.

Second, the subjective, emotional and psychological work of planning and organizing international mobility with the family, including people's encounter with diversity, their inner dialogues and decision-making, as well as their perceptions and narrations of (im)mobility, require further attention.


Finally, a number of implications for policy-making can be highlighted. The various articles in this issue suggest how dual career couples in mobility (with an increasing number of women followed by accompanying male partners) become more the rule than the exception (Cole, 2012; Ravasi, Salamin, & Davoine, 2013) . Spouses' career at times becomes part of the economic value of expatriation and, more concretely, part of employers' business strategy, in the form of a variety of programs (job search assistance, language and intercultural training). The articles in this issue illustrate how mobile trajectories also characterize more and more academic career paths. The balance between academic career and family life is an emerging issue in the context of research gender equality policies in certain countries. The role of mobility in this context, and the possible challenges and arrangements with regard to family and couple life on-the-move should be further explored in order to better respond to the different needs and at times precarious conditions in which academic employees work (Lempiäinen, 2015) . Finally, the temporal and reflexive character of mobility represents an important aspect of the making of career trajectories and work-life balance for employees, and should become integral part of human resources' programmes.

The various articles in this issue suggest how dual career couples in mobility (with an increasing number of women followed by accompanying male partners) become more the rule than the exception.

The role of mobility in this context, and the possible challenges and arrangements with regard to family and couple life on-the-move should be further explored in order to better respond to the different needs and at times precarious conditions in which academic employees work.


In a smaller study on 205 Korean women with breast cancer, the ESR1 rs2234693(PvuII) RFLP did not show any difference between cases and controls; however, rs9340799(XbaI) RFLP, more so in postmenopausal than premenopausal women, was found to modify individual breast cancer risk [28] . Genotyping of four ESR1 SNPs, rs746432, rs2234693(PvuII), rs9340799(XbaI), and rs1801132, was performed on 1,183 Caucasian postmenopausal women (393 breast cancer cases and 790 controls) from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures [29] . A Table 2 protective effect of SNP rs9340799(XbaI) was observed, while no statistically significant association was found for any of the other three SNPs and breast cancer risk in this postmenopausal population. In a case-control study conducted with a total of 846 pairs (388 Japanese, 79 Japanese Brazilians, and 379 non-Japanese Brazilians) in pre-and postmenopausal breast cancer women, none of the five ESR1 SNPs (rs2234693, rs9340799, rs1801132, rs3798577, and rs2228480) or two ESR2 SNPs (rs4986938 and rs1256049) were associated with breast cancer risk [30] . In a large meta-analysis of 1,678 breast cancer cases and 1,678 general population controls from Asian populations, the association between ESR1 XbaI and PuvII SNPs and breast cancer risk was evaluated [31] . The risk of breast cancer was not observed in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with the rs9340799(XbaI) polymorphism; however, premenopausal women with breast cancer with the rs2234693(PvuII) variant had a significantly elevated breast cancer risk, while postmenopausal women showed a non-significantly increased risk.

In a smaller study on 205 Korean women with breast cancer, the ESR1 rs2234693(PvuII) RFLP did not show any difference between cases and controls; however, rs9340799(XbaI) RFLP, more so in postmenopausal than premenopausal women, was found to modify individual breast cancer risk.

Genotyping of four ESR1 SNPs, rs746432, rs2234693(PvuII), rs9340799(XbaI), and rs1801132, was performed on 1,183 Caucasian postmenopausal women (393 breast cancer cases and 790 controls) from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures.

In a case-control study conducted with a total of 846 pairs (388 Japanese, 79 Japanese Brazilians, and 379 non-Japanese Brazilians) in pre-and postmenopausal breast cancer women, none of the five ESR1 SNPs (rs2234693, rs9340799, rs1801132, rs3798577, and rs2228480) or two ESR2 SNPs (rs4986938 and rs1256049) were associated with breast cancer risk.

In a large meta-analysis of 1,678 breast cancer cases and 1,678 general population controls from Asian populations, the association between ESR1 XbaI and PuvII SNPs and breast cancer risk was evaluated.


Visual analytics is the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by interactive visual interfaces. Its goal is to detect the expected and discovery the unexpected [1] . The exploration and visualization of stories in news articles is a challenging task. The task could be characterized as four words, WHO, WHEN, WHERE and WHAT. Each word implies many questions. For instance, WHO may include questions such as who are the key players relevant to the story, how the relevant players are connected, which of the relevant players are deliberately engaged in what kind of activities and so on.

Its goal is to detect the expected and discovery the unexpected.

Each word implies many questions.


It is now well known that inflammation may have an independent role or act synergistically with traditional risk factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [25] . Atherosclerosis and inflammation have been proposed to share similar pathogenesis, such as CD40-CD40 ligand couple [26] . High levels of inflammatory markers are known to be the predictors of cardiovascular events [27, 28] . It has been reported that there is a complex association between inflammatory markers, such as hsCRP and fibrinogen, and CIMT, an early atherosclerosis marker, and that inflammatory markers play a role in the pathogenesis of CVD [29] .

It is now well known that inflammation may have an independent role or act synergistically with traditional risk factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis and inflammation have been proposed to share similar pathogenesis, such as CD40-CD40 ligand couple.

High levels of inflammatory markers are known to be the predictors of cardiovascular events.

It has been reported that there is a complex association between inflammatory markers, such as hsCRP and fibrinogen, and CIMT, an early atherosclerosis marker, and that inflammatory markers play a role in the pathogenesis of CVD.


Palm-biodiesel has successfully existed as an efficient energy source despite being relegated for many years due to many issues and speculations. Other milestones related to the palm-biodiesel industry are the reduction of environmental impact, an increment of job opportunities, enhancement of energy security, and maximisation of waste utilisation. Besides, palm-biodiesel has been noted as a viable and practical alternative or additive to petro-diesel through its excellent characteristics such as clean-burning, nontoxicity, renewability, sustainability, and acceptability. On top of that, it also has benefits including its cheaper cost and more positive carbon benefits than other major biodiesel sources [176] . These can consequently lead to the increase in prospects for the palm-biodiesel industry.

On top of that, it also has benefits including its cheaper cost and more positive carbon benefits than other major biodiesel sources.


With the change of German energy and environmental politics, decentralized electricity generation has grown of importance especially since the 1990s [1] [2] [3] . A major part of decentralized electricity generation is achieved from renewable sources and is mainly located in rural regions. This is especially the case for biogas and wind technologies, whereas renewable electricity generation in urban areas, so far, is mainly restricted to solar, especially photovoltaic, technologies and combined heat and power plants [CHP] using biomass [4] . Whereas the planning processes and conflicts surrounding renewable energies and decentralized electricity generation have been an important topic for field research for some time, empirical research on the economic effects associated with decentralized electricity generation at the local level has only just started.

With the change of German energy and environmental politics, decentralized electricity generation has grown of importance especially since the 1990s.

This is especially the case for biogas and wind technologies, whereas renewable electricity generation in urban areas, so far, is mainly restricted to solar, especially photovoltaic, technologies and combined heat and power plants [CHP] using biomass.


Among Characiformes, which comprised the prey of the two species studied in Sobradinho, special mention is due to the importance of M. costae on the diet of A. britskii, and of T. chalceus on the diet of A. lacustris, as well as the participation of other foraging Characiformes and engraulid A. vaillanti, which are on the bottom of the trophic chain of other piscivores in the reservoir (unpublished data). In an assessment of the ichthyofauna in Sobradinho reservoir, conducted during the same period as the present study, foraging species A. vaillanti, T. chalceus, . The differences observed during the ontogenic analysis of the diet reflect changes in the energy demands of individuals according to increases in size and morphological changes, implying a differentiation in the diet during development (ABELHA et al., 2001) . Changes in the spatial distribution of different class sizes can contribute to ontogenic changes to the diet, reducing competition among species that exploit the same resources and/or different sized individuals.

The differences observed during the ontogenic analysis of the diet reflect changes in the energy demands of individuals according to increases in size and morphological changes, implying a differentiation in the diet during development.


In this paper, we explore a new direction of generalization-we introduce a vorticity to the system, and delineate a fundamental change of dynamics brought about by the vortex. The KP hierarchy is characterized not only by small amplitudes but also by irrotational (zero-vorticity) velocity fields (see Section 2.2). We may view the ordered system of solitons as a singular submanifold (leaf) embedded in a larger phase space of finite-vorticity perturbations [18] . The departure from the zero-vorticity leaf will produce complexity and, finally, generate turbulence. The aim of this study is to probe into the 'neighborhood' of the KP hierarchy and elucidate how chaos starts to develop.

