Under most conditions concrete provides a reliable protection against corrosion of reinforcing steel, however corrosion remains the most common cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete. In order for corrosion to occur, the presence of an electrolyte such as the aqueous phase in concrete is required. The final result of the corrosion process is the formation of a thick layer of rust which exerts sufficient tensile forces within the concrete to cause cracking of the concrete cover [1] . In an alkaline solution, such as the calcium hydroxide solution in wet cement, a protective oxide film is formed which covers the steel thus passivates it. Corrosion occurs when this protective film is impaired and oxygen is present [2] . Oxygen has the most detrimental effect; chloride is only the catalyst of the corrosion process. Oxygen binds the electrons originally associated with the iron atoms and it is the abstraction of these electrons which allows some iron atoms to dissolve as ferrous ions and then to preipitate as ferric oxides [3] . Without oxygen steel rebar will not corrode in alkaline water even with chloride present [4] . Moreover, the stability of the film depends on the maintenance of a certain minimum pH value above which access of oxygen will not cause corrosion. However, if the access of carbon dioxide reduces the pH to a value 10 or lower the film is impaired, the natural passivity of concrete is thus reduced and under such conditions any access of oxygen will cause corrosion [5] . The presence of chloride ions stimulates corrosion by raising the pH required to stabilize the passive film to a value which may exceed that of a saturated calcium hydroxide solution. The intrusion of chloride ions depends on the porosity and permeability of the concrete material [1] . As the reinforcing steel corrodes, the ferric oxides occupy a volume three to four times greater than the initial reinforcing steel resulting in bursting stresses that crack and spall the concrete cover.

The final result of the corrosion process is the formation of a thick layer of rust which exerts sufficient tensile forces within the concrete to cause cracking of the concrete cover.

Corrosion occurs when this protective film is impaired and oxygen is present.

Oxygen binds the electrons originally associated with the iron atoms and it is the abstraction of these electrons which allows some iron atoms to dissolve as ferrous ions and then to preipitate as ferric oxides.

Without oxygen steel rebar will not corrode in alkaline water even with chloride present.

However, if the access of carbon dioxide reduces the pH to a value 10 or lower the film is impaired, the natural passivity of concrete is thus reduced and under such conditions any access of oxygen will cause corrosion.

The intrusion of chloride ions depends on the porosity and permeability of the concrete material.


Both limited-area domain and stretched-grid simulations have had to address the lack of access to scale-aware parameterizations, that is, parameterizations that function appropriately across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales without ad hoc tuning. Those conducting full-physics simulations on stretched grids are more acutely aware of this problem simply due to the fact that these deficiencies are manifest in a single, global simulation. One remedy pursued by the stretched-grid community has been to compute all physical parameterizations on a quasi-uniform mesh of intermediate resolution (Fox-Rabinovitz et al. 2006) . While this remedy certainly removes biases in parameterizations due to their lack of scaling, the approach is antithetical to our motivation. Our motivation for this multiresolution approach is founded on the principle that there is scientific value in directly resolving (i.e., not parameterizing) certain processes in certain regions. As a result, remedies found in the stretched-grid community only highlight the extent of the challenges ahead of us.

One remedy pursued by the stretched-grid community has been to compute all physical parameterizations on a quasi-uniform mesh of intermediate resolution.


A defining feature of the global atmosphere and ocean circulations is their broad range of temporal and spatial scales. The climate of the atmosphere is determined by both global patterns of motion, O(10 4 ) km, as well as, for example, boundary layer processes with O(10 21 ) km characteristic scales (Klein and Hartmann 1993) . Similarly, the climate of the ocean is controlled by both basin scales of motions, O(10 4 ) km, and submesoscale processes with O(10 21 ) km scales (Boccaletti et al. 2007) . As is typical of nonlinear systems, the broad range of climate-relevant spatial scales in the atmosphere and ocean is highly interacting; the O(10 4 ) km global scales modify and are modified by the O(10 21 ) km local scales. In terms of simulating the atmosphere and ocean climate systems, the strong interaction across scales implies that an accurate representation of the smallest scales is a prerequisite for the robust simulation of the largest scales.

The climate of the atmosphere is determined by both global patterns of motion, O(10 4 ) km, as well as, for example, boundary layer processes with O(10 21 ) km characteristic scales.

Similarly, the climate of the ocean is controlled by both basin scales of motions, O(10 4 ) km, and submesoscale processes with O(10 21 ) km scales.


The pitfall of parameterization has led to what might be considered the defining tenet of global climate modeling: increasing model resolution allows for less parameterization and, thereby, a more accurate simulation of the observed climate system. Faced with the daunting challenges posed by global climate modeling, the community has embarked on at least three research paths to address this challenge. The first approach is that of global ultra-high-resolution climate system modeling (McClean et al. 2011) . In this approach, high-resolution climate system models are paired with the world's most advanced high-performance computing systems to conduct climate simulations at unprecedented resolution. The underlying premise is that as the model resolves more and more of the scales of interests, less of the system is left unresolved and, thus, fewer of the systems require parameterization. This approach is very much in the theme of traditional climate modeling but at very high resolution and, as a result, benefits from the decades of experience that this activity has obtained. The main disadvantage of this approach is that the presently unresolved parts of the spectrum are resolved at a painfully slow rate. Reducing the horizontal grid spacing by a factor of 2 typically requires a factor of 2 3 increase in computing resources, where latitude, longitude, and time account individually for a factor of 2. Thus, moving from a global 50-km mesh like those presently used for highresolution Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) atmosphere simulations to a global 4-km mesh that would be required for convection-permitting atmosphere simulations will entail an increase in computing resources of approximately 2 12 , or about 4000 times the present-day computing capacity. And this, of course, neglects the substantial increase in vertical resolution that will also be required.

The first approach is that of global ultra-high-resolution climate system modeling.


Participatory management cannot work without efficient communication with the public, which means communication with: the professionals, laymen, entrepreneurs and stakeholders [1] . It is a generally accepted fact that the public needs to be informed, educated and encouraged to participate in the management and development of their area. Such an approach helps in winning larger public interest, support and responsibility for the area (conflicts and problems often rise from a lack of knowledge). Both residents and visitors should have easy access to information on area management [1, 2] .

Participatory management cannot work without efficient communication with the public, which means communication with: the professionals, laymen, entrepreneurs and stakeholders.

Both residents and visitors should have easy access to information on area management.


However, these newly introduced approaches can also cause problems or conflicts. Practical experience shows that the new approaches do not necessarily lead to shared power but, on the contrary, to the strengthening of state influence and control over regional and especially local politics and management. The main cause is the fact that in the process of asserting their interests, state institutions always will be more effective than ordinary people [16] .

The main cause is the fact that in the process of asserting their interests, state institutions always will be more effective than ordinary people.


Sustainable development of the landscape does not require only its protection but, perhaps most of all, the participation of local inhabitants in the process of its formation and planning [17] . For this reason, social climate is the key factor in the successful management of protected areas, and that is why there are growing numbers of surveys dealing with the attitudes and opinions of the inhabitants of these areas. The first works on the subject started appearing in the late 1970s and early 1980s [18] [19] [20] [21] . Further studies followed and for illustration purposes, there are some examples: [3] [4] [5] 9, 15, 17, [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] .

Sustainable development of the landscape does not require only its protection but, perhaps most of all, the participation of local inhabitants in the process of its formation and planning.

The first works on the subject started appearing in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Further studies followed and for illustration purposes, there are some examples.


Qualitative research is a method of inquiry appropriated in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts [36, 37] . Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior [36, 38] . The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often needed, rather than large samples [37] .

Qualitative research is a method of inquiry appropriated in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts.

Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior.

Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often needed, rather than large samples.


The term bezoar refers to swallowed indigestible materials that collect in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to formation of a mass that fails to pass through the intestines. The first published description of bezoars was by Baudamant in 1779 [1] . Most bezoars are commonly found in the stomach. Trichobezoars are rare, composed of hair and more common in female pediatric patients with psychiatric disorders. Bezoars that extend through the pylorus in the form of a tail into the small bowel are known as the Rapunzel syndrome. Trichobezoars may cause potentially life-threatening complications such as intestinal obstruction, gastric bleeding, and perforation [2] . They must be removed once the diagnosis is made, especially when they become embedded in the gastric mucosa. Gastric trichobezoars may attain large sizes before becoming symptomatic. The most common removal method for a large trichobezoar is epigastric surgical incision.

The first published description of bezoars was by Baudamant in 1779.

Trichobezoars may cause potentially life-threatening complications such as intestinal obstruction, gastric bleeding, and perforation.


In order to truly study the radiation phenomena, in this paper we rewrite Einstein's equations in an asymptotically null foliation of space-time, and accomplish the task of casting them in the form (1.1). This is done in the next section, where we heavily use Friedrich's schema of conformally regularizing Einstein's equations (c.f [9] ). Once this is done we use, in the third section, the resulting system of equations to obtain the Newtonian limit, which in this context tells how to select initial data sets whose solutions are bounded for a finite time intervall, that is we perform a first order initialization of the data for the system. It is worth noticing at this point that besides evolution equations, the Einstein system has also constraint equations between the initial data. They complement and are consistent with the ones the initialization scheme produces, leading together into the Newtonian limit equations.

This is done in the next section, where we heavily use Friedrich's schema of conformally regularizing Einstein's equations (c.f).


