Existing distribution networks present an inflexible structure which makes them inadequate to allow a large spread of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), such as distributed generators from renewable energy sources, cogeneration facilities, energy storage systems (including electric vehicles), and controllable loads (i.e., adopting active demand) [1] [2] [3] . To overcome this problem, the smart grid paradigm is asserted and promoted by extensive use of Information and Communication Technologies [4] [5] [6] . However, the advent of smart distribution grids will not take place by a revolution, because it would require expensive investments, especially for Low Voltage (LV) networks that actually present a low level of control and automation. The evolution from the present networks to the future smart grids will be progressive instead. Then, the main technical challenge is to improve the flexibility of the existing LV networks with limited investments so as to allow the wide spread of DERs and enhance the power quality of the grids [7] .

Existing distribution networks present an inflexible structure which makes them inadequate to allow a large spread of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), such as distributed generators from renewable energy sources, cogeneration facilities, energy storage systems (including electric vehicles), and controllable loads (i.e., adopting active demand).

To overcome this problem, the smart grid paradigm is asserted and promoted by extensive use of Information and Communication Technologies.

Then, the main technical challenge is to improve the flexibility of the existing LV networks with limited investments so as to allow the wide spread of DERs and enhance the power quality of the grids.


Bandwidth and reflectivity modulation of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is of interest for applications in dispersion compensators, fiber lasers, optical pulse sources, and bandpass filters [1] - [7] . Temperature based techniques have been proposed to induce dynamic chirp in FBGs since they allow the electrical control of the grating properties [3] , [4] . However, the device response time is also limited because the material heating-cooling process is relatively slow. In addition, the low sensitivity of the silica thermo-optic coefficient requires high temperatures to produce small spectral variations in the nanometer range.

Bandwidth and reflectivity modulation of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is of interest for applications in dispersion compensators, fiber lasers, optical pulse sources, and bandpass filters.

Temperature based techniques have been proposed to induce dynamic chirp in FBGs since they allow the electrical control of the grating properties.


One promising option, besides the above mentioned techniques, is the use of suspended-core fibers (SCFs) [18] - [21] . These fibers present a very small core in size of a few micrometers suspended by thin radial walls, and surrounded by a single ring of large air holes. This allows a significant reduction of the amount of silica in the cladding, which leads to a larger acousto-optic interaction between the acoustic wave and the grating in the core. In this work, we experimentally investigated the reflectivity modulation of two gratings inscribed in a four holes suspended-core fiber. By changing the acoustic power, we verified that the grating reflectivity can be significantly modulated compared to results obtained with standard fibers used in previous works. In addition, the grating bandwidth can be increased, while correcting the spectrum envelope to an almost Gaussian shape. The results indicate larger acousto-optic effects in suspended-core fibers, which is desirable to reduce the size and the power consumed by acousto-optic devices. It also relaxes the requirements for inscribing strong or long gratings as shorter gratings can be employed, and avoids the cladding reduction by etching or taper techniques.

One promising option, besides the above mentioned techniques, is the use of suspended-core fibers (SCFs).


Although perceptions and practices with the distance education community are changing, this study raises questions regarding the traditional orthodoxy of distance education which is to provide as much freedom for students to study when and where they wish. Unfortunately, such independence provided by a variety of selfinstructional media provide little freedom regarding what and how to study. That is, much of the content is prescribed with little opportunity or encouragement to critically analyze, question or develop new ideas. The goal of such independent packaged learning is inevitably to assimilate the information as efficiently as possible in order to pass the exam. The evidence presented here indicates that distance education can do more than transmit information. Critical discourse recognizes "that knowledge is not static and it cannot be transmitted in whole from the teacher to the student" (Garrison, 1993) . Furthermore, a critical community of inquiry and learning can be created at a distance using audio teleconferencing -if the instructional design goal is to do that.

Critical discourse recognizes "that knowledge is not static and it cannot be transmitted in whole from the teacher to the student".


Results from this investigation c o n f i that instructional designs which support sustained interaction between (amongst) student(s) and teacher enhance the development of a community of inquiry and critical thinking. Data from thxs study confirms the increase in learner satisfaction and perceived meaningfulness of the learning experience through critical discourse. Both the COL and ILS models of teleconferencing can serve useful pedagogical functions. The COL model was found to be more consistent with a model of education that stresses deep or meaningful learning which is consistent with critical thinking (Kember, 1991) . The ILS model was not totally devoid of opportunity for critical thinking process, however, there were significantly less opportunities and encouragement for students to critically analyze the course content or their understanding or application of this content. Most of the interaction observed during the observations related to clarifying expectations and instructor rephrasing of materials previously presented in the course materials.

The COL model was found to be more consistent with a model of education that stresses deep or meaningful learning which is consistent with critical thinking.


This paper reports the results of an investigation of students' perceptions of learning in distance education courses delivered via audio teleconference (Anderson, 1994) . The pervasive influence of instructional design on learning outcomes of mediated forms of educational delivery has been documented by many researchers (Clark, 1983) . The traditional and dominant paradigm of instructional design in distance education has been prescribed course packages that ensure maximum independence. In recent years, however, low cost and accessible twoway communications technologies, such as audio teleconferencing, have given rise to important questions regarding the influence of instructional design on learning outcomes and perceptions. As a result the focus of t h~sstudy was to explore the experience of learners exposed to the sustained, interactive learning environment created via audio teleconferencing in a credited university course.

This paper reports the results of an investigation of students' perceptions of learning in distance education courses delivered via audio teleconference.

The pervasive influence of instructional design on learning outcomes of mediated forms of educational delivery has been documented by many researchers.


Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic growth factor that is expressed by endothelial cells [3] . Angiogenesis is an important part of the bone repair process and is crucial for the supply of nutrients to developing cells along with incoming new cells that contribute to the process. VEGF has gained considerable interest in orthopaedics based on a number of reports that VEGF promotes neovascularization and growth of bone in animal models and during distraction osteogenesis [7, 22, 23, 25, [30] [31] [32] [33] .

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic growth factor that is expressed by endothelial cells.

VEGF has gained considerable interest in orthopaedics based on a number of reports that VEGF promotes neovascularization and growth of bone in animal models and during distraction osteogenesis.


Maize production in the Mississippi Delta has more than doubled in the past decade from 161,000 ha grown in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi in 1990 to 382,500 ha in the same region in 2000. Average grain yields for the region have also increased from 6.0 to 8.1 Mg ha 21 for the same period (NASS-USDA 2001) . Extensive use of maize in rotation with cotton, greater demand for locally grown grain by poultry and commercial channel catfish [Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)] producers, and changes in government farm programs have contributed to the increase in maize production for the Mississippi Delta.

Average grain yields for the region have also increased from 6.0 to 8.1 Mg ha 21 for the same period.


Commercial maize breeders have concentrated their efforts on increased grain yield and hybrid turnover is driven by improved yield performance more than any other factor (Duvick and Cassman 1999) . Over the past 30 years, hybrid maize cultivars have been improved in plant architecture to increase canopy light interception and thus photosynthesis per unit of land area. Improvements have also been made in drought stress tolerance and tolerance of higher plant populations. Fertility requirements, particularly N, have increased for newer hybrids due to these changes. Information about the effects of K fertility on newer hybrids is limited.

Commercial maize breeders have concentrated their efforts on increased grain yield and hybrid turnover is driven by improved yield performance more than any other factor.


Nanoplasmonic colloids were successfully exploited to enhance the fluorescence of several systems, in particular in systems of biological interest, where working in a water suspension is fundamental [20] . CNTs have been profitably included in biological systems [21] [22] [23] . Including luminescence-enhanced SWNTs in nanoplasmonic colloidal dispersions and creating hybrid plasmonic (π-hybrids) colloids would help implementing suspensions with bright markers emitting in the near-infrared window of biological tissues. Please note that the π of our π-hybrids has been chosen to highlight their plasmonic character and does not refer to the nature of the chemical bond holding the constituents together. A last advantage of the proposed system is its robustness and flexibility: While other enhancement methods do work in special configurations realized for the fundamental investigations but cannot be integrated in real systems without loss of the enhancement, the colloidal suspensions can be profitably integrated without loss, for example, in biological systems [19] .

