Antennas transmit and receive electromagnetic signals. The performance of an antenna in an electromagnetic communication system will determine the efficiency of the system. Thus, choosing the right antenna to be used is very important. For on-body communication, apart from choosing the suitable type of antenna, it is also crucial for the antenna to have a pattern and polarization that support the electromagnetic signal propagation close to the body. Since it is applied on-body, the orientation of the body that determines the antennas' spacing and mutual orientation have to be considered as well [8] .

Since it is applied on-body, the orientation of the body that determines the antennas' spacing and mutual orientation have to be considered as well.


On top of that, the structure of the waveguide used is a textile waveguide sheet equipped with AMC patches (Figure 2(b) ). AMC structures are categorized as one of the many metamaterials type. Efforts to investigate the potential of metamaterials structure in the antenna field have been blooming ever since the discovery of metamaterials that benefited antenna performance [29] [30] [31] .

Efforts to investigate the potential of metamaterials structure in the antenna field have been blooming ever since the discovery of metamaterials that benefited antenna performance.


Application of PSO method for tuning PID parameters with a variety of plant models, including nonlinear plant, have shown better results than previous methods [2] , [10] , [11] . Although PSO has the characteristics of fast convergence, good robustness, strong commonality, and has been successfully applied in many areas, it has the shortcomings of premature convergence, low searching accuracy and iterative inefficiency, especially the problems involving multiple peak values, and it is likely to fall in local optima. In order to overcome the aforementioned limitations, many researchers have attempted to improve the PSO algorithm. Some of these include the random inertia weight PSO (PSO-RIW), linear decreased weight PSO (PSO-LDW), nonlinear decreased weight PSO (PSO-NDW), variable constriction coefficient PSO (PSO-VCF), Genetic Algorithm PSO (GA-PSO), different evolutional PSO (DE-PSO), dynamic multi-point detecting PSO, binary PSO, self adaptive PSO (SA-PSO), knowledge based PSO (KB-PSO), and so on [12] . These improved PSO algorithms have enriched the PSO theory and they are convenient to apply to various areas. Many improvement strategies based on adjustment of inertia weight because this parameter is very influential [13] . In this work, a new modified PSO with time-varying nonlinear decreased constriction coefficient was applied to optimize the PID parameters for nonlinear system. To show the effectiveness of our proposed method, the step responses of closed loop system were compared with that of the existing methods (ZN, PSO-CFA and PSO-VCF). The reminder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Section 3 describes the proposed PSO with timevarying nonlinear decreased constriction coefficient. Application of our proposed algorithm to optimal PID tuning is described in section 4. Section 5 describes result and discussion. Finally, section 6 concludes the paper.

Application of PSO method for tuning PID parameters with a variety of plant models, including nonlinear plant, have shown better results than previous methods.

Some of these include the random inertia weight PSO (PSO-RIW), linear decreased weight PSO (PSO-LDW), nonlinear decreased weight PSO (PSO-NDW), variable constriction coefficient PSO (PSO-VCF), Genetic Algorithm PSO (GA-PSO), different evolutional PSO (DE-PSO), dynamic multi-point detecting PSO, binary PSO, self adaptive PSO (SA-PSO), knowledge based PSO (KB-PSO), and so on.

Many improvement strategies based on adjustment of inertia weight because this parameter is very influential.

Finally, section 6 concludes the paper.


Although OCC does not support high capacity link connectivity due to the camera limitations, it can be employed in numerous low data rate applications, such as indoor positioning, mobile robot navigation, small identification information, and advertisements. As light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are used as transmitters for OCC technology, they can further be used for illumination purposes. These LED lights are fabricated from semiconductor materials, which have fast switching capabilities [6] . Also, cameras are commonly used devices in recent times and they are incorporated into every smartphone. Thus, they are an ideal wireless communication platform, which uses an unlicensed spectrum that provides a very low installation cost and consumes very little energy. In order to support 5G massive connectivity and low power consumption, a large number of users can be connected with the OCC network and access the same information transmitted through light; research for the improvement of this capacity is ongoing. However, due to the existence of smartphones with various operating systems (Android, Windows, or iOS), the same OCC application cannot be used in all types of devices. Among these operating systems, Android has the highest number of users worldwide; thus it has a great prospect for creating applications in this particular area. Moreover, OCC is becoming a promising technology in both indoor and outdoor applications such as localization, smart lighting, patient monitoring, autonomous vehicles, transportation, and augmented reality [1] . However, the implementation of OCC using smartphone cameras is more complicated compared with conventional cameras because current smartphones do not have features that support high data rates and high-speed communication.

These LED lights are fabricated from semiconductor materials, which have fast switching capabilities.

Moreover, OCC is becoming a promising technology in both indoor and outdoor applications such as localization, smart lighting, patient monitoring, autonomous vehicles, transportation, and augmented reality.


The goal of this research is to make EWB system robust to the model uncertainty and disturbance, especially for the friction-coefficient between brake pad and wheel disc. The pad friction-coefficient is a significant factor that makes brake-control difficult, as it is unknown and it directly affects the brake force (Balogh et al., 2006) . Moreover, in EWB system, the pad friction-coefficient is coupled with large stiffness around so that the only small variation of it can be amplified by large stiffness, making system highly sensitive to its variation. The adaptive approach proposed here will make system robust to the variation of pad friction-coefficient and even provide a method to estimate pad friction-coefficient in real time. In addition, this paper suggests a control scheme without a force sensor for the clamp force sensing. It would contribute to the reduction of cost and system complexity.

The pad friction-coefficient is a significant factor that makes brake-control difficult, as it is unknown and it directly affects the brake force.


Many developing countries currently experience profound transformations in the food retail sector, with modern supermarkets massively gaining in importance. While developments are already more advanced in some parts of Asia and Latin America, the share of supermarkets in food retailing is still relatively low in most sub-Saharan African countries, even though it is increasing rapidly. . That supermarkets tend to increase consumer BMI in developing countries was also shown in a few previous studies (Asfaw, 2008; Kimenju et al., 2015) . These previous studies had even suggested larger effects, but they built on cross-section observational data where controlling for possible bias due to unobserved heterogeneity is more difficult. We argue that our estimates with panel data models are more realistic and reliable. However, regardless of the exact magnitude of effects, results confirm that the growth of supermarkets contributes to the nutrition transition in Africa.

That supermarkets tend to increase consumer BMI in developing countries was also shown in a few previous studies.


Rising rates of obesity are caused by income growth, urbanization, and related changes in people's lifestyles and diets. The nutrition transition is particularly characterized by higher consumption of processed foods that are dense in sugar, fat, and salt (Popkin, Adair, & Ng, 2012) . Changes in the food retail environment may also play a role. In many developing countries, modern supermarkets are spreading rapidly (Reardon, Timmer, Barrett, & Berdegué, 2003) . As supermarkets sometimes offer different types of products than traditional markets and shops, such modernization of the retail sector could possibly contribute to negative nutrition and health outcomes (Hawkes, 2008; Popkin, 2014; Qaim, 2017) .

The nutrition transition is particularly characterized by higher consumption of processed foods that are dense in sugar, fat, and salt.

In many developing countries, modern supermarkets are spreading rapidly.

As supermarkets sometimes offer different types of products than traditional markets and shops, such modernization of the retail sector could possibly contribute to negative nutrition and health outcomes.


Excluding EHBA and INH, a myriad of potential etiologies for infantile cholestatic jaundice have been identified; these can be categorized into obstructive and intrinsic processes. Obstruction can be grossly structural or microscopic in nature (e.g., stones, plugs, or sclerosis of the biliary tract). Intrinsic processes affect hepatic cellular function (e.g. infections, metabolic disorders, endocrinopathies, chromosomal abnormalities, vascular abnormalities, toxins, neoplasms, and prematurity) [2] . Given the absence of large, comprehensive patient series that define the spectrum and relative incidence of the etiologies of cholestasis in the newborn period and early infancy, this systematic review was undertaken.

Intrinsic processes affect hepatic cellular function (e.g. infections, metabolic disorders, endocrinopathies, chromosomal abnormalities, vascular abnormalities, toxins, neoplasms, and prematurity).


In many actual applications such as satellite communications and radar navigations, single antenna array is generally required to have the capability of producing a number of radiation patterns with different shapes, so as to save space and reduce cost. In practice, adjusting excitation phases is much easier than adjusting excitation amplitudes in the feeding network. Hence, phase-only reconfigurable array, which is designed to radiate multiple radiation patterns using a single power divider network and different phase shifters, attracts more and more attentions in recent years [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Hence, phase-only reconfigurable array, which is designed to radiate multiple radiation patterns using a single power divider network and different phase shifters, attracts more and more attentions in recent years.


In step 1, the 1200-km filtering wavelength is chosen as the 4 times of the 34-kt wind radius for a typical TC, which is assumed 300 km or less. The scheme is, however, not sensitive to the choice as we have compared the results from using 1200-and 1500-km filtering wavelengths and the difference is not significant (not shown). Meanwhile, instead of computing for the whole model domain, 4000 km is large enough to contain typhoon circulation before and after the relocation. In the step 2, the tangential-wind criterion used to determine the range of TC circulation is directly following the criterion used in the GFDL model (Kurihara et al. 1995) . Different filtering wavelengths and tangential-wind criteria have been tested (not shown) and the results indicate that the TC relocation scheme is not sensitivity to these choices. In the step 3, the first pass of the two-pass Barnes analysis computes the non-TC perturbation at grid point g inside the TC domain as , r is the distance between the grid point g and edge point j, and the radius of influence R 1 is set to 300 km for the first pass.

