This behavior clearly indicates to that the oxidation reactions of HDPE in the presence of PVC-tannin require relatively longer time periods or higher temperature degrees to occurring. On the other hand, 0.5% of PVC-tannins reduced the oxidation temperature about 20˚C. The increasing effect in the enthalpy of HDPE oxidation in the presence of this additive Figure 5 and Figure 6 may come as a result to oxidation process which occurs in higher temperature. Generally, the most of polymeric materials are normally undergoes oxidation degradation reactions under normal use conditions or during exposed to high temperature of molding and extrusion process. Phenolic antioxidants intended to provide protection of the polymers by scavenging or trapping of active free radicals species. The activity of PVC-tannin on oxidation of high density polyethylene may come from the phenolic hydroxyl groups of tannins which are may act as radical scavenger or as proton donors [14] [15] . The combination of tannins into PVC leads to synthesize large bulky particles and non migrating phenolic antioxidant which not be lost either through evaporation or solvent extraction. Therefore, PVC-tannin can act as long term protection agent for HDPE, as can be seen from Figure 5 and Figure 6 , PVC-tannin have been shown to be effective at lower temperatures of HDPE oxidation stage and show less activity at higher temperature region.

The activity of PVC-tannin on oxidation of high density polyethylene may come from the phenolic hydroxyl groups of tannins which are may act as radical scavenger or as proton donors.


The thermal oxidation process of HDPE was determined from the increasing in the heat flow on its thermograms in the DSC scans and this region was used in evolution the activity of PVC-tannin as antioxidant. The oxidation reaction of HDPE started at 195˚C. The overall shape of this exothermic peak shows a slight increase in the heat flow which continues to 285˚C. And the energy, enthalpy (ΔH) of this reaction was about 231.88 J/g, followed by maximum exothermic peak at 343˚C for thermal degradation of this polymer by causing molecular chain ruptures or scission [21] . It is apparent that the thermal degradation began to occur only after the polymer has absorbed certain amounts of the heat energy.

The oxidation reaction of HDPE started at 195˚C. The overall shape of this exothermic peak shows a slight increase in the heat flow which continues to 285˚C. And the energy, enthalpy (ΔH) of this reaction was about 231.88 J/g, followed by maximum exothermic peak at 343˚C for thermal degradation of this polymer by causing molecular chain ruptures or scission.


The predictability of a variable that is measured from a system depends at least partially on the nonlinearity of the processes governing the system's behavior. When linear models are used to describe a system, irregular behavior can only be attributed to unknown random inputs. However, nonlinearity in the system can be a source of irregularity in itself. Depending on the dynamics of the system and the scale on which it is studied, nonlinearity can lead to behavior that is very difficult to predict, or it can be the source of very regular behavior when the system is studied at the level of a possible attractor it evolves into. Although it might seem L. Pape and B. G. Ruessink: MDVS analysis of nonlinearity in sandbar behavior obvious that a system in which the underlying physical processes are inherently nonlinear requires a data-driven model that is also nonlinear, it might not be true that every variable that is measured from the system reflects this nonlinearity (Schreiber and Schmitz, 2000) . For example, the nonlinearities at small-scale physical processes (described by sediment flux equations) can together cause a system to move towards a simple attractor state that reveals itself only at larger scales (sandbar behavior). There are also reasons that nonlinearities acting in a system at the same scale as the measured variables might not reveal themselves in observations, such as nonlinearities that act in opposite directions and cancel out each other, or nonlinearities that are small compared to measurement or model noise. Together these effects can have considerable consequences for the predictability of the evolution of a system.

Although it might seem L. Pape and B. G. Ruessink: MDVS analysis of nonlinearity in sandbar behavior obvious that a system in which the underlying physical processes are inherently nonlinear requires a data-driven model that is also nonlinear, it might not be true that every variable that is measured from the system reflects this nonlinearity.


All mine workers in the selected study group were informed about the survey prior to the survey date, and all workers who were present on the days of the survey were included in the study. Special permission was obtained from the coal mine owners' association authorities for the miners to participate. An intraoral examination was performed in natural sunlight, and an additional light source was used when necessary. Oral examination was carried out using mouth mirrors and community periodontal index (CPI) probes, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) [23] . A type 1 intraoral examination was performed by a single examiner assisted by two dental assistants. To reduce inter-examiner variability and enhance agreement, the examiners were trained prior to the study at Bülent Ecevit University's Faculty of Dentistry by an expert examiner (MIC, Associate Professor in Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology). The weighted kappa statistic was 90%. Periodontal status was recorded using five possible scores: 0, healthy; 1, bleeding on probing; 2, calculus; 3, shallow periodontal pockets; and 4, deep periodontal pockets [24] .

Oral examination was carried out using mouth mirrors and community periodontal index (CPI) probes, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

The weighted kappa statistic was 90%.

Periodontal status was recorded using five possible scores: 0, healthy; 1, bleeding on probing; 2, calculus; 3, shallow periodontal pockets; and 4, deep periodontal pockets.


In path analysis the cause and effect relationships between variables is expressed by means of a path coefficient. The coefficient informs which part of the variability of a dependent variable X i (measured with the standard deviation of the standardised variable, which means it is equal to a unit) is expressed by the variability of the independent variable X j assuming the constancy of the remaining factors (Szwarc, 2005) . In other words, the path coefficient informs us as to what extent variable X j (consecutive) changes when variable X i (causal) changes by one unit.

The coefficient informs which part of the variability of a dependent variable X i (measured with the standard deviation of the standardised variable, which means it is equal to a unit) is expressed by the variability of the independent variable X j assuming the constancy of the remaining factors.


The analysis of structural equations (so-called path analysis) measures the direct and indirect interaction between variables and the degree to which certain variability is determined by individual causes. Path analysis is a recursive model and only allows a oneway cause relationship (Konarski, 2009) . It is characterised by the following rules, resulting from a causal ordering of variables (Gołata, 1992, p. The starting point for the path analysis is a qualitative diagram presenting the relationships between variables. The dependencies and relationship between the variables are created on the basis of the researcher's own knowledge. It is crucial to properly identify the type of variables introduced into the structural model. These include the following variables: observable, latent, exogenous and endogenous (Cwalina, 2000) .

Path analysis is a recursive model and only allows a oneway cause relationship.

These include the following variables: observable, latent, exogenous and endogenous.


We have shown that a tagging system with a small amount of manually created resources can be successful. We have previously shown that this approach can work for Czech and Russian (Hana et al., 2004; Feldman et al., 2006) . Here we have shown its applicability to a new language pair. This can be done in a fraction of the time needed for systems with extensive manually created resources: days instead of years. Three resources are required: (i) a reference grammar (for information about paradigms and closed class words); (ii) a large amount of text (for learning a lexicon; e.g. newspapers from the internet); (iii) a limited access to a native speaker -reference grammars are often too vague and a quick glance at results can provide feedback leading to a significant increase of accuracy; however both of these require only limited linguistic knowledge.

We have previously shown that this approach can work for Czech and Russian.


Common technology acceptance theories like TAM or UTAUT are based on the development and testing of hypotheses regarding the influences of theoretical constructs on each other [22] . A system of hypotheses can be modeled as a system of equations [27] . A common approach to solving such systems is Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) [27] . SEM is defined as "a comprehensive statistical approach to testing hypotheses about relations among observed and latent variables" [27] . Besides the structural model, which primarily prescribes hypothetical relations between latent variables, a measurement model is required to quantize thes variables [27] .

Common technology acceptance theories like TAM or UTAUT are based on the development and testing of hypotheses regarding the influences of theoretical constructs on each other.

A system of hypotheses can be modeled as a system of equations.

A common approach to solving such systems is Structural Equations Modeling (SEM).

SEM is defined as "a comprehensive statistical approach to testing hypotheses about relations among observed and latent variables".

Besides the structural model, which primarily prescribes hypothetical relations between latent variables, a measurement model is required to quantize thes variables.


To estimate the comprehensive model either covariance-based approaches (CB-SEM) or the variancebased Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) technique can be applied [30] . Both approaches provide different benefits and drawbacks that imply their qualification for specific applications in research [28, 30] . The PLS-SEM technique is more suitable for the research for this study due to four reasons: (1) the prediction-oriented research goal to explain the adoption of SECaaS (dependent variable) as comprehensively as possible; (2) the formative measurement of perceived overall risks and benefits which is required to get a deep and differentiated understanding of the composition of relevant adoption drivers; (3) the small sample size expected relative to the high complexity of the research model implied by the high number of hypothesized influences; (4) the possibility of applying fewer than four indicators for latent variables which is necessary to keep the study's questionnaire as purposive as possible [28] .

To estimate the comprehensive model either covariance-based approaches (CB-SEM) or the variancebased Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) technique can be applied.

Both approaches provide different benefits and drawbacks that imply their qualification for specific applications in research.

The PLS-SEM technique is more suitable for the research for this study due to four reasons: (1) the prediction-oriented research goal to explain the adoption of SECaaS (dependent variable) as comprehensively as possible; (2) the formative measurement of perceived overall risks and benefits which is required to get a deep and differentiated understanding of the composition of relevant adoption drivers; (3) the small sample size expected relative to the high complexity of the research model implied by the high number of hypothesized influences; (4) the possibility of applying fewer than four indicators for latent variables which is necessary to keep the study's questionnaire as purposive as possible.


