Fixed-node DMC simulations are computationally rather demanding when compared to the mainstream electronic structure methods that rely on mean-field treatment of electron-electron interactions. On the other hand, QMC calculations can provide unique insights into the nature of quantum phenomena and can verify many theoretical ideas. As such, they can produce not only accurate numbers but also new understanding. Indeed, QMC methodology is very much an example of "it from bit" paradigm, alongside, for example, the substantial computational efforts in quantum chromodynamics, which not only predict hadron masses but also contribute to the validation of the fundamental theory [20, 21] . Just a few decades ago it was difficult to imagine that one would be able to solve the Schrödinger equation for hundreds of electrons by means of an explicit construction of the many-body wave function. Today, such calculations are feasible using available computational resources. At the same time, there remains more to be done to make the methods more insightful, more efficient, and their application less labourious. We hope that this review will contribute to the growing interest in this rapidly developing field of research.

Indeed, QMC methodology is very much an example of "it from bit" paradigm, alongside, for example, the substantial computational efforts in quantum chromodynamics, which not only predict hadron masses but also contribute to the validation of the fundamental theory.


In this first instalment of a series of papers in which we revisit the N eff calculation, we focus on FTQED corrections to the equation of state of the QED plasma in the vicinity of neutrino decoupling (T ∼ 1 MeV). The computation of FTQED corrections in the context of N eff has a long history, with the first investigation dating to 1982 [13] . The dominant effect is a small departure of the QED equation of state from the ideal gas limit, which is usually understood heuristically as a consequence of a self-energy-induced modification to the dispersion relations of the electron/positron and the photon, i.e., through interactions, these particles pick up "thermal masses" as they propagate in the QED plasma [14] .

The computation of FTQED corrections in the context of N eff has a long history, with the first investigation dating to 1982.

The dominant effect is a small departure of the QED equation of state from the ideal gas limit, which is usually understood heuristically as a consequence of a self-energy-induced modification to the dispersion relations of the electron/positron and the photon, i.e., through interactions, these particles pick up "thermal masses" as they propagate in the QED plasma.


While presently too small to be of impact on parameter inference for the current generation of cosmological observations, 1 theoretical corrections and uncertainties of these magnitudes will begin to account for a sizeable fraction of the error budget-or even become measurable-as the parameter sensitivities of the next generation of experiments approach the sub-percent region. The CMB-S4 experiment, for example, is expected to improve the 1σ sensitivity to N eff to σ(N eff ) 0.02 → 0.03 [21] . Planning has already begun in earnest for the construction of CMB-S4 to begin in as early as 2021 [22] . The time is therefore ripe for a closer scrutiny of the precision calculation of the theoretical N eff in the context of the SM, and to beat down the theoretical/computational uncertainty of this crucial cosmological parameter to beyond the fourth significant digit.

The CMB-S4 experiment, for example, is expected to improve the 1σ sensitivity to N eff to σ(N eff ) 0.02 → 0.03.

Planning has already begun in earnest for the construction of CMB-S4 to begin in as early as 2021.


Other limitations of this study include the absence of viral load data; as such, we were unable to correlate renal function with HIV viral burden. In addition, our study used a cross-sectional study design with a single measurement of serum creatinine and dipstick measurement of urinary protein. As the study was performed in a resource-poor setting we were unable to perform more expensive, albeit more accurate testing methods to measure renal function and proteinuria. As such, there is potential for misclassification bias with respect to estimating renal function and determining the true prevalence of proteinuria. In this study we were most interested in assessing the use of renal function testing in a population of HIVinfected patients without identifiable risks for renal disease because we believe that individuals with other conditions known to be highly associated with kidney disease should always have renal function measured [1] . The use of these restrictive study eligibility requirements may have resulted in a relatively healthy cohort effect, which would underestimate the actual prevalence of reduced GFR in the HIV-infected population residing in this region. Furthermore, as we enrolled only patients at a single institution in East Africa it would be difficult to generalize our findings to other international treatment settings. Finally, we did not attempt to determine the causes of renal dysfunction in our study population. Limited studies performed in HIV-infected, sub-Saharan African patients with microalbuminuria or proteinuria without known risks for renal disease other than HIV-infection, have identified HIVAN as the most common biopsy-proven diagnosis [4, 5] . Membranoproliferative nephropathy, interstitial nephritis and membranous nephropathy have also been reported [4, 5] . Future longitudinal evaluations that include assessments of the causes of renal disease are necessary in order to determine the natural history of renal disease in HIV-infected subSaharan African populations and to verify the effects of kidney disease on clinical outcomes.

In this study we were most interested in assessing the use of renal function testing in a population of HIVinfected patients without identifiable risks for renal disease because we believe that individuals with other conditions known to be highly associated with kidney disease should always have renal function measured.

Limited studies performed in HIV-infected, sub-Saharan African patients with microalbuminuria or proteinuria without known risks for renal disease other than HIV-infection, have identified HIVAN as the most common biopsy-proven diagnosis.

Membranoproliferative nephropathy, interstitial nephritis and membranous nephropathy have also been reported.


Pareto process law, then this function should be constant as the quantile u tends to one (Rootzén et al., 2017) . For environmental data in particular, it is much more common to see estimates of (2) decreasing as u → 1, indicating that dependence weakens with level of extremeness. An example of this is given in Figure 1 , for a dataset of significant wave heights, to be analyzed in §4.1.

Pareto process law, then this function should be constant as the quantile u tends to one.


In order to build intelligent systems one needs to start by modeling and formalizing the knowledge that exists (such as domain concepts, behaviors and context) and is retrieved from human experts. Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR&R) is a field in artificial intelligence that aims at building intelligent systems that know about their world and are able to automatically draw conclusions and act upon them, as humans do (Baral, 2003) . A fundamental assumption in KR&R is that knowledge is represented in a tangible form (usually via ontologies), suitable for processing by dedicated reasoning engines. However, up to today, there is a lack of frameworks for general intelligence that will solve several classes of reasoning problems, such as planning, verification and optimization. In addition, it is still not clear to the intelligent software community how to effectively cope with the integration of both declarative and procedural knowledge and some authors advocate for keeping the behavior descriptions separated from the semantic, static domain knowledge (Ghallab et al., 2014) .

Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR&R) is a field in artificial intelligence that aims at building intelligent systems that know about their world and are able to automatically draw conclusions and act upon them, as humans do.

In addition, it is still not clear to the intelligent software community how to effectively cope with the integration of both declarative and procedural knowledge and some authors advocate for keeping the behavior descriptions separated from the semantic, static domain knowledge.


In the future, we intend to use the architecture of agents proposed to compute and represent the reputation of predictor agents as a fuzzy set in the same way that AFRAS [9] . In order to do such fuzzy evaluation we will use an analysis of the economical costs involved in the precautionary action taken by the manager agent. This reputation mechanism showed a fast convergence, while sensitivity to sudden changes avoids a high level of deception [8] . Finally, it could be interesting to try with real data, and also to test several assessor agents analyzing different traffic data.

In the future, we intend to use the architecture of agents proposed to compute and represent the reputation of predictor agents as a fuzzy set in the same way that AFRAS.

This reputation mechanism showed a fast convergence, while sensitivity to sudden changes avoids a high level of deception.


Demand for the increased data capacity of wireless communication systems drives the development of MIMO systems [1] [2] [3] . In order to achieve the desired performance of a MIMO system, the reduction of mutual coupling among the closely-placed antenna elements is necessary. When the number of antenna elements is increased, the mutual coupling will become more complicated and difficult to be reduced [4, 5] . Moreover, multi-band or broadband is required for the multifunctional terminal devices, and this further increase the difficulty of reducing mutual coupling.

Demand for the increased data capacity of wireless communication systems drives the development of MIMO systems.

When the number of antenna elements is increased, the mutual coupling will become more complicated and difficult to be reduced.


Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (Duzhong in China) (Eucommiaceae) is an important medicinal and woody oil species. It is endemic to China and is widely distributed from subtropical to temperate areas. The oil content of E. ulmoides seeds is approximately 35%, 63% of which is unsaturated fatty acids, particularly α-linolenic acid [3] . E. ulmoides seed oil possesses many pharmacological functions, such as anti-hypertensive effects, anti-oxidative effects, anti-inflammatory effects, immunity enhancement, and blood lipids regulation [4] [5] [6] [7] . Recently, E. ulmoides seed oil has been listed as a new food resource, and related products with good nutrition and health value, such as edible oil and α-linolenic acid soft capsules, have shown good market potentials.

The oil content of E. ulmoides seeds is approximately 35%, 63% of which is unsaturated fatty acids, particularly α-linolenic acid.

E. ulmoides seed oil possesses many pharmacological functions, such as anti-hypertensive effects, anti-oxidative effects, anti-inflammatory effects, immunity enhancement, and blood lipids regulation.


The equations (4.18), (4.19) and (4.23) are the conditions that the transformations on time and reference coordinates must respect in order to restore the symmetries broken by the development of material inhomogeneities due to growth. Although dynamics plays a central role in these equations, they are not dynamic equations. They constitute a set of linear and homogeneous equations whose solutions provide a field transforming the original configuration of the body into a new admissible one. Such a configuration is an instantaneous reference configuration in which the symmetries of the system are re-established. This result "translates" the idea of describing growth as the evolution of the stressfree configuration in the language of symmetries. The fieldsŵ have three independent components that must be determined by solving two independent scalar and homogeneous equations. Hence, each equation admits two undetermined variables which can be chosen arbitrarily, regardless of the initial and boundary conditions that must be associated with each equation. Thus, Eqs.(4.18), (4.19) and (4.23) provide a class of equivalence of transformations. Each coordinate-transformation belonging to this class compensates for the broken symmetries, is such that the variation of Action vanishes, and contains the class of transformations that solve the variational problem. As a consequence to this indetermination, we find a family of equivalent admissible reference configurations. Since in each admissible reference configuration the symmetries of the system are continuously restored, we believe thatŵ ′ l and R ′ il allow for a generalization of the concept of transplant operator [5, 6] .