In the step 2, the tangential-wind criterion used to determine the range of TC circulation is directly following the criterion used in the GFDL model.


Thus, in most cases, either nitrogen or other inert gas was used as the atmosphere for the TGA measurements. It is feasible, if the aim of the work is identifying the various gases released or using as an input in a model for pyrolysis technology. However, the combustion kinetics of solid (not just waste-derived) fuels are more rarely investigated, which is understandable, as during combustion the reactions are much complex and harder to distinguish. Also, it is much harder to taken a proper TGA measurement, because in combustible atmosphere the pyrolytic and combustion reactions occur simultaneously, and the samples tend to self-ignite resulting in unrealistic behavior in the measured graphs, which makes most kinetic evaluation method unreliable [10] . But there are cases, for example if the determined kinetic parameters supposed to be used as an input for a physical model with combustion, where it is necessary to consider combustion in the kinetics as well.

Also, it is much harder to taken a proper TGA measurement, because in combustible atmosphere the pyrolytic and combustion reactions occur simultaneously, and the samples tend to self-ignite resulting in unrealistic behavior in the measured graphs, which makes most kinetic evaluation method unreliable.


Instead of distinguishing every possible reaction, it is common to substitute them with only a few pseudo-reaction groups. Identifying the origin of these is quite challenging for these complex samples. In the literature, it is common to relate them to the major waste components, which are cellulosic materials like paper, textiles and sometimes biomasses, and plastics [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . For combustion, this means three main reaction groups, two of which are responsible for the volatile releases at around 300°C and 470°C. The first one describes the pyrolysis of all cellulosic materials, and the second shows the decomposition of the plastics. The third reaction takes place between 600 and 700°C; it is related to the combustion of all remaining char, mostly from the cellulosic components [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .

In the literature, it is common to relate them to the major waste components, which are cellulosic materials like paper, textiles and sometimes biomasses, and plastics.

The third reaction takes place between 600 and 700°C; it is related to the combustion of all remaining char, mostly from the cellulosic components.


The results of this study indicate that the simplified 2D bidomain model of the heart can generate realistic ECG morphologies, offering a good compromise between computational efficiency, complexity and accuracy (Fig.5.) . ECG simulations performed by sweeping APD and conductivity in different heart regions are consistent with expectations, and indicate that the proposed model can be used as a tool in basic research and education. An ideal computational model has to be as simple as possible and as complex as necessary for the particular investigation at hand [8] . Therefore, to validate the model we have investigated the relation between APD, tissue conductivity and the resulting ECG.

An ideal computational model has to be as simple as possible and as complex as necessary for the particular investigation at hand.


Biophysical models of cardiac electrical activity and resulting torso surface potentials are becoming increasingly detailed and computationally onerous: occasionally requiring even the use of supercomputers [1] [2] [3] [4] . This is especially true for bidomain element models of cardiac electrical activity, which couple transmembrane cellular potentials to extracellular fields, requiring relatively high degrees of freedom to solve for all the dependent variables. We have developed a simplified computationally-efficient two-dimensional (2D) model of cardiac electrical activity that can generate spontaneous periodic activation within the sinoatrial node (SAN) and can reproduce a realistic surface electrocardiogram (ECG) on the torso. The model can be used as a basis for quick and reliable a priori formulation, testing and refinement of different hypotheses about the inverse relation between the surface ECG and various cardiac electrophysiological properties including: action potential duration, refractory period, upstroke velocity, amplitude, conduction velocity, and tissue conductivity. These electrophysiological parameters can be varied in many different ways, with related surface ECGs simultaneously computed in a very short time, thus elucidating the relation between the cardiac parameters and the measured surface potentials. The latter can furthermore be calculated as a standard 12-lead ECG system, signalaveraged ECG (SAECG), body surface potential mapping (BSPM) or any other lead system. This methodology can be useful, for example, in the development of new diagnostic tools that could inversely assess cardiac properties from the associated surface ECG. Furthermore, our model can be used for the development and optimization of different signal processing tools such as QRST cancellation and atrial-ventricular source separation by isolating atrial from ventricular activity, as suggested in the modeling study of the Lausanne Heart Group [5] .

Biophysical models of cardiac electrical activity and resulting torso surface potentials are becoming increasingly detailed and computationally onerous: occasionally requiring even the use of supercomputers.

Furthermore, our model can be used for the development and optimization of different signal processing tools such as QRST cancellation and atrial-ventricular source separation by isolating atrial from ventricular activity, as suggested in the modeling study of the Lausanne Heart Group.


Since the model has been introduced it has been shown that, while the most general classes of boolean formulas are not learnable in polynomial time, a wide variety of restricted classes of formulas are (Angluin, 1992) . However, there is still a large gap between these positive and negative learnability results, and lying in this gap are some of the most natural classes of formulas. Principal among these is DNF: disjunctive normal form formulas.

Since the model has been introduced it has been shown that, while the most general classes of boolean formulas are not learnable in polynomial time, a wide variety of restricted classes of formulas are.


Regarding the opinions of workers and providing them with support as regards the work or out-of-work issues will improve their performance. Individuals may feel that they were not affiliated or that psychological meaning based on work interaction may disappear in case the suggestions and complaints of workers are not listened to or ignored. Such cases may disrupt the organizational support perception and accordingly decrease organizational commitment (Ozdevecioglu, 2003) .

Such cases may disrupt the organizational support perception and accordingly decrease organizational commitment.


In addition to the variables given above, job performance is a function of personal performance of individuals as regards the tasks included in standard of job descriptions. Work performance is also influenced by such variables as establishing good interpersonal relations, withdrawal behaviors such as absenteeism, substance abuse, and behaviors that increase hazards at workplace (Murphy, 1989) . Therefore, it can be said that job performance remains to be an important notion in organizational studies and scientific research.

Work performance is also influenced by such variables as establishing good interpersonal relations, withdrawal behaviors such as absenteeism, substance abuse, and behaviors that increase hazards at workplace.


The relationship between internet, adolescence, and evolutionary tasks is very complex, as adolescents are faced with new challenges and new environmental demands by building new relational abilities and experimenting new identities. Technology can create regressive spaces opposed to the real world, in which the adolescent can experience conflict with the adults, and it can lead to a complete process of identity differentiation (Marchetti, et al., 2017) . In technology addiction subjects live in a doubling condition, that is experience of daily life and a virtual situation on which to project desires and illusions in full freedom. Literature identifies teenagers, who need to search for new experiences and sensations, perceived as out of the ordinary, and to engage in adventurous and dangerous situations (Sensation seeking), as the most vulnerable to the tempting features of technologies, which represent risk factors of the onset of the abovementioned addictions. In adolescence impulsivity, considered as a personality trait, plays a risk factor in developing a pathological disorder (Logue, 1995; Shaw et al., 2006) . On the other hand, emotional intelligence decreases vulnerability to disparities becoming, therefore, a protective factor against social anxiety, isolation and consequently of addiction (Oskenbay et al., 2015; Toto, 2017a) . In this section, the main contents of the selected literature will focused on different forms of technology addictions and the possible causes that can predict the onset of these dynamics in young-adults. Indeed, the inclusion of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in Section III of the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostics and the Statistical Manual of mental disorders has increased the interest of researchers in the development of new standardized psychometric tools for assessing this disorder. Moreover, although research on social networking addiction has increased considerably over the last decade, the number of validated tools that evaluate this behavioural addiction remains few. An important tool shared by the scientific community is the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), which has been recently used to provide empirical data on the relationship between social media addiction and attachment styles, thus supporting theoretical associations between them (Monacis et al., 2017) .

Technology can create regressive spaces opposed to the real world, in which the adolescent can experience conflict with the adults, and it can lead to a complete process of identity differentiation.

In adolescence impulsivity, considered as a personality trait, plays a risk factor in developing a pathological disorder.

On the other hand, emotional intelligence decreases vulnerability to disparities becoming, therefore, a protective factor against social anxiety, isolation and consequently of addiction.

An important tool shared by the scientific community is the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), which has been recently used to provide empirical data on the relationship between social media addiction and attachment styles, thus supporting theoretical associations between them.


Technologies have intrinsically an inactive and sedentary component in their usage, although there are "active video games" known as Exergames that allow you to practice motor activity at the same time (Manuela, 2013) . In addition to the fun, technological tools can lead to unproductive psychological consequences for children and teenagers such as sleep problems, mental health, emotional rushes, aggressivity, intolerance, and selfish behaviour towards parents or friends (Sivertsen, 2015) . From a quantitative point of view, the child cannot easily disengage from the game and distinguish the real from the virtual until it produces uncontrolled behaviours. Time spent playing leads to isolation and individualism, reduces social relationships but above all sports and physical activity. This obsession for gambling can also lead to pathologies such as epilepsy and the increasing of sedentary could increases the risk of physical problems, such as overweight and obesity (Cerizza et al., 2008) . However, there are researches in favour of technology that state that it favours a brain stimulation of the players, causing them to act differently than normal conditions due to the upcoming of the visual messages provided by the images. Particularly, video games, as sensory motor, play and enhance some manual and precision skills, can lead to greater concentration, facilitate self-control, and manage emotions related to carry out a task. They can develop different aspects of personality, such as take initiatives and decisions in a short time and address the difficulties (Scala et al., 2017) .