We may view the ordered system of solitons as a singular submanifold (leaf) embedded in a larger phase space of finite-vorticity perturbations.


The question of what other highly arc transitive digraphs exist has started a substantial amount of research. The question was originally considered by Cameron, Praeger, and Wormald [1] . They presented some nontrivial constructions (details can be found in Section 3) and worked on ways to describe all highly arc transitive digraphs. One approach to this involves the reachability relation.

The question was originally considered by Cameron, Praeger, and Wormald.


A new and very interesting analog of Appell polynomials were introduced recently, as a biproduct of other considerations, by Ismail and Zhang [9] . In discussing the Askey-Wilson operator they defined a new q-analog of the exponential function e xt . This we describe in the next section.

A new and very interesting analog of Appell polynomials were introduced recently, as a biproduct of other considerations, by Ismail and Zhang.

This we describe in the next section.


PSG examination was conducted using a standard montage according to AASM [26] . Polysomnograms were scored by a polysomnographic technologist and examined by a sleep specialist. Polysomnography was performed using a digital device (Schwarzer™, Domino™). Respiratory events and sleep staging were scored according to the rules of the AASM [26] .

PSG examination was conducted using a standard montage according to AASM.

Respiratory events and sleep staging were scored according to the rules of the AASM.


Sleep related breathing disorders (SRBD) comprise various types. The most important and predominant ones are obstructive sleep apnoea (OSAS) and central sleep apnoea (CSAS), although with distinct differences in pathophysiology. In OSAS, repeated episodes of upper airway closure (leading to cessation of respiratory flow = apnoea, or diminished flow with hypoxia and/ or arousal = hypopnoea []) during sleep lead to intermittent hypoxia, sympathetic activation, cytokine release and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [1] . The estimated prevalence is approximately 20 to 30 percent in males and 10 to 15 percent in females when OSAS is defined as an AHI >5 events per hour as measured by a polysomnography [2] .

In OSAS, repeated episodes of upper airway closure (leading to cessation of respiratory flow = apnoea, or diminished flow with hypoxia and/ or arousal = hypopnoea []) during sleep lead to intermittent hypoxia, sympathetic activation, cytokine release and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

The estimated prevalence is approximately 20 to 30 percent in males and 10 to 15 percent in females when OSAS is defined as an AHI >5 events per hour as measured by a polysomnography.


It is important to note that we might be underestimating the MRP, because there may be other institutional benefits not captured by the football program revenue figure. For instance, after a team has a successful season, they may have an increase in new student applicants, potentially improving the quality of the student body. This was well documented after George Mason University made a surprise run to the Final Four of college basketball in 2006, with university officials reporting a 24% increase in freshman applicants (Carroll, 2008) . Also, there may be an increase in alumni support stemming from athletic success. In September 2013, Texas A&M University reported that donations had reached a school record of $740 million for the year, exceeding the previous high by 70% (Troop, 2013) . While there were likely a variety of reasons for this, the fact that this came the year after Johnny Manziel won the Heisman Trophy should not be ignored.

This was well documented after George Mason University made a surprise run to the Final Four of college basketball in 2006, with university officials reporting a 24% increase in freshman applicants.

In September 2013, Texas A&M University reported that donations had reached a school record of $740 million for the year, exceeding the previous high by 70%.


College football players spend nearly twice the amount of time on practice and conditioning as they do in the classroom (Jenkins, 2014) . They are compensated for this effort with a grant for education, housing and food. The National Labor Relations Board recently ruled that because college football players receive compensation for performing a full week's worth of work, they should be considered employees of their university and have the right to unionize. This ruling will likely be the start of the negotiations for players to receive better compensation. That compensation may be determined by the marginal revenue product of the players. This paper could potentially aid in those negotiations by providing a measure of an upper bound estimate of player marginal revenue product.

College football players spend nearly twice the amount of time on practice and conditioning as they do in the classroom.


We used the HBM, (as illustrated in Fig. 2 ) to make sense of the cancer screening barriers reported by Somali men. Using the model provided us with insight about individual perceptions of cancer and cancer screening. Overall, our results indicate a general lack of knowledge among Somali men in this study on issues surrounding cancer screening. To our knowledge this is the first study that has discussed at length the barriers faced by Somali men in relation to use and access to cancer screening services. Several studies have addressed cancer screening barriers for Somali women [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] .

Several studies have addressed cancer screening barriers for Somali women.


A p-compact group is a loop space (X, BX, e), i.e. e : X ≃ Ω(BX) for a pointed space BX, such that H * (X; F p ) is finite and BX is p-complete in the sense of Bousfield and Kan [4] . As expected, examples of p-compact groups are given by p-completion of compact Lie groups G for which π 0 G is a p-group, since G ∧ p is homotopy equivalent to Ω(BG ∧ p ). In this way a p-compact torus T of rank n is the p-completion of an ordinary torus, hence BT is the Eilenberg-MacLane space K((Z p ) ⊕n , 2). Further examples are given by the realization of polynomial algebras, i.e. loop spaces ΩBX, where BX is p-complete and has polynomial mod-p cohomology ( [1] , [5] , [11] , [27] , [32] , [37] ). The importance of p-compact groups consists of a dictionary (reviewed in Section 2) that translates much of the rich internal algebraic structure of compact Lie groups to the homotopy theoretical setting of p-compact groups, so the challenge is then to give homotopy theoretical proofs of classical algebraic Lie group theory results.

A p-compact group is a loop space (X, BX, e), i.e. e : X ≃ Ω(BX) for a pointed space BX, such that H * (X; F p ) is finite and BX is p-complete in the sense of Bousfield and Kan.

Further examples are given by the realization of polynomial algebras, i.e. loop spaces ΩBX, where BX is p-complete and has polynomial mod-p cohomology (,,,,,).


An experiment was run with a preliminary implementation of the T&D technique. T&D was implemented as an additional component that we can insert into our previously implemented standard searchbased test-data generation tool for Simulink. The search engine applied is Simulated Annealling (SA) [18] . In our application a move effectively perturbs the value of one of the inputs of one step in the current test sequence by a value less than or equal to 2 percent of the range of the input. We applied a geometric cooling rate of 0.8. The number of attempted moves at each temperature was 100, with a maximum of 300 temperature reductions. These parameters may be thought to be on the 'small' side, but the computational expense of simulation necessitated pragmatic choices.

The search engine applied is Simulated Annealling (SA).


Neither the leadership nor the team literature has focused on the relational competencies of leaders needed for setting the stage for innovative behavior (Hogg, van Knippenberg, & Rast, 2012; Wang & Cheng, 2010) . Hence, the present study contributes to both leadership and team innovation literatures by showing that BL, a prevalent leadership style in Eastern contexts, is an effective leadership in R&D units where innovative behavior is vital. First, our results illustrate that benevolent leaders, who have high levels of relationship orientation, facilitate innovative behavior both within and across teams. Second, it suggests that identification to the team and department are important explanatory mechanisms for the relationship between BL and innovative behavior. Third, contrary to the threat explanations of the social identity theory, we found positive effects of team identification on cross-team innovative behavior.

Neither the leadership nor the team literature has focused on the relational competencies of leaders needed for setting the stage for innovative behavior.


Recently, a wavelet-based compression method was presented by Guskov and Khodakovsky [10] . They proposed to apply a multi-resolution analysis to the frames to exploit the spatial coherence of individual frames. Each frame was consequently transformed into several sets of details, namely, the wavelet coefficients, and the resulting details were progressively encoded with a predictive coding scheme.

Recently, a wavelet-based compression method was presented by Guskov and Khodakovsky.


Failure to afford medications was the most common reason for poor adherence. The hospital provides free medications for only one month. As appointments are always longer than a month apart, most of the patients are forced to refill their prescriptions from private pharmacies. This is only possible for few patients who can afford. Majority of the patients may have to wait until the scheduled visit to get free medication. Nevertheless, similar findings have been reported elsewhere [11, 25] .

Nevertheless, similar findings have been reported elsewhere.


