The influence of various incorporated small molecules on the swelling behavior of the PNIPA hydrogels has been the focus of our research group for a decade [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Swelling and DSC investigations have shown that certain organic molecules present in the swelling medium may significantly reduce the temperature of the volume phase transition (VPT) and that the shift depends on their concentration. At a particular guest molecule concentration, deswelling as abrupt as that in water at 34°C may occur already at room temperature, in which the concentration is characteristic of the dissolved molecule (critical concentration) [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Some molecules have only a slight effect or no affect at all [10] .

The influence of various incorporated small molecules on the swelling behavior of the PNIPA hydrogels has been the focus of our research group for a decade.

At a particular guest molecule concentration, deswelling as abrupt as that in water at 34°C may occur already at room temperature, in which the concentration is characteristic of the dissolved molecule (critical concentration).

Some molecules have only a slight effect or no affect at all.


The properties of PNIPA gels are affected by the synthesis conditions (composition of the monomer solution, temperature, reaction time, etc.). The key parameter, however, is the cross-link density defining the overall distance between the cross-link points. The glass transition temperature (T g ) of PNIPA polymers varies between 126 and 141°C, based on the molar mass and tacticity [3] .

The glass transition temperature (T g ) of PNIPA polymers varies between 126 and 141°C, based on the molar mass and tacticity.


Recently, we have reported the synthesis of highly crystalline and pure lithium metasilicate and lithium disilicate nanomaterials through a mild condition via hydrothermal method [24] . Herein, we will report the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis results in more details. In addition, the UV-vis and photoluminescence spectra of the obtained materials will be discussed. Moreover, we will present the electronic and optical properties of the synthesized materials through the density functional theory calculations.

Recently, we have reported the synthesis of highly crystalline and pure lithium metasilicate and lithium disilicate nanomaterials through a mild condition via hydrothermal method.


The synthesis procedures are reported previously [24] . Phase identifications were performed on a powder X-ray diffractometer Siemens D5000 (Siemens AG, Munich, Germany) using Cu-K α radiation. The morphology of the obtained materials was examined with a Philips XL30 scanning electron microscope (North Billerica, MA, USA). Absorption and photoluminescence spectra were recorded on a Jena Analytik Specord 40 (AnalytikJena UK, Wembley, UK) and a PerkinElmer LF-5 spectrometer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) respectively.

The synthesis procedures are reported previously.


The efficiency of hybrid technique processes is usually presented in terms of continuous regeneration of the sorbent upon continuous supply of H + /OH -by electrodes and simultaneous migration of the ions to be removed to the electrode compartments. In addition, the presence of the resin greatly enhances the electrical conductivity of the two-phase medium, in particular for very dilute waters (Helfferich 1962) . Therefore, a hybrid system can perform purification of media that can not be treated by continuous electrodialysis.

In addition, the presence of the resin greatly enhances the electrical conductivity of the two-phase medium, in particular for very dilute waters.


Electrochemical techniques have also been utilized with different degrees of success. A typical electrochemical process consists of the reduction of chromate at the cathode of a cell to chromium (III) ions, which are precipitated and removed as highly insoluble species, normally Cr(OH) 3 , at a later stage. Since this precipitate is capable of blocking the cathode surface, different approaches have been devised for its removal, either by chemical dissolution or by electrochemical means through potential inversion so as to re-oxidize it to soluble chromate and produce more concentrated Cr(VI) solution for reuse (Abda et al., 1991; Golub and Oren, 1989; Vilar et al., 2003) .

Since this precipitate is capable of blocking the cathode surface, different approaches have been devised for its removal, either by chemical dissolution or by electrochemical means through potential inversion so as to re-oxidize it to soluble chromate and produce more concentrated Cr(VI) solution for reuse.


Water is an important part of any ecosystem, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Reduced water quantity and deteriorated water quality have serious negative impacts on ecosystems. The environment has a natural self-cleaning capacity and resilience to water shortages, but when these processes are inhibited, biodiversity is lost, livelihoods are affected, natural food sources (e.g., fish) are damaged, and high cleanup and rehabilitation costs are incurred (IWMI 2004) .

The environment has a natural self-cleaning capacity and resilience to water shortages, but when these processes are inhibited, biodiversity is lost, livelihoods are affected, natural food sources (e.g., fish) are damaged, and high cleanup and rehabilitation costs are incurred.


Castleman's disease may affect anyone from adolescent to seventh decade with equal sex distribution. It is reported to involve any lymph nodes in the body such as cervical (42%), mediastinal (31%), intraabdominal (18%), and retroperitoneal (5%). Only 5% can involve extranodal lymph node [2] . Unicentric Castleman's disease presents with a slow growing mass, while multicentric variant manifests as fever, malaise, weight loss and generalised lymphadenopathy.

Only 5% can involve extranodal lymph node.


Despite the potential environmental and ecological advantages, the high cost of using switchgrass for biofuels production has impeded development of a switchgrass-based biofuels industry [22, 23] . Biofuels produced using switchgrass costs 17.8% more than corn and 34.4% more than gasoline when measured on an energy equivalent basis in 2005 dollars [23, 24] . Procurement costs in a switchgrass supply chain may constitute 30%e50% of the total cost of producing biofuels [22, 25, 26] . Important factors contributing to higher supply chain costs include low bulk density of switchgrass; increasing harvest, storage, and transportation costs; and losses of feedstock stored outdoors due to weathering if switchgrass is harvested only once a year [27] .

Despite the potential environmental and ecological advantages, the high cost of using switchgrass for biofuels production has impeded development of a switchgrass-based biofuels industry.

Biofuels produced using switchgrass costs 17.8% more than corn and 34.4% more than gasoline when measured on an energy equivalent basis in 2005 dollars.

Procurement costs in a switchgrass supply chain may constitute 30%e50% of the total cost of producing biofuels.

Important factors contributing to higher supply chain costs include low bulk density of switchgrass; increasing harvest, storage, and transportation costs; and losses of feedstock stored outdoors due to weathering if switchgrass is harvested only once a year.


An assessment of the sustainability of an LCB supply chain depends on the use of high-resolution spatial data to accurately model the characteristics of the supply chain [34] . Spatially oriented factors such as LCB availability, changes in fertilizer and chemical use with LCB production, and feedstock transportation costs and emissions influence the optimal configuration of a sustainable supply chain. Models that use high spatial resolution data generate more detailed predictions of the footprint of the LCB supply chain and are more useful for policy analysis and for private and public decision making [35] . Most multi-objective studies have not taken into account spatial characteristics, with only a few studies highlighting the value of geographic data in the economic and/or environmental optimization of the LCB supply chain [29, 32, 35, 36] .

An assessment of the sustainability of an LCB supply chain depends on the use of high-resolution spatial data to accurately model the characteristics of the supply chain.

Models that use high spatial resolution data generate more detailed predictions of the footprint of the LCB supply chain and are more useful for policy analysis and for private and public decision making.

Most multi-objective studies have not taken into account spatial characteristics, with only a few studies highlighting the value of geographic data in the economic and/or environmental optimization of the LCB supply chain.


In southern Sweden traditional farming practices based on animal husbandry and the associated large area of mowed and grazed wet grasslands, which provided habitats for many species, have been turned into intensive cropping systems [22, 23] . Today, the remaining wet grasslands are dependent on environmental subsidies to maintain livestock grazing and mowing [24] . This development also applies to the KVBR. To understand the role of governance systems versus other factors for explaining the states and trends of waders, there is hence a need to compare wader landscapes with different conservation status.

In southern Sweden traditional farming practices based on animal husbandry and the associated large area of mowed and grazed wet grasslands, which provided habitats for many species, have been turned into intensive cropping systems.

Today, the remaining wet grasslands are dependent on environmental subsidies to maintain livestock grazing and mowing.


Decision tree is flow like structure [2] . Decision tree induction is the top down process. At the top the root is selected using some attribute selection measures like information gain, gain ratio, gini index etc. During induction of the tree attribute is selected by this attribute selection measures [2] . Although decision tree is induced by various algorithms, but sometimes it happens that it generates unwanted & meaningless rules as it grows deeper, it is called overfitting. Pruning is needed to avoid large tree or problem of overfitting [1] . Pruning means reducing size of the tree that are too larger and deeper. The problem of noise and overfitting reduces the efficiency and accuracy of data.

Decision tree is flow like structure.

During induction of the tree attribute is selected by this attribute selection measures.

Pruning is needed to avoid large tree or problem of overfitting.


Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, making up 85-95% of all ocular melanomas, but only accounts for a small fraction of all melanoma cases [1, 5, 40] . The molecular biology and pathogenesis of uveal melanoma are distinct from that of cutaneous melanoma. Although mutations in BRAF, NRAS, or NF1 account for the majority of driver mutations in cutaneous melanomas, these are rarely detected in uveal tumors [41] . Instead, ∼ 80% of uveal melanomas harbor activating mutations in GNA11 or GNAQ, leading to constitutive signaling to the MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway [5, 9, 10, 42] . Only recently has it been discovered that both uveal melanomas and primary melanocytic leptomeningeal neoplasms share driving mutations in GNAQ, GNA11, SF3B1, and EIF1A [7, 8] . Even so, reports of uveal melanoma leading to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis are almost unknown. Although there is a small possibility that the melanoma cells identified in the leptomeninges resulted from regional spread of the orbital recurrence, without clear evidence of tunneling of the tumor cells within the dural (optic nerve) sheath and contiguous spread into the suprasellar region, we believe that this manifestation can be classified as LMM. At this time, it is unclear what drives uveal melanoma to spread to the leptomeninges, but some of the shared molecular biology underlying both uveal melanoma and primary leptomeningeal neoplasms suggests a targetable common signaling axis: the MAPK pathway. A number of clinical trials have been initiated to investigate the use of MEK inhibitors in uveal melanoma; however, to date, the results have been disappointing (NCT01143402) [5, 43, 44] . It is possible that this small subset of uveal melanomas that preferentially metastasize to the leptomeninges may be more sensitive to therapies targeting the MAPK or AKT pathways (perhaps administered intrathecally to ensure local drug availability), underlying the importance of the shared molecular pathogenesis. Preclinical studies have provided the rationale for targeting both the MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways simultaneously in uveal melanoma, abrogating the two major transduction cascades downstream of constitutively active GNAQ [45] .