Technologies have intrinsically an inactive and sedentary component in their usage, although there are "active video games" known as Exergames that allow you to practice motor activity at the same time.

In addition to the fun, technological tools can lead to unproductive psychological consequences for children and teenagers such as sleep problems, mental health, emotional rushes, aggressivity, intolerance, and selfish behaviour towards parents or friends.

This obsession for gambling can also lead to pathologies such as epilepsy and the increasing of sedentary could increases the risk of physical problems, such as overweight and obesity.

They can develop different aspects of personality, such as take initiatives and decisions in a short time and address the difficulties.


Many of these studies suggest that internet abuse would be related to loneliness, sense of vacuum, feelings of depression, difficulty in perceiving reality (Santovecchi & Furnò, 2014) . The daily use of the Internet is linked to people's social contexts, that is, the result of the lack of social support from their family members can facilitate the onset of technological addictions, since social contacts and reinforcement gained on the Internet can lead to an increase in the desire to maintain a 'virtual' social life. As a result, when adolescents develop social media addiction, they have little time and energy to keep active social contacts in their daily lives. This phenomenon increases the risk of the onset of feelings of loneliness, depressive moods and low self-esteem (Lin et al., 2017) .

Many of these studies suggest that internet abuse would be related to loneliness, sense of vacuum, feelings of depression, difficulty in perceiving reality.

This phenomenon increases the risk of the onset of feelings of loneliness, depressive moods and low self-esteem.


In the field of linguistics, the differences between male and female traits within spoken and written language have been studied both empirically and theoretically, revealing that the language used by males and females differs in terms of style and syntax (Coates, 2015) . The increasing amount of work on automatic author classification (or 'author profiling') reaching relatively high accuracies on domain-specific data corroborates these findings (Rangel et al., 2013; Santosh et al., 2013) . However, determining the gender of an author based solely on text is not a solved issue. Likewise, the selection of the most informative features for gender classification remains a difficult task (Litvinova et al., 2016) .

In the field of linguistics, the differences between male and female traits within spoken and written language have been studied both empirically and theoretically, revealing that the language used by males and females differs in terms of style and syntax.

The increasing amount of work on automatic author classification (or 'author profiling') reaching relatively high accuracies on domain-specific data corroborates these findings.

Likewise, the selection of the most informative features for gender classification remains a difficult task.


Bactrocera invadens is present in mango orchards of the Lake Victoria Crescent all year round, and at levels that far exceed economic thresholds set in other parts of the world [26] . Bactrocera invadens population and infestation levels progressively rise as fruit matures and ripens, followed by a rapid decrease in population numbers after harvest. The population peaks match well with fruit availability (physiologically mature or ripe fruit stages). It is recommended that fruit fly control measures be carried out throughout the year, but with increased intensity soon after fruit set when populations start to build up, in order to minimize damage to later stages of fruit development.

Bactrocera invadens is present in mango orchards of the Lake Victoria Crescent all year round, and at levels that far exceed economic thresholds set in other parts of the world.


According to cognitive complexity and control (CCC) theory, cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to flexibly shift between multiple incompatible perspectives or descriptions of an object or event [8] . Linguistically formulating conflicting perspectives or descriptions and embedding these under a higher-order rule enable the ability to flexibly shift between these conflicting perspectives or descriptions [8] [9] [10] . This ability to formulate and use higher-order rules enables children to formulate more complex and integrated rule systems which then allow them to control their attention and behavior in a relatively top-down fashion [10, 11] . Perseverative behavior occurs when children lack the ability to integrate incompatible pieces of knowledge into a more complex rule system. Thus, CCC theory predicts that children with more advanced cognitive flexibility skills will have better attention and behavior regulation skills.

According to cognitive complexity and control (CCC) theory, cognitive flexibility refers to the ability to flexibly shift between multiple incompatible perspectives or descriptions of an object or event.

Linguistically formulating conflicting perspectives or descriptions and embedding these under a higher-order rule enable the ability to flexibly shift between these conflicting perspectives or descriptions.

This ability to formulate and use higher-order rules enables children to formulate more complex and integrated rule systems which then allow them to control their attention and behavior in a relatively top-down fashion.


Much of the research into the development of children's self-regulation skills has been conducted within the executive function framework [5] . Inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility are components of executive function that contribute to the development of selfregulation [6] . These executive function components follow different trajectories across early development such that the preschool period is characterized by dramatic improvements in inhibitory control, whereas the development of cognitive flexibility accelerates during the early school years [7] .

Much of the research into the development of children's self-regulation skills has been conducted within the executive function framework.

Inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility are components of executive function that contribute to the development of selfregulation.

These executive function components follow different trajectories across early development such that the preschool period is characterized by dramatic improvements in inhibitory control, whereas the development of cognitive flexibility accelerates during the early school years.


Despite differing clinical characteristics and outcomes, little is known about how risk factors differ for these histologic types. Studies examining uncommon histologies often have limited information on some known or suspected etiologic factors [1, 8, 9] . Most studies rely on data from local cancer registries, such as International Classification of Diseases-Oncology (ICD-O) codes, for histologic classification, rather than utilizing a centralized pathology review process. Evidence for several cancers suggests that relying on ICD-O coding for rarer tumor types could introduce or increase inter-observer diagnostic variability, resulting in heterogeneity within pathological groupings [12, 25, 26] .

Studies examining uncommon histologies often have limited information on some known or suspected etiologic factors.

Evidence for several cancers suggests that relying on ICD-O coding for rarer tumor types could introduce or increase inter-observer diagnostic variability, resulting in heterogeneity within pathological groupings.


The design and manufacture of a structural element is normally followed by specific tests up to and beyond operational loads to qualify the product in view of potential material variability. As CFRP structural elements are prone to failure initiating from defects, an assessment of manufacturing quality, monitoring at regular intervals, as well as a re-assessment after an incident is recommended [1] . A major challenge remains in estimating the expected residual life of a component after detection of damage.

As CFRP structural elements are prone to failure initiating from defects, an assessment of manufacturing quality, monitoring at regular intervals, as well as a re-assessment after an incident is recommended.


At present, mathematical models have been designed to forecast heat transfer and sintering temperatures in rotary kilns [5] [6] [7] . However, the results predicted by mathematical models are not accurate enough because coal combustion in a kiln is very complex. The research of mathematical models should be further development. Thermal behavior of fuel has been widely studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which is an extensive and effective research method for studying thermal behavior [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . Thermal characteristics of ignition temperature, burnout temperature, maximum combustion rate, and combustion kinetic parameters can be acquired to quantitatively analyze the thermal process of fuel [13] [14] [15] . However, the thermal reaction process of coal in a rotary kiln has not been clearly understood. Since the thermal behavior of coal in kiln is unclear, there is a lack of proper regulation for its combustion, resulting high coal consumption and great environmental pollution.

At present, mathematical models have been designed to forecast heat transfer and sintering temperatures in rotary kilns.

Thermal behavior of fuel has been widely studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which is an extensive and effective research method for studying thermal behavior.

Thermal characteristics of ignition temperature, burnout temperature, maximum combustion rate, and combustion kinetic parameters can be acquired to quantitatively analyze the thermal process of fuel.


The study presents two cases of MTMs. The first one is a wideband (− ) negative permittivity (ENG), whereas the second one is double negative (DNG). Both cases are the electromagnetic behaviour represented in -parameters that are numerically and experimentally studied. The simulated and the experimental results exhibit very good agreement in the (8-12) GHz X-band regime whereas the permittivity and permeability and refraction index characteristics are extracted to explain the behaviour of the MTM cell. The proposed MTM (Fishnet-Mushroom-like) is fabricated and measured. The obtained results are compared with simulated results, which are carried out by CSTMWs' simulation program [10] . The given notes, as well as the NicolsonRoss-Weir (NRW) procedure, are considered to obtain the properties of the designed MTM structure and the effective material parameters [11, 12] .

The study presents two cases of MTMs.

The obtained results are compared with simulated results, which are carried out by CSTMWs' simulation program.

The given notes, as well as the NicolsonRoss-Weir (NRW) procedure, are considered to obtain the properties of the designed MTM structure and the effective material parameters.


In this study, the proposed Fishnet-Mushroom-like MTM is fabricated and measured, and the obtained results are compared with simulated results. There are two cases of MTMs, the first one of which is (− ) a wideband negative permittivity (between 8 and 10.95 GHz and between 11 and 12 GHz) and the second one is double negative (DNG) (between 10.95 and 11 GHz, LH region; and 10.975 GHz is indicated as transmission peak). The electromagnetic behaviour for the said cases in question is represented in -parameters numerically and experimentally for the X-band arena. The value of this study brings forth the fact that this structure can be used in wideband (ENG) applications such as efficient electrically small antenna enhancement applications and also for double-negativity antenna and radar cross section (RCS) property enhancement applications [18] [19] [20] [21] .

