Because of the importance of systematic reviews in summarizing the advances of health care knowledge, their number is growing rapidly. The Cochrane Collaboration, a world-wide enterprise to produce and disseminate systematic reviews of effectiveness, has published in excess of 1000 systematic reviews since its inception [6, 7] . Collectively, other groups and individuals have likely contributed three to five times that number in the past 20 years and these reviews are dispersed throughout the medical literature [8] . Researchers wanting to define the frontier of current research and clinicians wanting to practice EBM should be able to reliably and quickly find all valid systematic reviews of the literature. Nonetheless, researchers have reported difficulty finding systematic reviews within the mass of biomedical literature represented in large bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE [9] [10] [11] [12] .

The Cochrane Collaboration, a world-wide enterprise to produce and disseminate systematic reviews of effectiveness, has published in excess of 1000 systematic reviews since its inception.

Collectively, other groups and individuals have likely contributed three to five times that number in the past 20 years and these reviews are dispersed throughout the medical literature.

Nonetheless, researchers have reported difficulty finding systematic reviews within the mass of biomedical literature represented in large bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE.


With the current trend towards heteregoeneous multiprocessor systems-on-chips (MPSoCs), the mapping of applications onto such platforms is among the most critical tasks in the system design process. Many real-time streaming systems can be modeled by synchronous data flow (SDF) graphs [1] . Multiprocessor mapping of an SDF graph selects a number of processors from a resource library, binds each actor to a processor, and schedules intra-processor and inter-processor execution orders among all actors (Fig. 1) .

Many real-time streaming systems can be modeled by synchronous data flow (SDF) graphs.


All else being equal, the skin's reflectance will influence the amount of solar radiation absorbed, thereby affecting core body temperature [2, 6] . Furthermore, under any given set of environmental conditions, reflectivity has a greater effect on steady-state body temperature in individuals with a larger body size, and hence greater thermal inertia and thicker boundary layers [6] . Our biophysical simulations indicate that for an average-sized bearded dragon, darker coloration in the morning could meaningfully reduce the time spent achieving an active body temperature, saving on average 22 min per active day and summing to 85 h across the year 2013. Reaching an active body temperature more rapidly in the morning may be important because individuals must trade off time spent regulating body temperature, and being active to forage, mate, avoid predators and defend territories [57, 58] . This is consistent with the observation that the majority of lizards showed their darkest dorsal coloration early in the morning. Colour change may therefore be an important modulator of body temperature, and these lizards probably combine changes in colour with other physiological and behavioural thermoregulatory mechanisms.

All else being equal, the skin's reflectance will influence the amount of solar radiation absorbed, thereby affecting core body temperature.

Furthermore, under any given set of environmental conditions, reflectivity has a greater effect on steady-state body temperature in individuals with a larger body size, and hence greater thermal inertia and thicker boundary layers.

Reaching an active body temperature more rapidly in the morning may be important because individuals must trade off time spent regulating body temperature, and being active to forage, mate, avoid predators and defend territories.


Recently, however, there seems to be a shift from subsidizing MFIs institutions to a focus on financial sustainability and efficiency of these institutions. This goal stresses the importance of being able to cover the cost of lending money out of the income generated from the outstanding loan portfolio and to reduce these costs as much as possible. Among other things, this increased focus on financial sustainability and efficiency is due to a number of developments the microfinance business has been recently confronted with, such as the increasing competition among MFIs, the commercialization of microfinance (i.e. the interest of commercial banks and investors to finance MFIs), technological change that also has become available for, and implemented in microfinance, and financial liberalization and regulation policies of the government (Rhyne and Otero, 2006) . These developments have induced microfinance institutions to change their behavior, and to broaden their services and activities.

Among other things, this increased focus on financial sustainability and efficiency is due to a number of developments the microfinance business has been recently confronted with, such as the increasing competition among MFIs, the commercialization of microfinance (i.e. the interest of commercial banks and investors to finance MFIs), technological change that also has become available for, and implemented in microfinance, and financial liberalization and regulation policies of the government.


The notion of an event has established itself as a successful communication and integration mechanism. In modern, object-oriented systems, events are often present on the language-, component-, and middleware-level. For instance, events are indispensable for GUI programming, allow the easy customization of frameworks such as Eclipse though "plug-ins" that implement some "EventListener" interface, provide the basis for the implementation of many design patterns (e.g., the model-view-controller and observer patterns), and are an important means of communication in many object-oriented middleware infrastructures such as CORBA, Elvin, and Siena. Events even form a central ingredient to the model of computation underlying UML 2 [17] .

Events even form a central ingredient to the model of computation underlying UML 2.


Among the other living organisms with antitumor activity against lung cancer, Ganoderma luncidum (a medicinal fungus) was the most studied and has been used traditionally for the prevention and treatment of cancers for a long time in traditional Chinese medicine [37] . In this review, there were eleven reports describing the species G. lucidum (Ganodermataceae), where eight of them investigated the combination of G. lucidum extracts with antineoplastic drugs. This study showed that an aqueous extract of G. lucidum, called "Ling-Zhi or holy mushroom" in traditional Chinese medicine, significantly increased the life span of LLCimplanted syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, when administered i.p. alone or in combination with cytotoxic antitumor drugs (Adriamycin, fluorouracil, thioguanine, methotrexate, and cisplatin) or a synthetic immunomodulator (Imexon) [116] . In another study, the authors suggested that the antitumor and antimetastatic activities of the triterpenoid fraction of G. lucidum against LLC-implanted mice may be due to the inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis. The compound identified as ganoderic acid F was obtained from the acidic fraction of the triterpenoid fraction of the fruit bodies of G. lucidum as an active substance that inhibited the angiogenesis [117] . Recent data showed that triterpenes of G. lucidum have antilung cancer activity in vitro and in vivo via enhancement of immunomodulation and induction of cell apoptosis [37] . In addition, G. tsugae, another well-cultivated species of Ganoderma, was evaluated against lung cancer cells. The results revealed that the natural product inhibited the viability of H23/0.3 cells (doxorubicin-resistant lung adenocarcinoma) in vitro and in vivo and enhanced the growth-suppressive effect of doxorubicin on H23/0.3 cells. This effect is associated with the downregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The authors suggest that G. tsugae may be a useful adjuvant therapeutic agent in the treatment of lung cancer [118] .

Among the other living organisms with antitumor activity against lung cancer, Ganoderma luncidum (a medicinal fungus) was the most studied and has been used traditionally for the prevention and treatment of cancers for a long time in traditional Chinese medicine.

This study showed that an aqueous extract of G. lucidum, called "Ling-Zhi or holy mushroom" in traditional Chinese medicine, significantly increased the life span of LLCimplanted syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, when administered i.p. alone or in combination with cytotoxic antitumor drugs (Adriamycin, fluorouracil, thioguanine, methotrexate, and cisplatin) or a synthetic immunomodulator (Imexon).

The compound identified as ganoderic acid F was obtained from the acidic fraction of the triterpenoid fraction of the fruit bodies of G. lucidum as an active substance that inhibited the angiogenesis.

Recent data showed that triterpenes of G. lucidum have antilung cancer activity in vitro and in vivo via enhancement of immunomodulation and induction of cell apoptosis.

The authors suggest that G. tsugae may be a useful adjuvant therapeutic agent in the treatment of lung cancer.


Still, the observed degrees of collaboration are not exogenously determined, but are the result of individual and mutual choices in a two-sided market of academics and firms (Mindruta, 2013; Banal-Estañol et al, 2014) . Unobserved characteristics of the researchers may affect not only their degree of collaboration but also their academic productivity, thereby influencing the shape of the collaboration-publication relationship. Our conceptual framework analyzes the potential selection mechanisms at work, and the direction of the biases one might incur if these mechanisms were ignored in the estimation.

Still, the observed degrees of collaboration are not exogenously determined, but are the result of individual and mutual choices in a two-sided market of academics and firms.


Several factors point to an increase in the degrees of industry collaboration in recent times (Stephan, 2012) . As the degrees of involvement with industry increase, more academics may find themselves on the decreasing part of the curve. Indeed, academics might start pursuing research lines that no longer result in breakthrough discoveries resulting in fewer publications. In addition, high degrees of collaboration can negatively affect material and data exchange between academics and thus be damaging to the academic community as a whole (Stephan, 2012) . But, high degrees of collaboration can also bring gains in terms of patenting or better employment prospects for graduates.

Several factors point to an increase in the degrees of industry collaboration in recent times.

In addition, high degrees of collaboration can negatively affect material and data exchange between academics and thus be damaging to the academic community as a whole.


Mechanical processing methods that transcribe a tool locus can produce three-dimensional microshapes with high precision using the tribological properties of tool geometry and a workpiece [2] . For example, a 1 m wide knife edge can be formed by fine abrasive grinding [3] . Using microtribological action and degrees of freedom of materials, the shape and size of processed objects can increase if shape processing is achievable at the micron and nanometer scales [4, 5] . Therefore, microfabrication applications can be significantly extended through such novel processes [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Mechanical processing methods that transcribe a tool locus can produce three-dimensional microshapes with high precision using the tribological properties of tool geometry and a workpiece.

For example, a 1 m wide knife edge can be formed by fine abrasive grinding.

Using microtribological action and degrees of freedom of materials, the shape and size of processed objects can increase if shape processing is achievable at the micron and nanometer scales.

Therefore, microfabrication applications can be significantly extended through such novel processes.