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, making up 85-95% of all ocular melanomas, but only accounts for a small fraction of all melanoma cases.

Although mutations in BRAF, NRAS, or NF1 account for the majority of driver mutations in cutaneous melanomas, these are rarely detected in uveal tumors.

Instead, ∼ 80% of uveal melanomas harbor activating mutations in GNA11 or GNAQ, leading to constitutive signaling to the MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway.

Only recently has it been discovered that both uveal melanomas and primary melanocytic leptomeningeal neoplasms share driving mutations in GNAQ, GNA11, SF3B1, and EIF1A.

A number of clinical trials have been initiated to investigate the use of MEK inhibitors in uveal melanoma; however, to date, the results have been disappointing (NCT01143402).

Preclinical studies have provided the rationale for targeting both the MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways simultaneously in uveal melanoma, abrogating the two major transduction cascades downstream of constitutively active GNAQ.


Proteins binding to NPs undergo conformational changes. This further complicates the structure of the protein corona. A structural change in the protein may cause loss or a gain of function. It could also lead to the exposure of amino acid residues, which are normally buried in the core [4] .

It could also lead to the exposure of amino acid residues, which are normally buried in the core.


The formation of NP-protein corona is a multifactorial process dependent on the NPs, interacting proteins and medium properties. The medium where NP-protein corona is formed can cause the NP to undergo a complex sequence of modifications that are far from being fully understood. Even within one environment the NP-protein corona and interactions between NP and proteins in the corona are constantly changing [15] .

Even within one environment the NP-protein corona and interactions between NP and proteins in the corona are constantly changing.


Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a quantitative physical technique used to determine reaction thermodynamics and kinetics. It can be used to study solutions, solids and heterogeneous mixtures because it is invariant to sample physical form [8] . This label-free technique is based on heat measurement absorbed or generated during binding event in a sequential (titrating) manner. It allows simultaneous determination of binding constants (Ka), reaction stoichiometry (n), enthalpy (DH) and entropy (DS) during single experiment, providing a complete thermodynamic profile of investigated interaction [9] . ITC is becoming the method of choice for characterization of intermolecular interactions and recognizing reactions with exquisite sensitivity, since both low-and high-affinity interactions can be quickly and accurately characterized [10] . ITC is an attractive approach for the study of biomolecular interactions such as the interactions of proteins with NPs. The combination of thermodynamic data obtained with ITC and structural data for proteins has significantly enhanced our understanding of macromolecular interactions in solutions allowing predictions of the size and thermodynamic properties of the binding interface, and the characterization of contributions from protein conformational changes and solvation in the extended binding interface [11] . Different studies indicated the complexity of protein-NP interactions [12] .

It can be used to study solutions, solids and heterogeneous mixtures because it is invariant to sample physical form.

It allows simultaneous determination of binding constants (Ka), reaction stoichiometry (n), enthalpy (DH) and entropy (DS) during single experiment, providing a complete thermodynamic profile of investigated interaction.

ITC is becoming the method of choice for characterization of intermolecular interactions and recognizing reactions with exquisite sensitivity, since both low-and high-affinity interactions can be quickly and accurately characterized.

The combination of thermodynamic data obtained with ITC and structural data for proteins has significantly enhanced our understanding of macromolecular interactions in solutions allowing predictions of the size and thermodynamic properties of the binding interface, and the characterization of contributions from protein conformational changes and solvation in the extended binding interface.

Different studies indicated the complexity of protein-NP interactions.


When entering a biological fluid, NPs will be coated with proteins and other biological molecules and form protein corona. The composition of the corona around NPs will be determined by the concentration as well as on-and off-rate constants for each protein. The composition of corona is changeable until over time equilibrium is reached. Each time when the NPs enter a new environment, composition of corona will be changed until a new equilibrium is reached. The corona will create a new NP surface. Organization of a NP surface may be important to the fate of the NPs and its biosafety aspects [4] . NP corona, through interactions of NPs and proteins, could have impact on the structure and properties of adsorbed proteins.

Organization of a NP surface may be important to the fate of the NPs and its biosafety aspects.


Adsorption of proteins at the NP surface is aided by several forces (hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals interactions, electrostatic interactions, etc.) (Fig. 1) . The main driving forces for protein folding are hydrophobic interactions. Van der Waals interactions provide selectivity to noncovalent interactions. Hydrogen bonds are a particular type of electrostatic interactions between a weak acid donor group and an acceptor group with a lone pair of electrons. They stabilize the secondary structure of proteins [14] .

They stabilize the secondary structure of proteins.


According to the National Nanotechnology Initiative, nanotechnology is the research and development of nanosystems (e.g. nanoparticles) on the scale of 1-100 nm [3] . Nanoparticles (NPs) are potentially useful tools for medicine and biology, as they are of similar size to important biological components (e.g. proteins, DNA, cell membranes) and thus able to interact in a sophisticated and controlled way at the cellular level. However, knowledge of the factor that govern the fate and effect of NPs administered as drugs is still limited [1, 2] .

According to the National Nanotechnology Initiative, nanotechnology is the research and development of nanosystems (e.g. nanoparticles) on the scale of 1-100 nm.

However, knowledge of the factor that govern the fate and effect of NPs administered as drugs is still limited.


This paper focuses on the prediction of radar cross section of homogeneous dielectric object with electrically large size in half space. In order to consider the scattering fields of the electrically large target in half space, the half-space physical optics method (PO) for dielectric object is obtained by introducing the half-space Green's function into the PO method for dielectric object. Combined with the graphicalelectromagnetic computing (GRECO) method, the shadow regions are eliminated by displaying lists technology of OpenGL to rebuild the target, and the geometry information is attained by reading the color and depths of each pixel [4] . The results show that the half-space physical optics method for dielectric objects is efficient and accurate. For illustration purposes, we limit our presentation to the monostatic case for homogeneous dielectric objects with electrically large size in half space.

Combined with the graphicalelectromagnetic computing (GRECO) method, the shadow regions are eliminated by displaying lists technology of OpenGL to rebuild the target, and the geometry information is attained by reading the color and depths of each pixel.


The main factor which contributes to the failure of many forms of chemotherapy is drug resistance [4] . This resistance means that it is important to look for new anticancer agents to bypass the resistance mechanisms. Synthetic chemistry has traditionally been believed to be the dominant method for drug discovery, but using plants with medicinal value as a source for unique natural products for treatment and disease prevention is an increasingly promising route [4] .

The main factor which contributes to the failure of many forms of chemotherapy is drug resistance.

Synthetic chemistry has traditionally been believed to be the dominant method for drug discovery, but using plants with medicinal value as a source for unique natural products for treatment and disease prevention is an increasingly promising route.


Humans are exposed to arsenic contamination mainly through ingestion, inhalation, or skin adsorption; however, among these ingestion is the most predominant form of arsenic intake. Large doses of arsenic can result in acute toxic effects like gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, poor appetite, disturbance of cardiovascular and nervous systems functions, or even death in severe cases [8] [9] [10] . Continuous exposure to arsenic contaminated water, or food for several years can result in skin, kidney, bladder, and lung cancers [11] . Although it is present in air, water, and soil, the most direct source to which human population is exposed is drinking water contaminated with arsenic.

Large doses of arsenic can result in acute toxic effects like gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, poor appetite, disturbance of cardiovascular and nervous systems functions, or even death in severe cases.

Continuous exposure to arsenic contaminated water, or food for several years can result in skin, kidney, bladder, and lung cancers.


High concentration of arsenic in drinking water has been reported in many parts of the world, including Argentina, Bangladesh, China, Chile, Canada, Hungary, India, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Taiwan, and USA [12] . In Pakistan, 20% of Punjab and 36% of Sindh population is exposed to Arsenic contamination over 10 g/L in drinking water; similarly, 3% of Punjab and 16% of Sindh population is exposed to over 50 g/L of arsenic in drinking water [13] . The most alarming situation exists in Kalalanwala village (East Punjab) where the arsenic concentration in groundwater is as high as 1900 g/L [14] . Due to the widespread negative health effects of arsenic on humans, in 1993 WHO lowered the permissible limit of arsenic in drinking water from 50 g/L (0.05 mg/L) to 10 g/L (0.01 mg/L), and this provisional guideline level is retained by WHO in the latest edition of its standards [15, 16] .

High concentration of arsenic in drinking water has been reported in many parts of the world, including Argentina, Bangladesh, China, Chile, Canada, Hungary, India, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Taiwan, and USA.

In Pakistan, 20% of Punjab and 36% of Sindh population is exposed to Arsenic contamination over 10 g/L in drinking water; similarly, 3% of Punjab and 16% of Sindh population is exposed to over 50 g/L of arsenic in drinking water.

