It is proposed that producing perennial biofuel crops on degraded agricultural land or otherwise "marginal" land will reduce competition with food crops, maintain wildlife habitat, and minimize effects on carbon storage [9, 12, 15] . However, no studies to date test the long-term sustainability of harvesting biomass on such lands. Recent ecological work suggests that low-input, high-diversity (LIHD) systems on degraded prairie and abandoned agricultural land have higher annual aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) than do unmanaged monocultures grown on the same lands [9, 16] . ANPP is defined as the aboveground component of the net amount of carbon assimilated by a defined area of vegetation over a defined period of time [10] . In the course of this study, ANPP is discussed on an annual basis.

It is proposed that producing perennial biofuel crops on degraded agricultural land or otherwise "marginal" land will reduce competition with food crops, maintain wildlife habitat, and minimize effects on carbon storage.

Recent ecological work suggests that low-input, high-diversity (LIHD) systems on degraded prairie and abandoned agricultural land have higher annual aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) than do unmanaged monocultures grown on the same lands.

ANPP is defined as the aboveground component of the net amount of carbon assimilated by a defined area of vegetation over a defined period of time.


There are a number of important implications of these data. This is the first human study to show that timing of the first enteral feeding might be critical to intestinal inflammation and the development on neonatal diseases independent of gestational age and severity of illness. We postulate that one of the mechanism by which delayed introduction of enteral feedings influences intestinal inflammation is by altering colonization of the GI tract and thereby contributing to impaired immune ontogeny and inflammatory responses. Another contributory explanation is the concomitant reliance on parenteral nutrition until feedings are well established. In human and animal studies, the exposure to parenteral nutrition leads to a proinflammatory phenotype including enhanced intestinal inflammatory responses with the transition to enteral feedings [30] , [31] , [32] .

In human and animal studies, the exposure to parenteral nutrition leads to a proinflammatory phenotype including enhanced intestinal inflammatory responses with the transition to enteral feedings.


At present there is limited theoretical underpinning as to the causal nature of human errors in design and construction [9] . The suggestion that BIM will reduce human errors during design is therefore misleading, considering the array of exogenous and endogenous variables influencing a designer's cognition and ability to perform tasks [3] . Many design firms, in particular, fail to undertake appropriate design reviews, verifications and audits and as a consequence have limited understanding about errors and their impact on project performance [11] .

At present there is limited theoretical underpinning as to the causal nature of human errors in design and construction.

The suggestion that BIM will reduce human errors during design is therefore misleading, considering the array of exogenous and endogenous variables influencing a designer's cognition and ability to perform tasks.

Many design firms, in particular, fail to undertake appropriate design reviews, verifications and audits and as a consequence have limited understanding about errors and their impact on project performance.


Both scenarios were created with SUMO [40] . Therefore, they includes realistic mobility patterns such as vehicle overtaking, lane changing, and relies on the wellknown car-following mobility model. Vehicles' speeds vary according to the density considered by following the Krauß mobility model, i.e., the higher the density is, the slower vehicles move.

Both scenarios were created with SUMO.


We have studied the possibilities to obtain information on the values of sin 2 θ 13 and sin 2 θ 23 , and on the sign of ∆m 2 31 using the data on atmospheric neutrinos, which can be obtained in experiments with detectors able to measure the charge of the muon produced in the charged current (CC) reaction by atmospheric ν µ orν µ (MINOS, INO, etc). The indicated oscillation parameters control the magnitude of the Earth matter effects in the subdominant oscillations, ν µ → ν e (ν e → ν µ ) andν µ →ν e (ν e →ν µ ), of the multi-GeV (E ∼ (2 − 10) GeV) atmospheric neutrinos. As observable which is most sensitive to the Earth matter effects, and thus to the value of sin 2 θ 13 and and the sign of ∆m 2 31 , as well as to sin 2 θ 23 , we have considered the Nadir-angle (θ n ) distribution of the ratio N(µ − )/N(µ + ) of the multi-GeV µ − and µ + event rates, and the corresponding µ − − µ + event rate asymmetry A µ − µ + , eq. (24) . The systematic uncertainty, in particular, in the Nadir angle dependence of N(µ − )/N(µ + ) and of the asymmetry A µ − µ + , can be smaller than those on the measured Nadir angle distributions of the rates of µ − and µ + events, N(µ − ) and N(µ + ). We have obtained predictions for the cos θ n distribution of the asymmetry A µ − µ + (and of the ratio N(µ − )/N(µ + )) in the case of 3-neutrino oscillations of the atmospheric ν µ ,ν µ , ν e andν e , both for neutrino mass spectra with normal (∆m 8 Note that A 2ν µ − µ + > 0. This is a consequence of the fact that the ν µ DIS cross section is approximately by a factor 2 bigger than theν µ DIS cross section and that the fluxes of atmospheric ν µ andν µ , (ν e andν e ) do not differ considerably.

As observable which is most sensitive to the Earth matter effects, and thus to the value of sin 2 θ 13 and and the sign of ∆m 2 31 , as well as to sin 2 θ 23 , we have considered the Nadir-angle (θ n ) distribution of the ratio N(µ − )/N(µ + ) of the multi-GeV µ − and µ + event rates, and the corresponding µ − − µ + event rate asymmetry A µ − µ + , eq..


Synthesis gas (or syngas)-primarily a mixture of H 2 and CO-is one of the most promising sustainable energy carriers when produced from renewable resources. It offers an exceptional energy density and is a universal precursor for the production of a very broad variety of chemical substances like polymers, or methanol and especially gaseous and liquid synthetic fuels via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and related processes [1] [2] [3] . Syngas can also be combusted for electricity generation in highly efficient combined Brayton-Rankine cycles [4] .

It offers an exceptional energy density and is a universal precursor for the production of a very broad variety of chemical substances like polymers, or methanol and especially gaseous and liquid synthetic fuels via the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and related processes.

Syngas can also be combusted for electricity generation in highly efficient combined Brayton-Rankine cycles.


We examined the effects of preinjury SD and no SD on recovery of hind-limb motor function using a modified beam walk task; results are plotted in Figure 1 . For each test day (baseline and PDs 4, 7, and 14), we calculated beam speed as the distance traveled on the beam divided by time to reach the goal box or fall from the beam. There was a significant effect of day (Greenhouse-Geisser F(1.64,37.81) = 29.99, p < 0.001). All rats were able to traverse the length of the beam at comparable speeds (no significant differences) at baseline. Following CCI, however, few rats were able to reach the goal box before falling off the beam, making the distance each rat traveled variable. Thus, we presented these data as speed measurements rather than latency. We conducted separate pairwise comparisons using t-tests between baseline and PDs 4, 7, and 14 for each group. Based on ttests, beam speeds were significantly slower between baseline and PD 4 for all groups (SD+CCI: t(6) = 5.67, p = 0.01; no SD+CCI: t(5) = 4.89, p < 0.01; NH+CCI: t(5) = 5.51, p < 0.01; NH+sham: t(7) = 4.18, p < 0.01). We expected no effect of surgery on performance in the NH+sham group. At PD 4, however, there appeared to be a significant effect of the craniotomy alone as has been reported by others [29] . On PD 7, the no SD+CCI group remained significantly (t(5) = 3.18, p < 0.05) slower than baseline speeds, while we found no significant differences in speed comparing baseline and PD 7 for any other group. This suggests that recovery had occurred by PD 7 in all groups except the no SD+CCI group. Also, we found no significant differences in speed for any groups between baseline and PD 14 (p > 0.05). There was no interaction between group × day (Greenhouse-Geisser F(4.93,37.8) = 0.996, p > 0.05). There were no significant differences between groups (F(1.88) = 3, p > 0.05). Speeds gradually increased from PD 4 to 14 for all groups, with all groups reaching speeds comparable with baseline by PD 14 (p > 0.05).

At PD 4, however, there appeared to be a significant effect of the craniotomy alone as has been reported by others.


During the first part of this work we have conducted extensive electromagnetic numerical simulations of TPs, using a commercial full-wave software tool, that have already been discussed elsewhere [18] . We have used these simulations to study various EM effects that can mask and/or modify the performance of the pupils and to analyze the near-field (NF) as well as the far-field (FF) response. We then used these EM simulations to prepare more comprehensive laboratory testing, and the purpose of this paper is thus to discuss a series of experimental tests conducted at 20 GHz that significantly extend and improve previous laboratory investigations [14, 20] . Our results again confirm Toraldo di Francia's model and also suggest that TPs should be investigated as a potential tool to achieve superresolution on a radio telescope.

During the first part of this work we have conducted extensive electromagnetic numerical simulations of TPs, using a commercial full-wave software tool, that have already been discussed elsewhere.

We then used these EM simulations to prepare more comprehensive laboratory testing, and the purpose of this paper is thus to discuss a series of experimental tests conducted at 20 GHz that significantly extend and improve previous laboratory investigations.


The mechanisms of biofilm detachment are poorly understood and yet are of fundamental importance in the analysis of biofilm processes. It is critically important to be able to quantify baseline levels of detachment during steady-state cultivation in order to be able to study the effect of perturbations (for example increased shear, introduction of disinfection agents) on biofilm detachment particularly in the period of cultivation prior to the introduction of such perturbations. Previous studies have shown that detachment occurs throughout biofilm development and it is incorrect to assume that detachment occurs only after the biofilm has matured [16, 17] . This suggests that that biofilm formation is a mechanism for proliferation in addition to the role in survival typically mentioned in the literature [18] . The objective of this article was to study biofilm reproducibility in steady-state mixedculture biofilm operation with a particular emphasis on detachment rate. Previous studies in this area have focused on the reproducibility, as quantified by biofilm structural parameters [19] [20] [21] . In particular it was suggested that sloughing events influence the development of biofilm structure. Accordingly, reproducibility, as measured by structural parameters, is likely to decrease over cultivation time due to the stochastic nature of sloughing events [21, 22] . The novel aspect of the present study is the development of a framework to assess reproducibility in the context of detachment rate but recognizing that detached particles have a highly variable size distribution. A primary objective was to quantify the size distribution and detachment rate during steady-state (baseline) biofilm cultivation in flow cell replicates and assess reproducibility. A second objective was to examine the characteristics of detachment following changes in shear conditions.

