However, the use of qualitative measures of the image are based on the properties of HVS, then the models usually are embedded into HVS sensitivity to light and sensitivity to spatial frequency (Ginesu et al., 2006) . If we apply the DWT, the image resolution is divided into 4 sub-matrices called approximations (a), horizontal (h), vertical (v), and diagonal (d), each sub-matrix is a copy of the original one in different levels of the frequency which provides a certain amount of energy (Moon et al., 2007; Walker, 2003) . In the subdivision of images, the steganography algorithm is applied only in the sub-matrix h and the other sub-matrices are discarded. The proposed steganographic algorithm based on wavelets is shown in Figure 1 (Reddy and Chatterji, 2005) . From the third block of Figure   1 Figure 1) .

However, the use of qualitative measures of the image are based on the properties of HVS, then the models usually are embedded into HVS sensitivity to light and sensitivity to spatial frequency.

If we apply the DWT, the image resolution is divided into 4 sub-matrices called approximations (a), horizontal (h), vertical (v), and diagonal (d), each sub-matrix is a copy of the original one in different levels of the frequency which provides a certain amount of energy.

The proposed steganographic algorithm based on wavelets is shown in Figure 1.


Thus, it is natural to ask whether there exist measure theoretic analogues of these results. Unfortunately, on non-locally compact groups there is no natural invariant σ-finite measure. However, a generalisation of the ideal of measure zero sets can be defined in every Polish group as follows: Definition 1.1 (Christensen, [2] ). Let G be a Polish group and B ⊂ G be Borel. We say that B is Haar null if there exists a Borel probability measure µ on G such that for every g, h ∈ G we have µ(gBh) = 0. An arbitrary set S is called Haar null if S ⊂ B for some Borel Haar null set B.

However, a generalisation of the ideal of measure zero sets can be defined in every Polish group as follows: Definition 1.1 (Christensen,).


Currently, although different therapeutic methods can be used in patients with LDH, the treatments can be divided into two categories, conservative (or non-surgical) and surgical. Conservative treatments mainly avoid painful positions and relieve symptoms in nine out of 10 people with a herniated disk, according to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons [27] . Many clinical trials held that moxibustion should be effective in the treatment of LDH. But the evidence obtained from these trials was quite limited because of methodology defects. Therefore, we designed this clinical trial to meet the CONSORT statement and guidelines to improve the chances of high internal validity for the results [28] . On the basis of the classical notion of traditional Chinese medicine, moxibustion caused by the burning of moxa leads to the radiant heat and bring drug-like effects to acupoints. Practitioners use moxa to warm acupoints with the intention of stimulating circulation through the acupoints and inducing a smoother flow of blood and qi. So the selection of moxa locations has an important impact on obtaining good effects. It is widely believed that the acupoint locations are fixed along meridians. The conventional moxibustion applies moxa to get the desired results by stimulating these fixed acupoints. Doctors regard hyperemia due to local skin vasodilatation as the indicator of moxibustion effect. However, we support the notion that these fixed acupoints might not be the best stimulating sites for moxibustion.

Conservative treatments mainly avoid painful positions and relieve symptoms in nine out of 10 people with a herniated disk, according to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.

Therefore, we designed this clinical trial to meet the CONSORT statement and guidelines to improve the chances of high internal validity for the results.


The laboratory rearing of insects collected from a death scene is an integral component of the analysis of entomological evidence. Rearing allows the ento-megalen diagram, i.e. matching the size of the larvae found on the corpse with the development rates for the same blowfly larvae experimentally reared at the seasonal average temperature in which the body was found (Introna et al., 1989) . However, field temperatures are rarely constant and it has been shown that fluctuating temperature has a great effect on larval development (Introna et al., 1989) .

Rearing allows the ento-megalen diagram, i.e. matching the size of the larvae found on the corpse with the development rates for the same blowfly larvae experimentally reared at the seasonal average temperature in which the body was found.

However, field temperatures are rarely constant and it has been shown that fluctuating temperature has a great effect on larval development.


The family Calliphoridae is known as the initial colonizer in the faunal succession on human cadavers (Smith, 1986) . Therefore, they are the primary and most accurate forensic indicators of time of death and their development rates are needed to allow more precise PMI estimates (Grassberger & Reiter, 2001) . Thus, it is necessary that the development rates for the species involved in decomposition be known for the same conditions of temperature at the possible crime scene (Introna et al., 1989) .

The family Calliphoridae is known as the initial colonizer in the faunal succession on human cadavers.

Therefore, they are the primary and most accurate forensic indicators of time of death and their development rates are needed to allow more precise PMI estimates.

Thus, it is necessary that the development rates for the species involved in decomposition be known for the same conditions of temperature at the possible crime scene.


However, most of the fluidized bed dryer which is used for drying of paddy is of the type of hot air dryer. It has disadvantages such as high energy consumption and the drying rate depends on the drying air temperature, to increase the drying rate which is done by increasing the drying air temperature [9] . Also, most of the energy used to heat the drying air is fossil fuels such as LPG and fuel oil, while the fossil fuel sources are limited and their prices are high and steadily increasing.

It has disadvantages such as high energy consumption and the drying rate depends on the drying air temperature, to increase the drying rate which is done by increasing the drying air temperature.


The XRD spectra corresponding to the film deposited for 25 mL of precursor solution is shown in Figure 1 . It is found that, the films are polycrystalline with hexagonal wurtzite structure [17] . In pure ZnO the most intensive peak has a strong c-axis orientation along (002) direction and found to be at 2θ = 34.48˚. No extra peak was observed in the XRD pattern. The lattice constant a and c was found to be 3.2499 nm and 5.20 nm respectively. The AFM measurements could provide information regarding the surface morphology of films and this capability might be used to investigate the nature of the deposited thin film like the roughness and size of the grains. A careful analysis of roughness can yield information regarding the kind of growth that is taken place while film is formed.

It is found that, the films are polycrystalline with hexagonal wurtzite structure.


There have been some works devoted to the issue of heat transfer in the shear driven cavity. The effect of differentially heated walls of cavity on the flow structure has been the main research topic by Aydin and his co-workers [8] . The presence of temperature gradient in the cavity leads to a more complex structure of flow. The temperature gradient introduces buoyancy force to the fluid which its strength affects the mode of heat transfer mechanism in the cavity.

The effect of differentially heated walls of cavity on the flow structure has been the main research topic by Aydin and his co-workers.


Ecolabels are intended as a means for consumers to make choices that will reduce environmental impact and enable them to influence how products are made. In the Nordic Countries, there are ecolabels for 55 product groups and 2800 products. In Japan, 64 product groups have criteria established for ecolabels and more than 5000 products have been accepted [1] . The market for green products is generally considered to be both established and expanding. One example in the food sector is that the world market for ecological food products has an annual increase in sales of 20% [2] . This may seem impressive, indicating great interest on the parts of industry and consumers in products that will do less harm to the environment.

In Japan, 64 product groups have criteria established for ecolabels and more than 5000 products have been accepted.

One example in the food sector is that the world market for ecological food products has an annual increase in sales of 20%.


However, looking at the actual market shares of these products alters the picture. Except for a handful of product groups, the overall market share of ecolabelled products is low. The food sector has been pointed out as one of the segments where the green market continued to grow when growth in other sectors discontinued [3] . Yet today ecolabelled food products make up only a few percent (up to 5%) of sales in Europe [2, 4] . This seemingly weak response from the market has led more than one industry representative to conclude that there is no market for green products.

The food sector has been pointed out as one of the segments where the green market continued to grow when growth in other sectors discontinued.

Yet today ecolabelled food products make up only a few percent (up to 5%) of sales in Europe.


Cost savings are an important outcome measure in evaluating the feasibility of any new service model [51] . Findings from this review suggest greater cost savings with the implementation of the advanced nursing practice role in emergency or critical care [34, 36, 41] . However, judicious interpretation of the evidence is recommended. A fair synthesis of the cost savings in the included studies could not be performed as they had been done in different countries. The varying financial and funding models make it difficult to synthesize the findings. Furthermore, none of the studies in this review performed any cost-effectiveness analysis.

Cost savings are an important outcome measure in evaluating the feasibility of any new service model.

Findings from this review suggest greater cost savings with the implementation of the advanced nursing practice role in emergency or critical care.


Inappropriate land management, including the poor maintenance of vegetation cover, is in the long run causes gully erosion [13] . More so, by removing vegetation cover the erosion-resisting capacity of the soil becomes disturbed. The kinetic energy of rainfall splash increases, which also is resulting in increases in soil separation. Hydraulic surface flow mostly increases with the lack of vegetation cover, which inevitably increases soil susceptibility to erosion mostly gully, by reducing cohesion and shear strength [14] .

Inappropriate land management, including the poor maintenance of vegetation cover, is in the long run causes gully erosion.

Hydraulic surface flow mostly increases with the lack of vegetation cover, which inevitably increases soil susceptibility to erosion mostly gully, by reducing cohesion and shear strength.


Citrullination, or deimination, is the post-translational modification of arginine into citrulline. This conversion has important consequences for the structure and function of proteins because arginine is positively charged at a neutral pH and citrulline is uncharged. Accordingly, citrullination increases the hydrophobicity of a protein, leading to alterations in protein folding [1] . Arginine residues frequently function as ligand recognition sites in proteins, and some enzymes that interact with negatively charged substrates or cofactors have an arginine residue as an anion recognition site [2] . Therefore, it is highly possible that citrullination participates in regulating the activities of these enzymes. In addition, it has been suggested that citrullination modifies the action of trypsinlike enzymes and trypsin inhibitors, interferes with intermediate filament assembly, and plays a role in rapid cellular turnover in tissues with secretory activity [3] [4] [5] .