The most alarming situation exists in Kalalanwala village (East Punjab) where the arsenic concentration in groundwater is as high as 1900 g/L.

Due to the widespread negative health effects of arsenic on humans, in 1993 WHO lowered the permissible limit of arsenic in drinking water from 50 g/L (0.05 mg/L) to 10 g/L (0.01 mg/L), and this provisional guideline level is retained by WHO in the latest edition of its standards.


The notion of integrability has been extended for systems with boundary by Ghoshal and Zamolodchikov [1] . With the Yang-Baxter equation, unitarity, analyticity and crossing symmetry for both bulk scattering matrix and boundary reflection matrix, a model with integrable boundary is expected to be exactly solved. One of the simplest observable in such a model is its free energy in large volume and finite temperature. Unlike in periodic systems, this free energy contains a volume-independent correction, also known as g-function [2] .

The notion of integrability has been extended for systems with boundary by Ghoshal and Zamolodchikov.

Unlike in periodic systems, this free energy contains a volume-independent correction, also known as g-function.


Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent, allowing differentiation into various types of cells, such as adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes [1] . This ability is expected to be useful in many clinical applications, including the regeneration of damaged and injured tissues, and in cosmetic surgery [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . At present, MSCs are directly administrated into affected tissues, but cells differentiated from MSCs have not yet been attempted in clinical applications, because of the difficulties posed by the precise control of induction. However, if such differentiated cells were available for clinical applications, the time to engraftment of cells onto the affected tissues could be reduced. To date, to control MSC differentiation, an induction medium, containing several types of soluble factors, has been employed and has efficiently induced differentiation [1] . However, obtaining a uniformly differentiated population of cells, of a quality appropriate for clinical applications, by using only soluble factors, has been challenging. In addition, residual soluble factors also pose safety issues [7] .

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent, allowing differentiation into various types of cells, such as adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes.

This ability is expected to be useful in many clinical applications, including the regeneration of damaged and injured tissues, and in cosmetic surgery.

To date, to control MSC differentiation, an induction medium, containing several types of soluble factors, has been employed and has efficiently induced differentiation.

In addition, residual soluble factors also pose safety issues.


This knowledge can also be applied to the 3-dimensional (3D) culture of MSCs, not only to cultures grown on a flat surface. However, cells cultured in a dish show quite different morphologies to cells grown in a 3D culture. Cells in a living tissue are surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM), which has a fibrous network structure; such cells take on elongated shapes in a particular direction, in accordance with the fibrous structure of the ECM. In order to provide a scaffold material for use in 3D culture, hydrogels have typically been prepared from synthetic and natural polymers 2 Journal of Nanotechnology [9, 10] . Although hydrogels are easy to prepare and handle, they are structurally uniform, and not anisotropic. For this reason, cells do not keep elongating in hydrogels, as they do in living tissues.

In order to provide a scaffold material for use in 3D culture, hydrogels have typically been prepared from synthetic and natural polymers 2 Journal of Nanotechnology.


The knowledge and understanding of heat transfer are important for the design of a wide range of industrial, commercial and domestic processes and appliances, including chemical processing, air conditioning and refrigeration, solar energy production and conversion, oil and gas industries and electronics cooling. In thermal engineering, the improvement in the thermal performance of systems is termed 'heat transfer enhancement'. Over the past decade, several techniques have been proposed as ways of enhancing heat transfer [1] [2] [3] . These techniques have been classified as passive or active (Table 1 ). Figure 1 shows thermal conductivities of different materials. Since the thermal conductivity of solids may be several orders of magnitude higher than the thermal conductivities of conventional heat transfer fluids such as water, oil or ethylene glycol (EG), the addition of highly conducting solid particles to a fluid has the potential to increase the effective thermal conductivity of the fluid.

Over the past decade, several techniques have been proposed as ways of enhancing heat transfer.


The New Zealand ETS was first legislated in 2008 to help the country meet its international obligations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. The scheme was designed to eventually cover all sectors of the New Zealand economy and all six greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol. The New Zealand ETS has no explicit "cap", but is implemented to meet a New Zealand target; some New Zealand Units (NZUs) enter the market through free allocation, and participants can also purchase them from foresters or surrender Kyoto units bought on the international market [2, 3] . In this paper, we focus on the forestry and agriculture sectors. The forestry sector has been included in the ETS since 2008, and agriculture has until recently been scheduled to enter the scheme in 2015 [4] . No other country has proposed to include agriculture in a domestic emissions trading scheme.

The New Zealand ETS has no explicit "cap", but is implemented to meet a New Zealand target; some New Zealand Units (NZUs) enter the market through free allocation, and participants can also purchase them from foresters or surrender Kyoto units bought on the international market.

The forestry sector has been included in the ETS since 2008, and agriculture has until recently been scheduled to enter the scheme in 2015.


Some limitations of GEMS are noteworthy. First, although designed as an observational study, the resources, infrastructure, training, and frequent visits to the DSS households provided by GEMS may well have altered the natural history of diarrheal diseases in our study populations. These secondary health benefits must be considered in interpreting the outcome and sequelae of diarrheal diseases that are found in GEMS. Another limitation relates to our ability to use the case/control study to derive population-based estimates of MSD incidence and other outcomes of interest. The validity of these estimates will depend on 2 factors. One is the ability of caretakers to accurately report that their child had findings indicative of MSD during the previous 14 days. We attempted to quantify this limitation by conducting a nested study to compare the caretakers' determination of MSD with those of the SHC clinician and found good agreement (κ statistic for interobserver agreement = 0.82 for sunken eyes and 0.64 for wrinkled skin, data not shown). The second factor is the need for a high r value to achieve precise estimates and to increase the likelihood that the children enrolled in the case/ control study indeed represent those with MSD in the DSS population. For this reason, we endeavored to select the SHCs most likely to capture diarrheal diseases at each site; however, despite our efforts, it was generally not possible to achieve high r values. During analysis, we will take into account the variance of the estimated r's in assessing the precision of our disease incidence estimates. Finally, some might argue that our case definition of MSD could bias our pathogen-specific disease estimates by overestimating the importance of agents that cause dysentery. Our decision to include dysentery is supported by published observations indicating that children with dysentery have an increased risk for persistent diarrhea, growth faltering, and death [14, 38, 39] . These concerns can be addressed in the analysis because we know the proportion of all children seeking care at each SHC with MSD that have dysentery, so adjustments can be made as necessary if children with and without dysentery are not equally sampled. We also know the prevalence of dysentery among children in the DSS population based on serial HUAS-lite rounds and can adjust our population-based estimates accordingly.

Our decision to include dysentery is supported by published observations indicating that children with dysentery have an increased risk for persistent diarrhea, growth faltering, and death.


Generally, Chinese SWH manufacturers have dominated the market of evacuated tube collector worldwide [18] . Furthermore, the ranking of the world's largest flat plate collector producers in 2017 also shows the market dominance of Chinese companies, where the Top 4 are all Chinese related companies [19] . Many solar collector manufacturers in Europe are also seeking to expand their market in China.

Generally, Chinese SWH manufacturers have dominated the market of evacuated tube collector worldwide.

Furthermore, the ranking of the world's largest flat plate collector producers in 2017 also shows the market dominance of Chinese companies, where the Top 4 are all Chinese related companies.


Evacuated tube collector is a widely used and cheap technology used in solar water heater (SWH) products that is found almost everywhere in China, especially in rural areas [11, 12] . Evacuated tube collector is one of Chinese homegrown technologies [13e15] . Most of solar collectors in Chinese solar thermal marker were water-in-glass evacuated tubes SWHs [16] . Evacuated tube SWHs with low initial costs and short payback periods are very popular in China [17] . Most of the SWH products are not only installed domestically within China, but also they are exported to newly emerging countries in Africa and the Central and South America, and a small part of the SWH products are even exported to Europe as well.

Evacuated tube collector is a widely used and cheap technology used in solar water heater (SWH) products that is found almost everywhere in China, especially in rural areas.

Most of solar collectors in Chinese solar thermal marker were water-in-glass evacuated tubes SWHs.

Evacuated tube SWHs with low initial costs and short payback periods are very popular in China.


Wastewaters from textile industries are colored, which is mainly due to dyes used in textile industry. Chemical species present in textile effluents are of diverse nature, hence, posing a challenge to conventional physicochemical and biological treatment methods. Dyes are almost invariably toxic, and additionally a visible pollutant, so their removal from the effluent stream is ecologically essential. Recent estimates indicate that approximately 12% of synthetic dyes used each year are lost during manufacture and processing operations and that 20-35% of these input dyes enter the environment through effluents from the treatment of residual industrial water. Dyes are easily visible even in extremely diluted forms, posing aesthetic problems, and are toxic to human and aquatic life [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .

Dyes are easily visible even in extremely diluted forms, posing aesthetic problems, and are toxic to human and aquatic life.


The HCTLS is the first study to integrate participant-reported activity log and passive GPS tracking with follow-up interviews to document the time-location patterns of a low socioeconomic status (SES) immigrant group in a major goods movement corridor. This focus is particularly important given that available national and regional time-activity data provide limited insights into the activity and travel patterns of low SES populations and residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods. Participants were largely Hispanic women and homemakers who spent about 89% of their time indoors, about 5% of their time in enclosed vehicles, and about 6% of their time outdoors. Using these broad location categories, participant time-location patterns were fairly consistent with those of adult respondents to previous national random telephone recall surveys (Klepeis et al., 2001) . Although many HCTLS participants were active volunteers and/or attended community education classes, they spent a significantly higher proportion of their time indoors at home than NHAPS respondents (78% vs. 66%). In this regards, HCTLS participants were most similar to unemployed adult respondents in the national NHAPS sample.