Previous studies have shown that detachment occurs throughout biofilm development and it is incorrect to assume that detachment occurs only after the biofilm has matured.

This suggests that that biofilm formation is a mechanism for proliferation in addition to the role in survival typically mentioned in the literature.

Previous studies in this area have focused on the reproducibility, as quantified by biofilm structural parameters.

Accordingly, reproducibility, as measured by structural parameters, is likely to decrease over cultivation time due to the stochastic nature of sloughing events.


Mixed culture biofilms were cultivated in flow cells to study detachment behaviour. The focus of the study was not on the effect of biofilm properties or cultivation time on detachment as is extensively reported recently [41] [42] [43] . Rather, the results established that reproducibility with respect to detachment was possible, provided appropriate methods were used to classify detached particles. This conclusion was established by undertaking frequent sampling over a six hour base-line period following 4 days of cultivation at a wall shear stress of 5.1 mPa, biofilms in flow cell triplicates. During this period sloughing events were negligible and erosion dominated. It was found that at a shear stress of 21.8 mPa the frequency of erosion and sloughing remained constant. However at 43.6 mPa the frequency of erosion events increased 57-fold and the frequency of sloughing events increased 250-fold. The step increases in shear stress was associated with sharp increase in the average size of sloughed particles. The results emphasize the importance of particle size analysis in the study of biofilm detachment.

The focus of the study was not on the effect of biofilm properties or cultivation time on detachment as is extensively reported recently.


Botrychium lunaria is the only diploid species other than B. crenulatum possessing the broad pinna shape predicted for the non-B. campestre/ lineare parent of B. ascendens. The American genotype of B. lunaria is homozygous at five loci (Tpi-1, Tpi-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Skdh-1) for alleles not present in B. ascendens, and fails to provide the complimentary allele missing from B. campestre/lineare at an additional locus (Aat-1). The European genotype of B. lunaria is similar to that of B. crenulatum, but does not contain the Mdh-2 allele uniquely present in B. crenulatum and B. acendens (Stensvold 2008) .

The European genotype of B. lunaria is similar to that of B. crenulatum, but does not contain the Mdh-2 allele uniquely present in B. crenulatum and B. acendens.


This aligns with European guidelines in teaching quality assurance, which state that institutions should have ways of satisfying themselves that staff involved in teaching students are qualified and competent to do so. These guidelines recommend that 'institutions should provide poor teachers with opportunities to improve their skills to an acceptable level and should have the means to remove them from their teaching duties if they continue to be demonstrably ineffective' (ENQA 2009, 17) . This emphasis on accountability has often resulted in an increased interest in SET that follows none of the recommendations for good practice, and can lead to the inevitable tension between the bureaucratic and responsive approaches to accountability (Gleeson and Donnabháin 2009) . Potentially disruptive reactions amongst teaching staff can then follow as individual views clash with the organisational drive for change (Risquez and Moore 2013) .

This emphasis on accountability has often resulted in an increased interest in SET that follows none of the recommendations for good practice, and can lead to the inevitable tension between the bureaucratic and responsive approaches to accountability.

Potentially disruptive reactions amongst teaching staff can then follow as individual views clash with the organisational drive for change.


However, the main reason why the progressive transition towards online administration methods in the last decade has challenged the credibility of SET relates to sample representation. It is widely acknowledged that, provided there is high class attendance -which in itself is a substantial assumption -paper-and-pencil administrations tend to yield higher response rates (Avery et al. 2006; Bennett and Nair 2010; Dresel and Tinsner 2008; Morrison 2011; Nulty 2008; Perrett 2011; Sax, Gilmartin, and Bryant 2003) . This is due, of course, to the use of a 'captive audience' targeted during in-class evaluations, where the instructor or personnel from an educational development centre circulate and collect evaluation forms. These issues bring to light the importance of investing in educational research that informs practice and reassures sceptical faculty about the quality of the feedback that they receive.

It is widely acknowledged that, provided there is high class attendance -which in itself is a substantial assumption -paper-and-pencil administrations tend to yield higher response rates.


According to the Internet World Stats in June 2016, the number of Internet users in Jordan approximately equals 5,700,000 (73.6% of Jordanian population). The awareness of Internet importance in Jordan has risen in different regions such as education. By a variety of measures, Internet is an essential part of almost college student's life [11] .

By a variety of measures, Internet is an essential part of almost college student's life.


In contrast, allied health professionals reported the most positive perceptions of employee relations. Although they were not the highest status group in the hospital (medical), in the context of the organization, interviews showed that allied health staff had good levels of morale in comparison to other groups of staff. Over the past decade, major efforts have been made to develop a strong source of group identification, "allied health professionals", for the various clinical (but not medical or nursing) staff working in hospitals. This strong inter-group identity may act as a buffer against the stress of organizational change (Terry et al., 1996) . Also, in this particular change context, issues such as competition for resources and downsizing were not as relevant to allied health professionals as they were for other groups.

This strong inter-group identity may act as a buffer against the stress of organizational change.


There was no evidence of multicollinearity among the variables in either data set. None of the variables was significantly skewed with the exception of the absenteeism data in study one (skew ¼ 14:70, SE ¼ 0:085). This common problem is due to the number of staff who have zero days absent (Hemingway and Smith, 1999) . Even with various types of transformation, the distribution did not approach normality, meaning that a key assumption for statistical analysis would be violated. These data were re-coded into a dichotomous variable (0 ¼ not absent, 1 ¼ absent) so that the data could still be investigated for group differences using a non-parametric test.

This common problem is due to the number of staff who have zero days absent.


Upper level staff demonstrated better adjustment during change in relation to higher levels of organizational commitment. Commitment is generally higher among more senior staff (Ahmad, 2000; O'Driscoll and Randall, 1999) . Commitment may be higher on the part of more senior members of staff because the pro-social, extra-role behaviours and higher level of performance associated with higher commitment would have been instrumental in securing promotion for such individuals (Bennett and Durkin, 2000) . Lower level staff reported greater turnover intentions. However, this result should be interpreted with caution as the effect was not significant using the conventional criteria (p , 0:05).

Commitment is generally higher among more senior staff.

Commitment may be higher on the part of more senior members of staff because the pro-social, extra-role behaviours and higher level of performance associated with higher commitment would have been instrumental in securing promotion for such individuals.


The aim of study two was to test the prediction that higher status occupational groups would be more positive in their reports of perceptions of climate, change appraisals and indicators of employee adjustment during change. Despite the surprisingly small number of differences, the results confirmed that hospital "micro-climates" based on occupational groups may have some influence on employee attitudes (Degeling et al., 1998) . In examining the differences that were found, a pattern of results that provide some support for the hypothesis was evident. Non-clinical staff were more likely than other groups to report more negative perceptions of climate and change. They reported the highest levels of change stress and the poorest evaluations of the effectiveness of employee relations within the hospital. These results may be explained by the fact that non-clinical (support) staff were the lowest status group, and hence were likely to fare worse than the other occupational groups during organizational change, particularly in relation to downsizing and the amount of political influence they could to exert.

Despite the surprisingly small number of differences, the results confirmed that hospital "micro-climates" based on occupational groups may have some influence on employee attitudes.


Furthermore, it was not our objective to prove any one RaCM configuration superior. We are only concerned with obtaining comparable data to show that synergy exists. At the start of a simulation run, the simulator does not immediately exhibit typical behaviour of the system, primarily due to starting conditions [13, 12, 11] . We inspected our performance results for the simulation runs and identified an initial transient time after which we could start considering data samples to be representative. The initial samples, assumed to be biased, were not considered to compute performance statistics [13] . By plotting the mean number of connections active in the system over time, the initial transient was identified.

At the start of a simulation run, the simulator does not immediately exhibit typical behaviour of the system, primarily due to starting conditions.

The initial samples, assumed to be biased, were not considered to compute performance statistics.


Our study includes 207 morbidly obese patients who underwent LSG from 2006 to 2012 and data were collected prospectively. All patients were re ferred for the operation after the consensus of a mul tidisciplinary team, which consisted of the surgeon, an internal specialist in obesitology/diabetology and a psychologist, and in agreement with the Interdis ciplinary European Guidelines for Surgery of Severe Obesity [12] . Before the operation, all patients were required to undergo the entire range of blood labo ratory tests, electrocardiogram, pulmonary function test, gastroscopy, upper gastrointestinal Xray, ab dominal ultrasound, psychological examination and detailed education about the sleeve gastrectomy technique and its consequences.

All patients were re ferred for the operation after the consensus of a mul tidisciplinary team, which consisted of the surgeon, an internal specialist in obesitology/diabetology and a psychologist, and in agreement with the Interdis ciplinary European Guidelines for Surgery of Severe Obesity.


There are other known differences in nonpecuniary attributes between THS and non-THS jobs, although some may favor THS jobs. For example, THS jobs may allow greater schedule flexibility, which could be of particular value for those holding multiple jobs. For other workers, the irregularity of work hours might be a net disadvantage. One of the major challenges in empirically testing the theory of compensating differentials is that it requires a prior specification of job characteristics that are less desirable for the marginal worker (Smith, 1979; Rosen, 1986) .