The structure of the equations used allows to control the slowness of the solution to any order on ε, by continuing the initialization procedure i.e. making sure that further time derivatives of the solution at the initial hypersurface remain bounded. These postnewtonian orders should give enough information as to make a rigorous justification of the Quadrupolar formula, in a similar scheme to the one used by Winicour on null hypersurfaces [14] . But we believe that the most important application to the above system of equations should be in numerical calculations for there, besides giving a symmetric hyperbolic set of equations, a result already know from Friedrich's work, one would have a tight control on the initial data to be prescribed.

These postnewtonian orders should give enough information as to make a rigorous justification of the Quadrupolar formula, in a similar scheme to the one used by Winicour on null hypersurfaces.


Information, motivation, and behavioral skills as well as explicit relationships among these constructs are considered generalizable determinants of health behaviors. Therefore, the IMB model has been used as a theoretical basis for behavioral intervention studies across a variety of health behaviors (Carey et al., 1997; Fisher, Fisher, & Shuper, 2009; Fisher, Fisher, Amico, & Harman, 2006) . However, though the number of behavioral interventions based on the IMB model has increased in fields related to health behavior changes, there is a need to delineate specific strategies that have been integrated into IMB model-based interventions and to find evidence of the effectiveness of the model in facilitating behavioral change for patients with chronic diseases. For this reason, the current study systematically reviewed studies on behavioral interventions based on the IMB model targeting patients with chronic diseases.

Therefore, the IMB model has been used as a theoretical basis for behavioral intervention studies across a variety of health behaviors.


Another area in which a general display mechanism supports a variety of applications is algorithm animation. The BALSA system provided a high-level graphics library where different animations could be easily coded [3] . The TANGO system followed this up by providing a formal framework consisting of an animation algebra where the animations could either be coded procedurally or by demonstration [27] . More recent work on ZEUS added color and sound and is now incorporating 3D visualizations [4, 5] . While these efforts are suitable for a variety of different animations, they concentrate on providing high-quality displays of smaller amounts of information and generally expect the developer to do a substantial amount of work in implementing the animation.

The BALSA system provided a high-level graphics library where different animations could be easily coded.

The TANGO system followed this up by providing a formal framework consisting of an animation algebra where the animations could either be coded procedurally or by demonstration.

More recent work on ZEUS added color and sound and is now incorporating 3D visualizations.


Due to the potential differences in perceptions in the educational equation, it becomes essential to understand all engineering stakeholders' perceptions regarding the CEAB graduate attributes, so that any misconceptions or differences can be revealed, common understandings found, and ultimately, curricula can be improved. This is especially important within scholastic environments, as the intended curriculum is not inevitably the learned curriculum [3] [4] . Since students represent one of the engineering stakeholders integral to the accreditation and continual program improvement cycle, it is essential that their voices be heard.

This is especially important within scholastic environments, as the intended curriculum is not inevitably the learned curriculum.


A part of the proof of Theorem 1.2 relies on an elementary but heavy computation on the holes of the Leech lattice. We have carried out this calculation by a computer. Since the whole results are too large to be put in the paper, we present the result only on the most important hole (the deep hole of type D 24 ), and the rest is put in the author's web page [24] . The plan of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we give a review of the theory of holes of the Leech lattice, and describe a method to obtain representatives of equivalence classes of holes. In Section 3, we define several invariants of holes. Using these data, we prove Theorem 1.2 in Section 4. In Section 5, we discuss some examples, and conclude the paper by several remarks.

Since the whole results are too large to be put in the paper, we present the result only on the most important hole (the deep hole of type D 24 ), and the rest is put in the author's web page.

The plan of this paper is as follows.


We conclude with some basic notation. Given a graph G containing vertex x, B G (x, K) will denote the set of vertices in G at distance less than or equal to K from x, including x itself. We have fixed law p(·) satisfying (1) and (2) . Throughout µ will signify the mean µ = x xp(x) and q(.) will denote (for a > 2) the law q(x) = xp(x) µ . Its mean (which exists for a > 3) will be written as ν.

We conclude with some basic notation.

We have fixed law p(·) satisfying (1) and.


Therefore, wind turbines placed within a wind farm generally have lower operating effi ciency and higher fatigue than wind turbines at the upwind edge of a wind farm. In particular, as the fl ow separates from the wind turbine towers and rotor blades at the leading edge of the wind farm, the wind turbines within the farm experience lower wind velocity and higher turbulence. Hence, wind turbines are usually placed at the distance of 4 to 5.5 rotor diameters between the wind-turbine towers in order to improve operating conditions for downwind turbines, (Chamorro and Porté-Angel, 2010) .

Hence, wind turbines are usually placed at the distance of 4 to 5.5 rotor diameters between the wind-turbine towers in order to improve operating conditions for downwind turbines.


In this paper we present the use of colloidal quantum dots (QD) for luminescent downshifting to achieve multispectral imaging [5, 6] . This method offers a simple, low cost way to expand the low wavelength spectral range of a conventional single band detector. QDs are shown to dramatically increase the sensitivity of an InGaAs SWIR imager to ultraviolet light and the use of UV-SWIR imaging for spectrally resolved tagging applications is demonstrated. The application of QDs for extending the performance of MWIR or LWIR detectors in the SWIR, Vis and UV spectral regions is modeled and discussed.

In this paper we present the use of colloidal quantum dots (QD) for luminescent downshifting to achieve multispectral imaging.


To date, multispectral imaging has been achieved using several different techniques. For flip-chip structures where the underlying substrate absorbs the spectrum of interest, the substrate can be mechanically thinned to reduce absorption. This strategy has been employed for Vis-SWIR InGaAs detectors [2, 4] . However, this method increases cost and performance in the blue and ultraviolet regions remains poor [2, 4] . Another approach is to fabricate two junctions with different band gaps in each pixel. This has been achieved by creating a n-p-n triple layer heterojunction structure and has been employed for MWIR-LWIR two color detectors, which has the advantage of being able to select the spectral region based on the applied bias without the use of filters [1] . The main drawback is the increase in complexity and cost.

This strategy has been employed for Vis-SWIR InGaAs detectors.

However, this method increases cost and performance in the blue and ultraviolet regions remains poor.

This has been achieved by creating a n-p-n triple layer heterojunction structure and has been employed for MWIR-LWIR two color detectors, which has the advantage of being able to select the spectral region based on the applied bias without the use of filters.


Having said this, safety is not the only goal for the design of sounds. Sounds provide opportunities for car manufacturers to brand their product through a sound signature and find loyal markets [7] . In that way, a sound may be conceptualized as a means of communication between the designer and end-users [8] [9] . In the car interior, for example, the driver can infer the relative performance of the powertrain and have a better awareness of the speed of the car. Exterior sounds communicate the presence, proximity and speed of the car to other people in traffic.

Sounds provide opportunities for car manufacturers to brand their product through a sound signature and find loyal markets.

In that way, a sound may be conceptualized as a means of communication between the designer and end-users.


Recently, minimally invasive surgery has become one of the most important trend of orthopedic surgery, and it could decrease surgical trauma and shorter the recovery time for patients. As one of the most basic and common surgical operations, bone drilling has been widely used in the orthopedic surgery [1] . Drilling operation itself could also cause damages to the bone. Recent research in this area focused on the thermal damage in bone drilling, which could lead to bone necrosis or even osteomyelitis [2, 3] . In vivo animal experiments showed that if the temperature of bone rises to 50 ∘ C for more than one minute, it will cause the cortical bone necrosis [4] [5] [6] . Lundskog and Krause showed that when the temperature of bone rises above 50 ∘ C, thermal effects will lead to the degeneration of enzymes and membrane proteins in the bone, which causes bone necrosis [7, 8] .

As one of the most basic and common surgical operations, bone drilling has been widely used in the orthopedic surgery.

Recent research in this area focused on the thermal damage in bone drilling, which could lead to bone necrosis or even osteomyelitis.

In vivo animal experiments showed that if the temperature of bone rises to 50 ∘ C for more than one minute, it will cause the cortical bone necrosis.

Lundskog and Krause showed that when the temperature of bone rises above 50 ∘ C, thermal effects will lead to the degeneration of enzymes and membrane proteins in the bone, which causes bone necrosis.


On the other hand, high-speed drilling also makes damages to bone microstructure. Experimental studies have indicated that many microcracks were generated in bone drilling. Meanwhile, excessive microcracks will be produced when the bone strain exceeds the threshold. These microcracks may cause fatigue damages in bone, because the increase of microcracks can decrease the bone stiffness and the elastic modulus [9] [10] [11] [12] . Only a few of these microcracks can be repaired by bone remodeling process [13] [14] [15] . Therefore, rapid accumulation of microcracks will increase the bone fragility and lead to stress fractures [16] . When microcracks accumulate at normal rate and the bone's repair mechanism is deficient, it will lead to the collapse of the bone and even fragility fractures [17, 18] .

These microcracks may cause fatigue damages in bone, because the increase of microcracks can decrease the bone stiffness and the elastic modulus.

Only a few of these microcracks can be repaired by bone remodeling process.

Therefore, rapid accumulation of microcracks will increase the bone fragility and lead to stress fractures.

When microcracks accumulate at normal rate and the bone's repair mechanism is deficient, it will lead to the collapse of the bone and even fragility fractures.