Medical waste is discarded matter generated from medical activities, and has a high potential negative impact on both public health and the environment (Xie et al., 2009) . The main methods available for disposal of medical waste are autoclaves, retorts, microwave disinfection systems, chemical disinfection and incineration (Lee et al., 2004) . Among these, incineration is the most widely used treatment for the disposal of medical waste. Combustion has notable advantages in volume and weight reduction, destruction of pathogens and hazardous organics, and a relatively fast process, In addition, the waste heat generated from combustion can also be recycled.

Medical waste is discarded matter generated from medical activities, and has a high potential negative impact on both public health and the environment.

The main methods available for disposal of medical waste are autoclaves, retorts, microwave disinfection systems, chemical disinfection and incineration.


The current emission limit of MWIs in Taiwan is 0.5 ng I-TEQ/Nm 3 , which is five times the European Union limit (Coutinho et al., 2006) . The goal of this study is to reduce the PCDD/F emissions from two incinerators, MWI-A and MWI-B, both of which are equipped with systems that utilize two-stage combustion chambers and a combination of semi-dry scrubber, activated carbon injection and bag filters. These incinerators have designed capacities of 9.12 and 12.0 ton/d, respectively, and MWI-A has sometimes been found to have PCDD/F emission higher than 0.5 ng I-TEQ/Nm 3 . In order to reduce PCDD/F emissions, MWI-A was modified from a single-to dual-bag filter system in 2009. The removal efficiencies between these two MWIs were compared in this study, as measured by the PCDD/F contents in bottom ash and fly ash from each air pollution control device (APCDs) unit. The results show that when the PCDD/F concentration in the exhaust gas is high, the removal efficiency of a single bag filter was unsatisfactory (85.8%), while the dual-bag filter system had a much better performance (99.2%). This study thus suggests that a dualbag filter system can greatly reduce the excess PCDD/F emissions resulting from intermittent operations and irregular waste feeding.

The current emission limit of MWIs in Taiwan is 0.5 ng I-TEQ/Nm 3 , which is five times the European Union limit.


Our results have one practical limitation, which is that we abstract from the political moral hazard induced by risk sharing (Persson and Tabellini, 1996) . It is plausible that a fiscal transfer mechanism reduces incentives for national governments to carry out structural reforms, and this is probably the main political reason for its opposition in the Eurozone. In this paper, we acknowledge this concern insofar as we rule out policies with permanent transfers from one country to another. However, our main focus is on the potential economic benefits rather than the political economy.

Our results have one practical limitation, which is that we abstract from the political moral hazard induced by risk sharing.


Many efforts have been made to treat patients with lung cancer. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies are conventional lung cancer treatments [3] . Targeted therapies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) comprise epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, such as erlotinib or gefitinib, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors, such as crizotinib [4, 5] . Considering the high mortality and morbidity rates of lung cancer and the emergence of drug resistance to chemoradiotherapy regimens and TKIs, determining targetable genetic changes is of paramount importance [6] .

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies are conventional lung cancer treatments.

Targeted therapies with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) comprise epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, such as erlotinib or gefitinib, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors, such as crizotinib.

Considering the high mortality and morbidity rates of lung cancer and the emergence of drug resistance to chemoradiotherapy regimens and TKIs, determining targetable genetic changes is of paramount importance.


KRAS proto-oncogene (12p12.1) is a GTPase that is located on the downstream pathway of the tyrosine kinase receptors and involved in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Investigations of KRAS status in NSCLC patients revealed a wide spectrum of mutations in different countries: 8.4% in China, 21% in Japan, 27% in Greece and Italy, 29% in France, and 43.3% in Spain [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . The most prevalent mutated region of KRAS in lung cancer is codon 12 (exon 2) with 75% frequency, whereas mutations in other regions of KRAS are less frequent including codon 13 (exon 2) and codon 63 (exon 3) [27, 28] . A previous meta-analysis demonstrated that the presence of KRAS mutations was a negative prognostic factor for the overall survival of patients with lung cancer, but a more recent study showed that only the presence of KRAS mutations in exon 2 had a predictive value in adenocarcinoma (ADC) patients [27, 29] . Targeted therapies with TKIs have been effective in ADC, but the presence of KRAS mutations induces resistance to treatment with EGFR-independent mechanisms [6] . The RAS/MAPK pathway, with the key component of KRAS, is one of the major signaling networks linking to EGFR signaling. Hence, mutations in downstream effectors of EGFR signaling could lead to resistance to EGFR inhibitors [30] . Moreover, the response to TKIs varies among lung cancer patients with KRAS mutations and may be affected by such factors as coexistence of mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TP53 or PTEN) [31, 32] . Simultaneous analysis of KRAS and TP53 mutations has an important role in determining the prognosis and appropriate treatment strategies for lung cancer patients [33] . The gene TP53, 17p13.1, encodes a tumor suppressor protein that plays a role in regulating the cell cycle. In genomic damage, TP53 plays an anticancer role by preventing and suppressing abnormal cell growth by cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, control of metabolism, and apoptosis. Mutations within the TP53 gene itself or mutations of downstream mediators of TP53 lead to inactivation of its function [34, 35] . Prevalence of TP53 gene mutation accounts for nearly 39% of ADC, 51% of SCC, 68% of large cell carcinoma (LCC), and 80% of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) [34, 36] . In addition, a frequent variation has been found in TP53 mutations in lung cancer patients with different ethnicities [37] .

Investigations of KRAS status in NSCLC patients revealed a wide spectrum of mutations in different countries: 8.4% in China, 21% in Japan, 27% in Greece and Italy, 29% in France, and 43.3% in Spain.

The most prevalent mutated region of KRAS in lung cancer is codon 12 (exon 2) with 75% frequency, whereas mutations in other regions of KRAS are less frequent including codon 13 (exon 2) and codon 63 (exon 3).

A previous meta-analysis demonstrated that the presence of KRAS mutations was a negative prognostic factor for the overall survival of patients with lung cancer, but a more recent study showed that only the presence of KRAS mutations in exon 2 had a predictive value in adenocarcinoma (ADC) patients.

Targeted therapies with TKIs have been effective in ADC, but the presence of KRAS mutations induces resistance to treatment with EGFR-independent mechanisms.

Hence, mutations in downstream effectors of EGFR signaling could lead to resistance to EGFR inhibitors.

Moreover, the response to TKIs varies among lung cancer patients with KRAS mutations and may be affected by such factors as coexistence of mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TP53 or PTEN).

Simultaneous analysis of KRAS and TP53 mutations has an important role in determining the prognosis and appropriate treatment strategies for lung cancer patients.

Mutations within the TP53 gene itself or mutations of downstream mediators of TP53 lead to inactivation of its function.

Prevalence of TP53 gene mutation accounts for nearly 39% of ADC, 51% of SCC, 68% of large cell carcinoma (LCC), and 80% of small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

In addition, a frequent variation has been found in TP53 mutations in lung cancer patients with different ethnicities.


In ocean models, the system of mean equations for momentum, temperature and salinity contain unknown second order correlations between¯uctuations components of momentum and the buoyancy. Closure assumptions need to be introduced to relate frictional eects to the calculated large-scale velocity ®eld, and the diusive eects to the gradients of the temperature and salinity ®elds. These eects are produced in turbulencelike fashion by motions on scales too small to be resolved by the grid. These are called sub-grid scale phenomena. To close the system, the eects of these scales are usually parametrized in a simple way through the use of the eddy viscosity and diusivity concept. Typically in the past, constant values of eddy viscosity (with dierent values in the horizontal and vertical directions) or empirical variable eddy viscosity, allowing non-linear eects to be more realistic, were used. More recently, with the increasing resolution capacities of present-day computers, the diusion coecients have often been determined from local values of scalar properties of the turbulence. Approaches of this type make use of one or more additional transport equations (Rodi, 1980) . Today, while models have become quite sophisticated in computational and turbulence modelling aspects, they depend on numerous calibration parameters that must be extrapolated from limited ®eld measurements. Furthermore, many uncertainties that cannot be accounted for by these turbulence models remain.

Approaches of this type make use of one or more additional transport equations.


Mangrove species diversity is well known for animals and plants but poorly known for other organisms such as fungi (Macintosh & Ashton 2002) . Most mangrove fungi refer mainly to 'marine fungi', which grow and sporulate exclusively in marine or estuarine habitats (Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer 1979) . Little is known about terrestrial fungi in mangrove forests (Hyde & Lee 1995) .

Mangrove species diversity is well known for animals and plants but poorly known for other organisms such as fungi.

Most mangrove fungi refer mainly to 'marine fungi', which grow and sporulate exclusively in marine or estuarine habitats.