Nanoplasmonic colloids were successfully exploited to enhance the fluorescence of several systems, in particular in systems of biological interest, where working in a water suspension is fundamental.

CNTs have been profitably included in biological systems.

A last advantage of the proposed system is its robustness and flexibility: While other enhancement methods do work in special configurations realized for the fundamental investigations but cannot be integrated in real systems without loss of the enhancement, the colloidal suspensions can be profitably integrated without loss, for example, in biological systems.


Existential phenomenology emphasizes the perspective of the experiencing individual and encourages thick first-person descriptions of lived experiences (Kvale, 1983; Thompson et al., 1989) . In line with the discovery-oriented project goals, phenomenological interviewing is largely unstructured (Kvale, 1983; Thompson et al., 1989) . The interviewer attempted to raise certain topics (participants' backgrounds, how their lives and consumption have changed, how they have dealt with these changes, what goods and services are meaningful to them, what goods and services they have avoided or have abandoned). However, the interviewer let the informant set the agenda and she mainly listened to the participants' stories in order to build a comprehensive account of their lives and how they deal with their financial adversities and lower levels of consumption. She employed short descriptive questions and probed for further elaboration based on the participants' own words.

Existential phenomenology emphasizes the perspective of the experiencing individual and encourages thick first-person descriptions of lived experiences.

In line with the discovery-oriented project goals, phenomenological interviewing is largely unstructured.


On the other hand, in the pursuit of self-compassion, self-worth is experienced as unconditional and as a result socio-temporal comparisons are experienced as non-threatening (and are resources that facilitate self-compassionate coping). Table 3 depicts participants' coping strategies that relate to components of self-compassion. For example, informants in this study often felt inspired rather than intimidated by upward comparisons and engaged in internal locus of control and escapist enjoyment. In the same way, identification with similar others was not felt to be threatening and participants did not distance themselves from others and did not isolate themselves but rather engaged in social emotional support (in line with the common humanity component of self-compassion; Table 3 ). Also, identification with similar and "worse-off" others was not threatening and informants did not engage in harsh self-criticism but in self-consolation through similar and downward comparisons. Also, informants often did not avoid self-critical comparisons (e.g., with "better-off" others) through compensatory consumption but with self-kindness they engaged in such comparisons and adaptive consumption (Kim & Gal, 2014) .

Also, informants often did not avoid self-critical comparisons (e.g., with "better-off" others) through compensatory consumption but with self-kindness they engaged in such comparisons and adaptive consumption.


All above investigators highlighted the importance of employing local values of HTCs in order to adequately represent the gas cooler performance. To address this problem, and more accurately account for the impact of the variation of refrigerant properties in the pseudo-critical region, two-term heat transfer correlations have been proposed for the refrigerant HTC [10] . These two terms generally refer to the density ratio and the specific heat ratio evaluated at T b (bulk temperature) and T w (wall temperature).

To address this problem, and more accurately account for the impact of the variation of refrigerant properties in the pseudo-critical region, two-term heat transfer correlations have been proposed for the refrigerant HTC.


Glomangiopericytoma (GPC) is a rare vascular neoplasm of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses characterized by a pattern of prominent perivascular growth [1] . GPC comprises less than 0.5% of all sinonasal neoplasia [2] . Synonyms include sinonasal-type hemangiopericytoma, hemangiopericytoma-like tumor, and hemangiopericytoma of sinonasal origin [3, 4] .

Glomangiopericytoma (GPC) is a rare vascular neoplasm of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses characterized by a pattern of prominent perivascular growth.

GPC comprises less than 0.5% of all sinonasal neoplasia.

Synonyms include sinonasal-type hemangiopericytoma, hemangiopericytoma-like tumor, and hemangiopericytoma of sinonasal origin.


The change of hydrometeor particles, ice phase microphysical process, and morphology of precipitation are the topics of interest in this modeling study. In addition, we investigate the effects of LWC and ice phase process on the evolution of precipitation and graupel particles in this study. For this purpose, a three-dimensional cloud model with detailed description of cloud microphysics as well as a dynamic parameterization is used [19] . Numerical experiments are conducted as shown in Section 1 (warm cloud process) and Section 2 (warm and cold cloud process) in the convective cloud, and the effects of cold cloud microphysical process on precipitation is analyzed. Our results provide us with new insight into the modification of microphysical parameterization in models and precipitation forecast.

For this purpose, a three-dimensional cloud model with detailed description of cloud microphysics as well as a dynamic parameterization is used.


During the past several decades the micro-algae have received a considerable amount of interest due to their potential use in several key industries related to food, cosmetics and "green" energy. From an economical perspective their most appealing application is undoubtedly that as a potential feedstock for the biofuel production. This is because micro-algae may generally produce polysaccharides (sugars) and triacylglycerides (fats) which are the raw materials for producing bioethanol and biodiesel fuels. Whether the micro-algae can make it as a viable "green" energy alternative in the near future is an intricate matter of both economic and energetic efficiency, [1] .

Whether the micro-algae can make it as a viable "green" energy alternative in the near future is an intricate matter of both economic and energetic efficiency.


However, due to a high degree of control of the culture conditions, the intensified PBR technology allows a higher productivity. With an appropriate engineering and operating protocol, a high cell density culture (biomass concentration) can be obtained. Hydrodynamics is one of the key aspects when working in high cell density culture. High cell density cultures are indeed obtained in systems having a very high ratio between the illuminated surface and the culture volume, which translates into a shallow depth, typically smaller than 0.01m, [11, 12, 13] . The high degree of geometric confinement combined with a high biomass concentration typically leads to a decrease of the mixing performances which can have several negative impacts on the process: a decrease of the efficiency of the mass transfer (mixing), an increase in the risk of biofilm formation and an overall less efficient light conversion in the systems due to smaller displacement of flowing cells along the light gradient in the culture volume. In this context, optimising the hydrodynamic conditions is of paramount practical importance.

High cell density cultures are indeed obtained in systems having a very high ratio between the illuminated surface and the culture volume, which translates into a shallow depth, typically smaller than 0.01m.


The high and sequential uptake of nano-HAPs through endocytosis resulted in suspended Bel-7402 cells that dramatically lost their adhesion ability and, eventually, died. Although nanoparticles of different sizes, shapes, and material properties are very important for biosystem applications , an understanding of how these cells interact with nanoparticles at the molecular level remains poor. Studies have demonstrated that the size of nanoparticles significantly affects adsorption and activation of membrane receptors and, thus, affects protein expression [25] . Integrin has an adhesion effect, and some cells can proliferate only after adhesion. If the integrin-mediated cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix is hindered, cell apoptosis can occur [32, 33] . Therefore, efficient uptake of nano-HAPs into Bel-02 cells by endocytosis was likely to seriously affect cell membrane integrins, thereby affecting cell adhesion and proliferation, further leading to cell death. Integrins mediate various kinds of cell behaviors such as adhesion, growth, migration, and differentiation, which play an important role in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and signal transduction [34] . Therefore, experimental results suggest that nano-HAPs may have an inhibitory effect on liver cancer metastasis.

Studies have demonstrated that the size of nanoparticles significantly affects adsorption and activation of membrane receptors and, thus, affects protein expression.

If the integrin-mediated cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix is hindered, cell apoptosis can occur.

Integrins mediate various kinds of cell behaviors such as adhesion, growth, migration, and differentiation, which play an important role in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and signal transduction.


The aim of RSC is to help in collecting, recycling, reusing, or disposing end-of-life products. It is crucial to recapture the value of products and to provide methods for proper disposal [1] . The process is usually very complex, with many individual players involved in it (such as customers, collectors, recyclers, etc.). Progress in RSC is slow as it is not usually considered as a system which could return sufficient value for the resources involved. Thus, it becomes very important to efficiently manage this chain. Efficiency measurement of RSC remains to be a relatively underdeveloped and unexplored area [2] . Instead of focusing on the entire RSC, this paper intends to measure the efficiency of RSC from a manufacturer's perspective. Thus, only data obtained from manufacturers have been considered.

It is crucial to recapture the value of products and to provide methods for proper disposal.

Efficiency measurement of RSC remains to be a relatively underdeveloped and unexplored area.