Using these broad location categories, participant time-location patterns were fairly consistent with those of adult respondents to previous national random telephone recall surveys.


The BRFSS is a state-based surveillance system that is operated by state health departments in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A detailed description of the survey methods is available elsewhere [9] . Briefly, the BRFSS collects data on many of the behaviors and conditions that place adults (aged ≥18 years) at risk for chronic disease. Trained interviewers collect data monthly, using an independent probability sample of households with telephones among the noninstitutionalized US adult population. All BRFSS methodology, questionnaires, and data are available at www.cdc.gov/brfss.

A detailed description of the survey methods is available elsewhere.


Over the last few decades, the interplay between climate change and human movement has received attention from academia, policy-makers, and researchers [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Yet population mobility across various space and time scales due to changes in the climate-including variability and trends-has been a regular historical phenomenon. Nonetheless, if climate change does turn out to be a major contemporary push factor for migration, then the scale might outstrip all historical examples and contexts because of high population numbers and densities in highly affected locations. An example could be sea-level rise inundating low-lying coastal zones including urban areas. In addition to such direct effects, climate change could affect migration indirectly, perhaps through affecting economic drivers of migration (e.g., crops, livestock, and fisheries) and political drivers of migration (e.g., conflict, conflict reduction, and choices on where to provide services, such as health and education). These influences on migration are for both choosing to migrate and choosing not to migrate [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .

Over the last few decades, the interplay between climate change and human movement has received attention from academia, policy-makers, and researchers.

These influences on migration are for both choosing to migrate and choosing not to migrate.


For basic purposes, such as the evaluation of soil P status as a guideline for P fertilization to agricultural systems, the method of extraction is suitable as long as the differences in P extraction from soil are taken into account [3] . Problems arise when the P status of the soil does not correlate to the observations of yield after P fertilization events, i.e., low P soils do not respond to P fertilization or high P soils respond to fertilization as mentioned above. In these cases, the extraction methods fail to give information on the underlying sorption and release processes. These observations, as well as recent developments of the global P market, have pointed out the need for suitable soil extraction methods that depict the availability of P in agricultural soils for plants, with the overall aim of increasing P use efficiency in crop production. As the classical extraction methods are not always reliable and must be evaluated according to their capacity for solubilizing bound, precipitated and sorbed P fractions, alternatives that better depict plant available P are being sought [9] . Further, it is necessary to identify analytical tools that allow sensitive observations of short-term changes to soil P fractions, thereby increasing our understanding of soil's physical and chemical processes determining P sorption and desorption [2] .

For basic purposes, such as the evaluation of soil P status as a guideline for P fertilization to agricultural systems, the method of extraction is suitable as long as the differences in P extraction from soil are taken into account.

As the classical extraction methods are not always reliable and must be evaluated according to their capacity for solubilizing bound, precipitated and sorbed P fractions, alternatives that better depict plant available P are being sought.

Further, it is necessary to identify analytical tools that allow sensitive observations of short-term changes to soil P fractions, thereby increasing our understanding of soil's physical and chemical processes determining P sorption and desorption.


None of the malathion concentrations calculated in this study exceeded the LC50 or EC50 parameters In these equations, the following numbers were used: 6632=the kg of malathion used by the city in 2010, 237=the number of applications the city made in 2010, 2220=the maximum size of the potential spraying area in km 2 a Method I: 6632/2220×SA×FE, where SA is the surface area of the IMA of Ridge (37.6 km 2 ) or Vital (7.4 km 2 ), and FE is the number of fogging events in Ridge (4) or Vital (6), respectively. Method II: 6632/237×FE measured for fish species (Mulla et al. 1981) . In addition, in 2010, the weekly amount of malathion deposited in the bulk deposition samplers (maximum 107.7 μg/m 2 /week) did not exceed malathion dermal LD50 values determined for predatory insects such as Adonia variegata (ladybird) (dermal LD50 250 μg/m 2 ), Nabis americoferus (Common Damsel Bug) (dermal LD50 460 μg/m 2 ), and Chrysopa carnea (common green lacewing) (dermal LD50 1200 μg/m 2 ) (Mulla et al. 1981) . In humans, the percutaneous absorption of malathion ranges from 0.9 for the palm to 4.2 for the armpit, with the forearm (1.0) being the reference region (Mulla et al. 1981) . Percutaneous absorption by humans of malathion in rainfall is unknown.

Method II: 6632/237×FE measured for fish species.

In addition, in 2010, the weekly amount of malathion deposited in the bulk deposition samplers (maximum 107.7 μg/m 2 /week) did not exceed malathion dermal LD50 values determined for predatory insects such as Adonia variegata (ladybird) (dermal LD50 250 μg/m 2 ), Nabis americoferus (Common Damsel Bug) (dermal LD50 460 μg/m 2 ), and Chrysopa carnea (common green lacewing) (dermal LD50 1200 μg/m 2 ).

In humans, the percutaneous absorption of malathion ranges from 0.9 for the palm to 4.2 for the armpit, with the forearm (1.0) being the reference region.


The objective of this study was to determine the impact of malathion application in a city on the levels of malathion detected in bulk deposition. September (1971 September ( -2000 in Winnipeg is 354 mm (Environment Canada, 2012) . Average annual temperature extremes are from −45.0 to 40.6°C.

September (1971 September ( -2000 in Winnipeg is 354 mm.


For those who participated in the pilot projects these were perceived the main facilitators for knowledge sharing and learning in the arena. However, many practitioners neither wanted to contribute with nor participate in pilot projects as framed by the researchers. This is most likely a consequence of the researchers' inability to mediate the joint benefits of pilot projects. Instead the practitioners interpreted the pilot projects as reflecting the researchers' own selffulfilment. Their reluctance may also, have been a consequence of the short-term and limited view on energy efficiency of buildings held by the municipal-housing companies. Consequently, the participants' engagement in the arena was limited due to contradictory organisational regimes and practices, such as norms, revenues, return of investments and budget frames. This points to the critical importance of involving top-level managers in such arena endeavours (Quist et al., 2011) .

This points to the critical importance of involving top-level managers in such arena endeavours.


However, creating spaces for knowledge sharing takes time, as does building an arena or a CoP. Some people drop out while others join, which means that the 'drivers' of an arena need to have sufficient space and fulfil necessary conditions if they are to stimulate an interactive innovation process (Loorbach, 2010) . One critical condition is time! The three years allotted to the arena project proved too short to develop trust, a common language and understanding to achieve cross-organisational knowledge sharing. In spite of the advantageous preconditions in the form of funding, a perceived need and enthusiastic actors, the creation of an arena community in the form of the initial vision i.e. a driver of sustainability innovation just barely had time to overcome initial difficulties before the projected time span ended. The social interaction that took place within the arena community did not become durable enough to enhance long-term sharing of knowledge to any larger extent.

However, creating spaces for knowledge sharing takes time, as does building an arena or a CoP. Some people drop out while others join, which means that the 'drivers' of an arena need to have sufficient space and fulfil necessary conditions if they are to stimulate an interactive innovation process.

One critical condition is time!


Prometheus agent-oriented well-established methodology has been selected to provide guidelines to develop the mentioned multi-agent system [19] [20] . Several multi-agent methodologies approaches have been proposed in recent years and comparison between them are beginning to appear [21] . However, we argue that Prometheus suits well to solve our problem due to: (i) the high level of detail of guidelines for the initial system specification, (ii) the modularity of the agent's internal architecture around the concept of capability (providing a direct correspondence between capabilities and specific functionalities of airborne and ground systems).

Prometheus agent-oriented well-established methodology has been selected to provide guidelines to develop the mentioned multi-agent system.

Several multi-agent methodologies approaches have been proposed in recent years and comparison between them are beginning to appear.


SEAs were introduced to Korea through the revision of relevant acts from 2004 to 2006. Consequently, many plans for water resource development were categorized as target areas for SEA implementation [5] . SEAs are generally understood as a process by which to assess the environmental impacts of a plan. They also provide alternatives for making appropriate decisions from an environmental point of view. SEAs are an effective approach to creating a balance between development and conservation by predicting and reviewing the environmental effects of policies and plans from the initial planning stages. SEAs have been applied in many countries, including Korea, as a tool for integrating environmental considerations into the planning, management, and decision making processes for various infrastructures [5] [6] [7] . The SEA process necessarily incorporates multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. In dam planning, studies in several countries, including Korea, show that most considerations concern geological or hydrological elements rather than environmental or ecological elements [8] [9] [10] [11] . Therefore, in this study we explored the robust prioritization of environmental and ecological influences in decision making based on incomplete information available from the SEA for dam planning. Particularly, we compare the priority results acquired using various MCDM methods, AHP, ELECTRE III, PROMETHEE II, and Compromise Programming. In addition, we examine the effects of various generation distribution approaches in selecting the most suitable dam sites. To generate missing input information, we applied the uniform distribution and binomial distribution. Finally, we investigated and compared the effects of the type of MCDM method and the generation methods for missing information to estimate robust prioritization of dam site selection.

Consequently, many plans for water resource development were categorized as target areas for SEA implementation.

SEAs have been applied in many countries, including Korea, as a tool for integrating environmental considerations into the planning, management, and decision making processes for various infrastructures.

In dam planning, studies in several countries, including Korea, show that most considerations concern geological or hydrological elements rather than environmental or ecological elements.