Accordingly, citrullination increases the hydrophobicity of a protein, leading to alterations in protein folding.

Arginine residues frequently function as ligand recognition sites in proteins, and some enzymes that interact with negatively charged substrates or cofactors have an arginine residue as an anion recognition site.

In addition, it has been suggested that citrullination modifies the action of trypsinlike enzymes and trypsin inhibitors, interferes with intermediate filament assembly, and plays a role in rapid cellular turnover in tissues with secretory activity.


Photocatalyst TiO 2 has been extensively used for environmental applications because of its high oxidative power, nontoxicity, photostability, and water insolubility properties under most conditions [6, [8] [9] [10] . Photocatalysis process uses ambient oxygen from air and irradiation, basically UV light, to generate oxidation and reduction which can degrade almost all harmful organic and inorganic compounds to nontoxic substances. It is initiated when the amount of UV irradiation absorbs by TiO 2 transcends its band gap energy to induce the separation of electron from the valence band to the conduction band [11] . The electrons will react with the oxygen to produce superoxide anions and parallelly holes will react with water to produce the hydroxyl radicals to degrade and mineralize the organic compound [11] . TiO 2 with anatase crystal structure is more favorable than rutile as it is more active with band gap energy of 3.2 eV than rutile (3.0 eV) [12] [13] [14] . Higher surface area of TiO 2 anatase than rutile is another factor affecting its higher photocatalytic activity efficiency.

Photocatalyst TiO 2 has been extensively used for environmental applications because of its high oxidative power, nontoxicity, photostability, and water insolubility properties under most conditions.

It is initiated when the amount of UV irradiation absorbs by TiO 2 transcends its band gap energy to induce the separation of electron from the valence band to the conduction band.

The electrons will react with the oxygen to produce superoxide anions and parallelly holes will react with water to produce the hydroxyl radicals to degrade and mineralize the organic compound.

TiO 2 with anatase crystal structure is more favorable than rutile as it is more active with band gap energy of 3.2 eV than rutile (3.0 eV).


The most important results of this study deal with the clinical events for who first failed to eradicate HCV, from baseline to treatment outcome, which were prospectively monitored both after the first DAA course and following retreatment. In this regard, we hypothesized that the deterioration of the Child-Pugh class as well as the first appearance of signs of liver decompensation, such as ascites and/or encephalopathy, and liver related deaths could be associated with continuous HCV replication and therefore liver necro-inflammatory activity [23] [24] [25] . As previously reported, improvement in important clinical outcomes has been observed in cirrhotic patients following SVR [7, 26] . In our study, following SVR12 after retreatment, an improvement in Child-Pugh class was observed in 17 (23.6%) of the patients with decompensated liver disease whereas in part of patients for whom the Child-Pugh class did not change (i.e., class A patients) and electrography data were available, liver stiffness significantly improved following successful retreatment (data not shown).

In this regard, we hypothesized that the deterioration of the Child-Pugh class as well as the first appearance of signs of liver decompensation, such as ascites and/or encephalopathy, and liver related deaths could be associated with continuous HCV replication and therefore liver necro-inflammatory activity.

As previously reported, improvement in important clinical outcomes has been observed in cirrhotic patients following SVR.


Shiplocks are the major influence factors which will restrict the navigation capacity of waterway [1] . With the rapid development of social economy, as infrastructure of logistics network, the inland waterway is valued more by people. But the shiplocks still affect the efficiency of inland waterway transport. The optimization of shiplocks' scheduling is very important to improve the throughput of shiplocks and the utilization of lock chamber. According to the number of ships sailing parallel on the channel the shiplocks can be divided into singel line, double line, three line etc. As the number of double line and three line locks increases gradually, the study of how to realize joint scheduling of double line locks and giving full play to the advantages of the combination is of great significance.

Shiplocks are the major influence factors which will restrict the navigation capacity of waterway.


All experiments were performed using a well known public data set used widely by us and other researchers [10, 6] . The training set consists of 6670 preprocessed hand written digits (0-9) with roughly 667 samples per class. The test set consists of 3333 samples with roughly 333 samples per class. All the samples had a dimensionality of 192 after initial preprocessing and there were no missing values. All experiments were performed on a 450 MHz Pentium III machine with 64MB RAM running RedHat Linux 6.1 and MATLAB 5.3.

All experiments were performed using a well known public data set used widely by us and other researchers.


One immediately apparent approach to extend our algorithm is to use the Non Linear MPSVM formulation which may lead to better separation in higher dimensional kernel space. At the time of writing results of this approach are not available. The main difficulty in implementing this approach seems that even a rectangular kernel of modest size requires a large amount of memory because of the large dimensionality of the problem. Use of some dimensionality reduction algorithm like the one proposed by us may be explored to overcome this limitation [9] .

Use of some dimensionality reduction algorithm like the one proposed by us may be explored to overcome this limitation.


Specificity of the ISET/IHC technique for the AR in CTC was investigated employing, as controls, human prostate cancer cell lines of known AR status, together with treatment of cells with AZD3514 in order to modulate the levels of the protein. The positive control AR expressing cell line was LNCaP while the negative control was PC3. AR status was confirmed in these cell lines by Western blot analysis utilising the same antibody (AR441) as that employed in the IHC method through the presence of a band at 110 kDa in LNCaP and the absence of a band in PC3 (Inset to Figure 1 ), in keeping with previously published studies [19] . Figure 1 illustrates the results obtained from a typical ISET/IHC experiment, where blood from healthy volunteers was spiked with either untreated LNCaP cells, PC3 cells or LNCaP cells incubated with AZD3514 at a dose shown to reduce AR protein expression in this cell line [6] . Untreated LNCaP cells -the positive control -demonstrated strong nuclear brown staining for (translocated) AR, whereas the PC3 cells -the negative control -displayed a complete absence of brown staining. The almost complete absence of cytoplasmic staining in LNCaP cells may be due to constitutive autocrine stimulation of the AR signaling pathway [20] . In addition, in LNCaP cells pretreated with AZD3514 prior to spiking into blood there was a marked reduction in the level of nuclear staining. These data indicate that the ISET/IHC method described herein can distinguish between AR positive and AR negative cancer cells in the blood of human subjects and is also sufficiently sensitive to detect a drug induced (pharmacodynamic) knockdown in protein levels.

AR status was confirmed in these cell lines by Western blot analysis utilising the same antibody (AR441) as that employed in the IHC method through the presence of a band at 110 kDa in LNCaP and the absence of a band in PC3 (Inset to Figure 1 ), in keeping with previously published studies.

Figure 1 illustrates the results obtained from a typical ISET/IHC experiment, where blood from healthy volunteers was spiked with either untreated LNCaP cells, PC3 cells or LNCaP cells incubated with AZD3514 at a dose shown to reduce AR protein expression in this cell line.

The almost complete absence of cytoplasmic staining in LNCaP cells may be due to constitutive autocrine stimulation of the AR signaling pathway.


Theorem A (Cao, Fayyazuddin Ljungberg and Liu [6] ). Let (M n , g) be a n-dimensional complete manifold without boundary with nonnegative Ricci curvature. Let ω(x, t) be a positive solution to (1.1) . Then in any of the three cases: (i) a > 0 and M is closed, (ii) a < 0 and M is closed, (iii) a > 0 and M is complete noncompact, the following inequality holds for all x ∈ M n , t > 0: (1.2) ∆ ln ω + an 2(1 − e −at ) ≥ 0.

Theorem A (Cao, Fayyazuddin Ljungberg and Liu).


Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, chronic mental illness that typically begins in early adulthood and is characterized by periodic and pathological mood changes ranging from extreme lows (depression) to extreme highs (mania) [1] . It is found in 1% of the world's population, with a core clinical expression pattern related to emotion, energy, and psychomotor activity [2] . These core clinical signs and symptoms are monitored to gauge the health and progress of the individual in treatment [1] . The dynamic nature of BD demands efficient clinical monitoring to detect mood changes in sufficient time to treat or mitigate their severity. Intense clinical monitoring is effective but unrealistic due to cost and the availability of skilled health care providers [3] . Automatic passive mood monitoring addresses the need for ongoing monitoring in a cost efficient manner to predict the course and outcome of chronic human disease such as BD.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, chronic mental illness that typically begins in early adulthood and is characterized by periodic and pathological mood changes ranging from extreme lows (depression) to extreme highs (mania).

It is found in 1% of the world's population, with a core clinical expression pattern related to emotion, energy, and psychomotor activity.

These core clinical signs and symptoms are monitored to gauge the health and progress of the individual in treatment.

Intense clinical monitoring is effective but unrealistic due to cost and the availability of skilled health care providers.


The knowledge driven modeling approach uses the prior knowledge of the process to provide refined analyses and decisions. In contrast, data-driven approaches are quicker and do not require extensive modeling efforts [11] . These methodologies became new trends on Process Control at the end of the 1990s, being the theme of study in several research groups [3] . So, new paradigms that can be used to extract the process dynamic behavior from historical databases and allow on line modifications on the plant model have gained prominence [1, 7] . However, they can lead to super-parameterized modeling and should be used with great caution, as this large volume of data can lead to overfitting. Thus, there is strong interest in developing robust and integrated methods, based on combined data-driven and model-driven approaches for control, optimization, planning and management of industrial systems [3, 12, 13] .

In contrast, data-driven approaches are quicker and do not require extensive modeling efforts.

These methodologies became new trends on Process Control at the end of the 1990s, being the theme of study in several research groups.