It is also observed that fuzzy DEA has been developed over the past few years and has been proven to successfully measure efficiencies [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . One of the biggest advantages of using fuzzy DEA to solve RSC models is the use of linguistic data to achieve precise and robust efficiency values. Thus, in this paper, a fuzzy version of the CCR model has been applied to analyze RSC performance. This has also allowed the researchers to obtain data from more companies as the information requested is basically linguistic. In addition, different types of companies can be approached, which could differ by the type of product, the monetary scale, and other factors.

It is also observed that fuzzy DEA has been developed over the past few years and has been proven to successfully measure efficiencies.


The binding of porphyrin with DNA is presumably stabilized by electrostatic interaction between the positively charged substituent on the porphyrin periphery and the negatively charged phosphate group of DNA. Three major modes have been proposed for the binding of cationic porphyrins with DNA: intercalation, outside binding without self-stacking, and outside binding with self-stacking along the nucleic acids surface [11] [12] . The supramolecular interaction and direct electron transfer between cationic porphyrins and their derivatives with DNA on the electrode has been served as a model system for the understanding of electron transfer mechanisms in biological systems [13] .

Three major modes have been proposed for the binding of cationic porphyrins with DNA: intercalation, outside binding without self-stacking, and outside binding with self-stacking along the nucleic acids surface.

The supramolecular interaction and direct electron transfer between cationic porphyrins and their derivatives with DNA on the electrode has been served as a model system for the understanding of electron transfer mechanisms in biological systems.


During the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in alternative forms of energy. This is the result of increased demands for energy in combination of the rise in the cost of the available fuels. Furthermore, the successive population increase and the industrialization of societies have resulted in the degradation of various ecosystems on which human life relies. For this reason in the modern industrial society, the proper treatment of industrial effluents before their discharge, in order to prevent the pollution of the ground and water resources (oceans, lakes, rivers) is especially important. The liquid effluents coming from dairy industries and cheese dairies represent one of the most important industrial pollutants [1] .

The liquid effluents coming from dairy industries and cheese dairies represent one of the most important industrial pollutants.


For a driving current less than 100 mA, a small blue shift was observed for FCLED on Si and sapphire submounts due to the band-filling effect of the localization energy states caused by indium composition fluctuation in the InGaN multiple quantum wells, which is also known as the quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) [28] . The Si and sapphire have a thermal conductivity much higher than that of glass, and thus provide a good heat sink. Thermal conductivities used in the above ANSYS simulation for glass, Si and sapphire are 1.05 W/m•°C, 124 W/m•°C and 35 W/m•°C, respectively, as mentioned in the ANSYS engineering toolbox. Due to the excessive heat accumulation in LEDs on glass substrates, the light output intensity drops and a red shift in the peak wavelength was observed. Therefore, we can see that the best choice of submount in this work is sapphire, which exhibits a good transparent property and also serves as a heat-sinking material.

For a driving current less than 100 mA, a small blue shift was observed for FCLED on Si and sapphire submounts due to the band-filling effect of the localization energy states caused by indium composition fluctuation in the InGaN multiple quantum wells, which is also known as the quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE).


Cramer's V coefficient of association was computed for each combination between the nine dichotomous questions and the five characterization factors, to check for dependency relationships between respondents' strata and the proportion of "Yes" replies. A weighted bootstrap approach similar to the procedure described above, was used to evaluate the effect of non-response bias on these relationships. All analytical procedures were performed using R software (R Core Team, 2015) .

All analytical procedures were performed using R software.


N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase) and GALNS [galactosamine-(N-acetyl)-6-sulfatase; N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase; galactose-6-sulfate sulfatase] remove either the 4-sulfate or 6-sulfate group from the non-reducing end of N-acetylgalactosamine sulfate residues. Genetic mutations of these enzymes lead to the lysosomal storage disorders Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (Maroteaux-Lamy-Disease), in which there is genetic mutation of ARSB, or Mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (Morquio A), in which there is genetic mutation of GALNS. These innate disorders are characterized by the widespread accumulation of chondroitin sulfates and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans, since hydrolysis of the sulfate ester at the non-reducing end is required for sulfated GAG degradation [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

These innate disorders are characterized by the widespread accumulation of chondroitin sulfates and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans, since hydrolysis of the sulfate ester at the non-reducing end is required for sulfated GAG degradation.


In this study, we sought to test effects of SIRT2 inhibition in vivo and evaluate the safety of such an approach. Since neither of the published high efficiency SIRT2 inhibitors AGK2 nor AK1 are brain permeable, we selected a direct route for drug administration to mouse brain. Despite higher potency of SIRT2 inhibition, AGK2 has poor water solubility (cLogP = 5.9) in contrast to AK1 (cLogP = 4.0), making AK1 the better choice for direct administration to the brain. The high water solubility of sulfobenzoic acid derivative AK1 also permits robust reduction of cholesterol by this compound in striatal neurons (Luthi-Carter et al., 2010; Taylor et al., 2011) .

The high water solubility of sulfobenzoic acid derivative AK1 also permits robust reduction of cholesterol by this compound in striatal neurons.


And the last but not least is the possible ambiguity of the approximation of the tip shape. For instance, a prolate or even oblate spheroid can be used instead of spherical tip shape. The prolate spheroid model would enhance the field at the apex due to the lighting-rod effect that can be easily described by the introduction of depolarization factor into the expression (1) [9, 10] . At the same time the prolate shape would decrease the self-action in the point-dipole approximation due to larger distance of this spheroid's center to the surface. The opposite would be observed for the oblate spheroid model. Moreover, changing the tip shape in the model would, via the depolarization factor, changes the spectral resonant position for the particle, drastically changing the field values in some spectral ranges. Different first-principle calculations give the shift of the resonance of elongated cones to IR, as the cone length increases [14] . However any change of the model should remain the linear behavior of the correction term according the ratio d/r t changing only the coefficient at this term, since just this ratio determines the deviation of the system from a plane capacitor.

The prolate spheroid model would enhance the field at the apex due to the lighting-rod effect that can be easily described by the introduction of depolarization factor into the expression (1).

Different first-principle calculations give the shift of the resonance of elongated cones to IR, as the cone length increases.


There are some employees who contribute their knowledge because of their belief in their self-abilities and competences, and also the belief that their knowledge can help to work improvements; this is a self-efficiency factor. Furthermore, work experience drives staff towards knowledge sharing in order to obtain satisfaction and pleasure [13] . Some individuals enjoy helping others, especially if they are working in group [14] .

Furthermore, work experience drives staff towards knowledge sharing in order to obtain satisfaction and pleasure.

Some individuals enjoy helping others, especially if they are working in group.


The use of machine learning (ML) techniques has been growing in cancer research [17] . The accurate prediction of survivability in patients with cancer remains a challenge namely due to the heterogeneity and complexity of the disease. However, accurate survivability prediction is important for patients with cancer so that they can make the most of the rest of their lives. It is also important to help clinicians to make the best decisions, when palliative care is an essential component of the process. Given that colon and rectal are the most common cancers of the digestive system, one would expect the existence of numerous tools for ascertaining the likelihood of a patient surviving this disease. Although there are some tools for this task, few provide predictions for both colon and rectal cancer, and none of them apply ML techniques in order to build evolving predictive models. Furthermore, their digital support may hinder their consultation at care delivery.

The use of machine learning (ML) techniques has been growing in cancer research.


All of the eutherian species diverged from the same root around 100 million years ago in the early Cretaceous period [41] . Many molecular studies based on DNA analysis have supported an integrated classification as the magorder Boreoeutheria. Highly conserved HCN2 motif around the second palmitoylation site only in boreoeutherian lineages strongly suggests that these species are diverged from a common ancestor. From the viewpoint of a post-translational protein modification, findings presented in this report also support the Boreoeutheria theory. Moreover, koala data indicates that palmitoylation-dependent regulation mechanism of HCN2 at the third, the fourth and the fifth sites was initially established in the common ancestor between the metatherian and eutherian lineages. Although currently available sequence information is quite limited, sequence comparison support an idea that ancient loss of these palmitoylation motifs in some metatherian species and in the common ancestor of afrotherian mammals. Further accumulation of sequence data about xenarthrans (armadillo, anteater and sloth) and monotremes (platypus and echidna) will reveal the timeline of establishment and divergence of the second palmitoylation site in more detail. Likewise, sequence information on cephalochordates, cyclostomes and cartilaginous fishes will clarify the initial acquisition of the mechanism of HCN2 palmitoylation.