Little is known about terrestrial fungi in mangrove forests.


N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a commonly used safe mucolytic drug, In addition, NAC increases the cellular levels of antioxidant and reduces glutathione at higher doses. Therefore, NAC has a potential to improve insulin receptor activity in human erythrocytes and improve insulin secretion in response to glucose [13] . Improvement in insulin receptor activity in hyperinsulinemic subjects can lead to a secondary decrease in the -cell responsiveness to the oral glucose tolerance test. Decreased levels of circulating insulin can lead to significant reduction in Testosterone levels and free androgen index in women responding to the treatment [13, 14] . Advantages resulting from administration of NAC include prevention of endothelial damage resulting from oxidants in noninsulin-dependent adult diabetic subjects and biological effects such as, protection against focal ischemia, inhibition of phospholipid metabolism inhibition, proinflammatory cytokine release, and protease activity [14] . Therefore, it was suggested that the above effects exerted by NAC at the ovarian level may be as beneficial as its insulin-enhancing effects in inducing ovulation. In the absence of effective treatment options for PCOS, establishment of data on new options like NAC as monotherapy or supportive therapy may provide valuable information. There is no systematic review assessing effectiveness of NAC in PCOS. The present systematic review aims to assess the benefits and harms of NAC therapy in women with PCOS.

Therefore, NAC has a potential to improve insulin receptor activity in human erythrocytes and improve insulin secretion in response to glucose.

Decreased levels of circulating insulin can lead to significant reduction in Testosterone levels and free androgen index in women responding to the treatment.

Advantages resulting from administration of NAC include prevention of endothelial damage resulting from oxidants in noninsulin-dependent adult diabetic subjects and biological effects such as, protection against focal ischemia, inhibition of phospholipid metabolism inhibition, proinflammatory cytokine release, and protease activity.


Breast needle localization followed by excision of localized tissue is an important procedure in breast conservation when disease is localized in breast and also depends on patient's will to conserve the breast. After excision, X-Ray examination of breast specimen is performed to assess CLE or incomplete local excision (ILE) on the basis of radiographic findings and then Saira Naz, Imrana Masroor*, Shaista Afzal ,Waseem Mirza, Sehrish Butt, Zafar Sajjad, Anwar Ahmad histopathology confirms the presence of lesion/calcification and its marginal status (Britton et al., 2011) . Prevalence of ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS) is increasing worldwide and its management with preservation of breast is also acceptable even without radiotherapy. WLE is the choice of management due to less chances of recurrence if whole of the disease has been successfully removed leaving healthy breast (Page et al., 1995; Schwartz et al., 2000) .

After excision, X-Ray examination of breast specimen is performed to assess CLE or incomplete local excision (ILE) on the basis of radiographic findings and then Saira Naz, Imrana Masroor*, Shaista Afzal ,Waseem Mirza, Sehrish Butt, Zafar Sajjad, Anwar Ahmad histopathology confirms the presence of lesion/calcification and its marginal status.

WLE is the choice of management due to less chances of recurrence if whole of the disease has been successfully removed leaving healthy breast.


Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of significant persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that consist of 209 congeners, being of increasing global concern because of their high toxicity, resistance to biodegradation, biological accumulation and long-range transport [1] . Although PCBs production in most countries has been banned since the 1970s and 1980s, PCBs contaminations remain ubiquitous and coexist in most environmental matrices, including water, sediment, soil, and air all over the world [2] [3] [4] . Exposure to PCBs can cause neurological disorder, reproductive toxicity, endocrine disruption, cancer, and deformity, even at extremely low concentrations [5] . Thus, it is important and necessary to study the source, distribution, and removal of PCBs in the environment.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of significant persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that consist of 209 congeners, being of increasing global concern because of their high toxicity, resistance to biodegradation, biological accumulation and long-range transport.

Although PCBs production in most countries has been banned since the 1970s and 1980s, PCBs contaminations remain ubiquitous and coexist in most environmental matrices, including water, sediment, soil, and air all over the world.

Exposure to PCBs can cause neurological disorder, reproductive toxicity, endocrine disruption, cancer, and deformity, even at extremely low concentrations.


Angiopoietin-2 and Renal Outcome in CKD PLOS ONE | www.plosone.orgCKD progression [5] . Endothelial injury in glomerular vasculature may induce endothelial Ang-2 secretion, and meanwhile, increased Ang-2 may lead to glomerular albuminuria through endothelial injury. It is difficult to evaluate whether increased Ang-2 is a cause or consequence of CKD progression [5] . Because of this complicated interaction among Ang-2, traditional risk factors, and CKD, we adjusted associated risk factors for rapid decline in renal function in multivariate analysis. We also performed subgroup analysis in different CKD stages, but the results did not consistent at all (Figure S1-S3) . It is probably related to relative small number of subgroup and short observation period. We need further study to evaluate whether these risk factors are modifiers or confounders in association of Ang-2 and commencing dialysis. Besides, to consider the influence of competing risk of death on commencing dialysis, we performed further analysis, and the results are consistent (HR for quartile 4 compared with quartile 1: 1.85 (95% CI: 1.20-2.86). Our findings show a strong association of Ang-2 and adverse renal outcome and emphasize its importance as a predictor in CKD cohort.

Angiopoietin-2 and Renal Outcome in CKD PLOS ONE | www.plosone.orgCKD progression.

It is difficult to evaluate whether increased Ang-2 is a cause or consequence of CKD progression.


Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as a worldwide health issue [1] . The pathophysiological mechanisms of renal function progression in CKD have still not been completely explored. In addition to well-known traditional risk factors, nontraditional risk factors, such as endothelial dysfunction, which might lead to cell apoptosis, vascular regression and renal fibrosis, have gradually attracted physicians' attention [2] .

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as a worldwide health issue.

In addition to well-known traditional risk factors, nontraditional risk factors, such as endothelial dysfunction, which might lead to cell apoptosis, vascular regression and renal fibrosis, have gradually attracted physicians' attention.


Obviously, a system will be more effective in document understanding, when it uses more knowledge about the document class. The issue is to differentiate between specific and generic knowledge. A system that has hard-coded all knowledge about a given class of documents will understand that class of documents only. A robust system able to process any kind of document should first exploit the generic knowledge to classify the document to a certain class [24] . From there specific knowledge should be used.

A robust system able to process any kind of document should first exploit the generic knowledge to classify the document to a certain class.


The rapid advance of silicon technology towards singlenanometre device feature sizes and the foreshadowed difficulties with these developments are driving research into alternative technologies and architectures that can either replace or supplement existing silicon technologies [1] . Researchers are exploring novel nanoscale components, such as carbon nanotube transistors, as well as techniques for integrating these components into circuits. Existing top-down fabrication technology (i.e., photolithography) cannot resolve dimensions as small as desired, which has spurred research in self-assembling fabrication processes.

The rapid advance of silicon technology towards singlenanometre device feature sizes and the foreshadowed difficulties with these developments are driving research into alternative technologies and architectures that can either replace or supplement existing silicon technologies.


At present, many strategies have been proposed for the rotor speed and position estimation in the PMSG drives, such as methods based on the back electromagnetic force (EMF), extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods, reduced observer methods, adaptive approaches, signal injection methods when in a low speed range, and so on [6] [7] [8] [9] . Among these techniques, the observer based on the MRAS is a very common choice to realize the sensorless control because of its simplicity and few calculations [10] . The traditional MRAS observers generate the estimated speed through a fixed-gain PI controller since PI controllers have a simple structure and can achieve good performance in a wide range of operation. However, the gain parameters of the PI are difficult to choose. Additionally, the fixed-gain PI regulator is hardly able to provide the continuous good performance due to the varying operating conditions [11, 12] . Therefore, the MRAS observer combining of the sliding mode (SM) technique is proposed to replace the traditional PI regulator to estimate the speed and position of the EVT machine for the DPF-WECS in this paper. Then, the performance of the proposed sensorless control for the DPF-WECS is validated by the simulation and experimental results, which is both applied in the outer rotor and inner rotor of the EVT.

At present, many strategies have been proposed for the rotor speed and position estimation in the PMSG drives, such as methods based on the back electromagnetic force (EMF), extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods, reduced observer methods, adaptive approaches, signal injection methods when in a low speed range, and so on.

Among these techniques, the observer based on the MRAS is a very common choice to realize the sensorless control because of its simplicity and few calculations.

