The inconsistent functions of PAX5 possibly resulted from its isoforms that are expressed differently in various types of cells [7] . PAX5 gene is located on chromosome 9p13, that is associated frequently with chromosomal translocations and contains two distinct promoters resulting in two alternative 5 0 exons (a and b) that are spliced to common coding sequences of exons 2-10 [12] . Previous reports have contributed to the functional characterization of PAX5 at the molecular and cellular level, however few have discriminated between a and b isoforms individually. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the possible role of PAX5a and PAX5b isomers in the pathogenesis of breast cancer by correlating their expressions to their downstream effectors as p53, MMP2, a tumor marker as CA15-3, and to the different clinicopathological factors in breast cancer patients.

The inconsistent functions of PAX5 possibly resulted from its isoforms that are expressed differently in various types of cells.

PAX5 gene is located on chromosome 9p13, that is associated frequently with chromosomal translocations and contains two distinct promoters resulting in two alternative 5 0 exons (a and b) that are spliced to common coding sequences of exons 2-10.


The current versus time relationship as well as the repeatability curve of ZnO nanorod-based sensor are shown in Figure 6 . When the UV light is on, the resistance of the device sharply decreases. This may be ascribed to the surface oxygen adsorption of ZnO NWs and the electron-hole pairs generated by UV light in NWs [61] . The repeatability of the device was tested by switching UV light on and off at the same time intervals. A good reproducibility is noted and approximately identical current rise and decay was observed over 3 cycles. This indicated that UV sensing mechanism involves some reversible interactions among ZnO nanorods, ambient gases, and UV light [61] .

This may be ascribed to the surface oxygen adsorption of ZnO NWs and the electron-hole pairs generated by UV light in NWs.

This indicated that UV sensing mechanism involves some reversible interactions among ZnO nanorods, ambient gases, and UV light.


The photoluminescence spectrum of ZnO nanorods at room temperature is shown in Figure 3 . The photoluminescence spectra demonstrated a strong UV emission at 381.97 nm and a weak visible emission at 565.94 nm. This UV band was due to the recombination of free excitons through an exciton-exciton collision process. It is suggested that deep level emissions are associated with the singly ionized oxygen vacancy in ZnO and results from the recombination of a photogenerated hole with the singly ionized charge state of this defect [39] . Usually, the visible emission from ZnO is attributed to different defects such as oxygen vacancies ( O ), zinc vacancies ( Zn ), or a complex defect involving interstitial zinc (Zn ) and interstitial oxygen (O ) [40] . The low intensity of the visible emission as compared to the near band edge (UV) emission in nanorods was an indication of minimum defect in ZnO nanorods.

It is suggested that deep level emissions are associated with the singly ionized oxygen vacancy in ZnO and results from the recombination of a photogenerated hole with the singly ionized charge state of this defect.

Usually, the visible emission from ZnO is attributed to different defects such as oxygen vacancies ( O ), zinc vacancies ( Zn ), or a complex defect involving interstitial zinc (Zn ) and interstitial oxygen (O ).


In order to maintain structures safety and service, the application of controllers has been an important option for skyscrapers and important structure all over the world. Controlling systems are designed to protect buildings; bridges; and industrial plants from severe vibrations in seismically active regions [1] . There are different controlling systems, also known as earthquake protective systems, such as simple passive devices and fully active and hybrid systems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

Controlling systems are designed to protect buildings; bridges; and industrial plants from severe vibrations in seismically active regions.

There are different controlling systems, also known as earthquake protective systems, such as simple passive devices and fully active and hybrid systems.


All slides from the surgical specimens were sent to one of the authors (M.T.) for central pathology review (CPR). Histopathological diagnoses were based on the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours (Tavassoli and Devilee 2003) . Borderline histology was defined as a tumor exhibiting an epithelial proliferation of mucinoustype cells greater than that seen in their benign counterparts but without destructive stromal invasion (Fig. 1) . In this study, the origin of PMP was diagnosed as appendiceal if there was concomitant appendiceal tumor with the same histology or if the tumor cells were tall.

Histopathological diagnoses were based on the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours.


Changes in biogenic emissions are also expected to play a key role in determining future air quality. Climate influences biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions primarily by temperature and solar radiation, and to a lesser extent precipitation patterns and soil moisture distributions. Consequently, changes in climate may have a profound impact on regional BVOC emissions. In addition, BVOC emissions may also be influenced through human forces such as urbanization and land management practices, as well as naturally through climate driven changes in regional vegetative patterns (Constable et al., 1999; Wiedinmyer et al., 2006; Heald et al., 2008) . Changes in atmospheric chemical composition, including carbon dioxide and ozone, can also modify biogenic VOC emissions .

In addition, BVOC emissions may also be influenced through human forces such as urbanization and land management practices, as well as naturally through climate driven changes in regional vegetative patterns.


The CFLP lists as its second goal the development of teacher leadership. Recently sites are beginning to give participants additional leadership training by encouraging them to present at conferences, to become more involved in site decisionmaking, and to mentor less-experienced participants. These participants are thus better prepared to positively influence the course of foreign language education at their respective schools, reflecting previous research on the positive aspects of teacher networks (Firestone & Pennell, 1997; Lieberman & McLaughlin, 1992) .

These participants are thus better prepared to positively influence the course of foreign language education at their respective schools, reflecting previous research on the positive aspects of teacher networks.


With the availability of the World Wide Web, both campus and distance-based educators in disciplines like biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering, which traditionally have a strong laboratory component, have been exploring the integration of experiments into their face-to-face and online courses. In many instances, the online laboratory components are simulated and offer the "so-called" virtual laboratory experience (Kennepohl, 2001) . A few groups, however, have directed their efforts towards allowing students remote access to real experiments. For example, an optical experiment at Stanford University in the United States is described under the Cyberlab project (Hesselink, Rizal, and Bjornson, 2000) . There is also the PEARL project (Practical Experimentation by Accessible Remote Learning) which is a consortium of European Union (EU) institutions developing remote experiments in spectrometry, cell biology, manufacturing engineering, and electronic engineering (Cooper, et al., 2000) . Another EU consortium called Network for Education -Chemistry uses mostly interactive simulations, but is also exploring online remote process control by way of a residence time distribution experiment (Zurn, Paasch, Thiele, and Salzer, 2003) . Our own research has primarily focused on controlling sophisticated analytical instruments in chemistry (Baran, Currie, and Kennepohl, 2004) .

In many instances, the online laboratory components are simulated and offer the "so-called" virtual laboratory experience.

For example, an optical experiment at Stanford University in the United States is described under the Cyberlab project.

There is also the PEARL project (Practical Experimentation by Accessible Remote Learning) which is a consortium of European Union (EU) institutions developing remote experiments in spectrometry, cell biology, manufacturing engineering, and electronic engineering.

Another EU consortium called Network for Education -Chemistry uses mostly interactive simulations, but is also exploring online remote process control by way of a residence time distribution experiment.

Our own research has primarily focused on controlling sophisticated analytical instruments in chemistry.


The food sector is a challenging domain from a supply chain management perspective. It needs advanced control systems that can deal with perishable products, unpredictable supply variations and stringent food safety and sustainability requirements. Virtualization is a promising approach to meet these challenges. It allows for simulation and optimization of food processes using software systems instead of conducting physical experiments (Singh and Erdogdu, 2004) . With current Internet technologies virtualization can also be used dynamically in the operational management of food supply chains (Saguy et al., 2013; Porter and Heppelmann, 2014; Verdouw et al., 2015) . Consequently, food supply chains can be monitored, controlled, planned and optimized remotely and in real-time via the Internet based on virtual objects instead of observation on site.

It allows for simulation and optimization of food processes using software systems instead of conducting physical experiments.

With current Internet technologies virtualization can also be used dynamically in the operational management of food supply chains.


Thirdly, an information system architecture for the defined requirements was developed. This was done iteratively and interactively in an agile methodology by a development team of end users, business architects and technical developers. The architecture of FIspace was used as a basis for this design. FIspace is a cloud-based platform for business collaboration, which is based on a common set of internet technology enablers, i.e. FIWARE generic enablers (Verdouw et al., 2014) . FIspace was selected because it was primary developed for highly dynamic and heterogeneous networks such as food supply chains and because virtualization is well embedded in its architecture especially through enablers for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Complex Event Processing.

FIspace is a cloud-based platform for business collaboration, which is based on a common set of internet technology enablers, i.e. FIWARE generic enablers.


Virtual supply chains build on food traceability systems that provide the information to track the location of certain items and trace its history (Thakur et al., 2011; Storøy et al., 2013; Kassahun et al., 2014) . Sensor technologies are utilized to record state information over the lifecycle of the objects of interest. This may include the monitoring of temperature, microbiological information and other food quality parameters (Abad et al., 2009; Heising et al., 2013; Jedermann et al., 2014) . The representation of these data in virtual objects allows for advanced capabilities that go beyond tracking and tracing, such as food quality deviation management, (re)planning and optimization functionalities (Verdouw et al., 2015) . As such, virtualization adds (computer) intelligence to the chain, for example: early warning in case of food incidents, rescheduling in case of unexpected food quality deviations and simulation of product quality based on ambient conditions (resulting in e.g. dynamic best-before dates).

Virtual supply chains build on food traceability systems that provide the information to track the location of certain items and trace its history.