The other important function of the shielding gas is to prevent porosity in the weld. The main mechanism for the entrainment of contaminants such as air or nitrogen from the environment into the weld is two-fold. Firstly, air mixes with the bulk flow through convection and diffusion. In the vicinity of the arc, the radial component of the flow is generally turned inwards and perpendicular to current's path in the plasma, accelerating gas from the secondary jet towards the electrode [23] . Consequently, the degree to which the secondary jet mixes with the surrounding air close to the nozzle predominantly dictates the extent of contamination in the weld.

In the vicinity of the arc, the radial component of the flow is generally turned inwards and perpendicular to current's path in the plasma, accelerating gas from the secondary jet towards the electrode.


In this paper we considered the twistor space X 6 = T (M 4 ) of an oriented Riemannian manifold M 4 and explored solvability properties of the first-order Hermitian-Yang-Mills equations for gauge fields on pseudo-holomorphic bundles E over X 6 . It was shown that the anti-self-dual gauge fields on M 4 lifted to T (M 4 ) satisfy the Hermitian-Yang-Mills equations on T (M 4 ). Specializing to the cases M 4 = S 4 , CP 2 , B 4 or CB 2 , we discussed the nearly Kähler and nearly Calabi-Yau structures on their 6-dimensional twistor spaces T (M 4 ) and wrote down some explicit solutions of the HermitianYang-Mills equations on T (M 4 ). Note that for all these twistor spaces X 6 the first Chern class vanishes, c 1 (X 6 ) = 0, and these spaces carry an SU(3) structure. We hope that the described YangMills instanton solutions on the nearly Kähler spaces T (S 4 ) and T (CP 2 ) can be used in the flux compactification of heterotic supergravity to AdS 4 and HYM gauge fields on the nearly Calabi-Yau spaces T (B 4 ), T (CB 2 ) and their compact quotients can be used in the compactifications to the de Sitter space dS 4 [1, 2] . These possibilities will be explored and described elsewhere.

We hope that the described YangMills instanton solutions on the nearly Kähler spaces T (S 4 ) and T (CP 2 ) can be used in the flux compactification of heterotic supergravity to AdS 4 and HYM gauge fields on the nearly Calabi-Yau spaces T (B 4 ), T (CB 2 ) and their compact quotients can be used in the compactifications to the de Sitter space dS 4.


For manifolds X 6 with an almost complex structure J the equations (2.8) can be rewritten in the form (2.6) with an almost Hermitian structure ω. To each solution A of the HYM equation (2.6) there corresponds a pseudo-holomorphic structure on the vector bundle E over X 6 . In the case of integrable almost complex structure J the first equation in (2.6) defines a holomorphic structure on E and the second equation in (2.6) is the requirement of (semi)stability of the bundle E [36, 37] . Thus, for complex manifolds the HYM connections A (solutions to (2.6)) describe (semi)stable holomorphic bundles E. It would be interesting to generalize the notion of stability to pseudo-holomorphic bundles E and to learn whether the second equation in (2.6) is also equivalent to an expected stability of E.

In the case of integrable almost complex structure J the first equation in (2.6) defines a holomorphic structure on E and the second equation in (2.6) is the requirement of (semi)stability of the bundle E.


Despite a basic understanding of the physiology of ghrelin receptor activation in humans, the effect of blocking ghrelin receptors centrally or peripherally in humans as a potential pharmacotherapy for obesity and diabetes has been hampered over a decade by the inability to develop a safe effective ghrelin receptor antagonist to evaluate in humans. The ghrelin receptor is unique in that it has been shown to be constitutively active suggesting that blocking ghrelin receptor tone rather than blocking endogenous acylated ghrelin binding may also be beneficial [56] . We have recently developed a ghrelin receptor inverse agonist, PF-05190457, that inhibits the constitutive activity of receptor in addition to competitively blocking activation by acylated ghrelin [57] . Here we report the pharmacokinetics (PK) and toleration profile of PF-05190457, which is the first ghrelin receptor inverse agonist to be profiled in humans.

The ghrelin receptor is unique in that it has been shown to be constitutively active suggesting that blocking ghrelin receptor tone rather than blocking endogenous acylated ghrelin binding may also be beneficial.

We have recently developed a ghrelin receptor inverse agonist, PF-05190457, that inhibits the constitutive activity of receptor in addition to competitively blocking activation by acylated ghrelin.


Although TMD has been extensively studied or successfully implemented for suppressing vibrations of structures due to environmental loadings such as wind and earthquakes, only a few researches have been conducted on applications of TMD in reducing the vibrations of bridges due to train loads, and the existing researches are mainly focused on simply supported reinforced concrete bridges with moderate or small spans [3, [14] [15] [16] . As for the long-span continuous steel truss girder bridge, the studies on vibration control of bridges subjected to dynamic train loads with TMD are fewer. The objective of this study is to apply TMDs with optimal parameters for suppressing vibrations of a steel truss bridge subjected to moving trains. With typical train axle loads, the parametric sensitivity analysis is conducted and the effectiveness of TMD for suppressing dynamic vibrations is examined based on a simplified train-bridge time-varying system. Taking account of the control efficiency, expenditure of TMDs, TMD-induced static displacement of the bridge, and the manufacturing difficulty of damping of different magnitude, an objective function for evaluating the control efficiency is proposed and the optimal parameters of TMD are finally determined with the first optimization method. The analytical procedure and results can provide references for the vibration control of steel truss bridge subjected to dynamic train loads.

Although TMD has been extensively studied or successfully implemented for suppressing vibrations of structures due to environmental loadings such as wind and earthquakes, only a few researches have been conducted on applications of TMD in reducing the vibrations of bridges due to train loads, and the existing researches are mainly focused on simply supported reinforced concrete bridges with moderate or small spans.


As one of the most important infrastructures, railway bridge performs the role that maintains the transportation between two separated locations to overcome the space and terrain limitations. Due to the large gravity of trains and the requirement for bridge span, railway bridges usually demand much higher stiffness than highway bridges. On account of the superior characteristics of steel material and truss structure, the steel truss bridge exhibits the capability to cross wide rivers or canyons with light weight and enough stiffness to cope with train loads, vehicle loads, or both. Although the existing steel truss bridge has been equipped with sufficient capability for structural safety subjected to train loads, field tests in China, Japan, and Europe have indicated obvious dynamic responses exceeding that anticipated on certain small and medium span railway bridges [1] [2] [3] . The theoretical investigations validate the contribution of structural resonance arising from the moving of trains with high speed to this phenomenon [4] . When the train moves on a steel bridge with a high speed, the train-induced vibrations of the steel truss bridge will lead to the deterioration of passengers' comfort, the fatigue of steel structural component, the decrease of traffic safety accompanied by damage to the tracks, and the augment of maintenance cost. Therefore, some effective measures need to be carried out to suppress the vibrations of steel truss bridge subjected to dynamic train loads.

Although the existing steel truss bridge has been equipped with sufficient capability for structural safety subjected to train loads, field tests in China, Japan, and Europe have indicated obvious dynamic responses exceeding that anticipated on certain small and medium span railway bridges.

The theoretical investigations validate the contribution of structural resonance arising from the moving of trains with high speed to this phenomenon.


The power of communication and information technologies presents universities with new opportunities to strengthen the quality and productivity of education. In a global knowledgebased economy, with an ever-growing demand for learning, the Internet is seen as a vehicle for promoting effectiveness in teaching and for reaching wider audiences. Numerous courses, degree and certificate programs are being offered on the Internet. It is now possible to reach 3700 courses offered by 100 accredited institutions from one site alone (New Promise, 1998) . Virtual universities like Athena, California Coast University, Jones International University, California Virtual University, Western Governors University are a reality today.

It is now possible to reach 3700 courses offered by 100 accredited institutions from one site alone.


This study showed that there was no significant difference between the number of days to first flower opening among the four cowpea genotypes tested. Thus, the resistance in Sanzi, and TVu 1509 cannot be explained by thrips infestation escape due to early flowering. However, while almost all flower buds dropped in the case of susceptible lines, many were retained and even formed pods in the resistant lines. There were reciprocal differences among the F 1 progenies of the crosses. The occurrence of reciprocal differences between the F 1 means indicate the presence of cytoplasmic factors (Rusoke and Fatunla 1987; Singh and Hadley 1972; Fatunla and Badaru 1983) . The results of reciprocal crosses consistently showed that the use of the resistant lines as female parent conferred superior resistance on the F 1 hybrid, suggesting that in a breeding program, to improve thrips resistance in cowpea, the resistant parent should be used as the maternal parent in crosses. The mean thrips damage rating of the F 1 plants was significantly lower than the mid parental values and was closer to the score obtained for the resistant parent indicating dominance of resistance over susceptibility. In this study, the frequency distributions of damage rating in the segregating populations revealed that, in most cases, the plants were distributed over the range of both parents. This suggests that more than two genes probably control the resistance to FTh.

The occurrence of reciprocal differences between the F 1 means indicate the presence of cytoplasmic factors.


In indoor high voltage equipment, for example high voltage switchgear and bus bars, synthetic materials are frequently used and the surfaces of this class of material can accumulate water drops. These accumulated water drops can also later become water films. A very severe condition depositing drops on material surface is encountered when condensation occurs and a classical situation where this occurs is after a cold night, when the sun starts to heat the outer surfaces of a switchgear cubicle. The air heats up rapidly, but the solid insulation and massif conductors remain cold and condensation appears on these surfaces. In practice condensation starts with thousands or millions of micrometer size drops which spring up at microscopic defect sites on the surfaces. Growth and subsequent coalescence of adjacent drops leads to a water film or to larger drops surrounded by many smaller ones on a background of micron sized drops [1] [2] [3] .