In recent years, maskless and friction-induced processing techniques have been utilized for nanofabrication [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . The elevated internal stress and plastic deformation of masks formed at high load resulted in highly damaged mask surfaces and oxidation layers [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . Mechanically processed mask patterns obtained from plastically deformed 2 Journal of Nanotechnology damaged layers withstood the selective wet etching processes conducted for pattern transfer called maskless patterning or friction-induced fabrication [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . The mechanistic evaluation of these processes showed that plastic deformation and oxidation layers may block the reactive KOH solution layer. Therefore, the damage remained superficial [18] [19] [20] [21] . In contrast, the direct patterning of etching mask was proposed to reduce damage [8] [9] [10] [11] .

In recent years, maskless and friction-induced processing techniques have been utilized for nanofabrication.

The elevated internal stress and plastic deformation of masks formed at high load resulted in highly damaged mask surfaces and oxidation layers.

Mechanically processed mask patterns obtained from plastically deformed 2 Journal of Nanotechnology damaged layers withstood the selective wet etching processes conducted for pattern transfer called maskless patterning or friction-induced fabrication.

Therefore, the damage remained superficial.

In contrast, the direct patterning of etching mask was proposed to reduce damage.


Few studies have used MCP at the atomic scale. For example, marking has been assessed as a physical-thermal excitation machining approach to produce storage devices, requiring complex mechanochemical processes at the nanometer scale [9] . However, severe adhesion during silicon machining made high precision difficult to achieve. Therefore, the potential application of this approach in a liquid chemical environment was investigated [3, 24] . Furthermore, a rigid silicon cantilever bearing diamond particles was produced experimentally, making the processing characteristics of silicon clearer [25] .

For example, marking has been assessed as a physical-thermal excitation machining approach to produce storage devices, requiring complex mechanochemical processes at the nanometer scale.

Therefore, the potential application of this approach in a liquid chemical environment was investigated.

Furthermore, a rigid silicon cantilever bearing diamond particles was produced experimentally, making the processing characteristics of silicon clearer.


Nanoelectronic devices and nanomachines could soon be manufactured by manipulating atoms and molecules [1] . Microfabrication is essential for the development of these nanotechnologies but remains challenging. Conventional microfabrication relies on lithography, the most common semiconductor manufacturing technology, which is usually combined with deposition and dry and wet etching processes. More recently, new nanoprocessing methods, such as nanoprinting and molecular self-organization, have emerged with the development of nanotechnology, but these methods are limited by the shape and dimensions of workpiece materials.

Nanoelectronic devices and nanomachines could soon be manufactured by manipulating atoms and molecules.


Over the past few decades, several epidemiological studies have specifically focused on dietary modification as an important influential factor in the development of pancreatic cancer and examined the link between food groups and individual nutrients and pancreatic cancer risk [5, 6] . However, the high inter-correlation between foods and nutrients often makes it difficult to identify the effects of single dietary components [7] . Consequently, dietary pattern analysis has emerged as an approach in assessing the association between whole-diet and diseases, taking into account the combined effects of foods and potentially facilitating nutritional recommendations [8] .

Over the past few decades, several epidemiological studies have specifically focused on dietary modification as an important influential factor in the development of pancreatic cancer and examined the link between food groups and individual nutrients and pancreatic cancer risk.

However, the high inter-correlation between foods and nutrients often makes it difficult to identify the effects of single dietary components.

Consequently, dietary pattern analysis has emerged as an approach in assessing the association between whole-diet and diseases, taking into account the combined effects of foods and potentially facilitating nutritional recommendations.


Given these intriguing simplifications, it is natural to ask whether there is a way to make these properties, at least to some extent, manifest at the level of the Lagrangian. Specifically, one has the freedom to perform field redefinitions of h ij , and one may expect that there is a field-basis that is better adapted to the features inherited from string theory. In fact, in closed string field theory, for instance, a non-linear and non-polynomial field redefinition is required in order to connect the 'string variables' to the 'Einstein variables' h ij [6] .

In fact, in closed string field theory, for instance, a non-linear and non-polynomial field redefinition is required in order to connect the 'string variables' to the 'Einstein variables' h ij.


Here, the two (independent) background vielbeins can be rotated into Kronecker symbols by means of background GL(D) × GL(D) transformations. This formulation provides therefore a significant technical simplification in that the field redefinition that establishes the left-right factorization need not be carried out explicitly, but rather is implicitly incorporated by use of the frame-like variable. It has already been pointed out by Siegel that this formalism allows us to make certain features inherited from string theory manifest in conventional field theory [17] .

It has already been pointed out by Siegel that this formalism allows us to make certain features inherited from string theory manifest in conventional field theory.


Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is the key to curbing climate warming. This has been widely acknowledged by the international community after the announcement of "the United Nations framework convention on climate change" [1] . The European Community plus 37 industrialized nations are mandated to cut their greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol [2] . Market mechanisms have become a new pathway to reduce carbon dioxide emissions since the European Union created the world's first major carbon market in 2005. China announced its initiation of carbon trading pilots in June 2013. In carbon markets, carbon emissions are conceptualized as a tradable commodity. This kind of marketization encourages enterprises to transform to low-carbon energy consumption, actively promote technological innovation, and strictly control carbon emissions, thereby promoting low-carbon development [3] .

This has been widely acknowledged by the international community after the announcement of "the United Nations framework convention on climate change".

The European Community plus 37 industrialized nations are mandated to cut their greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.

This kind of marketization encourages enterprises to transform to low-carbon energy consumption, actively promote technological innovation, and strictly control carbon emissions, thereby promoting low-carbon development.


In accordance with the aims we set at the beginning of our study, our results help to confirm the influence of personality traits on puerperal depression. It's interesting to highlight the negative association found between extraversion and conscientiousness and scores on EPDS, as the literature about these personality traits and postnatal depression is scarce. Extraversion could, therefore, be a protective element when facing important life events, the optimism found in extraverted people could diminish the risk of developing depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Conscientiousness, which is characterized by persistence, control and organization, could also be a protecting factor when facing a stressful situation such as motherhood, thus decreasing the presence of depressive symptoms. However, these variables don't have the same predictive influence as neuroticism on postnatal depression. Our proposed model shows a significant influence of neuroticism on postnatal depressive symptoms, which is in accordance with previous literature (Henshaw, 2003; Jones et al., 2010; Lee, Yip, Chiu, y Chung, 2000; Saisto et al., 2001; Verkerk et al., 2005) . Neuroticism is characterized by a tendency to suffer from psychological stress and the use of poor coping strategies, which could be leading mothers to face motherhood in a more dysfunctional way, increasing the risk of developing an emotional disorder.

Our proposed model shows a significant influence of neuroticism on postnatal depressive symptoms, which is in accordance with previous literature.


On the one hand, we study the case when ℜβ = 0 and ℑβ < 0, so that θ > 0. These hypotheses on the impedance coefficients imply the appearance of surface waves guided by the domains infinite boundary. The Helmholtz equation ∆u + k 2 u = 0 with this boundary condition is studied by Durán, Muga, Nédélec [16] , [18] . Looking for outgoing solutions, the authors firstly observe that the speed of an outgoing surface wave is different from the speed of the volume waves. Thus, a usual Sommerfeld radiation condition does not describe this phenomenon. In order to exhibit the correct radiation condition, they compute the associated Green's function and analyze its far field.

The Helmholtz equation ∆u + k 2 u = 0 with this boundary condition is studied by Durán, Muga, Nédélec.


In all thermal separation processes, the heat and mass transfer rates are always coupled and the rate at which a component is being separated from a mixture must be limited by either its heat transfer mechanism or its mass transfer mechanism. At low mass transfer resistance, the thermal separation process becomes heat transfer limited and the opposite is true when the heat transfer resistance is lower. Thus, the high mass transfer rate makes MSF a heat transfer limited process and one can infer this fact from the typical MSF design that allocates more than 60 folds of the evaporation surface area for condensation [12] [13] . All the experimental findings mentioned earlier support the idea of adapting the removal of non-condensable gases applied in MSF technology for AGMD, which practically requires staging the process in series in order to maintain the feed temperature at the saturation pressure. The adaption of this technique may allow us here to refer to this technology as sub-atmospheric AGMD.

Thus, the high mass transfer rate makes MSF a heat transfer limited process and one can infer this fact from the typical MSF design that allocates more than 60 folds of the evaporation surface area for condensation.


AGMD, in contrast, introduces a thin layer of ambient air (2-10 mm) between the MD membrane and the condensation surface as a thermal insulation layer to minimize heat loss by conduction. However, the non-condensable gases in this thin layer have been reported in several AGMD studies to be the dominating mass transfer resistance of the process [14] [15] [16] [17] . The vapor formed at the interface of the hot side of the membrane must diffuse all the way through the pores of the membrane and across the air gap before it condenses on the cold surface (Figure1).

However, the non-condensable gases in this thin layer have been reported in several AGMD studies to be the dominating mass transfer resistance of the process.


Polytypic program compilation Polytypic, or type-indexed programming is supported by the Generic Haskell and Generic Clean languages. The standard compilation technique for these languages inserts conversion functions between user-defined datatypes and their sum-of-product representations. To optimize the resulting, often quite inefficient, code, partial evaluation techniques have been proposed [2] . These techniques do not take into account recent extensions of these languages that allow encoding of strategic program combinators [11] .

To optimize the resulting, often quite inefficient, code, partial evaluation techniques have been proposed.