All of the eutherian species diverged from the same root around 100 million years ago in the early Cretaceous period.


Nanoparticles offer an intermediate between bulk materials and individual atoms with unique properties. Their chemical properties result from the high percentage of atoms on the surface of the particle. This leads to increased reactivity which depending on the application can give increased surface catalysis, improved loading of the surface or greater release of ions into solution [1] .

This leads to increased reactivity which depending on the application can give increased surface catalysis, improved loading of the surface or greater release of ions into solution.


There are a number of differences between the above two approaches. MABR is a hop-by-hop routing approach. In MABR, traffic across the network is continuously monitored by the mobile agents. Due to the probabilistic routing in MABR, the paths are not loop-free and oscillations might occur. The hop-by-hop nature of routing in MABR cannot reserve paths that satisfy QoS constraints [15] . However, MABR provides soft-QoS since different paths are continuously monitored and quality of paths is reflected in the routing table values. In OSPF, traffic fluctuations and the endto-end delay are not measured. MABR has been shown to perform load balancing, i.e. distribute traffic along multiple paths, and automatic adaptation to node or link failure in static topologies [5, 14, 4] .

MABR is a hop-by-hop routing approach.

The hop-by-hop nature of routing in MABR cannot reserve paths that satisfy QoS constraints.

MABR has been shown to perform load balancing, i.e. distribute traffic along multiple paths, and automatic adaptation to node or link failure in static topologies.


Due to increase of vehicle numbers and growing traffic demand, traffic problems are becoming more and more serious. It is well known that the implementation of traffic signal control at intersections is one of the effective methods to relieve the series of traffic problems [1] . Therefore, researching the signal timing optimization methods is of great significance to improve the operation efficiency of the intersections.

It is well known that the implementation of traffic signal control at intersections is one of the effective methods to relieve the series of traffic problems.


The design choice made for traction electrical machines has a significant influence on its final production cost and performance. With regards to the production of the stator core, recent publications have demonstrated the potential advantages of a segmented approach, where the stator core is assembled from a number of sub-stacks, as demonstrated in Figs 1 (a) to (d) [1] [2] [3] [4] . The topology from Fig. 1(a) shows a segment comprising an entire tooth where adjacent segments are interconnected in the back-iron. The topology from Fig. 1(b) shows how individual teeth are inserted into a single annular lamination, whereas Fig 1(c) shows a topology where only the pole-shoes of each tooth are separately inserted in the stator core. Fig 1(d) is a variation on Fig 1(a) for stators with distributed windings and hence a larger number of teeth. It can be understood that each topology offers particular advantages, with the layouts shown in Fig 1(a) and (d) maximising the potential for reducing material wastage as no large stator laminations must be punched, whereas the topologies shown in Fig 1(b) and (c) allowing for the use of pre-fabricated windings to be inserted from, respectively, the outside or inside of the stator core, hence maximising the slot fill factor. Segmentation of the stator as shown in Fig. 1 (a) may lend itself particularly well for electrical machines in automotive applications in order to save on material usage. Further, given the separate production of the rotor and the stator laminations, the air gap width is no longer determined by limitations of the punching tool. There exists therefore a potential to further minimise the gap, compared to when round laminations are used, which can improve the level of the air gap flux, hence torque. And, not in the least, this segmentation approach opens the possibility to use different materials for the rotor and stator core without significantly increasing material cost, which may bring clear benefits due to opposing requirements for the steel in stator and rotor: for the rotor, an elevated yield stress is imperative to facilitate retention of the magnets, whereas for the stator, the focus lies on using a low-loss material in order to maintain a good efficiency well into high-speed operation. Within the ArcelorMittal electrical steel product range for automotive traction applications called iCARe®, this differentiated approach is included in the steel grades. The Speed grades offer the highest strength level for rotors. The Save and Torque grades offer the lowest losses for the stators, with the Torque grades also providing easier magnetisation behaviour. So, in a segmented design higher rotational speeds, hence compacter machines can be realised, when using Speed for the rotor. However, although clear advantages of a segmented approach can be identified, the increased number of sub-stacks that need to be manufactured and assembled may result in a higher influence of material degradation, as the magnetic flux in the stator core is now crossing multiple boundaries between the individual stator segments. Firstly, the increased number of punch-edges is expected to reduce the permeability and increase the core losses of the stator. Further, it is unavoidable that parasitic airgaps exist between adjacent sub-stacks. Additionally, mechanical stresses are likely to be introduced during the final assembly of the sub-stacks, which is especially the case for segmentation arrangements that rely on dovetailed connections to provide stiffness and strength to withstand the pulsating magnetic forces that exist on the stator teeth. For example, for the topology shown in Fig. 1 (c) , high stresses and even plastic deformation are expected when the segments are inserted in the teeth [1] . In contrast, stator segments from the topology shown in Fig. 1 (a) are pressed together in the stator housing, also inducing significant compressive stresses on the segment interfaces at the yoke, but not requiring tight-fitting dovetailed connections to provide stiffness.

With regards to the production of the stator core, recent publications have demonstrated the potential advantages of a segmented approach, where the stator core is assembled from a number of sub-stacks, as demonstrated in Figs 1 (a) to (d).

For example, for the topology shown in Fig. 1 (c) , high stresses and even plastic deformation are expected when the segments are inserted in the teeth.


Regarding the more complex information to identify the injuries suffered, we explained as "impact injuries" the one's who appear at a specific time as a type of hit that has received the athlete to hit an opponent or object. Furthermore, injuries are those that use their athlete have done in a time point. Finally, the overuse injury are those who at some point will reveal the athlete symptoms but can hardly remember the exact moment where you start the mechanism of injury, refers only started hurting him (Pérez et al., 2011) .

Finally, the overuse injury are those who at some point will reveal the athlete symptoms but can hardly remember the exact moment where you start the mechanism of injury, refers only started hurting him.


Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a form of diabetes which is caused by the loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas leading to insulin deficiency. T1DM can cause a variety of serious complications [1] . The intensive insulin therapy is the most efficient treatment for T1DM patients which can delay the onset and reduce the risk of acute diabetic complications like retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. On the other hand, it also increases, by three times, the incidence of hypoglycemia among patients with T1DM over conventional therapy. Hypoglycemia is the medical term for the state produced by an abnormally lower than normal level of blood glucose level (BGL). This is considered as the most common but dangerous complication for T1DM patients and a barrier which limits the glycemic control therapy for diabetes patients.

T1DM can cause a variety of serious complications.


The aim of this paper is to present the results of a systematic review of the analysis of measures of physical functioning in randomised controlled trials evaluating interventions in rehabilitation post-stroke. The reasons some approaches are sub-optimal are discussed and we provide recommendations on how to present results using regression coefficients and confidence intervals [5] [6] [7] . Those recommendations are illustrated with data from the BOMeN study (Berufliche Orientierung in der Medizinischen Neurorehabilitation [Occupational Orientation in Medical Neurorehabilitation]), a RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of a return to work oriented intervention during residential rehabilitation of stroke and brain damaged patients [8, 9] .

The reasons some approaches are sub-optimal are discussed and we provide recommendations on how to present results using regression coefficients and confidence intervals.

Those recommendations are illustrated with data from the BOMeN study (Berufliche Orientierung in der Medizinischen Neurorehabilitation [Occupational Orientation in Medical Neurorehabilitation]), a RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of a return to work oriented intervention during residential rehabilitation of stroke and brain damaged patients.


The inner parts of the Saronic Gulf (Central Greece) are considered among the most polluted Greek aquatic ecosystems because of proximity to the densely populated Athens basin. Earlier studies showed a gradual attenuation of the pollution caused by the central outfall of urban wastes towards the southern and eastern parts of the gulf (DIAPOULIS & HARITONIDIS, 1987; SIMBOURA et al., 1995) . This pattern was also documented in this study.

Earlier studies showed a gradual attenuation of the pollution caused by the central outfall of urban wastes towards the southern and eastern parts of the gulf.