Growth and subsequent coalescence of adjacent drops leads to a water film or to larger drops surrounded by many smaller ones on a background of micron sized drops.


In summary, we have shown that an enforced shift in breeding habitat choice can be further enhanced by early imprinting on the natal area. From a theoretical point of view, learned habitat choice might be a powerful mechanism of generating assortative mating [24] . When one species shifts breeding habitat due to interspecific competition, segregation in habitat choice will increase (and premating isolation as a side effect) when recruitment into the alternative environment exceeds recruitment into the originally preferred environment due to learning (i.e., imprinting on the natal environment). Thus, learned habitat choice can play an important role both in enhancing reproductive isolation and in facilitating regional coexistence at secondary contact between diverging populations.

From a theoretical point of view, learned habitat choice might be a powerful mechanism of generating assortative mating.


Aggression is a psychological concept defined as an attempt to harm another individual or destroy an object (Van Eyken, 1987) . Researchers have long debated over the origins of aggressive predispositions. The frustration-aggression hypothesis posits that aggression is a direct consequence of frustration which leads to anger and readies one to act aggressively.

Aggression is a psychological concept defined as an attempt to harm another individual or destroy an object.


Before we end this review of the current studies, we would like to mention the work by Gaberdiel [13] . He pointed out that there exists a different choice, such that the original intimate relationship between discrete torsion in the closed string sector and the non-trivial cocycle in the open sector can be loosened. It would be interesting to investigate further in this spirit.

Before we end this review of the current studies, we would like to mention the work by Gaberdiel.


In recent years, the demand for wireless communication keeps rising, such as high data rate and throughput in a given channel with limited bandwidth and to ensure reliable bit error rate. Multipleinput-multiple-output (MIMO) system can achieve these targets admirably. The MIMO technology can improve the communication quality and raise the system capacity by using multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver terminals [1] . However, if the antennas are implemented in a size-limited platform, there will be challenges in terms of antenna size and mutual coupling between adjacent radiating elements, which affect the overall diversity performance of the MIMO system [2] . Therefore, how to keep the array size compact and at the same time minimize the effects of strong mutual coupling on the performance degradation of the array is a critical issue to address in the multi-antenna communication systems.

The MIMO technology can improve the communication quality and raise the system capacity by using multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver terminals.

However, if the antennas are implemented in a size-limited platform, there will be challenges in terms of antenna size and mutual coupling between adjacent radiating elements, which affect the overall diversity performance of the MIMO system.


The Mahalanobis D2 test revealed significant differences (at the 05-0.25 per cent level) between the female and male G-matrices in the ancestral environment. Sex-limited G-matrix structure has been noted elsewhere (Holloway et a!., 1993) . It is possible that different constraints operate in the two sexes, with energy being used in different ways (Maynard Smith et a!., 1985) . Quantitative genetic studies have focused primarily on the female sex, but if sex differences are apparent then estimates and predictions cannot simply be extended to the population as a whole. It seems that sex is yet another dimension that must be considered during multivariate genetic analyses.

Sex-limited G-matrix structure has been noted elsewhere.

It is possible that different constraints operate in the two sexes, with energy being used in different ways.


To trace the root of the problem, one must look back into the educational system that is currently followed in Europe and identify possible causes. This paper focuses on examining the extent to which European higher education institutions offering engineering studies effectively utilise their capacity to provide distance-based education, which is one of the main pillars of attractiveness worldwide [9] . Specifically, the paper initially presents an empirical study which aimed to identify current practices employed by universities across Europe in order to increase the attractiveness of their engineering programmes. It then provides a detailed analysis of a number of interviews that were carried out to examine how distance learning practices apply in engineering. The article then discusses how attractiveness could be enhanced through the incorporation of the distance-learning dimension in the implementation of engineering studies, while it presents possible issues associated with it.

This paper focuses on examining the extent to which European higher education institutions offering engineering studies effectively utilise their capacity to provide distance-based education, which is one of the main pillars of attractiveness worldwide.


Early attempts at Internet-based instruction assumed that setting up an attractive website with interesting online and multimedia applications, was adequate for learning to take place. It is now recognised that the level of success of a distance learning course is determined by multiple factors, such as underlying theory, technologies, teaching strategies, and support for learners. Elements in the design of a web-based course such as the content and structure of the course, the presentation of the online materials, and the amount of interaction between instructors and learners as well as among learners are important factors affecting students' learning and attitudes [47] . Another important criterion for the level of success of network-based engineering training is the extent to which instruction allows learners to tackle realistic problems related to their field of study, or their daily life [48] .

Elements in the design of a web-based course such as the content and structure of the course, the presentation of the online materials, and the amount of interaction between instructors and learners as well as among learners are important factors affecting students' learning and attitudes.

Another important criterion for the level of success of network-based engineering training is the extent to which instruction allows learners to tackle realistic problems related to their field of study, or their daily life.


In recent years, the development in hollow fibre membrane contactors has gained an enormous attention for the elimination of various volatile contaminants including ammonia [1] . A membrane contactor is a system that attains gas/liquid and liquid/liquid mass transfer without the dispersal of one phase within another. Usually, most of the hollow fibres used are commonly has microporous and hydrophobic properties. In the case of the gas/liquid separation, the penetration of aqueous solution into gas-filled pores is avoided since the hydrophobic properties of the membrane hindered the penetration of this high surface tension materials. Hence, the volatile compound will volatilize from the feed, diffuse through the gas-filled membrane pores, and then be removed by a sweep gas, sucked up by a vacuum or reacted with a stripping solution [2] .

In recent years, the development in hollow fibre membrane contactors has gained an enormous attention for the elimination of various volatile contaminants including ammonia.

Hence, the volatile compound will volatilize from the feed, diffuse through the gas-filled membrane pores, and then be removed by a sweep gas, sucked up by a vacuum or reacted with a stripping solution.


The ion-exchange features of the zeolite minerals were first discovered in 1858 [12] . Clinoptilolite is also known to be as one of the ion exchanger with a high affinity for ammonium ion. Clinoptilolite possesses significant macroporosity since it shows a classical alumina silicate like structure. In nature, the cations present on clinoptilolite are sodium, potassium and calcium. The selectivity order of natural zeolite among cations shows that ammonium ion is one of the highest selected cations toward zeolite. Therefore, it is strongly believed that natural zeolite has an ability in the removal of ammonia from the solution concerning adsorption and ion exchange feature.

The ion-exchange features of the zeolite minerals were first discovered in 1858.


Natural zeolites are raw materials can be found abundantly across the globe, and have been shown to possess interesting ceramic properties especially through high temperature (~1150 °C) phase transformations [10] . Natural zeolites are the principal inorganic cation exchangers that possesses high selectivity, ion exchange capacity and compatibility towards the natural environment. Currently, various different types of this mineral have been discovered. The most abundant natural zeolite that occurs in relatively large minerable sedimentary deposits in satisfactorily high purity in many parts across the globe is known as clinoptilolite [11] .

Natural zeolites are raw materials can be found abundantly across the globe, and have been shown to possess interesting ceramic properties especially through high temperature (~1150 °C) phase transformations.

The most abundant natural zeolite that occurs in relatively large minerable sedimentary deposits in satisfactorily high purity in many parts across the globe is known as clinoptilolite.


In Algeria, wheat was historically conserved in underground silos called "Matmor" or "Matmora". Due to the accidental infiltration of precipitation water into the "matmor", the humidified or flooded wheat grains undergo a spontaneous fermentation at the periphery and depth of the silo, which depends also on the nature of the soil. Humidity, uncontrolled temperature and the absence of air in the matmor cause microbial fermentation phenomena that can last several years (≤ nine years). Fermented wheat taste is then discovered and entered into the eating habits for the manufacture of fermented wheat, bread or couscous, "lemzeiet", "elmechroub" or "hamoum". This fermented wheat has a variety of flavors, textures and aromas that are highly coveted by consumers in specific regions (Bekhouche et al., 2013) .

This fermented wheat has a variety of flavors, textures and aromas that are highly coveted by consumers in specific regions.


The lactococci have been used primarily as starter cultures for various dairy products (yogurt, Cheddar, and hard cheeses). For most parts, they have been limited to N and D Streptococci and Leuconostoc cremoris and Leuconostoc dextranicum. The lactococci are Grampositive cocci, nonmotile, grow at 10 and 40°C, but not 45°C, grow in 4% NaCl (except for L. cremoris); some species grow in 0.1% methylene blue milk medium. The lactococci ferment glucose by the hexose diphosphate pathway with the formation of L(+) lactic acid. In general, Lactococcus species produce smooth colonies with an entire edge on agar media (Carr et al., 2002) .

In general, Lactococcus species produce smooth colonies with an entire edge on agar media.


Lactic acid bacteria are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms producing lactic acid as the main product of metabolism. They colonize many food products such as dairy products, meat and vegetables. They are involved in a large number of spontaneous fermentations of food products and intervene in the dairy industry and fermentation of many other food products. They contribute to both texture and flavor of food and the production of aromatic compounds. They constitute a group of bacteria united by a multitude of morphological, metabolic and physiological characteristics. In general, they are described as Gram-positive bacteria, immobile, rods and cocci, non-sporulating, free of cytochromes and catalase, anaerobic micro-aerophiles, strictly fermentative, with complex nutritional requirements (amino acids, peptides, vitamins, salts, fatty acids, fermentable carbohydrates) and produce lactic acid as the main end product during carbohydrates fermentation (Axelsson, 2004) .