Since in each admissible reference configuration the symmetries of the system are continuously restored, we believe thatŵ ′ l and R ′ il allow for a generalization of the concept of transplant operator.


Herbs and spices such as rosemary and green tea are effective protectors against oxidation due to their antioxidant capacity [7] . The ability to inhibit oxidation is associated with the chemical structure of phenolic compounds that are similar to chemical antioxidants. Efficiency of natural extracts in food systems depends on factors such as the chemical reactivity of their constituents, extraction procedure, and interaction with food components [8] . The main studies about plant extracts are related to quantification of antioxidant compounds in order to identify the potential in antioxidant mechanisms [7] . In general, plants, herbs, 2 Journal of Food Quality and fruits are known to contain a wide variety of phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, flavonoids, and catechins [9] . These products could be natural antioxidants because the compounds could scavenge free radicals and provide oxidative stability to many food items including high fat meat products [10] . The mechanism involved in the antioxidant activity of either natural or synthetic antioxidants is dependent on molecular structure. Additional galloyl, catechoyl, or hydroxyl groups in phenolic compounds have been associated with an increase in antioxidant activity [11] .

Herbs and spices such as rosemary and green tea are effective protectors against oxidation due to their antioxidant capacity.

Efficiency of natural extracts in food systems depends on factors such as the chemical reactivity of their constituents, extraction procedure, and interaction with food components.

The main studies about plant extracts are related to quantification of antioxidant compounds in order to identify the potential in antioxidant mechanisms.

In general, plants, herbs, 2 Journal of Food Quality and fruits are known to contain a wide variety of phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, flavonoids, and catechins.

These products could be natural antioxidants because the compounds could scavenge free radicals and provide oxidative stability to many food items including high fat meat products.

Additional galloyl, catechoyl, or hydroxyl groups in phenolic compounds have been associated with an increase in antioxidant activity.


There are now several methods of quantifying the antioxidant activity of natural extracts but none of them are considered official because the matrix of each method presents different reaction system and complexity; for example, the total polyphenol method is based on the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the FRAP assay is based on the reduction of ferric ions under acidic conditions. These studies have evaluated only the antioxidant activity without concern as to whether it represents the same performance in the food matrix, for example, meat products. Meat is susceptible to oxidation; in particular, chicken meat is more susceptible than other meats due to having more unsaturation lipids in its lipid structure [12] [13] [14] .

Meat is susceptible to oxidation; in particular, chicken meat is more susceptible than other meats due to having more unsaturation lipids in its lipid structure.


The variety of processes and products used in textile factories make effluents more complex, hindering treatment. Dyes are included among the different products used in that industry, with annual worldwide production of 700,000 tons. Of that total, 50% are compounds featuring the azo group in their makeup, and 2 to 20% of the dye applied in the dyeing process can be discharged in effluent, depending on tonality, characteristics of the dye and nature of the fiber (BELTRAME et al., 2004) .

Of that total, 50% are compounds featuring the azo group in their makeup, and 2 to 20% of the dye applied in the dyeing process can be discharged in effluent, depending on tonality, characteristics of the dye and nature of the fiber.


For a given thermal operating point the electrical power delivered by the TEG varies according to the current drawn by the electrical load. To maximise the power produced by the TEG, the electrical load impedance should equal the TEG's internal resistance (this is known as the ''Maximum Power Transfer Theorem'') [22, 23] . The Maximum Power Point (MPP), the point at which the TEG delivers the maximum possible power to the external load for a given temperature) is given by half the open circuit voltage, V OC =2, or by half of the short circuit current, I SC =2.

To maximise the power produced by the TEG, the electrical load impedance should equal the TEG's internal resistance (this is known as the ''Maximum Power Transfer Theorem'').


The Peltier effect acts to pump heat from one side of the TEG to the other according to the current flowing through the device. As a consequence, the effective thermal resistance of the TEG depends to a certain extent on the magnitude of the current flowing in the external circuit [20, 21] . In a thermoelectric generator the Peltier effect is considered to be parasitic and unwanted. Low electrical current will lead to a reduced thermal conductance (high thermal resistance; low heat pumping), and high electrical current will lead to an increased thermal conductance (low thermal resistance; high heat pumping). If the TEG is electrically short circuited, the TEG will have the highest possible thermal conductance. This condition is normally avoided because it leads to a very inefficient thermal circuit with a large amount of heat energy being transferred from the 'hot' to the 'cold' side with no benefit in electrical power generation.

As a consequence, the effective thermal resistance of the TEG depends to a certain extent on the magnitude of the current flowing in the external circuit.


For most response variables, the functional effects of visitation and neighbor tie back on focal plants were the same: increased herbivory, shoot biomass, and cardenolide concentration (figs. 1, 2; table 1). Changes in herbivory and plant size appear to be caused primarily by a reduction in light competition and increased light availability, because touching plants alone had no effect on herbivory, plant size, or cardenolide concentrations (table 3) . These findings are consistent with prior work in which leaf herbivory increased when A. cannabinum plants were visited weekly, regardless of whether they were touched (Cahill et al. 2002) .

These findings are consistent with prior work in which leaf herbivory increased when A. cannabinum plants were visited weekly, regardless of whether they were touched.


Therefore, the integration of sensing/actuation function and load-bearing capacity is a main subject for smart materials. In the wide spectrum of engineering materials, quite a few of them are considered 'smart' in the literature. Typical examples include shape memory alloy (SMA), piezoelectric ceramics (PZT) and polymer (PVDF), optical fibers, magnetostrictive (MS) and electro/magneto-rheological (ER/MR) materials. Each of the aforementioned smart materials has its own advantages in either sensing or actuation. In particular, piezoelectric ceramics have relatively good performance in both functions. It is also well known that fiber reinforced composites have superior structural properties. Therefore, the hybrids of piezoelectric ceramics and structural composite laminates have a very good potential to form an intelligent material system. The development of such a system has attracted substantial attention from researchers in the area of smart materials. Many studies have been conducted in the past few years. Among them, most efforts were exerted on the theoretical † E-mail address: RICKYLEE@.UST.HK modeling of mechanical behaviors [2] [3] [4] . The actual application of the aforementioned material system is limited so far. Therefore, efforts to identify the appropriate applications of piezoelectric composite laminates are still in demand.

Among them, most efforts were exerted on the theoretical † E-mail address: RICKYLEE@.UST.HK modeling of mechanical behaviors.


The base software was the PIPER docking code, which was compiled using standard optimization settings. PIPER uses the FFTW package [3] . We used the threaded version of FFTW to generate the multiple core results. For the GPU we used the CUFFT library from NVIDIA. For the FPGA we used direct correlation in all cases; there does not yet exist a competitive 3D FFT for the FPGA, although in other work we show that this is plausible (submitted for publication). We also tried direct correlation for the other configurations as described below.

PIPER uses the FFTW package.


Our data indicate that the improvements in pig performance due to rare earth mineral-yeast supplementation were primary the result of improved nutrient digestibility. We observed an increase in the digestibility of calcium, phosphorus, gross energy and several essential amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine and valine as a result of feeding rare earth mineral-yeast. This supports earlier work which reported that rare earth elements can improve digestibility and utilization of nutrients in the diets of pigs and broilers (Li et al., 1992; Zhu et al., 1994; Lu and Yang, 1996) .

This supports earlier work which reported that rare earth elements can improve digestibility and utilization of nutrients in the diets of pigs and broilers.


Parasitism is usually defined as a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where the parasite benefits at the expense of the host. In theory, therefore, parasitism should produce deleterious effects on fish health because the parasites drain energy from the fish that would otherwise be used to sustain the fish's condition, growth or reproduction. However, it appears that through the coevolution of host and parasite, a dynamic equilibrium has arisen between fish and their parasites (Barret, 1986) . Indeed, in most cases, parasites do not cause severe effects on their hosts because this would impair their chances of reaching the following stage of their life cycle or of reproducing.

However, it appears that through the coevolution of host and parasite, a dynamic equilibrium has arisen between fish and their parasites.


Alterations in white matter can influence perception, intellectual function, memory, executive function and the speed of motor control (Ylikoski et al., 1993; de Groot et al., 2000; Madureira et al., 2006; Kramer et al., 2007) . Based on DTI techniques, white matter tract disruptions have been found to coincide with reduction in age-dependent perception (O'Sullivan et al., 2001; Shenkin et al., 2005) . DTI results have indicated that the age-dependence of myelin sheaths in the white matter may lead to disruption of white matter. A sufficient and unbiased stereological method has been established for assessing the myelin sheaths of myelinated fibers in rat brain white matter ).

Alterations in white matter can influence perception, intellectual function, memory, executive function and the speed of motor control.

Based on DTI techniques, white matter tract disruptions have been found to coincide with reduction in age-dependent perception.


On behalf of the above important discussion, the prime objective of this study is to analyze the impact of spraying a nanofluid over an inclined rotating plane as a cooling application. The converted differential equations were solved analytically by HAM [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] . In the wake of utilizing appropriate similarity variables, the final form of the boundary value problem was clarified numerically with the help of the BVPh2-midpoint method. The physical emerging parameters are portrayed through tables and graphs.