SEA is widely used to describe systematic processes for analyzing environmental effects at the strategic level of decision making processes, including policies, plans, and programs [3, 4] . The SEA for Korea's Long-term Plan for Dam Construction (LPDC) was implemented to ensure consistency in environmental considerations in the planning process and to support strategic decision making ( Figure 1 ). The SEA raised the effectiveness of the LPDC by increasing its environmental and social acceptance through the feedback of SEA results to the LPDC. The SEA process also improved the sustainability of the LPDC by improving consideration of environmental priorities in the evaluation of water supply alternatives and dam construction sites. Planners were encouraged to seek environmentally friendly and sustainable water resource development options. The SEA reminded dam planners to recognize characteristics that led to negative public opinion due to changes in environmental consciousness. Therefore, during the planning process, the SEA enabled the preferential consideration of politic alternatives for environmentally friendly and sustainable water resource development. The SEA produced a paradigm shift-from functional planning toward sustainable dam planning-that considered regional situations.

SEA is widely used to describe systematic processes for analyzing environmental effects at the strategic level of decision making processes, including policies, plans, and programs.


In the p-Pb (Pb-p) scan session the proton beam consisted of 272 bunches, while the Pb beam consisted of 338 (314) bunches. In the p-Pb (Pb-p) scan session 264 (244) bunch pairs per LHC orbit were colliding at IP2. For both beams and sessions, the minimum spacing between two consecutive bunches was 200 ns. The reference-process rates were recorded (and the cross section measured) separately for each colliding bunch pair. For each session, two independent measurements per bunch pair were performed by repeating the (horizontal and vertical) scan pair twice: from negative to positive separation and then in the opposite direction. The maximum beam separation during the scan was about 0.15 mm, corresponding to about six times the RMS of the transverse beam profile. In both sessions, the β * value 1 in IP2 was 0.8 m. The current in the AL-ICE solenoid (dipole) was 30 kA (6 kA), corresponding to a field strength of 0.5 T (0.7 T). In both sessions, the proton and lead bunch intensities were on the order of 10 10 p/bunch and 10 8 Pb/bunch, as shown in figure 1. While the proton bunch intensity is reasonably constant across bunches, large variations are seen for the lead bunches. The structure of such variations as a function of the bunch position can be explained by different sensitivities to losses in the injection chain [8] .

The structure of such variations as a function of the bunch position can be explained by different sensitivities to losses in the injection chain.


For example, Table 1 shows the results of calculation of faultlessness for several options of perfect order's formation in case of 20 deliveries and three criteria of failures as well as various combinations of these criteria (Zaitzev & Uvarov, 2012) . Let us analyse the results shown in Table 1 . The base variant of calculating the probability of faultless formation of perfect order corresponds to the classical rule of serial connection of elements. The first option presents independence and the lack of correlation of failures when executing each operation and the corresponding probability is determined by the formula 1.

For example, Table 1 shows the results of calculation of faultlessness for several options of perfect order's formation in case of 20 deliveries and three criteria of failures as well as various combinations of these criteria.


Overexpression of vault particles is another described mechanism for resistance. Vaults are ribonucleoprotein complexes that have been detected in several organisms and are composed by different proteins. One of them, the major vault protein, discovered in 1993 and named lung resistance-related protein (LRP), has been associated with MDR as it is overexpressed in several resistant cell lines [11] [12] [13] .

One of them, the major vault protein, discovered in 1993 and named lung resistance-related protein (LRP), has been associated with MDR as it is overexpressed in several resistant cell lines.


The mechanism of action of BSO is the depletion of glutathione in the cells, therefore inhibiting the function of MRP-1 [16] . Since flow cytometry analysis showed both cells to be negative for the expression of MRP-1 this could explain the overlapping of the curves that occurs when BSO is used as a modulator. Another factor that may influence the results obtained is the period of incubation with BSO [16] .

The mechanism of action of BSO is the depletion of glutathione in the cells, therefore inhibiting the function of MRP-1.

Another factor that may influence the results obtained is the period of incubation with BSO.


Fifteen ABC transporters, belonging to ABCB, ABCC and ABCG subfamilies, have been associated with MDR up to date [2] . The first one described was ABCB1, also known as P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a 170 kDa glycoprotein that transports several not structurally-related substrates against concentration gradients [5, 6] . These substrates are hydrophobic, have a molecular mass between 300 and 2000 kDa and most are cationic at physiologic pH [7] .

Fifteen ABC transporters, belonging to ABCB, ABCC and ABCG subfamilies, have been associated with MDR up to date.

The first one described was ABCB1, also known as P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a 170 kDa glycoprotein that transports several not structurally-related substrates against concentration gradients.

These substrates are hydrophobic, have a molecular mass between 300 and 2000 kDa and most are cationic at physiologic pH.


One of the best studied MDR mechanisms is the overexpression of efflux pumps, such as those belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters superfamilly [2] . ABC-transporters are preferentially expressed in plasma membranes, although they are also expressed in several intracellular organelles. Seven ABC-subfamilies have been described in humans, labelled from ABCA to ABCG [2, 3] . These proteins are present in blood-brain barrier, blood-testis barrier, placenta, gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney, playing an important role in the protection against xenobiotics and endogenous metabolites [2] [3] [4] .

One of the best studied MDR mechanisms is the overexpression of efflux pumps, such as those belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters superfamilly.

Seven ABC-subfamilies have been described in humans, labelled from ABCA to ABCG.

These proteins are present in blood-brain barrier, blood-testis barrier, placenta, gastrointestinal tract, liver and kidney, playing an important role in the protection against xenobiotics and endogenous metabolites.


Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a condition defined by the cross-resistance to several non-structurally related drugs, observed in several hematologic and solid tumors. It represents one of the major problems to the success of chemotherapy, as drugs do not take effect on tumor cells [1] . Several mechanisms have been described to explain this phenomenon: 1) changes in drug and plasma membrane interaction, 2) drug metabolism modifications, 3) intracellular drug sequestration, 4) development of DNA repair mechanisms, 5) evasion of drug-induced apoptosis, 6) expression of vault particles, 7) changes in tumor microenvironment and/or 8) expression of cancer stem cells, which acquire most of the previous mechanisms [2] .

It represents one of the major problems to the success of chemotherapy, as drugs do not take effect on tumor cells.

Several mechanisms have been described to explain this phenomenon: 1) changes in drug and plasma membrane interaction, 2) drug metabolism modifications, 3) intracellular drug sequestration, 4) development of DNA repair mechanisms, 5) evasion of drug-induced apoptosis, 6) expression of vault particles, 7) changes in tumor microenvironment and/or 8) expression of cancer stem cells, which acquire most of the previous mechanisms.


We better explain our results with the concrete example where G = Sl (3, R). Let X be a compact Hausdorff space endowed with a continuous flow (t, x) → t · x (t ∈ T = Z or R) and suppose that φ t (x, g) = (t · x, ρ (t, x) g) is a flow on Q = X × G with ρ a continuous cocycle taking values in G. Let A ⊂ G be the subgroup of diagonal matrices (positive entries) and N the subgroup of upper triangular unipotent matrices. Then the Iwasawa decomposition of G reads G = KAN with K = SO (3) . For x ∈ X and u ∈ K we write ρ (t, x) u = k t (x, u) a t (x, u) n t (x, u) ∈ KAN and look at the limit behavior as t → ∞ of the matrix a (t, x, u) /t = log a t (x, u) /t in the subspace a = log A. This is done in combination with the asymptotics of the compact part k t (x, u). Via the action of G on K ≃ G/AN the component k t (x, u) becomes a flow on K and a (t, x, k) an additive cocycle over this flow. Thus the characteristic exponents defined by a depend on (x, k) ∈ X ×K. Nevertheless it is more convenient to avoid ambiguities and factor out the subgroup M ⊂ K of diagonal matrices with ±1 entries and get a (t, x, b) as a cocycle over the flow φ F induced on X × F, where F ≃ K/M ≃ G/MAN is the manifold of complete flags in R 3 . Now let M be a chain component of the flow φ F on X × F. Its associated Morse spectrum set Λ Mo (M) ⊂ a is defined by evaluating the cocycle a (t, x, b) on chains in M taking into account the jumps of the chains (see Definition 3.1 below). The Lyapunov spectrum set Λ Ly (M) is the set of limits lim a (t, x, b) /t along the trajectories in M. By general facts Λ Mo (M) is a compact convex set which contains Λ Ly (M), which in turn contains the set of extremal points of Λ Mo (M) (see Section 3 below).

Then the Iwasawa decomposition of G reads G = KAN with K = SO.


In the search of new antioxidants, exploration of aquatic habitats has led to the discovery that marine plants and invertebrates also contain antioxidants. Among the invertebrates, the discovered bioactive compounds in mollusks were identified essentially as peptides, depsipeptides, sterols, sesquiterpenes, terpenes, polypropinates, nitrogenous compounds, macrolides, prostaglandins and fatty acid derivatives and alkaloids which presented specific types of activities (Balcazar et al., 2006) . Polysaccharides are common structural and storage polymers in living organisms. Polysaccharides are potentially useful, and are biologically active ingredients for pharmaceutical uses due to a variety of biological activities, such as immunological, anti-radiation, anti-blood coagulation, anti-cancer, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hypoglycemic activities (Yoon et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2005) . The activity of polysaccharides is closely related to their structurerelated aspects such as molecular mass, degree of substitution, degree of branching, sugar component and the structure of main chain and branches (Bohn and BeMiller, 1995) .