So, new paradigms that can be used to extract the process dynamic behavior from historical databases and allow on line modifications on the plant model have gained prominence.

Thus, there is strong interest in developing robust and integrated methods, based on combined data-driven and model-driven approaches for control, optimization, planning and management of industrial systems.


Findings relating to the policy setting at the LG level are consistent with, and are also influenced by, previously identified barriers to healthy planning at the state level. These barriers include inconsistencies in the legislative setting, a disconnect between state budgets and plans, and a lack of impetus for healthy planning locally, with a focus on strategic direction and aspirations at the expense of detailed implementation [14, 47] . Advocates generally considered LG to be hamstrung by the role of state government providing little supporting legislation or detailed impetus for project implementation, and with LG efforts to engage in healthy planning able to be overturned at the state level. A more supportive top-down legislative setting at the state level, or greater devolution of planning powers and responsibilities from states to LG, were two identified routes by which these structural barriers might be overcome. However, the perception that efforts of individual or special interest groups could overcome such policy barriers reflects overseas findings regarding local health promotion, whereby "local health policy did not appear to be of pivotal importance to the operations of stakeholders or their organisation" [76] (p. 117). The policy setting, while it can support or hinder projects, neither acts as a prohibitive barrier or definitive enabler to project implementation. For instance, advocates in South Australia, where a relatively supportive legislative setting is evident (Note 2 in Appendix A), identified the same barriers to implementation as advocates in states with less supportive settings.

These barriers include inconsistencies in the legislative setting, a disconnect between state budgets and plans, and a lack of impetus for healthy planning locally, with a focus on strategic direction and aspirations at the expense of detailed implementation.

However, the perception that efforts of individual or special interest groups could overcome such policy barriers reflects overseas findings regarding local health promotion, whereby "local health policy did not appear to be of pivotal importance to the operations of stakeholders or their organisation"(p. 117).


Our laboratory has previously developed a genetically modified bacterial strain, Salmonella typhimurium A1, selected for anticancer activity in vivo. S. typhimurium A1 is auxotrophic (leu/arg-dependent) [5] . The strain targets and grows in tumors. In contrast, normal tissue is cleared of these bacterial even in immunodeficient athymic mice. In order to increase the tumor-targeting capability of A1, the strain was re-isolated after infection of a human colon tumor growing in nude mice. The tumor-isolated strain, termed S. typhimurium A1-R, had increased targeting for cells in vivo as well as in vitro [6] .

S. typhimurium A1 is auxotrophic (leu/arg-dependent).

The strain targets and grows in tumors.

The tumor-isolated strain, termed S. typhimurium A1-R, had increased targeting for cells in vivo as well as in vitro.


The formation of interest in this study is called Block A, which is a part of positive rhythm thick heavy oil reservoir. There is enrichment of remaining oil between the top of the reservoir and the well after water flooding and steam huff and puff [7] [8] [9] [10] . Horizontal wells at the top of reservoir are being put forward to resolve the problems existing in Block A development process and remaining oil distribution. After placing a vertical production well at the bottom and a horizontal injection well at the top, the remaining oil can be produced with the aid of the gravity of thick oil layer. Horizontal injection well has advantages of low injection pressure and large injection volume, and especially it can improve the sweep efficiency [11, 12] . The gravity in thick reservoir contributes to the enhancement of vertical seepage velocity, which makes oil and water exchange sufficiently. It also enlarges the swept area of reservoir longitudinally and then improves reservoir development effect. Therefore, we can use the dual advantages of the horizontal well and the gravity to explore this part of the remaining oil and reach the purpose of improving oil recovery.

There is enrichment of remaining oil between the top of the reservoir and the well after water flooding and steam huff and puff.

Horizontal injection well has advantages of low injection pressure and large injection volume, and especially it can improve the sweep efficiency.


Figure 2 displays the cost-efficiency and the differences in tax treatment per km for the AFVs and reference petrol vehicles. Initially, a large dispersal of the results over different vehicle types is shown. Vehicles can have a yearly cost of 3,000 (supermini) to more than 17,000 Euros (exclusive car), with a cost per person km travelled that varies from 0.18 Euros (supermini) up to 1.16 Euros (exclusive car). Depreciation costs represent the greater part of the yearly costs, followed by fuel costs (including VAT and excises), insurance, maintenance costs (including car inspection, costs for small and large maintenance and tyre costs) and fixed vehicle taxation (VRT and ACT). Vehicles with emissions lower than 105 g CO 2 /km receive a subsidy of 15% of the purchase price. For electric vehicles this is 30%. Within each vehicle type, diesel vehicles show the greatest cost-efficiency on a per km basis as compared to the reference petrol vehicle, which is mainly the result of differences in fuel-efficiency (20%-30% more efficient than petrol engines) and fuel taxation (almost 40% less excises than on petrol fuel). This cost-efficiency has led to a greater proliferation of diesel vehicles in Belgium (79% of all new car purchases in 2009 were diesel-based) and elsewhere in Europe [35] . Diesels are known to emit more PM and NO x emissions on a per km basis than petrol fuel, which implies that diesel vehicles should be subjected to a higher fuel tax per litre, given the differences in fuel use per km. This Within each vehicle type, AFVs produce more or less competitive costs on a per km basis with respect to the reference petrol vehicle, but are often cost-inefficient with respect to the comparable diesel vehicle. Although biofuels can enjoy a small excise reduction, they are faced with higher fuel taxes on a per km basis as a result of their lower energy density. Unless the imposed excises would be adapted proportional to the amount of biofuels in the blend, biofuel vehicles will not become financially advantageous for end-users. Despite the exemption of excise duties, LPG and CNG vehicles encounter additional conversion costs, a higher deprecation rate, higher annual inspection costs and an additional fixed tax burden. The existing generation of HEVs cannot compete on cost-efficiency with diesel vehicles without additional support. They still face higher purchase prices, lower resale values and encounter more fuel taxes than diesel vehicles, despite their greater fuel efficiency. EVs (like C1 EV) are also at present more expensive than conventional vehicles. Its high cost is particularly the result of its high purchase price (small-scale production) which includes an expensive lithium-ion battery, combined with a higher depreciation rate. The lower maintanance and fuel costs (low untaxed electricity prices) and the minimum vehicle taxation tariffs cannot compensate the vehicle purchase price premium. Its financial attractiveness can nevertheless increase with battery leasing (see for example Renault Fluence).

For electric vehicles this is 30%.

This cost-efficiency has led to a greater proliferation of diesel vehicles in Belgium (79% of all new car purchases in 2009 were diesel-based) and elsewhere in Europe.


In addition to policy measures at the EU level, member states are encouraged to apply a range of fiscal measures to reduce CO 2 emissions from passenger cars. In 2005, the European Commission (EC) launched a proposal for a Council Directive that requires member states to restructure their passenger car taxation systems [2] . The aim of this proposal is twofold. First, it hopes to improve the functioning of the internal market by eliminating existing tax obstacles such as double taxation, tax-induced cross-border transfer of cars, distortions and inefficiencies. Secondly, it aims to promote sustainability by restructuring the vehicle registration tax (VRT) and the annual circulation tax (ACT) linked to the CO 2 emissions of the car [2] . The proposal does not intend to harmonise tax rates; it rather aims to restructure existing systems without obliging member states to introduce new taxes. The EC sees fiscal measures as a strong incentive to steer consumer behaviour towards more energy-efficient passenger cars and as a powerful tool to encourage the introduction of the cleanest light-duty vehicle classes into the market [3] .

In 2005, the European Commission (EC) launched a proposal for a Council Directive that requires member states to restructure their passenger car taxation systems.

The aim of this proposal is twofold.

Secondly, it aims to promote sustainability by restructuring the vehicle registration tax (VRT) and the annual circulation tax (ACT) linked to the CO 2 emissions of the car.

The EC sees fiscal measures as a strong incentive to steer consumer behaviour towards more energy-efficient passenger cars and as a powerful tool to encourage the introduction of the cleanest light-duty vehicle classes into the market.


The present paper introduces a new environmental metric, the Ecoscore, as a potential taxation basis. The Ecoscore is based on a well-to-wheel (WTW) framework and enables a comparison of the environmental burden caused by vehicles with different drive trains and using different fuels [7] . Based on this indicator, a new tax regime will be elaborated against which the current vehicle taxation system and the CO 2 -differentiated proposal (initiated by the EC) can be compared in terms of their contribution to the PPP.

The Ecoscore is based on a well-to-wheel (WTW) framework and enables a comparison of the environmental burden caused by vehicles with different drive trains and using different fuels.


To enhance the adoption of clean vehicles, fiscal measures should thus be paired with other measures that act on other important aspects that determine car purchase decisions. If the tax reform is considered as a potential policy, further research is required to gain more insight into consumer purchase decisions and their price sensitivities following the budgetary implications of the tax reform so as to design a budget-neutral tax reform and to take distributive considerations into account. One should acknowledge that consumers may make choices of vehicles based on factors other than lifecycle costs such as image, brand and so on. Also these factors should be taken into account in order to assess the impact of a tax reform [20] .

Also these factors should be taken into account in order to assess the impact of a tax reform.


In order to analyse the extent to which this new tax regime can promote a sustainable vehicle choice, a life cycle cost (LCC) model will be elaborated. A LCC analysis takes all costs related to the purchase and use of the car for the end-user into consideration. As such, it can be used to assess the financial attractiveness of alternative and conventional fuelled vehicles in the existing and new fiscal system. The advantage of using a LCC is that, besides taxation, it covers the three most important financial aspects that determine the car purchase decision, namely purchase price, fuel consumption and maintenance costs [8] .