This may include the monitoring of temperature, microbiological information and other food quality parameters.

The representation of these data in virtual objects allows for advanced capabilities that go beyond tracking and tracing, such as food quality deviation management, (re)planning and optimization functionalities.


While several mechanisms of action for therapeutic hypothermia have been proposed, the effect of hypothermia on complement activation is unknown. Whether improved outcomes in IRI could be due, in part, to hypothermia inhibiting or attenuating complement activation has not yet been explored. Such a mechanism is plausible given that complement activation is enzymatic and slows down dramatically at very low temperatures of 0 -4°C [21, 22] . However, whether the temperatures of clinical hypothermia, 31 -33°C, would inhibit complement activation remains untested. The increasing use of therapeutic hypothermia in the treatment of IRI diseases makes understanding the contribution of the complement system critical. These experiments elucidate how therapeutic hypothermia temperatures modulate antibody-initiated complement activation.

Such a mechanism is plausible given that complement activation is enzymatic and slows down dramatically at very low temperatures of 0 -4°C.


We have considered the IIA and IIB matrix string theories derived from the M(atrix) theory via toroidal compactification. We have summarized that string interactions emerge as the Yang-Mills instantons and have shown that in the IIB matrix string theory the chiral spinors are correctly reproduced. As a preparation for computation of the matrix string partition functions, we have calculated the partition function of four-dimensional SYM theory on T 4 , by mapping the theory to a cohomological field theory. Here, considering the mass perturbation (32) has made the calculation easier. We have shown the invariance of the partition function under the mass perturbation in a different fashion from the argument by Vafa and Witten [23] .

We have shown the invariance of the partition function under the mass perturbation in a different fashion from the argument by Vafa and Witten.


Survey based research offers several advantages to the research design including economy of design and rapid turnaround in data collection (Creswell, 2002) . This approach allows a quick assessment of participants' perceptions of the topic in a very short time frame. Survey approaches to research aim to provide quantitative description of attitudes or opinions of a sample population to the presented variable(s) by measuring the impact of a treatment (Creswell, 2002) . In this case, the treatment was exposure to an ongoing professional development model for early childhood literacy and the survey was presented to the participants using a pre-/post-survey design.

Survey based research offers several advantages to the research design including economy of design and rapid turnaround in data collection.

Survey approaches to research aim to provide quantitative description of attitudes or opinions of a sample population to the presented variable(s) by measuring the impact of a treatment.


The professional development model that is the focus of this study is only available in one state. While the model may be easily replicated, the fact of its specific geographical context may be considered a limitation. Finally, the professional development model described here only includes 30 hours whereas some research in the field recommends a minimum of 49 hours for true impact on the learner (Yoon et al., 2007; Sawchuk, 2010) .

Finally, the professional development model described here only includes 30 hours whereas some research in the field recommends a minimum of 49 hours for true impact on the learner.


This study used a quantitative research paradigm in seeking to understand the alignment of an existent early childhood literacy professional development model with the new Common Core standards. Specifically this examined the perceptions of participants as to their ability to prepare learners to meet the new Common Core literacy standards based on the professional development they had received. Participants were given a survey prior to and after taking part in the professional development using a pre and post format. This allowed the researchers to examine the impact of the professional development model on the participants' sense of preparedness in guiding young learners to meet the demands of the new standards. The goal of the research model was to inform the profession of the alignment of one professional development model with the new standards thus creating a model that could be generalized and replicated (Creswell, 2002) .

The goal of the research model was to inform the profession of the alignment of one professional development model with the new standards thus creating a model that could be generalized and replicated.


Let us consider the effect of deformation conditions from cold to hot working on the grain boundary assemblies evolved after sufficiently large strains, i.e., under conditions of apparent steady state deformation. The change in the fraction of ordinary high-angle boundaries (FHAB) in Figure 9 clearly correlates with the change in subgrain/grain size ratio (d/D) in Figures 7 and 8 . The hot deformation conditions selected in the present study correspond to the range of discontinuous DRX. Therefore, the fraction of ordinary grain boundaries in discontinuous DRX microstructures Nevertheless, all data points in Figure 9 locate quite near the position predicted by Equation (1), suggesting that the fraction of Σ3 n CSL boundaries can be expressed by a unique function of the grain size change irrespective of the grain coarsening mechanisms. Some data points to the right of the curve (s. insert in Figure 9 ) were obtained under conditions of Z > 10 11 s −1 , when the contribution of discontinuous DRX to the new grain development becomes small, i.e., new grains develop without remarkable grain growth [11] .

Some data points to the right of the curve (s. insert in Figure 9 ) were obtained under conditions of Z > 10 11 s −1 , when the contribution of discontinuous DRX to the new grain development becomes small, i.e., new grains develop without remarkable grain growth.


Let us consider the effect of deformation conditions from cold to hot working on the grain boundary assemblies evolved after sufficiently large strains, i.e., under conditions of apparent steady state deformation. The change in the fraction of ordinary high-angle boundaries (F HAB ) in Figure 9 clearly correlates with the change in subgrain/grain size ratio (d/D) in Figures 7 and 8 . The hot deformation conditions selected in the present study correspond to the range of discontinuous DRX. Therefore, the fraction of ordinary grain boundaries in discontinuous DRX microstructures decreases with a decrease in Z (increase in temperature and/or decrease in strain rate). In a previous paper, a three-stage relationship between flow stress and dynamic grain size has been suggested for a wide temperature interval [31, 32] . Three power law functions with different grain size exponents of about −0.7, −0.3, and −1.0 have been reported for discontinuous DRX during hot working, continuous DRX during warm working, and grain refinement during cold working. On the other hand, the subgrain size can be related to the flow stress with a size exponent of −1.0 in the whole temperature range. Such dependences suggest a three-stage variation of boundary characteristics on the processing conditions, as schematically shown in Figure 10 .

In a previous paper, a three-stage relationship between flow stress and dynamic grain size has been suggested for a wide temperature interval.


Due to the non-linear effect of wf3, we could not use linear regression models or the bootstrapped f 2 statistic to analyse the data. Instead we applied a general additive model (GAM) to fit non-linear splines (Wood, 2006) . A visual check of the confidence intervals around the spline shown in Figure 1 imply a strong effect of n-gram frequency and weak effects of the third word frequency wf3 and the split-gram frequency bf3. In particular, the effect of final word frequency appears to be strongest for the middle of the frequency range, with less confidence for the highest and lowest frequency words. Even the non-linear effect of wf3 is in the positive direction until it reaches the higher frequency words, where the model's confidence intervals become very wide. To confirm that there was no danger of misinterpretation to due to intercorrelated predictors, we check for multi-collinearity. In all the analyses above the amount of multi-collinearity between the predictors was reasonable (in all models, κ <8).

Instead we applied a general additive model (GAM) to fit non-linear splines.


The current study indicated that a household with smaller family sizes tends to be food secure as compared to households with larger family sizes. Other things being constant, household food insecurity increases nearly by 2.4 times as family sizes reach ≥4 compared to households with ≤3 members. That was comparable with findings from Addis Ababa and Shashemene [23, 33] . Moreover, similar studies done in Malawi and Oromia regional state had also allied findings [34, 35] . At the time of increment in family size, the level of production must increase, but while household size increases, the age of household head also increases logically. So, increasing production rate which is principally by cultivation still in the study area becomes exigent.

That was comparable with findings from Addis Ababa and Shashemene.

Moreover, similar studies done in Malawi and Oromia regional state had also allied findings.


Turbulence subject to a strong external magnetic field tends to become two-dimensional, the velocity field becoming weakly dependent on the coordinate along the applied magnetic field (hereafter denoted as the vertical axis by convention). Indeed, any flow that depends on the vertical coordinate shears the applied field and induces electrical currents. For low magnetic Reynolds number, such currents are rapidly damped through Ohmic dissipation and the flow structures that depend on the vertical are more damped than vertically-invariant eddies. This intuitive argument can be made more precise in the asymptotic limit of vanishing magnetic Reynolds number Rm, the so-called quasi-static approximation. In this limit the applied field simply appears as an additional Ohmic damping term in the Navier-Stokes equation (Sommeria & Moreau 1982; Knaepen & Moreau 2008) . This term is dominant for large B 0 , and it depends on the second vertical derivative of the velocity: for infinite B 0 the bulk velocity field must be independent of the vertical.

In this limit the applied field simply appears as an additional Ohmic damping term in the Navier-Stokes equation.


Assuming these promising results, the water-based surface treatments were proposed as a convenient method for the sizing treatment of the high modulus pitch-based carbon fibres. Indeed, sizing process was considered as the simplest procedure to modify the carbon fibre surface [44] [45] [46] . The use of these modified carbon fibres was expected to improve the composite mechanical properties, particularly because of better adhesion between the fibre and the matrix as a result of interface compatibilization by interphase area formation at the vicinity of the fibres. The identified matrix crystallinity improvement was assumed to be transcrystallinity and was obtained by fibre surface modifications, was expected to generate interaction responsible for the PEEK adhesion on the fibre surface.

Indeed, sizing process was considered as the simplest procedure to modify the carbon fibre surface.