One of the major challenges in empirically testing the theory of compensating differentials is that it requires a prior specification of job characteristics that are less desirable for the marginal worker.


Methods that reorganize the order of steps focus mainly on the location of the information used to justify a given step. Clearly, premises that are used to justify a step have to be previously derived in the proof, but this information can be located somewhere far away in the proof, or within a close neighborhood of the step that refers to it. We focus mainly on this aspect of legibility. According to models of cognitive perception of read material and the Behaghel's First Law, we follow this principle: elements that belong close together intellectually will also be placed close together [3] . With Behaghel's law in mind, we assume that a reference which connects a premise and a step that uses it in the justification is more comprehensive if between the premise and the step only few other steps occur. The exact number of these other intermediary steps that can appear without significant loss of readability is different for different readers. But the opinions of several users of the Mizar database seem to suggest that the number might be fixed for every person.

According to models of cognitive perception of read material and the Behaghel's First Law, we follow this principle: elements that belong close together intellectually will also be placed close together.


Hyperadrenocorticism, commonly known as Cushing's syndrome (CS), is an endocrine disorder with many similarities between dogs and humans [1] . In both species, most cases of naturally-occurring disease result from adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreting pituitary adenomas, while remaining cases often result from cortisolsecreting adrenal tumors [2, 3] . Regardless of etiology, clinical signs are usually a result of increased circulating cortisol concentrations. Dermatologic manifestations are frequent and can include thin skin, easy bruising, hyperpigmentation, and recurrent infections [4] . The catabolic effects of cortisol often lead to muscle wasting and central obesity resulting in a classic "Cushingoid" appearance. Serious consequences such as hypertension, dyslipidemias, and thromboembolism are reported in both species [2, 5] .

Hyperadrenocorticism, commonly known as Cushing's syndrome (CS), is an endocrine disorder with many similarities between dogs and humans.

In both species, most cases of naturally-occurring disease result from adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreting pituitary adenomas, while remaining cases often result from cortisolsecreting adrenal tumors.

Dermatologic manifestations are frequent and can include thin skin, easy bruising, hyperpigmentation, and recurrent infections.

Serious consequences such as hypertension, dyslipidemias, and thromboembolism are reported in both species.


Proteases are multifunctional enzymes and represent a fundamental group of enzymes due to diversity of their physiological roles and biotechnological applications [1] . These enzymes are extremely important in the pharmaceutical, medical, food, and biotechnology industries, accounting for nearly 60% of the whole enzyme market [2] . It has been estimated that microbial proteases represent approximately 40% of the total worldwide enzyme sales [3] . Fungi are a potential source of proteases due to their broad biochemical diversity, their susceptibility to genetic manipulation, high productivity, and being extracellular and are easily recoverable from the fermentation medium [1, 4] .

Proteases are multifunctional enzymes and represent a fundamental group of enzymes due to diversity of their physiological roles and biotechnological applications.

These enzymes are extremely important in the pharmaceutical, medical, food, and biotechnology industries, accounting for nearly 60% of the whole enzyme market.

It has been estimated that microbial proteases represent approximately 40% of the total worldwide enzyme sales.

Fungi are a potential source of proteases due to their broad biochemical diversity, their susceptibility to genetic manipulation, high productivity, and being extracellular and are easily recoverable from the fermentation medium.


Our study found that interpreters felt they play a significant role in assisting healthcare providers in delivering safe and high quality care to patients with LEP. Interestingly, this role had several dimensions that extended beyond simply bridging the communication gap between patients and healthcare providers. Interpreters viewed their work as integral to ensuring that patients understood the care they were about to receive and could engage in treatment recommendations and decisions. In particular, they highlighted their impact on reducing hazards inherent to high-risk tasks such as diagnosis, medication counseling, care transitions, and the informed consent process [7] . Importantly, some interpreters described "speaking up" when they saw significant patient safety issues as a component of their role in promoting patient safety. They fulfilled this function in a number of ways, ranging from simply altering the tone in which they interpreted, for example by framing a statement as question to prompt clarification, to explicitly raising a safety concern with a healthcare provider. Speaking up required that interpreters navigate the boundaries of their role as they are typically trained to act as a conduit, a model that requires that the interpreter aim to become "invisible" in the interaction between patient and healthcare provider [23] .

In particular, they highlighted their impact on reducing hazards inherent to high-risk tasks such as diagnosis, medication counseling, care transitions, and the informed consent process.

Speaking up required that interpreters navigate the boundaries of their role as they are typically trained to act as a conduit, a model that requires that the interpreter aim to become "invisible" in the interaction between patient and healthcare provider.


In addition to documenting the traditional knowledge of the farmers, it is important to understand the ecological mechanisms behind their practices (Gliessman, 1981; Vanek, 1989; De Walt, 1994) . This is vital to application of traditional practices to new situations. For example, understanding the mechanisms involved in the utilization of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) for soil and moisture conservation in India, allowed farmers around the world to adopt and benefit from this traditional practice (Greenfield, 1989) .

In addition to documenting the traditional knowledge of the farmers, it is important to understand the ecological mechanisms behind their practices.

For example, understanding the mechanisms involved in the utilization of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) for soil and moisture conservation in India, allowed farmers around the world to adopt and benefit from this traditional practice.


In the highlands of Guatemala, traditional farmers have, until recently, faced few pest problems. The apparent lack of pests may be due to cultural practices used for centuries by Mayan farmers. The recent increase in pest populations is likely due to application of pesticides to the non-traditional crops that have been introduced over the last two decades (Morales et al., 1994) . Traditional practices could present sustainable alternatives to the use of pesticides in both traditional and non-traditional crops.

The recent increase in pest populations is likely due to application of pesticides to the non-traditional crops that have been introduced over the last two decades.


This paper presents a target zone model based on two extensions of Krugman's [23] model. These extensions are the introduction of intramarginal interventions and the lack of credibility of the target zone. These two features had been 14 analyzed separately by the literature. Here, we show that both extensions are sufficient to reconcile the model with the data. The leaning against the wind policy derived from the time-consistent intramarginal intervention produces a positive relation between exchange rates and interest rates differentials as we observe in the data as well as is behind the almost linear relation between exchange rates and fundamentals. Furthermore, lack of credibility contributes to the hump-shape distribution of exchange rates.

This paper presents a target zone model based on two extensions of Krugman's model.


In another study by Rossi G and Solero P, OAEs were detected in four out of four otosclerosis patients after stapes surgery [15] . In normal hearing subjects, evoked OAEs by bone conduction stimulus (BCS) showed the same characteristics as those evoked by air conduction stimulus (ACS). In subjects with unilateral otosclerosis, no EOAE could be elicited by ACS from the otosclerotic ear, whereas they could be recorded by BCS. After stapedectomy, EOAE could be obtained by ACS too. The authors hypothesized that ossicular chain is important but not essential in the transfer of the EOAE to the eardrum.

In another study by Rossi G and Solero P, OAEs were detected in four out of four otosclerosis patients after stapes surgery.


The determination of the amount of glaze applied can be very important for the evaluation of its protective function and for economic reasons. A low glaze application (<6%) may not ensure fish protection and can lead to a decrease of quality in the final product. From an economic perspective, an excessive glazing (over 12%) may assure higher profits to sellers, since this will increase the weight and consequently the price consumers pay for the fish product. In both cases, the consumer is the most affected part (Vanhaecke et al., 2010) .

In both cases, the consumer is the most affected part.


Recently models of route following in ants have concentrated on how ants might use visual cues alone to navigate long range paths [4, 5] . While these methods can generate ant-like routes through complex environments, the underlying behaviour (i.e. scanning) does not fit with real ant data [7] . In this work we implemented a novel route following strategy inspired by klinokinesis, as used by Drosophila larvae and bacteria to ascend odour gradients [8, 9] . By modulating the size of alternating turns and forward step size in proportion to the instantaneous image difference between current and stored views our algorithm descends the rotational image gradient, and thus maintains heading alignment with a previously travelled path.

Recently models of route following in ants have concentrated on how ants might use visual cues alone to navigate long range paths.

While these methods can generate ant-like routes through complex environments, the underlying behaviour (i.e. scanning) does not fit with real ant data.

In this work we implemented a novel route following strategy inspired by klinokinesis, as used by Drosophila larvae and bacteria to ascend odour gradients.


Therefore, despite some intrinsic limitations, it seems possible to consider TEM cells as candidates for in vivo exposure, even in the frequency range between 2 and 5 GHz, at least trying to overcome some of their major limits. In particular, if one focuses on the 2.45 GHz fre-quency, 6 cm is the maximum length for the transversal dimension guaranteeing propagation of the only fundamental mode. This is too small for animal (e.g. mouse) accommodation: hence using an existing TEM cell setup in an over-moded configuration becomes extremely attractive and yet challenging [11, 12] .

This is too small for animal (e.g. mouse) accommodation: hence using an existing TEM cell setup in an over-moded configuration becomes extremely attractive and yet challenging.


Among the small ruminant husbandry in India, Garole sheep rearing plays a crucial role in socio-economic condition of rural people of West Bengal. It carries mutated Boroola gene, characteristic of high fecundity, which implies a special economic importance to this animal [7] . The Sundarban area of South 24 Parganas and a small part of North 24 Parganas is in a deltaic zone. A previous study conducted by the School of Environmental Studies from Jadavpur University demonstrated that the extent of arsenic contamination in the ground water of South 24 Parganas was substantial. Garole sheep which live in this area are therefore chronically exposed to arsenic, and there is always a likelihood of arsenicosis in this breed which may affect consumers of affected sheep meat. Due to the paucity of information on arsenic toxicity in garole sheep, this study has been undertaken to further understanding of arsenicosis in sheep based on clinical evaluation, biochemical mining, hematological changes and histological findings. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first such study in garole sheep.