The converted differential equations were solved analytically by HAM.


Benzothiazole-containing compounds were shown to have stronger cytotoxic activities on breast cancer cell lines compared to non-cancer cells (Solomon et al., 2009) . After 24-h treatment of the most effective benzothiazole to MCF7, cell cycle progression was measured by cytometry. It was found that the most effective benzothiazole derivative arrested MCF7 cells at G2/M phases of the cell cycle. This arrest could be thought of as a result of topoisomerase IIa (topo II a) inhibitory properties. It was reported that topo IIa expression level increased about 10-fold at a late S phase and G2/M, while the other types of topoisomerases remained at the same expression level during the cell cycle (Cortes et al., 2003) . Increased expression level of topoisomerase IIa could cause a great risk of DNA damage due to its breaking-religating ability on both strands of the DNA. If the toposiomerase is inhibited with a benzothiazole derivative, it is highly possible that DNA damage occurs triggering G2/M arrest.

Benzothiazole-containing compounds were shown to have stronger cytotoxic activities on breast cancer cell lines compared to non-cancer cells.

It was reported that topo IIa expression level increased about 10-fold at a late S phase and G2/M, while the other types of topoisomerases remained at the same expression level during the cell cycle.


Central to calcite precipitation by foraminifera (as in all calcifiers) is a strict control over the carbonate chemistry of the calcifying fluid. To promote CaCO 3 precipitation, super-saturation of the calcifying fluid needs to be maintained throughout the calcifying period. In addition, to form the delicate structures of foraminiferal shells, strict control of the timing, rate and geometry of precipitation as well as the degree of super-saturation is required (Nielsen, 1964) .

In addition, to form the delicate structures of foraminiferal shells, strict control of the timing, rate and geometry of precipitation as well as the degree of super-saturation is required.


The estimation of key indicators representing the technical production properties of firms within an industry, such as economies of scale and scope, plays an essential role in the determination of the optimal industrial organization, i.e. that which induces the best assignment of resources. As known, technical properties can be analyzed directly through the study of the relations between inputs and outputs by means of production or transformation functions. They can be analyzed as well from the estimation of cost functions, taking advantage of the dual properties of these functions regarding technology. The estimation of production and cost functions represents a fundamental tool for the proper regulation of any industry, contributing with precise results to the regulatory process [1] .

The estimation of production and cost functions represents a fundamental tool for the proper regulation of any industry, contributing with precise results to the regulatory process.


Algorithm LRU-K has initially been developed for the multitask environment providing simultaneous execution of multiple transactions in time-sliced mode. In such environment, distribution of the page reference probabilities has dynamic and hardly predicted character. Parallel database systems with shared memory and disks have the same access patterns. It occurs because all processors share the common buffer pool (the approach based on splitting the buffer pool on a number of processors leads to inefficient memory use [13] ). However, quite different access patterns are peculiar for shared-nothing database systems. In such systems the workload profile is optimal when on each node of the system during each moment of the time, a few relational operators belonging to the same query are being executed. At such a workload, the probability distribution of page references will have static character during some time interval, which is equal to the execution period of the query fragment scheduled to this processor node. Then the new query fragment will be scheduled to this processor node that will cause instant replacement of one probability distribution by another. After that there again will be some period of stability. Under such conditions, LRU-K algorithm doesn't work quite adequately. Indeed, after changing the current probability distribution, LRU-K algorithm will be for a while determining the ratings of the pages by means of the old distribution. If the period of LRU-K adaptation to the new distribution is approximately equal to the period of query fragment execution, effectiveness of algorithm LRU-K will be low.

It occurs because all processors share the common buffer pool (the approach based on splitting the buffer pool on a number of processors leads to inefficient memory use).


LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a new high-performance air interface standard for cellular mobile communication systems. It is the last step toward the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile telephone networks. LTE provides ultra-broadband speeds for mega multimedia applications by using a high performance antenna [1] . The frequency spectrum allocated for LTE applications ranges from 600 MHz to 3 GHz, and the LTE band 12-14 covers from 698 MHz to 798 MHz. For the incorporation of the LTE band with the existing cellular phone, the operating bandwidth of a handset should cover from 698 MHz to 960 MHz and from 1710 to 2690 MHz [1] .

LTE provides ultra-broadband speeds for mega multimedia applications by using a high performance antenna.

For the incorporation of the LTE band with the existing cellular phone, the operating bandwidth of a handset should cover from 698 MHz to 960 MHz and from 1710 to 2690 MHz.


In order to include LTE700/LTE2300/LTE2500, Wong and Chen recently proposed a small-size printed loop antenna integrated with two stacked coupled-fed shorted strip monopoles for multiband operation in a mobile phone [2] . Some published papers proposed a multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) antenna configuration for LTE handset application in order to deliver ultra-broadband speeds for mega multimedia applications [3, 4] . Since the spectrum for the LTE700 system is allocated at 700 MHz bands, the operating wavelength is longer than 400 mm. The ground plane size of a typical handset (say 100 mm) is only about a quarter-wavelength. As a result, the chassis of a traditional monopole or PIFA in the handsets is a resonator. The resonating currents are spread out over the system's ground plane [5] [6] [7] [8] . To avoid degrading of the antenna performance, a loop antenna is a good candidate for a LTE system. The performance of the loop antenna is less dependent on the ground plane, thus it is suitable for a LTE antenna design [9] . The main current distribution of the loop antenna is limited in the closed loop pattern and feed port. Therefore, handheld and head proximity influences are reduced since the current of the loop antenna on the ground plane is less than that of the PIFA or monopole [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] .

In order to include LTE700/LTE2300/LTE2500, Wong and Chen recently proposed a small-size printed loop antenna integrated with two stacked coupled-fed shorted strip monopoles for multiband operation in a mobile phone.

Some published papers proposed a multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) antenna configuration for LTE handset application in order to deliver ultra-broadband speeds for mega multimedia applications.

The resonating currents are spread out over the system's ground plane.

The performance of the loop antenna is less dependent on the ground plane, thus it is suitable for a LTE antenna design.

Therefore, handheld and head proximity influences are reduced since the current of the loop antenna on the ground plane is less than that of the PIFA or monopole.


With increasing human impact through the Anthropocene era, more coral reefs will be subjected to the types of disturbances found in Singapore and in other urbanized reefs (Heery et al., 2018) . It is therefore essential to better understand the factors affecting coral recruitment success in these systems across multiple life history phases to mitigate reef degradation and manage restoration. Our study demonstrates that a combination of direct settlement inhibition and increased availability of unsuitable settlement substratum may contribute to significant reductions in successful coral settlement in the presence of macroalgae. Survival rates of newly settled coral spat were significantly lower when in physical contact with Sargassum sp. on the reef crest, but not with Bryopsis sp. on the reef flat, although overall mortality rates were higher on the reef flat. Exclusion of grazers led to higher mortality rates of juvenile corals in situ despite relatively low numbers of fish bite recorded, suggesting that fish grazing may still play an important role in coral recruitment success even in areas with relatively low biomass of herbivores (Guest et al., 2016b; Bauman et al., 2017) . Our study, therefore, implies the need to monitor changes in the abundance of macroalgae in Singapore's reefs and other urbanized reefs, and potentially place mitigation measures to control the proliferation of certain taxa (e.g., Sargassum).

With increasing human impact through the Anthropocene era, more coral reefs will be subjected to the types of disturbances found in Singapore and in other urbanized reefs.

Exclusion of grazers led to higher mortality rates of juvenile corals in situ despite relatively low numbers of fish bite recorded, suggesting that fish grazing may still play an important role in coral recruitment success even in areas with relatively low biomass of herbivores.


The extent of macroalgal herbivory on a reef can also govern coral recruitment success (Hughes et al., 2007) . When herbivory is markedly reduced by overfishing, reef resilience is reduced and there is a greater chance of a reef undergoing a shift towards macroalgal dominance following acute disturbances (Hughes, 1994; Edwards et al., 2014) . Paradoxically, fish herbivory may also contribute to early coral mortality via accidental removal of newly settled corals and coral juveniles (Brock, 1979; Baria et al., 2010; Venera-Ponton et al., 2011) . Therefore, understanding the effects of macroalgae on recruitment success requires consideration of other ecological processes such as fish herbivory.

The extent of macroalgal herbivory on a reef can also govern coral recruitment success.

When herbivory is markedly reduced by overfishing, reef resilience is reduced and there is a greater chance of a reef undergoing a shift towards macroalgal dominance following acute disturbances.

Paradoxically, fish herbivory may also contribute to early coral mortality via accidental removal of newly settled corals and coral juveniles.


In this study, the simulation is finished by LINGO, which is a programming language for solving linear, nonlinear and integer optimization problems. We constructed a dynamic simulation model based on input-output theory. In economics, an input-output model is a quantitative economic technique that represents the interdependencies between different branches of a national economy or different regional economies (Raa, 2009) . It can provide a consistent analysis framework and identify the contribution of related activities through inter-industry links in the economy, input-output model is a popular tool for policy evaluation in many nations (Oliveria & Antunes, 2004) .

In economics, an input-output model is a quantitative economic technique that represents the interdependencies between different branches of a national economy or different regional economies.

It can provide a consistent analysis framework and identify the contribution of related activities through inter-industry links in the economy, input-output model is a popular tool for policy evaluation in many nations.