These techniques do not take into account recent extensions of these languages that allow encoding of strategic program combinators.


The digestibility of nutrients (Table 2) and nutritive values, digestive CP, total digestive nutrient and DE (Table 3 ) differed among hays, timothy, Italian ryegrass and orchardgrass. The amounts of DE in all hays except Italian ryegrass were higher than those in JFS [8] . There were small differences in the digestibility and nutritive values among hay, cubes and pellets of alfalfa. These results indicated that there were no nutritional merits in processing alfalfa hay for horses.

The amounts of DE in all hays except Italian ryegrass were higher than those in JFS.


When tunnels sections are curved, a zigzag traverse is not as effective in eliminating the problem of lateral refraction, as this effect -as can be seen from Fig. 3 -is more pronounced in tunnel curves (Johnston, 1991) . The lines of sight A-D and B-C start very cióse to the tunnel walls before crossing to the opposite site. However, by running a double zigzag traverse, such effects can be further mitigated (Fowler, 2006) . As the observations advance inside the tunnels, measurement uncertainty increases, as can be seen in Fig. 7 .

When tunnels sections are curved, a zigzag traverse is not as effective in eliminating the problem of lateral refraction, as this effect -as can be seen from Fig. 3 -is more pronounced in tunnel curves.

However, by running a double zigzag traverse, such effects can be further mitigated.


The objective of demand-side management (DSM) in the industrial sector is to improve the profile of electrical loads by two means: (1) energy efficiency solutions; and (2) demand response (DR) programs. An energy efficiency solution reduces the electricity consumed to provide a certain service, with the primary goal of reducing electricity costs and protecting the environment. These programs reduce the total electricity consumption and peak electricity load with the help of energy-efficient equipment and other efficiency improvement means. These programs consist of activities such as installing thermal insulators, low-power equipment, and so on [1] .

These programs consist of activities such as installing thermal insulators, low-power equipment, and so on.


The other finding of this study is the increase in proportion of males with breast cancer. Out of total of 76 breast cancer cases, 11 (14.5%) were male breast cancers. This is similar to the report from Addis Ababa cancer registry in which male breast cancer is one the top 10 cancers in males, about 7% [5] . Male breast cancer makes up less than 1% of all cancers in men and less than 1% of all breast cancers in the United States [6] . But, different reports show the incidence is higher in Africa, about 4.2% of all breast cancers [7] .

This is similar to the report from Addis Ababa cancer registry in which male breast cancer is one the top 10 cancers in males, about 7%.

Male breast cancer makes up less than 1% of all cancers in men and less than 1% of all breast cancers in the United States.

But, different reports show the incidence is higher in Africa, about 4.2% of all breast cancers.


The overall performance evaluation of the virtual keyboard was undertaken based on the results collected from a typing experiment. The corrected error rate was measured for each condition without considering the special commands as an error. The corrected errors are errors that are committed but then corrected during text entry [24] . The different A Friedman test was conducted to see whether the method was significant for the dependent variable. Furthermore, Wilcoxon rank sum test and two-sample t-test were conducted to compare the different groups' performances.

The corrected errors are errors that are committed but then corrected during text entry.


The performance evaluation of a virtual keyboard depends on several factors such as the nature of the typing task, its length, the type of users, and their experience and motivation during the typing task. On the one hand, for effectively accounting for all these factors, it becomes challenging to evaluate the performance of a virtual keyboard. Moreover, typing rate is affected by the word completion and word prediction methods [71] . On the other hand, the concept of AugKey is to improve throughput by augmenting keys with a prefix, to allow continuous text inspection, and suffixes to speed up typing with word prediction [72] . Thus, to avoid performance variations, we evaluated our system on the basis of a fixed number of commands per letter (i.e., 2 commands/letter) without any word completion or prediction procedure. As this virtual keyboard provided a high text entry rate of 18 letters/min with a touch screen, it can be employed as an AAC system with or without eye-tracking for physically disabled people to interact with currently available personal information technology (IT) systems.

Moreover, typing rate is affected by the word completion and word prediction methods.

On the other hand, the concept of AugKey is to improve throughput by augmenting keys with a prefix, to allow continuous text inspection, and suffixes to speed up typing with word prediction.


Several types of modalities have been recently evaluated on natural user interface design for intuitive interaction with computers. For example, electroencephalogram (EEG) based brain-computer interface (BCI), eye-tracking based human-computer interface (HCI), electromyography (EMG) based gesture recognition, speech recognition, and different input access switches have been adopted for natural user interface methods [1] [2] [3] [4] . Among these approaches, eyetracking considers the position of the eye relative to the head, and the orientation of the eyes in space, or the point of regard. Eye-tracking has many applications to communicate and control devices such as eye-typing interfaces, robotics control, for facilitating human-computer interactions, assessing web page viewing behavior, entertainment (e.g., video games), switching control, and virtual automobile control [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

For example, electroencephalogram (EEG) based brain-computer interface (BCI), eye-tracking based human-computer interface (HCI), electromyography (EMG) based gesture recognition, speech recognition, and different input access switches have been adopted for natural user interface methods.

Eye-tracking has many applications to communicate and control devices such as eye-typing interfaces, robotics control, for facilitating human-computer interactions, assessing web page viewing behavior, entertainment (e.g., video games), switching control, and virtual automobile control.


This study includes comprehensive and multiple levels of comparisons to better appreciate the performance of the proposed approaches of beginner users. The proposed timeadaptive methods provide higher average text entry rate in both synchronous (17.06 ± 3.06 letters/min) and asynchronous (16.10 ±3.36 letters/min) modes with new users. Furthermore, the multimodal dwell-free mechanism using a combination of eye-tracking and soft-switch (21.83 ± 6.58 letters/min) provides better performance than eye-tracker with sEMG based hand gestures and adaptive methods with eye-tracking only. The methods related to the adaptation of the system over time that are proposed in this paper, were applied to a gaze-based virtual keyboard, which can be operated using a portable non-invasive eye-tracker, sEMG based hand gesture recognition device, and/or a soft-switch. This study focuses on users' initial adaptation of a new system, instead of learning over a longer timescale. The proposed algorithms suggest the beneficial impact of an adaptive approach in both synchronous and asynchrounous modes, which needs to be confirmed over long sessions while performance is typically expected to improve over time [68] .

The proposed algorithms suggest the beneficial impact of an adaptive approach in both synchronous and asynchrounous modes, which needs to be confirmed over long sessions while performance is typically expected to improve over time.


Moreover, the hand and eye motion have been utilized to control the virtual keyboard for disabled people [39] . The eye-tracking-based communication system has been developed for patients having major neuro locomotor disabilities wherein they can verbally communicate through signs or in writing [40] . Another concern is that above approaches incorporate a large number of commands on the user interface leading to a lower text entry rate [41] . Other dwell-free techniques include multimodal and hybrid interfaces. These techniques address issues highlighted in previous studies [18, [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] . In particular, these studies have introduced a dwell-free technique for an eye-typing system, which focused on a combination of different modalities such as eye-tracking, smiling movements, input switches, and speech recognition.

Moreover, the hand and eye motion have been utilized to control the virtual keyboard for disabled people.

The eye-tracking-based communication system has been developed for patients having major neuro locomotor disabilities wherein they can verbally communicate through signs or in writing.

Another concern is that above approaches incorporate a large number of commands on the user interface leading to a lower text entry rate.

These techniques address issues highlighted in previous studies.


Under Bangladesh condition a large number of findings are available regarding late planting induced heat stress effect on grain yield and yield attributes [8] . In all of them, the temperature regimes were created by seeds sown on different sowing dates. There are fewer reports so far in which two temperature regimes were created by seeds sown on the same day to study the response to terminal heat stress. Such results possibly have included effects of some coexisting climatic factors apart from late seeding heat stress by itself like infestation of foliar diseases, frequent crop lodging due to high wind velocity together with early monsoon rainfall, and so forth.

Under Bangladesh condition a large number of findings are available regarding late planting induced heat stress effect on grain yield and yield attributes.


In this study, two different ground motion sets are employed. The first set consists of 60 records (see Table 1 ) and is representative of low to moderate seismicity regions in Europe for the hazard level 2/50. The second ground motion set is a set that was used in previous studies on loading protocols for high seismicity regions (Krawinkler et al. 2001) . In a parametric study, the ground motions are applied to a large variety of SDOF systems representing the majority of buildings in European regions. The results reveal the strong dependence of the cumulative seismic demand on the level of seismicity (low to moderate vs. high) as well as on several structural parameters of the SDOF systems such as the period of vibration, the behaviour factor (as a measure of the inelasticity the system is subjected to), the post-yield stiffness ratio and the type of the hysteretic response.

The second ground motion set is a set that was used in previous studies on loading protocols for high seismicity regions.


All of the above protocols have been developed for regions of high seismicity. However, earthquakes in these regions impose in average higher cumulative damage demands than earthquakes in regions of low to moderate seismicity (Kramer 1996) . Hence, existing loading protocols may overestimate seismic demands for regions of low to moderate seismicity and therefore underestimate force and/or deformation capacity leading to uneconomic or even unfeasible structural designs and retrofit solutions.

However, earthquakes in these regions impose in average higher cumulative damage demands than earthquakes in regions of low to moderate seismicity.


Restrained eating is a widespread problem with approximately 25% of college women describing themselves as restrainers (Rand & Kuldau, 1991) . Thus, further study of the mechanisms and causes of the dietary disinhibition component is warranted. Evidence suggests that several factors may play an important role in the disinhibition effect, and yet there are many unknowns due to mixed findings across studies.