The advantage of using a LCC is that, besides taxation, it covers the three most important financial aspects that determine the car purchase decision, namely purchase price, fuel consumption and maintenance costs.


To be in line with the PPP, the total taxation level of the vehicle (TT) (fixed vehicle taxes, fuel taxes) should reflect its environmental performance (Ecoscore). The relative size of the fixed vehicle taxes should thus be determined in accordance with the level of fuel taxes and the environmental impact of the vehicle. A combination of a differentiated tax and a fuel tax can lead to the closest approximation of the external costs of emissions, as both the purchase and usage decision(s) are targeted [39, 41, 42] . The result is a so-called "WTW" model, as it identifies a targeted "ideal" relation between the TT to be paid during the initial vehicle ownership and the TI, based on the WTW emissions of the vehicle.

A combination of a differentiated tax and a fuel tax can lead to the closest approximation of the external costs of emissions, as both the purchase and usage decision(s) are targeted.


In 2002, the EC suggested a convergence of taxes on diesel and petrol fuels, which was however rejected by the European Parliament [6, 37] . Acting on fuel taxes seems to be restricted by several constraints. First, because of its significance to the transport industry, diesel is taxed at a lower rate than petrol in almost all European countries [6] . In the second place, it is difficult to issue separate taxation modalities for diesel fuel used for private or commercial purposes [37] . Thirdly, a fuel tax instrument in Europe is limited because of the proximity of the borders, which might encourage fuel tourism. Finally, fuel taxes may not target non-CO 2 pollutants effectively and cannot be differentiated according to the emission technology of the vehicle [36, [38] [39] [40] .

In 2002, the EC suggested a convergence of taxes on diesel and petrol fuels, which was however rejected by the European Parliament.

First, because of its significance to the transport industry, diesel is taxed at a lower rate than petrol in almost all European countries.

In the second place, it is difficult to issue separate taxation modalities for diesel fuel used for private or commercial purposes.

Finally, fuel taxes may not target non-CO 2 pollutants effectively and cannot be differentiated according to the emission technology of the vehicle.


Three indigenous healers/herbalists were interviewed in these populations, and their curing practices were monitored, including medicinal plant selection and preparation. Botanical medicine "prescriptions" and sales records were examined. A demographic questionnaire administered in Bimini, Bahamas indicated that 84% of a sample of 717 residents aged between 15-84 reported the regular use of medicinal plant products [32] [33] [34] .

A demographic questionnaire administered in Bimini, Bahamas indicated that 84% of a sample of 717 residents aged between 15-84 reported the regular use of medicinal plant products.


Type II (Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM). This is the most common form of diabetes mellitus and referred to as "Adult onset diabetes mellitus" more prevalent in adult life. The plasma insulin level may be higher than in type 1, and sometimes may even be normal, but there may be insulin resistance; patients are less likely to develop ketosis (Vasudevan and Screekumari, 2007) . Sufferers may either be obese NIDDM or non-obese NIDDM (Kendall, 2007) . The treatment of diabetes mellitus so far is to administer more insulin to enable the diabetic attains nearly normal carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism (Nelson and Cox, 2005) . The use of antidiabetic drugs like sulfonylureas, biguanides and intravenous insulin injection has advantages. The most important side effect of the sulfonylureas is hypoglycemia and if not checked, can lead to death (Erasmus et al., 1999) . Diabetes can also be managed by exercise, diet and pharmaceutical drugs, which are very expensive and possess unfavorable side effects. The WHO recommended the use of alternative therapy, especially in countries where access to conventional management procedures is inadequate. To this effect, the search for more effective hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic agents becomes very paramount. The objective of the research work is to demonstrate experimentally, the antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic and hypoglycemic effects of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) extract on alloxan induced diabetic albino rats.

The plasma insulin level may be higher than in type 1, and sometimes may even be normal, but there may be insulin resistance; patients are less likely to develop ketosis.

Sufferers may either be obese NIDDM or non-obese NIDDM.

The treatment of diabetes mellitus so far is to administer more insulin to enable the diabetic attains nearly normal carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.

The most important side effect of the sulfonylureas is hypoglycemia and if not checked, can lead to death.


Our model focuses on interpretability and usage of knowledge bases. Knowledge bases have been recognized important for natural language understanding tasks (Minsky, 1986) . Our main contribution is a two-layered attention network which utilizes background knowledge bases to build good word level representation at the primary level. The secondary attention mechanism works on top of the primary layer to build meaningful sentence representations. This provides a good intuitive working insight of the attention network.

Knowledge bases have been recognized important for natural language understanding tasks.


In recent years, spurred by the need for cleaner combustion for gas turbine engines generating power, there has been a surge of activity in the area of active control of combustion. The need for active control arises due to the occurence of so-called combustion instabilities which arise due to the destabilizing feedback coupling between acoustics and heat release. These instabilities lead to large pressure oscillations in the combustor which cause increased environmental noise and decreased combustor durability (Seume et al., 1997) .

These instabilities lead to large pressure oscillations in the combustor which cause increased environmental noise and decreased combustor durability.


Primary aortic sarcomas are rarely diagnosed at an early stage due to the diversity of symptoms and the rare incidence of appearance. Since the only potentially curative modality remains radical surgical resection, this treatment option should be offered when the tumor is operable. Chemotherapy should be utilized in embolic, metastatic or nonresectable situations [14] . A combination chemotherapy regimen composed of anthracycline and an alkylating agent may offer a response rate of 20%, however the value of this regimen in the adjuvant setting for intimal aortic sarcoma is unclear [15] [16] [17] . Our patient underwent a two-drug chemotherapy treatment (ifosfamide and epirubicin) postoperatively and remains free of recurrence on follow-up MRI and PET scan studies. This could be an indication that radical excision followed by aggressive chemotherapy might be a good treatment option for this rare and highly lethal entity.

Chemotherapy should be utilized in embolic, metastatic or nonresectable situations.

A combination chemotherapy regimen composed of anthracycline and an alkylating agent may offer a response rate of 20%, however the value of this regimen in the adjuvant setting for intimal aortic sarcoma is unclear.


Expanding the field equations around the initial singularity can be performed using an iterative scheme in powers of t and ln t. The resulting series are governed by two parameters, which effectively control the degree of inflation and the curvature. Fixing both of these parameters to be of order unity produces inflationary models in a closed universe which are consistent with observation. This appears to provide a counterexample to statements that it is difficult to obtain closed universe inflation without excessive fine tuning [15, 16, 17, 18] .

This appears to provide a counterexample to statements that it is difficult to obtain closed universe inflation without excessive fine tuning.


Here N is the number of e-foldings in the inflationary region, and turns out to be roughly 46, putting Λ in precisely the observed range. The model of inflation we consider is the simplest available -that of a massive scalar field. This produces an extremely tight model that agrees well with all current experimental data. In order to apply our boundary condition we need to study the evolution of the scalar field from the initial singularity, through the inflationary region, before matching onto a standard cosmological model. It has become quite common in the inflationary community to ignore the initial singularity and concentrate instead on suitable initial conditions for inflation. It might have been hoped that the peculiar nature of the inflationary stress-energy tensor, which violates the weak energy condition, might circumvent some of the standard singularity theorems. But this is not the case. Inflationary models are geodesically incomplete in the past, and the cosmological equations can be easily run backwards in time to reveal the initial singularity [12, 13] . In this respect, inflation has little to say about the 'specialness' of the initial singularity (zero Weyl curvature) which can be regarded as one of the outstanding problems in physics [14] .

But this is not the case.

Inflationary models are geodesically incomplete in the past, and the cosmological equations can be easily run backwards in time to reveal the initial singularity.

In this respect, inflation has little to say about the 'specialness' of the initial singularity (zero Weyl curvature) which can be regarded as one of the outstanding problems in physics.


Experimental evidence is now strongly in favour of the idea that a non-zero cosmological constant, or some form of 'dark energy', is currently responsible for around 70% of the total energy density of the universe [1] . There have been many theoretical attempts to justify the reintroduction of a Λ-term, something that was once viewed as a rather ugly and unnecessary extension to classical general relativity. Many of these are based on ideas from particle physics, including concepts such as spontaneous symmetry breaking and false vacua. These ideas can successfully explain the size of the cosmological 'constant' required during an inflationary phase, but all such models have great difficulty in explaining the current scale of the cosmological constant without implausible levels of fine tuning.

Experimental evidence is now strongly in favour of the idea that a non-zero cosmological constant, or some form of 'dark energy', is currently responsible for around 70% of the total energy density of the universe.


The main focus of the simulations here is to quantify the dependence of the mechanical response of the pillars on several parameters that characterize the function g in Eq. (26) . The pillar geometry, the constraint-induced deformation inhomogeneity and material rate dependence can all play a role in determining the instability mode and the postinstability response. The relation between the overall stress-strain response of the pillars and the material stress-strain relationship is also of interest since it determines the extent to which a uniaxial tension test can be used to determine material properties.

The main focus of the simulations here is to quantify the dependence of the mechanical response of the pillars on several parameters that characterize the function g in Eq..


The main source of energy used in the production of electricity in Poland is coal. Its share in 2010 was almost 87% [1] . The popularity of this energy source mainly results from the large deposits, the availability and the low prices compared to the other fuels. The development of the clean coal technology is an key objective of the Polish energy sector. The increase of the net efficiency of electricity generation from coal, taking into account the environmental status allows the realization of this purpose [2, 3] .

Its share in 2010 was almost 87%.

The increase of the net efficiency of electricity generation from coal, taking into account the environmental status allows the realization of this purpose.


