The enthalpy of fusion does not seem to change significantly after the different heat treatments (Table 2 .), but from the differences in cold crystallization it is clear that the samples reached their maximum crystallinity after only 10 minutes at 100 and 120°C. It is further interesting that the double melting peak, indicative of the melting of both the α′-and α crystalline phases, changed to a single melting peak typical of the α crystalline phase. The supplier of PLA Ingeo 3051D has published a know-how about crystallizing and drying of PLA [23] . The adherent feature of the amorphous PLA and the solution is well discussed, and warnings about pneumatic material transportation from driers to processing equipment are mentioned. Amorphous PLA was injection moulded to investigate the effect of recycled PLA on the processing, but it was found that from cycle to cycle more and more amorphous PLA pellets stuck to the surface of the screw and rotated together with the screw. The pellets stuck on the screw even at the feed zone, where the material should only be transported to the compression zone, but not melted ( Figure 9 ). As more and more pellets stuck to the screw, more and more torque was necessary to plasticize the material; finally it reached a value which could destabilize the injection moulding process. This phenomenon prevented further processing of the material until the barrel is cleaned. This effect was characterized by the number of 'problem free' processes before the needed cleaning procedure. For amorphous PLA, and for the used injection moulding machine and parameters, the number of problem free processes was around 10 cycles. To further analyse the adherent effect with SEM, amorphous pellets were heated at 80°C for 10 minutes in a conventional oven (Figure 10 ). As the SEM pictures showed, the pellets locally welded together, and a weld line between the pellets developed even at this low temperature. It can also be observed that for the pellets annealed at 120°C for 10 minutes, ribbon-like PLA formations peeled off the surface of the pellet, suggesting local melting of the pellets during crystallization (Figure 11, Figure 12 ).

The supplier of PLA Ingeo 3051D has published a know-how about crystallizing and drying of PLA.


Most feedlot cattle manure in Nebraska is spread on corn fields as a solid in the fall or spring prior to planting and is either left on the surface or incorporated. Based on the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality (NDEQ) Title 130, animal feeding operations that are required to have a nutrient management plan that calculates plant available N (PAN), cannot apply manure in excess of the current year's corn N requirement (NDEQ, 2005) . Prior to livestock waste control regulations that were established in 1998, over application of manure likely occurred to land cropped to corn in some areas.

Based on the Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality (NDEQ) Title 130, animal feeding operations that are required to have a nutrient management plan that calculates plant available N (PAN), cannot apply manure in excess of the current year's corn N requirement.


Local conditions can affect the deterioration of such pipes and the size of the pipe can also have an impact on the behaviour observed due to a combination of geometrical considerations and the depth that pipes are buried. Smaller diameter pipes are typically buried more shallowly than larger diameter pipes, although civil engineering standards in different countries may specify different depths due to geological and climate variations, e.g. pipes in Canada tend to be buried more deeply due to ground frost issues. For trunk mains the corrosion encountered within a single pipe has been shown to exhibit much greater variability than that observed on small diameter distribution mains. Further, two different conformations of corrosion were observed, i.e. patches of corrosion of uniform depth and more localised pit-like corrosion [13] .

Further, two different conformations of corrosion were observed, i.e. patches of corrosion of uniform depth and more localised pit-like corrosion.


Going back to our original question: is it a good idea to un-diversify during crisis? Our results so far suggest "Yes". Still, further research on how to better control the turnover of sparse q -portfolios is needed. One possible way to encourage the stability of the q -estimates would be to penalize both the portfolio weights and their differences in time, by extending the fused Lasso approach (Tibshirani et al., 2005) . This would require to find efficient ways to deal with computational costs, especially when the dimensionality of the problem is high. Furthermore, we plan to extend our analysis by explicitly considering not only risk minimization, but also profitability of the investment strategies. Dealing with such issues is currently high on our agenda.

Our results so far suggest "Yes".

One possible way to encourage the stability of the q -estimates would be to penalize both the portfolio weights and their differences in time, by extending the fused Lasso approach.


The industry researchers and academic researchers have more rigorously explored the relationship between social media and media impact special in TV and movie box office sales. We also found that TV ratings correlated with Facebook posts from a practical case which is an entertainment show in Taiwan [8] . In spite of that, a much debated issue is whether social buzz gooses TV ratings? This study put forward the following questions in relation to TV ratings and social media: How does audience engagement in social media directly correlate with the TV program's performance? How does the performance of TV program relate to the posts from the official account? Does engaging with audiences help increasing ratings? The objective of this study was to collect and analyze the data from social media, special in Facebook in examining the relationship between social media activities and TV ratings. In principle, this study tried to identify key variables of social media activities that relate to TV show performance and ratings prediction model.

We also found that TV ratings correlated with Facebook posts from a practical case which is an entertainment show in Taiwan.


This study concludes there is a certain relationship between TV ratings and FB measures, also implying that FB measures could be the indicators of TV ratings prediction. Furthermore, instead of having waiting Nielsen TV ratings until the end of the period to determine the performance of a TV show, the analysts can use social media as a mechanism of ex ante forecasting [17] . Based on this conclusion, we urge managers to consider the TVR-15: real ratings, TVR-15-predict: prediction based on SVR.

Furthermore, instead of having waiting Nielsen TV ratings until the end of the period to determine the performance of a TV show, the analysts can use social media as a mechanism of ex ante forecasting.


According to Nielsen's report "The Relationship between Social Media Buzz and TV Ratings", online buzz is in aligned with TV ratings. A 9% ~ 14% increase in buzz volume corresponds to a 1% increase in ratings [3] . Nielsen Media Company measures audience via sample-based methodology, which is Nielsen ratings. Under the new media circumstances, people's view habits are changing and those who are post broadcast viewers are not counted. It implies that viewer's information may not be as accurate as before. However, this media research company also launched the Nielsen Twitter TV Ratings in 2013, which Nielsen Twitter TV Ratings complete the picture by measuring both Twitter TV-specific activity (Authors, Tweets) and reach (Unique Audience, Impressions). Nielsen announced that Nielsen Twitter TV Ratings "will become Nielsen's 'Social Content Ratings'" including Facebook conversation, and this indicator will be the first solution to measure aggregate-level program-related conversation on Facebook and Twitter, including posts shared with friends and family, with followers, and publicly. The expanded ratings are slated for commercial availability in the first half of 2016 and will be made available in all markets where Nielsen Twitter TV Ratings are currently available (Australia, Italy, Mexico and U.S.) [4] [5] . Other media measurement companies and institutes have tried developed many metrics of TV ratings such as share-of voice , content power ratings and Hi score which developed by Harmony institute [6] [7] .

A 9% ~ 14% increase in buzz volume corresponds to a 1% increase in ratings.

The expanded ratings are slated for commercial availability in the first half of 2016 and will be made available in all markets where Nielsen Twitter TV Ratings are currently available (Australia, Italy, Mexico and U.S.).

Other media measurement companies and institutes have tried developed many metrics of TV ratings such as share-of voice , content power ratings and Hi score which developed by Harmony institute.


Social media has been on the rise for years. From Twitter and Facebook, to Instagram, the social media world has grown. While the popularity of apps has skyrocketed in recent years, new media have made a wide range of platforms and content choice. Media consumption seems to have become anywhere, anytime. By making live streams, social TV, mobile, these apps turn audience into "active audience" [1] . The social media platform al-lows fans to directly help to promote and encourage the growth of audience base. TV stations communicate with audiences by these technologic tools special in social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Weibo, Line etc. Nowadays, audience discussion in online forums, Facebook and chat rooms can be gathered, aggregated, analyzed immediately. Social media transformed traditional broadcasting norms.

By making live streams, social TV, mobile, these apps turn audience into "active audience".


Participation in this study was voluntary. Athletes were recruited through contacting the coaches or program administrators of the various sport programs ("specializers") or through sport camps or high schools ("samplers"). Parental consent was obtained for each participant before data were collected. Demographic information was completed with the help of a parent or guardian to enhance the reliability of the information collected (Law, Côté, & Ericsson, 2007) . Following the completion of the demographic information, the participants independently completed each questionnaire (YES 2.0, DAP, ABQ, and SEYSQ). The questionnaires took approximately 30-40 min to complete. The questionnaires were pilot tested on ten athletes (approximately 13 years of age) involved in one sport context and reliabilities from the pilot tests were adequate to progress with the study.

Demographic information was completed with the help of a parent or guardian to enhance the reliability of the information collected.


In some recent works, it has been shown that the addition of non-magnetic particles to MR fluids gives rise to an unexpected increase of the MR effect (Klingenberg and Ulicny, 2011; Lopez-Lopez et al., 2008; Rodrı´guez-Arco et al., 2013b , 2014 Ulicny et al., 2010) . What is more, the addition of diamagnetic particles in these multi-component suspensions may also reduce gravitational settling of the magnetic particles due to the buoyancy of the non-magnetic particles, whose density is closer to that of the carrier fluid. For example, the use of non-magnetic particles in MR fluids as anti-settling agents provided with softer sediments once the magnetic particles settled down (Galindo-Gonza´lez et al., 2005) . In this study, the sedimentation of the magnetic particles was measured employing optical methods. However, due to the opacity of the suspensions, the use of these methods does not seem reliable enough for sedimentation followup. The magnetic responsiveness of the magnetic particles, in turn, offers a number of possibilities for evaluating their settling. More specifically, when the magnetic particles settle down, the particle concentration along the fluid container changes, giving rise to changes of the suspension magnetic permeability. Using this principle, there exist some alternative methods for checking gravitational settling that are based on the measurement of the variation on the inductance of a coil surrounding the suspension as a function of time (Chen and Chen, 2003; Gorodkin et al., 2000; Iglesias et al., 2007 Iglesias et al., , 2011 Ngatu and Wereley, 2007; Galindo-Gonza´lez et al., 2007) .