It carries mutated Boroola gene, characteristic of high fecundity, which implies a special economic importance to this animal.


Subsequently, the release of CN from the MGP soil was described using the Freundlich equation. This power function exhibits increasing release rate with increasing time, but decreasing positive slope as time increases (Figure 5) . The Freundlich equation is often used for heterogeneous surfaces and describes desorption from solid to the solutes in liquid and assumes that different sites with several adsorption energies are involved. Many organics and inorganics follow this type of behavior [19] ; [23] . According to mathematical analysis (Tables 6 and 7), the Freundlich reaction based model was successful in describing, both phase I and phase II, CN release from the MGP soils. The exception is phase I in soil A, where the regression line doesn't pass through the origin (Figure 5) , suggesting that desorption is not the driving mechanism. Soil A is alkaline (pH = 7.6) and has high CN content, which would explain high amount of dissolved cyanide in the pore water and imply that the CN release in phase I is mainly constrained by the transport of readily dissolved compounds rather than desorption. The values of release rate coefficient "k", in phase I and II, decrease with the decreasing soil pH, except for the soil D, where low "k" value might be a result of low CN concentration in soil.

Many organics and inorganics follow this type of behavior.


The genetic programming (GP) approach is a prominent DDM that has proven applicability to hydrological modelling. GP is a member of the evolutionary algorithm (EA) family and has been applied in a wide range of science-related and engineering analyses. GP has performed well in various waterrelated studies, such as sediment transport modelling, streamflow prediction, rainfallrunoff modelling, ecological modelling, uncertainty assessment studies, etc (Liong et al 2002; Muttil & Lee 2005; Ni et al 2010; Garg 2011; Selle & Muttil 2011; Sirdari et al 2011; Kisi et al 2012) .

GP has performed well in various waterrelated studies, such as sediment transport modelling, streamflow prediction, rainfallrunoff modelling, ecological modelling, uncertainty assessment studies, etc.


Laser Raman spectroscopy is a light scattering technique that is widely known as a tool for chemical characterization. This technique has been traditionally applied in the laboratory by chemist, physicists and material scientists as means of determining the chemical structure of materials. The technique generally involves analyzing a spectrum of scatter light that exhibits certain peaks in light intensity that relate to the chemical structure of the tested material. For Kevlar, preliminary experimental testing indicated that there are as many as 16 separate, identifiable peaks in the Raman spectra of Kevlar, depending on the incident laser wavelength used to initiate the scattering. Each of these peaks is associated with a vibrational mode of the polymer that are generally effected by applied strain and molecular structure and bonding. These effects have been successfully applied to evaluation of the stress and strain distribution of composite materials, where shear stresses transfer load between individual fibers through the matrix resin [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . The research reported here explores the use the Raman technique to identify environmental deterioration of Kevlar materials. The effects on certain characteristics of the Raman spectra resulting from prolonged exposure to stress at elevated temperatures are discussed, as well as the effects of applied elastic stresses. Experimental issues related to evaluating the Raman spectra of Kevlar are also discussed, including the effect of fiber orientation and laser power levels on the effective acquisition of the spectra. Fundamental data is provided that could lead to the development of NDE techniques for the in-situ condition assessment and materials characterization of composite materials.

These effects have been successfully applied to evaluation of the stress and strain distribution of composite materials, where shear stresses transfer load between individual fibers through the matrix resin.


A Raman spectrum of Kevlar yarn is presented in Figure 5 . The abscissa is the wavenumber for the frequency shift from the incident laser light, over a range of 600 to 1700 cm -1 . The ordinate represents the relative intensity of the scattered photons (laser light). A number of intense peaks, or bands, are shown in the spectrum, each corresponding to a vibrational mode of the polymer material. Analytical models have been developed that predict these peaks; for example; the peak at ~1613 cm -1 stems from a stretching vibrational mode of the C-C phenyl ring, while the 1649 cm -1 peak stems from the stretching of the C=O bond ( Figure 5 ). Raman scattering analyses of Kevlar have determined a series of well defined peaks ranging from 600 to 1700 cm -1 as shown in Table 1 [16, 17] . From these analytical models, specific peaks identified in the spectra can be related to the structural configuration of the material.

Raman scattering analyses of Kevlar have determined a series of well defined peaks ranging from 600 to 1700 cm -1 as shown in Table 1.


The increasing use of these materials has introduced a need for the development of methods to evaluate the condition of polymer composites during their service lives. This has led to the development of a variety of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies that are intended to be used to evaluate the condition of polymer composite materials in-situ. This has included a variety of acoustic/ultrasonic techniques, thermographic and electromagnetic methods that are intended to detect damage to the composite [3, 4] . In general, these methods are intended to detect mechanical damage in the materials caused by impact or overstress of the materials. The effect of the environment on material properties has remained largely unexplored, due in part to the complex interaction of composite materials with their environment. For example, polymer composites typically exhibit a failure mode of creep rupture, a reduction in the mechanical capacity of the material as a result of exposure to elevated stresses over time [5] . Additionally, degradation of the fiber/matrix binding may result from water absorption and other environmental effects, leading to a reduction in composite action between the fibers and the matrix that provide the material its strength and durability [5] . For Kevlar, exposure to ultra-violet (UV) radiation can also damage the fibers by altering its chemical structure [6] .

This has included a variety of acoustic/ultrasonic techniques, thermographic and electromagnetic methods that are intended to detect damage to the composite.

For example, polymer composites typically exhibit a failure mode of creep rupture, a reduction in the mechanical capacity of the material as a result of exposure to elevated stresses over time.

Additionally, degradation of the fiber/matrix binding may result from water absorption and other environmental effects, leading to a reduction in composite action between the fibers and the matrix that provide the material its strength and durability.

For Kevlar, exposure to ultra-violet (UV) radiation can also damage the fibers by altering its chemical structure.


For this study, the ELS encompass the embryonic stage (fertilization to hatching) and most of the larval stage (from hatching until notochord flexion, which is concurrent with the initiation of metamorphosis into the juvenile morphology). The ELS have been shown to be more susceptible to toxic substances and stressors in general than juveniles and adults (Woltering, 1984) . They are likely to be the life stages least capable of regulating internal acid-base balances, and therefore most likely to be at risk to the effects of increased acidity associated with elevated-CO 2 concentrations in their environment. Importantly, the vast majority of mortality in marine fish populations occurs during these ELS, this is when year-class strength is determined, and these stages are often key to population connectedness.

The ELS have been shown to be more susceptible to toxic substances and stressors in general than juveniles and adults.


The present paper focuses on the concepts of motivations and fun in online games. The ultimate goal of our research is to understand consumer behaviour toward an online games extending Yee's model of motivations (Yee, 2006) . First, we examine the player's motivations according to different theories and explain why Yee's theory is preferable in our case. Second, we look at features of "flow state" that is used in this paper as proxy for fun. Third, we investigate relationships between fun, motivations, continued intention to play and such characteristics of players as age, rank, average payment amount, average play hours. It is important to pay attention of the reader to the fact that all relationships are based on both theoretical background and common sense. Finally, we examine if the relationships are different depending on user characteristics (experience, donation).

The ultimate goal of our research is to understand consumer behaviour toward an online games extending Yee's model of motivations.


Furthermore, another topic that attracts researchers is associated with "tools" necessary for "fun production" (Castronova, 2013) . Stochastic frontier analysis is proposed to determine "tools" (weapon used, ability to change settings etc.) that will differentiate players and result in different levels of fun. The only problem is that prior research of "fun" wasn't conducted that makes the author to concentrate on very narrow group of players who participate in guilds.

Furthermore, another topic that attracts researchers is associated with "tools" necessary for "fun production".


Because of the importance of photoacclimation for phytoplankton which is frequently transported over two orders of magnitude changes in light intensity within hours, this process received considerable attention in the study of aquatic primary production [1] [2] [3] . In all the numerous studies of the mechanisms of the photoacclimation process in phytoplankton, a common trend of increase in chlorophyll a and in other light harvesting pigments as growth irradiance decreases was observed. Photoacclimation also affects pigment ratios of phytoplankton, as light harvesting pigments such as the chlorophylls, phycobilins, fucoxanthin and peridinin increase under low light, whereas photoprotective carotenoids like β carothene, astaxanthin and xanthophyll cycle pigments show the opposite relation with ambient light, increasing whenever exposed to potentially harmfully high intense light [4] [5] [6] [7] . Most photosynthetic pigments other than chloropyll a are an integral part of the light harvesting antennae. These photosynthetic pigments respond to changes in light intensity in a similar way to that of chlorophyll a [8] . Concomitantly, as cellular pigmentation increases in the course of photoacclimation to low light, the cross section of phytoplankton invariably decreases [8, 9] . This change in cross section resulting from the increase in mutual shading between cellular light harvesting entities, as their density increases. It happens on all scales, among individual pigment molecules, thylakoids, chloroplasts within cells, and among cells in culture [10] . Upon exposure to high light intensity, the above described trends are reversed [11] .

Because of the importance of photoacclimation for phytoplankton which is frequently transported over two orders of magnitude changes in light intensity within hours, this process received considerable attention in the study of aquatic primary production.

Photoacclimation also affects pigment ratios of phytoplankton, as light harvesting pigments such as the chlorophylls, phycobilins, fucoxanthin and peridinin increase under low light, whereas photoprotective carotenoids like β carothene, astaxanthin and xanthophyll cycle pigments show the opposite relation with ambient light, increasing whenever exposed to potentially harmfully high intense light.