Restrained eating is a widespread problem with approximately 25% of college women describing themselves as restrainers.


The final hypothesis predicted that restrainers would report significantly more social anxiety than non-restrainers, as operationalized by the SPIN total score. Our results strongly supported this hypothesis, as well as the existing literature which reports that restrainers are more socially anxious than nonrestrainers (Gilbert & Meyer, 2003; Striegel-Moore et al., 1993) . This same pattern of results is evident in eating disordered populations, for which dietary restraint is a necessary precursor (Steiger, et al., 1999; Striegel -Moore, et al., 1993) .

Our results strongly supported this hypothesis, as well as the existing literature which reports that restrainers are more socially anxious than nonrestrainers.

This same pattern of results is evident in eating disordered populations, for which dietary restraint is a necessary precursor.


Phase 1 entailed having interested undergraduate psychology students complete the RRS, the BD scale, the SPIN, and a Demographics Questionnaire. This phase of the study took place on a different day than Phase 2 so that questions regarding eating behavior and body image would be unlikely to influence eating behavior during Phase 2 of the study (Jansen, Louwerse, Leemans, & Schouten, 1998) . Upon completion of the Phase 1 questionnaire packet, participants were told whether they were eligible for Phase 2 of the experiment. Eligible and interested individuals were signed up for this second portion of the study, for which they could receive either course credit or $10 for their participation. Regardless, all participants who completed Phase 1 were awarded one research credit.

This phase of the study took place on a different day than Phase 2 so that questions regarding eating behavior and body image would be unlikely to influence eating behavior during Phase 2 of the study.


One factor that may contribute to dietary disinhibition is self-esteem. The "spiral model" explains the relationship between self-esteem and dietary restraint by suggesting that lowered self-esteem is caused by failed dietary restraint. Specifically, when restrainers consume more than they deem acceptable, they view themselves as failures with limited self-discipline. Such beliefs develop into general feelings of inefficacy and low self-esteem (Heatherton & Polivy, 1992; Polivy, et al., 1988) . Lower self-esteem and feelings of inefficacy may lead to further lapses in dietary restraint, leading to even lower self-esteem. Thus, self-esteem "spirals" downwards as a function of restraint failure. A second model explaining the relationship between self-esteem and dietary restraint is the cognitive-behavioral model of bulimia nervosa (Vitousek, 1996) . This mode l proposes that the link between self-esteem and dietary restraint is not direct, but is instead mediated by overconcern with weight and shape (Byrne & McLean, 2002) . Specifically, low self-esteem is an important risk factor for overconcern with weight and shape, which in turn is a risk factor for increased dietary restraint. However, low self-esteem in-and-of-itself does not directly lead to increased dietary restraint.

Such beliefs develop into general feelings of inefficacy and low self-esteem.

A second model explaining the relationship between self-esteem and dietary restraint is the cognitive-behavioral model of bulimia nervosa.

This mode l proposes that the link between self-esteem and dietary restraint is not direct, but is instead mediated by overconcern with weight and shape.


Evidence from eating-disordered populations suggests that clinical groups also possess significant social anxiety. Specifically, women with bulimia reported more negative social perceptions and greater self-consciousness in social interactions than either formerly bulimic or non-eating-disordered controls , while both bulimic and formerly bulimic women experienced larger increases than controls in self-critical thoughts following negative social interactions (Steiger, Gauvin, Jabalpurwala, Séguin, & Stotl, 1999) . Additionally, bulimic participants and individuals who scored high on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) showed more intense public self-consciousness and higher social anxiety than controls (Striegel-Moore et al., 1993) . Furthermore, binge episodes among bulimic participants were pronounced after negative social interactions (Okon, Greene, & Smith, 2003) .

Specifically, women with bulimia reported more negative social perceptions and greater self-consciousness in social interactions than either formerly bulimic or non-eating-disordered controls , while both bulimic and formerly bulimic women experienced larger increases than controls in self-critical thoughts following negative social interactions.

Additionally, bulimic participants and individuals who scored high on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) showed more intense public self-consciousness and higher social anxiety than controls.

Furthermore, binge episodes among bulimic participants were pronounced after negative social interactions.


Although continuing advances in on-board automation and aiding systems should ameliorate safety concerns in the commercial cockpit, there is considerable concern regarding the impact of free flight on the general aviation (GA) community. This community represents approximately 95% of all aircraft and 60% of aircraft operations hours in the continental United States. Thus far, the consequences of free flight on GA have received relatively little attention. The safety of GA operations under free flight will hinge on the adequacy of the equipment needed for free flight and the operating procedures that support it [3] . Of specific importance are the requirements for supporting adequate pilot situation awareness (SA).

The safety of GA operations under free flight will hinge on the adequacy of the equipment needed for free flight and the operating procedures that support it.


Dry bean is a short season crop with short physical stature and therefore is very sensitive to weed interference [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Dry bean seed yield has been reduced as much as 70% due to weed interference [8] . Presence of weeds at the harvest time can also cause seed staining and interfere with harvesting efficiency in dry bean [9] [10] [11] [12] .

Dry bean is a short season crop with short physical stature and therefore is very sensitive to weed interference.

Dry bean seed yield has been reduced as much as 70% due to weed interference.

Presence of weeds at the harvest time can also cause seed staining and interfere with harvesting efficiency in dry bean.


We have performed a statistical analysis of the sum rule predictions using as input the latest global neutrino oscillation data [49] . We have found 14 cases in total compatible with these data at 3σ confidence level. Five of them lead to very sharp predictions for sin 2 θ 12 , and four others to similarly sharp predictions for sin 2 θ 23 (see Figs. 1 and 2) . Phenomenologically viable cases A and B, which are six in total, lead as well to predictions for cos δ presented in Fig. 3 . Five viable C cases also lead to predictions for cos δ, which are summarised in Fig. 4 . The corresponding likelihoods peak at values of | cos δ| ∼ 0.5 − 1. As we have shown, the number of these cases could be further reduced by a sufficiently precise measurement of δ.

We have performed a statistical analysis of the sum rule predictions using as input the latest global neutrino oscillation data.


The discovery of metastable y" -Ni,Nb precipitates in the 718 alloy created a new branch of superalloys [2] . The coherency strains associated with the formation of y" particles in the y matrix have a substantial strengthening effect, On the other hand, the sluggish aging kinetics of y" precipitation allow such a high strength material to be weldable. Many structural castings for gas turbine applications, especially complicate structures and large parts, have shown recently the urgent demand for strong casting superalloys with good weldability [3, 4] .

The discovery of metastable y" -Ni,Nb precipitates in the 718 alloy created a new branch of superalloys.

Many structural castings for gas turbine applications, especially complicate structures and large parts, have shown recently the urgent demand for strong casting superalloys with good weldability.


The data from four participants were excluded because they identified all test stimuli as /r/. When it was noticed that a participant responded in that way, another participant was assigned to the same order of adaptor blocks. In the remaining sample of 24 participants, each possible order of the four adaptor blocks was used once. The mean proportion of /r/-responses for each adaptor condition is shown in Fig. 3 , both in log odds and in raw proportions. We present both here because proportions may be more familiar and useful to gauge the results, but the analysis was performed on log odds (Dixon, 2008) . The data show a clear selective-adaptation effect for the adaptors in offset positionwhich is the same position as in the test words-but only a small difference between the /r/ and /l/ adaptors in onset position.

We present both here because proportions may be more familiar and useful to gauge the results, but the analysis was performed on log odds.


Software cost estimation (SCE) is very important to estimate the cost that involved in developing software. SCE can be vary depends on different models. But most of the cost estimation models do not consider the costs that invoke security while developing software. It is because security is often an afterthought when developing software and is often bolted on late in development or even during deployment or maintenance (Shanai et al, 2006) . Currently, secure software development has gained momentum during the past couple of years and improvements have been made. Software houses are now keen to provide secure software as requested by customers' desire with respect to security and quality of their products (Jari, 2006) .

It is because security is often an afterthought when developing software and is often bolted on late in development or even during deployment or maintenance.

Software houses are now keen to provide secure software as requested by customers' desire with respect to security and quality of their products.


An integrated supply chain can fulfil certain goals of both manufacturer and supplier. It helps to reduce cost, lessen probability of duplication of efforts, reduce production lead time and reduce time to reach market. Also proper implementation of integrated supply chain increases sales volume, customer loyalty and profitability [1] [2] [3] [4] .

Also proper implementation of integrated supply chain increases sales volume, customer loyalty and profitability.


It is important to note that the DMO process is focused on the work carried out with end-users and stakeholder and does not attempt to prescribe the process of translation, idea generation and detailed design that is carried out by the designer once all stakeholder needs, requirements and wishes have been identified. This approach is successful in ensuring that the detailed design work encapsulates the ideas of the stakeholders identified in the three workshops. The workshops, which are central to the process, build bridges between the problem and solution spaces by identifying key concepts that are articulated and embodied by the designer, as observed by Cross in the creative design process (Cross 1997) .

The workshops, which are central to the process, build bridges between the problem and solution spaces by identifying key concepts that are articulated and embodied by the designer, as observed by Cross in the creative design process.


Non-renewable energy consumption is the total non-renewable electricity produced using oil, natural gas and coal, and is measured in millions of kilowatt hours. Exports (imports) are measured using merchandise exports (imports) in current US dollars and are converted to real (Heston et al., 2012) . All estimations are made using Eviews 8.0.