In some recent works, it has been shown that the addition of non-magnetic particles to MR fluids gives rise to an unexpected increase of the MR effect.

For example, the use of non-magnetic particles in MR fluids as anti-settling agents provided with softer sediments once the magnetic particles settled down.

Using this principle, there exist some alternative methods for checking gravitational settling that are based on the measurement of the variation on the inductance of a coil surrounding the suspension as a function of time.


The percentage of total sugars in tomato fruits increased initially and then decreased in all coated and uncoated tomato fruits, due to the ripening and respiration of the fruits simultaneously. At the Red stage, coated fruits showed a high total sugar content than the uncoated fruits. These changes are due to the modified atmosphere created by polysaccharide coatings inside the fruit that delays ripening. But at the same time the total sugar percentage decreased between treatments 3% protein and 5% protein due to limited hydrophilic nature of polysaccharide coatings (Robertson 2006) .

But at the same time the total sugar percentage decreased between treatments 3% protein and 5% protein due to limited hydrophilic nature of polysaccharide coatings.


In this climate of uncertainty little is known about the students experience of being assessed. In view of the wide variety of programmes it would have been diffi cult to research the experiences of students across all. Rather it was decided to study the experiences of students on just one occupational therapy programme at University College Northampton (UCN) where the delivery and assessment of fi eldwork education was known (Knight, 1998) . Students experience four fi eldwork placements on this programme, two short placements of six weeks in year one and two longer placements of ten weeks, one in year two and one in year three. All fi eldwork educators attend a foundation level fi eldwork education course at UCN, or an equivalent course at another occupational therapy school before supervising students. The UCN course includes an assessment grading exercise. A study day is run prior to the start of each placement, when an assessment briefi ng for educators new to UCN students takes place. Educators are encouraged to attend.

Rather it was decided to study the experiences of students on just one occupational therapy programme at University College Northampton (UCN) where the delivery and assessment of fi eldwork education was known.

Educators are encouraged to attend.


The study has shown that any improvements in OMI and OMD associated with work in donkeys are small and would not be sufficient to meet extra nutrient requirements for work when donkeys are on low quality diets (DE content 7.1 MJ/kg OM), even if the food and water are available ad libitum. Oonkevs on ught power -1 303 0.10 loss is considered severe dehydration (Houpt, 1993) . Therefore, donkeys are better suited than cattle to dry conditions.

Oonkevs on ught power -1 303 0.10 loss is considered severe dehydration.


In Europe, a number of factors have contributed to an increasing consideration of HVDC solutions. As AC/DC systems become further integrated, it is likely that future development will require several HVDC converters on a common AC bus, or on AC buses in close proximity to each other. Such system configurations are commonly referred to as multi-infeed HVDC systems [75] . These configurations already exist for instance in Scandinavia and between Scandinavia and Continental Europe (Fig. 12 ). Other schemes with such configurations are being planned such as those in Southern Europe. The existing and planned HVDC links in Southern Europe are shown in Fig. 13 . The multi-infeed HVDC configuration has been developed inside some regional grids, such as the Italian power system. While some of HVDC systems offer better controllability and improved grid dynamic operation, it is anticipated, on the other -22-hand, that these system configurations, could give rise to new undesired phenomena associated with the interactions among the AC and DC systems components, during both transient and steady-state operations.

Such system configurations are commonly referred to as multi-infeed HVDC systems.


Technical and economic advantages such as sharing generation reserves and using more economic energy resources to enhance the reliability of the system are the main drivers for the interconnection of adjoining large-scale networks. However, heavily coupled networks might also be at risk of uncontrollable cascading effects since disturbances that may at first seem of minor importance can cascade over large areas [8] . This problem has drawn special attention after the series of large-scale blackouts which affected some parts of the world [9, 10] . Furthermore, through this development of power systems, different forms of system instability have emerged. For example, voltage stability and inter-area oscillations have become greater concerns than in the past [11] . The stability of electromechanical oscillations between interconnected synchronous generators (inter-area modes) is necessary for secure system operation [12] .

However, heavily coupled networks might also be at risk of uncontrollable cascading effects since disturbances that may at first seem of minor importance can cascade over large areas.

This problem has drawn special attention after the series of large-scale blackouts which affected some parts of the world.

For example, voltage stability and inter-area oscillations have become greater concerns than in the past.

The stability of electromechanical oscillations between interconnected synchronous generators (inter-area modes) is necessary for secure system operation.


The SST changes between periods P0 and P2 ( Figure 10) show a distinct pattern of larger changes (>2.1 • C) in the central western North Sea between the Wash in the south and the Firth of Forth in the north where the North Sea is relatively deep. Northeast of the Dogger Bank there is also an area with large SST changes. In principle the area where SST increases fastest corresponds to the ICES North Sea box 7a [53] . Figure 10 reveals that not only the SST but also the vertical mean temperature of the North Sea increases most rapidly in this area. The pattern in SST changes is found during the warmer half of the year and is representative for summer.

In principle the area where SST increases fastest corresponds to the ICES North Sea box 7a.


Reinforced concrete flat slabs are widely used as a flooring system for multistory structures such as office buildings, warehouses and parking garages. Flat slabs are typically directly supported on columns either with or without the use of drop panels and/or column capitals providing aesthetically and functionally pleasing clear space without the obstruction of drop beams. The slab-column connection is the most critical part of this structural system due to its vulnerability to the brittle and sudden punching shear failure. This type of failure is also possible where the columns are supported on the slab or high concentrated loads exist due to special installations. In normal design situations, this type of failure is avoided by proper selection of slab thickness, column capital and optional special shear reinforcement. Several research studies have been reported on the punching shear strength of reinforced concrete slabs with or without special shear reinforcement [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . However, insufficient punching shear capacity due to several reasons, such as changing the use of a building, adding new installations or design/construction mistakes, provides the need to strengthen existing structures. In recent decades, a significant amount of research work has been conducted to study several punching shear strengthening techniques. Generally, the common strengthening methods include the use of steel plates or fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites externally bonded to the slab tension face, or the use of vertical steel bolts or FRP rods.

Several research studies have been reported on the punching shear strength of reinforced concrete slabs with or without special shear reinforcement.


By 2025, as the United Nations Global Environment Outlook predicts, the water withdrawals in developing countries will increase by 50% and, if the trend continues, 1.8 billion people will be living in regions with absolute water scarcity [1] . However, not only developing countries, which are facing severe health problems due to limited access to freshwater, but also the world's wealthiest industrial nations are increasingly suffering from water shortages. In 60% of the European cities with more than 100,000 people, for example, groundwater is being used at faster rates than it is replenished [2] . The water scarcity severely affects the nations' socioeconomic development, because industrial and manufacturing activities require adequate water supplies. As a direct consequence, increasing water, food and energy prices as well as hampered agricultural productivity have major implications on the nations' economies. For example, the water prices in the United States are growing about 10-15% every year [3] .

By 2025, as the United Nations Global Environment Outlook predicts, the water withdrawals in developing countries will increase by 50% and, if the trend continues, 1.8 billion people will be living in regions with absolute water scarcity.

In 60% of the European cities with more than 100,000 people, for example, groundwater is being used at faster rates than it is replenished.

For example, the water prices in the United States are growing about 10-15% every year.


The automotive industry is a pillar of the national economy, and it is the crystallization of human wisdom and a main driver of macroeconomic growth and stability, which significantly promotes the development of human civilization. Our automobiles, trains, and planes are fueled almost exclusively by petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel. However, the limited storage of fossil fuel and the increasing environmental crisis indicate that more attention should be paid to clean and renewable energy [1] [2] [3] [4] . Development of cleaner alternative fuels and advanced power systems for vehicles has become a high priority for many governments and vehicle manufactures around the world. Hydrogen, with lower ignition energy and faster burning velocity compared to gasoline, acts as an ideal energy alternative. It can be produced from numerous materials, and has been recognized as the most promising alternative to fossil fuel [5, 6] . So far, extensive research efforts have been devoted to the experimental investigation of the feasibility of using pure hydrogen as fuel in the internal combustion engine, and the results showed a significant increase in the thermal efficiency of the engine. Hydrogen was also studied as an additive for natural gas, diesel, and gasoline in the internal combustion engine [7] [8] [9] [10] .

However, the limited storage of fossil fuel and the increasing environmental crisis indicate that more attention should be paid to clean and renewable energy.

It can be produced from numerous materials, and has been recognized as the most promising alternative to fossil fuel.

Hydrogen was also studied as an additive for natural gas, diesel, and gasoline in the internal combustion engine.


The constant interaction with biophysical environment has made the tribal communities and other forest dwellers to learn intricacies of nature and natural resources. Over the period of time, such interactions have led to evolution and accumulation of knowledge on the ecosystem properties that may be termed as traditional ecological knowledge. Traditional ecological knowledge has a historical continuity of resource use practice that is based on an integrated system of knowledge, practices, and beliefs including cosmology (Berkes et al., 2000) . In 70 nations, over 370 million indigenous people have retained their cultural, social and economic characteristics that are distinct from those of the dominant societies in which they live (Schmidt and Peterson, 2009) . Historically, along with collection of forest resources the huntergatherers or tribal societies have been practicing marginal agriculture. The agricultural practices of tribal communities follow some traditional norms including rituals, festivals and techniques. These practices are followed to increase the land fertility, soil conservation, moisture balance and pest control that subsequently have developed a wide range of site specific technologies (Haverkort, 1995; Cleveland, 1998) .