Among the invertebrates, the discovered bioactive compounds in mollusks were identified essentially as peptides, depsipeptides, sterols, sesquiterpenes, terpenes, polypropinates, nitrogenous compounds, macrolides, prostaglandins and fatty acid derivatives and alkaloids which presented specific types of activities.

Polysaccharides are potentially useful, and are biologically active ingredients for pharmaceutical uses due to a variety of biological activities, such as immunological, anti-radiation, anti-blood coagulation, anti-cancer, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hypoglycemic activities.

The activity of polysaccharides is closely related to their structurerelated aspects such as molecular mass, degree of substitution, degree of branching, sugar component and the structure of main chain and branches.


A vast amount of circumstantial evidence implicates oxygen-derived free radicals as mediators of inflammation, shock and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Furthermore, the radicals also play a role in the process of ageing and carcinogenesis (Cuzzocrea et al., 2001) . The harmful action of the free radicals can, however, be blocked by antioxidant substances, which scavenge the free radicals and detoxify the organism. Current research in free radicals has confirmed that food items rich in antioxidants play an essential role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as inflammation and problems caused by cell and cutaneous aging (Li et al., 2007) .

Furthermore, the radicals also play a role in the process of ageing and carcinogenesis.

Current research in free radicals has confirmed that food items rich in antioxidants play an essential role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as inflammation and problems caused by cell and cutaneous aging.


The ablation process is highly complex and multidisciplinary, and so understanding it well enough to design optimised heat shields remains an engineering challenge. One key area is the flow of the pyrolysis gas products out of the material and into the boundary layer. Ablative heat shields are made of a preform (e.g. carbon fibres) that is filled with a phenolic resin. The pyrolysis gas blowing can then be thought of as the flow of a compressible fluid through a porous material, which is driven by a pressure gradient between the base of the pyrolysis zone and the stagnation pressure at the outer edge of the heat shield. Three-dimensional effects may also be important, with flow also escaping from the sides of an ablative material [3] . The property that defines how easily a fluid can traverse a porous medium is know as permeability. It is important when developing predictive tools for ablative materials to have a good understanding of how the permeability of the material changes with temperature, gas pressure, and the degree of material breakdown.

Three-dimensional effects may also be important, with flow also escaping from the sides of an ablative material.


Water management issues, often embedded in seemingly endless ecological, social, and political interactions, across temporal and spatial scales, are contextdependent, socially constructed, and technically uncertain (O'Riordan 1989) . Among other things, they are shaped by the interplay of multiple legitimate perspectives and problem defi nitions, and grounded in the wide range of stakeholder values, worldviews, and histories, found in increasingly pluralistic and fragmented societies (Funtowicz and Ravetz 1992; Munda 2004) . Therefore, the achievement of sustainability requires that the human dimension is an integral component of freshwater management, recognizing that people are part of ecosystems, and that people have infl uenced and will continue to infl uence freshwater resources (Cordell et al. 1999) .

Water management issues, often embedded in seemingly endless ecological, social, and political interactions, across temporal and spatial scales, are contextdependent, socially constructed, and technically uncertain.

Among other things, they are shaped by the interplay of multiple legitimate perspectives and problem defi nitions, and grounded in the wide range of stakeholder values, worldviews, and histories, found in increasingly pluralistic and fragmented societies.

Therefore, the achievement of sustainability requires that the human dimension is an integral component of freshwater management, recognizing that people are part of ecosystems, and that people have infl uenced and will continue to infl uence freshwater resources.


A covert channel is a communication channel that is neither designed nor intended to transfer information at all [2] . With "legitimate" use of shared resources and operations of a system, it allows leakage of sensitive or private information. Though usually slow, covert channels have been regarded as a serious risk to data security in computer systems and networks. The National Computer Security Center (NCSC) has included the Covert Channel Analysis (CCA) as an important set in its Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC).

A covert channel is a communication channel that is neither designed nor intended to transfer information at all.


Generic photonic integration technology platforms provide application oriented specialists with the means of designing affordable application-specific photonic integrated circuits (ASPIC) [1] . In such technology platforms a limited set of functionalities for onchip manipulation of light are predefined in a form of building blocks (BB). These BBs are used to design photonic integrated circuits (PICs) of complex topologies in order to realize application-oriented functions. An important factor defining the scope of potential applications for these ASPICs is the range of accessible wavelengths. The ASPICs operating in the mid-infrared wavelengths range beyond 2 μm are particularly interesting for the applications in gas spectroscopy [2] . This is related to the presence of absorption profiles of several gas species, for example, acetone, ammonia, carbon dioxide, water vapor, formaldehyde, diethylamine, ethylamine, and methylamine [3] . A trace analysis of such gas species is important in a wide range of applications including environmental monitoring in agriculture, process control in chemical and pharmaceutical plants and laboratories, atmospheric pollution monitoring, and for medical monitoring and diagnosis. Furthermore, the use of a monolithic photonic integration technology allows for the co-integration of several sources and detection subsystems on a single chip making it particularly attractive for multispecies gas detection systems where the complexity and size of bulk optics-based solutions are in many cases prohibitive factors [2, 4] .

Generic photonic integration technology platforms provide application oriented specialists with the means of designing affordable application-specific photonic integrated circuits (ASPIC).

The ASPICs operating in the mid-infrared wavelengths range beyond 2 μm are particularly interesting for the applications in gas spectroscopy.

This is related to the presence of absorption profiles of several gas species, for example, acetone, ammonia, carbon dioxide, water vapor, formaldehyde, diethylamine, ethylamine, and methylamine.

Furthermore, the use of a monolithic photonic integration technology allows for the co-integration of several sources and detection subsystems on a single chip making it particularly attractive for multispecies gas detection systems where the complexity and size of bulk optics-based solutions are in many cases prohibitive factors.


The social justice literature defines social equity as the absence of avoidable and unfair cost and benefit distributions between socially stratifying factors [36, 38] . Social equity is an important for distributive justice across societies in general [39] . Within societies, people distribute the costs and benefits derived from any action (e.g. policies, programs, or specific developments) according to a spectrum of socially stratifying factors [40, 41] . These stratifying factors are the delineations between society members according to perceived cultural, socio-economic and, or physiological differences [42] . Common stratifications include, gender, ethnicity, religion, health, income, and social class. As such, unfair or avoidable cost and benefit distributions among these stratified groups, are social inequities. Together, these equitable and/or inequitable distributions and stratifications make up a society's 'social equity landscape' . This landscape can widely deviate between different societies, and is therefore contextual. Assessment of social equity usually involves post hoc analysis of the manner in which some service or good was distributed amongst socially stratified groups [43] . There is strong causal evidence that a socially equitable balance of intervention costs and benefits results in more positive human well-being outcomes [38, 44, 45] . Therefore, assessing and understanding social stratifications and equity is important in any social intervention, including CIBCs [18] .

The social justice literature defines social equity as the absence of avoidable and unfair cost and benefit distributions between socially stratifying factors.

Social equity is an important for distributive justice across societies in general.

Within societies, people distribute the costs and benefits derived from any action (e.g. policies, programs, or specific developments) according to a spectrum of socially stratifying factors.

These stratifying factors are the delineations between society members according to perceived cultural, socio-economic and, or physiological differences.

Assessment of social equity usually involves post hoc analysis of the manner in which some service or good was distributed amongst socially stratified groups.

There is strong causal evidence that a socially equitable balance of intervention costs and benefits results in more positive human well-being outcomes.

Therefore, assessing and understanding social stratifications and equity is important in any social intervention, including CIBCs.


The cross spectral analysis has been widely used by the community of radar oceanography to extract the sea surface information from the radar returns detected by difference receiving channels. As shown in Section 3, the cross spectral analysis of the radar returns may offer an opportunity to realize the correlation of the echoes between different receiving channels in spectral domain. Our analyses indicate that the coherences of the normalized cross spectra are high for the echoes from organized and structured targets, that is, ionospheric layers, whereas the coherences will be low for the radar returns from randomly distributed diffusive targets, that is, ocean waves, in echoing region. Additionally, for the distinct and isolated targets, such as ionospheric layers, the phase differences of the cross spectra of the echoes between receiving channel pairs also exhibit organized and structured patterns in the spectral domain and their phase relations should comply with the relation given by (4). However, for the first-order sea echoes generated from Bragg backscatter of the random ocean waves, our results show that their phase relation may not necessarily comply with the relation given by (4) due to the random nature of their phases. With these properties, the coherence and the phase of the echoes observed by a sea radar operated at HF band may be employed as indicators for the discrimination of the ionospheric echoes from the sea echoes in the spectral domain to improve the data quality of the measured current and ocean waves. For a HF sea-wave radar with echo range larger than 200 km, the observed Doppler spectrum is susceptible to the ionospheric echoes reflected from sporadic E (Es) layer that occurs in a height range from about 90 to 150 km. Note that the mechanisms responsible for the formation of the Es layers vary with the geomagnetic latitudes. At geomagnetic equator, the Es layers (or Es plasma irregularities) are thought to be generated through the processes of the plasma instabilities, including two-stream or gradient drift instabilities [11] . However, at high latitude, the formations of the Es plasma irregularities are associated with the plasma instabilities or bombardment effect of charged particles from upper ionosphere [12] . At low and middle latitudes, the Es layers are primarily formed due to convergence effects Figure 7 : Histograms of the phases of the cross spectra for different receiving channel pairs, in which (a, b) are the results of ionospheric (sea) echoes and the phases are averaged for the spectral components within the specific frequency bands that are similar to those used in Figure 5 .