The European Union specifies requirements for the reduction of the carbon emission. To meet the requirements is necessary to use the carbon capture and storage (CCS) installation. This technology allows for near zero emission of electricity production from coal. European trading system (ETS) for the CO 2 emission affects the development and introduction of CO 2 capture and storage [4] .

European trading system (ETS) for the CO 2 emission affects the development and introduction of CO 2 capture and storage.


The use of the carbon capture and storage is associated to the decrease of the net efficiency of the units. It is necessary to search for innovative concepts to increase the efficiency of the power plant. The development of the new separation methods, the use of the ultra-supercritical steam parameters and the search for less energy intensive chemical sorbents can greatly increase the net efficiency of the unit [5] [6] [7] [8] . Another way to increase the power and efficiency of the unit is the management of heat recovery. The results of the optimizing management of the condensing heat and cooling of gases compression in oxy block using a genetic algorithm are presented in this paper.

The development of the new separation methods, the use of the ultra-supercritical steam parameters and the search for less energy intensive chemical sorbents can greatly increase the net efficiency of the unit.


Dietary behaviour and physical activity patterns should both be targeted in the prevention of obesity. This may be achieved by inducing changes in personal and environmental mediators of such energy balance-related behaviours [11] . There is, however, little scientific evidence about successful population-based prevention programs in adolescents.

This may be achieved by inducing changes in personal and environmental mediators of such energy balance-related behaviours.


In this study, we demonstrate the production of virus assembled three-dimensional electrodes on nonstick polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surfaces. The PTFE-assembled virus enhanced electroless coatings of cobalt and served as a robust template for the casting of a poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based block copolymer that possesses a high transference number and excellent electrochemical properties [6, 7] . The resulting virus-assembled-polymer electrolyte system was easily peeled from the PTFE surface to produce a flexible electrodeelectrolyte interface with stable electrochemical properties.

The PTFE-assembled virus enhanced electroless coatings of cobalt and served as a robust template for the casting of a poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) based block copolymer that possesses a high transference number and excellent electrochemical properties.


The high energy, power densities, and excellent cycling stability of lithium-ion batteries have made them the preferred system for many portable electronic applications [1] . However, the liquid-based organic electrolytes commonly used in these systems are typically flammable and impose weight and size constraints that significantly limit their application [2] . To mitigate these issues, recent efforts have focused on the development of solid-state polymer-based lithium-ion electrolytes [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Polymer-based electrolytes can be readily processed to produce thin films that can be configured into a range of packaging shapes and coatings. In addition, the composition and self-assembly aspects of different block copolymer electrolytes can be combined and tuned to create electrolyte architectures tailored to enhance specific battery properties [8] [9] [10] [11] . These polymer-based systems are also generally lighter and resistant to fire, making them safer and potentially more economical to use. However, a key obstacle in the use of polymer-based electrolytes is their reduced ionic conductivity and the high interfacial resistance that occurs between the electrode and the solid electrolyte. One method to enhance the charge transfer and rate performance in these systems is to create nanoscale three-dimensional electrodeelectrolyte interfaces with increased surface areas and shortened Li + diffusion lengths. Unfortunately, it is currently difficult to achieve such three-dimensional nanoscale electrodesolid electrolyte interfaces using traditional micromachining and casting methodologies [12, 13] . Thus, there is a need to identify novel methods to interface polymer electrolytes with three-dimensional electrode patterning capabilities.

The high energy, power densities, and excellent cycling stability of lithium-ion batteries have made them the preferred system for many portable electronic applications.

However, the liquid-based organic electrolytes commonly used in these systems are typically flammable and impose weight and size constraints that significantly limit their application.

To mitigate these issues, recent efforts have focused on the development of solid-state polymer-based lithium-ion electrolytes.

In addition, the composition and self-assembly aspects of different block copolymer electrolytes can be combined and tuned to create electrolyte architectures tailored to enhance specific battery properties.

Unfortunately, it is currently difficult to achieve such three-dimensional nanoscale electrodesolid electrolyte interfaces using traditional micromachining and casting methodologies.


In the Neotropics, fruit-eating leaf-nosed bats are a very interesting study group, because they feed on an easilytrackable resource, fruits, making the monitoring of food availability much less difficult than for instance in insecteating bats (Kunz 1988) . This permits linkage of seasonal variation in food over time with reproductive seasonality, thus allowing accurate assessment of the relative strength of this and other exogenous factors such as ambient temperature. Thus far, our knowledge on the reproductive ecology of frugivorous leaf-nosed bats is still limited, encompassing only a few species, which is remarkable little given the high diversity and ecological importance of this group (Zortéa 2003; Mello et al. 2004; Klose et al. 2006) .

In the Neotropics, fruit-eating leaf-nosed bats are a very interesting study group, because they feed on an easilytrackable resource, fruits, making the monitoring of food availability much less difficult than for instance in insecteating bats.

Thus far, our knowledge on the reproductive ecology of frugivorous leaf-nosed bats is still limited, encompassing only a few species, which is remarkable little given the high diversity and ecological importance of this group.


In order to be effective, MCSs have to meet requirements regarding their physical properties as well as comfort and acceptability. User surveys show that a common problem with MCSs in practice is the putting on process [9] . In particular, it is difficult to pull the narrow ankle region of a compression stocking over the wider heel area of the foot. In the stretched condition, the stocking imposes a high contact pressure on the foot skin, leading to high friction forces that counteract the forces applied to pull on the stocking. Thus, the friction behavior of MCSs in contact with the skin is an important factor, and it is expected that a low friction coefficient (COF) improves the ease of handling. On the other hand, the friction of a MCS has to be sufficiently high in order to prevent slipping and displacements when placed in the correct wearing position.

User surveys show that a common problem with MCSs in practice is the putting on process.


Medical compression stockings (MCSs) are elastic textiles which are widely used for the prophylaxis and therapeutic treatment of venous disorders in the human lower extremities [1] [2] [3] . In addition, compression stockings are used as training aids for athletes of various sport disciplines [4] . By providing an external and controlled pressure gradient along the leg, stockings can help to reduce the effects of venous insufficiency and improve the lower limb venous blood return [5] [6] [7] [8] .

Medical compression stockings (MCSs) are elastic textiles which are widely used for the prophylaxis and therapeutic treatment of venous disorders in the human lower extremities.

In addition, compression stockings are used as training aids for athletes of various sport disciplines.

By providing an external and controlled pressure gradient along the leg, stockings can help to reduce the effects of venous insufficiency and improve the lower limb venous blood return.


Most of the conventional control problems assumed that the states of a system is measurable and the parameters are completely or partially known in advance [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . Although, in practice, uncertainty in the parameters and the presence of environmental disturbances badly affect the control and synchronization performance. This gives rise to a high frequency resonance within the system, which may break the control and synchronization behavior completely. If the parameters of the chaotic systems are unknown, then the adaptive control techniques are used for chaos control and synchronization of hyperchaotic (chaotic) systems [16] . These characteristics of the adaptive control techniques have motivated a huge research in the area of chaos control and synchronization.

Most of the conventional control problems assumed that the states of a system is measurable and the parameters are completely or partially known in advance.

If the parameters of the chaotic systems are unknown, then the adaptive control techniques are used for chaos control and synchronization of hyperchaotic (chaotic) systems.


Chaos theory is the study of nonlinear dynamical systems, in which apparently random events are foreseeable from simple deterministic equations. In today's research, mathematical theory of chaos has become an essential base for natural sciences [1] . A chaotic system in nature is a complex system that exhibits a complicated, random and disorganized behavior. The chaotic systems are highly sensitive to tiny changes in their initial conditions and parameters variation [2] . For the last three decades, chaos theory has become the subject of intensive research field, paying a wide range of applications in different technical and scientific disciplines such as laser physics, atomic physics, biological systems, ecological systems, Traffic control, economics, secure communications and information systems [3] etc.

In today's research, mathematical theory of chaos has become an essential base for natural sciences.

The chaotic systems are highly sensitive to tiny changes in their initial conditions and parameters variation.

For the last three decades, chaos theory has become the subject of intensive research field, paying a wide range of applications in different technical and scientific disciplines such as laser physics, atomic physics, biological systems, ecological systems, Traffic control, economics, secure communications and information systems etc.


Transactional data is a kind of special categorical data where records are made up of nonnumerical attributes. Transactional data are generated by many applications such as ecommerce, healthcare, CRM, and so forth [1] . Transaction data play an important role in many fields like Market basket data, Web usage data, Customer profiles, Patient symptoms records, and image features [2] . A transactional data set consists of transactions, each of which consists of varying number of item . The size of transactional data is usually large, so there is great demand for fast and high quality algorithms for clustering large scale transaction datasets.

Transactional data are generated by many applications such as ecommerce, healthcare, CRM, and so forth.

Transaction data play an important role in many fields like Market basket data, Web usage data, Customer profiles, Patient symptoms records, and image features.


A combination of online turbidity data resembling the cell concentration and a macroscopic kinetic model was already applied to estimate substrate and metabolite concentrations [11] . A general overview of several working groups focusing on upstream process modelling is presented in Table 1 . DoE, design of experiments; MC, Monte Carlo.

A combination of online turbidity data resembling the cell concentration and a macroscopic kinetic model was already applied to estimate substrate and metabolite concentrations.


Analog experiments can be used for validation. Furthermore, cultivations assisted by an online process model increase the gain in process information by integrating process data (e.g., turbidity) into the macroscopic kinetic model to extract information on process variables (e.g., glucose and lactate concentration) [11] . Efforts for the generation of this data are commonly 2 to 3 weeks for two to three simultaneously run cultivations in 1 to 2 L and their respective analysis.