The colleges had teacher educators who are trained in special needs education. The trainers have a key role to influence trainees to appreciate their future professional responsibility of ensuring the provision of education for all (Boling 2007; Wormnaes 2008) . The data, however, shows that some of the teacher trainers did not have training in the area of hearing impairment. In addition, some teacher trainers also have negative perceptions about the enrolment of trainees with hearing impairment in teacher education colleges.

The trainers have a key role to influence trainees to appreciate their future professional responsibility of ensuring the provision of education for all.


Emission models are based on mathematical formulations of the existing relationships between emissions and variables on which these emissions depend. They can be categorized into three categories: average speed models, traffic situation models -used at macro-scale or meso-scale level (national, regional, city level) -, and instantaneous (modal) models -useful at micro-scale level (street, vehicle level) - [2] . The first category is also known as static models, whereas, the other two categories are known as the dynamic models. The main difference between static and dynamic models is based on the parameters taken into account: static model refers to average values, while dynamic models make reference to instantaneous values.

They can be categorized into three categories: average speed models, traffic situation models -used at macro-scale or meso-scale level (national, regional, city level) -, and instantaneous (modal) models -useful at micro-scale level (street, vehicle level).


The putative metabolites of phenazepam have been shown to be pharmacologically active, with 3-hydroxyphenazepam (at least in vitro) being shown to be more potent than phenazepam [3, 32] . For the first time we have been able to quantitate 3-hydroxyphenazepam . These results are semi-quantitative as these matrices could not be validated according to recommended guidelines, with accuracy and precision <> 15% [13] .

The putative metabolites of phenazepam have been shown to be pharmacologically active, with 3-hydroxyphenazepam (at least in vitro) being shown to be more potent than phenazepam.

These results are semi-quantitative as these matrices could not be validated according to recommended guidelines, with accuracy and precision <> 15%.


Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavements usually deteriorate with time due to distresses caused by a combination of traffic loads and weather conditions. Among the various alternatives available for rigid pavement rehabilitation, the use of Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) overlay is regarded as relatively quick and inexpensive measure to repair the deteriorated PCC pavement. However, the performance of HMA overlay is hindered due to the occurrence of reflective cracking, resulting in significant reduction of pavement serviceability (Sherman, 1982) .

However, the performance of HMA overlay is hindered due to the occurrence of reflective cracking, resulting in significant reduction of pavement serviceability.


As an effective theory, the hydrodynamic approximation will be valid up to energies of the order of the microscopic scale, in this case given by the temperature T . At weak coupling hydrodynamic modes are collective excitations made up by the collective motion of the hard particles. Therefore they actually should decouple at short wavelengths. In standard perturbative finite temperature field theory and in the HTL approximation collective excitations do indeed appear already in the two-point correlators of the fundamental fermion and gauge fields. At weak coupling one distinguishes a soft scale of order gT from a hard scale T . Above T the hard partons are the quarks and gluons of the elementary fields, at the soft scale there are quasiparticles, dressed quarks and gluons and collective excitations, i.e. the plasmon and plasmino modes [26] [27] [28] . They show up as poles in the retarded two-point functions but can be distinguished by the behaviour of the residues at momenta at or above the hard scale T : the residues of the collective excitations decay exponentially signalling their decoupling at short wavelengths. What can we expect then for the quasinormal modes? In fact the high frequency and short wavelength limit can be interchanged with the T → 0 limit [10] . Going to zero temperature an infinite number of quasinormal modes come together and open up a branch cut, characteristic for the T = 0 retarded correlators. Therefore, the residues of almost all quasinormal modes should not decay in this limit. However, a finite number might still decouple, and indeed this is what we find for the residues of quasinormal modes representing diffusive behaviour at long wavelengths.

Above T the hard partons are the quarks and gluons of the elementary fields, at the soft scale there are quasiparticles, dressed quarks and gluons and collective excitations, i.e. the plasmon and plasmino modes.

In fact the high frequency and short wavelength limit can be interchanged with the T → 0 limit.


Hydrodynamic modes like diffusion, shear or sound modes are also described by quasinormal modes in the gravity dual. They are special cases of quasinormal modes whose frequencies vanish in the zero momentum limit [13, 14] . One of the most interesting results of this AdS black hole hydrodynamics has been the derivation of a universal bound for the shear viscosity to entropy ratio η s ≥ 4πk B [15, 16] . It has also been argued that this value is relevant to the description of heavy ion phenomenology at RHIC [17] . The shear viscosity is a hydrodynamic transport coefficient governing the momentum diffusion through the medium. One way to derive it is to compute the lowest quasinormal frequency in the retarded two-point correlator in the vector channel of the stress tensor.

They are special cases of quasinormal modes whose frequencies vanish in the zero momentum limit.

One of the most interesting results of this AdS black hole hydrodynamics has been the derivation of a universal bound for the shear viscosity to entropy ratio η s ≥ 4πk B.

It has also been argued that this value is relevant to the description of heavy ion phenomenology at RHIC.


There is some important potential for using abandoned mines for energy generation. One of them is generation of heating and cooling energy from the natural heat contained in the mine water. Geothermal energy systems using heat pumps to extract this heat can be used to offer local employment and energy resilience to the surrounding communities [1] . Abandoned mine methane (AMM) can also be recovered from closed coal mines and used for producing thermal and electrical energy, especially immediately after a mine's closure, while at the same time reducing atmospheric emissions of methane [2] . A study by University of Minnesota Duluth's Natural Resources Research Institute shows that the water-laden pits of abandoned mines have the potential to store wind energy by a pumped-hydro storage process which would use excess late-night wind energy to pump water uphill from the pits to a higher-elevation holding pond. During the day, when electricity demand goes up, the flow is reversed and energy captured in hydro turbines. According to this study, for every 100 megawatts used to pump the water upward during night, the plant generates nearly 80 megawatts through the turbines in daytime [3, 4] . From the standpoint of management within state institutions, current data on abandoned mines are important for the implementation of the relevant activities within their competence. In particular, this includes the legislative and legal, as well as control and monitoring activities related to geological exploration and exploitation, but also the legal obligation of reclamation. There is also a specific indirect importance in obtaining baseline data as part of the implementation of appropriate guidelines of mineral strategy, mineral policy and the concept of sustainable development in the mineral economy of Vojvodina, as an integral part of the mineral economy of Serbia. Potentials for energy generation from abandoned mines in Vojvodina should also be taken into consideration.

Geothermal energy systems using heat pumps to extract this heat can be used to offer local employment and energy resilience to the surrounding communities.

Abandoned mine methane (AMM) can also be recovered from closed coal mines and used for producing thermal and electrical energy, especially immediately after a mine's closure, while at the same time reducing atmospheric emissions of methane.

According to this study, for every 100 megawatts used to pump the water upward during night, the plant generates nearly 80 megawatts through the turbines in daytime.


Until now, many scientists have devoted research efforts to short-term wind speed forecasting, and various achievements have been successfully applied. Numerical simulation, as early results, is usually used to construct mathematical models to simulate the dynamical physical behaviour of wind. These models include many linear, nonlinear, difference, and differential equations related with many conditions of wind, and those numerical solutions are usually achieved by calculation and iterative methods. However, because of the astatic and chaotic characteristics of the factors involved in the numerical simulation, as well as many uncertainties in the forecasting process, the results of these methods usually cannot meet the requirements of precision [15] .

However, because of the astatic and chaotic characteristics of the factors involved in the numerical simulation, as well as many uncertainties in the forecasting process, the results of these methods usually cannot meet the requirements of precision.


There are three acknowledged methods for forecasting wind speed, including long-term prediction, medium-term prediction, and short-term prediction [14] . Briefly, longterm forecasting is used in the process of site selection for wind farms and in the maintenance and overhaul of the power network. When researching the dynamic economic dispatch scheme in a grid-connected wind power system, the medium-term forecasting of wind that usually spans a few days or weeks comes in handy. As for the latter method, it mostly works to meet the control requirements of wind turbines. Overall, apparently, forecast error will become greater as the forecast horizon increases. Thus, the accuracy of short-term forecasting is particularly important, for it lays the foundation of the renewable energy program, security evaluation, optimal dispatching model, and other critical decisions in power network dispatching.

There are three acknowledged methods for forecasting wind speed, including long-term prediction, medium-term prediction, and short-term prediction.


China, with such a great population, will soon replace America as the leading energy consuming country [12] . Depending on a series of positive policies, the wind power industry has stepped into rapid development and the present scale is exciting. The capacity of exploitable wind power is on rise year by year as technology progresses. According to a study started by the National Energy Administration (NEA), in the national wind power long-term plan, it is explicitly proposed that, to 2020, the national wind power installed capacity goal is 20,000,000 kilowatts [13] . In order to achieve such a capacity of power, nearly 708 million tons coal are needed according to the internationally accepted conversion standard, and the accompanying carbon emission even reaches to 480 million tons. Therefore, developing wind power efficiently does not only have economic significance, but also high ecological value.

China, with such a great population, will soon replace America as the leading energy consuming country.

According to a study started by the National Energy Administration (NEA), in the national wind power long-term plan, it is explicitly proposed that, to 2020, the national wind power installed capacity goal is 20,000,000 kilowatts.


The available cost-benefits because of managed services in the shared service center is different from industries and business areas. Companies could perceive the biggest savings at those services that have a great transactional volume. This could contribute to reach the benefits of economies of scale [5] .