At geomagnetic equator, the Es layers (or Es plasma irregularities) are thought to be generated through the processes of the plasma instabilities, including two-stream or gradient drift instabilities.

However, at high latitude, the formations of the Es plasma irregularities are associated with the plasma instabilities or bombardment effect of charged particles from upper ionosphere.


Taiwan is a large island covering an area of about 35,883 km 2 with a total coastline length of approximately 1,200 km. This island is in a subtropical monsoon region with frequent occurrences of mesoscale systems in spring, tropical cyclone (typhoon) and convective storms during the summer, and frontal system with strong wind velocity and heavy rainfall in the winter. These various wind systems may drive local sea surface water to form varied and different currents in the ocean surrounding Taiwan Island. In addition to the wind-driven surface currents caused by the abovementioned weather systems, the interaction between the western boundary current and the persistent warm current Kuroshio combined with the rough and rugged seafloor topography makes the current system around Taiwan more complex [1] . Besides the main island, there are more than 100 small islands distributed in the near coast region 100 km from the main island, which may play a role in altering the current velocity and direction. Consequently, the ocean condition is complicated, and the safety of the ships voyaging nearby Taiwan will be potentially threatened. In order to routinely monitor the current and the sea state surrounding Taiwan, the Taiwan Ocean Radar Observing System (TOROS) that consists of more than 17 sets of CODAR-SeaSonde radars was established in 2009 and operated and maintained by Taiwan Ocean Research Institute (TORI), National Applied Research Laboratories (NARL). The map of the TOROS-observed hourly surface current velocity vectors around Taiwan can be found on the website http://med.tori.org.tw/TOROS/.

In addition to the wind-driven surface currents caused by the abovementioned weather systems, the interaction between the western boundary current and the persistent warm current Kuroshio combined with the rough and rugged seafloor topography makes the current system around Taiwan more complex.


Microalbuminuria is an early manifestation of hypertension-mediated renal damage, or consequence of concomitant nephropathy, other diseases, or clinical conditions like intensive sports practice [12] . It is reasonable to think that low-grade albuminuria is an earlier marker of above clinical conditions. Evidence has shown that the earlier marker may predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes [4, 5] . Therefore, it may be hypothesized that the earlier marker was also associated with early hypertension-mediated cardiac damage. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between low-grade albuminuria and subclinical cardiac changes, LVH, and LV diastolic dysfunction, in hypertensive patients.

Microalbuminuria is an early manifestation of hypertension-mediated renal damage, or consequence of concomitant nephropathy, other diseases, or clinical conditions like intensive sports practice.

Evidence has shown that the earlier marker may predict adverse cardiovascular outcomes.


Juxtaposing imprinting and strategic choice perspectives, we aim to make the following theoretical contributions. First, we refine and extend the debate between environmental determinism and strategic choice (Bourgeois, 1984; Hrebiniak and Joyce, 1985) . Specifically, this study examines the empirical interactions between both imprinting and strategic choice conditions to better understand the critical interactive nature of organization-environment relationships in the adaption process (Hrebiniak and Joyce, 1985) . In so doing, we expand our understanding of the factors that facilitate or inhibit the organizational capacity for change.

First, we refine and extend the debate between environmental determinism and strategic choice.

Specifically, this study examines the empirical interactions between both imprinting and strategic choice conditions to better understand the critical interactive nature of organization-environment relationships in the adaption process.


Leading up to and in the aftermath of an IPO, firms encounter many new challenges and must adapt many operating routines and procedures. For example, the board of directors often gains heightened scrutiny by potential investors as the firm prepares to enter public markets (Pollock and Rindova, 2003) . Additionally, the extent and frequency of information disclosures increases significantly, which gives competitors more knowledge of firm activities (Guo et al., 2004) . Typically, the ownership structure shifts considerably in the aftermath of entering public equity markets, which alters the balance of power within the firm (Howton et al., 2001) . Furthermore, the firm typically grows rapidly after gaining access to new financial resources (Kim and Weisbach, 2008) . As such, the capacity for change is essentially important when the firm enters and moves through this milestone event.

For example, the board of directors often gains heightened scrutiny by potential investors as the firm prepares to enter public markets.

Additionally, the extent and frequency of information disclosures increases significantly, which gives competitors more knowledge of firm activities.

Typically, the ownership structure shifts considerably in the aftermath of entering public equity markets, which alters the balance of power within the firm.

Furthermore, the firm typically grows rapidly after gaining access to new financial resources.


The initial public offering (IPO) is regarded as a milestone event in the organizational life cycle of entrepreneurial firms (Filatotchev and Piesse, 2009) . It represents a 'strategic threshold' as privately-held firms enter public equity markets for the first time and the entire firm experiences a significant transformation in organization-wide routines and capabilities (Zahra and Filatotchev, 2004) . Privately-held firms make this transition to gain access to new financial resources to invest in their own operations, accelerate the development of innovative technologies, enter new markets, and/or acquire other firms (Kim and Weisbach, 2008) .

The initial public offering (IPO) is regarded as a milestone event in the organizational life cycle of entrepreneurial firms.

It represents a 'strategic threshold' as privately-held firms enter public equity markets for the first time and the entire firm experiences a significant transformation in organization-wide routines and capabilities.

Privately-held firms make this transition to gain access to new financial resources to invest in their own operations, accelerate the development of innovative technologies, enter new markets, and/or acquire other firms.


Some IPO firms are able to make this transition into the public equity markets relatively smoothly, while others fail to do so and ultimately do not survive (Demers and Joos, 2007; Fischer and Pollock, 2004) . Unfortunately, we know relatively little about the conditions that facilitate the capacity to change needed by firms to successfully navigate the IPO event. There are several reasons for this. First, existing knowledge predominantly comes from a highly-specific economic context, the United States. This is despite the fact that the US IPO market is either stagnant or in relative decline while IPO markets elsewhere are flourishing (Doidge et al., 2013) . This single-country research emphasis means that existing findings may be limited to the US IPO market, and cannot be generalized to other national IPO markets.

Some IPO firms are able to make this transition into the public equity markets relatively smoothly, while others fail to do so and ultimately do not survive.

There are several reasons for this.

This is despite the fact that the US IPO market is either stagnant or in relative decline while IPO markets elsewhere are flourishing.


Previous studies have shown that immiscible polar blend systems of polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyamide 12 (PA12) processed by SLS offer an alternative means to obtain parts with specific multiphase structures [13] . This work investigated the mechanical properties of PA6 and PA12 blend specimens manufactured by SLS using a CO 2 laser. The influence of powder material, mixture composition and microstructure on the dynamic-mechanical properties of the manufactured specimens is discussed.

Previous studies have shown that immiscible polar blend systems of polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyamide 12 (PA12) processed by SLS offer an alternative means to obtain parts with specific multiphase structures.


Other works have shown that immiscible semicrystalline and amorphous blends such as PA12/HDPE and PS/PMMA offer an alternative means to obtain SLS parts with specific multiphase structures and properties [12] [13] [14] [15] . The level of control over the microstructure of SLS parts is dependent on the process parameters, particularly the powder properties and composition, since these can influence other parameters. For example, particle shape and size distribution influence the powder packing density, while the melt flow behavior and the thermal stability define the laser power and scan speed [10, 11] .

Other works have shown that immiscible semicrystalline and amorphous blends such as PA12/HDPE and PS/PMMA offer an alternative means to obtain SLS parts with specific multiphase structures and properties.

For example, particle shape and size distribution influence the powder packing density, while the melt flow behavior and the thermal stability define the laser power and scan speed.


It is generally accepted that initiation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli starts with formyl-methionine, directed by the codons AUG or GUG. Protein synthesis proceeds by transfer of the growing polypeptide chain from the tRNA bound to the ribosomal P site to the incoming aminoacyl-tRNA in the adjacent A site. After translocation of the ribosome in the 30 direction of the mRNA, by the action of elongation factor G, the A site again becomes empty and the next codon exposed so that a new aminoacyl-tRNA ternary complex can be selected (Ogle and Ramakrishnan, 2005) .

After translocation of the ribosome in the 30 direction of the mRNA, by the action of elongation factor G, the A site again becomes empty and the next codon exposed so that a new aminoacyl-tRNA ternary complex can be selected.


In all these studies it has been assumed that binding of fMet-tRNA to ribosome's is the polynucleotide in bacteria the start codon AUG is recognized by fMet-tRNA. This tRNA does not recognize internal AUG codons. Initiation of protein biosynthesis requires the correct positioning of charged initiator tRNA, fMet-tRNA in the ribosomal P-site of the mRNA-programmed 70S ribosome's (Gualerzi and Pon, 1990; La Teana et al., 1996; Monajjemi et al., 2008; Spurio et al., 1993; Forster et al., 1999) .

Initiation of protein biosynthesis requires the correct positioning of charged initiator tRNA, fMet-tRNA in the ribosomal P-site of the mRNA-programmed 70S ribosome's.


The Food Friends program is one such intervention that has addressed developmental behaviors in young children. Comprised of two components -Fun with New Foods® and Get Movin' with Mighty Moves® -the program has successfully demonstrated increases in both children's willingness to try new foods (food preference) and gross motor performance in preschool-aged children [15, 16] . Further exploration is warranted to understand social and environmental influences on these behaviors.

Comprised of two components -Fun with New Foods® and Get Movin' with Mighty Moves® -the program has successfully demonstrated increases in both children's willingness to try new foods (food preference) and gross motor performance in preschool-aged children.