Furthermore, cultivations assisted by an online process model increase the gain in process information by integrating process data (e.g., turbidity) into the macroscopic kinetic model to extract information on process variables (e.g., glucose and lactate concentration).


During one-parameter-at-a-time studies, the maximum growth rate exhibited the most significant influence on the course of the considered model variables. Therefore, a precise determination of this process model parameter is crucial for the precise modelling of dynamic cultivation processes, as the viable cell concentration X V , and thus the growth rate µ, are present in the equations regarding substrates (4) and (6), metabolites (5) and (8), as well as product (9) . This study indicates how important it is to accurately determine the model parameter to construct an accurate process model.

Therefore, a precise determination of this process model parameter is crucial for the precise modelling of dynamic cultivation processes, as the viable cell concentration X V , and thus the growth rate µ, are present in the equations regarding substrates (4) and (6), metabolites (5) and (8), as well as product.


The Pareto diagrams ( Figure 3 ) indicate significant model parameters, based on a level of significance (α) set to 0.05 (second decision criterion). Besides the maximum growth rate µ max , the yield coefficient Y X/glc has a significant impact on the considered process variable (i.e., maximum viable cell concentration). Y X/glc describes the ratio between generated viable cells (E6 cells/mL) and consumed glucose (mM). The higher Y X/glc , the more cells can be generated during substrate uptake, as depicted in Equations (4) and (6) . This results in a higher maximum viable cell concentration. The same correlation can be found considering Y X/gln .

The higher Y X/glc , the more cells can be generated during substrate uptake, as depicted in Equations (4) and.


The positive correlation of µmax on the maximum viable cell concentration (XV max) based on PLS analysis is shown in the score plot (Figure 8 left) . The score plot identifies patterns in the samples, for example, by grouping responses and labeling predictors. The higher µmax, the higher the maximum viable cell concentration, yielding higher antibody concentrations, as seen in Figure 2 and Equations (1) and (9) . Interestingly, the cell specific antibody production rate QmAb can be independently varied. This may be the result of low variations of this process model parameter.

The higher µmax, the higher the maximum viable cell concentration, yielding higher antibody concentrations, as seen in Figure 2 and Equations (1) and.


In this approach, the general valid model validation workflow in Figure 1 is applied to a macroscopic kinetic process model, based on a case study comprising a Chinese hamster ovary fed-batch cultivation for the production of a monoclonal antibody. General valid model validation workflow [13] . Macroscopic kinetic models simulating the dynamic state of a cell culture can gather essential information about cellular conditions (e.g., lag, exponential, stationary, decline phase), substrate uptake, metabolite, and productivity, as well as possible feeding adjustments [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] .

General valid model validation workflow.

Macroscopic kinetic models simulating the dynamic state of a cell culture can gather essential information about cellular conditions (e.g., lag, exponential, stationary, decline phase), substrate uptake, metabolite, and productivity, as well as possible feeding adjustments.


Furthermore, the growth rate depends on cell-dependent half-maximum rates, such as K glc . These model parameters are, by definition, dependent on the maximum growth rate at respective substrate concentrations and are not subject to changes during cultivation. Additionally, maintenance coefficients (e.g., m glc ) intend to simulate the maintenance metabolism, where no cell division occurs. Product concentration, Equation (9), is described by a cell specific production rate (Q mAb , E-12 g Product /cells/h). Sensitivity studies such as the variation of one-parameter-at-a-time or design of experiments (DoE) are essential for detecting gross model errors. One-parameter-at-a-time variation of the maximum growth rate (±10% µ max ) can be seen in Figure 2 ( Sensitivity studies such as the variation of one-parameter-at-a-time or design of experiments (DoE) are essential for detecting gross model errors. One-parameter-at-a-time variation of the maximum growth rate (±10% µmax) can be seen in Figure 2 (right). The higher µmax, the steeper the exponential phase between 72 and 180 h of the viable cell concentration. This is mainly the result of a higher growth rate, which can be achieved during this phase, as can be seen in Equations (1) and (2). Therefore, the maximum growth rate has an impact on growth and maximum viable cell concentration in this macroscopic model, especially during the The higher µ max , the steeper the exponential phase between 72 and 180 h of the viable cell concentration. This is mainly the result of a higher growth rate, which can be achieved during this phase, as can be seen in Equations (1) and (2) . Therefore, the maximum growth rate has an impact on growth and maximum viable cell concentration in this macroscopic model, especially during the exponential phase. Corresponding to this increase in viable cell concentration, a higher product concentration can be observed, as well as a higher glucose consumption at the constant feed strategy, which is dependent on the current viable cell concentration at respective phases, as seen in Equation (4).

This is mainly the result of a higher growth rate, which can be achieved during this phase, as can be seen in Equations (1) and.


The presented general valid model validation workflow is based on four criteria (verification, accuracy, precision, equality). On the basis of a literature review, a macroscopic model for the simulation of mammalian cell culture could be developed. The macroscopic model consists of Monod kinetic approaches for the simulation of time-dependent variations of substrate, metabolite, cellular, and product variables. A coefficient of determination of at least 0.97 (glucose concentration) could be achieved (verification). The accuracy was addressed by one-parameter-at-a-time and design of experiments studies in order to develop a Pareto plot to statistically determine significant parameters (accuracy). Therefore, a valid model parameter determination concept was generated to determine the effect of parameter determination error on the process model based on Monte Carlo simulations by equally distributing parameter determination errors (precision). PLS regressions were conducted to statistically evaluate the correlations between model parameters and variables, as well as correlations among model parameters themselves. PAT approaches to demonstrate the usability of this kinetic model were already applied (equality) [11] . Concluding, following the model validation workflow, process model understanding was increased by identifying key parameters (Figure 3) , the impact of experimental parameter determination (Figure 6 ), as well as the correlation of model parameters between themselves and model variables (Figure 8 ).

PAT approaches to demonstrate the usability of this kinetic model were already applied (equality).


The Dijkstra-based method is accelerated using a binary heap. Furthermore, we parallelize the method using all CPU cores. In more detail, we do not parallelize this algorithm but run a serial program with different sources on each CPU core, because there is no efficient parallelization for Dijkstra's algorithm. Thus, a CPU thread is responsible for solving SSSP problems for a subset of source vertices. CPU threads are managed using OpenMP (Chandra et al., 2000) .

CPU threads are managed using OpenMP.


Historically, facilities were ageing and constantly being renovated in a piecemeal fashion where actions were taken at different times or ways rather than being carefully planned from the beginning. Many renovations were limited in scope due to funding restraints and many times result in cosmetic change with few or no infrastructure improvements. This fragmentation could further lead to inefficiency of mechanical systems, customer complaints due to dissatisfaction with their facility or space environmental conditions, and eventually higher utility bills and maintenance costs. The growing acceptance of a need to measure the performance of services and facilities provided is in contrast to a lack of a systematic process for determining the appropriate measures (Amaratunga, 2000) .

The growing acceptance of a need to measure the performance of services and facilities provided is in contrast to a lack of a systematic process for determining the appropriate measures.


Driving is not only a physical (e.g., applying force on steering wheel and pedals) but also a visual and a mental task. The eyes of a driver are indispensable in performing visual tasks such as scanning the road, communicating with other road users, and monitoring in-vehicle devices. Mental tasks are important during driving, and include such factors as understanding vehicle dynamics, making situation-dependent decisions, and judging time/space relationships. Visual and mental tasks are closely linked to each other (e.g., scanning a crossroad while simultaneously judging the time/space relationships of other road users). It is therefore of no surprise that many researchers use or study eye-related parameters to assess drivers' mental workload [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

It is therefore of no surprise that many researchers use or study eye-related parameters to assess drivers' mental workload.


Fixation duration is found to be sensitive to workload and is generally believed to increase with increasing visual and mental processing demands [6] , [47] . A series of studies later reconfirmed this finding by proving that fixation duration also increases when approaching potential hazards during driving [16] . Several other studies have demonstrated that visual and mental processing demands produce visual-detection impairment and attentional focus narrowing [6] , [14] [15] , [17] , [46] , [48] [49] . A recent study showed that horizontal gaze dispersion is more sensitive to drivers' mental workload than a weighted average between horizontal and vertical gaze dispersion [56] .

Fixation duration is found to be sensitive to workload and is generally believed to increase with increasing visual and mental processing demands.

A series of studies later reconfirmed this finding by proving that fixation duration also increases when approaching potential hazards during driving.

Several other studies have demonstrated that visual and mental processing demands produce visual-detection impairment and attentional focus narrowing.

A recent study showed that horizontal gaze dispersion is more sensitive to drivers' mental workload than a weighted average between horizontal and vertical gaze dispersion.


Alarming proportions of human errors such as misperception, information processing errors, and poor decision making are frequently identified as causes of accidents [1] . The assessment of drivers' mental workload could be helpful in improving driving tasks to reduce the number of accidents, which are largely attributed to the drivers themselves. As automation is more rapidly being developed than in years before, poorly designed automated systems could lead to situations characterized by the phrase "99% boredom, 1% terror". This phrase refers to supervisory control situations in which an operator experiences boredom due to mental underload for most of the time and terror due to mental overload in case of emergencies. Physiological measures appear to be an attractive workload assessment approach as these can be obtained without mediation by subjective response or transformation through (secondary) performance manifestation. However, wiring drivers with sensors and electrodes is rarely feasible nor desirable and furthermore many bodily measurements lack temporal resolution required for real-time applications. Consequently, without operator-sensor contact requirements and in an era of rapidly decreasing size and increasing resolution of cameras and accelerating gains in computational power, remote eye measurements are growing in popularity as non-obtrusive and non-distracting techniques for assessing driver workload.