Exports (imports) are measured using merchandise exports (imports) in current US dollars and are converted to real.


The laser pointing direction is determined by the stellar reference system (startracker and laser reference system). During post-processing the lower level data products, such as the digitized waveform and pointing direction, are used in conjunction with the precision orbit determination (POD) and precision attitude determination (PAD) to infer the geodetic position of the laser surface return. The POD process provides the position of the centre of mass of the spacecraft as a function of time determined from GPS and satellite laser ranging (SLR) tracking data [2] . PAD is the orientation of the optical bench with respect to the celestial reference frame. For each of the laser shots fired at 40 Hz, the position, and ultimately the topography, will be determined. Analysis of repeated topographic profiles will determine temporal variations in the elevation. As one might imagine, determining temporal variations requires that there must be a process of determining the time of measurement within the instrument or implied by timing data products. For GLAS, the time interval between when the laser shot is fired and when the echo signal is received by the telescope will determine the altimeter measurement time, and ultimately the altitude, by multiplying half the photon travel time by the speed of light. The time determination is performed using primary, secondary and tertiary timing elements, but the crux of the system is the on-board global positioning system (GPS) receiver [4] . The timing process in its entirety will be discussed in a subsequent section.

The POD process provides the position of the centre of mass of the spacecraft as a function of time determined from GPS and satellite laser ranging (SLR) tracking data.

The time determination is performed using primary, secondary and tertiary timing elements, but the crux of the system is the on-board global positioning system (GPS) receiver.


The second in situ calibration technique is a groundbased verification method that utilizes many electro-optical detection devices for the acquisition of the laser photons as the satellite passes overhead [3] . This method was developed to provide validation of the laser pointing determination and time of altimeter measurement. The electro-optical devices will be distributed at a validation site near the ICESat ground track and will collaboratively 'capture' the spot on the ground to provide a direct measurement of several spot centroid geolocations. The detector positions will be determined with GPS measurements in the same reference frame as the PAD products. The detectors will not only determine where the laser illuminates the Earth but will also determine the arrival time of the laser footprint on the ground. The position where the laser illuminates the surface is also referred to as the geolocation, meaning a geodetic representation of the spot location. The ground-based timing methodology will supply the most accurate timing verification of the GLAS altimeter time of arrival during the initial calibration phase of the mission, and thus is very crucial to the success of achieving the science requirements of the satellite. The aforementioned ocean scans also provide pointing and timing information: however, the results are based on analysis of the downlinked GLAS data. The in situ ground system requires only a laser pulse from GLAS in order to provide an independent laser bounce time for comparison with the satellite timing data. All of the techniques designed for calibration of the GLAS instrument are crucial in the success of the ICESat mission. Verification of the data products is required in order to ensure the validity of the data and identify possible biases in the results that might be mistaken for geophysical artefacts.

The second in situ calibration technique is a groundbased verification method that utilizes many electro-optical detection devices for the acquisition of the laser photons as the satellite passes overhead.


Current approaches to Web service configuration are often based on pre/postcondition-style reasoning. Given more or less semantic descriptions of elementary Web services, and the required functionality of the composite Web service, they aim to try to construct a "plan" of how to compose the elementary services in order to obtain the required functionality. Techniques from the domain of planning are heavily being investigated for this purpose [4, 5] .

Techniques from the domain of planning are heavily being investigated for this purpose.


The expansion segments are a useful source of phylogenetic information regarding relatively recent evolutionary events (Subbotin et al. 2005) . The structure of the D2/D3 segment can be used for solving taxonomic problems on different levels (Hillis & Dixon 1991) . However, in the case of both potato cyst nematode species, the variability of their pathotypes and rDNA D2/D3 expansion segment region is rather low. Diversity detected in this study among the particular potato cyst nematode pathotypes is basically the same as when two G. pallida populations of the same pathotype (G. pallida Pa2A and G. pallida PaK) were compared.

The expansion segments are a useful source of phylogenetic information regarding relatively recent evolutionary events.

The structure of the D2/D3 segment can be used for solving taxonomic problems on different levels.


When limits of agreement have been determined is important to decide whether the difference found between the methods being compared is small enough for the particular purpose for which it is intended in practice [21] . As dmft/DMFT is scored per child as whole values it may be tolerable to accept a difference of ± 1 dmft/DMFT for each individual observation. This would however depend on whether the caries detection method is being used to collect data for needs assessments, clinical trial outcomes or disease surveillance. The low systematic errors indicated by the majority of the mean differences approaching zero may make the methods suitable for needs assessments. The magnitude of differences found in this study for some of the individual observations would however make it an unacceptable outcome measure for determining the need for individual dental attention.

When limits of agreement have been determined is important to decide whether the difference found between the methods being compared is small enough for the particular purpose for which it is intended in practice.


Such political circumstances may not be unique to the post-communist world. Looking back at past waves of political and economic One main strand of the democratic peace literature argues that individual level cost-benefit analyses feed through democratic institutions to avoid war. The discussion above supports those calling for richer microfoundations. These must account for how individual cost-benefit analyses might aggregate to yield democratic war as well as democratic peace (Gates, Knutsen & Moses, 1996; Snyder, 2000) . In the post-communist countries, the most common democratic war scenario arises from ethnically based disputes over territorial sovereignty or autonomy. The next step is to build a theory of how authoritarian regimes are likely to react to similar situations. Tests of the democratic peace hypothesis are likely to be more persuasive when the effects of regime type are tested under theoretically comparable conditions.

These must account for how individual cost-benefit analyses might aggregate to yield democratic war as well as democratic peace.


Recent studies described the evolution of surface tension not only as a function of temperature but also as a function of relative humidity [8] [9] . This article provides new local data about the behavior of liquid bridges in a confined geometry. Such data aim at a better understanding of the drying stage when water is confined in pores. They can also be useful to provide data in order to create an accurate numerical model based on representative experimental values of the pore sizes mechanisms. To the best knowledge of the authors, neither the experimental setup developed for this study nor the kinetic data recorded during drying under different temperature and humidity conditions of water meniscus squeezed between two plates have been reported in the literature.

Recent studies described the evolution of surface tension not only as a function of temperature but also as a function of relative humidity.


With rapid development of science and technology, more and more products become fashionable or seasonal goods with short sales cycle, low salvage value, and high demand uncertainty [1] . For instance, cut flowers, clothing, and even smartphones are all common products with fashionable or seasonal attributes, and inventory management of these products is crucial as well as complicated [2] [3] [4] . What is more, the vast of enterprises in the industry are small-and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) often with shortage of liquid funds [5] . Especially under the influence of global financial crisis, massive enterprises all over the world suffer from capital shortage even bankruptcy, throughout manufacturers, distributors, and retailers. Therefore, in the latest decade, interfaces of operations and financial decisions receive substantial interest and the so called "capital-constrained newsvendor" problem is widely concerned [6] .

With rapid development of science and technology, more and more products become fashionable or seasonal goods with short sales cycle, low salvage value, and high demand uncertainty.

For instance, cut flowers, clothing, and even smartphones are all common products with fashionable or seasonal attributes, and inventory management of these products is crucial as well as complicated.

What is more, the vast of enterprises in the industry are small-and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) often with shortage of liquid funds.

Therefore, in the latest decade, interfaces of operations and financial decisions receive substantial interest and the so called "capital-constrained newsvendor" problem is widely concerned.


Leaf flavonoids and anthocyanins act as the scavenger of free radicals which protect cells against oxidative stress induced by the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species [31] . Morever, flavonoids are able to chelate iron atom and prevent Fenton reaction [32] . Exposure to NaCl salinity, treatment with SA, SNP and SA + SNP could enhance the content of flavonoids and anthocyanins in leaves to confer resistance of soybean seedlings to salinity. The results suggested that the role of SA + SNP in increasing these pigments was the more effective than of treatment with SA and NO donor SNP alone. The results have been suggested that the application of SA and SNP can affect the biosynthesis pathways of these pigments and counteract NaCl-induced stress [33] .

Leaf flavonoids and anthocyanins act as the scavenger of free radicals which protect cells against oxidative stress induced by the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species.

Morever, flavonoids are able to chelate iron atom and prevent Fenton reaction.

The results have been suggested that the application of SA and SNP can affect the biosynthesis pathways of these pigments and counteract NaCl-induced stress.


It has been reported that stimulation of LOX activity under stress conditions reflects higher lipolytic activity in membranes and oxidation of membrane-bound fatty acids by causing propagation of lipid peroxidation [34] . It has been showed that LOX activity was increased in the presence of 100 mM NaCl. In addition, an inhibiting effect of LOX activity was found in soybean plants treated with SNP and SA + SNP under salt stress. These results provide evidence that SA and especially NO donor may reduce LOX activity to against lipid peroxidation and membrane damage produced by NaCl salinity. It has been suggested that NO-activated antioxidative systems protected membrane lipids against peroxidation by interacting with lipid peroxyl radicals or by blocking LOX activity [35] .

It has been reported that stimulation of LOX activity under stress conditions reflects higher lipolytic activity in membranes and oxidation of membrane-bound fatty acids by causing propagation of lipid peroxidation.

It has been suggested that NO-activated antioxidative systems protected membrane lipids against peroxidation by interacting with lipid peroxyl radicals or by blocking LOX activity.