These photosynthetic pigments respond to changes in light intensity in a similar way to that of chlorophyll a.

Concomitantly, as cellular pigmentation increases in the course of photoacclimation to low light, the cross section of phytoplankton invariably decreases.

It happens on all scales, among individual pigment molecules, thylakoids, chloroplasts within cells, and among cells in culture.

Upon exposure to high light intensity, the above described trends are reversed.


There are no specific symptoms of Phytophthora infection in Juglans species. Laboratory methods are required to identify the cause of the decline. Phytophthora species can cause various disease symptoms on different parts of the tree. In the crown, wilting, small, yellowish leaves or sudden death can be observed. On the stem, bleeding cankers, tary spots or also large, dark, flame-shaped areas may be present. A main symptom of the disease is the rot of the root system. Usually the young feeder roots die first which is later followed by the death of the older roots (Belisario -Galli 2013) . The development of visible symptoms depends always on the amount of infected roots, which is in context with the inoculum density of the soil. It can be a sudden death during summertime or a slow decline with a progressive reduction of foliage and fruit production over several years (Belisario -Galli 2013) . Sudden death is mainly characteristic to infections caused by P. cinnamomi (Belisario -Galli 2013) . In the case of a slow wilting, the infection may be undetected in the first years. Some trees also can survive the infection without notable crown symptoms (Belisario -Galli 2013) .

Usually the young feeder roots die first which is later followed by the death of the older roots.

It can be a sudden death during summertime or a slow decline with a progressive reduction of foliage and fruit production over several years.

Sudden death is mainly characteristic to infections caused by P. cinnamomi.

Some trees also can survive the infection without notable crown symptoms.


Our findings suggest that PCOS women with a desirable BMI are significantly more likely to have low serum adiponectin levels. The association of PCOS with low adiponectin level remained consistent and statistically significant after adjustment for age, BMI, family history of PCOS, marital status, total cholesterol level, HDL and IR. This relationship between PCOS and low adiponectin also changed a little across different age groups. Furthermore, family histories of PCOS and IR were also significantly associated with lower adiponectin levels. We found low levels of adiponectin in lean young women with PCOS. Several studies have demonstrated reduced levels of serum adiponectin in women with PCOS [12, [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . Also, few of them have shown an association of low adiponectin levels in PCOS women irrespective of the weight and/or BMI of patients [12, 18, [20] [21] [22] .

Several studies have demonstrated reduced levels of serum adiponectin in women with PCOS.

Also, few of them have shown an association of low adiponectin levels in PCOS women irrespective of the weight and/or BMI of patients.


Many of the phenomena in the complex world in which we live have a rough description as a large network of interacting components. It is therefore a fundamental problem to derive the global structure of such networks from basic local principles. A well established principle is the preferential attachment paradigm which suggests that networks are built by adding nodes and links successively, in such a way that new nodes prefer to be connected to existing nodes if they have a high degree [3] . The preferential attachment paradigm offers, for example, a credible explanation of the observation that many real networks have degree distributions following a power law behaviour. On the global scale preferential attachment networks are robust under random attack if the power law exponent is sufficiently small, and have logarithmic or doubly logarithmic diameters depending on the power law exponent. These features, together with a reasonable degree of mathematical tractability, have all contributed to the enormous popularity of these models.

A well established principle is the preferential attachment paradigm which suggests that networks are built by adding nodes and links successively, in such a way that new nodes prefer to be connected to existing nodes if they have a high degree.


The two procedures can handle most of the BREU problems generated. Table 3 tells us that the table procedure can solve all but three, while the lazy timeouts on slightly above 50. However, the three problems which the table method could not handle where all solved by the lazy method. The fact that almost all BREU problems could be solved indicates the efficiency of the two BREU procedures, but also that the BREU problems generated by ePrincess are not excessively large (which can be considered a strength of the calculus implemented by ePrincess [2] ).

The fact that almost all BREU problems could be solved indicates the efficiency of the two BREU procedures, but also that the BREU problems generated by ePrincess are not excessively large (which can be considered a strength of the calculus implemented by ePrincess).


The proposed As 2 S 3 grating coupler opens door to numerous application on As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 platform with low fabrication cost. Compared to SOI platform, the As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 platform has up to 90 times higher modulation speed as well as much lower loss [9] . Therefore, the grating coupler on such a platform is a real enabler for high-speed, low-loss beam steering using integrated optics. By tapering the As 2 S 3 waveguide, more of the mode will travel in the LiNbO 3 substrate for high efficient EO tuning.

Compared to SOI platform, the As 2 S 3 -on-LiNbO 3 platform has up to 90 times higher modulation speed as well as much lower loss.


In the study of reference current generation techniques using VSC based DSTATCOM for reactive power compensation, source current balancing and harmonic mitigation in delta connected for different control techniques such as Instantaneous Reactive Power (IRP), SRF and Symmetrical component (SC) theory have been used [6] . The Convertible Unified Power Quality conditioner (CUPQC) is connected to multibus/multifeeder distribution system to mitigate current and voltage interruptions [7] . The control strategy of the UPQC is to contribute on the flow of instantaneous active and reactive powers inside the UPQC [8] . The comparison of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and UPQC are studied and its advantages are found to be over conventional APF's [9] . A four wire capacitor midpoint shunt APF with a predictive control technique is used to mitigate the current harmonics and the neutral current. A different type of controller methods exists to improve the power quality problems based on the PI control also many theories are available [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] .

In the study of reference current generation techniques using VSC based DSTATCOM for reactive power compensation, source current balancing and harmonic mitigation in delta connected for different control techniques such as Instantaneous Reactive Power (IRP), SRF and Symmetrical component (SC) theory have been used.

The Convertible Unified Power Quality conditioner (CUPQC) is connected to multibus/multifeeder distribution system to mitigate current and voltage interruptions.

The control strategy of the UPQC is to contribute on the flow of instantaneous active and reactive powers inside the UPQC.

The comparison of Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and UPQC are studied and its advantages are found to be over conventional APF's.

A different type of controller methods exists to improve the power quality problems based on the PI control also many theories are available.


A custom power device provides an integrated solution to the present problems that are faced by the utilities and power distribution. The various compensating devices are DSTATCOM, DVR and UPQC; among these the UPQC provides good solutions when compared to the other devices. Because it is a very versatile device that can inject current in shunt side and voltage in series side simultaneously in a dual control mode. Hence it can perform both the functions in load compensations. Power quality variations are classified as disturbances or steady state variations. Disturbances pertain to be abnormalities in the system voltage /currents due to a fault or some abnormal operations [1] .

Disturbances pertain to be abnormalities in the system voltage /currents due to a fault or some abnormal operations.


To trade-off those options for a maximum scientific return at reasonable overall mission expenses, extensive simulation studies are typically performed by different research groups (Visser 2010; Wiese et al. 2011; Loomis et al. 2011; Elsaka et al. 2014) . Such studies usually start from simulated orbits based on a source model of global mass variability, proceed to the retrieval of time-series of global gravity field models including some strategy for mitigating the effects of mass variability at time-scales below the analysis interval, and finally apply appropriate post-processing filters or inversion techniques to obtain surface mass densities which are to be compared again to the source model applied in the initial orbit simulation step. For such simulation studies, it is critically important to have included realistic mass variability at all relevant spatial and temporal scales into the source model, since otherwise the performance of a candidate mission concept cannot be tested thoroughly and conclusions drawn from such simulations are certainly too optimistic.

To trade-off those options for a maximum scientific return at reasonable overall mission expenses, extensive simulation studies are typically performed by different research groups.


It is a well-known fact that adaptive control systems are particularly effective in compensating for large modeling uncertainties, faults and time varying disturbances in linear and nonlinear plants [1] . Despite these desirable features adaptive controllers are not widely employed in practice especially forn safety critical systems [2] . One of the main reasons is due to the lack of systematic analysis and design tools for predicting, apriori, the evolution of the error and of the adaptation gains during the transients in conjunction to the problem of relating controller parameters to time domain specifications [3] . The difficulty in predicting the transient response originates from the inherent nonlinearity of the parameter's adaptation law. For instance fast error tracking in Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) can be usually achieved by increasing the adaptation rate, but it is well known that this could induce chattering and peaking in the control signal, actuator saturation and the excitation of unmodelled dynamics. Clearly, these problems are of primary relevance for the verification and validation standpoint of critical applications such as aerospace systems [4] .

It is a well-known fact that adaptive control systems are particularly effective in compensating for large modeling uncertainties, faults and time varying disturbances in linear and nonlinear plants.

Despite these desirable features adaptive controllers are not widely employed in practice especially forn safety critical systems.

One of the main reasons is due to the lack of systematic analysis and design tools for predicting, apriori, the evolution of the error and of the adaptation gains during the transients in conjunction to the problem of relating controller parameters to time domain specifications.

Clearly, these problems are of primary relevance for the verification and validation standpoint of critical applications such as aerospace systems.


The ID/LOC-based mobility management scheme has been proposed for 6LoWPAN wireless sensor network [10] . In this paper, we will consider it for 6LoWPAN-based wireless body area network. In the ID/LOC scheme, each primary mobile device (PMD), such as smartphone or tablet PC and 6LoWPAN sensor, has a 128-bit globally unique device identifier (GDID), which is used for end-to-end communication, and a link-layer addresses can be used as the access identifier (AID). Each local network domain will have the home and visited distributed local mobility management agents, which are based on the logical overlay network that supports the distributed mapping management. The device ID can be generated through cryptographical generated address (CGA).