The value of this study brings forth the fact that this structure can be used in wideband (ENG) applications such as efficient electrically small antenna enhancement applications and also for double-negativity antenna and radar cross section (RCS) property enhancement applications.


Cyber Physical System (CPS) is an integrated system in which computational elements collaborate to control physical entities. CPS was regarded as a top-priority research area since 2007 [1] . Being a critical infrastructure, smart grid is a typical example of CPS (e.g. with the sensors and smart meters as the physical entities, the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) control system as one of the computational elements). The current trend of smart grid is to provide on-demand power supply according to real-time user requirements [2] . One of the major security concerns of a smart grid system is on the communications of the cyber components (i.e. software in the SCADA system) and the physical components (i.e. sensors/meters). Several attacks indicate that the physical components, such as smart meters, can be compromised in order to misuse private customer data or manipulate meter readings [3] .

CPS was regarded as a top-priority research area since 2007.

The current trend of smart grid is to provide on-demand power supply according to real-time user requirements.

Several attacks indicate that the physical components, such as smart meters, can be compromised in order to misuse private customer data or manipulate meter readings.


The dry fiber tapes offer cost and weight advantages over traditional thermoset prepreg systems, by keeping the raw material and, finished preform at room temperature with unlimited shelf life [7] . The modern dry fiber tape manufacturers use binding agents for good tack to the mold, and subsequent layers when heated, and a permeable veil between the fibers for better resin impregnation. In order to allow highspeed production, a powerful heating source such as a laser, has to be incorporated to activate the binder.

The dry fiber tapes offer cost and weight advantages over traditional thermoset prepreg systems, by keeping the raw material and, finished preform at room temperature with unlimited shelf life.


Furthermore, the response time of the heating device needs to be as rapid as possible, to avoid any ply spring-back [11] . It is well known that, fiber reinforcements exhibit viscoelastic compaction response [12] [13] [14] . Tape compression through AFP rollers also play a significant role in determining the final part quality, given that the first ply will be compressed several times, while the last ply will be compressed only once and the resulting preform may be non-homogeneous in the through-thickness direction.

Furthermore, the response time of the heating device needs to be as rapid as possible, to avoid any ply spring-back.

It is well known that, fiber reinforcements exhibit viscoelastic compaction response.


Assessment of the results of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) is based on orthopedic history-taking and medical examination [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Functional tests are also carried out to assess the level of postoperative restoration of motor abilities, neuromuscular coordination, and physical fitness [7] [8] [9] [10] . One of the tasks of postoperative physiotherapy is to restore baseline torque, in adequate proportions, to the muscles affecting the operated knee joint. In publications dealing with this issue, the torque of muscle groups affecting the operated knee joint in the sagittal plane is the most frequently reported [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Few publications have analyzed torque and its reciprocal relationships in the muscles responsible for shin axial rotation (i.e., in the transverse plane) after ACLR [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . There are even some data on the peak torque produced by the muscles acting on the shin in relationship to the thigh, both in the sagittal and the transverse planes, after ACLR, but they concern only isokinetic conditions and they present long-term follow-up [26] .

Assessment of the results of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) is based on orthopedic history-taking and medical examination.

Functional tests are also carried out to assess the level of postoperative restoration of motor abilities, neuromuscular coordination, and physical fitness.

In publications dealing with this issue, the torque of muscle groups affecting the operated knee joint in the sagittal plane is the most frequently reported.

Few publications have analyzed torque and its reciprocal relationships in the muscles responsible for shin axial rotation (i.e., in the transverse plane) after ACLR.

There are even some data on the peak torque produced by the muscles acting on the shin in relationship to the thigh, both in the sagittal and the transverse planes, after ACLR, but they concern only isokinetic conditions and they present long-term follow-up.


Hydrodynamics is an effective theory for the description of long-wavelength phenomena of fluids, that can be expressed as a small gradient expansion relative to a thermal background [1] . Thus, hydrodynamics is expected to fail for systems which are far-from-equilibrium where the gradients are expected to be large. The medium produced in pp collisions at LHC and RHIC energies is an example of such a system. However, recent experimental results of high energy pp collision have shown evidence of collectivity similar to those observed in heavy-ion collisions [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . The unprecedented success of hydrodynamics to describe collectivity in heavy-ion collisions, as well as small systems, can be attributed to the fact that there exists a stable universal attractor which makes the dynamical equations to quickly converge and enter a hydrodynamic regime, at a time scale much smaller than the typical isotropization time scales [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .

Hydrodynamics is an effective theory for the description of long-wavelength phenomena of fluids, that can be expressed as a small gradient expansion relative to a thermal background.

However, recent experimental results of high energy pp collision have shown evidence of collectivity similar to those observed in heavy-ion collisions.

The unprecedented success of hydrodynamics to describe collectivity in heavy-ion collisions, as well as small systems, can be attributed to the fact that there exists a stable universal attractor which makes the dynamical equations to quickly converge and enter a hydrodynamic regime, at a time scale much smaller than the typical isotropization time scales.


Further studies report on the validity of referrals based on DT cut-off. Prostate cancer patients with a DT cutoff of five were referred for psychiatric assessment, with 47% of participants meeting criteria for a DSM-IV disorder (i.e., adjustment disorder with mixed features of anxiety and depression, major depression in partial remission, and three had depression related to medication or their medical condition) [16] . Another study referred breast cancer patients after first recurrence with a DT greater than the cut-off score (or those with a score less than the cut-off who requested follow-up) to a three-month individually-tailored intervention, and found the intervention significantly reduced the rate of psychiatric disorders [40, 41] .

Prostate cancer patients with a DT cutoff of five were referred for psychiatric assessment, with 47% of participants meeting criteria for a DSM-IV disorder (i.e., adjustment disorder with mixed features of anxiety and depression, major depression in partial remission, and three had depression related to medication or their medical condition).

Another study referred breast cancer patients after first recurrence with a DT greater than the cut-off score (or those with a score less than the cut-off who requested follow-up) to a three-month individually-tailored intervention, and found the intervention significantly reduced the rate of psychiatric disorders.


Many experimental devices were developed to determine directional emissivity of materials, for instance for glass [6] [7] . Generally, these devices are quite complex and fail in measuring directional emissivity for angles greater than 80 degrees. Thus, it is still difficult to point out deviations between theoretical and experimental values in this range of emission angles. Moreover, most of the existing devices are usually based on a reflectometric method. In this case, the sample is illuminated with a directional source and the reflected flux is collected by an integrating sphere. Measuring the directional-hemispherical reflectance enables the calculation of the directional emissivity by varying the angle between the incident beam and the normal to the surface of the sample.

Many experimental devices were developed to determine directional emissivity of materials, for instance for glass.


We conclude that greater representation in climate policy processes, and a potentially fairer and more equitable response to climate risk, is contingent on how the problems are framed, how community voices are represented at multiple scales, and to what extent the international regime of climate policy enables and recognizes political expressions and mobilizations at national-level policy debates. Although the extent and scope of the politics of representation in climate policy development is highly contextual, this analysis points to the need for enhanced politics of representation for improving policy processes and outcomes. This means that in order to enhance equity and fairness in climate change adaptation, it is important to rethink the ways that local politics and international regimes interact in fostering or undermining representative and responsive climate policy processes. This is particularly important because, despite expanding struggles for democratic and inclusive governance in Nepal, climate policy processes have not been a matter of concern in the national political arena. This finding from Nepal challenges the view that an effective climate policy does not necessarily require effective participation (Burton & Mustelin, 2013) . It is likely that the politics could be divisive and delay action on urgent adaptation issues, but in Nepal there was not even a minimal level of political engagement, a deliberate situation engineered to serve the interests of those driving the process.

This finding from Nepal challenges the view that an effective climate policy does not necessarily require effective participation.


Duplex stainless steels (DSS) is a prominent member of the stainless steel family, which combines the properties of both possession of attractive properties such as high corrosion resistance, good mechanical strength and ductility, abrasion resistance, erosion resistance and a very good weldability [6] [7] [8] [9] . Conventional DSS alloys suffer considerable loss in wear and mechanical strength at high temperatures. Such limitations in mechanical properties limit their use in structural applications in many industrial sectors [10, 11] . One promising approach to improve the elevated temperature properties as well as the mechanical, wear and oxidation properties of stainless steels is by reinforcing it with ceramic dispersoids [12] .

Duplex stainless steels (DSS) is a prominent member of the stainless steel family, which combines the properties of both possession of attractive properties such as high corrosion resistance, good mechanical strength and ductility, abrasion resistance, erosion resistance and a very good weldability.

Such limitations in mechanical properties limit their use in structural applications in many industrial sectors.

One promising approach to improve the elevated temperature properties as well as the mechanical, wear and oxidation properties of stainless steels is by reinforcing it with ceramic dispersoids.


Similar to previous study findings, TurkStats survey results reveal that computer and the Internet usage rate among young generation is considerably higher than that among elders. The age digital divide is expected to diminish steadily as younger computer literate generations replace older non-users (Broos & Roe, 2006) . It is found that the gender digital divide has been consistent among all age groups in Turkey. The rate of computer and Internet use of male residents is higher than that of females.