This behaviour (increasing shear strength but decreasing deformation capacity of the strengthened slabs) can be considered as peculiar to this type of strengthening, whereas other approaches for strengthening (such as post-installing shear reinforcement) are aimed at increasing both the failure load and deformation capacity [16] [17] [18] . Despite this physical reality, most design approaches based on empirical formulas do not acknowledge for the reduction of the deformation capacity and the influence of the level of load at the moment of strengthening, and may potentially lead to unsafe or unexpectedly brittle designs. In this paper, the topic of punching strengthening of flat slabs with glued FRP's is investigated on the basis of the mechanical model of the CSCT. Suitable load-rotation curves are developed and the approach is validated through comparisons to available test data from the literature. The mechanical model of the CSCT is finally used to investigate the influence of FRP strengthening on actual (continuous) flat slabs, where moment redistributions occur due to cracking and flexural reinforcement yielding. This investigation will focus on the punching strength of the connections strengthened using FRP's with sufficient bonded length, and other potential failure modes (such as debonding or laminate failure) will not be investigated.

This behaviour (increasing shear strength but decreasing deformation capacity of the strengthened slabs) can be considered as peculiar to this type of strengthening, whereas other approaches for strengthening (such as post-installing shear reinforcement) are aimed at increasing both the failure load and deformation capacity.


Success in high-status science and engineering fields may be due in part to facility with Mental Rotation (MR), a cognitive skill that involves the manipulation and transformation of three-dimensional objects in the head (Voyer, Voyer, & Bryden, 1995) . Research shows robust and consistent gender differences in MR, as men rotate three-dimensional objects faster and more accurately than women (Bodner & Guay, 1997; Cherney & Collaer, 2005; Resnick, 1993; Voyer et al., 1995; Walter, Roberts, & Brownlow, 2000) . Research also demonstrates that MR ability can be improved by select experiences that increase efficacy beliefs about MR.

Success in high-status science and engineering fields may be due in part to facility with Mental Rotation (MR), a cognitive skill that involves the manipulation and transformation of three-dimensional objects in the head.

Research shows robust and consistent gender differences in MR, as men rotate three-dimensional objects faster and more accurately than women.


Whether the manipulation was noticed in the same way by men and women cannot be discerned from the MR findings. We provided four sample student quotes to research participants, each of which was a two-10 word phrase, buried within the larger context of experiment directions. Absent a retrospective manipulation check asking whether these phrases were recalled, an understanding of whether this manipulation was subtle is not possible here; therefore in future work an assessment of students' recall of directions is necessary. Additionally, students may have responded to two possible group membership clues during the directions: their gender and their status as research participants. Highlighting membership of a group of good performers (peers from a participant pool), rather than focusing on gender, may have created for women a situation where performance was improved (McIntyre et al., 2003; Shih et al., 1999) . Learning the same information from the experimenter was not sufficient to improve performance. Or, women may have seen previous (women) research participants who liked the experiment as role models (Lesko & Corpus, 2006; Marx & Roman, 2002) . Although men were not working under a stereotype threat, they may have bettered their performance simply because they were rising to a challenge, already confident in their cognitive abilities.

Highlighting membership of a group of good performers (peers from a participant pool), rather than focusing on gender, may have created for women a situation where performance was improved.

Or, women may have seen previous (women) research participants who liked the experiment as role models.


Exactly a hundred years ago Torsten Carleman defended his doctoral dissertation titled "Über das Neumann-Poincarésche Problem für ein Gebiet mit Ecken" [8] . The double-layer potential singular integral operator associated with a domain Ω ⊂ R 2 , known also as the Neumann-Poincaré (NP) operator, was at that time a central object of study, first for its role in solving boundary value problems of mathematical physics, but also as the main example in the emerging abstract spectral theories proposed by Hilbert, Fredholm and F. Riesz. While the NP operator is compact on smooth boundaries, the presence of corners produces continua in its essential spectrum. For the modern reader these concepts make no sense without a well defined, complete functional space where the operator NP acts, not to mention also the current definitions of essential spectrum, spectral resolution, approximate or generalized eigenvalues, etc. In a tour de force Carleman did solve the singular integral equation governed by the NP operator and analyzed the (asymptotic) structure of its solutions in a domain with corners. He made use of elementary and very ingenious geometric transformations together with the, at his time new, theory of Fredholm determinants combined with the canonical factorization of entire functions of Hadamard. Carleman's work did not attract the visibility it deserves, nor did the prior results of his predecessors, among which we mention Zaremba [25] .

Exactly a hundred years ago Torsten Carleman defended his doctoral dissertation titled "Über das Neumann-Poincarésche Problem für ein Gebiet mit Ecken".

Carleman's work did not attract the visibility it deserves, nor did the prior results of his predecessors, among which we mention Zaremba.


In the last years some languages for modelling systems that support MBSE have been developed. These support modelling of requirements, structure, behaviour and parametrics to provide a robust description of a system [14] . Until now, the best way to deal with interoperability depended on the usage of dedicated knowledge models and international standards acting as information regulators [7] . Yet, for different reasons some enterprises remain using traditional models for engineering analysis and simulation models, where each one tends to use its own data format and business rules, and handles as many mappings as the number software tools it needs to execute. This brings some issues in interoperability, becoming difficult to handle existing mappings, even when following MBSE paradigm.

These support modelling of requirements, structure, behaviour and parametrics to provide a robust description of a system.

Until now, the best way to deal with interoperability depended on the usage of dedicated knowledge models and international standards acting as information regulators.


Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disorder characterized by dysregulation of the alternative pathway of the complement system that accounts for 5 -10% of all cases of HUS. Contrary to typical HUS, there is no association with enterocytopathic-shigatoxin producing bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli 0157:H7) that causes hemorrhagic diarrhea most commonly in children [1] . Approximately 50% of aHUS cases have been linked to genetic disorders, 5% to autoimmune disease while the remainder is incompletely understood. Most of the genetic mutations associated with this condition lead to loss of function of inhibitory proteins of the complement alternative pathway resulting in uncontrolled amplification [2] . Complement, as part of the innate immune system, triggers release of anaphylatoxins leading to opsonization, and direct cell lysis via the membrane attach complex. The alternative pathway is highly regulated by inhibitory proteins that allow for controlled continuous activity in preparation for exposure to foreign antigen but prevent inappropriate amplification. Gene mutations and polymorphisms in the alternative complement pathway, as well as autoantibodies to regulatory proteins of the alternative complement pathway, have been identified in patients with sporadic and familial aHUS. Familial cases have been shown to be associated with increased prevalence of gene mutations and severe disease. Certain gene mutations have been linked with poor prognostic factors including earlier onset of disease, higher mortality, poor response to treatment, and relapse after kidney transplant [2] .

Contrary to typical HUS, there is no association with enterocytopathic-shigatoxin producing bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli 0157:H7) that causes hemorrhagic diarrhea most commonly in children.

Most of the genetic mutations associated with this condition lead to loss of function of inhibitory proteins of the complement alternative pathway resulting in uncontrolled amplification.

Certain gene mutations have been linked with poor prognostic factors including earlier onset of disease, higher mortality, poor response to treatment, and relapse after kidney transplant.


Due to additional advantage of combining the good mechanical properties and high thermal performance of different layers, multilayer structures have found widely applications in various technological areas, such as automotive, space, chemical, civil, and nuclear industries. Therefore, one of the considerations for the design of multilayer structures is to accurately and efficiently predict the temporal variation of the temperature of each layer. For instance, the thermal analysis of the triple-isotropic (TRISO) coated fuel particles consisting of fuel kernel (mainly UO 2 ), porous graphite buffer layer, inner dense pyrolytic carbon (IPyC) layer, SiC layer, and outer dense pyrolytic carbon (OPyC) layer is essential for safe and economic operation of high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR) [1] [2] [3] .

For instance, the thermal analysis of the triple-isotropic (TRISO) coated fuel particles consisting of fuel kernel (mainly UO 2 ), porous graphite buffer layer, inner dense pyrolytic carbon (IPyC) layer, SiC layer, and outer dense pyrolytic carbon (OPyC) layer is essential for safe and economic operation of high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR).


In this work, we present improved lumped models for transient combined convective and radiative cooling of multilayer spherical media, which is a more general case for heat conduction problem of spherical structures, extending the previous work on the particular case of a spherical body subjected to radiative cooling [16] . The lumped model approach is useful to simplify otherwise complex differential heat equation, which treats each layer as a single lump with a single temperature. Although comprehensive computational techniques such as finite difference, finite volume, and finite element methods can be applied to solve distributed parameter formulations, the lumped model involving fewer state variables and consequently less equations to be solved is usually preferred by engineers to predict and control the system behavior. The proposed lumped models are obtained through two-point Hermite approximations for the average temperature and heat flux in each layer [17, 18] . This approach has been shown to be efficient in a great variety of multilayer applications [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] . For the average temperature, the plain trapezoidal rule ( 0,0 approximation) is employed in all layers, except for the innermost layer, where the second-order two-side corrected trapezoidal rule ( 2,1 approximation) is utilized. For the heat flux, the plain trapezoidal rule ( 0,0 approximation) is employed for all the layers. The transient heat conduction in a TRISO-coated fuel particle is analyzed using the proposed lumped models, the results of which are verified by comparison with the finite difference solution of the original distributed parameter model. A parameter study is then performed to investigate the effects of the heat generation rate, the radiation-conduction parameter, and the Biot number on the time-temperature history of each layer in the TRISO particle.