To this end, drop growth and geometry at the micrometer scale were obtained by SEM observations, using partial vapour pressure in the sample chamber. Results of the CF-Z fibres are presented on Figures 2a and 2b. One can specify that these are qualitative observations and no quantitative measurements because of the difficulty to control the drop volume when the images were observed and the difficulty to calculate the contact angle when substrate is curved. Thus CF-Z monofilament wetting was clearly hydrophobic confirming results obtained on roving. The drop geometry was almost spherical ( Figure  2b ) and the contact angle (Figure 2a ) appeared to be >90°. Regarding fibres treated with the polyelectrolyte solutions (CF-PEtI), Figures 2c and 2d confirmed a decrease of the hydrophobic character with drops more homogeneously spread onto monofilament and particularly, Figure 2c exhibited a good reproducibility with almost the same geometry for all droplets confirming WCA results. Figures 2e and 2f allowed observation of the PDA concentration influence for the same duration of fibre treatment. The higher was the PDA concentration (2f), the less spherical was the drop shape highlight that the surface wetting was clearly influenced by the PDA concentration and PDA surface treatment duration (self-assembly). Figure 2g showed that a PEtI treatment prior to PDA self-assembly was relevant and enabled a more suitable coating of the droplet onto the monofilament than without polyelectrolyte physisorption confirming that, for such carbon fibres, a surface priming (pretreatment) of the substrate with a polyelectrolyte complex-based film triggers a more efficient subsequent deposition and self-assembly of hydrogen-bonded film [39] . Influence of aged PDA (24 h) is presented on the Figures 2h and 2i and it seems that a large quantity of PDA effectively covers the monofilaments after 24h duration, making the surface hydrophilic. These observations confirmed the WCA results obtained on roving.

Figure 2g showed that a PEtI treatment prior to PDA self-assembly was relevant and enabled a more suitable coating of the droplet onto the monofilament than without polyelectrolyte physisorption confirming that, for such carbon fibres, a surface priming (pretreatment) of the substrate with a polyelectrolyte complex-based film triggers a more efficient subsequent deposition and self-assembly of hydrogen-bonded film.


The advanced carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite market is dominated by materials based on thermoset polymer (TS) matrices such as epoxy, polyimides, bismaleimides and cyanate esters which have found many applications in aeronautic, space and military usages whose extreme environments demand high-performing materials. However, TS have limitations in terms of storage, hydrothermal ageing, insufficient toughness and have constraints in processing since long and strict multi-step processing by autoclave are needed [1] . This is why the replacement of TS matrices by thermoplastic polymers (TP) is an area of intense research with primarily use in short fibres reinforced composites. Currently, TP-based matrix composites associated with continuous fibres are growing rapidly and the TP used as matrix potentially present major competitive advantages over thermosets because of their ease of implementation and their intrinsic characteristics such as an extremely long shelf life as well as their recycling possibilities. Thermoplastics are usually high molecular weight, linear polymers which form bulk material by non-covalent bonds like hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, van der Waals and π-π interactions, and linear structures with network possibility [2] . When high performance applications are targeted, thermoplastics with high thermal stability are required. One can cite space applications such as orbiting satellites, wherein investigations must not only be focused in space junk and orbital debris but also in material improvement with new multi-functionality and cost reduction in order to increase the application range.

However, TS have limitations in terms of storage, hydrothermal ageing, insufficient toughness and have constraints in processing since long and strict multi-step processing by autoclave are needed.

Thermoplastics are usually high molecular weight, linear polymers which form bulk material by non-covalent bonds like hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, van der Waals and π-π interactions, and linear structures with network possibility.


In this context, the mechanical properties of high performance composites are dependent on several important microstructural properties [9, 10] . It is well known that in carbon material reinforced polymer composites, local interactions between the fibre surface and the matrix at the vicinity of this fibre, can be transferred over longer distances thanks to the creation of an interphase area. In the specific case of semi-crystalline polymer-based matrix composites, this interphase, wherein the matrix properties are different than in the bulk matrix, is made of transcrystalline layers, also called transcrystallinity, and transition regions of decreasing or increasing segmental mobility within the amorphous phase [11] . Thus, the mechanical properties of CFRPEEK depend on the crystallinity of the matrix, the size of the spherulites but also on the microstructure transcrystallinity-related properties. Indeed, tensile modulus and tensile strength increase with increasing crystallinity up to a certain point after which the properties decrease because of crack propagation through the spherulites [12] . The formation and growth mechanisms of transcrystallinity have been published in a recent review and discussed for several semi-crystalline polymers [13] . It is important to note that it is well known that some fibres may act as heterogeneous nucleating agents and promote the nucleation of crystallization along the interface with a sufficiently high density of nuclei; where the crystals grow in perpendicularly direction to the fibre surface. Furthermore, many studies have shown that the composite properties, hence the transcrystallinity, can be greatly affected by the (melt) processing cycle [14] . Thus, interphase properties such as transcrystallinity are affected by the fibre-matrix interface quality that is directly connected to the fibre-matrix compatibility.

In this context, the mechanical properties of high performance composites are dependent on several important microstructural properties.

In the specific case of semi-crystalline polymer-based matrix composites, this interphase, wherein the matrix properties are different than in the bulk matrix, is made of transcrystalline layers, also called transcrystallinity, and transition regions of decreasing or increasing segmental mobility within the amorphous phase.

Indeed, tensile modulus and tensile strength increase with increasing crystallinity up to a certain point after which the properties decrease because of crack propagation through the spherulites.

The formation and growth mechanisms of transcrystallinity have been published in a recent review and discussed for several semi-crystalline polymers.

Furthermore, many studies have shown that the composite properties, hence the transcrystallinity, can be greatly affected by the (melt) processing cycle.


Valuation is the estimation of property value at a given point in time. This value reflects the transaction price of real properties in the open market. The role publicly ascribed to the valuer is to deliver a valuation report, which is used by both parties (buyer and seller) to set the sale price of a property at fair market value. Valuers should provide guidance to their clients on the fair market price of properties (Bartke & Schwarze, 2015) . Valuers are supposed to take an objective and neutral stance when conducting valuation in order to determine fair market value. Unfortunately in reality, valuation outcomes are always exposed to uncertainties, which affects the fair market value of properties.

Valuers should provide guidance to their clients on the fair market price of properties.


More than half a century ago, the first comprehensive theory of human aggression was proposed (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, & Sears, 1939) . Since then, research on social behaviors have produced a wealth of important insights into aggressive behavior. Methodological improvements, including the introduction of meta-analytic techniques have increased our understanding of the important factors that influence the expression of aggressive behavior (e.g., age, gender, personality, and environmental stressors). Nevertheless, as abundant and interesting as the extensive research literature on aggression has become, existing meta-analyses indicate that problems remain relating to the definition of aggression and the generalizability of findings due to a lack of cross-sectional and cross-cultural studies .

More than half a century ago, the first comprehensive theory of human aggression was proposed.


For several decades, the main mathematical framework for modelling animal movement and dispersal was based on the simple isotropic random walk model (SRW) which is unbiased in the sense that, at any moment, the walker can move in any possible direction [13] . This means that the movement direction taken at any given time is independent (uncorrelated) of the movement direction at the preceding moment. The CRW is an extension of the SRW that accounts for the persistence in the walker's direction of movement [17, 19, 20, 23, 30] . Indeed, in most real-world systems, the walker is more likely to move in a direction similar to the previous one. This is known as persistence and it can be combined with a fixed speed of movement in the random walk process, resulting in the telegraph or velocity-jump processes [19, [31] [32] [33] . Our baseline model (1), i.e., the 1D telegraph equation is the mean-field counterpart for the simplest one-dimensional CRW; it includes SRW (the diffusive movement) as the limiting case when the persistence vanishes, i.e., for τ → 0.

For several decades, the main mathematical framework for modelling animal movement and dispersal was based on the simple isotropic random walk model (SRW) which is unbiased in the sense that, at any moment, the walker can move in any possible direction.

The CRW is an extension of the SRW that accounts for the persistence in the walker's direction of movement.

This is known as persistence and it can be combined with a fixed speed of movement in the random walk process, resulting in the telegraph or velocity-jump processes.


Habitat fragmentation due to the climate change and anthropogenic activities is regarded as a major threat to biodiversity worldwide [1] . Understanding the factors affecting species survival in small and fragmented habitats is therefore a problem of high practical importance [2] [3] [4] . Although being essentially an ecological problem, it can hardly be studied in full by only traditional ecological methods and tools. Replicated ecological experiments under controlled conditions required for an exhaustive empirical study are often impossible for a variety of reasons, e.g., due to high costs, potential damage to the environment, and irreproducibility of the weather conditions and initial species distribution, to name just a few.

Habitat fragmentation due to the climate change and anthropogenic activities is regarded as a major threat to biodiversity worldwide.

Understanding the factors affecting species survival in small and fragmented habitats is therefore a problem of high practical importance.


There are indeed several different pathological manifestations of cardiac dysfunction between patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. For example, hyperglycemiainduced myocardial fibrosis may be predominant in type 1 diabetes, while cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is more related to the insulin resistance and dyslipidemia of type 1 diabetes [37] . However, multiple recent studies have shown that the underlying mechanisms and phenotypes of DCM in both types of diabetes mostly overlapped, especially for the cardiac metabolic abnormalities. Both types of diabetes shared similar downstream of a switch to greater cardiomyocyte FA utilization at the expense of glucose [38] . In animal models, both the STZ-induced and db/db cardiac dysfunction models were characterized by increased fatty acid utilization, decreased glucose utilization, impaired cardiac efficiency and function, compromised mitochondrial energetics, and increased lipid accumulation in the heart [10] . Moreover, different animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been used interchangeably in multiple studies to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of DCM [39] . Therefore, we analyzed the expression dataset from STZinduced models, because only these profiles covered three pathological stages of DCM, which may involve different molecular signals. Considering that type 2 diabetes was by far the most common type of diabetes, we investigated db/db mice model in the current study.