Additionally, the fixed-gain PI regulator is hardly able to provide the continuous good performance due to the varying operating conditions.


Wind energy is nearly the most mature and promising renewable energy source at present. Many kinds of wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are researched, which can be roughly divided into constant speed WECSs and variable speed WECSs [1] [2] [3] . Nowadays, the variable speed WECSs are the mainstream due to the high utilization ratio of the wind energy, and there are two popular variable speed WECSs, namely the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WECS with a multi-level gearbox, and the direct-drive WECS based on the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). However, both the two WECSs are connected to the grid through converters which will bring serious harmonic pollution to the grid.

Many kinds of wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) are researched, which can be roughly divided into constant speed WECSs and variable speed WECSs.


Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is indispensable for the WECSs. Many types of MPPT methods are proposed in previous papers, such as the optimum tip speed ratio (TSR) method, the power feedback (PF) method, the hill climb searching (HCS) method, and so on [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . The PF is the most popular MPPT strategy and is relying on the generator speed and the wind turbine characteristics, where the wind speed is not needed. However, for obtaining the accurate maximum power, the system power losses can not be ignored. Therefore, based on the theory of traditional PF method, an optimum current given the MPPT method and considering torque loss is proposed for the DPF-WECS in this paper. Then the proposed SM-MRAS-based sensorless algorithm is applied to obtain the outer rotor speed and position for realizing the MPPT control strategy.

Many types of MPPT methods are proposed in previous papers, such as the optimum tip speed ratio (TSR) method, the power feedback (PF) method, the hill climb searching (HCS) method, and so on.


It is important to note that the reciprocal motion used in this experiment provided a homogenous cross-shear condition across the entire pin area during sliding. This is due to the method of articulation. Specifically the orientation of the pin is always parallel to the sliding direction even if it travels on the broad arc. Cross-shear is only introduced after the pin is rotated and articulates in a direction skewed from the previous sliding direction. If the OrthoPOD test machine was used to create square or rectangular motion paths, it would not be able to achieve long sliding distances and it could only accomplish these motions through simultaneous pin translation and rotation leading to heterogeneous cross-shear conditions (as recognized by previous studies [19] ). By decoupling the sliding and rotation motions we have avoided these complications.

If the OrthoPOD test machine was used to create square or rectangular motion paths, it would not be able to achieve long sliding distances and it could only accomplish these motions through simultaneous pin translation and rotation leading to heterogeneous cross-shear conditions (as recognized by previous studies).


In conclusion, we have provided evidence that the wear of moderately crosslinked polyethylene varies along a sliding path, which contrasts to the Archard relationship, which states that wear is linearly related to sliding distance. Our results suggest that the wear after a discrete cross-shear event (i.e. a change in sliding direction) is higher, but with continued linear sliding the wear rate appears to drop abruptly to near zero-returning to the low wearing condition of unidirectional sliding [18] [19] [20] [21] . The data further suggests that this transition occurs less than 5 mm from the change in direction. The results of this study could aid the development of improved computational tools. Additional studies are required for non-orthogonal articulation paths as well as exploration into the underlying mechanism of wear.

Our results suggest that the wear after a discrete cross-shear event (i.e. a change in sliding direction) is higher, but with continued linear sliding the wear rate appears to drop abruptly to near zero-returning to the low wearing condition of unidirectional sliding.


While this study advances the fundamental understanding of polyethylene wear, care should be taken when interpreting and applying these results to other testing conditions. We have applied two different crosslinked polyethylenes in unique sliding motions against cobalt chrome disks in specific environmental surroundings. Other polyethylenes are likely to exhibit similar trends but their exact behavior will depend on their base resin, additives, and extent of crosslinking [19, [32] [33] [34] . Also the current study employed only 90 • changes in direction. It is not clear how smaller changes in direction would affect wear. Intuitively, the wear will decrease monotonically as the change in direction is reduced from 90 • down to 0 • ; however, the exact relationship is not known and is an area of further exploration. It is also important to note that we tested in 90% bovine serum supplemented with EDTA and sodium azide. The serum concentration and choice of anti-bacterial agent can significantly influence wear and should be appreciated when comparing results from different laboratories [35] [36] [37] .

Other polyethylenes are likely to exhibit similar trends but their exact behavior will depend on their base resin, additives, and extent of crosslinking.

The serum concentration and choice of anti-bacterial agent can significantly influence wear and should be appreciated when comparing results from different laboratories.


The numerical results were compared with the available experimental data. For both propellers, three selected operational conditions, corresponding to the appearance of partial and/or tip vortex cavitation, were considered [6, 7] . For such conditions, the numerical results obtained with the different calibrated mass transfer models were very similar to each other and compared well with the experimental data, even though the numerical cavitation patterns were slightly overestimated. However, in the case of E779A propeller where also the more severe operational conditions were simulated, the thrust breakdown was not properly predicted.

For both propellers, three selected operational conditions, corresponding to the appearance of partial and/or tip vortex cavitation, were considered.


The threat of newly emerging pandemic IAV strains together with the increasing preva- At times however, the identified mechanisms are contradictory, e.g both de-sensitization and hyper-sensitization have been reported to favor bacterial infection post-influenza infection [9, 12, 36] . Nevertheless, a common observation is an altered pro-inflammatory cytokine response to the bacterial infection if preceded by influenza and many studies have attributed the altered lung cytokine milieu to be sufficient to skew host susceptibility to severe secondary pneumococcal infection [10, 11, 37] . The relative contribution of the different identified players however has not been addressed comprehensively to date. Although murine experiments are crucial to advance our knowledge of mechanisms which underlie virus-bacteria interactions, examining all different factors in detail renders an extremely difficult work. In this study, we combined an in vivo experimental approach and mathematical modelling to dissect the contributions of some of the circulating hypotheses proposed in driving bacterial outgrowth in IAV pre-infected hosts with the main focus on pro-inflammatory cytokines.

The threat of newly emerging pandemic IAV strains together with the increasing preva- At times however, the identified mechanisms are contradictory, e.g both de-sensitization and hyper-sensitization have been reported to favor bacterial infection post-influenza infection.

Nevertheless, a common observation is an altered pro-inflammatory cytokine response to the bacterial infection if preceded by influenza and many studies have attributed the altered lung cytokine milieu to be sufficient to skew host susceptibility to severe secondary pneumococcal infection.


Regarding the overall removal, a similar pattern is observed as in previous studies, i.e. ibuprofen and naproxen express high removal efficiencies (97% and 100% removal respectively) whereas diclofenac and ketoprofen are removed to a lesser extent (67% and 66% respectively). Thus, ketoprofen is the most abundant substance in the effluent (19 g/day) even though naproxen and ibuprofen are both present in much higher amounts in the influent water. Two major removal mechanisms are present in a WWTP: a) partitioning into sludge, and b) biological transformation or degradation [32] . The results obtained in this study confirm existing theories that only a minor fraction of all four of the NSAIDs reaching the WWTP partition into and are thus removed via the sludge. In this work, we wanted to investigate, not only the total sludge removal, but also the partitioning into each individual sludge type obtained in the investigated WWTP. Primary, secondary and tertiary sludge possess different physical as well as chemical properties such as particle size, specific surface, water content and chemical composition which could potentially lead to different affinities for the NSAIDs [33, 34] . The results from this study could, however, not verify such differences. It's true that for both ketoprofen and diclofenac, the largest partitioning took place into secondary sludge (5% and 10% respectively), but both for naproxen and ibuprofen less than 1% ended up in the secondary sludge. Thus, secondary sludge cannot, in general, be considered to possess a higher affinity for NSAIDs than the other sludge types. The mechanisms behind sorption of polar ionics to different types of solid matrices is still not completely understood and the finding that the partitioning into the same sludge type (secondary sludge) varies between 10% and <1% for the different NSAIDs even though they possess such structural similarities is highly interesting and should be further investigated. It is, however, clear that it is not hydrophobicity alone, which governs this process. Diclofenac, which exhibits the largest partitioning into sludge (secondary sludge as well as total), is also the most hydrophobic of the four NSAIDs (log D = 1.77 at pH 7), which could be considered the explanation for its larger sludge partitioning. However, ketoprofen has by far the lowest log D value of the four NSAIDs (0.19), but still expresses a larger sludge partitioning (9% in total) than naproxen (log D = 0.73, 3% overall sludge removal) and ibuprofen (log D = 0.94, 1% overall sludge removal) which contradicts the theory that hydrophobicity alone governs the sorption process. It has been suggested that mechanisms such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions and cation bridging also plays important parts in the sorption of polar ionic substances to different solid matrices although these mechanisms are still not thouroghly investigated and further studies on this matter are needed [35] . Log D values for the NSAIDs at pH 7 were obtained from the SciFinder database (© 2006 American Chemical Society).