In this work, we present improved lumped models for transient combined convective and radiative cooling of multilayer spherical media, which is a more general case for heat conduction problem of spherical structures, extending the previous work on the particular case of a spherical body subjected to radiative cooling.

The proposed lumped models are obtained through two-point Hermite approximations for the average temperature and heat flux in each layer.

This approach has been shown to be efficient in a great variety of multilayer applications.


The fourth is other directedness which includes subjugation, self-sacrifice and approval seeking or recognition seeking. In this, the child experiences conditional love or that the family is concerned with self image. The parents may also be too involved with themselves that the child then continuously seeks approval and recognition (Beckley, 2007) .

The parents may also be too involved with themselves that the child then continuously seeks approval and recognition.


The first domain is disconnection and rejection which includes the following schemas: mistrust/abuse, abandonment/instability, defectiveness/shame and social isolation/alienation. These are results of abusive or traumatic childhood experiences. The child usually comes from an unstable family (Beckley, 2007) .

The child usually comes from an unstable family.


The third domain is impaired limits, which includes entitlement and insufficient self control/self discipline. In this, the internal self control of the child was not developed because the family sets no boundaries on children. As the child did not have rules he then feels a sense of entitlement, and/or will not develop self control (Beckley, 2007) .

As the child did not have rules he then feels a sense of entitlement, and/or will not develop self control.


The fifth is over-vigilance and inhibition, which includes negativity, emotional inhibition, unrelenting standards/hypocriticalness and punitiveness. Here the parents are strict and controlling. The child then becomes emotionally inhibited, pessimistic and extremely critical (Beckley, 2007) .

The child then becomes emotionally inhibited, pessimistic and extremely critical.


In our illustrative example the inclusion of RWE increased the overall level of uncertainty in the treatment effects, supporting pervious findings (Schmitz et al 2013) . However, inclusion of RWE may increase the overall level of heterogeneity, and thus the uncertainty in estimated treatment effectsas was the case here. Thus, further evaluation of such methods in other settings, including the use of simulation studies, is warranted, and extension of the hierarchical modelling approach to allow for different types of RWE, either by inclusion of study-level covariates or by adding an extra level into the hierarchy, may ameliorate any potential increase in uncertainty regarding the treatment effects due to increased heterogeneity due to a broader evidence base.

In our illustrative example the inclusion of RWE increased the overall level of uncertainty in the treatment effects, supporting pervious findings.


In this paper, we discuss the use of a range of methods for combining RCT data with RWE in NMA setting. Methods considered are naïve pooling, hierarchical modelling and power transform prior approach (Ibrahim and Chen 2000) . The methodology is applied to an illustrative example in relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). A systematic literature review was carried out to identify sources of data, from both RCTs and RWE, on the effectiveness of disease modifying therapies used in RRMS patients. Data were used to illustrate how the introduced methodology can be used to combine the data from the two types of sources of evidence and to compare the use of the alternative methods.

Methods considered are naïve pooling, hierarchical modelling and power transform prior approach.


A major strategy to tackle the sophisticated challenges associated with the increasing shortages of non-renewable (fossil) resources and the environmental impact of their combustion, i.e. (air-) pollution and global warming, is the integration of clean and highly efficient energy storage technologies based on renewables (wind power, solar energy, etc.) into different energy sectors, particularly for transportation and grid storage. Nowadays, the most feasible concept for these applications clearly points to rechargeable battery technologies. Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the state-of-the-art technology for various applications, i.e., they do not only dominate the small format battery market for portable electronics but have also been successfully introduced as the technology of choice for electro-mobility and for grid storage [1] [2] [3] [4] .

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the state-of-the-art technology for various applications, i.e., they do not only dominate the small format battery market for portable electronics but have also been successfully introduced as the technology of choice for electro-mobility and for grid storage.


Currently, the development of LIBs is dominated by the run for further performance improvements, most likely by enhancements of the specific energy (gravimetric energy density (Wh kg −1 )) and volumetric energy density (Wh L −1 ), e.g., in order to further boost the driving range of electric vehicles [2, 3, 5, 6] . Besides LIBs, there also exists a variety of different promising battery Another important issue is the amount of inactive material, which has to be added in order to perform pre-lithiation. In the worst-case scenario, this inactive mass and volume leads to decreased energy densities, which offset the energy density gain attributed to pre-lithiation. In the optimal case, just lithium ions (and electrons) are added during pre-lithiation. In addition, this is also the reason why a "larger" positive electrode, with respect to anode/cathode capacity balancing, is not useful [38] . Moreover, in view of maximizing the energy density of LIBs, the maximum positive electrode capacity is limited by the electrode coating thickness and porosity due to kinetic factors [39] . A decisive factor in the process of battery cell manufacturing is the time required to perform the Another important issue is the amount of inactive material, which has to be added in order to perform pre-lithiation. In the worst-case scenario, this inactive mass and volume leads to decreased energy densities, which offset the energy density gain attributed to pre-lithiation. In the optimal case, just lithium ions (and electrons) are added during pre-lithiation. In addition, this is also the reason why a "larger" positive electrode, with respect to anode/cathode capacity balancing, is not useful [38] . Moreover, in view of maximizing the energy density of LIBs, the maximum positive electrode capacity is limited by the electrode coating thickness and porosity due to kinetic factors [39] . A decisive factor in the process of battery cell manufacturing is the time required to perform the pre-lithiation and the costs triggered by this extra preparation step. Furthermore, it should be noted that pre-treatment is not only limited to LIBs, e.g., pre-sodiation in sodium ion batteries or other pre-treatment strategies for alternative battery technologies are also possible ( Figure 2 ) [34] .

Currently, the development of LIBs is dominated by the run for further performance improvements, most likely by enhancements of the specific energy (gravimetric energy density (Wh kg −1 )) and volumetric energy density (Wh L −1 ), e.g., in order to further boost the driving range of electric vehicles.

In addition, this is also the reason why a "larger" positive electrode, with respect to anode/cathode capacity balancing, is not useful.

Moreover, in view of maximizing the energy density of LIBs, the maximum positive electrode capacity is limited by the electrode coating thickness and porosity due to kinetic factors.

Furthermore, it should be noted that pre-treatment is not only limited to LIBs, e.g., pre-sodiation in sodium ion batteries or other pre-treatment strategies for alternative battery technologies are also possible ( Figure 2 ).


Overall, the findings of this study indicate that wilderness expeditions are likely to be a successful tool for improving self-esteem and connectedness to nature in adolescents and particularly in girls. Adolescents should therefore be encouraged to have regular contact with natural environments to be connected to nature and to enhance their self-esteem and mental well-being. Given that behavior, nature contact, and illhealth often track throughout the life course and particularly from adolescence to adulthood, appropriate interventions at this stage are likely to be essential to future health and well-being. In fact, evidence suggests that unlike many educational programs, wilderness expeditions have long-lasting health benefits that increase over time (Asfeldt & Hvenegaard, 2014; Hattie et al., 1997) . Therefore, participants who take part in wilderness expeditions are likely to continue to accrue benefits throughout the life course, resulting in potential savings to the U.K. economy, particularly with regard to the prevention and treatment of mental ill-health.

In fact, evidence suggests that unlike many educational programs, wilderness expeditions have long-lasting health benefits that increase over time.


This study had some limitations. First the questionnaires are open to a ceiling and floor effect. Participants may rate themselves as having a high self-esteem or connection to nature at the start of the wilderness expedition, but still experience improvements as a result of the expedition. As a high score has already been recorded, it may be difficult for this improvement to be quantified. The mean scores for both selfesteem (29.8 of a possible 40) and connection to nature (3.29 of a possible 5.0) were relatively high at the start of the expedition, therefore limiting the possible magnitude of improvements. Future research should seek to examine the impact of a wilderness expedition on adolescents suffering from mental ill-health and poor self-esteem as the magnitude of improvements in these groups is likely to be large, as suggested in wilderness experiences for the adult mental health population (Bragg, 2014; Hine, Wood, Barton, & Pretty, 2011) .

This study had some limitations.

Future research should seek to examine the impact of a wilderness expedition on adolescents suffering from mental ill-health and poor self-esteem as the magnitude of improvements in these groups is likely to be large, as suggested in wilderness experiences for the adult mental health population.


In addition to improving participants' self-esteem, the wilderness expedition also closed the gap between the differences in the self-esteem of boys and girls. Although there were significant differences between their self-esteem at the start of the wilderness expedition, with boys having better self-esteem, this difference did not exist at the end of the expedition. Girls are at greater risk of low self-esteem and poor mental health, including depression and anxiety (Currie et al., 2012; Marcotte, Fortin, Potvin, & Papillon, 2002) . Thus for girls, contact with wilderness environments might be a particularly successful and important tool for promoting self-esteem and improving mental health. Previous studies have also demonstrated that wilderness experiences can have a greater influence on female self-esteem (Ewert & McAvoy, 2000; Leupp, 2007; Whittington, 2006) . The potential reasons for this are likely to include the opportunity for females to challenge conventional notions of femininity; the ability to demonstrate perseverance, strength, and determination; and the feelings of accomplishment and pride generated from the experience (Leupp, 2007; Whittington, 2006) . However, more research is required to explore these differences further.

Girls are at greater risk of low self-esteem and poor mental health, including depression and anxiety.

Previous studies have also demonstrated that wilderness experiences can have a greater influence on female self-esteem.

The potential reasons for this are likely to include the opportunity for females to challenge conventional notions of femininity; the ability to demonstrate perseverance, strength, and determination; and the feelings of accomplishment and pride generated from the experience.