For example, hyperglycemiainduced myocardial fibrosis may be predominant in type 1 diabetes, while cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is more related to the insulin resistance and dyslipidemia of type 1 diabetes.

Both types of diabetes shared similar downstream of a switch to greater cardiomyocyte FA utilization at the expense of glucose.

In animal models, both the STZ-induced and db/db cardiac dysfunction models were characterized by increased fatty acid utilization, decreased glucose utilization, impaired cardiac efficiency and function, compromised mitochondrial energetics, and increased lipid accumulation in the heart.

Moreover, different animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes have been used interchangeably in multiple studies to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of DCM.


In all experiments, the algorithms were evaluated with stratified 10-fold crossvalidation. For more reliable results, the cross-validation procedure was executed 10 times for each algorithm and dataset. We benchmark our algorithm against Supervised-MA [8] . Supervised-MA is a state of the art link prediction method that is similar to our method, in that it is supervised and uses moving average time series forecasting. In contrast to RPM, Supervised-MA creates time series for the unsupervised metrics rather than the link formation rate itself. Supervised is a baseline supervised classifier that uses the same unsupervised metrics as features without the time series prediction model. As a point of reference, we also show the unsupervised performance of the individual topological metrics: 1) Common Neighbors, 2) Preferential Attachment, 3) Jaccard Coefficient, and 4) Adamic-Adar. Table 2 presents results for all methods on  Travian (communication and trade) , Enron, and hep-th networks. Results for our proposed method are shown using bold numbers in the table; in all cases, RPM outperforms the other approaches. Two-tailed, paired t-tests across multiple network snapshots reveal that the RPM is significantly better (p < 0.01) on all four datasets when compared to Supervised-MA.

We benchmark our algorithm against Supervised-MA.


Soil disturbance by animals, or biopedturbation, is important for the development of patchiness in arid and semi-arid landscapes. Animals that affect soil properties vary in size from microscopic fauna, to mesofauna and larger animals such as porcupines, rodents, herbivores and even humans (Meadows & Meadows 1991) . This patchiness manifests itself in microsites with favourable physical and chemical soil properties that influence germination and survival of vascular plants, and the structure and function of their resident animal communities.

Animals that affect soil properties vary in size from microscopic fauna, to mesofauna and larger animals such as porcupines, rodents, herbivores and even humans.


In this work we make the first step towards appearancebased gaze estimation in the wild. Given a lack of realistic data, we created the MPIIGaze dataset that contains 213,659 images collected from 15 laptop users over several months (see Figure 2 ). MPIIGaze covers a realistic variability in appearance and illumination and therefore represents a significant advance over existing datasets. Laptops not only allow us to record in the wild but they also have considerable potential as an application platform, such as for gaze interaction [28] . The dataset and annotations are publicly available online.

Laptops not only allow us to record in the wild but they also have considerable potential as an application platform, such as for gaze interaction.


We noticed that unintended pregnancy occurring among women in rural settings was as twice what their urban counterparts were experiencing. Consistent evidence from the SSA region have similarly indicated that rural women stand greater risks of unintended pregnancies [47] [48] [49] . Unintended pregnancy among rural residents call for greater shifts in family planning services in SSA because such women have high chances of delaying ANC, a situation that puts the woman and fetus at greater risks [50] . One reason for the rural-urban differences in unintended pregnancies could be that, in rural areas, there is a high possibility of lack of access to contraceptives compared to urban areas. Even where there is access to contraceptives, limitations such as socio-cultural norms and poor spousal communication may exist [9] . Again, women in rural areas may have low socio-economic status, compared to those in urban areas. These rural residents may, therefore, perceive a pregnancy as unintended if they feel that they cannot cater for the unborn child with their current socio-economic standing.

Consistent evidence from the SSA region have similarly indicated that rural women stand greater risks of unintended pregnancies.

Unintended pregnancy among rural residents call for greater shifts in family planning services in SSA because such women have high chances of delaying ANC, a situation that puts the woman and fetus at greater risks.

Even where there is access to contraceptives, limitations such as socio-cultural norms and poor spousal communication may exist.


Simulation of the tangential and frontal flow of glass fibre was analysed in MoldFlow® at Point 3 (cylindrical obstacle), Point 5 (rectangular obstacle), Point 8 (area reduction) and Point 9 that contain a narrowing, to study the influence of the increase of the fibre speed. Figure 3 shows material flow representation for this mentioned zones. It can be seen in figure 3 In the wear process, the surface skewness parameter Ssk, is one of the most important, due to the effect of the truncation of asperities [11] . As a consequence of the abrasive wear, the proportion of valleys over peaks increases, resulting in a lower Ssk value.

It can be seen in figure 3 In the wear process, the surface skewness parameter Ssk, is one of the most important, due to the effect of the truncation of asperities.


The idea to exploit reflected GPS signals as a tool for remote sensing was initially described in 1993 by the European Space Agency [1] . Research by the same authors described a bi-static SAR imaging system, which utilized reflected GPS signals to form an image of the area of interest [2] . However, as compared to ordinary radar the incoming reflected GPS signals have very low power levels. As part of the research endeavor the aim was to overcome this core problem.

The idea to exploit reflected GPS signals as a tool for remote sensing was initially described in 1993 by the European Space Agency.

Research by the same authors described a bi-static SAR imaging system, which utilized reflected GPS signals to form an image of the area of interest.


The GPS satellite signals are transmitted using direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) techniques and transmit RHCP (Right Hand Circularly Polarized) signals on two carrier frequencies named L1, the primary frequency at 1575.42 MHz and L2, the secondary frequency at 1227.6 MHz. GPS satellites have an array of 10 monofilar axial helical antennas that provide gain towards the earth with 50 W or less transmitters. Owing to the large distance travelled by the transmitted signal the received power is very low and about −160 dBW. The Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is even less than 0 dB (typically −16 dB) [3] .

The Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is even less than 0 dB (typically −16 dB).


The reflected GPS signal are even weaker and the polarization of GPS signals may be reversed after reflecting from a surface and become LHCP. The strength of the reflected signal depends upon the surface roughness and the dielectric properties of the reflecting object [4] . Following the inverse square law, the signal reflected from a conducting sphere with a radius of 10 cm would attenuate at a rate (expressed in dB) of approximately 20 log 10 (R/0.1), where R is the range from the 'point reflector' to the observation point. For example, at a range of 25 m the attenuation will be about 48 dB. Thus ignoring antenna gain the signal level would be approximately 48 dB below that of direct signals received by a RHCP antenna.

The strength of the reflected signal depends upon the surface roughness and the dielectric properties of the reflecting object.


It is of the utmost importance that software be reliable, efficient and effective in order to help humans in their daily lives (Hilburn, Mengel, Bagert, & Oexmann, 1998) . Many tools that are used by people nowadays have some kind of embedded software which needs to be highly dependable because in some environments, they may affect living outcomes. Reliable software must be built by skilled personnel who are knowledgeable and well-trained in the subject. Such people must go through effective tertiary level education in order to achieve such qualities.

It is of the utmost importance that software be reliable, efficient and effective in order to help humans in their daily lives.


The objective of the survey was to identify the factors and the corresponding characteristics that ensure the successful use of CM in SE. The earlier study has outlined a list of acceptance conditions from the perspective of usefulness, written assessments as well as group preparation and discussion (Razali & Zainal, 2012) . This survey thus aimed to further refine the acceptance conditions. Data were collected by means of a group interview and were analysed qualitatively using content analysis (Krippendorff, 2004) .

The earlier study has outlined a list of acceptance conditions from the perspective of usefulness, written assessments as well as group preparation and discussion.

Data were collected by means of a group interview and were analysed qualitatively using content analysis.


Penalties associated to polarization mode dispersion (PMD) become increasingly important at high bit rate, for example, systems transmitting at 40 GBit/s can typically tolerate PMD of only a few ps. In this context, it is important to minimize the contribution of optical fiber components to the total PMD of the fiber link. The differential group delay (DGD) of photo-induced gratings is related to the fiber birefringence. In the case of chirped gratings used for dispersion compensation, a fiber birefringence as low as 10 -6 can result in an average DGD of several ps [1] [2] . In these gratings, it is also likely that polarization dependent loss (PDL) will be coupled to the PMD at some wavelengths because the birefringence will cause the different polarization modes to interact with different parts or the grating. In other applications, the fiber birefringence can be beneficial, for example, to allow the operation of fiber laser devices in a single polarization or to generate a beat signal from the two orthogonal polarized modes [3] [4] [5] . In all cases, a photo-induced component can be added to the initial birefringence of the pristine fiber during the grating writing process. In the early days of the development of fiber Bragg gratings, the anisotropy of the photo-induced index change was studied in the context of the realization of polarization rocking filters [6] [7] .

In the case of chirped gratings used for dispersion compensation, a fiber birefringence as low as 10 -6 can result in an average DGD of several ps.

In other applications, the fiber birefringence can be beneficial, for example, to allow the operation of fiber laser devices in a single polarization or to generate a beat signal from the two orthogonal polarized modes.