Traditional ecological knowledge has a historical continuity of resource use practice that is based on an integrated system of knowledge, practices, and beliefs including cosmology.

In 70 nations, over 370 million indigenous people have retained their cultural, social and economic characteristics that are distinct from those of the dominant societies in which they live.

These practices are followed to increase the land fertility, soil conservation, moisture balance and pest control that subsequently have developed a wide range of site specific technologies.


The observed ionospheric anomalies resulted in the relationship relating the lead time T with the earthquake magnitude M and the epicentre distance R. The relationship obtained is statistically significant at the 99 % confidence level and it looks similar to those obtained earlier for Japanese and central Italian earthquakes. The relationship indicates the process of spreading the disturbance from the epicentre towards periphery during the earthquake preparation process (Perrone et al., 2010) .

The relationship indicates the process of spreading the disturbance from the epicentre towards periphery during the earthquake preparation process.


Recently, we synthesized N-acylamino-substituted tricyclic imides by the palladium-catalyzed hydroarylation reactions and characterized by spectral methods [32] . Here, we focused on the effect of these Heck compounds on the antioxidant activity. Using different chemical reactionbased assays, new synthesized N-acylamino-substituted tricyclic imide molecules have been screened for scavenging ability against the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH • ), chelating activity on ferrous ions, and reductive potential. The results were compared with the synthetic antioxidants BHT, BHA, and Trolox.

Recently, we synthesized N-acylamino-substituted tricyclic imides by the palladium-catalyzed hydroarylation reactions and characterized by spectral methods.


Much effort was to improve the stab resistance of ballistic fabrics. Thermal-sprayed hard ceramic coatings were applied to aramid fabrics to enhance stabbing protection [6] . The resulted material demonstrated increased energy absorption during the quasi-static stabbing test, but also added to fabric weight significantly the same time. Aramid fabrics with high yarn count were also developed to provide stabbing (puncture) resistance. However, these high yarn count fabrics were expensive to manufacture and typically resulted in decreases in ballistic protection efficiency of the fabrics [7] . One of approaches to enhance the stabbing resistance is to roughen the surface of fibres or yarns by sanding or corona treatment to achieve higher coefficient of friction. However, such roughening is believed to have limited utility due to the resultant degradation in the fibre [8] .

Thermal-sprayed hard ceramic coatings were applied to aramid fabrics to enhance stabbing protection.

However, these high yarn count fabrics were expensive to manufacture and typically resulted in decreases in ballistic protection efficiency of the fabrics.

However, such roughening is believed to have limited utility due to the resultant degradation in the fibre.


Body armour for the military is designed to provide protection from the impact of high velocity projectiles such as bullets or bombshell fragments. High performance fibres such as aramid (e.g. Kevlar ® and Twaron ® ), and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (e.g. Spectra ® and Dyneema ® ) have been used for engineering soft ballistic body armours [1] . These high strength, high modulus, high tenacity fibres have resulted in significant improvements in the performance of body armours against ballistic threats [2] . However, it seems that not sufficient attention was paid to the engineering of ballistic body armour for the anti-stabbing performance, which is obviously a serious concern for the body armour users. Anti-terrorist actions and regional conflicts necessitate the further development of protective and flexible armour systems with additional stab-resistant capabilities. Stab threats encountered by the body armour users include direct attacks from knives and sharpened instruments, as well as physical contact with debris, broken glass, and razor wire. The demand for improved protection against stabbing has also been motivated by civilian police forces, particularly in Europe, where restrictions on gun ownership have led to an increase in the proportion of assaults which are committed with knives [3] .

High performance fibres such as aramid (e.g. Kevlar ® and Twaron ® ), and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (e.g. Spectra ® and Dyneema ® ) have been used for engineering soft ballistic body armours.

These high strength, high modulus, high tenacity fibres have resulted in significant improvements in the performance of body armours against ballistic threats.

The demand for improved protection against stabbing has also been motivated by civilian police forces, particularly in Europe, where restrictions on gun ownership have led to an increase in the proportion of assaults which are committed with knives.


Traffic problems are becoming more and more serious with the increasing number of vehicles. The growing traffic problems not only cause the environmental pollution but also hinder the development of the economy. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is considered as an effective tool to solve the problems. Moreover, traffic prediction is the key of ITS. The real-time and accurate prediction of shortterm traffic in the road network helps to better analyze the traffic condition of the road network, and it also plays an important role in the road network traffic planning and traffic optimization control. Traffic prediction is not a new issue, and the research on traffic prediction also has a long history. In the past few decades, many researchers turned their attention to short-term traffic prediction. With the development, numerous approaches were proposed to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of the prediction. In general, all the approaches can be approximately divided into two categories: parametric approaches and nonparametric approaches [1] .

In general, all the approaches can be approximately divided into two categories: parametric approaches and nonparametric approaches.


However, the externality of auditors is no guarantee of authenticity, and an "insider's perspective" also has much to offer (Tyson McCrea, 2012) . Accordingly, here we triangulated perspectives to regulate bias, including one author not involved with services or previous research (KS), along with a program instructor and researcher (JB), a youth participant in the program who (by definition) also was a co-researcher (DS), and the PI (KTM). This evaluation team reviewed program evaluations conducted from 2006-2011.

However, the externality of auditors is no guarantee of authenticity, and an "insider's perspective" also has much to offer.


Superinstructions reduce the number of dispatches. Consider the code to add a constant integer to a variable. This may require loading the variable onto the stack, loading the constant, adding, and storing back to the variable. VM designers can instead extend the virtual instruction set with a single superinstruction that performs the work of all four instructions. This technique is limited, however, because the virtual instruction encoding (often one byte per opcode) may allow only a limited number of instructions, and the number of desirable superinstructions grows exponentially in the number of subsumed atomic instructions. Furthermore, the optimal superinstruction set may change based on the workload. One approach uses profile-feedback to select and create the superinstructions statically (when the interpreter is compiled [9] ).

One approach uses profile-feedback to select and create the superinstructions statically (when the interpreter is compiled).


Music transcription is defined as the act of listening to a piece of music and writing down music notation for the notes that make up the piece [1] . The automatic transcription of monophonic signals (only one note playing simultaneously) is a largely studied problem. Several algorithms have been proposed that are reliable, commercially applicable, and operate in real time. Nevertheless, automatic polyphonic music transcription is an open research problem, because not even the perceptual mechanisms involved in the isolation of different notes and instruments and their insertion in the corresponding musical phrases are clear. This fact causes a lack of computational models to emulate these processes.

Music transcription is defined as the act of listening to a piece of music and writing down music notation for the notes that make up the piece.


To improve eating quality and safety of food products, and to extend the shelf life of the products, thermal processing is one of the most important processes in the food industry and widely used [13] . On the other hand, thermal processing can promote lipid oxidation by disrupting cell membranes and releasing prooxidants which rapidly developed in food during cooking and storage [3] . Some studies have been showed that cooking methods had negative affected the contents of nutrient and healthpromoting compounds such as vitamin C, carotenoids and polyphenols as well as natural bioactive compounds [14] . However, recent studies showed that thermally processed foods, especially fruits and vegetables, have higher biological activities [15] [16] [17] [18] . Four possibilities are suggested for the increase in antioxidant activity of some vegetables after cooking: 1) the liberation of high amounts of antioxidant components due to the thermal destruction of cell walls and subcellular compartments 2) the production of stronger radical-scavenging antioxidants product by thermal chemical reaction 3) increasing of the oxidation capacity of antioxidants by thermal inactivation of oxidative enzymes, and 4) production of new non-nutrient antioxidants or the formation of novel compounds such as Maillard reaction products with antioxidant activity [19] .

To improve eating quality and safety of food products, and to extend the shelf life of the products, thermal processing is one of the most important processes in the food industry and widely used.

On the other hand, thermal processing can promote lipid oxidation by disrupting cell membranes and releasing prooxidants which rapidly developed in food during cooking and storage.

Some studies have been showed that cooking methods had negative affected the contents of nutrient and healthpromoting compounds such as vitamin C, carotenoids and polyphenols as well as natural bioactive compounds.

However, recent studies showed that thermally processed foods, especially fruits and vegetables, have higher biological activities.

Four possibilities are suggested for the increase in antioxidant activity of some vegetables after cooking: 1) the liberation of high amounts of antioxidant components due to the thermal destruction of cell walls and subcellular compartments 2) the production of stronger radical-scavenging antioxidants product by thermal chemical reaction 3) increasing of the oxidation capacity of antioxidants by thermal inactivation of oxidative enzymes, and 4) production of new non-nutrient antioxidants or the formation of novel compounds such as Maillard reaction products with antioxidant activity.


Coconut oil is commercially derived from dried kernel or "meat" of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) contains a high level of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs). These MCFAs are similar to that of human milk and have corresponding nutraceutical benefits. The most predominant MCFAs are lauric acid (45% -53%) [12] . The chemical composition of coconut oil makes it possible to use in a wide range of edible and non-edible purposes. Coconut oil has unique characteristics such as having bland flavor, pleasant odor, high resistance to rancidity, a narrow temperature range of melting, easy digestibility and absorbability, high gross for spray oil use and superior foam retention capacity for whip-topping use [13] .

The most predominant MCFAs are lauric acid (45% -53%).