The gas lift process involves the injection of high pressure gas at the bottom of the production tubing of an oil well [1] [2] [3] . In other words, AGL involves injecting high-pressured gas from the surface into the producing fluid column through one or more subsurface valves set at predetermined depths [2, 3] . This helps to improve recovery by reducing the bottom-hole pressure at which wells become uneconomic, resulting in being abandoned. The gas, mixed with the oil, diminishes the weight of the fluid column thereby reducing the downhole pressure. A low downhole pressure induces a flux of fluids from the reservoir to the well. The produced fluid is composed of oil, gas, and water. The water must be treated before being discharged which incurs costs while the gas can be either reused in the process or sent to customers and other facilities [3] . In large oil fields, several separators are used to divide the three phases. This gives rise to the problem of maximizing production by allocating lift-gas to the wells while defining the routing from wells to separators and observing separator capacities [2, 3] .

The gas lift process involves the injection of high pressure gas at the bottom of the production tubing of an oil well.

In other words, AGL involves injecting high-pressured gas from the surface into the producing fluid column through one or more subsurface valves set at predetermined depths.

The water must be treated before being discharged which incurs costs while the gas can be either reused in the process or sent to customers and other facilities.

This gives rise to the problem of maximizing production by allocating lift-gas to the wells while defining the routing from wells to separators and observing separator capacities.


In particular, the gas lift operation of oil fields is one of many production processes whose performances can be improved. As the internal pressure in high-depth or depleted reservoirs can force the flow of only a fraction of their oil to the surface, the use of artificial means becomes imperative to lift the oil, especially for deep reservoirs that are found off-shore. Two examples of artificial lifting are submerged pumps and continuous injection of gas [3] . Although the former can, in principle, recover most of the oil, its operating costs are excessively high for today's oil prices, not to mention the potential of an unfavourable energy trade and other technical hindrances. The gas lift technique, on the other hand, harnesses the reservoir's gas by injecting natural gas into the production tubing so as to reduce the weight of the oil column, thereby elevating the mix of oil, gas, and water to the surface.

Two examples of artificial lifting are submerged pumps and continuous injection of gas.


Artificial gas lift (AGL) is a recovery process that involves the use of gases, produced (from oil) or purchased, which are pumped into the well bore to maintain formation pressure, that is, the pressure at which the fluid flows to the surface. There are two types of AGL, namely, intermittent gas lift and continuous gas lift [1] . However, this paper is not concerned with the types of AGL but rather its distribution or allocation.

There are two types of AGL, namely, intermittent gas lift and continuous gas lift.


As stated earlier, this work adopts combined algorithms of MANN-MIGA which are essential modified forms of ANN and GA. The choice lies in the facts that the underlying techniques have been successfully used in other similar problems as they offer needed efficiency, speed, and flexibility [6, 7] . Moreover, the combination of MANN and MIGA has been efficiently used to solve other problems in literature with promising results [9, 10] . We present below a detailed description of the methods as applied to the current problem.

The choice lies in the facts that the underlying techniques have been successfully used in other similar problems as they offer needed efficiency, speed, and flexibility.

Moreover, the combination of MANN and MIGA has been efficiently used to solve other problems in literature with promising results.


The restriction of our fencing problem to the family of 3-rotationally symmetric planar convex bodies is natural in this setting since we are dealing with trisections. In fact, this family will play the same role as the class of centrally symmetric bodies for bisections. Apart from this, the family of 3-rotationally symmetric planar convex bodies is geometrically interesting for different reasons: many geometric transformations preserve the existing threefold symmetry, and it contains the optimal solution for many problems in the convex geometry setting (for instance, Pal proved that among all planar convex sets with fixed minimal width, the equilateral triangle is the set with minimum area enclosed [15] ). Moreover, many boundary curves in Santaló's diagrams for complete systems of inequalities represent 3-rotationally symmetric convex bodies [12] .

Apart from this, the family of 3-rotationally symmetric planar convex bodies is geometrically interesting for different reasons: many geometric transformations preserve the existing threefold symmetry, and it contains the optimal solution for many problems in the convex geometry setting (for instance, Pal proved that among all planar convex sets with fixed minimal width, the equilateral triangle is the set with minimum area enclosed).

Moreover, many boundary curves in Santaló's diagrams for complete systems of inequalities represent 3-rotationally symmetric convex bodies.


Plant-derived active principles and their semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues have served as a major route to new chemotherapy compounds [15, 16] . Current conventional chemotherapy treatments are very expensive, toxic, and less effective in treating the disease. The use of natural products for the treatment of protozoal infections (Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi) is well known and has been documented since ancient times [5, 9] . Flavonoids are found in abundance in diets rich in fruits, vegetables and plant-derived beverages and appear to have anti-cancer, anti-microbial and antiparasitic properties [11] . Here, we evaluate the antiprotozoan properties of a number of flavonoids obtained from natural sources and their acetylated derivatives.

Plant-derived active principles and their semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues have served as a major route to new chemotherapy compounds.

The use of natural products for the treatment of protozoal infections (Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi) is well known and has been documented since ancient times.

Flavonoids are found in abundance in diets rich in fruits, vegetables and plant-derived beverages and appear to have anti-cancer, anti-microbial and antiparasitic properties.


Raman spectroscopy is a scattering technique. It is based on Raman Effect-it means that there is difference between frequency of a small fraction of scattered radiation and frequency of monochromatic incident radiation. It is based on the inelastic scattering of incident radiation through its interaction with vibrating molecules [4] . A Raman spectrum contains characteristic peaks that are assigned to a corresponding molecular structure within the illuminated tissue [5] .

It is based on the inelastic scattering of incident radiation through its interaction with vibrating molecules.

A Raman spectrum contains characteristic peaks that are assigned to a corresponding molecular structure within the illuminated tissue.


Nowadays, biomedicine development is caused by the necessity of fast premalignant and malignant diagnosis. In the case of cancer, it is important to identify degree of tumor's malice. We investigated the differences of Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) and FT-Raman spectroscopy between leukoplakia, oral cancer and normal tissues. Human tissue contains many compounds with known absorption spectra in the range of Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. These compounds have a fingerprint region, which permits their characterization. FTIR spectroscopy is a promising diagnostic tool. There is ability to detect skin, cervix, prostate, breast, esophagus, stomach, bladder and oral cancers [1] . Imaging using FTIR microscope allows analysis of biochemical compounds in microregions of biological materials. FTIR microspectroscopy is the perfect technique for tissues and individual cells analysis [1] . It delivers information about biochemistry of cell or tissue samples and has been applied in many areas of medical research [2] . IR absorption spectra of abnormal tissues and normal tissues are compared by lipid (2800 -3000 cm −1 ), protein (1500 -1700 cm −1 ), and nucleic acids (1000 -1250 cm −1 ) regions [2] . One of the mucous membrane lesions of the mouth is leukoplakia. This change has a "fingerprint region" in the range of 900 -1800 cm −1 [3] . Raman spectroscopy has high potential of medical diagnosis. This method is a molecular specific technique that can be used to develop a fundamental biochemical understanding of tissue physiology and pathology. Both methods are dedicated to screening of preneoplastic and neoplastic tissues and have a potential to reduce morbidity of leucoplakia and oral cancers. Obtained data suggested that these infrared techniques are applicable to biomedical and clinical diagnostics.

There is ability to detect skin, cervix, prostate, breast, esophagus, stomach, bladder and oral cancers.

FTIR microspectroscopy is the perfect technique for tissues and individual cells analysis.

It delivers information about biochemistry of cell or tissue samples and has been applied in many areas of medical research.

IR absorption spectra of abnormal tissues and normal tissues are compared by lipid (2800 -3000 cm −1 ), protein (1500 -1700 cm −1 ), and nucleic acids (1000 -1250 cm −1 ) regions.

This change has a "fingerprint region" in the range of 900 -1800 cm −1.


As it is well known, insurers are often exposed to information problems in corporate insurance practices; see e.g. MacMinn and Garven [9] . Specifically, neither the efforts nor the outcome of insured firms are observable to insurers directly without a cost. The insureds may then cause purposely losses and/or exaggerate claims. Call the former the problem of moral hazard and the latter the problem of ex-post informational asymmetry (typically, insurance frauds).

As it is well known, insurers are often exposed to information problems in corporate insurance practices; see e.g. MacMinn and Garven.


The ex-post informational asymmetry problem distorts the insured's effort incentives in the moral hazard problem. In standard moral hazard models, it is often assumed that the insurer can observe the insured's outcome ex post; e.g., see Rogerson [14] . The insurer then faces only the incentive problem of inducing the insured to make desired efforts. By contrast, when there exists the ex-post informational asymmetry problem as well, the insurer needs to provide additionally the insured with an incentive to tell the truth ex post. When a claim is filed, the insurer does not find directly whether it is due to the insured's laziness, to the exaggeration, or neither. Much worse, when the insured has a chance to tell a lie about the ex-post outcome, he may have an incentive to be lazy in order to minimize his effort cost. Since the two information problems are interconnected in this way, it is very difficult to distinguish one from another directly. In practice, to overcome this difficulty, the insurer routinely investigates claims via a costly monitoring technology after they are filed (Harrington and Niehaus [6] ).

In standard moral hazard models, it is often assumed that the insurer can observe the insured's outcome ex post; e.g., see Rogerson.

In practice, to overcome this difficulty, the insurer routinely investigates claims via a costly monitoring technology after they are filed (Harrington and Niehaus).