Two major removal mechanisms are present in a WWTP: a) partitioning into sludge, and b) biological transformation or degradation.

Primary, secondary and tertiary sludge possess different physical as well as chemical properties such as particle size, specific surface, water content and chemical composition which could potentially lead to different affinities for the NSAIDs.

It has been suggested that mechanisms such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions and cation bridging also plays important parts in the sorption of polar ionic substances to different solid matrices although these mechanisms are still not thouroghly investigated and further studies on this matter are needed.


The percentage values do, however, not provide the whole picture due to the large differences in concentrations between the compounds in the influent. When considering the absolute amounts, the highest detected amount was found for naproxen in primary sludge (4 g/day) followed by ketoprofen in secondary sludge (3 g/day). Even though only a minor fraction of these compounds partitions into the sludge, detectable amounts are found of all NSAIDs in at least two of the sludge types. This corresponds well with previous studies where we have shown the presence of all four NSAIDs in digested sludge from the same WWTP at the ng/g level at repated sampling occasions [21, 30] . In a previous study, we have also shown that after six months storage, which proceeds the application onto farmland, ketprofen and naproxen are no longer detected in the digested sludge and the concentrations of diclofenac and ibuprofen are decreased [36] . When this sludge was used for fertilization of wheat and soybean in a greenhouse experiment, no uptake into crops of neither diclofenac nor ibuprofen could be detected. However, the toxicity of NSAIDs as well as other pharmaceuticals to terrestrial organisms is still to a great extent unkown and since detectable amounts are present in the final, digested sludge, potential risks to the terrestrial environment cannot be fully ruled out.

This corresponds well with previous studies where we have shown the presence of all four NSAIDs in digested sludge from the same WWTP at the ng/g level at repated sampling occasions.

In a previous study, we have also shown that after six months storage, which proceeds the application onto farmland, ketprofen and naproxen are no longer detected in the digested sludge and the concentrations of diclofenac and ibuprofen are decreased.


The light requirements for feeding by visual planktivores may also provide insights into other aspects of fish ecology. For example, larval and juvenile fish often undergo daily vertical migrations, with the most com-mon pattern involving upward movement to surface waters at or near dusk, followed by a return to the depths at dawn (Neilson & Perry 1990) . Whatever the causes and proximal mechanism involved in vertical migration, it unquestionably influences the visual environment in which fish must forage, and, conversely, it is probable that visual capabilities may partially dictate the range of vertical movements undertaken.

For example, larval and juvenile fish often undergo daily vertical migrations, with the most com-mon pattern involving upward movement to surface waters at or near dusk, followed by a return to the depths at dawn.


ANOVA was carried out to establish the relative importance of parameters in terms of variance and percentage of contribution (P%) on LSS. Tables 4 and 5 show the ANOVA results of mean and S/N ratio, respectively. F-test is based on comparing model and residual variances through the ratio between the model mean square and the residual or error mean square. F-value is close to one when the variance values are similar, which means a low effect of the parameter on the response, whereas high F-value indicates a significant effect [5] . P% is a function of sum of squares and indicates the relative power of each parameter to reduce the total variation [6, 7] . Figure 2 shows the contribution of the parameters.

F-value is close to one when the variance values are similar, which means a low effect of the parameter on the response, whereas high F-value indicates a significant effect.

P% is a function of sum of squares and indicates the relative power of each parameter to reduce the total variation.


However, apart from pro-healthy components, potatoes also contain undesirable compounds, i.e. glycoalkaloids (Tga), which are potent poisons [5, [8] [9] [10] . The lethal dose of these components is 3-5 mg kg −1 body weight, with an effect similar to strychnine or arsenic [9, 12] . The toxicity of Tga is associated with the synergistic interaction between two main components of Tga: α-solanine and α-chaconine [8, 16, 19, 23] .

However, apart from pro-healthy components, potatoes also contain undesirable compounds, i.e. glycoalkaloids (Tga), which are potent poisons.

The lethal dose of these components is 3-5 mg kg −1 body weight, with an effect similar to strychnine or arsenic.

The toxicity of Tga is associated with the synergistic interaction between two main components of Tga: α-solanine and α-chaconine.


The increasing popularity of coloured-fleshed varieties is also connected with their non-typical appearance and possibility of preparing colourful salads or attractive potato snacks. Coloured-fleshed potato crisps have already been available in the United States and some European countries, e.g. germany, France and Italy [10] . It is quite likely that "coloured French fries" may soon appear in restaurants and shops.

Coloured-fleshed potato crisps have already been available in the United States and some European countries, e.g. germany, France and Italy.


We recently developed a LRRK2 transgenic Drosophila model with severe locomotor impairment and robust DA neuron degeneration [34] . The human G2019S-LRRK2 is expressed under a dopaminergic neuron promoter in this model that becomes a useful in vivo animal model to test neuroprotective compounds targeting LRRK2 [28] . In this study, in vitro cell culture models and this LRRK2 Drosophila PD model were used to characterize the pharmacological effects of LDN-73794. Our results provided a proof of principle that LRRK2 kinase inhibition can be a novel therapeutic strategy for PD intervention and LDN-73794 can be a potential lead compound for further drug development.

We recently developed a LRRK2 transgenic Drosophila model with severe locomotor impairment and robust DA neuron degeneration.

The human G2019S-LRRK2 is expressed under a dopaminergic neuron promoter in this model that becomes a useful in vivo animal model to test neuroprotective compounds targeting LRRK2.


The importance of the relationship between midlevel dry intrusions and tornado outbreaks associated with landfalling TCs cannot be underestimated from an operational standpoint. The dry intrusions may be detected utilizing observational data, as demonstrated herein, but may also (at least in some cases) be discerned from operational NCEP model output regularly available to forecasters (Vescio et al. 1996) . While not all tornado outbreaks associated with tropical cyclone landfalls involve dry intrusions, it is clear that the recurrence of the distinctive pattern seen in these cases should heighten forecaster vigilance when seen operationally as a storm approaches and makes landfall.

The dry intrusions may be detected utilizing observational data, as demonstrated herein, but may also (at least in some cases) be discerned from operational NCEP model output regularly available to forecasters.


Today's business environment is complex and requires faster decisions, better allocation of scarce resources, and a clearer focus [1] . Most of the work performed in modern organisations more and more involves project work [2] , [3] . An organisation consisting of a constantly changing mix of large and small projects presents senior management with new challenges in resource planning, prioritisation and monitoring [4] .

Today's business environment is complex and requires faster decisions, better allocation of scarce resources, and a clearer focus.

Most of the work performed in modern organisations more and more involves project work.

An organisation consisting of a constantly changing mix of large and small projects presents senior management with new challenges in resource planning, prioritisation and monitoring.


A review of the published literature of adverse events associated with enoxaparin indicates that up to 13 % of reported AEs involve the liver [45] . The FAERS database estimates a frequency of 4 % for HAEs, although these were always associated with other causes of morbidity and mortality, such as hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia. Enoxaparin-related liver injury has a short latency of approximately 1 week, and patients are usually asymptomatic without hypersensitivity features. The serious outcomes reported in FAERS, such as the need for hospitalization (75 %) and death (17 %) , are most likely the result of the non-hepatic AEs. Similarly, the observation that higher dosages and longer duration of enoxaparin therapy, along with polypharmacy, are associated with such adverse outcomes are also more likely to be the result of non-hepatic causes.

A review of the published literature of adverse events associated with enoxaparin indicates that up to 13 % of reported AEs involve the liver.


Research has shown that TTSP was originally developed for amorphous polymers. However, wood is a composite biopolymer consisting of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, and the time-dependent behavior of wood is determined by both oriented crystalline cellulose and amorphous matrix made up of lignin and a variety of hemicelluloses. Given multiple transition regions from the thermorheological point, the TTSP's applicability to wood is sometimes controversial [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . Macroscopically, wood is normally described as an anisotropic material with unique and independent mechanical behaviors in three mutually perpendicular directions: longitudinal direction, radial and tangential directions in the transverse plane [16] [17] [18] . In general, investigators study of TTSP's applicability to wood mainly focuses on the longitudinal or radial direction, but rarely provides a comprehensive dataset of TTSP's applicability among the three directions.