Coconut oil has unique characteristics such as having bland flavor, pleasant odor, high resistance to rancidity, a narrow temperature range of melting, easy digestibility and absorbability, high gross for spray oil use and superior foam retention capacity for whip-topping use.


Invasive candidiasis is associated with high morbidity and mortality in neonates and children, with the highest incidence in premature neonates. Studies in neonates have shown an incidence rate of 2-28 % depending on birth weight [1] . Amphotericin B is the drug of choice for the treatment of invasive candidiasis; however, nephrotoxicity has been associated with this drug [2] . Fluconazole remains a suitable alternative and has also been used routinely as prophylaxis for very low birth weight neonates and children with other risk factors. Risk factors in neonates include prematurity, broad spectrum antibiotics, central venous catheter, mechanical ventilation, use of H 2 receptor antagonists and parenteral nutrition. Immunosuppression from endogenous or exogenous causes, such as cystic fibrosis, malignancy, drug therapy (cytotoxics, corticosteroids, immunosuppressives), haematological diseases, organ or bone marrow transplantation and prolonged intensive care, are factors in paediatric patients beyond the neonatal period [3, 4] .

Studies in neonates have shown an incidence rate of 2-28 % depending on birth weight.

Amphotericin B is the drug of choice for the treatment of invasive candidiasis; however, nephrotoxicity has been associated with this drug.

Immunosuppression from endogenous or exogenous causes, such as cystic fibrosis, malignancy, drug therapy (cytotoxics, corticosteroids, immunosuppressives), haematological diseases, organ or bone marrow transplantation and prolonged intensive care, are factors in paediatric patients beyond the neonatal period.


Brilliant green is very well known cationic dye used for various purposes e.g., biological stain, dermatological agent, veterinary medicine, an additive to poultry feed to inhibit propagation of mold, intestinal parasites and fungus (Zollinger, 1987) . It is also extensively used in textile dying and paper printing (Gupta et al., 1992) . It is estimated that around 30% of the applied dyes remain unfixed and are discharged in the effluent (Lakshmi et al., 2009) . Recently, very large number of scientific work has been published in the field of removal of dyes from wastewater by EC process but no work has been done to remove brilliant green dye by EC process.

Brilliant green is very well known cationic dye used for various purposes e.g., biological stain, dermatological agent, veterinary medicine, an additive to poultry feed to inhibit propagation of mold, intestinal parasites and fungus.

It is also extensively used in textile dying and paper printing.

It is estimated that around 30% of the applied dyes remain unfixed and are discharged in the effluent.


Inevitable by-products of the combustion process are the deposits of soot and slag on the walls of the boiler components. Soot and slag are the products of molted ash, which is located on the surfaces that absorb heat by emission. Large amount of soot and slag at the bottom section of the boiler contribute to higher temperatures and deposits at the top section of the boiler. These deposits decrease the heat transfer together with the coefficient of efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain the temperature inside the boiler below the melting temperature of the ash, so that it can be disposed using the ash transport system. Additional harmful products of combustion are oxides of nitrite, sulfur and carbon. Recent pollution standards are setting high objectives when it comes to these oxides. There are many ways of dealing with this problem. Some of them involve fuel additives, alternative fuels and low NOx burners and others involve optimal control algorithms. An important instrument for process simulation and therefore, an important tool for the analysis of influence of different fuels, geometry and firing, is the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) [4] , [5] . However, since CFD employs large amounts of data it is not convenient for online procedures.

An important instrument for process simulation and therefore, an important tool for the analysis of influence of different fuels, geometry and firing, is the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).


The fourth possible factor is the effect of growth hormone (GH), which involves inhibition of renal phosphorus reabsorption and excretion as well as bone growth and enlargement of organs such as muscle, heart, liver and kidney. Secretion of GH is stimulated in the middle of the night and serum GH levels almost coincides with the highest serum phosphate and PTH levels [21] . It is possible that the secretion of GH increased before the phosphorus contained in the dinner was excreted, thus preventing phosphorus excretion in Late-D.

Secretion of GH is stimulated in the middle of the night and serum GH levels almost coincides with the highest serum phosphate and PTH levels.


Polysaccharides with a scavenging effect on the hydroxyl radicals have one or more alcohol or phenol hydroxyl groups. The scavenging ability is related to the number of active hydroxyl groups in the molecule [8] . And with the decrease of molecular weights, the antioxidant activity will be enhanced due to the partly destroying of intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds [9] . Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide obtained from crustacean shells and is composed of 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucan combined with glycosidic linkages. The primary amine groups render special properties that make chitosan very useful in pharmaceutical applications. The non-toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility make chitosan suitable for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery [10] .

The scavenging ability is related to the number of active hydroxyl groups in the molecule.

And with the decrease of molecular weights, the antioxidant activity will be enhanced due to the partly destroying of intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds.

The non-toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility make chitosan suitable for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery.


During puberty, hormonal, psychological, cognitive and physical changes occur simultaneously [1] . Early puberty in girls has been identified as an important risk factor for various mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and suicide attempts [2] [3] . The general pattern is that being early has the most negative impact on girls whereas being late is most distressing for boys [4] .

During puberty, hormonal, psychological, cognitive and physical changes occur simultaneously.

Early puberty in girls has been identified as an important risk factor for various mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and suicide attempts.

The general pattern is that being early has the most negative impact on girls whereas being late is most distressing for boys.


Previous research has described that girls feeling "on-time" regarding their puberty had the most positive feelings in terms of pubertal development [5] . Therefore, anomalies in pubertal timing (early or delayed pubertal development) could be associated with higher risks of poor health [6] . From psychological perspective, maturing off time, either earlier or later than peers, may cause excessive stress and be a risk factor for symptoms [2] . Whether or not early menarche has a great influence than on-time or late menarche on psychological symptoms is unknown, and there are no reports based on large sample size and across districts [3] .

Previous research has described that girls feeling "on-time" regarding their puberty had the most positive feelings in terms of pubertal development.

Therefore, anomalies in pubertal timing (early or delayed pubertal development) could be associated with higher risks of poor health.

From psychological perspective, maturing off time, either earlier or later than peers, may cause excessive stress and be a risk factor for symptoms.

Whether or not early menarche has a great influence than on-time or late menarche on psychological symptoms is unknown, and there are no reports based on large sample size and across districts.


Among all those techniques, OFM is considered as a costeffective technique which can be used to generate high-purity and high-frequency mm-wave signals [2] [3] [4] . The principle of OFM technique is to generate high-order optical sidebands using a laser with an electrical to optical (E/O) converter, such as an external optical modulator. When the E/O converter is driven by a low RF signal, nonlinear response of the E/O converter may generate higher-order optical harmonics or sidebands. OFM techniques based on a Mach Zehnder modulator (MZM) and two cascaded MZMs have been reported [2] [3] [4] . MZM can be used to generate high-purity mmwave signals with a simple configuration. However, to suppress either even-order or odd-order optical sidebands, the MZM should be biased at the either minimum or maximum point of transfer function, and the bias drifting would happen so that the desired sidebands are not maximized any more, introducing poor system robustness [8] . Besides MZMs, electro-absorption modulators (EAMs) have also been extensively studied as a low-power-consumption and low-cost external modulator. An EAM has many advantages, such as low drive voltage, high extinction ratio, polarization independence and monolithic integration capability with other optical components compared to an MZM.

Among all those techniques, OFM is considered as a costeffective technique which can be used to generate high-purity and high-frequency mm-wave signals.

OFM techniques based on a Mach Zehnder modulator (MZM) and two cascaded MZMs have been reported.

However, to suppress either even-order or odd-order optical sidebands, the MZM should be biased at the either minimum or maximum point of transfer function, and the bias drifting would happen so that the desired sidebands are not maximized any more, introducing poor system robustness.


In recent years, silicon (Si) waveguide based nanophotonic devices have drawn a lot of attention to provide a highly integrated opto-electronic platform that commonly exploits silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technologies [1] . SOI, with its inherent high refractive index (RI) contrast between Si and silica (SiO 2 ) layers, enables these devices with dimensions as small as a few hundred nanometers (nm), although the state-of-the-art of fiber technologies are well within the micrometer (μm) ranges [2] . Such dimensional mismatch between fiber and Si waveguide devices causes an extremely high modal loss at their interface, for which an effective coupling mechanism is essential [3] .

In recent years, silicon (Si) waveguide based nanophotonic devices have drawn a lot of attention to provide a highly integrated opto-electronic platform that commonly exploits silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technologies.

SOI, with its inherent high refractive index (RI) contrast between Si and silica (SiO 2 ) layers, enables these devices with dimensions as small as a few hundred nanometers (nm), although the state-of-the-art of fiber technologies are well within the micrometer (μm) ranges.

Such dimensional mismatch between fiber and Si waveguide devices causes an extremely high modal loss at their interface, for which an effective coupling mechanism is essential.


As IPCC Method 2 involves technological, industry and energy classification, too many data must be classified, thus rendering emission factor determination difficult and computationally unfeasible. We thus use IPCC Method 1 to measure carbon dioxide emissions. We summarize IPCC Method 1 in Equation (2) .

We summarize IPCC Method 1 in Equation.


The reflection property of the AESS is very significant for symmetry recognition: If the AESS is contained in a straight line l, then the curve itself is invariant under an affine reflection with axis l ( [3] , [5] ). Unfortunately, the reflection property does not extend to the EMH. We give an example where the EMH is contained in a plane (N=2) but the surface S is not invariant under an affine reflection. An interesting question here is to understand which kind of symmetry is implied by the inclusion of the EMH in a hyperplane.