The age digital divide is expected to diminish steadily as younger computer literate generations replace older non-users.


The exponential growth of the use of ICTs has had a profound impact on many aspects of daily life. Over the past few decades, ICTs have dramatically transformed the societies and the economies around the world. Today, ICTs have become an essential part of modern culture and cover almost all aspects of life. With advanced ICTs, especially the Internet, the world has today become like a global village. Although developed countries enjoy the benefits of ICTs in almost all areas of life, developing countries do not benefit enough from these technologies. As a result of advances in information technologies, the knowledge gaps between the information-rich and the information-poor have deepened over time and that has caused excluding certain parts of the world from enjoying the fruits of global village (Iskandarani, 2008) . Then, the world has begun to notice the phenomenon, named as the digital divide. There is a significant digital divide exists between richer and poorer countries in the use of ICT and the availability of complementary assets such as telecommunications networks and skilled ICT professionals (Genus & Nor, 2007; Shih, Kraemer, & Dedrick, 2008) .

As a result of advances in information technologies, the knowledge gaps between the information-rich and the information-poor have deepened over time and that has caused excluding certain parts of the world from enjoying the fruits of global village.

There is a significant digital divide exists between richer and poorer countries in the use of ICT and the availability of complementary assets such as telecommunications networks and skilled ICT professionals.


Traditional fault diagnosis methods use efficient feature extraction and a machine learning algorithm, such as -nearest neighbors ( -NN), support vectors machines (SVMs), and artificial neural networks (ANNs), to perform fault diagnosis [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Feature extraction is a cumbersome process that requires expert knowledge and also adds to the complexity of the fault diagnosis scheme [21] . Previously, ten statistical parameters reflecting the bearing health conditions were first calculated, and then the calculated features were provided as an input to the ANN for fault classification [22] . In a previous study, nineteen statistical parameters were extracted from the vibration signals, and fault classification was performed using SVMs [23] . A combination of the coefficients of the linear time-invariant autoregressive model and nearest neighbor classifier were utilized for fault diagnosis [24] . These networks can efficiently perform fault classification under constant shaft speeds. However, the efficiency of these fault diagnosis schemes decreases when tested with data for variable shaft speeds. A mechanism is required to address the issue for the underlying network so that it can efficiently extract useful information from nonstationary shaft speed data, making it suitable for efficient fault diagnosis in variable shaft speed conditions. In recent years, deep learning has emerged as a useful tool for solving pattern recognition, image processing, computer vision, and natural language processing problems and is capable of attaining informative features from minimally processed data via nonlinear transformations [25] [26] [27] . Deep learning algorithms can replace the need for handcrafted features, as the algorithms are capable of unsupervised feature learning and hierarchical feature extraction [28] .

Traditional fault diagnosis methods use efficient feature extraction and a machine learning algorithm, such as -nearest neighbors ( -NN), support vectors machines (SVMs), and artificial neural networks (ANNs), to perform fault diagnosis.

Feature extraction is a cumbersome process that requires expert knowledge and also adds to the complexity of the fault diagnosis scheme.

Previously, ten statistical parameters reflecting the bearing health conditions were first calculated, and then the calculated features were provided as an input to the ANN for fault classification.

In a previous study, nineteen statistical parameters were extracted from the vibration signals, and fault classification was performed using SVMs.

A combination of the coefficients of the linear time-invariant autoregressive model and nearest neighbor classifier were utilized for fault diagnosis.

In recent years, deep learning has emerged as a useful tool for solving pattern recognition, image processing, computer vision, and natural language processing problems and is capable of attaining informative features from minimally processed data via nonlinear transformations.

Deep learning algorithms can replace the need for handcrafted features, as the algorithms are capable of unsupervised feature learning and hierarchical feature extraction.


Reliable fault diagnosis of industrial machinery is an essential task, as it not only contributes to the safety and reliability of the machinery, but also decreases the associated maintenance and operational costs [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Vibration acceleration signals collected from complex industrial machines provide useful information about their health status, and therefore, vibration condition monitoring is considered a standard approach that allows for corroboration as a part of reliable fault diagnosis schemes [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . Bearings are the most frequently used components in rotating machinery and account for approximately 40-51% of the failure occurrences [13] [14] [15] . As a result, bearing fault diagnosis has been extensively investigated.

Reliable fault diagnosis of industrial machinery is an essential task, as it not only contributes to the safety and reliability of the machinery, but also decreases the associated maintenance and operational costs.

Vibration acceleration signals collected from complex industrial machines provide useful information about their health status, and therefore, vibration condition monitoring is considered a standard approach that allows for corroboration as a part of reliable fault diagnosis schemes.

Bearings are the most frequently used components in rotating machinery and account for approximately 40-51% of the failure occurrences.


In the last three decades, experimental study on particle crushing of granular material has attracted the attentions of many researchers [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Particle crushing is believed to be an irrecoverable process and sand grains are densified into a more compact state through inter-particle slip and rotation. Some engineering practise such as estimation of the bearing capacity of pile is greatly influenced by the variation in mechanical properties of sand in surrounding of pile tip due to particle crushing [7] [8] [9] [10] .

In the last three decades, experimental study on particle crushing of granular material has attracted the attentions of many researchers.

Some engineering practise such as estimation of the bearing capacity of pile is greatly influenced by the variation in mechanical properties of sand in surrounding of pile tip due to particle crushing.


Various methods used for the determination of a variety of desired analytes (without use of biocatalyst) are gas chromatography, colorimetric and flourimetric analysis, and so forth. However, these methods need sample pretreatment which stands as a major disadvantage in their versatility of applications. These methods cannot be used for field monitoring. Thus, devices were developed based on biocatalyst to analyze desired analytes of interest known as biosensors, which are of vital importance. Many biosensors have been developed for the determination of analytes in the biological samples, namely, spectrometry, potentiometry with application of pH sensitive electrode or an ion selective electrode or an ion sensitive field effective transistor, conductometry, coulometry, amperometry, and inductometry [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] .

Many biosensors have been developed for the determination of analytes in the biological samples, namely, spectrometry, potentiometry with application of pH sensitive electrode or an ion selective electrode or an ion sensitive field effective transistor, conductometry, coulometry, amperometry, and inductometry.


Biosensor is an analytical device, which incorporates biological sensing elements like enzymes, antibodies, receptors, aptamers, nucleic acids, cells, and so forth over electrodes. Electrode decides the sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility of the sensor/biosensor, with electronic transducer equipped with an electronic amplifier and was found to have applications in various fields, for example, clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, bioprocess monitoring, food, agricultural product processing, and so forth [14, 15] . According to IUPAC, biosensor specifically defined as a self-contained integral device that is capable of providing specific quantitative or semiquantitative analytical information using a biological element [16] . Biosensor has three major components: (a) biorecognition element or bioreceptor, (b) an immobilization surface for immobilization of biomolecule, and (c) a transducer unit for conversion of biochemical reaction product into a recognizable signal. Thus, bioreceptor and transducer together may be referred to as biosensor membrane [17, 18] . The history of biosensor started in 1962 with the development of first enzyme-based glucose sensing device by Clark and Lyons using a thin layer of glucose oxidase (GOx) entrapped over an oxygen electrode via semipermeable dialysis membrane for the measurements of the O 2 consumed by the enzyme-catalyzed reaction [19] . Nowadays, biosensors are much more advanced than the Clark enzyme electrode, but are facing new challenges like the instability of desired biomolecules with an electrode. The redox reaction in terms of measuring the loss or formation of substrate or product, the use of a small mediator species that shuttles between the biomolecule and the electrode, or direct electron transfer (ET) between the biomolecule redox site and the electrode. Direct ET can be difficult to achieve, since the redox site of a biomolecule often buried deep inside the biomolecule. The modification of biomolecules or electrode surfaces using novel conducting materials as mediators and design of functional biointerfaces. Thus, highly conductive 2 International Journal of Electrochemistry organic transducers like CPs nanomaterials, sol-gel films, and self-assembled monolayers, and so forth are gradually emerging for the development of next-generation biosensor design for highly reliable, stable, and robust field-based biosensor devices [20, 21] .

Electrode decides the sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility of the sensor/biosensor, with electronic transducer equipped with an electronic amplifier and was found to have applications in various fields, for example, clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, bioprocess monitoring, food, agricultural product processing, and so forth.

According to IUPAC, biosensor specifically defined as a self-contained integral device that is capable of providing specific quantitative or semiquantitative analytical information using a biological element.

Thus, bioreceptor and transducer together may be referred to as biosensor membrane.

The history of biosensor started in 1962 with the development of first enzyme-based glucose sensing device by Clark and Lyons using a thin layer of glucose oxidase (GOx) entrapped over an oxygen electrode via semipermeable dialysis membrane for the measurements of the O 2 consumed by the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

Thus, highly conductive 2 International Journal of Electrochemistry organic transducers like CPs nanomaterials, sol-gel films, and self-assembled monolayers, and so forth are gradually emerging for the development of next-generation biosensor design for highly reliable, stable, and robust field-based biosensor devices.