The ID/LOC-based mobility management scheme has been proposed for 6LoWPAN wireless sensor network.


Various imaging methods for the observation of cellular structures at microscopic resolution are available (Butterfi eld and Meylan 1980 ) . Optical and electron microscopy (EM) are both essential surface evaluation methods for thicker samples, but are also suitable for analysis of deeper layers within thin samples (transmission mode). Classical EM requires high vacuum and surface sputtering of non-conductive materials to obtain high-resolution images of dry samples (Jansen et al. 2008 ) . The development of the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) made possible the analysis of wetter and non-sputtered samples in a low vacuum environment.

Various imaging methods for the observation of cellular structures at microscopic resolution are available.

Classical EM requires high vacuum and surface sputtering of non-conductive materials to obtain high-resolution images of dry samples.


The South African PM 10 ambient air quality standard was set by the national Department of Environmental Affairs to be 120 μg/m 3 as the average for 24 hour exposure (25°C and 101.3 kPa), while the City of Cape Town uses the UK daily average standard of 50 μg/m 3 (Benson, 2007) . It was reported that the latter standard is exceeded more frequently in Khayelitsha than at the other air quality monitoring sites in Cape Town (Tessema, 2011) . Although the term "episode" has no formal definition in air quality literature, it is used by Cape Town air quality management to describe a period when the daily average standard PM 10 concentration is higher than the South Africa daily average concentration of 120 μg/m 3 or UK daily average Standard (50 μg/m 3 ). In Khayelitsha, both the South African and UK standards are exceeded at different times of the year. Days when these exceedences occur are considered as "episodes". Table 1 reports the number such episodes over a recent 10-year period.

The South African PM 10 ambient air quality standard was set by the national Department of Environmental Affairs to be 120 μg/m 3 as the average for 24 hour exposure (25°C and 101.3 kPa), while the City of Cape Town uses the UK daily average standard of 50 μg/m 3.

It was reported that the latter standard is exceeded more frequently in Khayelitsha than at the other air quality monitoring sites in Cape Town.


Significant research has recently been conducted in speech recognition, biomedical, and ocean study applications considering sound as a parameter (Bourlard & Morgan, 2012; Hopp, Owren, & Evans, 2012; Uğuz, 2012; Xie, Jin, Krishnan, & Sattar, 2012) . However, there is a huge potential to monitor the status of the machines based on sound signals. Sound-based condition monitoring provides some technical advantages over vibration-based methods. Firstly, sound sensor can be placed at a distance in either direction or periphery of the monitored system whereas vibration monitoring technique requires surface contact placement in specified direction to get accurate and meaningful information. Secondly, sound monitoring is more sensitive to certain physical processes than surface vibration, hence provides an opportunity to identify faults in early stage.

Significant research has recently been conducted in speech recognition, biomedical, and ocean study applications considering sound as a parameter.


Gearbox plays most essential roles in the modern machinery. Most machine breakdowns, related to gearbox, are as a result of improper operating conditions and loading, hence leads to failure of the whole mechanism (Li, Yan, Yuan, Peng, & Li, 2011) . For gearbox fault diagnosis, vibration is considered as a key component, thus attracting researchers toward acquiring, analyzing, and quantifying this parameter. A lot of work on condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of fixed-axis gearbox has been reported in the literature, however only a few have found their way to industrial applications. Many researches were presented the utility of vibration signatures in the anticipation of defects, but only a few emphasized on application of sound emission for the detection of faults.

Most machine breakdowns, related to gearbox, are as a result of improper operating conditions and loading, hence leads to failure of the whole mechanism.


High calf mortality is an important factor of economic loss in dairy production (Mee, 2008) . Calf death represents a cost to the dairyman due to the loss of the present value of the calf and the loss of genetic potential for herd improvement. High calf mortality rates may also delay progress in replacing cull cows or increasing the herd size (Wathes et al., 2008) . It might consequently result in a shortage of replacement heifers and a need to buy animals that further increases the replacement costs of the herd (Torsein et al., 2011) .

High calf mortality is an important factor of economic loss in dairy production.

High calf mortality rates may also delay progress in replacing cull cows or increasing the herd size.

It might consequently result in a shortage of replacement heifers and a need to buy animals that further increases the replacement costs of the herd.


Bicycling as a mode of transportation is enjoying a boost in urban areas around the world through new bike-sharing systems, bicycle-specific roadway facilities, public outreach, and incentive programs (Pucher & Buehler, 2012) . The push toward promoting bicycling is motivated by a range of environmental, economic, health, and social benefits. Although there are clear health benefits of increased physical activity, bicyclists may experience increased inhalation of traffic-related air pollutants (de Hartog, Boogaard, Nijland, & Hoek, 2010) .

Bicycling as a mode of transportation is enjoying a boost in urban areas around the world through new bike-sharing systems, bicycle-specific roadway facilities, public outreach, and incentive programs.

Although there are clear health benefits of increased physical activity, bicyclists may experience increased inhalation of traffic-related air pollutants.


These equations express the mass conservation (1a), the momentum conservation (1b), the time evolution for the distortion tensor (1c), the time evolution for the thermal impulse (1d), the time evolution for the entropy (1e), and the total energy conservation (2) . The PDE governing the time evolution of the thermal impulse (1d) looks similar to the momentum equation (1b), where the temperature T takes the role of the pressure p. Therefore we refer to this equation as the thermal momentum equation.

These equations express the mass conservation (1a), the momentum conservation (1b), the time evolution for the distortion tensor (1c), the time evolution for the thermal impulse (1d), the time evolution for the entropy (1e), and the total energy conservation.


Finally, to what extent does public participation in policy making lead to just outcomes that address the needs of all citizens? It is commonplace to argue that public participation is crucial to effective policy-making, but does it produce just outcomes? Evidence drawn from analyzing who speaks at planning and zoning board meetings, shows that participants tend to be older, male, longtime residents, voters in local elections, and homeowners [23] . In other words, engagement is a luxury for those who are well off. Likewise, Fainstein argues that mere participation in decision-making is not enough to ensure just outcomes and that the process has to include considerations of diversity and equity as well [24] .

Evidence drawn from analyzing who speaks at planning and zoning board meetings, shows that participants tend to be older, male, longtime residents, voters in local elections, and homeowners.

Likewise, Fainstein argues that mere participation in decision-making is not enough to ensure just outcomes and that the process has to include considerations of diversity and equity as well.


Finally, it is worthwhile asking whether the final plan does a good job of addressing the needs of all the different elements in society in Fairbanks. There was a widespread perception in Fairbanks that the city had only a three-day supply of food, which meant that there would not be much available in the case of a disaster that cut the city off from outside supplies. It was not clear how accurate this number was: Did the three days only apply to local grocery and other food stores? Did it take into account stockpiles people had in their homes? Did it cover the kind of food that could be obtained from hunting and fishing in the area, practices that are common in Alaska? Did it take into account most effectively the local food system and include elements that had proven to be important in other disasters, such as when Hurricane Maria cut off supplies to Puerto Rico? Infrastructure that proved relevant in Puerto Rico included food wholesale distributors, the catering abilities of the local airport, kitchens in local schools and hospitals, and restaurants spread throughout the island [37] . When these other resources are included, it is possible that Fairbanks has more food on hand than is commonly perceived.

Infrastructure that proved relevant in Puerto Rico included food wholesale distributors, the catering abilities of the local airport, kitchens in local schools and hospitals, and restaurants spread throughout the island.


The Alaska State House of Representatives set up a food security subcommittee on 2 May 2018. Similarly, in 2018, the newly-established Fairbanks North Star Borough sustainability commission While Fairbanks' location and climate may make it an extreme case, reliance on imports for food security affects at least 1.3 billion people around the world [13] . These people live in locations where current food production is not sufficient to feed all residents. Importing food is considered the lowest cost strategy to provide food to the population, with dependence on outside sources seen as a tolerable risk.

Similarly, in 2018, the newly-established Fairbanks North Star Borough sustainability commission While Fairbanks' location and climate may make it an extreme case, reliance on imports for food security affects at least 1.3 billion people around the world.


Despite the problems with the current system, it would not be a simple matter to increase local food production in the FNSB. Importing farm inputs is expensive and often means that farmers in the continental U.S. can produce crops at a fraction of the cost required of Alaskan farmers. Once-viable Alaskan cattle ranches and dairies disappeared to make way for more lucrative subdivisions to house incoming residents [14] . The loss of the earlier farms means that young Alaskans now have little knowledge of food production and there is little support for this kind of activity in cities like Fairbanks. Currently, Alaskan farms produce about $15 million a year in food products [10] . Wild food, such as fish and meat caught by Alaskans, has an estimated value of between $400 and $900 million per year [10] . Small farms sell about $2.2 million in products to local customers throughout the state.

Once-viable Alaskan cattle ranches and dairies disappeared to make way for more lucrative subdivisions to house incoming residents.

Currently, Alaskan farms produce about $15 million a year in food products.

Wild food, such as fish and meat caught by Alaskans, has an estimated value of between $400 and $900 million per year.


Despite the problems with the current system, it would not be a simple matter to increase local food production in the FNSB. Importing farm inputs is expensive and often means that farmers in the continental U.S. can produce crops at a fraction of the cost required of Alaskan farmers. Onceviable Alaskan cattle ranches and dairies disappeared to make way for more lucrative subdivisions to house incoming residents [14] . The loss of the earlier farms means that young Alaskans now have little knowledge of food production and there is little support for this kind of activity in cities like Fairbanks. Currently, Alaskan farms produce about $15 million a year in food products [10] . Wild food, such as fish and meat caught by Alaskans, has an estimated value of between $400 and $900 million per year [10] . Small farms sell about $2.2 million in products to local customers throughout the state.