As we noted above, however, when we look across the four models the data only provide very limited support for nationality as a source of variation between MNCs. How can we reconcile this with our expectations? One interpretation might be that this is an indicator of convergence amongst MNCs of different nationalities. However, this would be at odds with the body of evidence covered in the literature review, which testifies to the enduring influence of nationality of ownership. Perhaps a more plausible explanation is that the key role of nationality is not so much on the prevalence of diffusion from the UK operations but rather on its impact. One distinction in this respect is between that which is 'evolutionary' in that the diffusion of practices is essentially a fine-tuning of the firm's existing approach or modus operandi and that which is 'transformative' in that diffusion of practices shifts the firm to a new modus operandi . The previous evidence from US MNCs referred to above suggests that the barriers presented by the American business system are significant but do leave room for instances of evolutionary reverse diffusion to occur (Edwards et al. 2005) . In other words, it may be that diffusion from foreign subsidiaries occurs almost as frequently in US MNCs when compared with others but that its impact is less marked. Another possible interpretation concerns the geographical spread of diffusion. The arguments concerning the influence of nationality rest partly on the extent to which there are barriers to diffusion presented by the home country business system. What this leaves open is that even in MNCs for which the home country does indeed present such constraints, diffusion can plausibly occur between foreign subsidiaries. In the terms that we set out at the beginning of the paper, nationality may affect reverse diffusion more than it affects horizontal diffusion.

The previous evidence from US MNCs referred to above suggests that the barriers presented by the American business system are significant but do leave room for instances of evolutionary reverse diffusion to occur.


For example, while German MNCs may be inclined to look to their foreign operating units to help achieve new forms of flexibility and variable pay, they are rather less likely to do so in relation to forms of work organisation where the German economy is noted for the development of diversified quality production (Streeck 1997) . Moreover, the constraints posed to reverse diffusion (though not so clearly horizontal diffusion) vary by the nationality of the parent firm since practices in some countries are embedded in institutions that make it difficult to introduce novel practices from other countries. For example, the relative weakness of skills amongst manual workers in the US may mean that American MNCs lack the capacity to adopt team-based forms of working and associated employee involvement practices that operate in their foreign operations. This points to the need to consider the incidence of diffusion in MNCs of different nationalities across various areas of employment relations.

For example, while German MNCs may be inclined to look to their foreign operating units to help achieve new forms of flexibility and variable pay, they are rather less likely to do so in relation to forms of work organisation where the German economy is noted for the development of diversified quality production.


Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Data from WHO in 2013 showed that 347 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes. Indonesia is the 7th country with the highest number of diabetics in the world. By 2030, the estimated population of diabetics in Indonesia reached 11.8 million, with the growth percentage of 6% per year which far exceeds the growth of overall Indonesia's population [1] .

By 2030, the estimated population of diabetics in Indonesia reached 11.8 million, with the growth percentage of 6% per year which far exceeds the growth of overall Indonesia's population.


Morinda citrifolia, or noni fruit commonly called pace/noni, had been widely used by the public as prevention and treatment of diabetes as well as health supplements. Several previous studies stating that Morinda citrifolia contains approximately 200 chemical compounds which have been identified and isolated from various parts of this plant. One of them is a flavonoid compound found in the fruit, flowers, and leaves [3] .

One of them is a flavonoid compound found in the fruit, flowers, and leaves.


Our approach is not to build another expert system. Expert systems require a rather complete understanding of a problem to start with -an assumption that does not hold for ill-defined problems. In order to produce a set of rules for an expert system, the relevant factors and the background knowledge need to be identified. However, we cannot fully articulate this information. What has been made explicit always sets a limit, and there exists the potential of breakdowns that call for moving beyond this limit (Winograd and Flores, 1986) .

What has been made explicit always sets a limit, and there exists the potential of breakdowns that call for moving beyond this limit.


Customer satisfaction is highly related to service quality and it is an important aspect for service organizations (Lee & Hwan, 2005) . To develop relationship with current customers and to magnetize new customers, many companies think that service quality has strategic importance (Ugboma et al., 2007) . Customers are interested very much with the quality of received output. Positive perception on the quality of services being delivered occurs when it exceeds the customers' expectations (Anderson, Fornell, & Lehmann, 1994) . In primary education parents are one of the most important stakeholder and they make decision which school their children attend. School selection decisions and good school search behaviors of parents are affected by parental satisfaction. Parental satisfaction is tried to measure by many schools in order to find ways of improving the schools and to evaluate the quality of the education provided to children (Pederson & Wilk, 1993) . The usage of the most convenient measurement tool helps management to evaluate the service quality which is provided by their schools.

Customer satisfaction is highly related to service quality and it is an important aspect for service organizations.

To develop relationship with current customers and to magnetize new customers, many companies think that service quality has strategic importance.

Positive perception on the quality of services being delivered occurs when it exceeds the customers' expectations.

Parental satisfaction is tried to measure by many schools in order to find ways of improving the schools and to evaluate the quality of the education provided to children.


It is noted that there are also minor differences between our reconstructions and other reconstructed series. For example, the beginning and ending time of the 18th relatively warming period varies slightly in different series. The 18th relatively warming phase in our reconstruction began in 1701 and ended in 1780, which began 10 years later than series (d) and (e), and ended 10 years earlier than series (b) and (c). These differences may be due to the following reasons. First, materials used to reconstruct temperature are different. For instance, our reconstruction used frost dates while Hao reconstructed winter temperatures using snowfall days. These proxies show different sensitivity to temperature change. Second, methods for calibration are different. Finally, different study areas and reference period may be the cause of these differences [22] .

Finally, different study areas and reference period may be the cause of these differences.


The reconstruction of historical temperature change can provide important background for understanding natural climate variability, which is valuable for assessing anthropogenic role in current climate changes and predicting future scenarios. It has received much attention from the IPCC and IGBP [1] [2] . Well-dated and quantitative pa-leoclimate records with seasonal to inter-annual resolution are important sources for reconstructing historical temperature [3] . Of these, records from historical documents are highly temporally resolved with detailed descriptive precision [4] . So they are widely used to reconstruct temperature.

It has received much attention from the IPCC and IGBP.

Well-dated and quantitative pa-leoclimate records with seasonal to inter-annual resolution are important sources for reconstructing historical temperature.

Of these, records from historical documents are highly temporally resolved with detailed descriptive precision.


Spinal growth modulation by means of posterior instrumented distraction or anterior tethering is the core component of established and novel methods to control progressive spine deformities in childhood [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . The overall growth stimulating benefits are traditionally objectified by simple measurement of the T1-S1 distance on anteroposterior radiographs [6] . This approach includes the changes of the morphology and severity of the curve during the observational period, the growth of the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs. However, T1-S1 values are limited by the projectional nature of a spine radiograph and the ignorance of more detailed regional growth phenomenon. Experimental data support the tremendous remodelling effect of distraction forces on single vertebral bodies exerted by instrumented bridging of multiple spinal segments [7] [8] [9] . Distraction forces are even able to promote growth of unilateral congenital bony vertebral bars [10] . Little is known about the effects of distraction-based treatments of early onset spine deformities on the growth and shape of individual human vertebral bodies. A retrospective growing rod case series on twenty patients published in 2012 focused only on the effect of longitudinal growth and a most recent retrospective vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) series on 26 children focused on height and width growth of the fifth lumbar and the topmost instrumented thoracic vertebra [5, 11] . In both studies, extra gain in vertebral height growth compared to historical controls was objectified. However, growth in width was diminished. Within the framework of a true nonfusion strategy, a change of the three-dimensional (3D) vertebral morphology might be of biomechanical importance when the spine is re-exposed to full load after removal of the growth-promoting implants at the end of growth. We, therefore, set out to further investigate the effects of vertebral growth modulation looking at individual multiple lumbar levels.

Spinal growth modulation by means of posterior instrumented distraction or anterior tethering is the core component of established and novel methods to control progressive spine deformities in childhood.

The overall growth stimulating benefits are traditionally objectified by simple measurement of the T1-S1 distance on anteroposterior radiographs.

Experimental data support the tremendous remodelling effect of distraction forces on single vertebral bodies exerted by instrumented bridging of multiple spinal segments.

Distraction forces are even able to promote growth of unilateral congenital bony vertebral bars.