In general, they are described as Gram-positive bacteria, immobile, rods and cocci, non-sporulating, free of cytochromes and catalase, anaerobic micro-aerophiles, strictly fermentative, with complex nutritional requirements (amino acids, peptides, vitamins, salts, fatty acids, fermentable carbohydrates) and produce lactic acid as the main end product during carbohydrates fermentation.


Not only did the same number of males of each morph gain access to females; the number of copulation events was approximately the same for both male morphs. Likewise, the duration of copulation was similar for the males, where each morph copulated for approximately five sec per copulation event. Although sperm volume was not measured directly, these results suggest that the two male morphs are transferring approximately equal amounts of sperm to the female (Jackson 1980) . Likewise, with similar levels of sperm transfer, the number of offspring fathered by the two male morphs was not significantly different.

Although sperm volume was not measured directly, these results suggest that the two male morphs are transferring approximately equal amounts of sperm to the female.


In this paper we exploit the relation between the Green function and the L−caloric measure given by the Dahlberg theorem to obtain important estimates. This approach allows to prove results in a clear and elegant way. The organization of the paper is as follows. In section 2 we recall the definition of N T A domain along with known results related with the operator L, such as Gaussian bounds for the fundamental solution and the Harnack inequality. In this section we also introduce the notion of the L − caloric measure with the help of the results in Bony's paper [1] .

In this section we also introduce the notion of the L − caloric measure with the help of the results in Bony's paper.


As can be observed from Figure 6 , some gaps were missed by the local algorithm. This depends on the smoothing phase. Namely, some holes were not detected due to the view-dependent nature of the local hole location method (i.e. only hole surfaces nearly orthogonal to the viewing direction can be detected). Moreover, as discussed in Section 4, strong height jumps in the range map are associated to hole boundaries. Smoothing range data attenuates height jumps. In order to avoid to smooth out jump edges we tried to employ an edge-preserving smoothing filter [17] . This did not work well since preserving jump edges was obtained at the expenses of an unsatisfactory removal of noise in proximity of those edges, that is exactly what we are interested in filtering out. Hence the only chance to remove noise around edges, still being able to detect holes correctly, is to adjust the threshold used to detect badly-shaped triangles with respect to the smoothing parameters. In conclusion, the hole detection step needs an accurate steering of the user and therefore makes this phase of the local approach not easily executable in an unattended fashion.

This depends on the smoothing phase.

In order to avoid to smooth out jump edges we tried to employ an edge-preserving smoothing filter.


A. triphylla (L' Herit) Britton (Verbenaceae) is an herb species that grows naturally in South America and has been used in popular medicine as an infusion to treat insomnia and anxiety and as an analgesic and sedative (CARNAT et al., 1999) . A. triphylla leaves are used to give a lemon flavor to fish, chicken, vegetable and salad dishes, among others (FUNES et al., 2009) . Anesthetic effects of its essential oil were attributed to its main components, α-citral, β-citral and limonene (CARNAT et al., 1999; PARODI et al., 2012) . In addition, in the in vitro DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, the essential oil of A. triphylla presented moderate antioxidant activity in comparison to the synthetic antioxidant butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), which is utilized commercially (ALI et al., 2011) .

A. triphylla (L' Herit) Britton (Verbenaceae) is an herb species that grows naturally in South America and has been used in popular medicine as an infusion to treat insomnia and anxiety and as an analgesic and sedative.

A. triphylla leaves are used to give a lemon flavor to fish, chicken, vegetable and salad dishes, among others.

Anesthetic effects of its essential oil were attributed to its main components, α-citral, β-citral and limonene.

In addition, in the in vitro DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, the essential oil of A. triphylla presented moderate antioxidant activity in comparison to the synthetic antioxidant butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), which is utilized commercially.


The delay in lipid oxidation of fillets from fish sedated with EOAT during transport may be related to the antioxidant capacity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation shown by EOAT when used as an anesthetic in vivo in silver catfish (GRESSLER et al., 2012) . Exposure in vivo to EOAT immediately before slaughter reduced stress in the catfish by suppressing cortisol release and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and glutathione S-transferase (GRESSLER et al., 2012) . In addition, the antioxidant effect of EOAT may also be related to the removal of free radicals by antioxidant compounds present in the oil, since, in vitro, the oil presented moderate capacity to remove the DPPH radical when compared to BHA (ALI et al., 2011) . Despite presenting a promising antioxidant effect on the frozen fillets and even though EOAT is a natural compound extracted from a plant that is widely used in tea and for spice in the human diet, it is still necessary to evaluate its toxicological safety before it can be used in foods.

The delay in lipid oxidation of fillets from fish sedated with EOAT during transport may be related to the antioxidant capacity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation shown by EOAT when used as an anesthetic in vivo in silver catfish.

Exposure in vivo to EOAT immediately before slaughter reduced stress in the catfish by suppressing cortisol release and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and glutathione S-transferase.

In addition, the antioxidant effect of EOAT may also be related to the removal of free radicals by antioxidant compounds present in the oil, since, in vitro, the oil presented moderate capacity to remove the DPPH radical when compared to BHA.


P. antipodarum was only known from the Curonian Lagoon and the Nemunas Delta for more than half a century (Šivickis 1960; Zettler et al. 2005; Zettler and Daunys 2007) . However, this snail has been recently detected in four lakes, lakes Daugai, Dusia, Meteliai and Vilkokšnis, and the Verknė River (Butkus et al. 2012) . During our later survey in 2012, it was also found in the Spernia River (outflowing from Lake Dusia), the Strėva River and in the closely linked lakes Spindžius and Spindžiukas. Finally, during the last survey in 2013, the species was recorded in two new localities, lakes Obelija and Plateliai. In total, the species occurred in 9 lotic and 26 lentic sites, 7 of which were previously unpublished ( Figure 4 , Table 3S ).

P. antipodarum was only known from the Curonian Lagoon and the Nemunas Delta for more than half a century.

However, this snail has been recently detected in four lakes, lakes Daugai, Dusia, Meteliai and Vilkokšnis, and the Verknė River.


Salinity of soil and groundwater is a widespread problem occurring across all inhabited continents [1] . Significant areas of land lie above brackish groundwater, especially in the world's arid and semi-arid regions. In the absence of rain, desalination of groundwater may be the only way to provide freshwater for inland regions. Examples of countries where groundwater desalination systems are already used include Australia, Egypt, India, Israel, Jordan, Morocco, the United Arab Emirates and the United States. As with seawater, the desalination of groundwater requires energy which is typically supplied from fossil fuel sources. The need to satisfy the growing demand for water, while reducing the environmental impact associated with the use of such energy, makes it important to improve the efficiency of the desalination process and to take greater advantage of renewable energies such as solar.

Salinity of soil and groundwater is a widespread problem occurring across all inhabited continents.


Many aspects of engineering design research involve the architectural design of products. Research on product family design recognizes the value of creating a product platform that can be used to support a variety of products [1] . Research on flexibility for future evolution considers how the specific design of a product determines the ease with which it can be evolved into a future product offering [2] . Change propagation research studies the impact of engineering changes during or after the design process as a function of architectural features [3] . Research on design for adaptability has studied the cost and benefit associated with designing a system that can be upgraded and changed during its lifetime [4] . In all these areas of research, a product representation is created for the purposes of better understanding or analyzing the design.

Research on product family design recognizes the value of creating a product platform that can be used to support a variety of products.

Research on flexibility for future evolution considers how the specific design of a product determines the ease with which it can be evolved into a future product offering.

Change propagation research studies the impact of engineering changes during or after the design process as a function of architectural features.

Research on design for adaptability has studied the cost and benefit associated with designing a system that can be upgraded and changed during its lifetime.


When possible, it is most useful to have a team of people collaborating on the creation of the model since some people may identify interactions others have not [7, 11] . However, the team approach may require a significant investment of time and cost when creating a HDDSM model of a system. The results found in this study suggest that with the careful definition of interaction types, an objective HDDSM could be created. This may require the extension of the Interaction Basis to allow for multiple distinct flows of an interaction to be captured separately.

When possible, it is most useful to have a team of people collaborating on the creation of the model since some people may identify interactions others have not.


A component Design Structure Matrix is used to capture and represent the interactions between elements of a system [7] . An 'element' may represent a single component, an assembly of components, or an abstract area of the system. The only requirement is that elements of the system are defined by nonoverlapping boundaries. The elements of the system are used to label the rows and columns of a square matrix. A mark is placed in the matrix cell whenever two elements interact. We will introduce the concept of the component DSM, its relationship to graphs, and the HDDSM using the cordless drill pictured in Figure 1 . The HDDSM format includes an 'External' element to capture any interactions that cross out of the system's boundary. The system boundary for the cordless drill is drawn on Figure 1 . An abstract representation of the drill could be created as shown in Figure 2 . Here the drill is represented by three elements: a handle, a power source, and a drill bit. The handle is held by something outside of the system boundary, the power source is connected to the handle, the drill bit is connected to the power source, and the drill bit is working on something outside of the system boundary. This simple set of relationships can be recorded in a DSM as shown. The same information could also be shown using a graph.

A component Design Structure Matrix is used to capture and represent the interactions between elements of a system.


Previously, an amalgamation of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey and the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, also despite methodological differences in survey administration, has been used to examine differences in walking behaviours over a 6-year time period [16] . Therefore the opportunity to closely examine walking behaviours using this time use data source over an extended time period was not to be passed up, that is, a thorough examination of its public health utility in terms of physical activity trends was warranted. However, we must duly conclude that the noted and sometimes substantial differences in methods between the various survey administrations preclude stringent interpretation of these trends in walking behaviours and the use of conventional application of inferential statistics, including multiple linear regression, to evaluate significance of time trends.