The reflection property of the AESS is very significant for symmetry recognition: If the AESS is contained in a straight line l, then the curve itself is invariant under an affine reflection with axis l (,).


The AESS is very well studied and coincides with the locus of center of conics having contact of order ≥ 3 with the curve at 2 points. Moreover, if both contacts are of order exactly 3, the AESS is regular ( [3] , [5] ). In this article we prove that each point of the EMH is the center of a conic having contact of order ≥ 3 with the hypersurface at 2 points. Moreover, we describe a general conditition for the regularity of the EMH that generalizes the regularity condition for curves. This general condition is algebraic, but we give geometric interpretations in some particular cases.

Moreover, if both contacts are of order exactly 3, the AESS is regular (,).


We searched for and monitored nests of 7 focal species: Willow Flycatcher, Dusky Flycatcher (Empidonax oberholseri), Warbling Vireo, Yellow Warbler (Dendroica petechia), MacGillivray's Warbler (Oporornis tolmiei), Wilson's Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla), and Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) to quantify the frequency of nest parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds. We chose to monitor these species for several reasons: (1) they typically nest <5 m from the ground, which allows for easier observation of nest contents; (2) some are species of concern (e.g., Willow Flycatcher, Yellow Warbler) within the Lake Tahoe Basin; (3) they are associated with riparian and meadow communities; and (4) they are known Brown-headed Cowbird hosts (Purcell and Verner 1999) . We monitored nests every 3-5 days until nest outcome could be determined. We considered a nest parasitized if we detected the presence of a Brown-headed Cowbird egg or nestling. We calculated frequency of nest parasitism by dividing the number of nests found containing a Brown-headed Cowbird egg or nestling by the total number of nests found per species at each site in each year.

We chose to monitor these species for several reasons: (1) they typically nest <5 m from the ground, which allows for easier observation of nest contents; (2) some are species of concern (e.g., Willow Flycatcher, Yellow Warbler) within the Lake Tahoe Basin; (3) they are associated with riparian and meadow communities; and (4) they are known Brown-headed Cowbird hosts.


The significant mediating path for affiliative humor suggests that the chronic stress and negative arousal associated with greater intolerance of uncertainty may interfere with both the generation and enjoyment of this adaptive humor style. Earlier, we proposed that this interference may be attributable to two factors. First, the chronic negative arousal and stress experienced by individuals with greater intolerance of uncertainty may be basically incompatible with the carefree and lighthearted positive state that facilitates affiliative humor use. In addition, however, this negative arousal may also impede the cognitive processes that underlie the effective use of affiliative humor, primarily by restricting cognitive flexibility and breadth of attention (Kuiper, 2012) . These cognitive processing deficits would then make it much more difficult to generate and benefit from the use of this adaptive humor style.

In addition, however, this negative arousal may also impede the cognitive processes that underlie the effective use of affiliative humor, primarily by restricting cognitive flexibility and breadth of attention.


Many studies have been conducted on implant surfaces treated with growth factors like BMP-2, to increase vertical and horizontal bone regeneration without the use of additional bone grafts or barrier membranes [37, 38] . Although BMP-2 is one of the effective growth factors, rapid release at an early stage and rapid diffusion into body fluids has limited its clinical applications [39, 40] . In order to overcome these problems, the present study was undertaken on a heparin-based release system to provide the sustained and local release of BMP-2 [30, 41, 42] . Since titanium has good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility without biological activity, it is generally used as an implant material [43] . Due to its inertness in vivo, physical adsorption or chemical coatings are required to enable biomolecules to adhere to titanium surfaces [44] . However, the chemical substances used for this purpose, such as, APTES, EDAC, and NHS, are harmful to the human body [45] . In this study, titanium was coated with heparin using a dopamine surface modification technique, which has been reported to be biocompatible in in vivo toxicity studies [46] . Dopamine is a small molecule substance that possesses catechol and amine functional groups [47] . The catechol component bonds to titanium oxide surfaces and provides an amine group that can bind heparin [48, 49] .

Many studies have been conducted on implant surfaces treated with growth factors like BMP-2, to increase vertical and horizontal bone regeneration without the use of additional bone grafts or barrier membranes.

Although BMP-2 is one of the effective growth factors, rapid release at an early stage and rapid diffusion into body fluids has limited its clinical applications.

In order to overcome these problems, the present study was undertaken on a heparin-based release system to provide the sustained and local release of BMP-2.

Since titanium has good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility without biological activity, it is generally used as an implant material.

Due to its inertness in vivo, physical adsorption or chemical coatings are required to enable biomolecules to adhere to titanium surfaces.

However, the chemical substances used for this purpose, such as, APTES, EDAC, and NHS, are harmful to the human body.

In this study, titanium was coated with heparin using a dopamine surface modification technique, which has been reported to be biocompatible in in vivo toxicity studies.

Dopamine is a small molecule substance that possesses catechol and amine functional groups.

The catechol component bonds to titanium oxide surfaces and provides an amine group that can bind heparin.


SEM analysis of Ti surface modified by heparin, rhPDGF-BB, or/and rhBMP-2 showed their surface morphologies were similar to that of untreated Ti. XPS showed heparin was successfully grafted on anodized Ti surfaces, as indicated by higher C and N peaks. In a previous study, successful immobilization of rhBMP-2 on surface of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)-grafted Ti was attributed to the covalent bonds formation between the carboxyl groups of CMCS and the amine groups of rhBMP-2 [53] . In the present study, successful anchoring of rhBMP-2 and rhPDGF-BB to Hepa/Ti surfaces was demonstrated by further increases in N content.

In a previous study, successful immobilization of rhBMP-2 on surface of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)-grafted Ti was attributed to the covalent bonds formation between the carboxyl groups of CMCS and the amine groups of rhBMP-2.


Switched reluctance motor (SRM) has inherent mechanical strength and simple structure. This mechanical structure is suitable for harsh environments, high temperature, and high-speed applications [1] - [4] . SRMs are also much investigated for high-speed applications [4] - [15] . The low numbers of stator and rotor pole are very effective in reducing core loss at the high-speed region. As such, most high-speed drives use a 6/2 and a 4/2 structure [6] - [10] . The 6/2 SRM is a three-phase motor with an electrical frequency thrice that of the mechanical frequency. In comparison, the 4/2 type is a two-phase motor with an electrical frequency twice that of the mechanical frequency. With regard to cost and core loss, a two-phase 4/2 type is considered for a high-speed drive in the current study.

This mechanical structure is suitable for harsh environments, high temperature, and high-speed applications.

SRMs are also much investigated for high-speed applications.

As such, most high-speed drives use a 6/2 and a 4/2 structure.


The main obstacle to direct comparison of the described approaches is the dissimilarity of the principles defining the individual analyses. Numerical modelling performed via the wave equation and ANSYS produces a continuous source of electromagnetic waves. Interference effects between the reflected and refracted waves arise on the boundary between the layers. Furthermore, the interference process is also accompanied by the time-delayed waves from the source and by interface reflections [11, 12] . Conversely, however, the designed analytical analysis does not comprise all types of interferences, and it evaluates several time-delayed responses to an EMG wave from the pulse source. The analytical solution and its algorithms process the time-varying phenomena of the pulsed source. This analytical solution includes the time-dependent propagation of electromagnetic waves in a heterogeneous medium and evaluates the distribution of the electromagnetic field on the surfaces of the boundaries at certain moments of time. A complex form of the angle of reflection and refraction is considered in the case of the analytical approach, which allows accurate determination of the size of the intensity of the reflected and refracted waves. In order to determine the direction of the constant phase propagation in a lossy medium, we consider only real parts of the wave number, which must be evaluated separately.

Furthermore, the interference process is also accompanied by the time-delayed waves from the source and by interface reflections.


Theories of this type were called designer gravity theories, since their properties depend significantly on the choice of boundary conditions. By choosing the appropriate boundary condition function W one can, for example, specify the number as well as the masses of spherical soliton solutions. It was also found that certain boundary conditions admit AdS-black holes with scalar hair [3, 4, 5] . Designer gravity theories therefore provide a useful context in which one can study what are the requirements on scalar matter for the no hair theorems to hold. Interesting examples of designer gravity theories arise in string theory compactifications on a sphere. String theory with AdS 4 × S 7 boundary conditions, for instance, reduces at low energies to N = 8 gauged supergravity in four dimensions, which contains several m 2 = −2 scalars. It is an obvious question which-if any-choices of W would yield a stable theory, i.e., one whose energy is bounded from below. Furthermore, in such a theory, it would be of interest to classify all solutions that locally minimize the energy. Insight into these questions can be gained from the AdS/CFT correspondence [6] .

It was also found that certain boundary conditions admit AdS-black holes with scalar hair.

Insight into these questions can be gained from the AdS/CFT correspondence.


As molecular techniques and genome sequencing have developed rapidly, the ABCD classification system no longer adequately represented the predominance of putative fungal and bacterial FAEs and their evolutionary relationships. Based on phylogenetic analysis of available fungal genomes, a refined classification was introduced proposing a classification system of seven subfamilies (SF1-7) [20] . Recently, this system was expanded into thirteen subfamilies (SF1-13) [18] . According to the updated classification, FAEs evolved from diverse classes of enzymes; SF1-4 and SF9-11 are related to tannases, SF5-6 to acetyl xylan esterases, SF7 to lipases and SF12-13 to both lipases and choline esterases. SF1-3 and SF5-7 remained classified to the same subfamilies as previously. In comparison with the ABCD system, SF6 and 7 contain only type B and A FAEs, respectively, SF1 contains both B and C FAEs and SF5 a mix of type A and D. The new subfamilies SF8 and SF12, which are distantly related to SF7, contain type A FAEs. SF13 distantly related to SF6, includes type B activity.