This could contribute to reach the benefits of economies of scale.


Big companies attempt to rationalize operational costs by standardization and deliver services over the country's borders as well. Depending on the expected assets at the end of the process, either a captive center is created or an outsourcing provider will get the delivery. The key lies in the reorganization of the processes. If the function moves to an offshore location then this will mean further cost reduction. Shared Service Organizations (SSO) could be a good tool for these aims. There are more definitions about shared services. One of the most well-known accrued from Schulmann. He thought that shared service is a concentration of company resources in order to deliver services to internal clients at lower cost and high service level [2] .

He thought that shared service is a concentration of company resources in order to deliver services to internal clients at lower cost and high service level.


Introducing of a shared service model could have strategic and operational reasons as well. Strategic reason could be for example the optimization of technology investment or ensuring flexibility for changing strategic business model. Operational reasons could be for example improvement of service quality and lead-time, decreasing the costs of significant operational processes [4] .

Operational reasons could be for example improvement of service quality and lead-time, decreasing the costs of significant operational processes.


This study compared the shear bond strengths of the self-adhesive cements to zirconia without surface pretreatment between thermocycling and non-thermocycling. The shear bond strengths of six SARCs bonded with untreated zirconia surface were significantly greater than that of FJC prior to the thermocycling. These results corresponded with those of previous studies that confirmed the greater bond strength of resin cement than that of RMGIC [16, 29] .

These results corresponded with those of previous studies that confirmed the greater bond strength of resin cement than that of RMGIC.


In this study, group PM2 showed the greatest shear bond strength before thermocycling, but the differences among Groups PM2, GLA, SC2, and CSL were insignificant. According to the manufacturer, PermaCem 2.0 includes primer components for zirconia in its cement, so no additional primer is required for a high bond strength level. Its low-pH components have self-etching effects that facilitate direct bonding with zirconia. Nevertheless, the manufacturer did not release the details of the cement components, so these are based on estimations [33] .

Nevertheless, the manufacturer did not release the details of the cement components, so these are based on estimations.


The main component of SARCs is phosphate functional monomer. When phosphate monomer is applied to zirconia, the hydrogen group of phosphate monomer and the oxygen group of zirconia slowly react to produce water molecules and to form a stable Zr-O-P covalent bond [10, 30] . There must be sufficient wettability in the early stage of the reaction to use the hydrophilic property, but excessive hydrophilicity can cause swelling that can adversely affect dimensional stability and mechanical strength, so the hydrophobicity must increase after the initial reaction. The phosphoric acid monomers for dental usage include MHP (6-methacryloxyhexyl dihydrogen phosphate), GPDM (glycerol phosphate dimethacrylate), BisHEMA-Phosphate (2-methacryloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate), PENTA (dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate monophosphate), and MDP (10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate) [10, 31, 32] .

When phosphate monomer is applied to zirconia, the hydrogen group of phosphate monomer and the oxygen group of zirconia slowly react to produce water molecules and to form a stable Zr-O-P covalent bond.

The phosphoric acid monomers for dental usage include MHP (6-methacryloxyhexyl dihydrogen phosphate), GPDM (glycerol phosphate dimethacrylate), BisHEMA-Phosphate (2-methacryloxyethyl dihydrogen phosphate), PENTA (dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate monophosphate), and MDP (10-methacryloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate).


To increase bond strengths between resin cements and zirconia, studies on various surface treatments have been conducted [1, [19] [20] [21] . Acid-etching on zirconia surface have been attempted to enhance micromechanical retentivity, but hydrofloric acid etching was unsuccessful because zirconia is a polycrystalline structure [2] . Sandblasting was used to enhance the mechanical bond strengths, and was reported to have contributed to the improvement of the bond strength [22] . In other studies, however, the pretreatment degraded the bond strength [16, 23, 24] .

To increase bond strengths between resin cements and zirconia, studies on various surface treatments have been conducted.

Acid-etching on zirconia surface have been attempted to enhance micromechanical retentivity, but hydrofloric acid etching was unsuccessful because zirconia is a polycrystalline structure.

Sandblasting was used to enhance the mechanical bond strengths, and was reported to have contributed to the improvement of the bond strength.

In other studies, however, the pretreatment degraded the bond strength.


Adequate adhesion between restorations and teeth is one of the major factors of successful indirect restoration [1] . For adequate adhesion, cements suitable to the restoration type must be selected [2] . An ideal luting cement must provide sustainable bonds with different materials, sufficient compression and tensile strengths, wettability, and resistance to dissolution in the oral cavity [3, 4] . There are various types of cement: zinc phosphate cement (ZPC), poly carboxylate cement, glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), and resin cement [5] . Resin cement has better compressive and tensile strengths, toughness, resilience, and extremely lower solubility than other luting agents. Moreover, it is aesthetically excellent and provides several color option [6] .

Adequate adhesion between restorations and teeth is one of the major factors of successful indirect restoration.

For adequate adhesion, cements suitable to the restoration type must be selected.

An ideal luting cement must provide sustainable bonds with different materials, sufficient compression and tensile strengths, wettability, and resistance to dissolution in the oral cavity.

There are various types of cement: zinc phosphate cement (ZPC), poly carboxylate cement, glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), and resin cement.

Moreover, it is aesthetically excellent and provides several color option.


Furthermore, we have compared our system with the system of Ma and Grimson [5] . As can be seen in Table 2 , our system outperforms the proposed SIFT-based system for the car-van problem, in contrast to the sedan-taxi problem. Where our proposed algorithm has been designed to limit the influence of small changes within an object class, the SIFT-based algorithm focuses on describing more specific details of the test objects. This explains the differences in performance.

Furthermore, we have compared our system with the system of Ma and Grimson.


M OBILE ad hoc networks (MANETs) are characterised by the lack of infrastructure (i.e. pre-existing communication backbone) and central authority (such as base stations or mobile switching centres) to establish and facilitate communication in the network [1] . It is composed of a set of autonomous devices that work as network nodes agreeing to relay packets for each other and have dynamic topologies, with resource constraints, and limited physical security [2] . MANETs' applications are increasing in future network paradigms including vehicular and mesh networks. Many civilian and military services are demanding MANET applications, ranging from emergency rescue services such as hurricane and earthquake disasters to exchanging critical information on the battlefield or even home and personal area networking [3] . The formation and sustained existence of MANET services are mainly based on an individual node's cooperation in packet forwarding. Due to the unique characteristics and demanding use, MANETs are vulnerable to attacks launched by misbehaving nodes [2] . One of the approved mechanisms to improve security in MANETs is to use trust management techniques to deal with the misbehaving nodes and stimulate them to cooperate [4] .

M OBILE ad hoc networks (MANETs) are characterised by the lack of infrastructure (i.e. pre-existing communication backbone) and central authority (such as base stations or mobile switching centres) to establish and facilitate communication in the network.

It is composed of a set of autonomous devices that work as network nodes agreeing to relay packets for each other and have dynamic topologies, with resource constraints, and limited physical security.

Many civilian and military services are demanding MANET applications, ranging from emergency rescue services such as hurricane and earthquake disasters to exchanging critical information on the battlefield or even home and personal area networking.

Due to the unique characteristics and demanding use, MANETs are vulnerable to attacks launched by misbehaving nodes.

One of the approved mechanisms to improve security in MANETs is to use trust management techniques to deal with the misbehaving nodes and stimulate them to cooperate.


The bite rate was lower at the low (27.1 bites/min) compared to the mean (34.0 bites/min) that was similar to the very high intensity (32.2 bites/min). The very high was similar to the high intensity (29.4 bites/min), which did not differ from the mean intensity. The bite rate is determined by the interaction between chewing and sward structure (Galli et al., 1996) . The relationship found between bite rate and structural components of the pasture suggests that the bite rate responds directly to sward changes and they are not an attempt by the animal to compensate changes in bite weight (Galli et al., 1996) .

The bite rate is determined by the interaction between chewing and sward structure.

The relationship found between bite rate and structural components of the pasture suggests that the bite rate responds directly to sward changes and they are not an attempt by the animal to compensate changes in bite weight.


Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants, and it is important for their growth and the development of their brain and nervous system [1] . Breastfeeding has been shown to be related to a decreased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), otitis media, respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity [2] . Furthermore, breastfeeding enhances the intellectual and psycho-emotional comfort of infants and the mother-infant relationships [3] . Moreover, breastfeeding mothers may have a lower risk of postpartum bleeding and have a faster recovery to pre-pregnancy body conditions as compared to those who bottle feed [2, 4] .

Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants, and it is important for their growth and the development of their brain and nervous system.

Breastfeeding has been shown to be related to a decreased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), otitis media, respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity.

Furthermore, breastfeeding enhances the intellectual and psycho-emotional comfort of infants and the mother-infant relationships.

Moreover, breastfeeding mothers may have a lower risk of postpartum bleeding and have a faster recovery to pre-pregnancy body conditions as compared to those who bottle feed.


The educational impact of citizen science is already addressed by several studies (Bonney, Phillips, Ballard, & Enck, 2015) ; (Cronje, Rohlinger, Crall, & Newman, 2011) ; (Crall, Jordan, Holfelder, & al., 2013) ). Nevertheless, results on learning in citizen science focus on effects of participation on scientific literacy and on content-knowledge (Jordan, Ballard, & Phillips, 2012) . Our perception of learning in CCS projects is instead multidimensional and is not limited to the scientific literacy (see discussion below in subsection 1.1), hence we need adapted evaluation tools to assess the different dimensions of the impact of CCS on the learning of the participants.