In the early days of the development of fiber Bragg gratings, the anisotropy of the photo-induced index change was studied in the context of the realization of polarization rocking filters.


Increasing prices and limited forest resources continue to drive the hardwood industry to seek more productive means of converting logs to lumber. Conventional log sawing practices waste considerable amounts of valuable wood, largely because most defects that adversely affect board quality are at unknown locations inside the logs. Studies have shown, for example, that the commercial value of lumber can be improved by 11% to 21% through the careful selection of sawing strategies, particularly if internal defect locations were known [1] [2] [3] .

Studies have shown, for example, that the commercial value of lumber can be improved by 11% to 21% through the careful selection of sawing strategies, particularly if internal defect locations were known.


Extensive profiling studies over the past several years have shown that various miRNAs are differentially expressed in different classes of cancers. Among them, miR-221 is considered as a microoncogene. MiR-221 plays an important role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). It has been identified as a basal-like subtype-specific miRNA that downregulates the expression of epithelial-specific genes and enhances the expression of mesenchymal-specific genes. Furthermore, miR-221 increases cell migration and invasion [15] [16] [17] . The basal-like transcription factor, FOSL1, can directly stimulate the transcription of miR-221 [17] . The abundance of miR-221 reduces with the suppression of mitogen-activated or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (MEK) [17] . The miR-221-mediated reduction in E-cadherin is dependent on the targeting of the 3 -UTR of trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1). TRPS1 inhibits EMT by directly repressing the expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) [18] . Thus, miR-221 could contribute to the aggressive clinical behavior of various types of cancers.

Furthermore, miR-221 increases cell migration and invasion.

The basal-like transcription factor, FOSL1, can directly stimulate the transcription of miR-221.

The abundance of miR-221 reduces with the suppression of mitogen-activated or extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (MEK).

TRPS1 inhibits EMT by directly repressing the expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2).


In recent years, various greener solvents have been explored (with MRNCs) for a variety of sustainable organic protocols [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Organic reactions in aqueous medium without use of any harmful organic solvents are of utmost interest, because water is an easily available, economical, safe and environmentally benign solvent [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . Magnetically recyclable nano-catalysts are a prime choice for chemists as they are easy to handle. Not surprisingly, the focus has been on the design and development of procedures using benign solvent (water) and magnetical nano-catalysts which reduces the waste at the end of reactions [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] . In this review, we discuss the fusion of aqueous media and MRNCs in the application of organic synthesis ( Figure 1 ).

In recent years, various greener solvents have been explored (with MRNCs) for a variety of sustainable organic protocols.

Organic reactions in aqueous medium without use of any harmful organic solvents are of utmost interest, because water is an easily available, economical, safe and environmentally benign solvent.

Not surprisingly, the focus has been on the design and development of procedures using benign solvent (water) and magnetical nano-catalysts which reduces the waste at the end of reactions.


An initiative similar to the Portuguese SmartVision project is the Greek SmartEyes project [25] . It also addresses global navigation using GPS with a GIS. Vision by two chest-mounted cameras is used to obtain a disparity map for detecting open space and obstacles. This is complemented by two ultrasound sensors mounted next to the cameras.

An initiative similar to the Portuguese SmartVision project is the Greek SmartEyes project.


One of the possible solutions to these problems is to recycle construction and demolition concrete waste to produce an alternative aggregate for structural concrete. Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is generally produced by the crushing of concrete rubble, screening then removal of contaminants such as reinforcement, paper, wood, plastics and gypsum. Concrete made with such recycled concrete aggregate is called recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). The main purpose of this work is to determine the basic properties of RAC made of coarse recycled concrete aggregate then to compare them to the properties of concrete made with natural aggregate concrete (NAC). Fine recycled aggregate was not considered for the production of RAC because its application in structural concrete is generally not recommended [5] [6] [7] .

Fine recycled aggregate was not considered for the production of RAC because its application in structural concrete is generally not recommended.


Japan is rapidly becoming an aging society. Because the elderly require foods that can be swallowed easily, and with the increase in this population, providing a safe food supply to those having difficulty in mastication and swallowing is therefore an important issue. A change in the physical properties of food, such as its thickening, is an effective preparation strategy. To be swallowed easily, food must be moist; not dry, uniform in density; not lumpy, and viscous, but not so that it will stick to the mucous membrane (Yamada et al., 1999) .

To be swallowed easily, food must be moist; not dry, uniform in density; not lumpy, and viscous, but not so that it will stick to the mucous membrane.


The hardness and cohesiveness of NGRS were greater than those of GRS (Fig. 1) . While NGRS consists of almost 17% amylose and 83% amylopectin, GRS is composed of almost 99% amylopectin and 1% amylose. The amylose molecule has the shape of a long straight chain with α-1,4 bonding of glucoses and slightly-branched molecules (Takeda et al., 1986 (Takeda et al., , 1987 Hanashiro and Takeda 1998) . Amylopectin is a very large molecule with a fringe-like structure. In amylopectin, about 20 glucose molecules are joined together in a straight chain; many of these chain are combined by α-1,6 bonding. In NGRS, micro-amylose disperses among the macromolecule amylopectin. When force is applied to NGRS from the outside, its deformation is disturbed by the presence of amylose. The energy produced by the outside force is stored in the NGRS structure.

The amylose molecule has the shape of a long straight chain with α-1,4 bonding of glucoses and slightly-branched molecules.


Estuaries are often a preferred site for bivalve culture and therefore are the environments examined by the majority of literature. The species that can exert the highest influence on the environment are oysters and mussels, since they maintain high clearance rates and reject large numbers of particles as pseudofeces [2, 8] . The direct comparison of impact between clam (Tapes philippinarum) and mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) culture located in the same body of water has in fact shown a greater impact for mussel culture [13] .

The species that can exert the highest influence on the environment are oysters and mussels, since they maintain high clearance rates and reject large numbers of particles as pseudofeces.

The direct comparison of impact between clam (Tapes philippinarum) and mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) culture located in the same body of water has in fact shown a greater impact for mussel culture.


However, there are applications where parallelism is less structured and difficult to extract. It is such parallelism that superscalar and out-of-order (OOO) execution target [1] . Superscalar processors use multiple datapaths to completely overlap the execution of multiple adjacent instructions. OOO processors allow instructions to execute in any order that does not violate program semantics and thus OOO can extract more parallelism than superscalar execution [1, 3] . OOO execution can be used with a single or multiple datapaths and can extract even more parallelism via register renaming and speculative execution (Section 3).

It is such parallelism that superscalar and out-of-order (OOO) execution target.

OOO processors allow instructions to execute in any order that does not violate program semantics and thus OOO can extract more parallelism than superscalar execution.


OOO processors may execute an instruction as long as this does not violate any program dependencies [1, 3] . OOO can extract more ILP than a superscalar since in OOO, instructions executing in parallel do not have to be adjacent. A further boost in ILP comes from register renaming that eliminates all but true (read-after-write) data dependencies. General-purpose, hard processors combine OOO and superscalar execution since resources are plentiful (nearly a billion of transistors is common today). When maintaining a low resource usage is important, as it is in an FPGA substrate, OOO can be used with just one way. In this case, OOO improves performance over simple pipelining by not stalling when an instruction requires additional cycles to execute. Waiting for memory is, for example, a major source of delays even for soft cores. Figure 2 compares the "instructions per cycle" (IPC) performance of 1-, 2-, and 4-way superscalar, and singleissue OOO processors, for a wide range of cache configurations (Section 6.1 describes the methodology). Cache size varies from 4KB up to 32KB (stacked bars), while cache associativity varies from one (part (a)) to two (part (b)). Split instruction and data caches of the given capacity are modeled. OOO outperforms both 1-and 2-way superscalars for all cache sizes, while it performs worse than the 4-way superscalar only with the 32KB cache. A better compiler could improve performance for the superscalar processors.

OOO processors may execute an instruction as long as this does not violate any program dependencies.


Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are the dominant battery technology for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. One of the major challenges when transitioning from internal combustion engines to battery powered drive lines, in vehicles, is the much lower energy density of batteries compared to petrol and diesel. A lot of research is therefore focused on increasing the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of lithium ion batteries [1] .

A lot of research is therefore focused on increasing the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of lithium ion batteries.


The majority of studies to date on substance use involve self-reported information of which the limitations are well documented and include under-reporting and recall bias [17] . The dispute related to the validity of self-reported data is no greater than in alcohol and drug research [18] . Hospital admission records and other administrative data provide an objective measure of severe substance use in pregnancy and complements self-reported data and other similar methodologies. Population-based administrative data provide a mechanism for validation of self-reported observations and trend data over time.

The majority of studies to date on substance use involve self-reported information of which the limitations are well documented and include under-reporting and recall bias.

The dispute related to the validity of self-reported data is no greater than in alcohol and drug research.


Rapidly developing technology has facilitated distance education in all disciplines, and it has proven to be popular among students for various reasons, such as convenience and equal opportunity. As a result, many universities and colleges in the United States and around the world offer online degree programs and courses, which give students the opportunity to access higher education without leaving their homes (Butner, Murray, & Smith, 1999) . However, many students and researchers comment that distance learning courses lack interaction. Thus, improved teaching and learning strategies are needed to provide students not only the convenience of distance education but also the kind of access to real-time interaction with the instructor and class peers that simulates the traditional classroom setting. In fact, students have asked for more opportunities to interact with each other in synchronistic ways (West & Jones, 2007) .