Na + content of shoot under NaCl salinity, but application of SA and/or NO donor had no significant effect. In contrast, externally application of SA, SNP and SA + SNP in the same condition enhanced the contents of K + in the root of soybean plants. Moreover, treatment with SA + SNP could increase the contents of Ca 2+ in the root and shoot of soybean plants under 100 mM NaCl. Enhancing effects of 100 µM SA and/or 100 µM SNP in the K + and Ca 2+ uptake reduced the Na + Content and the Na + /K + ratio significantly. Treatment with exogenous SA and NO donor maintained a lower ratio of Na + /K + in NaClstressed plants. The results suggested that NO might confer salt tolerance in G. max by preventing both oxidative membrane damage and translocation of Na + from the root to shoot that coincident with the obtained results by Guo and coworkers [23] . It has been reported that Arabidopsis mutant Atnoa1 with an impaired in vivo NO synthase (NOS) activity and a reduced endogenous NO level was more sensitive to NaCl stress in comparison with wild type. Atnoa1 mutants displayed a greater Na + /K + ratio in shoot than wild type when exposed to NaCl, but SNP treatment attenuated this elevation of Na + /K + ratio [24] . Also, It is reported that NO enhanced salt tolerance in maize seedlings, through increasing K + accumulation in root, leaves and sheathes, while decreased Na + accumulation [25] . Furthermore, treatment with SA could decrease the Na + uptake, while increased the uptake of K + and Ca 2+ in Catha edulis [26] . Ca 2+ is widely accepted as an important second messenger in the intracellular signal transduction from the cell surface to internal compartments of the cell [27] . Ca 2+ alleviates Na + toxicity through different mechanisms, including the control of Na + /K + selective accumulation and others that are now being elucidated [28] . Experiment showed that exogenous application of SA, SNP and SA + SNP increased NaCl-induced reduction in the germination of soybean seeds. It was suggested presowing seed treatment with SA leads to an activation of germination and seedling growth [29] . There is a growing body of evidence that NO plays a role in seed dormancy and germination, but its mechanism of action at the cellular level is unknown yet. NO scavengers have also been used to implicate NO as the effective component when dormancy is broken by a range of N-containing compounds, including NO donors. For example, c-PTIO prevented germination of Arabidopsis seeds that would otherwise be induced by SNP [30] .

The results suggested that NO might confer salt tolerance in G. max by preventing both oxidative membrane damage and translocation of Na + from the root to shoot that coincident with the obtained results by Guo and coworkers.

Atnoa1 mutants displayed a greater Na + /K + ratio in shoot than wild type when exposed to NaCl, but SNP treatment attenuated this elevation of Na + /K + ratio.

Also, It is reported that NO enhanced salt tolerance in maize seedlings, through increasing K + accumulation in root, leaves and sheathes, while decreased Na + accumulation.

Furthermore, treatment with SA could decrease the Na + uptake, while increased the uptake of K + and Ca 2+ in Catha edulis.

Ca 2+ is widely accepted as an important second messenger in the intracellular signal transduction from the cell surface to internal compartments of the cell.

Ca 2+ alleviates Na + toxicity through different mechanisms, including the control of Na + /K + selective accumulation and others that are now being elucidated.

It was suggested presowing seed treatment with SA leads to an activation of germination and seedling growth.

For example, c-PTIO prevented germination of Arabidopsis seeds that would otherwise be induced by SNP.


It is reported that treatment of cowpea genotypes with SA results in the induction of PAL activity and quantitative change in polyphenoloxidase (PPO) isozyme patterns and also increase in the level of endogenous SA [38] . They as well showed the increase in activity of PPO can be attributed to minimize production of ROS. The application of SA, NO donor and the combination SA with SNP in this research could enhance the activity of PPO under salt and non-saline stress. NO-derived induction for phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene was shown in tobacco and soybean [39] . Nitric oxide also affects the expression of numerous plant genes, including those that encode PAL and pathogenesis related 1 (PR1). Because the accumulation of PAL has been detected in tobacco cell suspensions that were treated with a membrane-permeable analogue of cGMP, and taking into account that the induction of PAL in tobacco suspension cells by NO can be suppressed by several inhibitors of guanylate cyclase. Moreover, It is thought the activation of some of NO-dependent defense genes be mediated by cGMP [39] . PAL is known to play a key role in the synthesis of phenolic substances necessary for lignification [40] . It is shown that SA increased the activity of PAL in the roots of wheat seedlings. Therefore, the involvement of SA in the acceleration of lignification of cell walls which in turn might have contributed to an increase in salt resistance of wheat plants was suggested [29] .

It is reported that treatment of cowpea genotypes with SA results in the induction of PAL activity and quantitative change in polyphenoloxidase (PPO) isozyme patterns and also increase in the level of endogenous SA.

NO-derived induction for phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene was shown in tobacco and soybean.

Moreover, It is thought the activation of some of NO-dependent defense genes be mediated by cGMP.

PAL is known to play a key role in the synthesis of phenolic substances necessary for lignification.

Therefore, the involvement of SA in the acceleration of lignification of cell walls which in turn might have contributed to an increase in salt resistance of wheat plants was suggested.


Grasses, especially perennial grasses grown for forage production, are advantageous for bioenergy production because due to their perennial nature, farming practices such as tillage are not required as often as for annual crops [8] . Moreover, they have low water and nutrient requirements, a high rate of carbon fixation, and are consequently effective in biomass production [9] . In addition, perennial grasses have a low lignin/cellulose ratio, convenient for biomass conversion.

Grasses, especially perennial grasses grown for forage production, are advantageous for bioenergy production because due to their perennial nature, farming practices such as tillage are not required as often as for annual crops.

Moreover, they have low water and nutrient requirements, a high rate of carbon fixation, and are consequently effective in biomass production.


When several jobs or projects are put forward, a manufacturing company may logically tend to choose the ones which deliver the highest return. However, selecting the jobs solely according to their revenues does not guarantee the company's profitability. Selected jobs must be scheduled with respect to the limited resources of the firm such that the deadlines are met and the lateness penalties are avoided or minimized. Therefore, the methods that can consider different scheduling combinations of jobs at the time of selection are crucial. Such methods enable the managers to choose the best subset of jobs with the consideration of their due dates and also provide a resolution to investigate two interrelated problems in a single context. Lateness is usually defined as the algebraic difference between the due date and actual completion time of a job, regardless of their mathematical sign. It is either in the form of tardiness, which considers only positive difference (completion after due date), or earliness, which corresponds to negative deviation from completion time (ahead of due date) (Conway et al., 2012) . According to the just-in-time (JIT) philosophy, a product or service should be produced at the time needed and in the quantities required; otherwise a penalty is incurred in proportion to the amount of lateness (Shingo, 1989) . Assigning such penalties prevents extra costs to be imposed to the company by decreasing the amount of inventory of finished products (for earliness) as well as avoiding the loss of goodwill and customer dissatisfaction (for tardiness) (Behnamian & Zandieh, 2013) .

It is either in the form of tardiness, which considers only positive difference (completion after due date), or earliness, which corresponds to negative deviation from completion time (ahead of due date).

According to the just-in-time (JIT) philosophy, a product or service should be produced at the time needed and in the quantities required; otherwise a penalty is incurred in proportion to the amount of lateness.

Assigning such penalties prevents extra costs to be imposed to the company by decreasing the amount of inventory of finished products (for earliness) as well as avoiding the loss of goodwill and customer dissatisfaction (for tardiness).


Similarly, an excess in gamma-ray emission toward the center of our Galaxy has been reported by several analyses [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . The spectrum and spatial distribution of this Galactic center excess (GCE) is consistent with a signal expected from DM annihilation, and consistent with the excess observed in antiprotons. The second goal which we will pursue in this work is to quantify more precisely the above statement, performing joint fits of the antiproton and gamma-ray signals for various individual DM annihilation channels. In performing this comparison we will also use the most recent results of gamma-ray observations from dwarf satellite galaxies of the Milky Way, which are a known sensitive probe of DM annihilation.

Similarly, an excess in gamma-ray emission toward the center of our Galaxy has been reported by several analyses.


Since late 1970s, a Right-Turn-On-Red (RTOR) policy was adopted by the United States to permit right-turn movements in the condition that the driver had stopped and there was no specific prohibition by any traffic sign [12] . However, the RTOR policy could increase the frequency of right-turning crashes, especially the ones involving ped/bike [12] . There are several methods to restrict the use of RTOR in order to promote safety, e.g. placing traffic signs prohibiting RTOR during specified hours and when pedestrians are present [13] .

Since late 1970s, a Right-Turn-On-Red (RTOR) policy was adopted by the United States to permit right-turn movements in the condition that the driver had stopped and there was no specific prohibition by any traffic sign.

However, the RTOR policy could increase the frequency of right-turning crashes, especially the ones involving ped/bike.

There are several methods to restrict the use of RTOR in order to promote safety, e.g. placing traffic signs prohibiting RTOR during specified hours and when pedestrians are present.


In the past few decades, nanoparticulated drug delivery systems have remarkably ameliorated the efficacy of conventional therapies, by increasing the solubility and decreasing the drug associated systemic toxicities (Maeda et al., 2000) . Selective targeting and preferential accumulation of the drug at the tumor site can be achieved with nanoparticles existing within a diameter range of 20-200 nm, via greater permeability and retention (Egusquiaguirre et al., 2012) . PLGA is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that is hydrolytically degraded into nontoxic oligomer and monomer, lactic acid, and glycolic acid (Vega et al., 2008) . The higher surface area to volume ratio of PLGA NPs provides an amended pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profile of the therapeutic agents and thus reduces toxicity due to their specific aggregation at the target site (Noori Koopaei et al., 2014) . They also improve the solubility of hydrophobic compounds. Therefore, we expect that PLGA-NPs drug delivery system can improve poor oral bioavailability of LND along with sustained release to achieve intended therapeutic effect on level with the marketed products, while keeping its anti-neoplastic activity constant. The ultimate goal of this delivery system is to ensure the applicability to a wider population of cancer patients.