The educational impact of citizen science is already addressed by several studies;;).

Nevertheless, results on learning in citizen science focus on effects of participation on scientific literacy and on content-knowledge.


Volatiles from adult worker bees, freshly collected pollen, unripe honey and slumgum attracted SHBs in olfactometric and flight-tunnel bioassays. Female beetles were generally more responsive than males, however, in olfactometer assays, males were more responsive than females to bee volatiles at certain levels. The significance of these differences in response is not clear, but they may be due to the relatively low numbers of SHBs used in this study compared to natural populations occurring in a beehive. The strong response of both males and females to bee volatiles suggests that the beetles may associate bee volatiles with the presence of food resources in the hive. This is consistent with the fact that the beetles do not feed on adult honey bees, but rather on pollen, honey and bee brood (Elzen et al., 1999; Elzen et al., 2000) .

This is consistent with the fact that the beetles do not feed on adult honey bees, but rather on pollen, honey and bee brood.


Direct measurements of turbulent mixing in the ocean require datasets of variables such as smallscale temperature or current shear sampled at high-frequency. Traditionally, such data are acquired using loosely-tethered profilers, deployed repeatedly off a ship's side (Lueck et al., 2002) . This method provides data with little disturbance from vibrations, and repeated profiles can be made relatively fast. However, dedicated ship time is expensive, and microstructure surveys are sporadic. As an alternative, equipping underwater gliders with turbulence sensors facilitates continuous sampling on a lowvibration platform .

Traditionally, such data are acquired using loosely-tethered profilers, deployed repeatedly off a ship's side.


Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has a special significance in Asia, where about 90% of the rice is produced and consumed as a staple food. Considering the increasing demand of rice due to population increase and decreasing land and water resources available for rice cultivation, it is critical to develop and use rice technologies that will result in higher yields (Virmani and Kumar, 2004) . Experience in China and outside China clearly indicates that hybrid rice technology offers a viable option to meet this challenge. Hybrid rice varieties have clearly shown a 1-1.5 t/ha yield advantage over semi-dwarf inbred highyielding varieties in farmers' fields in China and other countries (Virmani and Kumar, 2004) .

Considering the increasing demand of rice due to population increase and decreasing land and water resources available for rice cultivation, it is critical to develop and use rice technologies that will result in higher yields.

Hybrid rice varieties have clearly shown a 1-1.5 t/ha yield advantage over semi-dwarf inbred highyielding varieties in farmers' fields in China and other countries.


Despite the very different macroeconomic histories, there are striking similarities in the consumptions functions found for South Africa and the above three Anglo-Saxon economies (Aron et al., 2011; Muellbauer and Williams, 2011) . The consumption model estimates also throw light on the monetary transmission mechanism in South Africa, showing that there are multiple channels for the effect of interest rates on consumption expenditure. This is highly relevant for policy making. A rise in shortterm interest rates has negative direct effects on consumer spending, mainly through higher real rates, but there appear to be even larger indirect effects via asset prices and income expectations. In the absence of wealth stock data for South Africa, these large asset effects have not previously been measured. Given the multiple possible influences on asset prices in small open economies -including foreign interest rates, terms of trade and foreign equity prices -to quantify the marginal effect of domestic interest rate changes alone requires separate models for the main asset prices of equities, bonds and housing, in addition to the consumption function and income forecasts. This remains an important task for future work.

Despite the very different macroeconomic histories, there are striking similarities in the consumptions functions found for South Africa and the above three Anglo-Saxon economies.


The transfer responses of the MPFs generated by ASE source and LD are shown in Fig. 4(a) . The ASE source generates a single-passband MPF which is centered at 6.24 GHz, corresponding to a delay time of Á ¼ 20 ps. Meanwhile, a broadband MPS was generated by the LD on the other orthogonal polarization state. The phase of the MPS is continuously tunable from 0°to 360°. Detail analysis of the MPS can be found in our previous work [17] . The single-passband MPF and the broadband MPS interfered with each other in the PD, which results in a singlenotch MPS as shown in Fig. 4(b) . The notch suppression ratio is around 30 dB. In principle, the suppression ratio of the notch should be unlimited; see Fig. 2(b) . However, a limited suppression ratio of ∼30 dB was achieved in our experiment due to the unmatched amplitude and phase conditions of the single-passband MPF and the MPS.

Detail analysis of the MPS can be found in our previous work.


Microwave photonic filter (MPF) has been a hot topic in microwave and millimeter-wave signal processing applications [1] , [2] . They have many advantages over the conventional electronicbased approach, such as high bandwidth, wide tunability, and electron-magnetic interference immunity. Microwave photonic notch filters are preferred in many applications. They are widely used to remove the unwanted clutter and noise from the desired signals in radars and fiberbased antenna arrays.

Microwave photonic filter (MPF) has been a hot topic in microwave and millimeter-wave signal processing applications.


It is well known that in channels and pipes the volume flux of laminar flow is greater than that for turbulent flow at the same pressure gradient (Thomas 1942) . Equivalently, the skin-friction drag in a laminar flow is less than in a turbulent flow for the same volume flux. In this paper we derive a formula to compute this volumeflux discrepancy for a given pressure gradient and consider the implications at high Reynolds numbers.

It is well known that in channels and pipes the volume flux of laminar flow is greater than that for turbulent flow at the same pressure gradient.


In a group of 80 mothers with infants internationally adopted from Sri Lanka, South Korea, or Colombia, we found as many secure infant-parent attachment relationships as normally expected. Another nding that concurs with the attachment outcomes is that the adoptive mother's sensitivity to her baby's cues does not seem to deviate from nonadoptive mothers. From these results we conclude that adopted infants appear to be able to use their new parents as a secure base, and also, that adoptive parents appear to be sensitive enough to the needs of their adopted baby to become a secure base. On one hand, these results may be related to the rather young age of adoption placement of this group: 11 weeks. At this age babies are supposed to be in the "attachment-in-the-making" phase, whereas after 6 months they are in the "clear-cut attachment" phase (Bowlby, 1982) . Probably, babies may redirect and reorganise their attachment behaviour with relative ease when a stable attachment relationship has not yet been developed (Portello, 1993; Yarrow & Goodwin, 1973) . On the other hand, the results may be partly explained by the relatively favourable circumstances prior to the adoption placement. The infants from Sri Lanka experienced only one separation and received personal care from their biological mother. The South Korean and Colombian infants experienced two or three separations, and were taken care of by professional caregivers, guided by a Dutch adoption organisation. This brings us to the conclusion that the adoption placement per se, without the cumulative effects of understimulation and lack of personal affection that older placed children often experience in an institution, does not inevitably lead to a disturbed infant-parent attachment relationship.

At this age babies are supposed to be in the "attachment-in-the-making" phase, whereas after 6 months they are in the "clear-cut attachment" phase.

Probably, babies may redirect and reorganise their attachment behaviour with relative ease when a stable attachment relationship has not yet been developed.


The pap-test (or Papanicolaou-test or smear-test) consists in collecting shedding cells at the outer orifice of the cervix for a cytological examination to detect neoplasms caused by a persisting human papillomavirus infection. Sampling can be carried out in France by medical doctors [as general practitioners (GPs), gynecologists, or medical biologists] and midwives. Though about half of GPs achieve pap-smears in their surgeries, the percentage of smears that are performed by GPs range from 5 to 10% [7, 8] .

Though about half of GPs achieve pap-smears in their surgeries, the percentage of smears that are performed by GPs range from 5 to 10%.


The kinematic collision kernel Γ K is depicted using r mean as collision radius in figure 5 . Additionally, the values of Γ Within the dissipation range the dependence of the RRV and the RDF on the particle separation distance is known to follow a power-law behaviour for inertial and motile spheres (Bec et al. 2010; Saw et al. 2012; Durham et al. 2013) . Hence, a similar spread is expected for the values obtained at the distances 2r min , 2r mean , and 2r max . However, as depicted in figure 6 the values for the three distances are quite close to each other allowing unambiguous statements since the lengths of the ellipsoidal semi-axes are of the same order of magnitude.

Additionally, the values of Γ Within the dissipation range the dependence of the RRV and the RDF on the particle separation distance is known to follow a power-law behaviour for inertial and motile spheres.


The RDF of ellipsoids (β = 1) is roughly a factor of two lower than for spheres (β = 1) (figure 6b). Apparently, the tendency to cluster is less strong, indicating the variation in response to changes in the flow field due to the importance of the orientation. Very recently, a similar reduction of clustering has been reported for motile prolate-shaped micro-organisms (Zhan et al. 2014) . Although these organisms are not heavier than the fluid and do not settle due to gravity, they nevertheless cross the streamlines of the fluid by swimming. Hence, the dynamics of, especially, gyrotactical micro-organisms are found to share similarities with the dynamics of inertial particles (Durham et al. 2013) .

Very recently, a similar reduction of clustering has been reported for motile prolate-shaped micro-organisms.

Hence, the dynamics of, especially, gyrotactical micro-organisms are found to share similarities with the dynamics of inertial particles.