Chemical bonding in conducting polymers provides one unpaired electron, that is, π-electron per carbon atom in the backbone of the polymer. Carbon atoms are in sp 2 p z configuration in π-bonding and orbitals of successive carbon atoms overlap providing delocalization of electrons along the backbone of polymer. This delocalization provides the charge mobility along the backbone of the polymer chain and induces unusual properties such as electrical conductivity, low ionization potential, low energy optical transitions, and high electron affinity. The π bonds in conjugated polymers are highly susceptible to chemical or electrochemical oxidation or reduction. The origin of electrical conduction in conducting polymers has been ascribed to the formation of nonlinear defects such as solitons, polarons, or bipolarons formed during either doping or polymerization of a monomer. The conductive and semiconducting properties of these polymers make them an important class of materials for a wide range of electronic, optoelectronic, and biotechnological applications such as in rechargeable batteries, molecular electronics, electronic displays, solar cells, ion exchange membrane in fuel cells, diodes, capacitors, field-effect-transistors, printed circuit boards, chemical sensors, drug release systems, and biosensors. Conducting polymers can be used to transport small electronic signals in the body, that is, act as artificial nerves. Scientists have used films in a neurotransmitter as a drug release system into the brain [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] .

Scientists have used films in a neurotransmitter as a drug release system into the brain.


This article aims to re-dress this imbalance, investigating the implications of applying work processes common to call centres to the HR role. In this case, the HR call centre was located within a HR department; in contrast to many call centres which are stand-alone or outsourced (Batt et al., 2003) . This context provided the opportunity to explore how call centre work is positioned with respect to other HR practices.

In this case, the HR call centre was located within a HR department; in contrast to many call centres which are stand-alone or outsourced.


The overall objective of wind turbine control, in its simplest form, is mainly to maintain desired performance objectives (maximum power extraction, stability, etc.) during the process of wind energy utilization. However hefty the initial investment and maintenance costs will be, they will be offset by the fact that freely and naturally occurring wind power is being used in place of fuel [1] . In order to find a trade-off strategy between the load reduction and the power generation, a power curve is utilized to determine the best operation strategy. This work is based on the model of the NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) 5-MW reference wind turbine for nonlinear control system development. In addition, in later sections, we will show that dynamic models of the turbine are used to design controls and to simulate the behavior of the system.

However hefty the initial investment and maintenance costs will be, they will be offset by the fact that freely and naturally occurring wind power is being used in place of fuel.


Participants and Design. Participants were recruited through MTurk. Eligible respondents were restricted to US residents with a 95% or higher approval rate and a completion rate of at least 50 hits. Participants were compensated 0.50 USD. We allowed only one response per Internet Protocol (IP) address (Goodman, Cryder, and Cheema 2013) . Before beginning the survey, we asked potential participants to select from a list of beverages that they have drunk in the past two months. Our intention was only to survey consumers who have a minimum level of familiarity with the category. Those who did not report drinking beer were not allowed to advance and begin the survey. A total of 148 participants (32% females) completed the survey.

Participants and Design.

Participants were compensated 0.50 USD.

We allowed only one response per Internet Protocol (IP) address.


Participants and Design. Participants were recruited through MTurk. Eligible respondents were restricted to US residents with a 95% or higher approval rate and a completion rate of at least 50 hits. Participants were compensated 0.50 USD. We allowed only one response per IP address (Goodman et al. 2013) . As in study 3, we limited our sample to beer drinkers using the same screening mechanism. Overall, 345 participants (41% females) completed the survey. The design was a 2 (Creative Control: High vs. Low) Â 2 (Trustworthiness: Untrustworthy vs. Trustworthy) between-subjects design. We also included a hanging control (comprising 65 of the 345 respondents) in which nothing was said about creative control. This control condition, utilized in a secondary analysis, allows us to assess whether greater-than-expected creative control increases the chances of being seen as warranting recognition or, conversely, less-than-expected creative control hurts those chances, both as compared to a situation in which no creative control information is provided. This affords us a way to discern whether consumers have prior expectations with regard to typical levels of creative control. The hanging control therefore allows us to rule out expectations as an alternative explanation of our results.

Participants and Design.

Participants were compensated 0.50 USD.

We allowed only one response per IP address.


We utilize a Bivariate Probit model as it allows us to test the effect of creative control (high, medium, or low) on both dependent variables, Acclaim and Platinum, simultaneously. We chose this particular specification because (1) for the same song, achieving Platinum status and Acclaim may not be independent and (2) given the nature of our data, we could not determine a strict causal order between the two variables (Greene 2012) . The significance test for the rho parameter suggests our choice of models was judicious as the errors of the two different equations predicting Acclaim and Platinum are indeed correlated (Table 1) . We accounted for the fact that 176 performers entered our data set more than once and hence their songs cannot be considered fully independent by employing robust standard errors clustered at the artist level.

We chose this particular specification because (1) for the same song, achieving Platinum status and Acclaim may not be independent and (2) given the nature of our data, we could not determine a strict causal order between the two variables.


Participants and Design. Participants were recruited through MTurk. Eligible respondents were restricted to US residents with a 95% or higher approval rate and a completion rate of at least 50 hits. Participants were compensated 0.50 USD. We allowed only one response per IP address (Goodman et al. 2013) . A total of 152 participants (49% females) completed the survey. The design was a single-factor (Creative Control: High vs. Low) between-subjects design.

Participants and Design.

Participants were compensated 0.50 USD.


The above equations (1.1)-(1.5) allow us to write the analytic solution, either in the basis of curly L 0 eigenstates or in the Virasoro L 0 eigenstates and those level expansions of the solution are very useful for the numerical evaluation of the energy. The result of the energy obtained by means of the curly L 0 level expansion is given in terms of a divergent series which nevertheless can be resummed numerically by means of Padé approximants to give a good approximation of the expected value of the D-brane tension that agrees with Sen's first conjecture [1, 19] . While in the case of using the usual Virasoro L 0 level expansion, the resulting expression for the energy seems to be a convergent series which approaches to the expected value, and therefore the use of Padé approximants was not necessary in that case [1, 17] .

The result of the energy obtained by means of the curly L 0 level expansion is given in terms of a divergent series which nevertheless can be resummed numerically by means of Padé approximants to give a good approximation of the expected value of the D-brane tension that agrees with Sen's first conjecture.

While in the case of using the usual Virasoro L 0 level expansion, the resulting expression for the energy seems to be a convergent series which approaches to the expected value, and therefore the use of Padé approximants was not necessary in that case.


The British Columbia Pacific halibut fishery is an ITQ-managed fishery that is a wellmanaged and prosperous fishery by metrics of success typically used to assess fisheries [3, 11] . The halibut fishery was an early example of ITQs in Canada, with individual non-transferable quotas introduced in 1991 and temporary transferability of 'blocks' of quota introduced in 1993 [12] . ITQs were fully implemented in the fishery in 1999, with the introduction of permanent and 'by the pound' transferability as well as restrictions on the minimum and maximum quota allowed on a licence. With 100% on-board monitoring and dockside validation, requirements to own or lease quota to cover their directed and non-directed (bycatch) catch, the small-boat groundfish fisheries in BC are some of the most closely monitored and strictly managed fisheries in the world. The halibut stock is managed jointly by Canada and the United States through the International Pacific Halibut Commission, which is responsible for adjusting the total allowable catch (TAC) annually to account for stock status and to ensure that the stock is not overfished in any part of its range from northern Alaska to California. Since 1991, the halibut TAC has ranged from a high of 13 million lbs in 1998 to a low of 5.3 million lbs in 2018. Market demand for halibut is high and the landed price for halibut has almost doubled since 2004, offsetting the loss of landed value from the drop in the TAC. Evaluations of halibut fishery performance commissioned by DFO have been positive [13] [14] [15] .

The British Columbia Pacific halibut fishery is an ITQ-managed fishery that is a wellmanaged and prosperous fishery by metrics of success typically used to assess fisheries.

The halibut fishery was an early example of ITQs in Canada, with individual non-transferable quotas introduced in 1991 and temporary transferability of 'blocks' of quota introduced in 1993.

Evaluations of halibut fishery performance commissioned by DFO have been positive.


The ownership profile of the fishery has changed dramatically under ITQs, however, transitioning from a traditionally owner-operated fishery to one with growing corporate and processor control and ownership by 'investors'. In 1991, when individual quotas were first introduced, owner-operators owned and caught about 90% of the halibut quota. In 2016, owneroperators caught 45% of the halibut catch and owned just 15% of the halibut quota [16] . This major shift in the ownership profile in the fishery has implications for both individual fishing enterprises and the performance of the fishery as a whole, particularly in meeting objectives for stable and prosperous fisheries that provide benefits to fishery participants and adjacent communities. Fishery participants and observers have asserted that ownership trends and leasing practices in the fishery are undermining the viability of the small boat owner-operator fleet in the BC halibut fishery [17, 18] . The majority of the landed value goes to lease fees for quota leases, with only a small fraction of the total catch value remaining to cover operating costs and crew and captain wages after quota owners are paid [17, 19] .

In 2016, owneroperators caught 45% of the halibut catch and owned just 15% of the halibut quota.

Fishery participants and observers have asserted that ownership trends and leasing practices in the fishery are undermining the viability of the small boat owner-operator fleet in the BC halibut fishery.

The majority of the landed value goes to lease fees for quota leases, with only a small fraction of the total catch value remaining to cover operating costs and crew and captain wages after quota owners are paid.