Understanding the details of insect oviposition and larval feeding preferences is valuable for identifying resistant germplasm in a plant breeding program. Many insects have been selected naturally to oviposit on certain plant species that enhance larval development and survival by providing a suitable diet (Singer 1983; Thompson & Pellmyr 1991) . Results from dual-and multiple-choice tests clearly showed that S. obliqua larvae preferred feeding on the cultivated jute species over wild species. Of the wild jute species, larvae preferred C. fascicularis > C. trilocularis > C. tridens > C. aestuans in the dual-choice test and C. trilocularis > C. fascicularis > C. pseudo-olitorius > C. tridens > C. aestuans in the multiple-choice test. The possible explanation for variation in food consumption and development of this insect may be due to significant differences in biochemical contents of the various jute species.

Many insects have been selected naturally to oviposit on certain plant species that enhance larval development and survival by providing a suitable diet.


Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is promising to overcome the disadvantages of the RANS model. In LES, the governing equations are spatially filtered on the scale of the numerical grid. The large energy containing scales are directly simulated, and the small scale eddies, which are generally more homogeneous and universal, are modeled. The large eddies are strongly affected by the flow field geometry boundaries. Therefore the direct computation of the large eddies by LES is more accurate than the modeling of the large eddies by RANS. However, to resolve the wall boundary layer, LES needs the CPU resource not much less than the Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS). For engineering applications, it is not hopeful for LES to be rigorously used until in another 4 decades [1] .

For engineering applications, it is not hopeful for LES to be rigorously used until in another 4 decades.


As individual-level adoption models intend to predict purchase timing, it is theoretically sound to incorporate the consumer's technological expectation and leap-frogging behavior (i.e., skipping over generations of technology in expectation of an improved future product) into a multigenerational adoption model (Weiss and John, 1989) . Analyzing the pattern and motivation of leap-frogging behavior is also managerially important because it will help firms determine the optimal launch time and marketing mix of successive generations (Doyle and Saunders, 1985) . Additionally, leap-frogging analysis provides a significant input for effective resource allocation among multiple generations in terms of the timing of R&D investment, pre-announcement, and advertising/promotion (Eliashberg and Robertson, 1988; Brockhoff and Rao, 1993; Urban et al., 1993) . For example, leap-frogging may explain why preannouncements of new items forestall purchases of current products even though the current products are technologically advanced and are affordable (Weiss and John, 1989; Bridges et al., 1995) .

As individual-level adoption models intend to predict purchase timing, it is theoretically sound to incorporate the consumer's technological expectation and leap-frogging behavior (i.e., skipping over generations of technology in expectation of an improved future product) into a multigenerational adoption model.

Analyzing the pattern and motivation of leap-frogging behavior is also managerially important because it will help firms determine the optimal launch time and marketing mix of successive generations.

Additionally, leap-frogging analysis provides a significant input for effective resource allocation among multiple generations in terms of the timing of R&D investment, pre-announcement, and advertising/promotion.

For example, leap-frogging may explain why preannouncements of new items forestall purchases of current products even though the current products are technologically advanced and are affordable.


Repeat purchase models describe multiple purchases in a product category as a function of product attributes, marketing efforts of firms, and word-of-mouth impact. Typically, these models divide the population of potential adopters into several homogeneous groups according to purchase status -for example, non-repeaters and repeaters (and, within repeaters, sub-categories such as early versus late adopters). Ultimately, these models trace the movement of individuals between pre-defined groups and capture aggregate sales at a time period by adding up sales from different adopter groups (Lilien et al., 1981; Mahajan et al., 1988; Rao and Yamada, 1988; Hahn et al., 1994) .

Ultimately, these models trace the movement of individuals between pre-defined groups and capture aggregate sales at a time period by adding up sales from different adopter groups.


In fact, some social networking websites use the badges as separate milestones for each user, some use them to exhibit each user's skills, and some award badges to users for doing certain actions [10] . This latter use of badges is the main functionality we have worked on in this paper, because as an incentive by recommending certain badges which have associated with certain actions, websites can control users' behaviour and make them eager to participate more in the society. Badges are simpler than other incentives and in practice, many social websites have positioned them as an important part of their incentive system. However, despite their simplicity, they include some aspects of complex users' behaviours. The most fundamental way in which badges can influence users' behaviour is by encouraging them to expand their general level of interest and participation.

In fact, some social networking websites use the badges as separate milestones for each user, some use them to exhibit each user's skills, and some award badges to users for doing certain actions.


Following the success of the location-based services, such as Foursquare and Nike+, gamification has rapidly gained attention in design and digital marketing [4] , [5] . Numerous empirical studies have shown that gamification has positive effects in a wide range of contexts [6] . The gamification can also help finding an effective avenue to attract customers and retain an interest in today's digital world. After all, gamification is really just about getting more people to do more stuff more often. That's why most of the time hours fly by when playing video games without noticing.

Following the success of the location-based services, such as Foursquare and Nike+, gamification has rapidly gained attention in design and digital marketing.

Numerous empirical studies have shown that gamification has positive effects in a wide range of contexts.


A particularly interesting set of string theories is obtained by gauging N = 2 superconformal symmetry on the worldsheet. The resulting model is called the N = 2 string [1] . This string theory is very attractive since it has the highest amount of supersymmetry on the world-sheet with the positive critical dimension (d = 4). The simplest target space for the N = 2 string is the four dimensional flat spacetime with signature (4, 0) or (2, 2) . This theory is referred as the critical N = 2 string. The theory with (2, 2) signature can be solved exactly at least perturbatively. The physical spectrum of it contains a single massless scalar field whose dynamics is described by the mathematically beautiful theory of self-dual gravity [2] .

The resulting model is called the N = 2 string.

The simplest target space for the N = 2 string is the four dimensional flat spacetime with signature (4, 0) or.

The physical spectrum of it contains a single massless scalar field whose dynamics is described by the mathematically beautiful theory of self-dual gravity.


Preservation temperature influences the growth of Enterobacteriaceae, as well as the heat treatment period. In a study with chicken briskets and drumsticks using the sous vide method and storage at +2 °C, Enterobacteriaceae count was below the limit of detection the end of five weeks (Schafheitle & Light, 1989) . In contrast, in the present study, Enterobacteriaceae were not detected during the storage time of 70 days in group C samples. In another study, the sous vide method was applied to fish fillets and the 2.2 log 10 cfu/g value determined in raw fillets was below the limit of detection in the samples stored at +2 °C after the treatment, 2.84 log 10 cfu/g after 45 days in the samples stored at + 10 °C (Gonzalez et al., 2004) .

In a study with chicken briskets and drumsticks using the sous vide method and storage at +2 °C, Enterobacteriaceae count was below the limit of detection the end of five weeks.

In another study, the sous vide method was applied to fish fillets and the 2.2 log 10 cfu/g value determined in raw fillets was below the limit of detection in the samples stored at +2 °C after the treatment, 2.84 log 10 cfu/g after 45 days in the samples stored at + 10 °C.


Birds are one of the best known faunal group in the tropics. They are ecologically highly diverse and occupy a wide range of habitats. They have therefore been frequently used taxa indicating the effects of environmental change [1] . Changes in bird communities may reveal successional processes going on in cleared forest. For example, analysis of bird-species inventories from 10 studies revealed that up to 70% of mature forest bird communities may recover in successional sites, and that species composition is about 55% similar to that of mature forests within 25 years [2] .

They have therefore been frequently used taxa indicating the effects of environmental change.

For example, analysis of bird-species inventories from 10 studies revealed that up to 70% of mature forest bird communities may recover in successional sites, and that species composition is about 55% similar to that of mature forests within 25 years.


The average crystallite size was calculated from the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the (311) reflection peak (strongest reflection) by applying Scherrer's equation [20] . The structural parameters are given in Table 1 . The average crystallite size was found to vary from 49.0 to 37.9 nm with the increase in Ni 2+ concentration from 0.25 to 1.0. The lattice parameter 'a' was found to increase with Co 2+ concentration because the ionic radius of Co 2+ is larger than that of Ni 2+ .

The average crystallite size was calculated from the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the (311) reflection peak (strongest reflection) by applying Scherrer's equation.


The culture of an institution includes shared values and beliefs, working conditions and predictions about expectations (Schein, 1996) . In education, one of the significant factors influencing the performance of teachers is the motivation levels of them. The task of motivating teachers should be firstly realized by school administrators.

The culture of an institution includes shared values and beliefs, working conditions and predictions about expectations.


In most cases, solid-liquid extraction can be advantageously used for the recovery of natural compounds from untreated or pretreated biomass materials [10] [11] [12] [13] . A large number of studies indicate that the extraction yields and the properties of the recovered compounds are significantly dependent on the structural and compositional features of the plant matrix, the type of compounds and the strength with which they are bound to the matrix [14] [15] [16] . As a result, a deep knowledge of the characteristics of the system under investigation is required. Furthermore, the process conditions should be carefully controlled in order to maximize the recovery of bioactives while preserving their functional properties. However, a review of the literature shows that, contrary to other polyphenol-containing materials, scarce attention has so far been paid to the recovery of phenolic compounds from BSG [17, 18] .

In most cases, solid-liquid extraction can be advantageously used for the recovery of natural compounds from untreated or pretreated biomass materials.

A large number of studies indicate that the extraction yields and the properties of the recovered compounds are significantly dependent on the structural and compositional features of the plant matrix, the type of compounds and the strength with which they are bound to the matrix.

However, a review of the literature shows that, contrary to other polyphenol-containing materials, scarce attention has so far been paid to the recovery of phenolic compounds from BSG.