In the present paper, we address these problems in a model-free way, by recognizing both problems as following from the continuity of certain maps on graphon space [16] . To elaborate, clustering data can naturally be formulated as a graph partitioning problem. Indeed, in applications, one generally uses a similarity function f : X × X → R to construct a similarity matrix W = (w ij ) where w ij = f (x i , x j ) measures the similarity between two data points x i , x j in a suitable space X . The matrix W is naturally identified with a weighted graph. Another common approach is to use W to build an unweighted graph, where nodes are adjacent if and only if they are similar enough (see e.g. [22, Section 2.2] for more details). The problem of identifying clusters within data can thus be reduced to partitioning the vertices of a graph, in such a way that nodes belonging to the same cluster are well-connected together, whereas different clusters share fewer edges. In particular, all of the above algorithms are examples of graph partitioning algorithms, that take a finite graph G = (V (G), E(G)) and yield a partition of the vertices V (G). Formally, we can describe this as a map from finite graphs (V (G), E(G)) to S-colored graphs (V (G), E(G), c G : V (G) → S), where S is a finite set.

In the present paper, we address these problems in a model-free way, by recognizing both problems as following from the continuity of certain maps on graphon space.


Two substantial components to improve the timeliness and consistency of delivery are integrated logistics management and product availability. Integrating production and distribution decisions can have a significant impact on setup, holding, and delivery costs. In general, the problem of coordinating production and transportation is called the productioninventory-distribution routing problem (PIDRP) [1] . The research on PIDRP involves some different areas such as vehicle routing, production, and inventory [2] . PIDRP is most similar to the inventory routing problem and periodic routing problem, because it requires multiple visits to each customer's sites over the planning horizon.

In general, the problem of coordinating production and transportation is called the productioninventory-distribution routing problem (PIDRP).

The research on PIDRP involves some different areas such as vehicle routing, production, and inventory.


The precision of real-time assay using D-loop 443 primer was evaluated using intermediate precision from three different days of measurement. The coefficient of variation (CV) Ct values at six replicates found were 4.87% and 4.01% for DNA extracted from fresh WBM and that extracted from meatball containing 100% WBM, respectively. Both CV values have met the criteria recommended for PCR method, i.e., CV≤25% (Huebner et al., 2001; CAS, 2010) . The validated method was subsequently used for the analysis of DNA in commercial meatball samples. Fifteen samples from different districts in Yogyakarta, Indonesia were evaluated using steps as in validated method. From all tested products, there were no declared labels related to the types of meat. Amplification results in Figure 5 revealed that only positive control (DNA extracted from meatballs containing WBM) was amplified, which indicated that the tested commercial meatball samples did not contain WBM in their formulation.

Both CV values have met the criteria recommended for PCR method, i.e., CV≤25%.


Meat adulteration such as substitution of beef with nonhalal meat such as pork is a worldwide problem, especially in Muslim countries. Indonesia is one of the largest Muslim community which concerns halal food products as stipulated in Indonesian Act No. 33, 2014 related to Halal Product Assurance. Due to the difference in price, unethical seller tried to substitute beef with lower price meats such as pork and wild boar meat to get economical profits (Montowska and Pospiech, 2011) . Wild boar meat (WBM) is one of the meat types which Muslim communities are forbidden to consume it (Nakyinsige et al., 2012) .

Due to the difference in price, unethical seller tried to substitute beef with lower price meats such as pork and wild boar meat to get economical profits.

Wild boar meat (WBM) is one of the meat types which Muslim communities are forbidden to consume it.


A typical B-mode ultrasound image consists of about 100 image lines, with each line being created by focusing the ultrasound transducer array on a single point on the current line. The backscattered waves are processed with dynamic receive focusing, and, ideally, only objects along the image line are interrogated. The velocity of moving blood can be estimated by imaging the same image line repeatedly. The slow-time signal (sampled with the pulse repetition frequency), for a speci c depth, exhibits a modulation in its center frequency which is proportional to the axial velocity [1] . A common way of estimating the blood velocity is to estimate the power spectral density (psd) of the slow-time signal. Displaying the psd as a function of time (the so-called sonogram or spectrogram) not only visualizes the blood velocity but also allows the operator to track the time-variations of the blood.

The slow-time signal (sampled with the pulse repetition frequency), for a speci c depth, exhibits a modulation in its center frequency which is proportional to the axial velocity.


The mudded weak interlayers are thin and weak rock strata in slopes, which are formed by tectonism and weathering. Because the shear strength of these weak interlayers is lower than that of the other layers in slopes, they are considered to be the most dangerous potential slip surfaces [1] [2] [3] [4] . Thus, the methods for the evaluation of the shear strength of the mudded weak interlayers have been the focus of research [5] . The dynamic change of the shear strength of the mudded interlayers from the peak to the residual was often neglected in the traditional analysis of the rock slope stability [6] . However, with the increase of shear deformation, strain softening will occur in the mudded weak interlayers [7] [8] [9] . In view of the importance of studying the shear behavior of the mudded weak interlayers in slope stability evaluation, it seems essential to develop a method that reasonably predicts the peak and residual strength of the mudded weak interlayers.

Because the shear strength of these weak interlayers is lower than that of the other layers in slopes, they are considered to be the most dangerous potential slip surfaces.

Thus, the methods for the evaluation of the shear strength of the mudded weak interlayers have been the focus of research.

The dynamic change of the shear strength of the mudded interlayers from the peak to the residual was often neglected in the traditional analysis of the rock slope stability.

However, with the increase of shear deformation, strain softening will occur in the mudded weak interlayers.


For many years acne treatment has been plagued by dogma which has insinuated itself into dermatological teaching and textbooks . Until recently, lifestyle habits, dietary practices and psychological stress have been relegated as being of little relevance in the pathophysiology of acne. It has also been broadly assumed that the psychological impairment noted in acne is strictly a product of the visibility of the condition itself. However, it has been suggested that dietary patterns and intestinal microbes may converge to influence nutritional status and the subsequent risk of psychological sequelae in acne (Katzman and Logan, 2007) . Preliminary evidence described in this review supports this notion. Acne is emerging as much more that a skin disease; it is, rather, a multi-system disease.

However, it has been suggested that dietary patterns and intestinal microbes may converge to influence nutritional status and the subsequent risk of psychological sequelae in acne.


The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is formed when higher atmospheric and surface temperatures in urbanized areas are observed over the surrounding rural areas (Voogt and Oke, 2003) . Based on the surface energy balance theory, UHI is mainly caused by the combination of anthropogenic heat discharge due to energy consumption, increased impervious surface area, and decreased vegetation and water area (Kato and Yamaguchi, 2005) . Human induced energy discharge has an important impact on the urban environment in terms of the surface energy balance. Quantification of each heat flux in the energy balance, especially the human induced anthropogenic heat discharge and its spatial pattern, is important to improve the understanding of human impacts on the urban environment, a key issue in global environmental change.

The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is formed when higher atmospheric and surface temperatures in urbanized areas are observed over the surrounding rural areas.

Based on the surface energy balance theory, UHI is mainly caused by the combination of anthropogenic heat discharge due to energy consumption, increased impervious surface area, and decreased vegetation and water area.


This notion of well-posedness for PDEs was introduced by Hadamard [22] . The Lax-Mizahota ill-posedness result is concerned with this definition. In this paper, we shall describe situations in which the third wellposedness condition breaks down (for data in Sobolev spaces).

This notion of well-posedness for PDEs was introduced by Hadamard.


The use of reading level and topic metadata together for Web content retrieval was previously used in an intelligent tutoring application by Collins-Thompson and Callan [4] . About 20 million Web pages were tagged with both ODP topic category and reading level distributions in order to provide personalized material for improving vocabulary acquisition. However, this was a specialized retrieval application, not general Web search, and no analysis was provided on how topic and reading level interacted in pages, sites, or with users.

The use of reading level and topic metadata together for Web content retrieval was previously used in an intelligent tutoring application by Collins-Thompson and Callan.


Hotel construction and development is a very important issue and represents the first phase in the lifecycle of a hotel. Hotel development often implies the development of a hotel's property or hotel business; there is, however, a clear distinction between them (Cloete & Venter, 2013) . The crucial characteristic of hotel investment is the large cost of construction that affects decisions on the size of the desired building. Because of that, the investor has to consider different aspects of the problem in order to find the best alternative and make the most appropriate choice.

Hotel development often implies the development of a hotel's property or hotel business; there is, however, a clear distinction between them.


One factor that influences the succees of crossing is the genetic distance among clones. Using closely related genotypes could obtain small scion and bad (Allard 1960) . The genetic distance could be studied for example from phenotype analysis, however this technique have a weakness because phenotypes are highly sensitive to environmental factors. Another alternative is to use moleculer markers.

Using closely related genotypes could obtain small scion and bad.


Currently, obtaining superior clones by hand pollination is still a problem. Based on the experience hand pollination Sungei Putih Research Centre, success of hand crossing was about 2.5%. One limiting factor was the limited genetic resources that is used for rubber hand pollination. Generally, parents trees for rubber hand pollination use the Wickham population, obtained from the expedition in Boim, Brazilia in 1876. Genetic analysis showed that genetic diversity of this population is narrow (Chevallier 1988; Luo et al. 1995; Nurhaimi-Haris et al. 1998; Yeang et al. 1998) . The development of breeding activity has made the genetic base narrower by inbreeding. Inbreeding will also increase the possibility of genetic erosion of many individual genes.