Onceviable Alaskan cattle ranches and dairies disappeared to make way for more lucrative subdivisions to house incoming residents.


While Fairbanks' location and climate may make it an extreme case, reliance on imports for food security affects at least 1.3 billion people around the world [13] . These people live in locations where current food production is not sufficient to feed all residents. Importing food is considered the lowest cost strategy to provide food to the population, with dependence on outside sources seen as a tolerable risk.

While Fairbanks' location and climate may make it an extreme case, reliance on imports for food security affects at least 1.3 billion people around the world.


First, the importance of collaboration between university-based academics and policymakers in addressing complicated policy problems is increasingly a focus of attention. Universities and the corporations and research institutions they spin off are frequently cited in spurring economic growth; Stanford University for sparking the emergence of Silicon Valley, and Carnegie Mellon for helping Pittsburgh to transition from a rust belt city to a center of robotics innovation. But, beyond such direct economic impacts, universities can help stimulate innovative policy making. For example, universities can facilitate a new kind of networked problem-solving that brings together public officials, scientists, corporate leaders, and community activists. Just as universities can serve as economic engines, they can stimulate public policy solutions to pressing problems. Universities provide a neutral ground where stakeholders can meet and work out solutions while taking advantage of the knowledge of the faculty. In this context, the university as an institution serves as an "honest broker" [15] . The key function of the honest broker in providing policy advice is helping to create new options to overcome gridlock in situations where other options are blocked.

In this context, the university as an institution serves as an "honest broker".


Even as the problem the FNSB would face if a disaster were to cut off its food supply remains hard to quantify, there has been little planning to meet the needs of the various communities in the Borough. At the end of 2017, just over 4000 people received aid from the Supplement Nutritional Assistance Program (formerly known as food stamps) in the Borough, about 4 percent of the population [38] . The overall plan would serve the needs of this group by creating jobs, making food more available in the borough in general, and making locally grown fruits and vegetables more available. There will have to be more effort on delivering this food to under-served communities to ensure that low-income citizens without access to cars will be able to obtain the nutrition that they need. Typically, people dependent on this type of food aid do not have the resources to participate in the public policy-making process and as a result their voices are not frequently heard.

At the end of 2017, just over 4000 people received aid from the Supplement Nutritional Assistance Program (formerly known as food stamps) in the Borough, about 4 percent of the population.


Although many programs capable of carrying out virtual screening have been developed, most of them are payware. Both lower computational costs and a better cost-benefit performance are desirable. This is especially the case for those new to computer aided drug design and quick SBDD analyses in the early stages of drug design when research expenditures are frequently limited. Moreover, because numerous licenses are required for large-scale calculations, the number of licenses defines the scale of the study if such payware is used. Consequently, freeware for computational docking is expected to play an important role in the study and education of SBDD. One freely available docking software package potentially capable of offsetting these costs is ArgusLab [3] .

One freely available docking software package potentially capable of offsetting these costs is ArgusLab.


It is well established that the complex qualitative and quantitative variability in goat caseins affects both the composition and technological behavior of milk. Seventeen α s1 -casein variants associated with high α s1 -casein content (3.6 g·L -1 per allele; A, B1, B2, B3, B4, C, L and M or 4.2 g·L -1 per allele, H) or medium (1.6 g·L -1 per allele; E and I) or low (0.6 g·L -1 per allele; D, F and G) or no α s1 -casein (O 1 , O 2 and N) have been so far reported [4, 28, 42] . An additional source of α s1 -casein polymorphism is the simultaneous existence of deleted forms due to alternative splicing [16] .

Seventeen α s1 -casein variants associated with high α s1 -casein content (3.6 g·L -1 per allele; A, B1, B2, B3, B4, C, L and M or 4.2 g·L -1 per allele, H) or medium (1.6 g·L -1 per allele; E and I) or low (0.6 g·L -1 per allele; D, F and G) or no α s1 -casein (O 1 , O 2 and N) have been so far reported.

An additional source of α s1 -casein polymorphism is the simultaneous existence of deleted forms due to alternative splicing.


The aim of this research work was to study the protein fraction of the milk of the Skopelos goat breed of Greece. For this purpose, individual milk samples were taken from goats of the Skopelos, which were analyzed by RP-HPLC, using as standards the casein fraction of milks of known genotypes in the α s1 locus [35] . Their qualitative (number of peaks and retention time) and their quantitative characteristics (quantity of individual proteins) were studied. A number of samples with particular protein profiles were chosen to be further analyzed by IEF and RP-HPLC/ESI-MS, with the aim of characterizing them in detail.

For this purpose, individual milk samples were taken from goats of the Skopelos, which were analyzed by RP-HPLC, using as standards the casein fraction of milks of known genotypes in the α s1 locus.


To estimate the OSNR the coefficients in (1) are needed. They were found by measuring Γ for a set of known OSNR-values and using least-squares fitting. The OSNR estimation was then done by taking a batch of samples of the Stokes parameters, after which Γ could be calculated, and inserted in the inverted (1) . There was always a small variation between consecutive Γ values, so to get a more stable measurement, ten consecutive values were averaged. The measured Γ-values are plotted together with the theoretical curve in Fig. 2a . In Fig. 2b the estimated OSNR is plotted vs. the OSNR measured with the OSA. The estimated OSNR value keeps within ±1 dB of the reference OSNR values up to 23 dB. This covers the typical range of OSNR values in practice.

The OSNR estimation was then done by taking a batch of samples of the Stokes parameters, after which Γ could be calculated, and inserted in the inverted.


RPTs frequently occur within Korean conglomerate groups and are monitored by Korean government authorities. Under the national Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act, the Fair Trade Commission of Korea designates the largest conglomerate groups of Korea every year to restrict their internal transactions to enable fair trade in the market. Most recently, 47 conglomerate groups were designated to restrict their mutual investment as of April 2016. Among this group, the average internal transaction ratio reached 11.7% of total sales. A total of 1050 firms (82.4%) out of the 1274 affiliated firms in the designated group are involved in internal transactions within their own conglomerate groups. For example, the SK group reported about $29.6 billion of RPTs within the group, and the Hyundai and Samsung groups also announced $27.5 billion and $17.4 billion worth of internal transactions during 2016, respectively, which represents a highly weighted scale in the Korean economy. Furthermore, many Asian conglomerate groups aim to boost rapid growth within short periods through internal transactions among their affiliated companies [1] . Thus, it may be valuable to focus on the impact of RPTs of Korean conglomerate groups as a representative example of RPTs in conglomerate groups. Although there are much interest and researches into the pros and cons of RPTs, there is no consensus on the impact of RPTs. As such, this study on the role of RPTs, especially relating to firms' R&D investment behaviors and firm performances, will contribute valuable evidence to the body of literature and may help predict the long-term sustainability of firms that engage in this activity.

Furthermore, many Asian conglomerate groups aim to boost rapid growth within short periods through internal transactions among their affiliated companies.


The one-dimensional calculation algorithm will be expanded to include a Simplex Optimisation Algorithm [29] . It will be possible to fit the pumps geometry to the intended purpose automatically by the variation of specified variables. The Simplex algorithm proved to be very stable for other applications and with the fast one-dimensional model a very precise examination of multiple variants of pump geometries will be possible.

The one-dimensional calculation algorithm will be expanded to include a Simplex Optimisation Algorithm.


For the baseline visit, participation in the NEDISA study was very high (95.8%). The very low proportion of nonparticipants may be explained by the recruiting pro- cedure of the NEDISA study: a review of the census by means of official files, the comfortable environment guaranteed for the interview and medical examination, and especially the close relationship between the general physicians of the area studied and the NEDISA researchers. The total population of this survey is obviously not representative of the whole elderly population of Spain. Despite this, the sociodemographic characteristics of the NEDISA cohort are similar to those in other Spanish studies based on elderly populations [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Taking account of the distribution of participants by education and occupation, it is probable that the NEDISA cohort is representative of a sufficient range of lifestyles, and this will allow investigators to examine a variety of different risk factors for neurological disorders. In conclusion, the NEDISA cohort will likely improve our knowledge of prevalence and incidence rates of the neurological diseases chosen for study as well as the set of risk factors that predispose individuals in Spain to these disorders. N umbers of medications and reported diseases are means with SD in parentheses.

Despite this, the sociodemographic characteristics of the NEDISA cohort are similar to those in other Spanish studies based on elderly populations.


Water management is a central issue in the development of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs): liquid water may considerably increase the oxygen transport resistance and hence the transport polarization whereas dryness dehydrates the electrolyte membrane, raising the Ohmic voltage loss. PEFCs produce water during operation and the electro-osmosis enlarges the water imbalance between the anode and cathode sides, making water management a complex operation that requires a careful treatment. Issues such as diffusion media dewetting, anode rehydration, and internal humidification have received much attention in recent years [1] . Modeling and numerical simulation are capable of revealing details of transport phenomena, and is a powerful tool for elucidating water management.

Issues such as diffusion media dewetting, anode rehydration, and internal humidification have received much attention in recent years.


Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit has been recommended for human consumption due to its numerous health benefits, including fiber, minerals, and a variety of vitamins, such as Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and panthotenic acid. Apricot fruit also possesses a relatively high antioxidizing capacity attributed to phenolic and carotenoid compounds [1] [2] [3] [4] . The fruits can be used fresh, dried, or processed as fruit juice, jam, and jelly. Apricots may also be consumed canned (16% of US production [4] ).

Apricot fruit also possesses a relatively high antioxidizing capacity attributed to phenolic and carotenoid compounds.