As a result, many universities and colleges in the United States and around the world offer online degree programs and courses, which give students the opportunity to access higher education without leaving their homes.

In fact, students have asked for more opportunities to interact with each other in synchronistic ways.


In general, the results of the integrated and gesturing conditions indicate that children's learning of a foreign language vocabulary is positively affected by the cognitive effects of enacting the words through physical exercises or gestures. The positive effects on learning of the non-integrated physical exercise condition are reflective of the physiological effects of physical activities. Interestingly, the results indicate that embodying knowledge through physical exercises that are integrated in the learning task is a particularly effective learning strategy in young children. It is also clear that the effectiveness of this strategy is caused its integrated character, because physical exercise of the same intensity in the non-integrated condition resulted in lower free recall performance. This study corroborates findings of previous studies that accentuate the benefits of physical activity on learning and programs that successfully integrated physical activity into school classrooms in older children and elicited positive effects on academic achievement (Kibbe et al., 2011) . At the same time, the principles of the embodied cognition framework were confirmed by the positive effects of movements in the form of physical exercise and gestures on learning performance. This study provided a unique contribution to the existing research literature by testing the effects of an integrated intervention program for preschool children, which integrated physical exercises into the learning task.

This study corroborates findings of previous studies that accentuate the benefits of physical activity on learning and programs that successfully integrated physical activity into school classrooms in older children and elicited positive effects on academic achievement.


According to research on the mirror neuron system, when people look at others' people actions, they activate neurons that are related to the same action in the motor cortex (Rizzolatti & Craighero, 2004) . In the present study, children in the integrated condition may have activated the relevant neurons linked with the physical activity actions in their motor cortex, which enhanced by the gestures, transformed that information into knowledge (Rizzolatti & Craighero, 2004) . Future research could investigate whether the same effects on learning can be observed during individual learning sessions. This would provide the opportunity to differentiate effects of performing and observing movements on learning.

According to research on the mirror neuron system, when people look at others' people actions, they activate neurons that are related to the same action in the motor cortex.

In the present study, children in the integrated condition may have activated the relevant neurons linked with the physical activity actions in their motor cortex, which enhanced by the gestures, transformed that information into knowledge.


The current study has important educational implications. The results suggest that adding gestures or physical exercise to the learning of cognitive tasks leads to better learning that conventional strategies in which students learn by reading or listening to learning materials. The integration of physical activity into a language learning task by asking children to enact words through physical exercises seems especially effective for learning. An additional benefit of regular physical exercise, which has been found in previous research, is its positive effect on children's physical and mental health. Therefore, implementing integrated physical exercises in early education programs can be expected to have pervasive long-term effects on achievement and academic success especially for children from low-SES backgrounds (Barnett, 1998) .

Therefore, implementing integrated physical exercises in early education programs can be expected to have pervasive long-term effects on achievement and academic success especially for children from low-SES backgrounds.


Mixed 4 (Condition: integrated, non-integrated, gesturing, conventional) x 3 (Time of Testing; during, directly after, follow up) analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with condition as between-subject variable and time of testing as within-subject variable were performed. The dependent variables were performance on free-recall and cued-recall tests 1 . Effect size was measured via partial eta squared, in which small, medium, and large effects were operationalized as .01, .06, and .14, respectively (Cohen, 1988) .

Effect size was measured via partial eta squared, in which small, medium, and large effects were operationalized as .01, .06, and .14, respectively.


Nanotechnology, technologies at nanoscale, is a new science that involves enhancing and engineering the material properties and technologies at the nanoscale. In comparison with the microtechnology, nanotechnology leads to extremely different phenomena and performances. The nanocomposite products contain reinforcing or fillers in nanoscale (less than 100 nm). Most of the mechanical properties can be improved using nanoscale fillers [1] . Researchers have studied the current and future prospective products within the nanoscience [2] . They predicted that nanomaterial would open new dimensions in the industrial applications. In order to produce polymer nanocomposites with desirable properties, there are various kinds of nanoparticles that can be added to a polymer matrix [2] .

Most of the mechanical properties can be improved using nanoscale fillers.

Researchers have studied the current and future prospective products within the nanoscience.

In order to produce polymer nanocomposites with desirable properties, there are various kinds of nanoparticles that can be added to a polymer matrix.


The factors that play a major role in the properties of nanocomposites are nanoparticle-matrix interaction and particle-particle interaction [11] . The attraction forces between particles, due to the van der Waals and electrostatic forces, affect the particle-particle interaction and deteriorate the composite's performances [11, 12] . The repulsion and attraction forces can be controlled by particle weight fraction (wt.%), particle volume fraction (vol.%), particle surface modification, and particle size [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . The improved mechanical properties can be achieved through improved interface between the particle and matrix [11] . Increase in particle loading due to increase in weight fraction or volume fraction leads to uniform and continuous interface that may create a strong polymer network improving the mechanical properties [18] . The quality of interface and the strength of the adhesion at the interface determine load transfer between the matrix and the nanofillers [21] . Extensive research has been conducted on several polymer nanocomposites in order to understand the effect of weight fraction and volume fraction (vol.%) on mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposite [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . In the majority of these studies, epoxy and nanosilica were used, as the polymer matrix and nanoparticle, respectively, which shows the popularity of epoxy-silica nanocomposites. In this paper, the previous research on the effect of nanoparticle size and weight fraction on mechanical properties of epoxy-silica nanocomposites is reviewed.

The factors that play a major role in the properties of nanocomposites are nanoparticle-matrix interaction and particle-particle interaction.

The attraction forces between particles, due to the van der Waals and electrostatic forces, affect the particle-particle interaction and deteriorate the composite's performances.

The repulsion and attraction forces can be controlled by particle weight fraction (wt.%), particle volume fraction (vol.%), particle surface modification, and particle size.

The improved mechanical properties can be achieved through improved interface between the particle and matrix.

Increase in particle loading due to increase in weight fraction or volume fraction leads to uniform and continuous interface that may create a strong polymer network improving the mechanical properties.

The quality of interface and the strength of the adhesion at the interface determine load transfer between the matrix and the nanofillers.

Extensive research has been conducted on several polymer nanocomposites in order to understand the effect of weight fraction and volume fraction (vol.%) on mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposite.


Nanofillers that are categorized by their morphology may be classified into high aspect ratio and low aspect ratio nanostructures. Moreover, in case of composition, they can be grouped into single material and composite nanostructures (i.e., coated nanostructures and encapsulated nanostructures) [3] . Dispersed or agglomerated are other classifications based on uniformity and agglomeration state of nanofillers [3] .

Moreover, in case of composition, they can be grouped into single material and composite nanostructures (i.e., coated nanostructures and encapsulated nanostructures).

Dispersed or agglomerated are other classifications based on uniformity and agglomeration state of nanofillers.


There are also visual perceptual effects that might clarify some of the above-mentioned influences of vision on food perception [72] . Colour contrast, for example, might help to explain why food served on a white plate might taste stronger than the same food presented on a black plate. The Ebbinghaus-Tichener size-contrast illusion or the Delboeuf illusion could explain why the same amount of food is perceived as more filing when eaten from a small bowl compared to from a larger bowl.

There are also visual perceptual effects that might clarify some of the above-mentioned influences of vision on food perception.


The results of the research outlined here clearly demonstrate that the tableware, and the other non-consumable elements of the table setting, can all exert a significant effect on our perception of, and behaviour toward, food and drink. In terms of understanding these effects, there appears to be a number of potentially relevant psychological and physiological explanations for the effects that have been documented. Sensation transference might, for example, partially account for the fact that properties of the tableware are associated with the food and drink [12] . High-level attributes of the accessories, such as their perceived quality and expense, might be transferred to the consumables, just as low-level attributes (such as colour) seem to be [16, 17] . Similarly, psycholinguistic transference might result in descriptions of cutlery, plates, cups, or decorations being transferred onto the food (e.g., a "heavy" bowl results in the perception of food that is rated as being heavy).

Sensation transference might, for example, partially account for the fact that properties of the tableware are associated with the food and drink.

High-level attributes of the accessories, such as their perceived quality and expense, might be transferred to the consumables, just as low-level attributes (such as colour) seem to be.


Peumus boldus Molina (Monimiaceae family) is a native herb originating in the central regions of Chile, popularly known as boldo-do-chile, or simply boldo. It is a small perennial tree, typically from arid zones, much used in popular medicine with many beneficial properties attributed to it for the treatment of biliar litiase, liver congestion, hepatic insufficiency and oxidative stress-associated diseases (Reineger et al., 1999; Jang et al., 2000) . The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects and also teratogenic action of extracts of boldo leaves and bark have been recognized (Jang et al., 2000; Schmeda et al., 2003; Jimenez et al., 2000; Almeida et al., 2000) .

It is a small perennial tree, typically from arid zones, much used in popular medicine with many beneficial properties attributed to it for the treatment of biliar litiase, liver congestion, hepatic insufficiency and oxidative stress-associated diseases.

The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects and also teratogenic action of extracts of boldo leaves and bark have been recognized.