Alarming proportions of human errors such as misperception, information processing errors, and poor decision making are frequently identified as causes of accidents.


Recently, a wireless covert channel based on dirty constellation is proposed which modulates the secret information bits into constellation errors around the normal constellation points [6] . The additional constellation points are added into the original constellation which will be used for modulating instead of the original points. The secret information bits are represented by the selection of these additional constellation points; for example, four additional constellation points can be used to represent two secret message bits. The generation mode of these additional constellation points can be controlled by a shared secret key. However, when the detector is near the sender, the regularity of dirty constellation may result in the poor resistance to some statistical detection [17] .

Recently, a wireless covert channel based on dirty constellation is proposed which modulates the secret information bits into constellation errors around the normal constellation points.

However, when the detector is near the sender, the regularity of dirty constellation may result in the poor resistance to some statistical detection.


The Arabic version of the EPQ for assessment of patients' personality was utilized because of its validity and reliability in Egypt [23] . The EPQ is an effective personality measurement tool which analyzes the characteristics of personality structure [28] . The strengths of our study were that the personality assessments were done by the same psychologist, the questionnaires were presented to all the patients by the same interviewer, all the clinical procedures were performed by the same dentist, and all the patients completed the study. The limitations include a relatively small sample size and a lack of patients with a high extrovertism score, since the patients here do not represent the whole population.

The Arabic version of the EPQ for assessment of patients' personality was utilized because of its validity and reliability in Egypt.

The EPQ is an effective personality measurement tool which analyzes the characteristics of personality structure.


Sustainability 2017, 9, 1500 13 of 16 which shows that when sowing was performed before May 3 (MD1 and MD2), AATs were sufficient to ensure grain physiological maturity with high yield. But with continuous delay in PD (MD2-MD4), grain yield exhibited a negative correlation with AATs at this stage, and the amplitude of yield penalty reached 6.14-7.74% for every 100 °C of AAT decrease. Confirming the key measure to guarantee high yield is to ensure grain maturity before early autumn freezing with the maximum use of accumulated temperature [42] . Moreover, the decreasing solar radiation and light interception together with low temperature in latter growth stages exerted adverse effect on yield formation for the late sowing maize [18, 43] . Numerous studies have assumed that chilling injury at each growth stage will lead to varying degrees of yield reduction [13, 44, 45] . For the early sowing treatments in this study, the late spring cold slowed down maize early growth, but exerted no evident adverse effects on yield benefit. Reasons may be as following: the warming effect of film mulching could partly compensate for the lack of heat during the early stage of maize, thereby guaranteeing high emergence rate and nonfatal hurt from low temperature to seedlings; moreover, sufficient active accumulated temperature and solar radiation during maize growing season promoted the potential productivity. In the test, the yield from NM-D2 treatment appears to be about the same as the yield from MD3 treatment but less than that from MD2 treatment, which showed an evident yield benefit from film mulching. However, early autumn freezing during the reproductive stage led to considerable yield reduction. Therefore, maize should be sown in advance with film mulching in cold middle-latitude regions to avoid early autumn freezing and ensure that GP duration and AATs can meet growth requirements.

Confirming the key measure to guarantee high yield is to ensure grain maturity before early autumn freezing with the maximum use of accumulated temperature.

Moreover, the decreasing solar radiation and light interception together with low temperature in latter growth stages exerted adverse effect on yield formation for the late sowing maize.

Numerous studies have assumed that chilling injury at each growth stage will lead to varying degrees of yield reduction.


The selection of an appropriate planting time for maize belongs to the category of ecological climate adaptability with regards to the degree of interaction between growth habit and climate condition [36] . Water stress is a key factor that restricts grain yield in areas with limited irrigation, and PD mainly affects yield formation by regulating the reasonable correspondence between rainfall and GP [11] . However, in areas where chilling injury frequently occurs, the selected PD should fully use photo-thermal resources for the limited accumulated temperature [13] . The test was conducted in a cold middle-latitude region with general occurrence of late spring cold from the end of April to early May, along with the regularity of spring drought. Generally, farmers tend to delay maize planting with temperature and soil moisture under consideration. Whereas, the probability of experiencing early autumn freezing (at the end of September) was increased in the later GP of maize, hence resulting in irregular grain yields. In this study, the application of mulched drip irrigation technology provided an environment with appropriate water and fertilizer levels for maize during the entire GP. Therefore, the study mainly analyzed the effects of chilling injury from certain growth stages and AAT differences caused by various PDs on maize growth.

The selection of an appropriate planting time for maize belongs to the category of ecological climate adaptability with regards to the degree of interaction between growth habit and climate condition.

Water stress is a key factor that restricts grain yield in areas with limited irrigation, and PD mainly affects yield formation by regulating the reasonable correspondence between rainfall and GP.

However, in areas where chilling injury frequently occurs, the selected PD should fully use photo-thermal resources for the limited accumulated temperature.


Maize is highly sensitive to chilling injury, which mainly affects crop growth by changing crop root activity, enzyme activity, and photosynthetic rate [37, 38] . The chilling injury at the seedling (MD1) or sowing-VE (MD2) stages delayed maize jointing or emergence, but the GP (>150 days) met the growth demand and ensured grain physiological maturity. Nevertheless, the maize sowed after May 12 (MD3 and MD4) suffered from early autumn freezing at latter growth stages, resulting in significant shortening in GP duration and increase in grain moisture content with failing to reach physiological maturity. The results verified the previous viewpoint that early autumn freezing is detrimental to maize growth [2, 39] . On the basis of the maize growth and yield indexes with different PDs, a delay in PD was found to cause weak individual growth and reduced proportion of dry matter in ears (Table 4) , which were not conducive to the formation of economic output ( Table 5) . The results coincided with Dong's viewpoints [40] .

Maize is highly sensitive to chilling injury, which mainly affects crop growth by changing crop root activity, enzyme activity, and photosynthetic rate.

The results verified the previous viewpoint that early autumn freezing is detrimental to maize growth.

The results coincided with Dong's viewpoints.


Planting date significantly affected the AAT distribution. The AATs in maize's entire GP decreased with the delay in PD under MD 1 -MD 4 , and the difference mainly manifested during the reproductive growth stage. At this stage, AATs decreased by an average of 96.6 • C for every 10 days of PD delay (Table 3) . Whether the AATs in maize reproductive growth stage could meet the growth demand is a key factor in yield formation for the significant effects on grain filling and dehydration process [13, 41] . The relationship between maize yield and AATs in this stage is analyzed in Figure 9 , which shows that when sowing was performed before May 3 (MD 1 and MD 2 ), AATs were sufficient to ensure grain physiological maturity with high yield. But with continuous delay in PD (MD 2 -MD 4 ), grain yield exhibited a negative correlation with AATs at this stage, and the amplitude of yield penalty reached 6.14-7.74% for every 100 • C of AAT decrease. Confirming the key measure to guarantee high yield is to ensure grain maturity before early autumn freezing with the maximum use of accumulated temperature [42] . Moreover, the decreasing solar radiation and light interception together with low temperature in latter growth stages exerted adverse effect on yield formation for the late sowing maize [18, 43] .

Whether the AATs in maize reproductive growth stage could meet the growth demand is a key factor in yield formation for the significant effects on grain filling and dehydration process.

Confirming the key measure to guarantee high yield is to ensure grain maturity before early autumn freezing with the maximum use of accumulated temperature.

Moreover, the decreasing solar radiation and light interception together with low temperature in latter growth stages exerted adverse effect on yield formation for the late sowing maize.


Maize is highly sensitive to chilling injury, which mainly affects crop growth by changing crop root activity, enzyme activity, and photosynthetic rate [37, 38] . The chilling injury at the seedling (MD 1 ) or sowing-VE (MD 2 ) stages delayed maize jointing or emergence, but the GP (>150 days) met the growth demand and ensured grain physiological maturity. Nevertheless, the maize sowed after May 12 (MD 3 and MD 4 ) suffered from early autumn freezing at latter growth stages, resulting in significant shortening in GP duration and increase in grain moisture content with failing to reach physiological maturity. The results verified the previous viewpoint that early autumn freezing is detrimental to maize growth [2, 39] . On the basis of the maize growth and yield indexes with different PDs, a delay in PD was found to cause weak individual growth and reduced proportion of dry matter in ears (Table 4) , which were not conducive to the formation of economic output ( Table 5) . The results coincided with Dong's viewpoints [40] .

Maize is highly sensitive to chilling injury, which mainly affects crop growth by changing crop root activity, enzyme activity, and photosynthetic rate.

The results verified the previous viewpoint that early autumn freezing is detrimental to maize growth.

The results coincided with Dong's viewpoints.


Einstein tried to reformulate Maxwell's equations in a way that would take into consideration inertial frames moving relative to each other at velocity v, but his attempts were unsuccessful [13] . Consequently, he assumed that Maxwell's wave equation with its single explicit velocity (c) was one of the laws of physics that was valid in all inertial frames and, as a result, the speed of light was independent of the relative velocity of source and the observer when they were in two different inertial frames. I have reformulated Maxwell's wave equation so that it takes into consideration the changes in spatial characteristics of electromagnetic waves observed when there is relative motion be inertial frame that includes the source and the inertial frame that includes the observer.

Einstein tried to reformulate Maxwell's equations in a way that would take into consideration inertial frames moving relative to each other at velocity v, but his attempts were unsuccessful.