Previously, an amalgamation of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey and the 1995 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey, also despite methodological differences in survey administration, has been used to examine differences in walking behaviours over a 6-year time period.


Similar to synthesised hydrogen, ammonia is a product that can be obtained either from fossil fuels, biomass or other renewable sources [1] . Some advantages of ammonia with respect to hydrogen are its lower cost per unit of stored energy, higher volumetric energy density, easier production, handling and distribution, and better commercial viability [2] . Ammonia has a narrow flammability range and is therefore generally considered non-flammable when transported. If released into the atmosphere, its density is lighter than that of air and thus dissipates rapidly [1, 3] . However there remain considerable challenges including mitigation of the potential for considerable NO production, as well as hazard management in terms of the chemicals high levels of toxicity.

Similar to synthesised hydrogen, ammonia is a product that can be obtained either from fossil fuels, biomass or other renewable sources.

Some advantages of ammonia with respect to hydrogen are its lower cost per unit of stored energy, higher volumetric energy density, easier production, handling and distribution, and better commercial viability.

If released into the atmosphere, its density is lighter than that of air and thus dissipates rapidly.


Ignition was achieved using pure methane at a flowrate of 0.4 g/s with a 1 J spark ignition, primarily for safety and operational reasons. The flow rate of Ammonia was increased until the desired blend specified in Table 1 was achieved. During transition, the flame did not show any major stability change up to an equivalence ratio of 1.0. It was above stoichiometric conditions that visible light intensity at the crown of the flame was more energetic, with a continuous increase towards an orange, more efficient combustion zone product of more NH 2 radicals and H 2 O [37] . Once the fuel mass flow had reached the specific power conditions, the air flow rate was decreased to evaluate the influence of different equivalence ratios.

It was above stoichiometric conditions that visible light intensity at the crown of the flame was more energetic, with a continuous increase towards an orange, more efficient combustion zone product of more NH 2 radicals and H 2 O.


In 1979, L.C. Evans inaugurated the study of elliptic equations with gradient constraints when he considered the following Dirichlet problem: find a function u : Ω → R satisfying the PDE max −a(x) · D 2 u − f (x), |Du| − g(x) = 0, x ∈ Ω (1.1) subject to the boundary condition u(x) = 0, x ∈ ∂Ω [9] . Here Ω ⊂ R n is a bounded domain with smooth boundary, f and g are smooth positive functions on Ω, and the symmetric n × n matrix valued function a = (a ij ) is smooth and uniformly elliptic. That is, there are positive numbers λ, Λ for which λ|ξ| 2 ≤ a(x)ξ · ξ ≤ Λ|ξ| 2 , x ∈ Ω, ξ ∈ R n .

In 1979, L.C. Evans inaugurated the study of elliptic equations with gradient constraints when he considered the following Dirichlet problem: find a function u : Ω → R satisfying the PDE max −a(x) · D 2 u − f (x), |Du| − g(x) = 0, x ∈ Ω (1.1) subject to the boundary condition u(x) = 0, x ∈ ∂Ω.


Apophua simplicipes (Cresson), Glypta variegata Dasch (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Macrocentrus linearis Nees and Apanteles polychrosidis Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are common indigenous, koinobiont endoparasitoids of early-instar obliquebanded leafroller larvae in organically managed orchards in the southern region of the above codling moth area-wide control program (Cossentine et al., 2004a) . All four parasitoid species emerge from leafroller larvae in the spring, after the potentially bivoltine early instar host has overwintered and emerged to feed and mature on apple blossoms, foliage and developing apples (Chapman et al., 1968; Cossentine et al., 2004a) . Adult obliquebanded leafrollers from overwintering larvae produce a summer generation and a second generation occurs in late summer and early fall (Madsen & Procter, 1982) . All of the above parasitoids, except possibly the G. variegata, are also bivoltine as they have been recorded to emerge from the summer leafroller generation (Cossentine et al., 2004a) .

Apophua simplicipes (Cresson), Glypta variegata Dasch (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Macrocentrus linearis Nees and Apanteles polychrosidis Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are common indigenous, koinobiont endoparasitoids of early-instar obliquebanded leafroller larvae in organically managed orchards in the southern region of the above codling moth area-wide control program.

All four parasitoid species emerge from leafroller larvae in the spring, after the potentially bivoltine early instar host has overwintered and emerged to feed and mature on apple blossoms, foliage and developing apples.

Adult obliquebanded leafrollers from overwintering larvae produce a summer generation and a second generation occurs in late summer and early fall.

All of the above parasitoids, except possibly the G. variegata, are also bivoltine as they have been recorded to emerge from the summer leafroller generation.


The key to organizations adapt to the new GDRPR requirements is the ability to change the way it interacts with suppliers, partners, competitors, and customers to achieve with the new data and security protection requirements [1] . Improvement on the way organization operates should be done to confirm the new organization objectives imposed by regulators. The European Data Protection Legislation is a complex issue, whose techno-regulation transfers a bureaucratic overhead to system developers. However, GDPR is more linked with the data privacy requirements.

The key to organizations adapt to the new GDRPR requirements is the ability to change the way it interacts with suppliers, partners, competitors, and customers to achieve with the new data and security protection requirements.


The extensive early work concerning the response of Tortula ruralis to a desiccation/rehydration event has led to the conclusion that, unlike many other plant stress responses, the alteration in gene expression elicited by the stress is primarily regulated at the translational level (Oliver, 1991; Oliver, 1996; Oliver and Bewley, 1984c; Oliver and Bewley, 1997; Scott and Oliver, 1994) . The alteration in protein synthetic patterns during rehydration (proteins are not synthesised during drying in T. ruralis) occurs as a result of differential selection and/or recruitment of rehydrin mRNAs from a qualitatively constant mRNA pool. The results of this study demonstrate that in moss that dries at ecologically signi®cant rates (i.e. slowly), the selection and/or recruitment of rehydrin mRNAs is in part aided by the storage of these transcripts as mRNPs during drying.

The extensive early work concerning the response of Tortula ruralis to a desiccation/rehydration event has led to the conclusion that, unlike many other plant stress responses, the alteration in gene expression elicited by the stress is primarily regulated at the translational level.


The formation and existence of mRNPs during slow desiccation of T. ruralis is supported by several lines of corroborating evidence that is consistent with the descriptions of the behaviour and structure of mRNPs from other systems, both plant and animal. Sucrose density gradient analysis of alfalfa embryos, using a high-salt buffer identical to the one used in this study, has demonstrated that 11S, 7S and 2S storage proteins are present in a unique mRNP fraction that has a density less than that of ribosomal subunits (Pramanik et al., 1992) . This result is directly comparable to the high salt sucrose density analysis of desiccated T. ruralis gametophytes using RT± PCR to detect the presence of Tr288 (Figure 1) . Analysis of the polysomal pellet from dried gametophytes using low salt buffers suggests that the particles may aggregate into heavier particles, and, since they are disrupted by high salt, the aggregation may occur as a result of interionic bonding. It is also possible that the increase in sedimentation rate is indicative of binding of the particles to other cellular components. Whether or not the particles aggregate or if such aggregations (or associations) occur in vivo remain to be determined.

Sucrose density gradient analysis of alfalfa embryos, using a high-salt buffer identical to the one used in this study, has demonstrated that 11S, 7S and 2S storage proteins are present in a unique mRNP fraction that has a density less than that of ribosomal subunits.


Researchers from Aalto University analyzed the best practices from Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), before they reached the concept of Future Lab of Product Design, combining engineering with business administration and design [8] . The concept was scaled up and as a result Aalto Design Factory was established in Finland as the pioneering academic factory. The concept has been transferred successfully further to Shanghai (Aalto-Tongji Design Factory) and Melbourne (Swinburne Design Factory).

Researchers from Aalto University analyzed the best practices from Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), before they reached the concept of Future Lab of Product Design, combining engineering with business administration and design.


Today, there is a growing recognition in the business community about the importance of managing knowledge as a critical source for competitive advantage [5] . Researchers in the field of sustainable competitive advantage have discovered that knowledge, which includes what the organization knows, how it uses what it knows and how fast it can know something new is the only thing that offers an organization a competitive edge [6] . Knowledge is the thermonuclear competitive weapon of our time; knowledge and its management are more valuable and more powerful than natural resources, big factories, or fat bankrolls [7] .

Today, there is a growing recognition in the business community about the importance of managing knowledge as a critical source for competitive advantage.

Researchers in the field of sustainable competitive advantage have discovered that knowledge, which includes what the organization knows, how it uses what it knows and how fast it can know something new is the only thing that offers an organization a competitive edge.

Knowledge is the thermonuclear competitive weapon of our time; knowledge and its management are more valuable and more powerful than natural resources, big factories, or fat bankrolls.


When studying the spreading of drops, it is often important to determine the time-dependent slope of the free liquid surface of a meridian section [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Here we describe a simple, cheap and practical quantitative schlieren method giving without scanning the slope in a particular direction, say ∂h/∂x as a function of the coordinate x in the same direction. The method may also be useful to probe other unsteady liquid surfaces, such as those in channel flows.

When studying the spreading of drops, it is often important to determine the time-dependent slope of the free liquid surface of a meridian section.


Computing Compelxity. Integers are used to maintain the tree in the diffusion-based scheme, while floating numbers are used to represent weights in the weightthrowing scheme. Note that the regular hardware-supported floating-point arithmetic (which usually incurs truncating/rounding errors) should not be used with the weight-throwing scheme. Weights must be lossless and must be precisely represented to ensure correctness. This implies a software-emulated floating-point arithmetic and sometimes weight borrowing to take care of the repeated weight-split and combine problems [9] , [16] . The weight calculation is computationally more costly.