Quats are incompatible with polyethylene and therefore mixtures should segregate. Hence, some of the quats might migrate to the surface of the melt. If the quat contains a hydrocarbon residue which is miscible with the 2 International Journal of Polymer Science polyethylene matrix, the quat is expected to migrate to the air/melt interface, sticking the miscible hydrocarbon residue into the polyethylene and the charged groups out of the matrix. Such behavior was observed previously with other amphiphilic molecules [15] . It was shown, for example, that polyethylene glycol-block-polyethylene copolymers provide polyethylene with anticalcification features [16] . Compounds of polyethylene with appropriate quats should therefore selforganize, enriching the quats at the surface, pointing the quaternary ammonium head out of the polyethylene, and finally anchoring the quat with at least one long hydrocarbon chain in the polymer. Such compounds have to fulfill two main requirements. First, they have to be indeed active, that is, show antimicrobial behavior. Second, the effect should be permanent and not due to leaching of the quats. While the first prerequisite is relatively simple to demonstrate, the second is more demanding. The quats are not bound to the polyethylene by chemical bonds; weak Van-Der-Waals forces hold them in place instead. However, although being weak, Van-Der-Waals forces scale with the length of the anchoring hydrocarbon chain, and a long enough chain should retain the quat, preventing it from leaching.

Such behavior was observed previously with other amphiphilic molecules.

It was shown, for example, that polyethylene glycol-block-polyethylene copolymers provide polyethylene with anticalcification features.


Meanwhile, given the diversities of combinatorial auction mechanisms, it is timely to discuss the issues of mechanism design because the design of new market mechanisms is an emerging field (Bichler et al. 2002; Lim et al. 2005) . Although there have been several studies covering some factors or partial dimensions of combinatorial auction design, they don't suggest systematic design guidelines for the combinatorial auction. It means that it is difficult to suggest market design methodology for supporting a comprehensive range of combinatorial auction models and we need a scientific market design approach.

Meanwhile, given the diversities of combinatorial auction mechanisms, it is timely to discuss the issues of mechanism design because the design of new market mechanisms is an emerging field.


Traditional auctions that trade single items take several forms including the English auction, the Dutch auction, the First Price, and the Vickrey's Second Price auction (Wolfstetter 1996) . In a traditional auction format where the items are auctioned separately, a bidder needs to estimate which other items he/she will receive in other auctions. This requires an intractable look ahead in a series of auctions. Even after looking ahead, residual uncertainty exists due to incomplete information on the other participants' bids.

Traditional auctions that trade single items take several forms including the English auction, the Dutch auction, the First Price, and the Vickrey's Second Price auction.


The hybrid maize tested presented low frequency of mild symptoms but the virus could not be mechanically backtransmitted to wheat, similar to what is found in other studies [7] . Other varieties could be susceptible to Brazilian isolates. Maize genotypes resistant and susceptible to WSMV have been reported in other studies [7] .

The hybrid maize tested presented low frequency of mild symptoms but the virus could not be mechanically backtransmitted to wheat, similar to what is found in other studies.

Maize genotypes resistant and susceptible to WSMV have been reported in other studies.


There are several means to assess the daily irradiation [10] . Ground measuring stations and satellite observations are two of them, sometimes in combination [2, 29] . Re-analyses are the third means. Models for weather forecasts are used in a re-analysis mode to reproduce what was effectively observed. The SSI in re-analyses is diagnostic. It is computed by a radiative transfer model and hence depends on the representation of the whole set of radiatively active variables of the atmospheric column above the point. There are several available re-analyses. Of interest here are the MERRA (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications) re-analysis proposed by the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office and the ERA-Interim re-analysis of the ECMWF (European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts).

There are several means to assess the daily irradiation.

Ground measuring stations and satellite observations are two of them, sometimes in combination.

Re-analyses are the third means.

The SSI in re-analyses is diagnostic.


In addition to this, financial markets behaviour has increasingly become, well before the 2007 financial crisis, a reason of concern for the regulators worldwide. This is because their fluctuations, their boom and bust stages, have significantly contributed in shaping the business cycles of developed countries in the last forty years, sometimes generating, especially in the bust phase, enduring ominous effects that persisted for long time and needed extraordinary policy measures to be overcome. Along with a sound regulatory structure, that helps to limit the risk exposure of banks and corporations, the adoption of transparent and reliable accounting systems, a rigorous supervisory activity and coherent fiscal policies, an adequate monetary policy is fundamental to avoid that prerequisites of disastrous crises form on the financial markets (Stein, 2012) .

Along with a sound regulatory structure, that helps to limit the risk exposure of banks and corporations, the adoption of transparent and reliable accounting systems, a rigorous supervisory activity and coherent fiscal policies, an adequate monetary policy is fundamental to avoid that prerequisites of disastrous crises form on the financial markets.


Our first step is to conformally project the compact flat manifold B D onto the half-space R + × R D−1 , which then acquires a non-trivial (but flat) induced metric. In this way, the boundary S D−1 is mapped onto the (D − 1)-dimensional hyperplane. The next step is to duplicate the image of B D to build up another regioñ B D ≈ R D by reflecting the half-space through its boundary and endowing the resulting full space with the symmetric extension of the original induced metric (see e.g. Figure 1 in Section 3). The regionB D is no longer flat because the symmetric extension introduces a Heaviside-function on the metric, which is thus non-smooth at the interface R D . Besides, path integration of a point-like particle on curved space corresponds to a 0 + 1 sigma model which requires certain countertermsspecific to each regularization -that are necessary to maintain general coordinate invariance [8] . In particular, the counterterm required by time-slicing renormal-ization contains a term proportional to the curvature ofB D , which is given by a delta-function with support at the interface. As a consequence, the computation of the heat-trace in these coordinates amounts to obtaining the point-particle expectation values of combinations of delta-and Heaviside-functions.

Besides, path integration of a point-like particle on curved space corresponds to a 0 + 1 sigma model which requires certain countertermsspecific to each regularization -that are necessary to maintain general coordinate invariance.


Standard nitriding processes generally require several hours to achieve surface modification of the treated material. Therefore, the authors recently developed a new nitriding technique, referred to as gas blow induction heating (IH) nitriding. In this process, N2 gas is blown over a material heated by high-frequency induction in a N2 atmosphere. A nitride layer is formed on a titanium alloy within a few minutes using this process [5, 6] . It was found that gas blow IH nitrided titanium alloy exhibited the same properties as titanium nitrided using standard processes, in that although the wear resistance was improved, the fatigue strength was reduced due to the formation of a nitrogen compound layer on the top surface [5, 6] . However, a nitrogen diffusion layer is also present beneath the surface nitrogen compound layer, and this is also expected to possess a high degree of hardness, which may lead to improved wear resistance and fatigue properties.

A nitride layer is formed on a titanium alloy within a few minutes using this process.

It was found that gas blow IH nitrided titanium alloy exhibited the same properties as titanium nitrided using standard processes, in that although the wear resistance was improved, the fatigue strength was reduced due to the formation of a nitrogen compound layer on the top surface.


One of the main problems in using micro-structured reactors for heterogeneously catalyzed reactions is the introduction of a catalytic active phase. The easiest way would be to ÿll micro-channels by catalyst powder, as proposed by Tonkovich and collaborators for hydrogen generation (Daym et al., 2000; Fitzgerald et al., 2000) . The drawback of this method is the high pressure drop. In addition, each channel must be packed identically to avoid maldistribution.

The easiest way would be to ÿll micro-channels by catalyst powder, as proposed by Tonkovich and collaborators for hydrogen generation.


A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 infertile women referred to the infertility center in Women's Reproductive Health Research Center in Tabriz, North-west of Iran, during the year 2013. This cross-sectional study was part of a larger the participants were women referred either for primary infertility investigation or under infertility treatment sampled through the consecutive convenient sampling method. The women were interviewed without their male partners using a modified questionnaire for assessment of violence against women validity and reliability of which was approved in previous studies [16] . The internal consistency of the main three domains as well as aggregated scale was reassessed for the modified questionnaire in present study. Cronbach's alpha as the coefficient of internal consistency was 0.86 for the 13 items in physical violence subscale. It was equal to 0.78 for the 15 items on psychological subscale and 0.62 for the 8 items in sexual violence subscale. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 for the 36 items as the whole scale of physical, psychological and sexual violence. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software package, version 13 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were reported as mean and standard deviation (SD) for the numeric variables and frequency along with the relative frequencies were reported for categorical measures. The Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences approved the study protocol. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants in this study.

The women were interviewed without their male partners using a modified questionnaire for assessment of violence against women validity and reliability of which was approved in previous studies.


Violence against women especially intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence against women -are major public health issues and considered as violations of human rights. Recent worldwide prevalence statistics have shown that globally 35% of women have experienced either IPV or nonpartner sexual violence during their life [1] . Domestic violence has many consequences sometimes as serious as suicide attempts [2] . Domestic is also shown to be a major problem in middle East countries including Iran [3] [4] [5] [6] . Infertility is another public health issue affecting a major part of populations worldwide. Many studies have provided facts on the psychological and social effects of infertility and a recent systematic review has also revealed existing evidence that infertility has a negative effect on the psychological well-being and sexual relationships of couples [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . Some studies have also considered infertile women vulnerable to domestic violence. A Nigerian study has found that 41.6% of the investigated infertile women had experienced domestic violence due to their infertility state [15] . However, regardless of the wide range of research on many aspects of domestic violence, adequate evidence is not available about violence against infertile women who are expected to have higher suffering while experiencing the infertility along with domestic violence. The aim of this study was to investigate the magnitude and patterns of domestic violence among infertile women seeking infertility treatment in Tabriz, north-west of Iran.