Based on phylogenetic analysis of available fungal genomes, a refined classification was introduced proposing a classification system of seven subfamilies (SF1-7).

Recently, this system was expanded into thirteen subfamilies (SF1-13).


FAEs are very diverse enzymes, with low unifying sequence identity and few physicochemical characteristics linking them [16] [17] [18] . The initial classification of FAEs (type A-D) was based on their hydrolytic activities towards model substrates (methyl ferulate, MFA; methyl sinapate, MSA; methyl caffeate, MCA, and methyl p-coumarate; MpCA) and was later supported by amino acid similarity and phylogenetic analysis [19] . Shortly, Type A FAEs prefer methoxy substitutions at the C3 and/or C5 of hydroxycinnamate, as found in MFA and MSA and are active towards MpCA and diferulates, but not MCA. Type B FAEs prefer hydroxy substitutions, as found in MpCA and MCA. Hydrolytic rates of type B FAEs are significantly reduced when a methoxy group is present and they are not active against MSA or diferulates. Type C and D FAEs have broader substrate specificities with activities towards all model substrates, but only type D can release diferulates from plant cells walls.

FAEs are very diverse enzymes, with low unifying sequence identity and few physicochemical characteristics linking them.

The initial classification of FAEs (type A-D) was based on their hydrolytic activities towards model substrates (methyl ferulate, MFA; methyl sinapate, MSA; methyl caffeate, MCA, and methyl p-coumarate; MpCA) and was later supported by amino acid similarity and phylogenetic analysis.


Blended learning is becoming increasingly important in higher education, with the aims of better accomplishing course learning objectives, meeting students' changing needs and promoting effective learning. Research has revealed many advantages of blended pedagogy, such as pedagogic richness, flexibility and cost-effectiveness (Graham, 2004) . With the move towards a more learner-centred and blended educational experience in higher education in Turkey as elsewhere, student learning has become more dynamic, interactive and motivated. Despite these advancements in teaching and learning, however, in the design education context students still have difficulty with motivation and self-direction in non-studio courses. In that sense, this study explores how blended learning can contribute to interior design students' learning outcomes, their engagement with non-studio courses and affect their learning achievements. To conduct the study and present the effectiveness of blended learning in a design context, a non-studio course, 'IAED 342 Sustainable Design for Interiors', was chosen as a case example, which has problems with students not engaging based on previous evaluation forms. Through this case example, the study tries to address the following four key themes: (i) blended learning in the interior design education in Turkey; (ii) creating a statistic framework to measure its aid, technical support or training for blended and/or online learning (Ocak, 2011) . This study is thus a unique effort by the Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design at Bilkent University at being the first to create a social learning environment in a non-studio class through blended learning.

Research has revealed many advantages of blended pedagogy, such as pedagogic richness, flexibility and cost-effectiveness.

Through this case example, the study tries to address the following four key themes: (i) blended learning in the interior design education in Turkey; (ii) creating a statistic framework to measure its aid, technical support or training for blended and/or online learning.


Regular audits of the management system of occupational safety and health provide a comprehensive assessment of work organization conformity with the procedures and practice of safe work and they also enable continuously evaluating the eff ectiveness of safety management system (Konstanciak, 2012; Selejdak et al., 2012) . Regardless of the reason of execution of audit, audits are a costly aff air, whether in terms of time or people, and they are fi nancially demanding. Therefore, audit must be planned, performed seriously, and it should give reliable reports. In order to be justifi ed, it must provide objective results, increase the confi dence in the system, and form the basis for improving the system. This paper was focused to the safety audit of the band saw in the production process. According to the audit report were proposed specifi c security solutions designed to reduce the threat rate of employee health. The completely prepared audit was given report to the quality manager in the manufacturing organization who is responsible for removing of deviations identifi ed during the audit. In keeping with the proposed guidelines, it is possible to ensure a sound working environment and prevent the possibility of occupational injury.

Regular audits of the management system of occupational safety and health provide a comprehensive assessment of work organization conformity with the procedures and practice of safe work and they also enable continuously evaluating the eff ectiveness of safety management system.


Evolutionary game studies typically focus on the optimality properties of strategy con¯gurations when agents are matched randomly or deterministically by some extraneous device. The optimality properties of the matching mechanism per se are generally not considered ( [12] , [15] ). In contrast, optimal search studies focus on the optimality properties of preference-based agent matching mechanisms, but generally these studies are set in static contexts [19] . Since actual social interactions are often characterized both by evolutionary dynamics and by preference-based partner selection, studying both aspects together seems a logical and interesting next step to take.

The optimality properties of the matching mechanism per se are generally not considered (,).

In contrast, optimal search studies focus on the optimality properties of preference-based agent matching mechanisms, but generally these studies are set in static contexts.


Provided the anatomy of the recipient site is thoroughly assessed by the dentist, the latter is able to choose a suitable implant with the desired shape and dimensions, plan its final position and decide whether further augmentation is necessary. Correct preoperative diagnostics also make it possible to predict potential bone resorption. Immediate implant placement combined with simultaneous bone augmentation is becoming increasingly common. The status and thickness of the vestibular mandibular cortex is of key importance when choosing the correct treatment options [6] .

The status and thickness of the vestibular mandibular cortex is of key importance when choosing the correct treatment options.


This work focuses on the effects of combined helical and pass rolling on the structure, residual porosity, and microhardness of a composite based on an AA6082 aluminium alloy with small additions of Al 2 O 3 (0.2 wt %) nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are obtained by casting using pre-prepared master alloys and ultrasonic processing. The choice of alumina Al 2 O 3 as reinforcing particles is observed because they have a significantly higher strength and hardness, as well as chemical and thermal stability compared to aluminium [10] .

The choice of alumina Al 2 O 3 as reinforcing particles is observed because they have a significantly higher strength and hardness, as well as chemical and thermal stability compared to aluminium.


Our findings showed that MAPC cells 1 h and 4 days after global HI reduced seizure burden after global HI throughout the study period of 7 days. This finding is clinically highly relevant, since several studies have shown that seizures in term and preterm neonatal HIE are associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcome [26] [27] [28] . In our model, we detected seizure activity with amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG), which is clinically used to monitor neonatal brain function and has a high sensitivity and specificity in predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with HI brain injury [29] . Recorded seizure activity in our study was most likely located in the cortical layers. However, since the electrodes were placed directly on the dura, we may have recorded seizures or electrophysiological responses originating from deeper regions underlying the cortex (i.e., thalamus and hippocampus). In addition to cortical grey matter protection, the reduced seizure activity may therefore also represent protection of deeper brain structures. We therefore assessed the baroreceptor reflex as an indicator for function of the brain stem. This is clinically of importance since the baroreflex is a vital part of the cardiovascular auto regulatory system in preterm infants, which secures adequate perfusion of the preterm brain [22] . The cerebrovascular system is still immature in prematurity, making the preterm brain extremely vulnerable to fluctuations in blood pressure caused by HI (or other adverse events such as infection) [30] . Previously, we demonstrated that global HI disturbed normal development of the baroreflex, which resulted in impairment of heart rate-mediated blood pressure control [22] . The fact that MAPC treatment at 1 h and 4 days improved baroreflex sensitivity indicated that the therapeutic effects reach as far as the highly conserved central brain functions in the brainstem and supports the concept of MAPC-induced protection against grey matter injury in the hypoxic-ischemic preterm brain. The protection of grey matter by MAPC after global HI may be explained by findings of previous reports demonstrating that MAPC improved neurogenesis and stimulated neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis [7, 31, 32] .

This finding is clinically highly relevant, since several studies have shown that seizures in term and preterm neonatal HIE are associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcome.

In our model, we detected seizure activity with amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG), which is clinically used to monitor neonatal brain function and has a high sensitivity and specificity in predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with HI brain injury.

This is clinically of importance since the baroreflex is a vital part of the cardiovascular auto regulatory system in preterm infants, which secures adequate perfusion of the preterm brain.

The cerebrovascular system is still immature in prematurity, making the preterm brain extremely vulnerable to fluctuations in blood pressure caused by HI (or other adverse events such as infection).

Previously, we demonstrated that global HI disturbed normal development of the baroreflex, which resulted in impairment of heart rate-mediated blood pressure control.

The protection of grey matter by MAPC after global HI may be explained by findings of previous reports demonstrating that MAPC improved neurogenesis and stimulated neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis.


Nowadays, power quality (PQ) in the distribution systems has been a research area of exponentially increasing interest because of an increasing concern to both distribution utilities and customers. The increased concern of power quality has resulted in measuring power quality variations and characteristic disturbances for different customer categories. Load switching, system faults, motor starting, load variations, nonlinear loads, intermittent loads, and arc furnaces usually cause power quality disturbances. These cause many electrical disturbances such as voltage sag, swell, harmonic distortions, interruptions, flicker, and unbalance. Power quality assessment is very important for operation of devices in customer side and its issue is also important for the utility companies that are obliged to supply consumers with electrical power of acceptable quality [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .

Power quality assessment is very important for operation of devices in customer side and its issue is also important for the utility companies that are obliged to supply consumers with electrical power of acceptable quality.