Genetic analysis showed that genetic diversity of this population is narrow.


The first step in training a word-level recurrent language model is selecting the vocabulary of words to model, with remaining words mapped to a special "UNK" (unknown) token. Training a fully differentially private language model from scratch requires a private mechanism to discover which words are frequent across the corpus, for example using techniques like distributed heavy-hitter estimation [7, 4] . For this work, we simplified the problem by pre-selecting a dictionary of the most frequent 10,000 words (after normalization) in a large corpus of mixed material from the web and message boards (but not our training or test dataset).

Training a fully differentially private language model from scratch requires a private mechanism to discover which words are frequent across the corpus, for example using techniques like distributed heavy-hitter estimation.


In the second study, our focus moves to decision-related outcomes, which is a crucial but under-researched area (Kamis et al., 2008) . Two decision outcome variables that are related to consumers' experiences of the search and buying process are studied: satisfaction with the choice and satisfaction with the decision-making process (McKinney & Yoon, 2002; Gu et al., 2013) . We examine how consumer archetypes explain decision outcomes by influencing online purchase behaviour measured by time duration and number of evaluated alternatives. Two contributions are made. First, we show that decision-making style and knowledge of product affect satisfaction with the choice and satisfaction with the process, respectively. The mediating mechanisms that motivate these relationships are diverse. That is, consumer satisfaction with choice is formed by higher confidence in the choice and is associated with a larger number of alternatives that maximizers evaluate. Satisfaction with the process is reduced by a longer duration of decision-making, which is caused by a low level of product knowledge. Second, further evidence for conceptual differences between the two types of satisfaction is provided.

In the second study, our focus moves to decision-related outcomes, which is a crucial but under-researched area.

Two decision outcome variables that are related to consumers' experiences of the search and buying process are studied: satisfaction with the choice and satisfaction with the decision-making process.

Two contributions are made.


We found that BQ cessation appeared more effective in reducing HNC risk for those that chewed less in amount and duration. This indicated that at certain point, the damage caused by BQ may be too severe or irreversible for BQ cessation to overcome. For example, BQ is a major risk factor for oral submucous fibrosis, an irreversible potentially malignant disorder that is characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues [16] . The malignant transformation rate of OSF was estimated at 7.6% for a followup period of 17 years [17] . To our knowledge, our study is the first to show that the amount of BQ consumed may influence the effect of BQ cessation on HNC risk. More studies are needed to confirm our finding. In addition, our study was not able to indicate the amount or the duration of BQ consumption that may possibly lead to the irreversible process for developing HNC and more investigations are needed to clarify this point. In the mean time, our results suggest that it would be important to encourage BQ cessation as early as possible to avoid the development of irreversible damage.

For example, BQ is a major risk factor for oral submucous fibrosis, an irreversible potentially malignant disorder that is characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues.

The malignant transformation rate of OSF was estimated at 7.6% for a followup period of 17 years.


Inhibition mechanism of bacteriocin occured in two phases. First phase was bacteriocin absorption on specific and nonspesific receptor on target bacterial membrane cells. During this phase, the bacteriocine became sensitive especially to proteolitic enzyme. Second phase was irreversibel and involves lethal changes in the sensitive strains. The idea that bacteriocins act on the cell membrane has been well accepted (de Lima and Filho, 2005) .

The idea that bacteriocins act on the cell membrane has been well accepted.


In porous building materials, water can be in liquid or gaseous phase. The phase changes and the migration of moisture are always linked to heat transfer. The moisture behavior of exposed building elements has a predominant influence on their durability because water is often the major reason for damage and decay. Therefore, the vapour and liquid transport properties of porous materials are of great practical importance. There are now many numerical models that are capable of describing heat and moisture transfer within the building envelope [1] [2] . Generally, these models developed for combined heat and moisture transport needed for calculations of the hygrothermal behavior of composite building construction, takes advantage of the similarities between the governing equations for transient transfer of heat, vapour and liquid. Experimental and numerical studies have been carried out in Building Research Institute (BRI) Japan, on simultaneous heat and mass transfers in building components [3] . For modeling of hydric behavior, a computer program was used and permitted to determine time-dependent distributions of temperature and moisture content in multilayer structures during wetting and drying. A fully coupled model for simulating heat and mass transfer in deformable porous materials regarding also phase change has been presented by Gawin [4] .

There are now many numerical models that are capable of describing heat and moisture transfer within the building envelope.

Experimental and numerical studies have been carried out in Building Research Institute (BRI) Japan, on simultaneous heat and mass transfers in building components.

A fully coupled model for simulating heat and mass transfer in deformable porous materials regarding also phase change has been presented by Gawin.


Reversible AChE inhibitors perform a significant role in pharmacological manipulation of the enzyme activity [9] . Despite their efficacy, reversible AChE inhibitors suffer from several major drawbacks such as hepatotoxicity, short half life, and gastrointestinal tract excitement [10] . For medicinal chemists, hence, it has been an increasingly important area to discover novel and efficient AChE inhibitors with minimum side effects.

Reversible AChE inhibitors perform a significant role in pharmacological manipulation of the enzyme activity.

Despite their efficacy, reversible AChE inhibitors suffer from several major drawbacks such as hepatotoxicity, short half life, and gastrointestinal tract excitement.


The past decades have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of developing acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Hydrazones, thus, have attracted great attention in the light of recent studies that reported compounds bearing hydrazone moiety exhibit various biological activities including acetylcholinesterase activity [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . On the other hand, piperazine ring is known to act as bioisosteric replacement for piperidine ring that exist in donepezil and have also been revealed to have acetylcholinesterase activity [19] [20] [21] . Based on these observations, we designed a new series of piperazine containing hydrazone derivatives (Figure 1 ). This combination of studies provides support for designing novel and efficient agents for treatment of AD.

Hydrazones, thus, have attracted great attention in the light of recent studies that reported compounds bearing hydrazone moiety exhibit various biological activities including acetylcholinesterase activity.

On the other hand, piperazine ring is known to act as bioisosteric replacement for piperidine ring that exist in donepezil and have also been revealed to have acetylcholinesterase activity.


The fundamental unit of the mammalian ovary is the ovarian follicle containing the oocyte. Ovarian follicles begin their development as primordial structures consisting of an oocyte arrested in the dictyate stage of prophase I, surrounded by a few flattened granulosa follicular cells. At birth, the human species has approximately 2-3 million primordial follicles. By puberty the number of follicles remaining has decreased to 200 000-400 000. In response to factors and events not yet fully characterized, primordial follicles are activated and recruited to develop into primary, preantral, antral and finally mature follicles capable of releasing a fertilizable oocyte. Once the antral stage is achieved, additional further growth is critically dependent on responsiveness to gonadotropin stimulation and other factors. Those follicles unable to respond beyond the antral stage undergo atresia, the ultimate fate of the majority of follicles and their oocytes (Gougeon et al., 1992) . Understanding the factors and processes that initiate the activation of primordial follicles (storage form) and cause the majority of preantral follicles to undergo atresia are of particular research interest. Numerous investigators are clarifying the physiology of follicular development and studying the potential to modify and enhance reproductive capacity through that improved understanding (Vitt et al., 2000; Gosden et al., 2002; Johnson et al., 2004) .

Those follicles unable to respond beyond the antral stage undergo atresia, the ultimate fate of the majority of follicles and their oocytes.

Numerous investigators are clarifying the physiology of follicular development and studying the potential to modify and enhance reproductive capacity through that improved understanding.


The different parts of Bael are used for various therapeutic purposes, such as for treatment of asthma, anaemia, fractures, healing of wounds, swollen joints, high blood pressure, jaundice, diarrhoea healthy mind and brain typhoid troubles during pregnancy [6] . Aegle marmelos has been used as a herbal medicine for the management of diabetes mellitus in Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha systems of medicine in Bangladesh [7] . The main usage of the parts of this tree is for medicinal purposes. Various proved therapeutic values of Aegle marmelos are anti-diabetic activity, hepato-protective activity, anti-microbial activity, analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic activity and anti-cancer activity etc., [8] .

The different parts of Bael are used for various therapeutic purposes, such as for treatment of asthma, anaemia, fractures, healing of wounds, swollen joints, high blood pressure, jaundice, diarrhoea healthy mind and brain typhoid troubles during pregnancy.

Aegle marmelos has been used as a herbal medicine for the management of diabetes mellitus in Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha systems of medicine in Bangladesh.

Various proved therapeutic values of Aegle marmelos are anti-diabetic activity, hepato-protective activity, anti-microbial activity, analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic activity and anti-cancer activity etc..


Medicinal plants are the local heritage with global importance. World is endowed with a rich wealth of medicinal plants. The plants that possess therapeutic properties or exert beneficial pharmacological effects on the animal body are generally designated as "Medicinal plants" [1] .

The plants that possess therapeutic properties or exert beneficial pharmacological effects on the animal body are generally designated as "Medicinal plants".


Production analysis is of key interest to both managers and policy-makers alike. It is therefore only natural that considerable research effort has been invested in the development of frontier methods for evaluating the efficiency of a productive unit relative to its peers. Firms are typically evaluated in terms of their ability to maximise output production (minimise input usage) with given inputs (output levels) relative to other firms' performance in some comparison set. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) offers a non-parametric alternative to the parametric frontier production function analysis and has become one of the most commonly used frontier methodologies (Berger and Humphrey, 1997) .