Community-based Counselors (CBCs) go by many names: peer educators, peer counselors, lay support, community outreach workers, and indigenous health care advisors, among others [10] . The concept of CBC was developed as a means of reaching out to educate, support, advise, and counsel individuals in need of help who otherwise do not have access to the mainstream healthcare services using lay persons [11] . Whether that help relates to depression in seniors, diabetes management, surviving with HIV/AIDS, improving nutrition, recovering from alcohol abuse, coping with breast cancer, or any other health concern, is determined by the program that implements it [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . Over the years, studies have shown time and again that CBC is an exceptionally effective means of implementing positive behavioral and lifestyle changes [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] .

Community-based Counselors (CBCs) go by many names: peer educators, peer counselors, lay support, community outreach workers, and indigenous health care advisors, among others.

The concept of CBC was developed as a means of reaching out to educate, support, advise, and counsel individuals in need of help who otherwise do not have access to the mainstream healthcare services using lay persons.

Whether that help relates to depression in seniors, diabetes management, surviving with HIV/AIDS, improving nutrition, recovering from alcohol abuse, coping with breast cancer, or any other health concern, is determined by the program that implements it.

Over the years, studies have shown time and again that CBC is an exceptionally effective means of implementing positive behavioral and lifestyle changes.


In this paper, we are interested in answering the multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problem for location selection of distribution centers (DCs) under certainty. Indeed, in city logistics the location of DCs has a significant impact on logistics optimization and transport activities. In fact, inefficiency and other negative aspects due to urban freight movement may affect these activities. As early as 1998, the European Commission reported that goods transport in cities represented 10% to 18% of road traffic and accounted for 40% of air pollution and noise emissions [5] . In 2012, about 44% of goods transported in the European Union go by road [6] .

As early as 1998, the European Commission reported that goods transport in cities represented 10% to 18% of road traffic and accounted for 40% of air pollution and noise emissions.

In 2012, about 44% of goods transported in the European Union go by road.


Brass-type recrystallization textures are related to the deformation textures of <111> rotations by approximately 30° or 35° [14] . The {113} <211> orientation can be derived from the Brass component by 40° <111> rotation [9, 15] . The Copper component has recently been reported to decrease in favor of the Cube component at the beginning of recrystallization [16, 17] . The Brass component is subsequently consumed by the growth of Cube component, but at a considerably lower rate because of its unfavorable orientation relationship [18] . The Copper component is more rapidly consumed than the S component in favor of Cube component formation, which indicates the preferential nucleation of the Cube component in the transition band that possibly developed within the Copper component [19] .

Brass-type recrystallization textures are related to the deformation textures of <111> rotations by approximately 30° or 35°.

The {113} <211> orientation can be derived from the Brass component by 40° <111> rotation.

The Copper component has recently been reported to decrease in favor of the Cube component at the beginning of recrystallization.

The Brass component is subsequently consumed by the growth of Cube component, but at a considerably lower rate because of its unfavorable orientation relationship.

The Copper component is more rapidly consumed than the S component in favor of Cube component formation, which indicates the preferential nucleation of the Cube component in the transition band that possibly developed within the Copper component.


Rapid advances in the convergent technologies "nano-bio-info-cogno", referring to nanoscience and technology, biotechnology and biomedicine, information technology and the cognitive sciences, are believed to have the potential to result in a "comprehensive understanding of the structure and behavior of matter from the nanoscale up to the most complex system" if these advances are exploited in a synergistic fashion [1] . In biomedicine, high-throughput methodology now allows the accumulation of unprecedented amounts of scientific data, such as genome sequences, gene expression profiles, structural and functional proteomic data. These advances have stirred great hopes for understanding and curing diseases, but the quantity of data requires convergence with information technology to interpret and utilize these data to advance human performance and quality of life [1] . This requires an understanding of the complex interactions between the components of biomedical systems by both domain and non-domain experts. This is particularly challenging in the biomedical domain because of the massive data and knowledge accumulation. Facilitating convergence of nano-bio-info-cogno technologies therefore requires a novel Problem Solving Environment (PSE) for the biomedical domain.

Rapid advances in the convergent technologies "nano-bio-info-cogno", referring to nanoscience and technology, biotechnology and biomedicine, information technology and the cognitive sciences, are believed to have the potential to result in a "comprehensive understanding of the structure and behavior of matter from the nanoscale up to the most complex system" if these advances are exploited in a synergistic fashion.

These advances have stirred great hopes for understanding and curing diseases, but the quantity of data requires convergence with information technology to interpret and utilize these data to advance human performance and quality of life.


Alternatively, the negative effects on the fitness of D. similis and M. micrura could have been explained by other hypothesis such as nutritional inadequacy, clogging of the filtering chamber, as well as increasing post-abdominal rejection movements, leading to high energy costs related to handling of cyanobacterial filaments (Porter & Orcutt, 1980; DeMott & Moxter, 1991; Leonard & Paerl, 2005) . However, it is worth saying that there was no food limitation in our experiments since we added a sufficient amount of green algae with high nutritional value in all treatments. Also, in our study, negative effects in fitness were detected at very low proportions in the diet (<1-8%), which may suggest a truly toxic effect rather than food limitation. However, we cannot rule out that both mechanisms (i.e. feeding inhibition and paralysis) might be operating to cause the observed decrease in the fitness of M. micrura and D. similis, and could be a result of a jointing effect of both, starvation and toxicity.

Alternatively, the negative effects on the fitness of D. similis and M. micrura could have been explained by other hypothesis such as nutritional inadequacy, clogging of the filtering chamber, as well as increasing post-abdominal rejection movements, leading to high energy costs related to handling of cyanobacterial filaments.


In previous studies of the application of the Upper Bound Theorem (UBT) by means of modules composed of Triangular Rigid Zones (TRZ), a new model has been developed for its implementation in the indentation process with flat punch. This new model consists of three modules with only two TRZ each. The research was made in conditions of plane strain and rigid-perfectly plastic material [1] [2] [3] .

The research was made in conditions of plane strain and rigid-perfectly plastic material.


We consider a popular spectral algorithm for hypergraph partitioning, and derive a bound on the number of nodes incorrectly assigned by the algorithm under the above model. We prove that for random planted hypergraphs with minimum node degree above a certain threshold, the algorithm is weakly consistent in general. However, the algorithm can also exactly recover the partitions from dense hypergraphs without any subsequent refinement procedure. Our analysis relies on an alternative characterization of the incidence matrix of the random hypergraph, and the use of matrix concentration inequalities (Chung and Radcliffe, 2011; Tropp, 2012) .

Our analysis relies on an alternative characterization of the incidence matrix of the random hypergraph, and the use of matrix concentration inequalities.


The methodological basis of this research is the theory of systems, the system approach, the theory of sustainable development, and the theory of modeling socio-economic processes. An industrial enterprise is a dynamic, open, goal-oriented nonlinear system. The dynamics of the system can be represented as a change in properties and indicators, which leads to a completely new state of the system, ensuring the sustainability of the introduction of qualitative characteristics [18] . It is best to imagine this using the system modeling method.

The dynamics of the system can be represented as a change in properties and indicators, which leads to a completely new state of the system, ensuring the sustainability of the introduction of qualitative characteristics.


Additionally, special attention during the formation of the model and the development of the management mechanism of the firm was paid to the investment aspects of the gold mining enterprise [40] . Namely, the process of determining the optimal capital structure of a company and introducing into the practice of a company, a tool for establishing a range of reduction of dividends for business owners acceptable for a company and shareholders. This made it possible to create a certain amount of the insurance stock of the company, its reserve, necessary for the implementation of investment projects in Russia.

Additionally, special attention during the formation of the model and the development of the management mechanism of the firm was paid to the investment aspects of the gold mining enterprise.


In worldwide scientific literature there is a wide range of works devoted to the study and design of various models describing the processes and mechanisms for the sustainable development of enterprises. We know, according to studies by a number of authors, that the use of the company's sustainable development mechanism causes a synergistic effect based on improving production processes, reducing costs and increasing the income of an industrial enterprise [4] . Unfortunately, there are certain gaps in the scientific literature in the field of modeling the management of firms representing the gold mining industry. We have tried, as far as possible, to eliminate some of these gaps or to attract the attention of the scientific community to these gaps.

We know, according to studies by a number of authors, that the use of the company's sustainable development mechanism causes a synergistic effect based on improving production processes, reducing costs and increasing the income of an industrial enterprise.


Many bulk polymer properties have been well defined in the recent literature [23] . In addition, theories that offer reasoning for changes in these bulk properties with temperature, pressure, etc. have been developed. Focus has been shifted in the past decade to polymers in thin film geometries. These systems remain obscure to polymer scientists.

Many bulk polymer properties have been well defined in the recent literature.


The determination of the mechanical properties of composite materials has proven challenging and remains a subject of debate. There are several methods that can be employed to theoretically determine composite properties. These methods include; the rule of mixtures, the inverse rule of mixtures, and the modified rule of mixtures [11] . The previous rules estimate properties only by the composition of the composite, but mechanical testing is necessary, because the mechanical properties are dependent on many factors. The full potential of the material isn't fully understood until samples can be made and mechanical tests can be performed.

These methods include; the rule of mixtures, the inverse rule of mixtures, and the modified rule of mixtures.