There has also been only very limited tracking of financial performance data for BC fisheries, despite acknowledgements of the importance of financial performance information for the management and planning activities of the management agency [13, 21] . DFO regularly conducted a costs and earnings survey to update information on the financial performance of Canada's Pacific commercial fisheries, but discontinued the survey due to low response rates. The last year for which halibut cost and earnings data was made publicly available from this survey was 1994 [22] . In 2008, a new series was commissioned to address the gap in costs and earnings data for Pacific commercial fisheries, and two reports were completed that included the halibut fishery, for 2007 and 2009 [13, 14] . The data presented in those reports, by the author's own admission, were not based on a census or a statistically representative sample and did not include analysis of the actual ownership and transfer data to quantify the extent of quota leasing in the halibut fishery. The financial performance of halibut fishing enterprises considered only scenarios where 0%, 30% or 60% of the halibut quota was leased. In 2006, more than a third of the halibut fishing fleet was leasing more than 60% of its catch, and a quarter of the fleet was leasing more than 80%. By 2016, the majority of fishing enterprises leased more than 60% of the halibut quota they fished, and all owner-operators that entered the fishery since 2001 leased more than 80% of the quota that they fished, on average leasing 95% [19] .

There has also been only very limited tracking of financial performance data for BC fisheries, despite acknowledgements of the importance of financial performance information for the management and planning activities of the management agency.

The last year for which halibut cost and earnings data was made publicly available from this survey was 1994.

In 2008, a new series was commissioned to address the gap in costs and earnings data for Pacific commercial fisheries, and two reports were completed that included the halibut fishery, for 2007 and 2009.

By 2016, the majority of fishing enterprises leased more than 60% of the halibut quota they fished, and all owner-operators that entered the fishery since 2001 leased more than 80% of the quota that they fished, on average leasing 95%.


Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) are permits allowing the holder of the ITQ to catch or transfer a share of a total allowable catch (TAC). ITQs have been promoted as an effective mechanism for efficient fishermen to buy out their less efficient counterparts and, in so doing, increase the returns to the fishery [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The implicit assumption is that fishing is undertaken by those who own the majority of the quota that they fish (i.e., quota owners) [6, 7] . ITQs are an example of a market-based approach to fisheries management that focuses on the privileges of quota owners, in whose interest the fishery is managed. This is one of two dominant visions for fisheries management that has emerged since the discrediting of top-down approaches in the 1990s following harvest declines and fishery collapses, with the other being that of communitybased fisheries management to achieve current and future needs of fishermen and fishing dependent communities [8] .

ITQs have been promoted as an effective mechanism for efficient fishermen to buy out their less efficient counterparts and, in so doing, increase the returns to the fishery.

The implicit assumption is that fishing is undertaken by those who own the majority of the quota that they fish (i.e., quota owners).

This is one of two dominant visions for fisheries management that has emerged since the discrediting of top-down approaches in the 1990s following harvest declines and fishery collapses, with the other being that of communitybased fisheries management to achieve current and future needs of fishermen and fishing dependent communities.


An enterprise-level financial performance model was developed for a hypothetical owneroperated halibut fishing enterprise to consider the financial impact of quota leasing. The model provides relative and generalized financial performance metrics under different leasing arrangements, from both a short-and long-term perspective. An owner-operator fishing enterprise was defined as an individual or company that owns a vessel and licence that the owner of the licence, or a close family member, personally fishes. An owner-operator enterprise may own multiple vessels and/or licences, but only to an extent which can be reasonably operated by a single owner. The financial performance model was informed by an ownership and quota leasing database that was constructed as part of a broader research project into the BC groundfish fisheries [23] . The database was compiled from three datasets received from DFO through access to information requests, supplemented by the Statistics Canada Inter-Corporate Ownership historical databases, BC Provincial Corporate Registry Services records, BC provincial processor licence lists, the Transport Canada ships registry and online searches including court proceedings, address directories, and fisheries advisory process documents. The database was used to determine the extent of leasing, participation in other fisheries, and licence and quota ownership of both halibut and non-directed species quota caught in the halibut fishery to develop financial performance scenarios that are reflective of the conditions under which owner-operator fishing enterprises are operating in the fishery. As well, DFO's conditions of licence, vessel and licence registration requirements and annual management plans were reviewed to ensure scenarios were consistent with the regulatory environment within which fishing enterprises operate.

The financial performance model was informed by an ownership and quota leasing database that was constructed as part of a broader research project into the BC groundfish fisheries.


During the EoR, the intensity of the redshifted 21 cm signal is primarily modulated by a combination of density, ionization fraction, and spin temperature fluctuations [6] . The sensitivity of the spin temperature to the gas temperature makes it natural to consider employing the redshifted 21 cm signal to measure the EoR X-ray background (XRB) intensity. In fact, a recent upper limit published by the PAPER collaboration had already ruled out an EoR heating scenario with no X-ray heating [7] .

During the EoR, the intensity of the redshifted 21 cm signal is primarily modulated by a combination of density, ionization fraction, and spin temperature fluctuations.

In fact, a recent upper limit published by the PAPER collaboration had already ruled out an EoR heating scenario with no X-ray heating.


In this work we examine whether the sensitivities of first generation radio arrays are sufficient to provide constraints to the EoR X-ray background intensity. Although we focus our work on the 128 antennae of the MWA, our results can be generalized to other first generation observatories. Throughout this paper, we will adopt the ΛCDM cosmological parameters: Ω M = 0.32 , Ω b = 0.05, Ω Λ = 0.68, and h = 0.67 [8] .

Throughout this paper, we will adopt the ΛCDM cosmological parameters: Ω M = 0.32 , Ω b = 0.05, Ω Λ = 0.68, and h = 0.67.


An important railway research topic is to assess the impact of the wheel wear growth on the dynamic response of trainsets and on their interaction with the infrastructure. In the literature, several approaches to estimate wheel and rail wear using dynamic simulations are available [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . However, less emphasis has been placed on the consequences of that wear on the performance of the railway vehicles.

In the literature, several approaches to estimate wheel and rail wear using dynamic simulations are available.


The concept of learning regions is based on the institutional economics, and it deals with (but is not limited to) the infl uence of culture, networking, perception, interactions and other so factors on local development. It doesn't give defi nite results, but it is appreciated for its ability to describe very well the models of economic growth. It is close to the evolutionary concept of social development (Blažek, Uhlíř, 2002) .

It is close to the evolutionary concept of social development.


Although the asymptotic symmetry group of asymptotically flat spacetimes is wellstudied in four dimensions, the higher dimensional analog has received limited attention [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] . Interestingly, nearly all of these analyses concluded that supertranslations do not exist in higher dimensions. This result seems to be at odds with the soft theorem/asymptotic symmetry correspondence, given that Weinberg's soft graviton theorem holds in any dimension. The resolution of this discrepancy is the focus of this paper.

Although the asymptotic symmetry group of asymptotically flat spacetimes is wellstudied in four dimensions, the higher dimensional analog has received limited attention.


The basic properties of physicochemical soil after application of municipal sewage sludge, peat, mixtures of ash-sludge and ash-peat was published in an earlier paper (Antonkiewicz, 2008) . The research shows that the use of the experience of municipal sewage sludge, peat, ash, and mixtures of ash and sediment and peat ash was the cause of increasing the sorption capacity, content of available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The addition of soil and ash, and mixtures of ash and sediment and peat ash resulted in a change of pH (pH increase). As a result of the use of peat and its mixtures of ash-peat was increased organic carbon content in the soil.

The basic properties of physicochemical soil after application of municipal sewage sludge, peat, mixtures of ash-sludge and ash-peat was published in an earlier paper.


This work will focus on brittle materials and transparent armor (consisting of several layers of soda lime float glass bonded to a layer of polycarbonate to produce a glass laminate). Using a CAD (computer-aided design) neutral environment that supports direct, bidirectional and associative interfaces with CAD systems, the geometry can be optimized successively. Native CAD geometry can be used directly, without translation to IGES or other intermediate geometry formats [7] .

Native CAD geometry can be used directly, without translation to IGES or other intermediate geometry formats.


Not to become a prisoner of these "singularities" of quenching, we must recollect how existing now phase diagrams were constructed. The times when the X-ray diffraction analysis was considered to be almost the only direct method allowing to determine the phase composition of alloys in this or that point of the phase diagram passed long ago but phase diagrams constructed with the help of the method at that time, continue to be a general aid for researchers. However, as far back as his time, Guinier pointed out that XRD was unable to identify second-phase particles with sizes smaller than the regions of coherent X-ray scattering [7] . This meant that all highly dispersed phases, which precipitate in alloys of these or those systems could not be registered by the XRD method and, therefore, were absent in existing equilibrium phase diagrams of these systems. In its turn, the latter circumstance could be interpreted as the fact that the solid-solution regions in the phase diagrams are not solid-solution regions as such, but two-phase regions. In this connection, the main role of a tool to be used for determining the phase composition of alloys in this or that point of the phase diagram should be given to a local method of research-transmission electron microscopy. As it was noted, in studies conducted with this method, it had been found that phase composition of many alloys in fact did not correspond to the composition of the regions shown in existing phase diagrams.