Computing Compelxity.

This implies a software-emulated floating-point arithmetic and sometimes weight borrowing to take care of the repeated weight-split and combine problems.


Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that cardiac failure, valvular heart diseases, hypertension and ischemic heart disease are the most common causes of AF [2] . Several mechanisms have been proposed for AF development. Several of these mechanisms are the atrial wall tension, inflammation and fibrosis.

Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that cardiac failure, valvular heart diseases, hypertension and ischemic heart disease are the most common causes of AF.


Furthermore, syngas production can be enhanced through combination of dry reforming with partial oxidation reforming process. Partial oxidation reforming process (eq. (3)) which is an exothermic reaction does not require high energy to start up and not often susceptible to catalyst deactivation via carbon deposition and sintering [19, 20, 21] . However, one of the major challenges is the removal of heat from the catalyst [19] . The combination of these two reforming processes otherwise known as auto-thermal reforming process will enable efficient heat transfer through the catalytic bed thereby producing a thermodynamically neutral reaction [22] . In addition, it will enable flexible ratio of H 2 /CO to be produced and subsequently used as a feedstock for different chemical processes.

Partial oxidation reforming process (eq. (3)) which is an exothermic reaction does not require high energy to start up and not often susceptible to catalyst deactivation via carbon deposition and sintering.

However, one of the major challenges is the removal of heat from the catalyst.

The combination of these two reforming processes otherwise known as auto-thermal reforming process will enable efficient heat transfer through the catalytic bed thereby producing a thermodynamically neutral reaction.


Theoretically, H 2 /CO ratio of 1 and 4 are produced from dry reforming and steam reforming of methane, respectively. However, due to endothermic nature of the dry reforming reaction, high temperature greater than 750°C is usually required to start the reaction [14, 15] . Several studies have shown that high temperature required for dry reforming reaction often leads to catalysts deactivation through carbon deposition and sintering [16, 17, 18] .

However, due to endothermic nature of the dry reforming reaction, high temperature greater than 750°C is usually required to start the reaction.

Several studies have shown that high temperature required for dry reforming reaction often leads to catalysts deactivation through carbon deposition and sintering.


When taking medicine, it is necessary to be careful about side effects. However, HW has no known side effects in previous animal and human studies [16] [17] [18] 27] . Therefore, HW may constitute useful preventive treatment against periodontal disease related to obesity without side effects.

However, HW has no known side effects in previous animal and human studies.


The preliminary simulation of this type of QD laser structure was based on "dot-in-well" (DWELL) [7, 8] . The designed laser in this paper for operation at room temperature, similarly have 10 layers of QD with a density of 4.3 × 10 22 m −3 , with active region length 1000 μm, waveguide width 4 μm, and the height of monolayer 8 nm. Modeling and simulation of the QD laser properties based on the set of coupled rate equations for the density of carriers and photons, can predict their behaviors and performance which can be used in the actual devices. In this paper, InAs/GaAs QDs are considered as active medium in a QD laser consisting of several energy levels for confined carriers. It is assumed that all the QDs are uniform and have the same size and shape. Thus, the homogeneous broadening effect is ignored. Also, the inhomogeneous broadening effect is not taking into account and therefore gain width is considered to be very narrow. Rate equations are solved by 4th order RungeKutta numerical method using MATLAB software. Traditionally with solving these equations, we can achieve time variations of the carrier and photon density, laser turn-on behavior, laser output power, the P-I characteristic curves, in addition to their variations by changing the laser parameters.

The preliminary simulation of this type of QD laser structure was based on "dot-in-well" (DWELL).


The derivative interactions are also generated by integrating out heavy scalars and vectors. Three point interactions between the Higgs bilinears and heavy bosons are the sources of these effective interactions. They also appear in composite Higgs models. Since the representations of the heavy fields are constrained to couple with the bilinears, the interactions generated by integrating out have qualitatively different features from composite ones [5, 7] .

Since the representations of the heavy fields are constrained to couple with the bilinears, the interactions generated by integrating out have qualitatively different features from composite ones.


Recently, some experimental results from ATLAS and CMS implied new bosons around 2 TeV [12] . Their couplings with the Higgs boson could help us to investigate the origin of the EWSB. The low energy structure of couplings between these new particles and the doublets are explicitly shown in this manuscript.

Recently, some experimental results from ATLAS and CMS implied new bosons around 2 TeV.


Whether the withholding tax or the levy (or both) is subsequently enacted, the result will mark a material shift in tax policy. Individual winnings are frequently treated as exempt capital gains (Koekemoer et al., 2013) . From the perspective of the gambling industry, the additional 1% levy on gambling revenues by relevant service providers is likely to be quantitatively material for the fiscus and taxpayers (Vorster, 2012) . Consequently, understanding the exact nature and extent of future tax treatment of gambling winnings and exploring the possible consequences of the currently uncertain tax structure are important.

Individual winnings are frequently treated as exempt capital gains.

From the perspective of the gambling industry, the additional 1% levy on gambling revenues by relevant service providers is likely to be quantitatively material for the fiscus and taxpayers.


Across this combined academic and policy literature, two related issues consistently emerge to form central points of departure for this paper. First, that a major reason for transitions to unfold more slowly than might otherwise be expected, lies in obstruction and resistance by actors at the 'regime' level -typically involving established industries blocking the deployment of new technologies like renewables in order to protect existing business models and networks in order to maintain positions of incumbency in sociotechnical systems (Smink et al. 2013) . Second, another reason why interventions to accelerate transitions may not be occurring at desired rates, is that there is often a lack of coordination between differing instruments for the promotion of sustainability transitions, requiring instead a focus on interactions in diverse 'policy mixes' (Kivimaa & Kern 2016; Rogge & Reichardt 2013; Nauwelaers et al. 2009; Quitzow 2015; Magro & Wilson 2013) . In this latter field, a tandem view is adopted of interactions between policies aimed (on the one hand) at ending particular unsustainable technological trajectories, and (on the other hand) at promoting new 'niche' technologies (Kivimaa & Kern 2016) .

First, that a major reason for transitions to unfold more slowly than might otherwise be expected, lies in obstruction and resistance by actors at the 'regime' level -typically involving established industries blocking the deployment of new technologies like renewables in order to protect existing business models and networks in order to maintain positions of incumbency in sociotechnical systems.

Second, another reason why interventions to accelerate transitions may not be occurring at desired rates, is that there is often a lack of coordination between differing instruments for the promotion of sustainability transitions, requiring instead a focus on interactions in diverse 'policy mixes'.

In this latter field, a tandem view is adopted of interactions between policies aimed (on the one hand) at ending particular unsustainable technological trajectories, and (on the other hand) at promoting new 'niche' technologies.


According to the statistics of the American Cancer Society, approximately 40,250 new cases of oral and throat cancer are expected in the 2012. The oral cancer is the sixth common cancer and leads to about 570,000 deaths every year worldwide [21] . In the USA, the overall 5-year survival is 61% of all stages and decreases to 56% of the regional disease. The incidences rates of men are higher than women. Despite the advances in therapy, the 5-year survival rate has not obviously raised during the past two decades, because the therapy is more effective for patients in early stage, but, most patients appear to be the advanced stage for which therapy is less effective and brings worry in swallowing, talking, and face. Early detection of neoplastic changes is the best way to improve these events. Therefore, this paper demonstrates the capability of the proposed ERL-MHSI system by identifying the early stage oral cancer of mice. Twenty mice were utilized to be the biopsy samples. The fluorescence Low High spectral information of the cell nucleus was the basis to diagnose the degree of the neoplasia. For the twenty cases, the best sensitivity for identifying normal cells and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was 100%. The best specificity for identifying normal cells and SCC was 99%. The best sensitivity for identifying normal cells and dysplasia was 99%. The best specificity for identifying normal cells and dysplasia was 97%. This work also applies fractal dimension to analyze the morphological information and find that the value of normal and SCC has big difference.

The oral cancer is the sixth common cancer and leads to about 570,000 deaths every year worldwide.


The velocity contours during peak systole for NBP and HBP conditions are shown in Figures 9 and 10 , respectively. The characteristic of stenotic flow shows a sudden increase in velocity and drop in pressure at the throat during the entire pulse cycle [14] . The flow jet covers a longer distance in HBP compared to NBP due to large pressure gradient. The flow is more predominant even during later part of pulse cycle in HBP compared to NBP. However, there is no significant difference in the flow rate for both the NBP and HBP cases. Figure 11 shows the velocity contour during early diastole in HBP and velocity profile during late diastole in NBP is shown in Figure 12 . Due to the eccentric stenosis, flow separation in downstream of stenosis is intense in case of HBP than in NBP leading to severe eddy formation. During the later part of the pulse cycle, the flow in downstream side stabilizes within shorter distance in NBP compared to HBP. Due to flow deceleration, the back flow is observed from early diastole in NBP, but in case of HBP this effect is reduced instantly because of large pressure gradient.

The characteristic of stenotic flow shows a sudden increase in velocity and drop in pressure at the throat during the entire pulse cycle.