Given multiple transition regions from the thermorheological point, the TTSP's applicability to wood is sometimes controversial.

Macroscopically, wood is normally described as an anisotropic material with unique and independent mechanical behaviors in three mutually perpendicular directions: longitudinal direction, radial and tangential directions in the transverse plane.


Building of the master curve using log t shifts Short-term experimental data for increasing temperature levels were obtained, and a sequence of curves for L, R, and T specimens were plotted as compliance versus time with log scale (Fig. 4) . The individual creep curves in the left panel of Fig. 4 represent the creep compliance changes over 20 min for 13 temperature levels (10°C intervals in the range 30-150°C). The curves showed the expected response from isothermal creep segments: increasing creep compliance with time and temperature for each specimen irrespective of grain orientation [2, 7, 21] . There were differences in compliance among the specimens with three grain orientations. Compliance for L specimen was significantly lower than that for the R and T specimens, and the T specimen was higher than the R specimen almost twice. This result was consistent with previous studies [2, 14, 22] . The formation in anatomical structure could explain the differences of wood mechanical behavior among the L, R, and T specimens. Tracheids are strictly aligned in the L direction, which provide mechanical integrity to counteract load and influence the higher stiffness and lower compliance for the L specimen [23, 24] . For the transverse (R and T) specimens, some researchers stated that ray tissue acting as stiffening ribs in the R direction contributed to lower compliance comparison with that for the T specimen [3, 4] . Meanwhile, the cellulose microfibrils are distorted by pits in the L direction giving the radial cell wall lower compliance [3] . Moreover, the irregular polygonal cell structure in softwood might make the tangential compliance higher [25, 26] . The right panel of Fig. 4 demonstrates the master curve that takes 30°C as the reference temperature and shifts the raw data curves at other temperatures horizontally along the log t axis to the 30°C curve for each specimen. Thus, from a family of raw data curves at different temperatures, an overlapped master curve was generated for each specimen providing creep compliance values for an extended time period at the reference temperature. The extended time scale of master curves was dependent on grain orientation: the extended time for R and T specimens was similar, obviously longer than that for L specimen (Fig. 4) . The creep time extrapolated to about 10 4 , 10 6 , and 10 6 s from 20 min isothermal creep test in this study for L, R, and T specimens, respectively. Furthermore, the overlapping curves of R and T specimens were quite well matched than that of the L specimen.

The curves showed the expected response from isothermal creep segments: increasing creep compliance with time and temperature for each specimen irrespective of grain orientation.

This result was consistent with previous studies.

Tracheids are strictly aligned in the L direction, which provide mechanical integrity to counteract load and influence the higher stiffness and lower compliance for the L specimen.

For the transverse (R and T) specimens, some researchers stated that ray tissue acting as stiffening ribs in the R direction contributed to lower compliance comparison with that for the T specimen.

Meanwhile, the cellulose microfibrils are distorted by pits in the L direction giving the radial cell wall lower compliance.

Moreover, the irregular polygonal cell structure in softwood might make the tangential compliance higher.


Wood, like most polymeric materials, exhibits a viscoelastic behavior depending on both temperature and the duration of the applied stress. The time-dependent behavior, such as creep and relaxation, of wood is of critical importance in engineering applications [1] [2] [3] [4] . For this reason, it is desirable to investigate the viscoelastic behavior of wood over time scales that extend as long as the working life of wooden products. Unfortunately, practical considerations limit a lengthy creep or relaxation test, and an alternative approach to determine the timedependent behavior of wood is to use the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) to obtain an extended range of time. The TTSP is based upon the theory that increasing the temperature is equivalent to stretching the real time of the viscoelastic response [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In this approach, viscoelastic properties can be determined by static measurements (e.g., creep or stress relaxation) or by dynamic measurements using frequency-multiplexing experiments over a wide range of temperatures. By selecting a reference curve at the desired temperature and shifting the data at other temperatures to the reference temperature (horizontal shifts on the log time or log frequency axis), a master curve is generated over several decades of time or frequency domain. The curve can be used to predict the long-term effects of stress/strain on wood properties.

The time-dependent behavior, such as creep and relaxation, of wood is of critical importance in engineering applications.

The TTSP is based upon the theory that increasing the temperature is equivalent to stretching the real time of the viscoelastic response.


The crystallinity and crystal structures of samples A, D, I, and L were investigated by XRD using the Scherrer equation. Figure 8 shows two remarkable peaks around 24.0 ∘ and 43.0 ∘ assigned to the typical graphitic (002) and (100)/(101) planes, respectively [44] . Table 3 shows the intensities and the 2 values of the (002) positions for the different samples. Comparing the (002) peaks of the different samples, it is noticed that the intensities and the 2 value of sample A are higher than those of sample D. Consequently, the (002) peaks of the carbon microcoils have a higher intensity than those of the carbon nanocoils. In addition, sample A has a lower full width at half maximum (FWHM) than sample D, indicating a reduced line broadening.

Figure 8 shows two remarkable peaks around 24.0 ∘ and 43.0 ∘ assigned to the typical graphitic (002) and (100)/(101) planes, respectively.


The results in Figures 1 and 2 confirm that the carbon microcoils could be exclusively obtained by the shortest injection time (5 min) of SF 6 flow, whereas the dominant formation of the carbon nanocoils was achieved by the continuous SF 6 flow injection (60 min) at 550 ∘ C. In other words, the geometries of the carbon coils can be controlled simply by the manipulation of SF 6 flow injection times at 550 ∘ C. The causes for these results are understood as follows. After the carbon coils formation reaction, the following was calculated: product/catalyst mass ratio, that is, the ratio of the amount of the carbon coils-related product to the amount of the used catalyst. As shown in Figure 3 and Table 2 , the ratio for sample A (SF 6 flow injection time = 5 min) was 4 Journal of Nanomaterials In previous reports, the double-helix-type carbon microcoils were known to be formed from the various-shaped carbon nanostructures, namely, single-helix carbon nanocoils, wave-like carbon nanofilaments, and linear carbon nanofilaments [42, 43] . We could also observe the formation of the carbon microcoils from wave-like carbon nanofilaments (Figure 4(a) ), from the carbon nanocoils (Figure 4(b) ), and from untangled carbon microcoils (Figure 4(c) ). At 550 ∘ C, the formation of the carbon microcoils was frequently observed from the carbon nanocoils (see Figure 4(b) ).

As shown in Figure 3 and Table 2 , the ratio for sample A (SF 6 flow injection time = 5 min) was 4 Journal of Nanomaterials In previous reports, the double-helix-type carbon microcoils were known to be formed from the various-shaped carbon nanostructures, namely, single-helix carbon nanocoils, wave-like carbon nanofilaments, and linear carbon nanofilaments.


Meanwhile, the quality of the carbon coils of the different samples was also investigated by micro-Raman spectroscopy as shown in Figure 9 . The and peaks of all samples were observed around 1,350 cm −1 and 1,600 cm −1 , respectively [48, 49] . From the curve fitting (see the inset of Figure 9 ) of the Raman spectra, the corresponding / values were calculated [49, 50] . Table 4 shows the / values and the peak top positions of the and bands of the different samples. The and bands are known to be associated with the stretching vibrations of graphite and the disordered states of 2 -hybridized carbon, respectively [51, 52] .

The and peaks of all samples were observed around 1,350 cm −1 and 1,600 cm −1 , respectively.

From the curve fitting (see the inset of Figure 9 ) of the Raman spectra, the corresponding / values were calculated.

The and bands are known to be associated with the stretching vibrations of graphite and the disordered states of 2 -hybridized carbon, respectively.


Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License smallholder farmers in South Africa are resource-poor, they cannot afford to buy hybrid seed. As a result, they tend to grow old open pollinated varieties (OPVs) and other recycled seeds (Mashingaidze, 2006) . A hybrid is a cross between crop types such as in maize, in order to maintain purity of F1 (first generation progeny) seed so that high performance is carried through to the commercial product (Sparks, 1992) . The cross-pollination in this case, can either be accidental cross, when grown out, or a purposeful cross between two varieties known to produce a certain distinct variety after intensively studying and breeding the parent plants (Iannotti, 2004) . Therefore with hybrids, two inbred lines are crossed; resulting in seed and the yield of the plants grown from the seed is greatly increased (hybrid vigour).