There are several different methods for dispersing carbon nano particles, and the determination of the ideal method proves challenging. These methods utilize polymers, surfactants, acids, or a combination of several different materials to disperse carbon nano-tubes [12] [13] [14] . Several of these methods tend to utilize hazardous materials and lengthy procedures to produce the desired result, while others require less dangerous materials with shorter durations to produce a similar result [5, 6, [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] . Therefore, these less dangerous methods used to dispersed carbon nano-tube may not be thought of as "ideal methods". Typically all of the methods utilize some degree of sonification, from a few minutes to several hours, to initially mechanically disperse the carbon nano-tubes. This method of mechanical dispersion in conjunction with the use of both acetone and toluene surface active agents to reduce the van der Waals forces, provided that, the dispersing agent can separate the carbon nano-tubes to prevent re-aggregation [21, 22] .

These methods utilize polymers, surfactants, acids, or a combination of several different materials to disperse carbon nano-tubes.

Several of these methods tend to utilize hazardous materials and lengthy procedures to produce the desired result, while others require less dangerous materials with shorter durations to produce a similar result.

This method of mechanical dispersion in conjunction with the use of both acetone and toluene surface active agents to reduce the van der Waals forces, provided that, the dispersing agent can separate the carbon nano-tubes to prevent re-aggregation.


Polymer composites can be fabricated by the incorporation of inorganic reinforcements into the polymer matrix. The properties of the resulting polymer composites depend on the characteristics, the dimensions, and the shapes of the inorganic fillers, and also on the interfacial bonding strength. It is proposed that with decreasing filler dimension or increasing filler content a significant improvement on contact area between the filler and matrix was carried out, and in turn this would greatly and effectively improve the transfer of the load between the fillers and the polymer matrix [8] . The inorganic nano-fillers, ranging from 1 to 50 nm, were successfully incorporated into the polymeric matrix to strengthen and improve the ductile polymer to be more stiff and resistant for abrasion [9, 10] .

It is proposed that with decreasing filler dimension or increasing filler content a significant improvement on contact area between the filler and matrix was carried out, and in turn this would greatly and effectively improve the transfer of the load between the fillers and the polymer matrix.

The inorganic nano-fillers, ranging from 1 to 50 nm, were successfully incorporated into the polymeric matrix to strengthen and improve the ductile polymer to be more stiff and resistant for abrasion.


Thin films have become ubiquitous in the polymer industry. Fueled by the microelectronics industry and its need for miniature parts, polymer applications have become more demanding. Polymers in these environments have been tested and modeled in laboratories around the world: from universities to automobile companies, research surrounding thin films is quickly growing [8] .

Polymers in these environments have been tested and modeled in laboratories around the world: from universities to automobile companies, research surrounding thin films is quickly growing.


The mechanical properties of carbon nano-tubes composites are largely dependent upon the quantity of CNTs in the system, the dispersion and alignment of the tubes, and the interfacial bonding between the carbon nanotubes and the matrix [1] . The ability to determine the precise amount of carbon nano-tubes needed to increase the stiffness is just the beginning. Therefore, there is a need for these carbon nano-tubes to be dispersed, aligned, and have favorable interactions with the matrix material.

The mechanical properties of carbon nano-tubes composites are largely dependent upon the quantity of CNTs in the system, the dispersion and alignment of the tubes, and the interfacial bonding between the carbon nanotubes and the matrix.


A 2D semi-analytical model with no prior restrictions on frequency and wavelength is presented in an effort to understand multimodal characteristics of propagating guided waves (GW) in HCSS due to transient sources. The wavenumber integral technique, however, takes into account contributions from only propagating GW modes (real roots of dispersion equation). This enables rapid calculation of 'far-field' surface motion in HCSS with a good accuracy when compared to LS-DYNA simulation results. While execution of LSDYNA model takes more than an hour, theoretical model takes only a few second. In HCSS, for all cases of normal loadings, response is strongly influenced by the presence of A0 mode. In contrary, the surface motion is dominated by S0 mode followed by a weak A0 mode at a low frequency horizontal excitation, whereas, the presence of higher order modes (e.g. S1, A1) is seen to dominate the surface motion at a high frequency horizontal excitation . For the HCSS, it is noticed that at the 100 kHz frequency, the wavelength of the A0 mode is roughly 10 mm, which is less than the thickness of the plate as well as that of the core. Thus, it is evident that the approximate theories, in principle, cannot even realistically model A0 mode at this frequency. For the 'skin alone', however, approximate theories can be used in the frequency range of interest since the wavelength is much longer than the thickness of the plate (Banerjee et al., 2004) . The wavelet transformation technique is used as a potential tool to identify the propagating guided wave modes accurately on the basis of theoretical dispersion curve. The semi-analytical model is expected to help in the selection and tuning of appropriate guided wave modes for efficient damage detection in sandwich structures using PZT transducers. Another major advantage of the model is that the integration scheme can be exploited to obtain the time-domain solution for any specific propagating mode. In addition, it is possible to introduce dissipative material characteristics in the model by using complex elastic modulii, however, full integration of Eq. (22) should be performed that can increase the computational cost manifold.

For the 'skin alone', however, approximate theories can be used in the frequency range of interest since the wavelength is much longer than the thickness of the plate.


In another variation, spectral finite element method (SFEM) based on first order laminated theory was used for wave propagation studies in laminated composite plate (Chakraborty and Gopalkrishnan, 2004) . Commercially available finite element software, e.g., LS-DYNA, ABAQUS etc. have been used to solve impact and guided wave propagation problems in sandwich structures (Qiao and Yang, 2007; Song et al., 2009) . Although the FEM can handle complex geometries and has the capability to accommodate reflections from the lateral boundaries, it is computationally much more intensive than the analytical methods discussed above.

In another variation, spectral finite element method (SFEM) based on first order laminated theory was used for wave propagation studies in laminated composite plate.

Commercially available finite element software, e.g., LS-DYNA, ABAQUS etc. have been used to solve impact and guided wave propagation problems in sandwich structures.


Trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people under the age of 50 years in the western world [1] . Death can occur as a direct result of the trauma induced injury, or as result of a dysfunctional immune response [2] . This excessive immune reaction is caused by the response to tissue injury, such as seen after trauma, surgery or burns. An overwhelming innate immune response is considered to be a major risk factor in the development of post-traumatic organ failure and sepsis. Additional injury, induced by surgical intervention, can increase the overall immune inflammatory reaction [3] .

Trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people under the age of 50 years in the western world.

Death can occur as a direct result of the trauma induced injury, or as result of a dysfunctional immune response.

Additional injury, induced by surgical intervention, can increase the overall immune inflammatory reaction.


LPS has a broad spectrum of biological activity. It activates the complement and coagulation systems and interacts with the TLR-4. As a result, a number of biologically active substances are produced in excess, and might lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension and shock [2] . It has been suggested that antibacterial agents used to treat Gram negative infec- (-) sign represents a decline in NO level the other hand there are reports indicating that some antibacterial agents have an anti-inflammatory effect, in addition to their anti-bacterial effect [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] .

As a result, a number of biologically active substances are produced in excess, and might lead to disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotension and shock.

It has been suggested that antibacterial agents used to treat Gram negative infec- (-) sign represents a decline in NO level the other hand there are reports indicating that some antibacterial agents have an anti-inflammatory effect, in addition to their anti-bacterial effect.


Dark Matter (DM) remains one of the most profound mysteries in Nature. Its existence has been very well established by an overwhelming amount of astrophysical data. We know very little about its microscopic nature [1] . Even so, unfortunately, the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics cannot accommodate DM, making it essential to consider a balanced discovery effort based on various DM searches.

We know very little about its microscopic nature.


Among myriad possibilities, scenarios with multiple dark matter candidates are very well motivated and have been investigated from the largest scales in Cosmology to the smallest scales at experiments on earth [2] [3] [4] . Furthermore, multicomponent DM can provide an alternative solution to the small scale structure problems that are a result of the discrepancy between collisionless cold dark matter and observational data [5] . In addition, studies with multiple dark matter particles have illustrated very interesting phenomenology as well as the potential of providing "smoking gun" signatures in both particle and astrophysical experiments [3, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] .

Among myriad possibilities, scenarios with multiple dark matter candidates are very well motivated and have been investigated from the largest scales in Cosmology to the smallest scales at experiments on earth.

Furthermore, multicomponent DM can provide an alternative solution to the small scale structure problems that are a result of the discrepancy between collisionless cold dark matter and observational data.

In addition, studies with multiple dark matter particles have illustrated very interesting phenomenology as well as the potential of providing "smoking gun" signatures in both particle and astrophysical experiments.


The notion of fuzzy sets was introduced by Zadeh [3] . After that, many authors have studied and generalized this notion in many ways due to the potential of the introduced notion. Also, it has a wide range of applications in almost all of the branches studied, particularly in the field of science where mathematics is used. It attracted many workers to introduce different types of fuzzy sequence spaces.

The notion of fuzzy sets was introduced by Zadeh.


The first issue that arises is handling messages which exceed SCTP's socket send buffer size. Messages that exceed this size need to be fragmented and re-assembled by the message progression layer. We use a rendezvous mechanism where, once the rendezvous has occurred, the sender fragments the MPI message into fragments and the receiver assembles these fragments in the user's receive buffer as specified in the MPI receive call. The sender could loop sending each fragment, however, this does not allow other messages to advance. As a result, we used round robin scheduling of all out-going SCTP messages and recorded their progress in a structure pointed to from the MPI Request. This allows MPI messages with different TRCs to progress concurrently on an association between two machines. Special care had to be taken to eliminate race conditions that could occur when MPI messages had the same TRC [8] .

Special care had to be taken to eliminate race conditions that could occur when MPI messages had the same TRC.