Accessibility and usability are basic features in the design of any system offering universal access to anyone, including the differently-abled. Accessibility permits users to reach on-line application content, while usability provides simple, efficient and satisfying navigation and interaction. According to the ISO definition of usability, an interface should allow the user to achieve a target goal (effectiveness) in the best (efficient) and fully satisfying way [4] . Important properties for website usability concern navigability as well as interaction. An interface should satisfy peoples' needs (utility), be easy to use in a gradual learning process (learnability and memorability) and limit user error (few and easily remedied errors) [9] .

According to the ISO definition of usability, an interface should allow the user to achieve a target goal (effectiveness) in the best (efficient) and fully satisfying way.

An interface should satisfy peoples' needs (utility), be easy to use in a gradual learning process (learnability and memorability) and limit user error (few and easily remedied errors).


This strongly suggests that one might first want to control the derivative corrections in the -much simpler -abelian case, possibly obtaining all order expressions. A direct calculation through string scattering amplitudes is very hard. Past experience with the calculation of the α ′ -corrections to the bulk equations of motion showed that the calculation of β-functions in the corresponding non-linear σ-model is a particularly powerful approach, [29] . When reformulated in N = (2, 2) superspace, the calculation greatly simplifies, [30] .

Past experience with the calculation of the α ′ -corrections to the bulk equations of motion showed that the calculation of β-functions in the corresponding non-linear σ-model is a particularly powerful approach.

When reformulated in N = (2, 2) superspace, the calculation greatly simplifies.


Because of the defects in seed development and reduced pollen tube elongation, homozygous 35S : 2ox2 plants could only be isolated for a single independent line. This line, 35S : 2ox2 / 28c, exhibits relatively subtle reproductive phenotypes and does not possess a detectable defect in seed development. In this homozygous line, all pollen tubes carry the 35S : 2ox2 / 28c transgene and exhibit reduced growth, although at least some do eventually reach the base of the ovary. The fact that all pollen tubes behave similarly leads to significant experimental advantages and this line has consequently formed the basis of detailed in vivo and in vitro analysis that has confirmed the 35S : 2ox2 transgene causes reduced pollen tube growth. Consistent with an essential role for GAs in pollen tube elongation, this phenotype can be partially or completely suppressed by reducing expression from the 35S : 2ox2 transgene, or by increasing GA levels or response in pollen tubes (Singh et al. 2002; Swain et al. 2004; Swain and Singh 2005) . The reduced growth of 35S : 2ox2 / 28c pollen tubes, combined with the structure of the Arabidopsis ovary, has a dramatic effect on seed set and consequently on fruit development. As ovules are only able to be fertilised for a limited period after anthesis, 35S : 2ox2 / 28c pollen tubes have a reduced ability to reach and fertilise ovules, particularly those farthest from the stigma. This leads to a distinctive fruit phenotype: in the majority of siliques seeds are only present near the stigma. The reduced seed set leads to a reduction in final fruit length, to about half the length of self-pollinated WT fruit. Reciprocal crosses between WT and 35S : 2ox2 / 28c plants demonstrate that the 35S : 2ox2 / 28c phenotype is entirely due to reduced pollen tube growth, rather than a direct effect of the 35S : 2ox2 transgene on ovule, seed or fruit development.

Consistent with an essential role for GAs in pollen tube elongation, this phenotype can be partially or completely suppressed by reducing expression from the 35S : 2ox2 transgene, or by increasing GA levels or response in pollen tubes.


Such systems feature two key resources, namely storage and bandwidth. Ideally, one would like to utilize storage by pre-loading content replicas at individual servers, in such a way that bandwidth of all servers is available to serve any incoming request. In other words, a challenge in engineering such systems is to create content replicas so that bandwidth can be used maximally. Several strategies for content replication have been considered: uniform replication does not discriminate between contents; proportional replication tunes the number of replicas to the average number of requests, and automatically arises at cache memories when the so-called random-useful cache eviction method is used (it is also approximately achieved by the classical least-recentlyused eviction rule [21] ).

Several strategies for content replication have been considered: uniform replication does not discriminate between contents; proportional replication tunes the number of replicas to the average number of requests, and automatically arises at cache memories when the so-called random-useful cache eviction method is used (it is also approximately achieved by the classical least-recentlyused eviction rule).


Currently, there are still different ideas about the management of acute type B aortic dissections. Generally, medical treatment is preferred when there are no lifethreatening complications [1] . In contrast surgical intervention for acute type B aortic dissection has been reserved for complications such as aneurismal rupture, end organ malperfusion and failure of conservative management. In such special cases mortality ranges from 25-50% [2] . Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) which was first applied to abdominal aortic aneurysms in the early 1990s and to descending aorta aneurysms later on, has currently achieve the treatment of choice for acute type B dissection [2] . Several studies demonstrated technical feasibility of endovascular approaches even to tackle the difficult clinical scenario of type B dissection [3] [4] [5] . However, we suggest that patients may benefit from surgical stand by in the event of acute blood loss or dramatic aortic rupture.

Generally, medical treatment is preferred when there are no lifethreatening complications.

In such special cases mortality ranges from 25-50%.

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) which was first applied to abdominal aortic aneurysms in the early 1990s and to descending aorta aneurysms later on, has currently achieve the treatment of choice for acute type B dissection.

Several studies demonstrated technical feasibility of endovascular approaches even to tackle the difficult clinical scenario of type B dissection.


Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received considerable attention as an alternative treatment modality in human cancer [11] . In particular, it is widely accepted that PDT has therapeutic effects on melanoma, leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) [12] [13] [14] [15] . The merits of PDT include selective treatment of disease sites, simple surgical procedure, and minimal damage. PDT includes two individually non-toxic components: light and a photosensitizer. Photosensitizers are taken up by tumor cells and are subsequently activated by light, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causing cell death [16] . However, PDT has only shown limited success because of unanticipated side effects and insufficient tumor selectivity. Because of these shortcomings, clinical adoption of PDT has been partially successful only on superficially located cancers such as skin cancer or OSCC.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received considerable attention as an alternative treatment modality in human cancer.

In particular, it is widely accepted that PDT has therapeutic effects on melanoma, leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Photosensitizers are taken up by tumor cells and are subsequently activated by light, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causing cell death.


The combined aircraft-radar dataset that was obtained on 22 June 1998 demonstrates the complexity of hail production in time-evolving multicell thunderstorms. Although the T-28 encountered several bursts of centimeter-diameter graupel within the general storm-inflow region, only those particles that were positioned so that they could be drawn into an established updraft were able to complete their growth into hail. However, this updraft was weakening with time, and so effective hail production was further restricted to those embryos that reached the older updraft while its areal extent and intensity were still capable of providing adequate final hail-growth conditions (Nelson 1983) .

However, this updraft was weakening with time, and so effective hail production was further restricted to those embryos that reached the older updraft while its areal extent and intensity were still capable of providing adequate final hail-growth conditions.


Fish belonging to the family Scombridae are considered as fat fish with the fat content ranging from 10 to 20%. Mackerel and sardine contain important amounts of lipids (7.1 and 5.7 g/100 g). The differences, if they exist, may be explained by the large variability of the oil level in the fish flesh, which depends on the species, period of the year, age, size, gender, reproduction period, fishing zone or breeding method, the specific species, food and even particularly large individual variability (Sirot et al. 2008) .

The differences, if they exist, may be explained by the large variability of the oil level in the fish flesh, which depends on the species, period of the year, age, size, gender, reproduction period, fishing zone or breeding method, the specific species, food and even particularly large individual variability.


Ice-glazing is applied to protect the frozen fishery products from undesirable quality changes during frozen storage. The predominant quality changes are caused by oxidation, denaturation of proteins and recrystallization of ice crystals. These can result in off-flavours, rancidity, dehydration, weight loss, loss of juiciness, drip loss and toughening, as well as microbial spoilage (Jacobsen and Fossan 2001) . Layer of ice prevents access of air to the product surface and thus reduces the degree of oxidation. Glaze is usually applied at a rate of 4 to 10% depending on the product, although the range varies from 2 to 20%. In extreme cases, on some marine products, observed rate was from 25 to 40% of glaze. Adequate glazing (6-10%) of fish fillets prior to frozen storage protects the final product from dehydration, oxidation and quality loss. Excessive glazing (> 12%) on the other hand may significantly affect the economic value and end user satisfaction of frozen fish fillets (Vanhaecke et al. 2010) .

These can result in off-flavours, rancidity, dehydration, weight loss, loss of juiciness, drip loss and toughening, as well as microbial spoilage.

Excessive glazing (> 12%) on the other hand may significantly affect the economic value and end user satisfaction of frozen fish fillets.


In low-pressure plasmas, the total current in the bulk region is carried mostly by electrons [25, 26] . This is mainly because the electron mobility is larger than that of ions by ∼50 folds, and the electron density is comparable to the ion density. This situation is changed in atmospheric-pressure plasmas, because most voltage drops in the sheath where the ion density is much larger than the electron density, so much energy is coupled to the ions which may not be ignored. In particular, CAPs are much easier to be electronegative compared to their low-pressure counterparts due to the frequency collisions between electrons and the working gases, and in that case the ion density may be much larger than the electron density, resulting in even larger portion of the discharge energy coupled to the ions. In order to elucidate the energy dissipation characteristics in different kinds of CAPs, we plot in Fig. 4 the spatiotemporal distributions of electron-and ion-coupling power densities for He + N 2 and He + O 2 CAPs, with respect to the impurity fractions of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10%. P e and P i are the numerical results for electron-coupling power density and ion-coupling power density, respectively.

In low-pressure plasmas, the total current in the bulk region is carried mostly by electrons.