As a result, they tend to grow old open pollinated varieties (OPVs) and other recycled seeds.

A hybrid is a cross between crop types such as in maize, in order to maintain purity of F1 (first generation progeny) seed so that high performance is carried through to the commercial product.

The cross-pollination in this case, can either be accidental cross, when grown out, or a purposeful cross between two varieties known to produce a certain distinct variety after intensively studying and breeding the parent plants.


Clouds cover approximately 60% of the earth's surface, strongly influencing its energy budget by controlling the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth's surface and by controlling the loss of thermal energy to space. Because of their height in the atmosphere, ice clouds have a dominant effect on longwave forcing and on the earth's net radiation budget (Hartmann et al. 1992) . Details of the ice microphysics-including the ice water content (IWC), ice water path (IWP), extinction coefficient in visible wavelengths (), and ice particle shape-significantly affect ice cloud radiative properties.

Because of their height in the atmosphere, ice clouds have a dominant effect on longwave forcing and on the earth's net radiation budget.


Colour provides the first impression of a food taste, texture and freshness to consumers that will influence their choices on food. Thus, it has become the reason for food colourant to be added into food to enhance the food visual attractiveness, replace the colour lost during food processing and help to concealment natural colour variations (Mortensen 2006) . Food colourant can be classified into three categories, which are natural colourant such as riboflavin (E101) and chlorophyll (E140), synthetic colourant such as azo-dyes and xanthan and inorganic colourant such as gold and silver, respectively (Mortensen 2006; Amchova et al. 2015) . Compared to the natural colourant, synthetic colourants have been used widely in food industry due to their stability, effectivity and low-cost production (Khanavi et al. 2012) .

Thus, it has become the reason for food colourant to be added into food to enhance the food visual attractiveness, replace the colour lost during food processing and help to concealment natural colour variations.

Food colourant can be classified into three categories, which are natural colourant such as riboflavin (E101) and chlorophyll (E140), synthetic colourant such as azo-dyes and xanthan and inorganic colourant such as gold and silver, respectively.

Compared to the natural colourant, synthetic colourants have been used widely in food industry due to their stability, effectivity and low-cost production.


At T = 4.7 K > T N 1 , the measured µSR polarization decays monotonically (Fig. 2a) , as expected in the paramagnetic state where fluctuations of the local magnetic fields are fast compared to the muon lifetime [26] . The muon relaxation curve changes dramatically at T N 1 (Fig. 2b) , where the polarization at early times suddenly drops, reflecting the establishment of static internal fields in the SDW phase. The corresponding oscillations are severely damped, i.e., only the first oscillation at t < 1 µs can be clearly resolved (Fig. 2b) , which indicates a wide distribution of B stat , a hallmark of the incommensurate amplitude-modulated magnetic order. Clearly, in β-TeVO 4 , this static damping is sufficiently strong that the µSR signal beyond ∼1 µs can be attributed solely to the "1/3-tail". The latter notably decays (Fig. 2b) , which proves that the local magnetic field is still fluctuating, as expected for incommensurate amplitude-modulated magnetic structures [28] . Remarkably, below T N 2 , in the spin-stripe phase, the "1/3-tail" is dramatically suppressed and the oscillation is lost (Fig. 2c) , revealing a significant enhancement of local-field fluctuations. This indicates that the system enters an intriguing state that is completely dynamical on the µSR timescale. Finally, below T N 3 the slowly-relaxing "1/3-tail" and the oscillation reappear (Fig. 2d) , corroborating the establishment of a quasi-static VC state with almost fully developed magnetic moments.

At T = 4.7 K > T N 1 , the measured µSR polarization decays monotonically (Fig. 2a) , as expected in the paramagnetic state where fluctuations of the local magnetic fields are fast compared to the muon lifetime.

The latter notably decays (Fig. 2b) , which proves that the local magnetic field is still fluctuating, as expected for incommensurate amplitude-modulated magnetic structures.


The exponential in the first factor in (1) accounts for the muon relaxation due to a Gaussian distribution of static magnetic fields with a mean value B stat and a width ∆. Since oscillations of the µSR polarization are almost completely damped already after the first visible minimum, the parameters B stat and ∆ must be comparable. Indeed, the best agreement with experiment was achieved for ∆/B stat = 1.25(1) (Fig. 2a-d ), which was kept fixed for all temperatures. The second factor in (1) is the stretched-exponential function that describes the decay of the "1/3-tail" due to additional local magnetic-field fluctuations. Here, λ is the mean relaxation rate while α is the stretching exponent accounting for a distribution of relaxation rates [29] .

Here, λ is the mean relaxation rate while α is the stretching exponent accounting for a distribution of relaxation rates.


We explore the spin dynamics in these phases by employing the local-probe muon-spin-relaxation (µSR) technique, which is extremely sensitive to internal magnetic fields and can distinguish between fluctuating and static magnetism in a broad frequency range (from ∼100 kHz to ∼100 GHz) [26] . We used a powder sample obtained by grinding single crystals (see Methods) to ensure that on average 1/3 of the muon polarization was parallel to the local magnetic field. In the case of static local fields, B stat , the corresponding 1/3 of the total muon polarization is constant, resulting in the so-called "1/3-tail" at late times in the µSR signal [26] . The remaining muon polarization precesses with the angular frequency γ µ B stat (γ µ = 2π×135.5 MHz/T), leading to oscillations in the time dependence of the µSR signal around the "1/3-tail" [26, 27] . The only way for the muon polarization to relax below 1/3 at late times is thus provided by dynamical local fields.

We explore the spin dynamics in these phases by employing the local-probe muon-spin-relaxation (µSR) technique, which is extremely sensitive to internal magnetic fields and can distinguish between fluctuating and static magnetism in a broad frequency range (from ∼100 kHz to ∼100 GHz).

In the case of static local fields, B stat , the corresponding 1/3 of the total muon polarization is constant, resulting in the so-called "1/3-tail" at late times in the µSR signal.

The remaining muon polarization precesses with the angular frequency γ µ B stat (γ µ = 2π×135.5 MHz/T), leading to oscillations in the time dependence of the µSR signal around the "1/3-tail".


The early years of childhood might be particularly important in the development of an enduring physically active lifestyle (Raitakari, Taimela & Porkka, 1997) . This is a challenge because in our consumer-orientated society sports is only one of many choices of free time activity children can make nowadays. Some studies indicate that the physical activity of young age has decreased (Sääkslahti, 2005) .

The early years of childhood might be particularly important in the development of an enduring physically active lifestyle.

Some studies indicate that the physical activity of young age has decreased.


Accordingly, in the current study, we expanded the spectrum of youth OST activities by studying various activities such as television watching, surfing online, hanging out with friends, eating dinner with family, and volunteering. In addition, studies on school engagement have most often focused on its connections to academic outcomes, such as grades and test scores, which reflect a narrow view of youth educational experience (Wong, & Rowley, 2001) . Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effects of school engagement beyond academic outcomes by including indexes of depression and risk behavior. Finally, in order to examine the effects of structured and unstructured OST activities on multiple indicators of youth development, we included measures of academic achievement, depression, and risk behaviors.

In addition, studies on school engagement have most often focused on its connections to academic outcomes, such as grades and test scores, which reflect a narrow view of youth educational experience.


Thus, we need to assess the impact of youth OST activities beyond those linked to structured programs such as sports, clubs, or YD programs (Zarrett, & Eccles, 2006) . This broadened approach to understanding the impact of youth participation in structured and unstructured OST activities is important because young people do not grow up in programs but in families, schools, and neighborhoods, where they are involved in various unstructured activities. These various unstructured activities in which adolescents participate may influence the intensity and quality of their engagement in school. As such, researchers and practitioners need to put youth back into their family, school, and neighborhood, and understand the impact of how they make use of all of their time.

Thus, we need to assess the impact of youth OST activities beyond those linked to structured programs such as sports, clubs, or YD programs.


The present study was conducted as a part of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), which is a multi-wave longitudinal investigation in the United States that started in 2002 by assessing 5th grade youth and their parents. This report presents data derived from a Student Questionnaire (SQ) administrated during the fourth wave of the 4-H Study, i.e., during eighth grade. Full details of the methodology of the 4-H study have been presented in prior reports (Jelicic, Bobek, Phelps, Lerner, & Lerner, 2007; Lerner, et al., 2005) . Accordingly, we present here those features of methodology pertinent to the focus of this investigation.

Full details of the methodology of the 4-H study have been presented in prior reports.