In the past few decades, nanoparticulated drug delivery systems have remarkably ameliorated the efficacy of conventional therapies, by increasing the solubility and decreasing the drug associated systemic toxicities.

Selective targeting and preferential accumulation of the drug at the tumor site can be achieved with nanoparticles existing within a diameter range of 20-200 nm, via greater permeability and retention.

PLGA is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that is hydrolytically degraded into nontoxic oligomer and monomer, lactic acid, and glycolic acid.

The higher surface area to volume ratio of PLGA NPs provides an amended pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profile of the therapeutic agents and thus reduces toxicity due to their specific aggregation at the target site.


The fungal genus Trichoderma (teleomorph Hypocrea, Ascomycota, Dikarya) contains some of the most potent biocontrol agents used today [13, 14] . In addition, it has been shown that several of its taxa occur as endophytes particularly in the tropical arboreous plants, and that the strains often exhibit high antagonistic activity against pathogens of these plants [15] [16] [17] [18] . However, the importance of Trichoderma or other endophytic fungi as a part of endogenous microbial diversity and their application in the biological control of tracheomycosis on the coffee plants has not been investigated yet.

The fungal genus Trichoderma (teleomorph Hypocrea, Ascomycota, Dikarya) contains some of the most potent biocontrol agents used today.

In addition, it has been shown that several of its taxa occur as endophytes particularly in the tropical arboreous plants, and that the strains often exhibit high antagonistic activity against pathogens of these plants.


Coffea arabica is considered a native plant in Ethiopia and coffee beans are the country's largest export commodity [9, 10] . One of the biggest threats to coffee growers world-wide are emerging fungal wilt diseases, in particular tracheomycosis caused by Gibberella xylarioides (anamorph Fusarium xylarioides) [11] . In Ethiopia incidences of tracheomycosis are reported to concern 60% of total crops, and are accompanied by significant yield losses due to severe damage and ultimate death of millions of coffee bushes [12] . Integrated Disease Management programs would be of a great potential to combat Fusarium pests in Ethiopia.

Coffea arabica is considered a native plant in Ethiopia and coffee beans are the country's largest export commodity.

One of the biggest threats to coffee growers world-wide are emerging fungal wilt diseases, in particular tracheomycosis caused by Gibberella xylarioides (anamorph Fusarium xylarioides).

In Ethiopia incidences of tracheomycosis are reported to concern 60% of total crops, and are accompanied by significant yield losses due to severe damage and ultimate death of millions of coffee bushes.


Nowadays, DC microgrid is demonstrating the advantages over AC microgrid [28] . The higher system efficiency, higher system stability, and lower system cost make DC microgrid become an increasingly popular solution for small-scale power systems. Theoretically, the proposed ILADRC algorithm in this paper also has the potential to be adopted into DC microgrid. Moreover, because of the interaction between frequency regulation and voltage regulation, it is meaningful to take consideration of this situation in the future work.

Nowadays, DC microgrid is demonstrating the advantages over AC microgrid.


Use of plant fibres in composites can help overcome some of these difficulties. They can be produced from a renewable and almost carbon neutral feedstock, the energy consumption for their production is moderate and their disposal causes fewer environmental issues, since the fibre are biodegradable or when incinerated they can produce energy [2] . However, the use of natural fibres (NF) for composite production has not yet been optimized to achieve the highest mechanical properties and to identify the best applications.

They can be produced from a renewable and almost carbon neutral feedstock, the energy consumption for their production is moderate and their disposal causes fewer environmental issues, since the fibre are biodegradable or when incinerated they can produce energy.


This inversion in the presence of noise is known to be a very difficult problem. In fact, the restoration of information that is severely suppressed by this blurring is known to be an ill-posed problem (Tikhonov & Arsenin, 1977) . Therefore, a priori knowledge about the noise and object will regularize the restoration.

In fact, the restoration of information that is severely suppressed by this blurring is known to be an ill-posed problem.


The analysis of the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of tissue, cells and cellular constituents plays a major role in biomedical research. Three-dimensional images, often acquired with confocal fluorescence microscopes, are vital to this analysis. However, the imaging properties of a confocal microscope give rise to a blurring phenomenon similar to the one in a conventional microscope, but with a reduced range (van Resandt et al., 1985) . The resulting distortions hamper subsequent quantitative analysis. Therefore, operations that invert the distortions of the microscope improve this analysis.

However, the imaging properties of a confocal microscope give rise to a blurring phenomenon similar to the one in a conventional microscope, but with a reduced range.


The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial has conclusively shown that effective control of blood glucose levels delays the onset and slows the progression of diabetes complications [1] . The day-to-day management of diabetes is carried out almost exclusively by the patient and can often be complex and emotionally challenging. To enable patients to be effective self-managers of their diabetes, they need to be provided with the information and support necessary to make informed decisions [2] . Internet-based interventions to aid self-management have the potential to assist patients by offering access to these resources from their own homes, schools, or workplaces and at times when they are most in need of them.

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial has conclusively shown that effective control of blood glucose levels delays the onset and slows the progression of diabetes complications.

To enable patients to be effective self-managers of their diabetes, they need to be provided with the information and support necessary to make informed decisions.


Our results compare well with other reported results of the effect of plant extracts for inhibition of tyrosinase activity. It has been reported that Glycyrrhiza glabra, Morus alba and Gastrodia ellata (80% ethanol extract) showed 65%, 68% and 85% tyrosinase inhibition at the concentration of 333 μg/ml respectively (Lee et al., 1997) . Entada africana [10% propylene glycol/deionized water (%, 50/50)], Portulaca pilosa [10% propylene glycol/deionized water (%, 50/50)], Prosopis africana [10% propylene glycol/deionized water (%, 50/50)] and Cariniana brasiliensis [10% propylene glycol/deionized water (%, 50/50)] exhibited 94%, 93%, 91% and 90% inhibition of tyrosinase activity respectively in vitro (Baurin et al., 2002) .

It has been reported that Glycyrrhiza glabra, Morus alba and Gastrodia ellata (80% ethanol extract) showed 65%, 68% and 85% tyrosinase inhibition at the concentration of 333 μg/ml respectively.

Entada africana [10% propylene glycol/deionized water (%, 50/50)], Portulaca pilosa [10% propylene glycol/deionized water (%, 50/50)], Prosopis africana [10% propylene glycol/deionized water (%, 50/50)] and Cariniana brasiliensis [10% propylene glycol/deionized water (%, 50/50)] exhibited 94%, 93%, 91% and 90% inhibition of tyrosinase activity respectively in vitro.


We assume a single cavity mode with photon energy ω γ = 0.55 meV. The applied perpendicular magnetic field is B = 10 −5 T to lift the spin degeneracy. The value of the magnetic field is out of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) regime because the area of the ring structure is A = πa 2 ≈ 2 × 10 4 nm 2 leading to a magnetic field B 0 = φ 0 /A ≈ 0.2 T corresponding to one flux quantum φ 0 = hc/e [25] . The applied magnetic field is B = 10 −5 T is much smaller than B 0 , orders of magnitudes outside the AB regime.

The value of the magnetic field is out of the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) regime because the area of the ring structure is A = πa 2 ≈ 2 × 10 4 nm 2 leading to a magnetic field B 0 = φ 0 /A ≈ 0.2 T corresponding to one flux quantum φ 0 = hc/e.


On the other hand, it has been shown that the spin polarization induced by an electric field in a two-dimensional electron gas with a Rashba spin-orbit interaction influences the thermal transport [16] . This phenomenon has been investigated in various systems exhibiting Rashba spin-orbit interaction [17, 18] . In this system, the temperature gradient is utilized as a possibility to generate spin-dependent thermoelectric and heat currents, in an analogy to the generation of a charge current in conventional thermoelectrics.

On the other hand, it has been shown that the spin polarization induced by an electric field in a two-dimensional electron gas with a Rashba spin-orbit interaction influences the thermal transport.

This phenomenon has been investigated in various systems exhibiting Rashba spin-orbit interaction.


One of the possibilities for explaining the late time acceleration of the Universe, if not due to a cosmological constant, is having modifications of gravity [11] . If GR is modified on cosmological scales then some form of screening mechanism is needed to hide the modifications -1 -in the Solar System. The existence of a screening mechanism together with the requirement of satisfying the stringent constraints from local tests of gravity, often implies that the most interesting signatures are to be found in the non-linear regime of structure formation. This requires numerical (usually N-body) simulations in order to compute theoretical predictions which can then be compared with data and used to place constraints on modified gravity models.

One of the possibilities for explaining the late time acceleration of the Universe, if not due to a cosmological constant, is having modifications of gravity.


The fact that a brane/anti-brane annihilation interpretation enters in this scenario already within a supersymmetric setting may eventually be related to previous attempts of brane/anti-brane inflation including post-inflationary effects like the generation of topological defects such as cosmic strings at the end of inflation [25] [26] [27] [28] . However, this web of quiver gauge theories may also give rise to new inflationary scenarios. The fact that the full structure of the flat directions is not properly captured by an EFT description may open the possibility of a truly stringy scenario for inflation.