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) offers a non-parametric alternative to the parametric frontier production function analysis and has become one of the most commonly used frontier methodologies.


There was a continuous increase in hepatic extraction of propofol with time to a maximum value of 0.92 after 60 min ( fig. 1, table III) . As ICG is unlikely to affect hepatic propofol uptake into hepatocytes, this may result from slow release of propofol from the soy-bean oil emulsion. This hypothesis is compatible with the finding that the early Cremophor preparation was associated with smaller dose requirements than the soy-bean oil emulsion used in this study [1, 7, 19] .

This hypothesis is compatible with the finding that the early Cremophor preparation was associated with smaller dose requirements than the soy-bean oil emulsion used in this study.


For long and large tunnels, a certain number of connecting transverse passages are normally set up to meet the needs of the operating ventilation, accident evacuation, fire rescue, and other functions. The use of these passages forms the cross tunnel structures. This kind of structure is complex, which lead to uneven distributed forces for the whole structure. The stress concentration most often appears at the intersection due to the train vibration loads [1] [2] [3] [4] . In addition, during the service life of the tunnel, the cross tunnel structure is subjected to the vibration loads caused by the train for a long time. The concrete material deteriorates continuously, and the structure is damaged and cracked all the time, which ultimately results in structural damage and poses serious threat to the operational safety of the structure [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Therefore, it is very important to study the dynamic response and fatigue cumulative damage law of the special structure of the cross tunnel under long-term train which caused loads for the safety of long and large tunnels.

The stress concentration most often appears at the intersection due to the train vibration loads.

The concrete material deteriorates continuously, and the structure is damaged and cracked all the time, which ultimately results in structural damage and poses serious threat to the operational safety of the structure.


The development of novel high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques has led to an ever increasing flood of data. Current techniques, usually summarized under the term second generation sequencing (SGS), are able to produce roughly the same amount of data in about a week at a current cost of roughly 2000 USD. Is is predicted, that third generation sequencing deliver a further speed-up, reducing the time and price for sequencing a human genome from weeks to days and from thousands to under a hundred USD, respectively (Schadt et al., 2010) . As a concrete example, the UK-based Wellcome Trust Sequencing Center recently reported that its throughput in terms of DNA sequences has risen from 100KB/ day in the times of the human genome project to currently 1TB/day (Chiang et al., 2011) .

Is is predicted, that third generation sequencing deliver a further speed-up, reducing the time and price for sequencing a human genome from weeks to days and from thousands to under a hundred USD, respectively.

As a concrete example, the UK-based Wellcome Trust Sequencing Center recently reported that its throughput in terms of DNA sequences has risen from 100KB/ day in the times of the human genome project to currently 1TB/day.


A comparison between the values of w (x, y) obtained by different orders of the HAM with and without utilizing the optimal values of is presented in Table 3 . This table also compares the optimized HAM findings with the results obtained through Eq. (25) . According to the results of this table, the relative error between the optimized 11th-order approximation of the HAM and Eq. (25) becomes only 0.052%. This is due to the fact that the optimized 11th-order approximation of the HAM can provide more accurate results than the non-optimized one. Therefore, one can conclude that this exhibits the significant effect of the optimal values of on the series solution.

This table also compares the optimized HAM findings with the results obtained through Eq..


Water has become a scarce resource in many countries, and the demand for treating and reusing poor quality water sources such as wastewater effluent has greatly increased over the last 10 years. There are significant opportunities to reuse a larger amount of this treated wastewater, and some juristictions have set recycled water targets. Many identified uses of water do not require treatment to drinking water standard, and the use of recycled water for non-drinking purposes is a net benefit to the community and a minimisation of detrimental discharges to the environment. Through the development of improved purification processes, practices of water reuse have also become more technically feasible [1] . However, barriers to the reuse of the treated wastewater exist. While the majority of organic material (measured as Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD or Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD) and other contaminants are readily removed by biological treatment in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), the treated wastewater still contains contaminants which may adversely affect human or environment health, or be aesthetically unappealing (i.e. odorous or visually unattractive). For example, colour and non-biodegradable trace organics present in the treated wastewater from WWTPs have a negative impact on public acceptance of recycling. Therefore, further treatment is often required for the treated wastewater from WWTPs to make the 'water fit for purpose'.

Through the development of improved purification processes, practices of water reuse have also become more technically feasible.


Firms short terms liabilities are directly related to the former while the continuity of liabilities is concerned with the latter. Higher investment blocked in stock and accounts receivable creates problem for operation. Decrease in number of days of account receivable gives increase in early reserves (Padachi, 2006) . Financial managers can gain profit by maintaining component of cash conversion cycle (CCC) at a higher level (Nazir and Afza, 2009) . If the inventory gets to the minimum level and the number of days account receivable (NDAR) also becomes minimum, then firms can increase their profits and run their project efficiently and effectively (Abdul, 2007) . The policies of working capital management can help to measure the WC.

Decrease in number of days of account receivable gives increase in early reserves.

Financial managers can gain profit by maintaining component of cash conversion cycle (CCC) at a higher level.

If the inventory gets to the minimum level and the number of days account receivable (NDAR) also becomes minimum, then firms can increase their profits and run their project efficiently and effectively.


This study basically focuses on the long run financial decisions, future investments and allocations of funds, dividends and valuation of the firm in the stock market. However, balance sheet components assets and liabilities are significant in short term planning and they need to be carefully analyzed by the firm. Short term assets and liabilities are managed carefully by working capital management (WCM) for the growth of the firm's profitability (Smith, 1980) . For creating good worth of the share in front of shareholders, firms have to manage working capital efficiently and effectively. Working capital management process starts from the purchase of raw material up to the sales of the goods. It creates significant impact on the profitability and liquidity of the firms (Shin and Soenen, 1998) . Net working capital (NWC) and gross working capital (GWC) are the two major concepts of working capital (WC). The total current assets and working capital (WC) can be replaced as a Gross working capital of the firm. By subtracting Current Liabi-lities from Current Assets it becomes Net Working Capital. Net working capital (NWC) can also be used to measure the liquidity but it is not useful when firms are compared with each other regarding performance, but useful in measuring the internal control of the firm. The net working capital helps to compare the liquidity of previous record of the firm performance. The main purpose of the working capital management (WCM) is to make the sustainable level of the working capital (WC) which is favorable for the firm. Net working capital (NWC) is the part of the currents assets which is main-tained through funds having maturity life more than one year. Current assets represent the source of short terms funds. If the firm has less short term funds then it is supported by long term funds and sustains the firm value and market share price. This is very useful for the ana-lysis of trade between profitability and risk in the shares of the firm. Positive working capital (PWC) and Negative Working Capital (NWC) are the two possible signs.

Short term assets and liabilities are managed carefully by working capital management (WCM) for the growth of the firm's profitability.

It creates significant impact on the profitability and liquidity of the firms.


We have explicitly verified that the inclusion of the gg → H → ZZ contribution (not considered for producing the results presented here) is straightforward, and does not increase significantly the running time. This opens the way to simulating Higgs production with four-lepton decay channels by including the signal/background interference. Clearly, for this to be phenomenologically sensible, NLO corrections to the gg → H signal should to be included as well, which could be achieved in several ways, with different levels of approximation and automation [27, 28, 29] .

Clearly, for this to be phenomenologically sensible, NLO corrections to the gg → H signal should to be included as well, which could be achieved in several ways, with different levels of approximation and automation.


Today's fierce competitive environment enforces companies to make right decisions on management activities. Perhaps, one of the most important decisions for companies is facility location selection, since it is a costly and difficult to reserve activity. Facility location selection has a great impact on output of operating and management activities in companies [1] . A poor choice of location might result in unnecessary transportation costs, a lack of qualified labor, lost of competitive advantage, insufficient supplies of raw materials, or some similar conditions that would be detrimental to operations [2] . On the other hand, a good choice of location might result in some advantages such as decrease in transportation cost, maximizing the usage of resources, higher logistic performance and efficiency in operations for companies.

Facility location selection has a great impact on output of operating and management activities in companies.

A poor choice of location might result in unnecessary transportation costs, a lack of qualified labor, lost of competitive advantage, insufficient supplies of raw materials, or some similar conditions that would be detrimental to operations.


Here we examine the effects of water and nutrient augmentation on growth rates of three plant species in the understorey of an old-growth tropical moist forest in Panama. We used a shade-tolerant canopy tree (Tetragastris panamensis), a shade-tolerant understorey tree (Faramea occidentalis), and a shade-tolerant liana (Doliocarpus olivaceus) (Gilbert et al. 2006) . The three species were common throughout the study (providing replication), but otherwise distinctive in order to examine responses for plants with different traits (i.e. liana, understorey versus canopy at maturity). We hypothesized that relative growth rates (RGR) of seedling height and leaf number for the three species would respond differently to seasonal rainfall. We also expected to find that different combinations of water and nutrient augmentation would affect growth rates of seedling height and leaf number differently per species. Our approach was to experimentally irrigate and add nutrients to wild seedlings growing in the field. The results showed that soil resources influenced growth rates of the three distinctive plant species differently, suggesting that soil resources do contribute to niche differentiation.

We used a shade-tolerant canopy tree (Tetragastris panamensis), a shade-tolerant understorey tree (Faramea occidentalis), and a shade-tolerant liana (Doliocarpus olivaceus).