Since the arterial wall has a complex structure, it cannot be treated as a homogenous material. Considering this fact, FSI simulation of blood flow in carotid was conducted on a nonlinear thick-wall model [5] . The obtained results were more significant compared to analysis performed considering linear model. The asymmetric stenosis was studied to quantify the effects of stenosis severity, eccentricity, and pressure conditions on blood flow and artery compression. It is observed that, particularly in poststenotic region, the velocity field is highly dependent on the flow waveform along with the uniform distribution of flow recirculation along the circumference of the walls. Also the strong flow reversal and recirculation were found to be uniformly distributed around the circumference of the walls in the downstream of stenosis. From the available literature, it is observed that most of the studies have been performed at normal blood pressure. But the important aspect of flow dynamics in the downstream of stenosis under the influence of high blood pressure is yet to be studied as it can prove to be one of the major risk factors [6] . The flow resistance in arteries increases abruptly due to the influence of high-grade stenosis. This forces the body to raise the blood pressure to maintain the necessary blood supply. The constriction and high blood pressure causes high flow velocity, high wall shear stress, and low pressure at the throat of the stenosis, while in the distal side of stenosis, there will be low wall shear stress, flow separation, and wall compression.

Considering this fact, FSI simulation of blood flow in carotid was conducted on a nonlinear thick-wall model.

But the important aspect of flow dynamics in the downstream of stenosis under the influence of high blood pressure is yet to be studied as it can prove to be one of the major risk factors.


The simulation of blood flow has helped in investigating the complex interaction of flow dynamics within cardiovascular system. The altered haemodynamics as observed in development of cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis (stenosis) and aneurysms further influences the development of the disease and arterial deformity and changes the regional blood rheology. The study of physiologically realistic pulsatile flow through stenosis has profound implications for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular disease. Although the actual geometry of a stenotic artery may be varied and complex, it has been frequently simplified as symmetrical or asymmetrical constriction in a cylindrical tube [1] . The flow through constricted tubes is generally characterized by a high velocity jet generated from the narrowest section and flow separation distal to the stenosis. The characteristics of the prestenotic flow is usually laminar; however the flow in poststenotic is extremely turbulent depending upon the flow conditions and severity of the stenosis. The accurate simulation of realistic physiological phenomenon is possible only through FSI and using CFD alone will not be beneficial to demonstrate the interaction of blood flow through elastic artery.

Although the actual geometry of a stenotic artery may be varied and complex, it has been frequently simplified as symmetrical or asymmetrical constriction in a cylindrical tube.


The simulated results obtained for normal blood pressure (NBP) and high blood pressure (HBP) conditions are compared to observe the variations in the flow behaviour. The velocity contours, wall displacement, and wall shear obtained at specified instants of pulse cycle are considered for observation. The computed results like numerical values of deformation, wall shear stress, and velocity patterns are normalized to facilitate the comparison. The velocity, WSS, and wall deformation are found to be maximum during peak systole due to high flow rate. The wall deformation patterns are shown in Figures 7 and 8 during early systole and peak systole for NBP and HBP conditions, respectively. The maximum wall deformation is within 10% and 16% of diastolic diameter for NBP and HBP conditions, respectively. The wall deformation is uniform in upstream as well as in downstream of the model apart from the throat region during the entire pulse cycle [11] . There is significant difference in wall deformation due to HBP condition, which is maximum during peak systole when compared with NBP case. The nonuniform structural deformation is observed to be severe in poststenotic region than in prestenotic region. Due to the instant increase in the pressure, the wall collapsibility is observed after peak systole and further increases during later part of the pulse cycle because of low pressure gradient.

The wall deformation is uniform in upstream as well as in downstream of the model apart from the throat region during the entire pulse cycle.


The wall deformation is compared during NBP and HBP as shown in Figure 13 . The maximum displacement is found to be in HBP condition. The pattern of the displacement is almost similar to the given input pulse cycle, which shows the pulsatile behaviour. The maximum difference is seen during peak systole and in early part of diastole than in any other part of the cycle. Due the high pressure, the time taken for flow stabilization is high in HBP compared to NBP. Also due to wall collapsible behaviour during late diastole, the difference is less and almost the same between NBP and HBP [6, 14] . Due to this, the effect on flow dynamics in downstream is significant causing high turbulence. Figure 14 shows the comparison of WSS during NBP and HBP conditions and there is a minor difference because of the same flow rate in both cases. The maximum WSS is at the throat region compared to upstream and downstream side of the model. There is a sudden increase in WSS during peak systole in both the HBP and NBP cases. The variation of maximum WSS is similar to pulse cycle, but the gradual reduction lags by few milliseconds as compared to normal input velocity cycle due to increase in velocity in the throat region. The difference in pressure gradient is less in early part of diastole and because of this flow WSS is constant during this phase of the cycle. The results obtained in NBP agree well with the clinically observed results and with available literature. From the obtained results, it is observed that, including the effect of hypertension can simulate the risk or prognosis of arterial disease and it cannot be neglected because it has profound influence on altering the flow dynamics, WSS distribution, stress levels, and wall deformation.

Also due to wall collapsible behaviour during late diastole, the difference is less and almost the same between NBP and HBP.


It is well known that the combustion of a reactive mixture can be initiated by the sudden discharge of a hot jet of combustion products. This leads to the formation of a deflagration front when the jet radius a is above a small critical value a c on the order of the laminar flame thickness, whereas for smaller values of the jet radius the ignition kernel formed in the region where the hot products mix with the fresh reactants is too small to initiate a flame [1] . An analogy can be drawn to the problem of ignition by an external energy source, with the classical Spalding criterion for minimum ignition energy, according to which ignition is achieved when the size of the hot spot formed is comparable to or larger than the deflagration thickness, translating in the case of hot-jet ignition into the criterion for minimum jet radius mentioned above. This hotjet ignition phenomenon is important in connection with the handling and storage of gaseous fuels in the built environment, particularly hydrogen, where combustion transmission between adjacent enclosures emerges as a key issue.

This leads to the formation of a deflagration front when the jet radius a is above a small critical value a c on the order of the laminar flame thickness, whereas for smaller values of the jet radius the ignition kernel formed in the region where the hot products mix with the fresh reactants is too small to initiate a flame.


A DVANCES in computer technology and the widespread availability of ever more sophisticated computer-based systems is gradually changing the way teaching and assessment is undertaken in computer science and engineering departments [1] . Educational institutions must explore and effectively utilize opportunities provided by such technologies to enhance the educational experience of their students. Automated short-answer marking is one of the technologies that may be usefully explored, and in recent years a number of attempts have been made to automate short-answer marking [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] . The most important problem addressed by all of these systems is the accuracy with which automated marking can be performed. It is quite reasonable to suggest that it is very difficult to produce an automated system that can guarantee 100 percent agreement with a human marker. Given this limitation, can an automated short-answer marking system have any practical application? The purpose of this paper is to describe an automated short-answer marking system that can be utilized to improve teaching and learning in an ObjectOriented Programming (OOP) course. The OOP course is taught at Bahria University (BU) in Pakistan. The system has been used by educators to monitor the overall performance of students during term-time and to provide feedback to students about their performance.

A DVANCES in computer technology and the widespread availability of ever more sophisticated computer-based systems is gradually changing the way teaching and assessment is undertaken in computer science and engineering departments.

Automated short-answer marking is one of the technologies that may be usefully explored, and in recent years a number of attempts have been made to automate short-answer marking.


MPC uses a system model to predict the future states of the system. In the model predictive control of the building thermal process, an accurate building thermal model is a precondition, which is used for the calculation of cooling load, diagnosis of building thermal properties, and prediction of indoor thermal comfort. Generally, the model used for calculating the building thermal process can be classified into three categories: physical model, black-box model, and graybox model. Among these three models, the physical model is most widely used, and there are various software tools using the physical model to simulate the heat transfer process, such as DOE-2, HAPE-20, BLAST, TAS, HVACSIM+, TRNSYS, SPARK, and ESP-r [6, 7] . For improving the accuracy, the physical model is generally solved by the impulse response method or the finite difference method. As a result of high order of the method used, physical model has large calculation costs, but it is a detailed method to represent the physical process. By contrast, the black-box model driven by data cannot reflect the physical thermal process, but it is less time-consuming. However, since the black-box model is determined by the sample data for model training, this model gets inaccurate results when the predicting data exceeds the scope of sample data. Combining the advantages of physical model and black-box model, the gray model was developed. This model has the characteristics of fewer calculation costs, less time consumption, and part revelation of the physical 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering thermal process [8] . Since the models for MPC have to be less time-consuming, in comparison with the other two models, the simplified gray-box model with lower model order is more suitable for the MPC solution.

Among these three models, the physical model is most widely used, and there are various software tools using the physical model to simulate the heat transfer process, such as DOE-2, HAPE-20, BLAST, TAS, HVACSIM+, TRNSYS, SPARK, and ESP-r.

This model has the characteristics of fewer calculation costs, less time consumption, and part revelation of the physical 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering thermal process.


Conversely, robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) with an active leg exoskeleton (ALEX) implemented linear actuators to manipulate the thigh device (hip joint) and shank device (knee joint) [6, 7] . This exoskeleton uses a force-field controller by effectively applying forces on the ankle of the subject through actuators located at the hip and knee joints. They also incorporate the AAN paradigm for rehabilitation into the system which allows patients to participate more actively in the retraining process compared to other currently available robotic training methods. There is also a neurorehabilitative platform for bedridden poststroke patients (NEUROBike) that employs the use of brushless servomotors and pulleys to actively control the angular excursions of the gait orthosis [8] . This system implements the kinematic models of leg-joint angular excursions during both walking and "sit-to-stand" into the control algorithms to carry out passive and active exercises. The aim of this system is to provide several exercises at an early stage according to the severity of the pathology and the intensity required by the programmed therapy.