A retrospective growing rod case series on twenty patients published in 2012 focused only on the effect of longitudinal growth and a most recent retrospective vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) series on 26 children focused on height and width growth of the fifth lumbar and the topmost instrumented thoracic vertebra.


Because the specification oracle may be inefficient in comparison to the imperative implementation, its use may be confined to prototyping and the testing phase of software development. However, for some applications the specification and implementation may be viewed as independent "versions" of the same software, which continually check each other. Since both were produced by human beings, both are subject to error, but their utterly different form and content suggest that there is minimum chance of a common-mode failure [45] .

Since both were produced by human beings, both are subject to error, but their utterly different form and content suggest that there is minimum chance of a common-mode failure.


Statistics is an important course for most streams at the post-secondary level in MARA higher education institutions. For the Diploma in Accountancy program, statistics is made a compulsory courses as a condition for graduation. Among the objectives of the Diploma in Accountancy program is to produce graduates who are skilled and able to compete with the giants of employment and internationally (Bahagian Pendidikan Tinggi MARA, 2007) .

Among the objectives of the Diploma in Accountancy program is to produce graduates who are skilled and able to compete with the giants of employment and internationally.


Laparoscopy has transformed the field of surgery. It has quickly migrated from procedures such as the laparoscopic cholecystectomy to more complex intra-abdominal operations, including those of the colon and rectum [11] . The laparoscopic approach to surgical diseases of the colon and rectum has been shown to have many benefits to its patient population. Numerous randomized controlled trials have demonstrated reduced pain medication requirements, shorter hospital LOS, a faster return to normal activities, and reduced postoperative morbidity as a result of laparoscopy [5, 6, 8, 12, 13] . Ultimately, laparoscopic colon and rectal surgery may reduce direct and total hospital costs at more experienced centers [10, 14] . However, early discharge from the hospital after laparoscopic colon and rectal operations has generated concern that patients may develop complications while at home that may result in increased rates of unplanned readmissions [1] . These complications and readmissions could have a significant impact on the patient's morbidity and mortality, in addition to increasing costs as a result of a second hospital admission. These concerns may be unfounded, but data in this area are lacking. The purpose of the present study was to determine the readmission rates, predictors of readmission, and outcomes for patients undergoing laparoscopic colon and rectal operations.

It has quickly migrated from procedures such as the laparoscopic cholecystectomy to more complex intra-abdominal operations, including those of the colon and rectum.

Numerous randomized controlled trials have demonstrated reduced pain medication requirements, shorter hospital LOS, a faster return to normal activities, and reduced postoperative morbidity as a result of laparoscopy.

Ultimately, laparoscopic colon and rectal surgery may reduce direct and total hospital costs at more experienced centers.

However, early discharge from the hospital after laparoscopic colon and rectal operations has generated concern that patients may develop complications while at home that may result in increased rates of unplanned readmissions.


Determination of photosynthetic and calcification ratesAfter cells were grown at different levels of pH for at least 11 generations, they were dispensed into quartz tubes (13 mL) and inoculated with 5 mCi (0.185 MBq) of labeled sodium bicarbonate (Amersham). The tubes were placed in a water bath connected to a cooling circulator (Cole Palmer, Model 01268-16) for temperature control (18 6 0.5uC) under the radiation treatments described above. After 2 h of incubation, samples were immediately filtered under dim light onto Whatman GF/F glass fiber filters (25 mm), rinsed with unlabeled medium, put in 20-mL scintillation vials, and then dried (45uC, 4 h) before counting in a liquid scintillation counter (Beckman, LS6500) with 3 mL scintillation cocktail (Perkin Elmer). These measurements provided information on the total 14 C incorporated (inorganic and organic production). Photosynthetic 14 C fixation was measured after removal of coccoliths. Two methods were tested to gain the highest accuracy cells on GF/F filters fumed with HCl overnight to expel non-fixed 14 C and cells exposed to pure CO 2 for 30 s to remove the cocolith coverage before being filtrated onto GF/F filters. Both sets of filters were dried (45uC for 4 h) before measuring radioactivity. Photosynthetic carbon fixation rates obtained by these two approaches were not significantly different (t-test, t 5 1.520, p 5 0.189, df 5 5, n 5 6). The rate of calcification of E. huxleyi was estimated as the difference between the total and the photosynthetic carbon fixation determined after the coccoliths were removed by the acidification (Paasche 1963) .

The rate of calcification of E. huxleyi was estimated as the difference between the total and the photosynthetic carbon fixation determined after the coccoliths were removed by the acidification.


Absorptivity of coccolith coverage-Absorption spectra of cells with or without coccoliths were examined. For these measurements, cells (3.73 3 10 7 cells in 25 mL) were filtered onto Whatman GF/F glass fiber filters (25 mm), and the filters placed at the window near the detector of a UV-VIS recording spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV2501PC) (Kishino et al. 1985) . A filter soaked with the culture medium was used as control.

For these measurements, cells (3.73 3 10 7 cells in 25 mL) were filtered onto Whatman GF/F glass fiber filters (25 mm), and the filters placed at the window near the detector of a UV-VIS recording spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV2501PC).


It might be argued that patient aged 65-75 are healthier today than 30 years ago but the evidence suggests that deterioration is merely postponed: "indices of heath that used to prevail at age 70 now prevail at age 80" [46] . We believe that these results remain relevant to patients who present with systolic pressures of 160 mmHg or more and who are prescribed similar drugs. As noted in the Introduction, the US 2014 recommendations for first line treatments continue to include thiazide type diuretics as well as beta blockers [5] .

It might be argued that patient aged 65-75 are healthier today than 30 years ago but the evidence suggests that deterioration is merely postponed: "indices of heath that used to prevail at age 70 now prevail at age 80".

As noted in the Introduction, the US 2014 recommendations for first line treatments continue to include thiazide type diuretics as well as beta blockers.


Early approaches to the theory of rough surface scattering were based on asymptotic approximations. In the low-frequency limit, Rice proposed the use of the Small Perturbation Method (SPM) [2] . At high frequencies, the Kirchhoff Model (KM) can be applied when the surface appears smooth on the scale of the wavelength [3, 4] . Much work over the past several decades has been devoted towards searching model which can assure the continuity between SPM and KM [5] [6] [7] . On the other hand, as scattering elements of rough surfaces present a complex geometry and are randomly distributed, their electromagnetic scattering involves complex interactions. Thus, this context leads us to focus our investigation in the rigorous model of the Integral Equation Method (IEM).

In the low-frequency limit, Rice proposed the use of the Small Perturbation Method (SPM).

At high frequencies, the Kirchhoff Model (KM) can be applied when the surface appears smooth on the scale of the wavelength.

Much work over the past several decades has been devoted towards searching model which can assure the continuity between SPM and KM.


At the present, CT scanning is the most sensitive method to demonstrate pulmonary metastases, and it has become the standard tool for the follow-up of patients at risk for pulmonary metastases [11, 12] . It allows a clear presentation of the areas closely adjacent to the chest wall, paravertebral region, and ventral and dorsal sinus areas, but misinterpretation of structures in the central pulmonary regions are still possible, as happened in our case: a metastatic tumor had grown into the inferior pulmonary vein and left atrium, without infiltrating the venous wall. Intraoperatively TEE proved to be a very useful tool. We were able to accurately estimate the degree of atrial invasion and the amount of tumor in the atrium so that, finally, resection of the atrium wall using CBP was decided on. The defect created in the atrium was easily covered with a pericardial patch, without any postoperative hemodynamic repercussion.

At the present, CT scanning is the most sensitive method to demonstrate pulmonary metastases, and it has become the standard tool for the follow-up of patients at risk for pulmonary metastases.


Pollution is the changes that occur in chemical, physiccal and biological characters of the environmental system. Environmental contamination of air, water, soil and food have been still the most important subject in recent years because it causes threat extend to many plants and animals and may ultimately threaten the survival of humanity, and results from direct and indirect human activities [3] . Since intensive farming practices are essential to produce enough food for the increasing population, farmers have been using more inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides [4] .

Environmental contamination of air, water, soil and food have been still the most important subject in recent years because it causes threat extend to many plants and animals and may ultimately threaten the survival of humanity, and results from direct and indirect human activities.