The fact that a brane/anti-brane annihilation interpretation enters in this scenario already within a supersymmetric setting may eventually be related to previous attempts of brane/anti-brane inflation including post-inflationary effects like the generation of topological defects such as cosmic strings at the end of inflation.


The classical examples of the first type are the wave patterns develop in the initially well mixed solution of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction in a petri dish [1] . These phenomena form in such a simple setup, because the BZ reaction belongs to a special class of the oscillatory reactions, which can produce transient dynamical phenomena (e.g., oscillations, waves) under batch conditions. The species which play important roles in the dynamics of this type of reactions are intermediates and not initial reagents. Thus, the initial reagents, which are consumed relatively slowly, act as homogeneous sources of the dynamical species. The situation is quite different in those reactions where the initial reagents are directly involved in the main dynamical processes. In this case, to prepare a starting homogeneous mixture, the reaction must have an induction period that is longer than the time scale of the mixing. Well-known examples of these systems are the autocatalytic reactions, e.g., the chlorite-tetrathionate (CT) reaction, which can produce planar and cellular fronts after mixing the initial reactants [2] .

The classical examples of the first type are the wave patterns develop in the initially well mixed solution of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction in a petri dish.

Well-known examples of these systems are the autocatalytic reactions, e.g., the chlorite-tetrathionate (CT) reaction, which can produce planar and cellular fronts after mixing the initial reactants.


In this work, we initiate a front by putting two gels, containing the main reactants of the pH-oscillators, in contact. The reaction starts at the interface between these gels. As the reactants diffuse toward each other, they can react and form an autocatalytic front, and even spatio-temporal oscillations under appropriate conditions. We first give a numerical exploration using a mathematical model based on the Rábai model of the pH-oscillators [11] . Experimental observations are also presented and compared with the theoretical results.

We first give a numerical exploration using a mathematical model based on the Rábai model of the pH-oscillators.


This result is in a good agreement with the fact that B is an inhibitor of the autocatalytic process and consistent with the substrate inhibition mechanism suggested by Rábai [11] . The direction of propagation of b(3) is determined by the presence of the two opposite tendencies of b(1) and b(2). In the next step, we investigate the phenomena in the presence of Y. Fig. 4 shows the time-space plot of this case: the main acidic band in the middle is quite narrow compared to the previous situation, and a new phenomenon, a narrow acidic arch appears in the OX part. The width of the main band remains almost constant, as it can be seen by comparing Figs. 4b and 4c. The whole band propagates slowly along coordinate x according to the gradients of [C] and [Ox], which is similar to what we presented above for front b. The maximum pH of the main band is around pH 5 and the dominant H ? producing reaction is (R4). In contrast, at the region of the acidic arch the pH is around pH 7, and the overall reaction rate of the autocatalytic process is slower.

This result is in a good agreement with the fact that B is an inhibitor of the autocatalytic process and consistent with the substrate inhibition mechanism suggested by Rábai.


The dynamics of the systems which are imposed by gradients are essentially different from the ones which start from a homogeneous state. The presence of gradients in the concentrations of the initial reactants broadens the range of the chemical reactions, which can be used to study non-trivial reaction-diffusion patterns. Simple precipitation reactions with initially separated reagents are ready to form Liesegang patterns or chemical gardens, the two well-known examples of chemical self-organization [3, 4] . Here, the reactions, which might have relatively simple kinetics with a short time-scale, are coupled to the counter-diffusion of the initial reagents and to heterogeneous processes.

Simple precipitation reactions with initially separated reagents are ready to form Liesegang patterns or chemical gardens, the two well-known examples of chemical self-organization.


In most broad classifications, food with a high energy density is considered to be of "high quality", implying that it readily provides sufficient energy to its predator. The chemical energy ingested via food is defined as a consumer's gross energy intake (GEI) and is derived from the breakdown of its individual components. For fish, this is a product of their lipid and protein content. It has been estimated that 1 g of crude lipid contains 37.7 kJ of energy, whereas 1 g of protein provides 17.8 kJ (Blaxter 1989) . However, the net energy gain (NE%), i.e., the biologically useful energy available to the consumer after food has been broken down and assimilated, is different. While NE% is roughly proportional to GEI, it is affected by various factors such as composition Fig. 3 . Changes in heat increment of feeding (HIF%) of the eight experimental diets consumed by six captive female northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus). Diets are arranged accordingly from low to high lipid content (%) in the experimental diets, as denoted above the diet labels. Each box represents one diet trial for the fur seals, with the exception of the herring and squid diet which was only consumed by four of the animals. Letters above individual boxes indicate significant differences between diets.

It has been estimated that 1 g of crude lipid contains 37.7 kJ of energy, whereas 1 g of protein provides 17.8 kJ.


In conclusion, though no violation of Lorentz symmetry has been observed so far, an incredible number of opportunities still exists for additional investigations. There remains a large area of unexplored coefficients space that can be explored by improved measurements or by new projects aiming at searching for breaking of Lorentz symmetry. In addition, the increasing number of parameters fitted (by including the gravity-matter coupling coefficients simultaneously with the pure gravity coefficients in the analyses) will deter the marginalized estimates of each coefficient. This verdict emphasizes the need to increase the types of measurements that can be combined together to explore the vast parameters space as efficiently as possible. The current theoretical questions related to the quest for a unifying theory or for a quantum theory of gravitation suggests that Lorentz symmetry will play an important role in the search for new physics. Hopefully, future searches for Lorentz symmetry breaking will help theoreticians to unveil some of the mysteries about Planck-scale physics [22] .

Hopefully, future searches for Lorentz symmetry breaking will help theoreticians to unveil some of the mysteries about Planck-scale physics.


Diabetic nephropathy and albuminuria in the ZDF rat. Diabetic nephropathy is expected to remain the leading cause of end stage renal failure in the Western world, despite the recent therapeutic advances brought about by the angiotensin receptor blockers. Albuminuria is an early and easily measurable biomarker of nephropathy [14] . The extent of albuminuria correlates with the risk of future cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke) and predicts the incidence of end stage renal failure even before retention parameters such as creatinine are increased in the serum [2, 15] . For these reasons, we used urinary albumin excretion as a validated marker of nephropathy in this study. In the ZDF (Gmi-fa/fa) rat, the development of nephropathy is characterized by progressive albuminuria and histopathological changes resembling human diabetic nephropathy [13, 16] . Interestingly, there seems to be a transient period of glomerular hyperfiltration (measured as an increased creatinine clearance at age 27-weeks ) in the ZDF rat, which is very similar to the natural time course of diabetic nephropathy in humans. However, serum creatinine levels are not increased until age 37 weeks [13] . Thus, the ZDF rat model reflects a relatively early clinical stage of diabetic nephropathy.

Albuminuria is an early and easily measurable biomarker of nephropathy.

The extent of albuminuria correlates with the risk of future cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke) and predicts the incidence of end stage renal failure even before retention parameters such as creatinine are increased in the serum.

In the ZDF (Gmi-fa/fa) rat, the development of nephropathy is characterized by progressive albuminuria and histopathological changes resembling human diabetic nephropathy.

However, serum creatinine levels are not increased until age 37 weeks.


This is an effective theory that captures the physics of superconductivity: the scalar has already undergone Bose-Einstein condensation, as evidenced by the massive photon. The scalar field φ should be thought of as the modulus of the original complex scalar field, while its phase has been integrated out. This model allows for several interesting features, depending on the IR behaviour of the action couplings V (φ), Z(φ) and W (φ). First, the IR geometries now include semi-local fixed points with z → ∞, even in the presence of a condensate. Second, these superfluid semi-local geometries can come with either charge in the bulk exclusively, or with both charge behind the horizon and in the bulk [16] . Here we will focus on the former case.

Second, these superfluid semi-local geometries can come with either charge in the bulk exclusively, or with both charge behind the horizon and in the bulk.

Here we will focus on the former case.


In our earlier work, we prototyped a user-level caching system by incorporating the MPI communicator concept to enable cooperative caching among MPI processes that open a shared file collectively [13] . By moving the caching layer closer to user applications, we believe that high-level application I/O patterns can be utilized for better coherence control. In particular, knowing the group of clients that will later access a shared file can help track incoherent cache status effectively. We use an I/O thread in each application process to handle local file caching and remote cache page access. All I/O threads cooperate with each other for cache coherence control. One immediate benefit of this design is that the file system can pass consistency control responsibilities to the caching system.

In our earlier work, we prototyped a user-level caching system by incorporating the MPI communicator concept to enable cooperative caching among MPI processes that open a shared file collectively.


Corrosion inhibitors have been used successfully in steel pipelines, tanks, etc., for many decades. Their use as admixtures to concrete, however, is more recent and more limited. This reluctance is due to the fact that they could not be changed if found to be ineffective, replenished if found to be consumed, or removed if found to have deleterious effects [6] . The flexibility of corrosion inhibitors with regard to dosage and their compatibility with all aspects of construction and operation of structures makes them useful for protection against corrosion. Any inhibitor should have good solubility characteristics and rapidly saturate the corroding surface. Also the physical and durability properties of concrete should not be adversely affected [7] .

This reluctance is due to the fact that they could not be changed if found to be ineffective, replenished if found to be consumed, or removed if found to have deleterious effects.

Also the physical and durability properties of concrete should not be adversely affected.