Recent worldwide prevalence statistics have shown that globally 35% of women have experienced either IPV or nonpartner sexual violence during their life.

Domestic violence has many consequences sometimes as serious as suicide attempts.

Domestic is also shown to be a major problem in middle East countries including Iran.

Many studies have provided facts on the psychological and social effects of infertility and a recent systematic review has also revealed existing evidence that infertility has a negative effect on the psychological well-being and sexual relationships of couples.

A Nigerian study has found that 41.6% of the investigated infertile women had experienced domestic violence due to their infertility state.


The derivation of dynamical properties from the interaction graph of BRNs has been the motivation of various mathematical works. Twenty years ago, René Thomas conjectured that the presence of positive circuits within the interaction graph is a necessary condition to achieve systems with multi-stationnarity. The conjecture has been proven in several frameworks, notably in discrete dynamical systems [9] . By using more elaborated interaction graph analyses, the maximum number of fixed points within boolean networks has been characterised [1] . Similarly, the presence of negative circuits in interaction graphs has been proved necessary for sustained oscillations in the dynamics [8] .

The conjecture has been proven in several frameworks, notably in discrete dynamical systems.

By using more elaborated interaction graph analyses, the maximum number of fixed points within boolean networks has been characterised.

Similarly, the presence of negative circuits in interaction graphs has been proved necessary for sustained oscillations in the dynamics.


A variety of microfluidic devices are used to transport and manipulate very small quantities of liquid for medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and chemical analysis [1] . These highly integrated systems are comprised of a variety of passive microstructures and active mechanisms that enable efficient fluid transport, mixing, sample separation, and in situ chemical reactions. The very small size of these different functional components have significantly reduced the required volume of biological or chemical samples, lowered operating costs due to the consumption of small quantities of reagents, and increased the overall speed of analysis. However, the microfluidic chip platform and micro-mechanisms in contact with the samples and reagent solutions must be disposable because it can only be used once to avoid biological or chemical sample cross-contamination. Sophisticated high precision rapid response micro-electromechanical (MEMS) solutions are possible but cost prohibitive if fabricated on, or embedded within, these disposable platforms. In addition, conventional MEMS technology often requires an external electrical power source that produces an electromagnetic field that may inadvertently affect the biological sample or chemical reagent solution.

A variety of microfluidic devices are used to transport and manipulate very small quantities of liquid for medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and chemical analysis.


Here, we synthesize the existing data to develop a regional Nr budget in the Lake Victoria Basin using the net anthropogenic nitrogen input (NANI) approach. The NANI approach is an effective method to assess human-induced Nr inputs to the landscape and to evaluate their potential impacts on riverine export from large basins (Hong et al 2013) . The objectives of this paper are to (1) evaluate the regional Nr budget, highlighting its underlying uncertainties, and (2) identify research gaps and suggest ways to improve future estimates.

The NANI approach is an effective method to assess human-induced Nr inputs to the landscape and to evaluate their potential impacts on riverine export from large basins.


The immune system is a complex physiological system that serves to defend the body against foreign and abnormal cells. It involves both non-specific innate response and an acquired or adaptive immune system. Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system and the inflammatory response. They form the largest components of leucocytes and are part of the first line of defense against invading microorganisms, generally circulating freely and passively until they are recruited into inflamed tissue (Bei et al., 1998; Cowburn et al., 2008) . The role of neutrophils as effector cells is achieved by phagocytosing pathogens and destroying them using reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the intracellular NADPH oxidase (NOX) system and hydrolytic granule proteins (Dahlgren & Karlsson, 1999; Bylund et al., 2010) .

They form the largest components of leucocytes and are part of the first line of defense against invading microorganisms, generally circulating freely and passively until they are recruited into inflamed tissue.

The role of neutrophils as effector cells is achieved by phagocytosing pathogens and destroying them using reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the intracellular NADPH oxidase (NOX) system and hydrolytic granule proteins.


Rattlesnakes can locate envenomated prey in the absence of a chemical trail if the available search area is relatively confined (Dullemeijer, 1961) . Data presented here provide additional vmification of this ability. Snakes with intact VNS located and began ingesting prey within 4 min of striking. As the prey items were placed in the ca~le without touching any part of the cage other than the floor directly underneath there were no nonvolatile prey-derived chemical trails available to the snakes to guide their searching efforts .

Rattlesnakes can locate envenomated prey in the absence of a chemical trail if the available search area is relatively confined.


A related explanation for the delay in ingestive behavior is that in the Xylocaine condition, snakes were unable to detect the appropriate cues that normally initiate swallowing behavior. For example , during the Xylocaine condition snake C.o.oreganus #3 contacted the envenomated mouse in 427 seconds. However, after making a few tongue flicks it made no further attempt to investigate the carcass and resumed searching. After another 166 seconds it recontacted the carcass and after 30 s of investigative tongue flicking it began swallowing tile mouse posterior first. Similar behavior was observed in C.o.oreganus #2 . This snake contacted the prey item in 294 s, but then continued to search the adjacent area without attempting to consume the carcass. Upon "relocating" the prey item 182 s later it attempted to bite the head of the carcass, but then spit it out and resumed searching. This pattern was repeated twice before the snake coiled up on top of the carcass and remained stationary for the duration of the test period. These data suggest that application of Xylocaine disrupted the sensory system(s) necessary for the detection of appropriate chemical cues that signal the rei nforcing value of a prey stimulus and/or release ingestive behavior. A similar response to VNS deprivation has been demonstrated in T. sirtalis. Garter snakes with complete transection of the vomeronasal nerves gradually ceased predatory attack responses to earthworm bits postoperatively and spit out the earthworm bits when they did attack (Kubie & Halpern, 1979) .

Garter snakes with complete transection of the vomeronasal nerves gradually ceased predatory attack responses to earthworm bits postoperatively and spit out the earthworm bits when they did attack.


Heart failure is characterized by geometry and tissue remodeling and an imbalance between the two counter-regulatory systems, the natriuretic peptides and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). As heart failure progresses, sympathetic tone increases and RAAS becomes predominant over natriuretic peptides secreted in response to mechanical stretch. These peptides therefore represent a potential target in the treatment of heart failure in the same way as the RAAS [2] . The concept of LCZ 696 (Sacubutril/Valsartan) is to combine a dual inhibition of neprilysin, to prevent the catabolism of natriuretic peptides and that of RAAS. Indeed, neprilysine is not specific for natriuretic peptides, it has a certain affinity in decreasing order for angiotensin II and I, adrenomedulin, substance P, bradykinin and endothelin, hence the need to simultaneously block its effects on other vasoactive substrates, particularly the angiotensin II, using an angiotensin II receptor antagonist [2] .

These peptides therefore represent a potential target in the treatment of heart failure in the same way as the RAAS.

Indeed, neprilysine is not specific for natriuretic peptides, it has a certain affinity in decreasing order for angiotensin II and I, adrenomedulin, substance P, bradykinin and endothelin, hence the need to simultaneously block its effects on other vasoactive substrates, particularly the angiotensin II, using an angiotensin II receptor antagonist.


MOMP is surface accessible and highly immunogenic, eliciting both neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses. The rMOMP gene consists of an 1182 base pair open reading frame that encodes a 394 amino acid long protein, which contains 8 cysteine residues [15] . MOMP constitutes approximately 60% of the total protein mass of the bacterial outer membrane, encoding for nine distinct amino acid sequences or regions [3] . Five of these regions are highly conserved across C. trachomatis serovars while the remaining four regions are known as variable domains (VD). The domains designated VD-1, VD-2, and VD-4 are exposed on the surface of the organism and contain documented epitopes.

The rMOMP gene consists of an 1182 base pair open reading frame that encodes a 394 amino acid long protein, which contains 8 cysteine residues.

MOMP constitutes approximately 60% of the total protein mass of the bacterial outer membrane, encoding for nine distinct amino acid sequences or regions.


Heterotic compactifications on elliptic Calabi-Yau threefolds provide us with phenomenologically interesting vacua in four dimensions with N = 1 supersymmetry. Moreover, such vacua are conjectured to have a dual description in terms of F-Theory compactified on elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau fourfolds. The heterotic vacua are specified by a choice of gauge bundle, constructed using the general techniques of Friedman, Morgan and Witten [1] . It was shown there that such vacua often include fivebranes wrapping the elliptic fibers of the Calabi-Yau threefold Z, whose number is determined by an anomaly cancelation condition.

The heterotic vacua are specified by a choice of gauge bundle, constructed using the general techniques of Friedman, Morgan and Witten.


In male blue gourami, the mRNA levels of bgβFSH and bgβLH in the pituitary were higher than those found in the testis. Thus, Degani and Yomdin are proposing that testis FSH, whose mRNA levels did not change significantly during sexual behavior, does not participate in spermatogenesis, in contrast to LH, which does [23] . The testis mRNA levels of bgβFSH and bgβLH were significantly lower than those of the pituitary gland in blue gourami [24] .

Thus, Degani and Yomdin are proposing that testis FSH, whose mRNA levels did not change significantly during sexual behavior, does not participate in spermatogenesis, in contrast to LH, which does.

The testis mRNA levels of bgβFSH and bgβLH were significantly lower than those of the pituitary gland in blue gourami.