Since intensive farming practices are essential to produce enough food for the increasing population, farmers have been using more inorganic fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.


The world suffers from deficiency of protein sources. Fish are considered as an important source of high quality animal protein as they contain large amounts of essential amino acids. Also, fish contain crude lipids, which supply the body with energy and essential fatty acids that are necessary for life and play an important role in regulation of the cardio-vascular system and for reducing cholestrol level in the blood. Moreover, fish are rich in fat-soluble vitamins, iodine and phosphorous [1] .

Moreover, fish are rich in fat-soluble vitamins, iodine and phosphorous.


Nucleic acids play a major role on growth and development of the organism. The amount of DNA, the genetic information carrier, reflect the cell numbers [45, 46] . The amount of RNA in the cell is directly proportional to the amount of protein synthesis occurring. The relationship between RNA and DNA is an index of the cell's metabolic intensity and has been used to measure recent growth in fishes [47] .

The amount of DNA, the genetic information carrier, reflect the cell numbers.

The relationship between RNA and DNA is an index of the cell's metabolic intensity and has been used to measure recent growth in fishes.


From the column 2D density profiles, several parameters are obtained as a function of gravity for the five lamps. For all lamps the values for the density inhomogeneity and the corrected axial segregation have been obtained for the power settings given in table 1. In this paper, we focus on the trends of the gravity dependence of these parameters for different Hg pressures and input power. Figures 3 and 4 show 2D profiles of ground state atomic Dy for the various lamps. Figures 5 and 6 show the webcam images for the lamps. The ground state atomic Dy density at the top and the bottom of the lamp is too low to be measured (below the noise level). Therefore black parts are observed at the top and bottom of the lamp. The irregular flame-like pattern close to the top of the lamp is also caused by noise [18] .

The irregular flame-like pattern close to the top of the lamp is also caused by noise.


We use behavioral experiments to address the question of the effect of information. This enables us to look at fundamental drivers of decision making in typical conditions that many small scale irrigation communities face. Results from earlier social dilemma -not irrigation dilemma -experiments suggest that limiting the information will affect the experimental outcomes [12, 13, 14] . Since the majority of participants act in experiments as if they are conditional cooperators, information availability affects the expectations participants have and therefore their tendency to cooperate [15] . Hence we don't know for sure what the expected results will be.

Results from earlier social dilemma -not irrigation dilemma -experiments suggest that limiting the information will affect the experimental outcomes.

Since the majority of participants act in experiments as if they are conditional cooperators, information availability affects the expectations participants have and therefore their tendency to cooperate.


It is well known that groups can overcome collective action problems in sharing common pool resources when they can engage in self-governance [1] . This has not only been observed in real-world case studies, but also replicated in laboratory experiments [2] . Communication and the ability to enforce rules have been found to be critical factors that enhance the ability of groups to self-govern shared resources [3, 4] .

It is well known that groups can overcome collective action problems in sharing common pool resources when they can engage in self-governance.

This has not only been observed in real-world case studies, but also replicated in laboratory experiments.

Communication and the ability to enforce rules have been found to be critical factors that enhance the ability of groups to self-govern shared resources.


The work presented here represents the latest stage in a sequence of lab experiments that systematically add biophysical complexity to better understand governance of social dilemmas in irrigation systems -what we will hereafter refer to as "irrigation dilemmas". The irrigation dilemma captures situations in which farmers at the tail-end or head-end can experience differences in their influence on the collective action problems related to the maintenance of the irrigation system and allocation of water [6] . The fundamental problem facing irrigation systems is how to solve two related collective action problems: 1) provisioning for the resource, such as in building and maintaining physical infrastructure, and 2) the asymmetric common-pool resource dilemma, where the relative positions of resource users at the head and tail of the system generate asymmetric access to the resource [6] . If actors act as selfish, rational economic agents, we cannot expect irrigation infrastructure to ever be created. Even if the initial problem of providing the infrastructure were solved and water is made available, the head-end user may not necessarily share water with the tail-ender.

The irrigation dilemma captures situations in which farmers at the tail-end or head-end can experience differences in their influence on the collective action problems related to the maintenance of the irrigation system and allocation of water.

The fundamental problem facing irrigation systems is how to solve two related collective action problems: 1) provisioning for the resource, such as in building and maintaining physical infrastructure, and 2) the asymmetric common-pool resource dilemma, where the relative positions of resource users at the head and tail of the system generate asymmetric access to the resource.


The experimental results provide insights into the importance of the interplay between different types of infrastructure (i.e. biophysical context and institutional arrangements) and outcomes. When, due to biophysical context or social context, there is limited information exchange between members of an irrigation system, those systems will function well on average (even better than the case without limited information exchange) but will experience a major increase of inequality of earnings. This type of outcome is, in fact, fundamental to CISs. Specifically, CISs as examples of feedback systems exhibit fundamental performance-robustness trade-offs [18] . In our experiments, constraining communication actually makes the system perform better under three of the four scenarios but becomes more vulnerable (less robust) to large shocks to infrastructure. Further, in our experiments there was no exit option, other than not investing in the infrastructure. One can expect that limited communication would lead to the exit of participants and a decline of the group if other exit options were available. Thus, subtle changes in biophysical context may introduce hidden vulnerabilities that are only revealed when the CIS is exposed to a new type of disturbance.

Specifically, CISs as examples of feedback systems exhibit fundamental performance-robustness trade-offs.


Various features of the biophysical conditions have a significant impact on the earnings. Interestingly in rounds 11-20, there is a modest but significant negative effect of water supply in the previous round on investment levels. If groups experience scarcity they may expect a good round (e.g. "things can only get better") and invest more in the round after a round of scarcity.Not surprisingly a higher initial infrastructure level leads to higher earnings, and when water supply is fluctuating in rounds 11 to 20, groups with higher infrastructure levels benefit from the higher water supply (and loses only a little when water supply is lower than average). We conclude our analysis of the data by looking at the group level using ordinary least squares (OLS) on a linear model of attributes of the groups. This may lead to different insights than our analysis this far since the group dynamics cannot be addressed at the individual level. Consistent with earlier studies we find that in the first 10 rounds, inequality of appropriation leads to lower levels of earnings [9] . There is no impact of the average understanding of the experiments by the group members during the first 10 rounds. Surprisingly, constrained communication leads to higher earnings on average, but -as shown in Figure 6 -there is more inequality within the group. The chat data show that with full information, players coordinate and correct misjudgments. With constrained communication, the upstream participants are not confronted with the voices of the low earning downstream participants and still can maintain the functioning of the irrigation system among themselves.

Consistent with earlier studies we find that in the first 10 rounds, inequality of appropriation leads to lower levels of earnings.


In this paper we focus on the ability of groups to self-govern their resources in the face of disturbances. Moreover, we are interested how capacity for self-governance is affected by constraints on information and communication. The question of the ability of groups to selforganize in the face of disturbances is a critical one because climate change and globalization are increasingly challenging the capacity of small-scale social-ecological systems (SESs) to function [5] . A particularly critical group of such challenged SESs is small-scale irrigation systems that supply 40% of the world's food supply which are the focus of this paper.

The question of the ability of groups to selforganize in the face of disturbances is a critical one because climate change and globalization are increasingly challenging the capacity of small-scale social-ecological systems (SESs) to function.


The process of monitoring-based commissioning (MBCx) can help sustain optimal energy performance in buildings, while maintaining occupant comfort [1] [2] [3] . In the building efficiency literature, MBCx entails ongoing commissioning with the goal of continuous building performance improvement by way of data monitoring and analysis [4, 5] . MBCx can enable the identification of otherwise untapped energy conservation measures and also verify the energy savings from the re-commissioning of existing equipment [5] .

The process of monitoring-based commissioning (MBCx) can help sustain optimal energy performance in buildings, while maintaining occupant comfort.

In the building efficiency literature, MBCx entails ongoing commissioning with the goal of continuous building performance improvement by way of data monitoring and analysis.

MBCx can enable the identification of otherwise untapped energy conservation measures and also verify the energy savings from the re-commissioning of existing equipment.