Wind power turbines have, nowadays, increasing penetration levels in power grids for their splendid reserve. The wind turbine can be connected to either a high voltage network, as a wind farm, or distribution systems, as individual turbines. Such power turbines have their own characteristics and operation modes. Consequently, several challenges arise concerning their impacts on the power system profile regarding the power quality issues [6, 7] .

Consequently, several challenges arise concerning their impacts on the power system profile regarding the power quality issues.


On leave from Research Group on AI of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Google Translate. As a baseline CLIR model, we use query translation by Google Translate. Due to robustness across domains and strong performance in translating Named Entities, using Google Translate for CLIR achieved the best results in the recent CLIR evaluation at CLEF 2008 [4] .

Due to robustness across domains and strong performance in translating Named Entities, using Google Translate for CLIR achieved the best results in the recent CLIR evaluation at CLEF 2008.


It is well-known that formal power series rings exhibit pathologies that their polynomial ring counterparts do not [3] . For example, if R is a ring of finite Krull dimension n = dim R, then n + 1 ≤ dim R[X] ≤ 2n + 1, while dim R[[X]] may be infinite, even if dim R = 0. Also, if R is a unique factorization domain (UFD), then R[X] is also a UFD, but R[[X]] need not be. In fact it is unknown whether or not R[ [X] ] is a UFD if R is the ring of polynomials in a countably infinite number of variables over a field K [9] .

It is well-known that formal power series rings exhibit pathologies that their polynomial ring counterparts do not.

In fact it is unknown whether or not R[ [X] ] is a UFD if R is the ring of polynomials in a countably infinite number of variables over a field K.


Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome [OMIM #135150] is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by a mutation in the FLCN gene located on chromosome 17p11.2, which acts as a tumour suppressor and probably interacts with mTOR and AMPK signalling pathways [1] . BHD is clinically characterized by skin fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts, (recurrent) spontaneous pneumothorax, and renal cancer [2] . In literature, cooccurrence of BHD and a range of tumours, other than renal cancer, has been described, but so far a causal relationship between BHD and these benign and malignant tumours has not been proven [2] . Skin fibrofolliculomas are multiple, dome-shaped, whitish papules located on the scalp, forehead, face, and neck and are found in approximately 90% of families with confirmed BHD syndrome. Dermatologic consultation confirmed multiple fibrofolliculomas on the forehead and face of the index patient. Although cosmetic therapeutic options are limited, case reports suggest that laser ablation, using a YAG or fractional CO 2 laser, gives temporary improvement [3] . BHD patients have a 50-fold higher risk to develop primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) compared to the normal population. PSP in BHD patients occurs usually after the age of 20, although it has been described already at the age of 7 years. Up to 90% of BHD patients have multiple lung cysts, usually located in the basal regions [4] . In our clinic, we found an estimated penetrance for pneumothorax of 29% (CI: 9-49%) at 70 years of age. BHD patients usually have a normal lung function and no pulmonary symptoms. A CT of the chest performed in our index patient showed no pulmonary cysts.

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome [OMIM #135150] is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disorder caused by a mutation in the FLCN gene located on chromosome 17p11.2, which acts as a tumour suppressor and probably interacts with mTOR and AMPK signalling pathways.

BHD is clinically characterized by skin fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts, (recurrent) spontaneous pneumothorax, and renal cancer.

In literature, cooccurrence of BHD and a range of tumours, other than renal cancer, has been described, but so far a causal relationship between BHD and these benign and malignant tumours has not been proven.

Although cosmetic therapeutic options are limited, case reports suggest that laser ablation, using a YAG or fractional CO 2 laser, gives temporary improvement.

Up to 90% of BHD patients have multiple lung cysts, usually located in the basal regions.


Food is a complex and heterogeneous system containing many different chemical types and species. In a product consisting of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and electrolytes such as milk, cream, yoghurt, cheese, beverages, the interactions among various constituents need to be well balanced so that a stable system evolves (Samant et al., 2007) . Edible hydrocolloids are used in the food industries as thickeners, stabilizer, gelling agents, syneresis control, emulsifiers or suspension stability and prebiotic (Lucey, 2002; Nikoofar et al., 2013) . Recently, they have attracted much attention for their function as dietary fiber which is expected to lower cholesterol and blood pressure thus preventing life style related diseases. In the same time, they control flavor and aromas release (Zhao et al., 2009) .

In a product consisting of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and electrolytes such as milk, cream, yoghurt, cheese, beverages, the interactions among various constituents need to be well balanced so that a stable system evolves.

Edible hydrocolloids are used in the food industries as thickeners, stabilizer, gelling agents, syneresis control, emulsifiers or suspension stability and prebiotic.

In the same time, they control flavor and aromas release.


Physico-chemical properties of cress seeds mucilage were widely studied (Lin et al., 2005; Karazhiyan et al., 2009; Karazhiyan et al., 2011; Naji et al., 2012) . However, there are few controversial reports in the literature for using cress seed mucilage as dairy food supplement (Bhatty and Cherdkiatgumchai, 1990; Behnia et al., 2013) . The growing awareness of the relationship between diet and health has led to an increased demand for food products that support health above and beyond providing basic nutrition (Karagul-Yuceer et al., 2001; Fiszman et al., 1999) . Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of yoghurt containing cress seed mucilage compared with guar gum during storage at 5 ± 2°C for 15 days to select the best concentration gives high quality.

Physico-chemical properties of cress seeds mucilage were widely studied.

However, there are few controversial reports in the literature for using cress seed mucilage as dairy food supplement.

The growing awareness of the relationship between diet and health has led to an increased demand for food products that support health above and beyond providing basic nutrition.


A critical social ecological perspective was chosen for this study [15, 16] . Social ecological perspectives posit that individual behaviours, such as intention to use and adhere to antiretrovirals (ARVs), are influenced by individual characteristics, interpersonal relationships, and macro-level factors. Individuals adapt themselves and their HIV-related behaviours to proximal and distal social contexts and structures, while simultaneously, these multiple social systems are affected by individual behaviours. We examined the potential of use of PrEP at both an individual (serostatus, attitudes, perceived efficacy) and structural (cultural norms, stigma, institutionalized discrimination, legal structures, policy environments) level.

A critical social ecological perspective was chosen for this study.


Alternatively, 'indirect' measurements are made in two steps. First, the relevant variable effects on the demand for food products are calculated by estimating a demand system. Then, nutrient intake effects are obtained by applying nutrient conversion factors to these food effects (Xiao and Taylor, 1995; Ramezani et al., 1995; and Huang, 1999) .

Then, nutrient intake effects are obtained by applying nutrient conversion factors to these food effects.


Our result on the semisimplicity is also a successful test for Bayer and Manin's modified Dubrovin's conjecture [1] . The modified Dubrovin's conjecture claims that (p, p)-part of quantum cohomology of a projective variety X is generically semisimle if its bounded derived category D b coh (X) of coherent sheaves admits a full exceptional collection. In fact, Kawamata recently showed that toric varieties have full exceptional collections [20] .

Our result on the semisimplicity is also a successful test for Bayer and Manin's modified Dubrovin's conjecture.

In fact, Kawamata recently showed that toric varieties have full exceptional collections.


The most popular and conventional detection strategy of these silver nanoprobes using their LSPR is based on the aggregation of the probes. When the silver nanoparticles aggregate, their electromagnetic fields are coupled, leading to the red shifts of their plasmonic bands depending on their interparticle distance [20, 21] . These red shifts induce a dramatic color change of the nanoprobes, which is a considerably valuable visual property as a signal for naked-eye recognition. Therefore, if multiple plasmonic nanoprobes are surface functionalized with target-binding ligands, they will bind to the targets owing to the attractive interactions and will aggregate into larger assemblies with a concomitant color change. Because the color of the dispersed silver nanoprobes before their aggregation can be efficiently determined in the entire visible range by controlling their sizes and shapes, ideally, one can design a detection scheme based on the visual change from any color to their red-shifted colors and, in certain cases, colorless.

When the silver nanoparticles aggregate, their electromagnetic fields are coupled, leading to the red shifts of their plasmonic bands depending on their interparticle distance.


In spite of the aforementioned remaining hurdles to be solved, however, the sensing schemes based on LSPR and SERS of silver nanomaterials still offer a number of promising properties and potentials. All those features need to be collected together to design highly selective and sensitive detection systems that might be comparable to the conventional sensing materials. Evidently, reliable synthetic recipes for complex silver nanomaterials will support the development of LSPR-based and SERS-based detection schemes. In this regard, the combination of silver nanomaterials with various types of other "smart" nanomaterials such as up-conversion nanoparticles and two-dimensional materials would be required for the enhanced signal amplification in the near future. The utilization of biological and bio-inspired materials for target recognition will also increase the selectivity by reducing the level of noise [111] .

The utilization of biological and bio-inspired materials for target recognition will also increase the selectivity by reducing the level of noise.


There are limitations to consider when interpreting the results of this study. NELS: 88/2000 provides a wealth of information on individual students and their academic achievement, but some information is simply not available. For example, there is no transcript data for the eighth-grade academic achievement, so researchers must rely on students' self-reports of their middle school academic achievement. The mean achievement for selfreported middle school achievement was significantly higher than the mean ninth-grade composite derived from the ninth-grade transcripts. However, there is considerable variation in both composites. Comparing middle school self-report achievement with ninth-grade transcript data in NELS: 88/2000 is consistent with previous research on high school transition (Schiller, 1999; Smith, 1997) .

Comparing middle school self-report achievement with ninth-grade transcript data in NELS: 88/2000 is consistent with previous research on high school transition.