However, as far back as his time, Guinier pointed out that XRD was unable to identify second-phase particles with sizes smaller than the regions of coherent X-ray scattering.


Thus, the existing conceptual views about these or those processes occurring in alloys constantly come into conflict with experiment. The situation in this area of knowledge began to change only when it had been proved that the chemical interactions between component atoms exist always, in all alloys and at any temperature (even in the liquid state), that alloys have a surprising and not previously known property of changing the sign of the chemical interaction between the dissimilar atoms at a change in the temperature of heating (sometimes at a change in the concentration of the alloy). In other words, our understanding of the nature of alloys began to change only when the phase transition "ordering-phase separation" was experimentally discovered [8] . This transition occurs at a temperature specific for each system, at which the sign of the chemical interaction between atoms of A and B is reversed. Earlier it was considered that each binary system had its own sign (plus or minus) of the chemical interaction energy, which was constant for this system at any temperature. Now, when the transition "ordering-phase separation" in alloys has been discovered, this idea is being revised. Today, it is clear that in every system, the sign of the chemical interaction energy can change at a change in the temperature, sometimes more than once. At first, the transition occurs at the level of changes in the electronic structure of the alloy, as evidenced by a change in the shape of the valence bands of the X-ray photoelectron spectra, determined by the method of XPS [9] [10] . The change of the sign of the chemical interaction between dissimilar atoms changes the direction of diffusion between them to the opposite one, which affects a change in the type of microstructures [11] [12] .

In other words, our understanding of the nature of alloys began to change only when the phase transition "ordering-phase separation" was experimentally discovered.

At first, the transition occurs at the level of changes in the electronic structure of the alloy, as evidenced by a change in the shape of the valence bands of the X-ray photoelectron spectra, determined by the method of XPS.

The change of the sign of the chemical interaction between dissimilar atoms changes the direction of diffusion between them to the opposite one, which affects a change in the type of microstructures.


In recent decades, the reuse and recycling of industrial solid wastes and municipal solid wastes have attracted substantial interest in Taiwan (Chiang et al., 2010; Chow et al., 2008; Ghosh and Ghosh, 2013; Lin et al., 2009 Lin et al., , 2011 Popovici et al., 2013) . According to Taiwan's Environmental Production Administration (EPA), 0.75 million tons of garbage was disposed in 2006, 5.84% of which was waste glass (Lin, 2007) . The cumulative amount of waste glass that was dumped into landfills in Taiwan is approximately 0.52 million tons, whereas the amount of solar panel waste glass has reached 1000 tons. A solar panel includes crystalline silicon and a thin film. The most established thin film solar panel technology is based on amorphous silica (a-Si).

In recent decades, the reuse and recycling of industrial solid wastes and municipal solid wastes have attracted substantial interest in Taiwan.

According to Taiwan's Environmental Production Administration (EPA), 0.75 million tons of garbage was disposed in 2006, 5.84% of which was waste glass.


In recent years, multilevel inverters have become more attractive for single-and three-phase systems [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . The most common multilevel converter topologies, presented in literature, are the neutral-point-clamped (NPC), flying capacitor (FC) and cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) converters [18] [19] [20] [21] . In both NPC and FC configurations, the number of additional components (diodes or capacitors) proportionally increases with the number of levels, leading to lower reliability and higher complexity, volume, and cost. Increasing the number of levels using the cascaded H-bridge configuration is a flexible solution; it does not require additional components but it needs an isolated dc power source for each H-bridge cell. Recently, asymmetric cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology has gained interest from many researchers for PV system applications [13, 22, 23] . It is based on a modular half-bridge (two switches) cascaded to a full H-bridge in order to double the output voltage levels (also called the level doubling network, LDN). A proper pulse-width modulation (PWM) pattern provides for a self-balancing mechanism keeping the floating capacitor voltage around the half of the dc-link H-bridge voltage. The LDN configuration is becoming popular due to its simple, modular, and reliable structure and it can be considered as a retrofit which can be added to existing H-bridge configurations in order to double the output voltage levels ( Figure 1 ).

In recent years, multilevel inverters have become more attractive for single-and three-phase systems.

The most common multilevel converter topologies, presented in literature, are the neutral-point-clamped (NPC), flying capacitor (FC) and cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) converters.

Recently, asymmetric cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topology has gained interest from many researchers for PV system applications.


The conducted study evaluated the concept in a static driving simulator. The HMI concept was implemented with the simulation software SILAB [9] . An urban driving track was created to simulate ordinary city driving scenarios.

The HMI concept was implemented with the simulation software SILAB.


The Patagonian huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) was reported to frequently exhibit osteopathology, with a prevalence of 57 % among adults (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2008) . Biological agents as the primary cause appeared unlikely, and fluorosis was discarded due to lack of known clinical cases in those areas. Rather, we hypothesized that trace mineral deficiencies may play a key role. As the pathophysiognomy had important resemblances to fluorotic cases, we analyzed bone tissue from affected huemul to find, however, that fluoride concentrations were very low.

The Patagonian huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) was reported to frequently exhibit osteopathology, with a prevalence of 57 % among adults.


The low fluoride levels in huemul were comparable to concentrations in antlers from red deer hunted before the 2011 volcanic eruption which averaged 63 ppm (SE=10.7, range 34-92 ppm) (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2013a) . In Europe, fluoride levels in antlers collected before 1860 (prior to major industrial pollution) ranged from 18 to 50 ppm and were considered natural baseline levels (Kierdorf and Kierdorf 2000) . Given the absence of industry throughout the region, results demonstrate that fluoride levels are normally at low nontoxic levels, and therefore, fluorosis has not been a causal factor in osteopathology reported in huemul (Flueck and Smith-Flueck 2008) .

The low fluoride levels in huemul were comparable to concentrations in antlers from red deer hunted before the 2011 volcanic eruption which averaged 63 ppm (SE=10.7, range 34-92 ppm).

In Europe, fluoride levels in antlers collected before 1860 (prior to major industrial pollution) ranged from 18 to 50 ppm and were considered natural baseline levels.

Given the absence of industry throughout the region, results demonstrate that fluoride levels are normally at low nontoxic levels, and therefore, fluorosis has not been a causal factor in osteopathology reported in huemul.


One way relationships can be encouraged is through community playgroups, which not only provide opportunities for professional learning but also positive outcomes for families (Barbour & Bersani, 1991; Jackson, 2006; Lewis, 2007) . Playgroups involve children and their families coming together to socialise for a set period. Playgroups have been used by a number of university teacher education programs to facilitate the practical learning of pre-service teachers (Lewis, 2007) . The purpose of this study was to explore how connections between families, communities and educators can be facilitated in teacher education courses through the use of playgroups. We also examined the barriers that can exist to building relationships, as well as the perceived benefits of relationships for families and pre-service teachers.

One way relationships can be encouraged is through community playgroups, which not only provide opportunities for professional learning but also positive outcomes for families.

Playgroups have been used by a number of university teacher education programs to facilitate the practical learning of pre-service teachers.


The findings contribute to the literature about the importance of teacher education courses in establishing authentic opportunities for pre-service teachers to practice building relationships with families and communities as well as potential avenues to develop such skills. We found that pre-service teachers experienced some unease in developing relationships with families, although they also understood why establishing relationships with families and communities is important. Other research also supports our finding that developing relationships with parents, although important, is an area that teachers and pre-service teachers have difficulty with and feel under-prepared for (Bennett et al., 2006; McFarland & Lord, 2008) . This suggests that teacher education programs may need to provide pre-service teachers with more opportunities to practise building these relationships, and perhaps participation in playgroups is one way to do this.

Other research also supports our finding that developing relationships with parents, although important, is an area that teachers and pre-service teachers have difficulty with and feel under-prepared for.


Establishing genuine connections that are longlasting and meaningful between universities and the community is beneficial to both universities and members of the community (Bartlett, 1995; Reardon, 1999) . One way university-community relationships can be created is through the use of playgroups, which can provide opportunities for student professional learning, as well as positive outcomes for families (Jackson, 2006) . The pre-service teachers in this study were able to explore the value of developing a sense of belonging to a community by not only interacting with individual children in weekly playgroups, but also with their parents/carers and siblings.

Establishing genuine connections that are longlasting and meaningful between universities and the community is beneficial to both universities and members of the community.

One way university-community relationships can be created is through the use of playgroups, which can provide opportunities for student professional learning, as well as positive outcomes for families.


Despite some limitations, the results of this study do reflect the views and experiences of our sample and can be used to inform future studies, as well as inform practice in teacher education courses. Our findings suggest that, although the pre-service teachers and parents in our sample thought that building relationships with families and communities was an important aspect of the early childhood educator's role, the preservice teachers faced challenges in developing these relationships. Indeed, playgroups may be a useful way for teacher education courses to prepare pre-service teachers for this aspect of their career. Although the sample in this study was situated in a rural Australian community, the findings support other research suggesting that teachers and teacher education programs need to be responsive to communities and families in order to facilitate the best outcomes for children and families (Dockett & Perry, 2008) .

Although the sample in this study was situated in a rural Australian community, the findings support other research suggesting that teachers and teacher education programs need to be responsive to communities and families in order to facilitate the best outcomes for children and families.