Apricots may also be consumed canned (16% of US production).


Arsenous acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, n-butyl laurate and 1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaoxa-2-cycloheneicosanone were extracted from the headspaces of both Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium chrysogenum. Oxirane was extracted from the headspaces of both Penicillium chrysogenum and Stachybotrys chartarum. Even amongst these commonly seen compounds, there is a great difference in the percent peak areas detected between these three species. Knowledge of the similarities and differences of the odor signatures of various toxic indoor mold species is very significant and useful in the improvement of existing canine training aids. Figure 6 below illustrates the differences in the percent peak areas of these common compounds. The detection of changes in MVOCs composition from the headspace of a toxic mold species over time is a significant finding. If the odor signatures of the molds change significantly over time, training methods may need to be modified to account for changes in composition. The results from the experiments of the effect of time on the Stachybotrys chartarum MVOC composition are conclusive. One compound, 1-H-2-Benzopyran-1-one, remained in the headspace for the three successive weeks. Seven compounds remained in the headspace for the second and third weeks of the experiments: 1-H-2-Benzopyran-1-one, 1-hexanol, benzene, cyclododecane, heptadecane, oxirane, and phenol. With the exception of 1-H-2-Benzopyran-1-one, all other common compounds observed in the second and third weeks of headspace analysis increased in abundance from the second to the third week of growth. The effect of time on Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium chrysogenum MVOC compositions are less conclusive, as analyses did not yield any identifiable compounds from the headspace for both species at some point in the three weeks. This study demonstrates that canines can detect laboratory cultured toxic indoor molds at a 75% accuracy. This is significant, as these canines are not trained on molds grown in vitro on agar media, but rather pieces of mold-inoculated drywall. Previous studies have concluded that canines trained at the Florida Canine Academy can detect mold-inoculated drywall training aids at a 94% accuracy [13] . Although they did not detect molds grown in vitro on agar media with the same percent accuracy as the results of mold-inoculated drywall training aids studies have shown, they detected the majority of the laboratory cultured toxic mold positive controls in the course despite any differences in metabolites produced by the molds digesting the alternate substrate with which they were trained. Findings of this research are being used to validate the canine training methods used for their detection and may be used to improve the detection of toxic indoor molds.

Previous studies have concluded that canines trained at the Florida Canine Academy can detect mold-inoculated drywall training aids at a 94% accuracy.


However the sensitivity of our results to the inclusion of turbulent fluctuations is small compared to the sensitivity to the expression used for surface tension. This is not entirely surprising given that nucleation rate is a very strong function of surface tension and that estimating surface tension for very small particles is difficult (Jacobson, 1999) . Predictions were reconciled with experimental results only by increasing by over a factor of two the rate at which σ falls with increasing temperature. While the effect of turbulence described above was found to be the same for all versions of σ, it would appear that correct calculation of parameters such as surafce tension and saturation ratio are more important to the correct prediction of particle number.

This is not entirely surprising given that nucleation rate is a very strong function of surface tension and that estimating surface tension for very small particles is difficult.


It is well known that each of the ten smooth del Pezzo surfaces is related to a certain root system, whose roots are −2 classes in the orthogonal of the canonical class in the Picard group of the del Pezzo surface. The Weyl group of this root system acts on the collection of (−1)-curves of the del Pezzo surface. The list of root systems R associated to the smooth del Pezzo surfaces, listed by their degree d, was described by Manin [26] .

The list of root systems R associated to the smooth del Pezzo surfaces, listed by their degree d, was described by Manin.


Recent developments in fixed point theory reflect that the iterative construction of fixed points is vigorously proposed and analyzed for various classes of maps in different spaces. Implicit algorithms provide better approximation of fixed points than explicit algorithms. The number of steps of an algorithm also plays an important role in iterative approximation methods. The case of two maps has a direct link with the minimization problem [5] .

The case of two maps has a direct link with the minimization problem.


The Circular Economy (CE) concept is in a growing trend in both developed and developing countries, especially to promote the return or recycling of obsolete products through the resource chain [1] . With the growing demand for products and services to satisfy the modern lifestyle, more virgin resources are extracted and harvested in various industries. However, most of the waste generated from industrial activities are not being effectively managed along with their life cycle, inasmuch as the materials and products are not being efficiently reused and recycled or considered unknown [2] [3] [4] .

The Circular Economy (CE) concept is in a growing trend in both developed and developing countries, especially to promote the return or recycling of obsolete products through the resource chain.

However, most of the waste generated from industrial activities are not being effectively managed along with their life cycle, inasmuch as the materials and products are not being efficiently reused and recycled or considered unknown.


The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (www.fia.fs.fed.us) provides an extensive and publicly available database (http://apps.fs.fed.us/fiadbdownloads/datamart.html) for use in determining the extent, condition, volume, and growth of forestlands in the U.S. (USDA-FS 2014) . This inventory may serve as a baseline to obtain above-and belowground biomass and C storage potential for windbreak tree species. The main objectives of this study were to: (1) assess the suitability of various allometric models for estimating tree biomass under the more open-grown conditions associated with windbreaks and (2) develop a methodology for estimating the C storage potential of windbreaks on agricultural lands in the U.S.

The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (www.fia.fs.fed.us) provides an extensive and publicly available database (http://apps.fs.fed.us/fiadbdownloads/datamart.html) for use in determining the extent, condition, volume, and growth of forestlands in the U.S..


While much uncertainty exists in C estimation in agroforestry systems first approximations are necessary to move the state of the science forward. Much of the uncertainty that exists is due to a dearth of data available for trees growing outside of forests. More research on C storage potential for windbreaks, using local models, and analyzing variables such as site index, tree densities, C accumulation in soils, and future climates will greatly improve our understanding of the carbon dynamics in these systems (Mbow et al. 2014) . These uncertainties raise questions on which trees and management options will be suitable in future climates and how to best minimize negative climate change impacts on agriculture (Nguyen et al. 2013) . Although these uncertainties limit our ability to definitively estimate the carbon storage potential of windbreaks and other agroforestry practices, substantial potential clearly exists. These uncertainties should be addressed in future research.

More research on C storage potential for windbreaks, using local models, and analyzing variables such as site index, tree densities, C accumulation in soils, and future climates will greatly improve our understanding of the carbon dynamics in these systems.

These uncertainties raise questions on which trees and management options will be suitable in future climates and how to best minimize negative climate change impacts on agriculture.


Some of the most intensely studied coho populations in the world inhabit the OPI area, defined as the region from northern California to southern (Pearcy, 1992) . The oceanography is dominated by the northern sector of the California Current, a highly productive coastal upwelling region downstream from the subarctic North Pacific and south of the West Wind Drift (Ware and MacFarlane, 1989) . Oregon Production Index coho spawn in coastal streams and small tributaries of larger rivers during September-March. Migration of smolts downstream towards the sea occurs in late winter and spring, with a peak in May. Coho move rapidly through coastal estuaries into the sea where they mature over an 18-month period. Adults thus return to spawn during the fall following their second summer at sea.

Some of the most intensely studied coho populations in the world inhabit the OPI area, defined as the region from northern California to southern.

The oceanography is dominated by the northern sector of the California Current, a highly productive coastal upwelling region downstream from the subarctic North Pacific and south of the West Wind Drift.


A substantial body of literature shows that there are decadal-scale regimes of salmon production in the NE Pacific, regimes which can be explained by decadal scale climate variability and coherent changes in ocean processes (Beamish and Bouillon, 1993; Francis and Hare, 1994; Hare and Francis, 1995; Gargett, 1997; Mantua et al., 1997; Hare et al., 1999; Beamish et al., 1999; Beamish et al., 2000) . Our results are consistent with the regime hypothesis, but we also show that oceanographic processes can explain yearto-year variations in salmon survival. Coho survival appears to be impacted by processes occurring during a series of time periods from the winter before the smolts migrate to sea through spring and into their first winter at sea. Conditions during all of these periods are not necessarily required to be good to result in good survival or poor to result in poor survival. Our results suggest specific mechanisms that contribute to coho survival variability, such as winter preconditioning or the timing of the onset of the upwelling season. Process-oriented field studies are needed to establish whether and how these mechanisms function -whether there are direct links between oceanography, marine habitat, food availability, and survival or whether predator dynamics interact with oceanographic processes. The results of our study and many of the studies that precede ours make one thing clear: the survival and production of PNW coho is strongly related to ocean conditions. Because of this coho can serve as a bellwether species for variability in the coastal physical and biological environment.

A substantial body of literature shows that there are decadal-scale regimes of salmon production in the NE Pacific, regimes which can be explained by decadal scale climate variability and coherent changes in ocean processes.


Diabetes is a common and frequently-occurring disease, seriously harm to human health. Modern medical research shows that the pathogenesis of diabetes is affected by genetic and environmental factors (Ling, 2007) . With economic development, people's diet changes and population aging, diabetes is increasing rapidly. According to statistics, the incidence of diabetes in the world is 3 to 5% and the incidence of 50 is 10% (Qian, 1999) . Diabetes cause many complications and the treatment cost highly. There are no effective methods and the commonly used clinical hypoglycemic agents have sideeffects. Therefore, it is urgent needs to find new substances *Corresponding author. E-mail: zhouyf383@nenu.edu.cn; zhhaiyue@163.com. Tel: (+ 86)-13596055178. The case: (+ 86)-431-85712163.

Modern medical research shows that the pathogenesis of diabetes is affected by genetic and environmental factors.

According to statistics, the incidence of diabetes in the world is 3 to 5% and the incidence of 50 is 10%.

Tel: (+ 86)-13596055178.

The case: (+ 86)-431-85712163.