A second challenge is the development of a high school achievement composite using the restricted-use transcript data. Each student transcript has generated a grade for every subject, in every year, resulting in some 750,000 cases (Ingels et al., 1995) . It is difficult to ensure a one-toone correspondence for each student, each year. Accurately coding of ninth-grade science and social studies courses could be accomplished for only two thirds of transcripts. Therefore, the middle school composite and ninth-grade composite contained information about English and math achievement. Over 97% of the students in the sample had complete and verifiable data in these subject areas for both composites. The limitations identified are common among secondary data sources where there is no control over the types of data collected or the format in which it is organized.

Each student transcript has generated a grade for every subject, in every year, resulting in some 750,000 cases.


The red cell sedimentation is influenced by a number of interacting factors. Principally, it is due to the difference in density between red blood cells and plasma [19] . An important factor influencing this is erythrocyte aggregation or rouleaux formation. Other factors that have an influence are ratio of red cells to plasma, and changes in erythrocyte surface charge, size, shape, deformability and density [19] . The three-stage sedimentation reaction of erythrocytes through plasma contains: firstly, the red cell rouleaux formation (10 min) in which erythrocytes aggregate in a specific manner; secondly, sedimentation (40 min); and thirdly, cell packing (10 min) which depends both on hematocrit and ESR [20] . The sedimentation time on StaRRsed is user-selectable: if the 30 min measuring time is used, a correlation equation changes the measurements into 60 min results. This leads to the fact that measurements taken at times other than 60 minutes are not directly comparable with those obtained under ICSH recommended conditions. The 30 min sedimentation time may be too short for some samples and could cause errors, especially at the higher ESR levels, even if the average correlation is acceptable. The compensated 30 minute sedimentation obtained with StaRRsed could lead to overestimation of the 60 minute ESR. Kallner studied the temporal development of ESR in vacuum tubes and found that 3% of the samples sediment fast and reach the end of reaction much earlier than 60 minutes [21] . For these patients, using the 30 min reaction time and a correlation equation, the ESR will be highly overestimated. This could, in fact, explain why we obtained higher ESR results in StaRRsed compared to the classic Westergren method. Despite this fact, however, we wanted to perform the comparison in conditions that would be routinely used in ESR analytics to obtain a realistic view of the results.

Principally, it is due to the difference in density between red blood cells and plasma.

Other factors that have an influence are ratio of red cells to plasma, and changes in erythrocyte surface charge, size, shape, deformability and density.

The three-stage sedimentation reaction of erythrocytes through plasma contains: firstly, the red cell rouleaux formation (10 min) in which erythrocytes aggregate in a specific manner; secondly, sedimentation (40 min); and thirdly, cell packing (10 min) which depends both on hematocrit and ESR.

Kallner studied the temporal development of ESR in vacuum tubes and found that 3% of the samples sediment fast and reach the end of reaction much earlier than 60 minutes.


The radical scavenging activities of samples were determined in a H 2 O 2 /ÁOH-microperoxidase-luminol system with luminometry. The chemiluminescence light intensity given in RLU % is reduced in the presence of free radical scavenger compounds (Blázovics et al., 1999) . The system's emitted light diminished as a function of juice concentration. The most notable difference occurred in the 100-fold diluted samples; black currant cultivars had the highest and the strawberries 'Onebor' and 'Elsanta' had the lowest scavenger capacities (Fig. 1C) .

The chemiluminescence light intensity given in RLU % is reduced in the presence of free radical scavenger compounds.


Finally, and related to the second hypothesis, it was only found a significant overall multivariate effect of participants' status. The role of age and the number of years of education in fatigue, depression, and Big Five personality traits was rejected. These findings about a non-significant role of age and the numbers of years of education in men's response to the disease are incongruent to the predictions of relational theories in health-related issues (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Courtenay, 2000) . One plausible explanation for these findings is related to men's attitudes towards health problems in general. This study suggests that men do not show proper interest in quality of life and general health issues in this culture beyond the role of their age and the number of years of education because they are substantially involved in work and the fulfillment of their family needs. Also, men in this culture have many social stigmas about health-related issues because they believe that men who are concerned with health topics have a feminine style rather than a masculine one. Therefore, it seems that age and the number of years of education could not easily change men's stigmas about the disease-related issues in Iran. However, further cross-cultural research is required to explore the role of cultural factors in men's responses to the disease in this society.

These findings about a non-significant role of age and the numbers of years of education in men's response to the disease are incongruent to the predictions of relational theories in health-related issues.


The study is a casual comparative or quasi-experimental design with two groups (White & Sabarwal, 2014) . In the present study participants are individuals who are similar in some respects (i.e., age, ethnicity, religion, and the number of years of education) but they only differ in their health status (i.e., multiple sclerosis). So, this study design is suitable for exploration of unbiased possible differences health services in the culture they live. So, gender seems to play a major role in development, progression, and treatment of MS, and is therefore an aspect that should always be considered in the design and interpretation of research and clinical trials for MS (Greer, & McCombe, 2011) .

The study is a casual comparative or quasi-experimental design with two groups.

So, gender seems to play a major role in development, progression, and treatment of MS, and is therefore an aspect that should always be considered in the design and interpretation of research and clinical trials for MS.


Additionally, regulatory and privacy concerns might also forbid central aggregation [42] . Finally, verbose or less valuable data (e.g., detailed system logs stored only for a few days) are not shipped at all as this is deemed too expensive. Low response time for queries on these datasets, nonetheless, remains a highly desirable goal.

Additionally, regulatory and privacy concerns might also forbid central aggregation.


With the advent of the information age, the social demand for information is swelling. Especially in the past decade, Internet traffic has been growing explosively. Optical fiber transmission network is the basic support of the information network. With the boom of high definition digital television, online real-time streaming media, network games, interactive communications, and wireless mobile access, network traffic surges year by year, making the backbone network and metropolitan area network capacity requirements increase simultaneously. The capacity of future backbone would be required to reach Tbit/s, and the rate of single wavelength reach 100 Gbit/s [1] [2] [3] [4] .

The capacity of future backbone would be required to reach Tbit/s, and the rate of single wavelength reach 100 Gbit/s.


School PE and sport programs are important settings in efforts to increase school-aged children's physical activity levels and therefore, are primary avenues for helping children learn the skill and knowledge needed to lead a healthy and physically active lifestyle (Whitehead, 2013) . In addition, it has been suggested that HRQOL may be an influential predictor of future health and health care needs as well as identifying functional aspects of children's mental health that are at risk (Ferrans et al., 2005; Gu et al., 2014; Lacy et al., 2012) . We do not, however, clearly understand the behavioral mechanism of health outcomes specifically referred as HRQOL in this article.

School PE and sport programs are important settings in efforts to increase school-aged children's physical activity levels and therefore, are primary avenues for helping children learn the skill and knowledge needed to lead a healthy and physically active lifestyle.

In addition, it has been suggested that HRQOL may be an influential predictor of future health and health care needs as well as identifying functional aspects of children's mental health that are at risk.


In summary, the present research provides an insight into the factors considered most important in determining parents' experiences and satisfaction with neonatal care. While parents were largely satisfied with care, most felt there were aspects that could be improved to alleviate or reduce distress and anxiety. This study suggests that the most important determinants of parents' satisfaction with NICU care are being able to perform parental tasks, proficient communication, good information provision and sensitive and emotional support. Understanding the experiences of parents as they try to cope with their premature baby can inform the development of family-centred practice in neonatal intensive care units [29] .

Understanding the experiences of parents as they try to cope with their premature baby can inform the development of family-centred practice in neonatal intensive care units.


Analysis of vibration signals is widely used to detect early faults in rotating machineries, such a gearboxes, motors, pumps, compressors etc. The vibration data collected from a faulty rotating machine can exhibit different nonlinear and transient events. The analysis of such events requires specific techniques which go beyond the classical Fourier approach. A number of machine faults can create complicated modulation patterns which are often difficult to detect and understand. Conventional linear spectral analysis is of limited use in instances when frequency components interact together to form new spectral components due to some non-linear process (Howard, 1997) .

Conventional linear spectral analysis is of limited use in instances when frequency components interact together to form new spectral components due to some non-linear process.


The DVBE model is reminiscent of the approach taken by Grad to find the 13-moment model [18] . Since taking any moment of the Boltzmann equation results in an equation coupling a particular moment of f with its next higher moment, the Boltzmann equation is equivalent to an infinite system of equations coupling an infinite number of moments. Grad solved this problem by keeping the moments needed for the system to contain the Navier-Stokes model as an approximation, and simply setting the rest to zero. For sound propagation, the Grad-13 model agrees with the Burnett model to O(Kn 2 ) when the models are based on the same collision operator [14] . In the DVBE model, the system of moments is also closed, as sufficiently high moments are given by lower ones. However, this happens as a consequence of the finite velocity set; only the choice of the velocity set determines how the system of equations is closed.

The DVBE model is reminiscent of the approach taken by Grad to find the 13-moment model.

For sound propagation, the Grad-13 model agrees with the Burnett model to O(Kn 2 ) when the models are based on the same collision operator.


The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is a fairly recent development in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). While traditional CFD methods are based on discretising the conservation equations of the continuum model, the LBM is based on discretising the Boltzmann equation from the kinetic theory of gases. The Boltzmann equation describes how distributions of particles in a gas propagate and collide, thus giving a more detailed picture than the continuum model. It can be shown that the total behaviour of these particle distributions at long time scales corresponds with the conservation equations of the continuum model [1] .

It can be shown that the total behaviour of these particle distributions at long time scales corresponds with the conservation equations of the continuum model.