Conversely, robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) with an active leg exoskeleton (ALEX) implemented linear actuators to manipulate the thigh device (hip joint) and shank device (knee joint).

There is also a neurorehabilitative platform for bedridden poststroke patients (NEUROBike) that employs the use of brushless servomotors and pulleys to actively control the angular excursions of the gait orthosis.


The pneumatically operated gait orthosis (POGO) which utilizes pneumatic cylinders as an actuation system is another development [9] . This system incorporated the force and position controller to conform to the pelvis and legs of the subject to desired patterns. Due to the importance of generating normal sensory input during gait training, the POGO developed a device that can accommodate and control the naturalistic motion of the pelvis. In contrast, the robotic gait rehabilitation (RGR) trainer uses servotube linear electromagnetic actuators to generate the power source for the exoskeleton [10] . This system uses an expanded impedance control strategy by switching the force field that affects the obliquity of the pelvis to generate the corrective moments only when the leg is in swing motion. This system was based on the hypothesis that correction of a stiff-legged gait pattern requires addressing both the primary and secondary gait deviations to restore a physiological gait pattern. A newly developed gait training robotic device is LOKOIRAN which employs AC motors connected to a slide-crank mechanism via belts and pulleys to provide the energy for the system [11] . This system engages the speed control mode and the admittance control mode to manage trajectory of the joints in the robotic device. The objective of this system is to develop a passive orthosis to fully support the patient and provide joint angle data during training.

The pneumatically operated gait orthosis (POGO) which utilizes pneumatic cylinders as an actuation system is another development.

In contrast, the robotic gait rehabilitation (RGR) trainer uses servotube linear electromagnetic actuators to generate the power source for the exoskeleton.

A newly developed gait training robotic device is LOKOIRAN which employs AC motors connected to a slide-crank mechanism via belts and pulleys to provide the energy for the system.


Recently, ramp metering systems are increasingly being implemented on UK motorways to control the rate of vehicles entering from slip roads. The idea is to avoid congestion by preventing downstream traffic from being higher than the overall capacity of the motorway by storing some merge traffic on the slip road. Theoretically, the amount of traffic to be released from the installed traffic signals should be the difference between the motorway downstream capacity and upstream traffic (Masher et al., 1975) .

Theoretically, the amount of traffic to be released from the installed traffic signals should be the difference between the motorway downstream capacity and upstream traffic.


Another important factor that is part of most existing ramp metering algorithms is the critical occupancy. This factor is usually related to the position of a traffic loop detector. Typically, higher values of occupancy are expected within the merge area because drivers in this area accept smaller headways than in normal sections (Laval and Leclercq, 2008) . This paper investigates, using a newly d ramp length, position of traffic signal, critica ramp metering.

Typically, higher values of occupancy are expected within the merge area because drivers in this area accept smaller headways than in normal sections.


Most of the past work discussed in the above focuses on problems with continuous random variables. In this work we also discuss basic approaches for the adaptive solution of problems with discrete random variables and demonstrate how to use a priori information effectively. Throughout, we illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the methods on a set of benchmark problems, often referred to the Genz problems [7, 8] . However, we conclude this work with the consideration of problems of electromagnetic scattering in which Maxwell's equations are solved in the time-domain using a discontinuous Galerkin method. It is important to note, however, that the adaptive techniques proposed here are problem independent and can be applied to general stochastic problems, solved using a variety of computational techniques.

Throughout, we illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the methods on a set of benchmark problems, often referred to the Genz problems.


In this paper we resolve these problems, and for the first time provide a clear description of the physical processes underlying the simple DC conductivities (1.6), by analytically calculating the low frequency conductivities for the holographic theory (1.5) at small values of m where there is approximate momentum conservation. We identify two physically distinct contributions to each conductivity -a coherent contribution controlled by the slow relaxation of momentum, and an incoherent contribution due to the intrinsic conductivity σ Q . The value of σ Q we obtain is consistent with the known value in the translationally invariant limit (1.7) [26] . Technically, we achieve this decomposition by changing basis from the currents J and Q to more theoretically convenient currents J ± which are orthogonal: the two-point retarded Green's function of J + with J − vanishes. To the first subleading order at small Γ the conductivity of J − is entirely coherent, and that of J + is entirely incoherent. In the strict Γ = 0 limit, these reduce to the currents P and 3 0 J/2 − n 0 P respectively, which decouple and capture the entirely coherent and entirely incoherent responses respectively in the translationally invariant, hydrodynamic system (subscript 0s here denote the thermodynamic quantities of the m = 0 state).

The value of σ Q we obtain is consistent with the known value in the translationally invariant limit (1.7).


To make use of casted crankshafts in high-performance engines possible, different surface treatments are compared in this article with the goal of comparing and understanding wear and friction properties under application-near conditions. This task is carried out by a physical simulation on a rotational tribometer together with a virtual simulation, using a novel approach for modeling surface topography effects in hydrodynamic lubrication [25] . Besides finding an optimization potential for crankshaft surface topographies, this study allows for comparison and validation between physical and virtual simulation approaches.

This task is carried out by a physical simulation on a rotational tribometer together with a virtual simulation, using a novel approach for modeling surface topography effects in hydrodynamic lubrication.


This study was designed as a comparative document analysis and adopted principles and procedures of systematic review methods. Document analysis, as a qualitative method, is "a systematic procedure for reviewing and evaluating documents" [27] . This procedure organises document information into categories which relate to specified research questions/categories [27] . Data collection and analysis were guided by the Health Policy Triangle [12] . SMS frameworks can be considered health policy documents in line with the definition of health policy provided by Buse and colleagues, that is, 'courses of action (and inaction) that affect the set of institutions, organizations, services and funding arrangements of the health system' [13] . As presented in Table 1 , categories of information for analysis were constructed around the four areas of the Health Policy Triangle: context, content, processes and actors [12] .

Document analysis, as a qualitative method, is "a systematic procedure for reviewing and evaluating documents".

This procedure organises document information into categories which relate to specified research questions/categories.

Data collection and analysis were guided by the Health Policy Triangle.

SMS frameworks can be considered health policy documents in line with the definition of health policy provided by Buse and colleagues, that is, 'courses of action (and inaction) that affect the set of institutions, organizations, services and funding arrangements of the health system'.

As presented in Table 1 , categories of information for analysis were constructed around the four areas of the Health Policy Triangle: context, content, processes and actors.


The process of implementing SMS may be challenging. For example, there may be varying levels of readiness to endorse SMS as an approach to chronic disease management at the levels of the individual with chronic disease, the healthcare provider and the organisation [24] . A clear and strategic implementation plan is recommended for health policies and strategies [21, 25] . The World Health Organisation (WHO) outlined the importance of including governance arrangements, consideration for current capacity and resource planning, and mechanisms for evaluation in national policy and strategy documents [21] . Therefore, the level of detail in SMS frameworks implementation plans may affect the extent to which they achieve their intended outcomes.

For example, there may be varying levels of readiness to endorse SMS as an approach to chronic disease management at the levels of the individual with chronic disease, the healthcare provider and the organisation.

A clear and strategic implementation plan is recommended for health policies and strategies.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) outlined the importance of including governance arrangements, consideration for current capacity and resource planning, and mechanisms for evaluation in national policy and strategy documents.


Some may question the heavy dependence on arguments based on relativity in the present approach. However, our experience has been that relativity is avidly absorbed and un-derstood even by average beginning students when presented in terms of spacetime triangles and a "spacetime Pythagorean theorem" rather than in terms of the rather more abstract Lorentz transformations. Four-vectors don't seem to present any particular problems and arguments based on relativistic invariance seem to resonate with the students. In this respect our experiences are similar to Moore's [12] .

In this respect our experiences are similar to Moore's.


The structure of this course was inspired by the Nobel Prize address of Louis de Broglie [7] . The logic which led de Broglie to the relation between momentum and wavenumber makes use of a beautiful application of the principle of relativity to obtain the relativistic dispersion relation for waves representing massive particles. Furthermore, de Broglie largely anticipated the development of the Schrödinger equation via an analogy between the propagation of light through a medium of varying refractive index and the propagation of matter waves in a region of spatially variable potential energy.

The structure of this course was inspired by the Nobel Prize address of Louis de Broglie.


The physical definition of vitrification is the solidification of a solution (glass formation) at low temperatures without ice crystal formation. It is generally thought that these solutions should be better for the preservation of living cells than solutions that crystallize during cooling or warming (Kuleshova et al., 1999) . Successful vitrification requires the combination of a high concentration of permeable cryoprotectant and a very rapid cooling rate. However, the high concentrations of cryoprotectant cause cell damage due to the osmotic and cytotoxic effects (Rall and Fahy, 1985; Rall, 1987) .

It is generally thought that these solutions should be better for the preservation of living cells than solutions that crystallize during cooling or warming.

However, the high concentrations of cryoprotectant cause cell damage due to the osmotic and cytotoxic effects.


The velocity diagrams are usually evaluated at a characteristic radius, which depicts the mean conditions found along the blade span. The mean radius is often used, but an alternative choice is that which divides the annulus section into two equal-area halves. If the blade span is high enough, it may be necessary to extend this analysis to a number of different positions, at least the hub, mean and tip radius. In fact, the circumferential flow needs an inward pressure force to be sustained, so that a radial pressure gradient is built. In this case, a radial equilibrium equation shall be included and a swirl distribution exponent is used to represent a free or forced vortex design [5] . In this situation the velocity components at different radial positions will be related each other, further increasing the problem complexity.

In this case, a radial equilibrium equation shall be included and a swirl distribution exponent is used to represent a free or forced vortex design.