Alongside the evolution of MBCx there is the evolution of system monitoring technologies to support the process. Specifically, energy management and information systems (EMIS) enable and help sustain up to 20% site energy savings [6] . Many technologies fall under the umbrella term EMIS (e.g. building automation systems, information monitoring and diagnostic systems, energy information systems). All of these technologies aim to efficiently manage building energy use. EMIS can report and analyze whole-building energy use (e.g. water or electricity), system-level energy use (e.g. just HVAC), or offer a combination of the two.

Specifically, energy management and information systems (EMIS) enable and help sustain up to 20% site energy savings.


In section 2, we determine two different sets of consistent quadratic relations between variables, differentials and derivatives. In section 3, we prove that all these relations are invariant under the same quantum group that is extended to a ten-generator Hopf-algebra. When we assume that the variables x 1 and x 2 are mutually adjoint and that x 3 is self-adjoint, the quantum group is endowed with a structure of Hopf-star-algebra. Finally we discuss the particular case where the quantum group is a deformation of G and we recover the constraint on the parameters [10] , [11] . In this particular case, the ten-generator Hopf-star-algebra contains a eight-generator subalgebra , both algebras leave invariant the commutation relations defining the differential calculus.

Finally we discuss the particular case where the quantum group is a deformation of G and we recover the constraint on the parameters.


Herbicides are agrochemicals used to control weeds during crop growth . Essentially, they are enzyme inhibitors affecting basic metabolic reac tions essential for plant life (Böger and Sandmann, 1998) . A prominent group include compounds which block ammonia assimilation via their inhibi tion of glutamine synthetase (GS), the key enzyme for ammonia assimilation (Miflin and Lea, 1977) . A n example of such inhibitor is glufosinate also called phosphinothricin, or BASTA in its com m er cial form (Bayer et al., 1972) . This glutamate ana log acting competitively vs. the natural substrate as a transient state inhibitor finally binds cova lently to the enzyme at a 1:1 ratio. In bacteria and plants, inhibition of glutamine synthetase leads to the intracellular accumulation of ammonia origi nating from either exogenous nitrate reduction or from endogenous catabolic sources. This accumu lation results in toxic effects which may eventually cause cell death (Bartsch and Tebbe, 1989; Lea and Ridley, 1989; Leason et al., 1982) . The herbicidal action of glufosinate depends on an efficient Reprint requests to Sammy inhibition of ammonia assimilation. The com pound was reported to be less efficient in some algae compared with plants (Altenburger et al., 1995) . In these cases, the induction of a special transporter was suggested to be required to trans locate the herbicide inside the cell in order to inac tivate GS. With Chlam ydom onas , the remarkable resistance to glufosinate was attributed to its poor permeability, relative to methionine-S-sulfoximine (MSX), a GS inhibitor highly effective in this alga (Franco et al., 1996a) .

Essentially, they are enzyme inhibitors affecting basic metabolic reac tions essential for plant life.

A prominent group include compounds which block ammonia assimilation via their inhibi tion of glutamine synthetase (GS), the key enzyme for ammonia assimilation.

A n example of such inhibitor is glufosinate also called phosphinothricin, or BASTA in its com m er cial form.

This accumu lation results in toxic effects which may eventually cause cell death.

The com pound was reported to be less efficient in some algae compared with plants.

With Chlam ydom onas , the remarkable resistance to glufosinate was attributed to its poor permeability, relative to methionine-S-sulfoximine (MSX), a GS inhibitor highly effective in this alga.


Artificial insemination (AI) can be applied as a tool to improve genetics and to preserve original breeds (Wildt, 1992) . Knowledge of seasonal variations in semen characteristics is essential for the collection of good quality semen for successful AI programs. One of the major limitations to goat production is the seasonal nature of semen production and quality (Perez and Mateos, 1996) . Goat reproductive activity depends on elevated melatonin secretion as influenced by changes in day length (Chemineau et al., 1992) . Despite this fact, most goat producers in Jordan tend to breed their does during the months of July through September.

Artificial insemination (AI) can be applied as a tool to improve genetics and to preserve original breeds.

One of the major limitations to goat production is the seasonal nature of semen production and quality.

Goat reproductive activity depends on elevated melatonin secretion as influenced by changes in day length.


The roles of other studied factors, namely landscape conditions and forest management activities, were rather minor. About 75% of the plots in eastern Texas currently occupied by Japanese honeysuckle occur at the northern part of the area, and about 98% occur on lands with a slope ratio less than 8%, where favorable habitats are created on well-drained sites [81] . In general, the species is noticeably absent on coarse sands and poor peat soils [82] . Extensive areas of poorly drained soils have also been linked with the absence of Japanese honeysuckle in southern Florida [15] .

About 75% of the plots in eastern Texas currently occupied by Japanese honeysuckle occur at the northern part of the area, and about 98% occur on lands with a slope ratio less than 8%, where favorable habitats are created on well-drained sites.

In general, the species is noticeably absent on coarse sands and poor peat soils.

Extensive areas of poorly drained soils have also been linked with the absence of Japanese honeysuckle in southern Florida.


In the limit of large distances and time separations, all Luttinger liquids in equilibrium display power law singularities in time-dependent correlators (such as the Green function) on the light cone. This is a straightforward manifestation of the light-cone propagation of signal at low energy. However, this is more cleanly devised in non-equilibrium situations such as a local quench following a cut-and-glue protocol [21] [22] [23] 28] . Quite remarkably, since a local quench only probes the low-energy part of the many-body spectrum, the light-cone spreading of entanglement and correlations can be observed in general Luttinger liquids, even in those systems that have unbounded velocities and do not satisfy Lieb-Robinson [28] .

However, this is more cleanly devised in non-equilibrium situations such as a local quench following a cut-and-glue protocol.

Quite remarkably, since a local quench only probes the low-energy part of the many-body spectrum, the light-cone spreading of entanglement and correlations can be observed in general Luttinger liquids, even in those systems that have unbounded velocities and do not satisfy Lieb-Robinson.


Poor model fit may be caused by shared method variance among indicators that is unaccounted for by the specified model (Byrne, 2005) . This method variance can result from indicators that use similar or redundant methodology, or in this case item content. Previous researchers have found that model fit was improved by specifying covariation among item uniquenesses to account for shared method variance (Crawford & Henry, 2004) . Thus, another aim of the present study was to examine the improvement in model fit that resulted from a respecified model. After modifying the CFA model to include covariation between theoretically redundant items, the model still failed to provide adequate fit.

Poor model fit may be caused by shared method variance among indicators that is unaccounted for by the specified model.

Previous researchers have found that model fit was improved by specifying covariation among item uniquenesses to account for shared method variance.


In this section we synthesise the information of the rankings into two indicators. We then map the different destinations in two-dimensional scatterplots. We implement a CATPCA to reduce the dimensionality of data, and complement the results of the analysis with a PM to cluster the destinations. CATPCA transforms the original set of correlated variables into a smaller set of uncorrelated variables (Linting et al., 2007) .

CATPCA transforms the original set of correlated variables into a smaller set of uncorrelated variables.


The consensus on the magnitude of the amplitude of respiration-induced liver motion is not well established [5, [15] [16] [17] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . Furthermore, no clinical studies have assessed the differences between different liver segments. This article explores this issue and provides segmentspecific suggestions about ITV expansion to facilitate target delineation.

The consensus on the magnitude of the amplitude of respiration-induced liver motion is not well established.


The main objective of this paper is to propose a framework of SIPs success factors. A critical review of the current literature on project success factors generates an initial list of perceived success factors. A total of 10 interviews with experienced practitioners are conducted to identify the underlying dimensions that were not found in the existing literature. SIPs represent a contextdriven topic, whereas project success is a complex and multi-faceted concept [5] . Therefore, an exploratory approach is employed to investigate the new research area linking SIPs with project success factors. To the knowledge of the authors, this paper represents the first attempt to explore SIP success factors. Limitations are also presented in order to enhance the originality of this paper. Suggestions for the direction of future research are presented at the end of the paper.

SIPs represent a contextdriven topic, whereas project success is a complex and multi-faceted concept.


European beech forests have been the subject of continuing ecological, paleoecological and genetic research in recent decades due to their wide distribution and high economic importance (Magri et al. 2006) . The remnant primeval beech forests are particularly interesting objects for forest research as they provide excellent and necessary conditions for studying and understanding ecosystem processes in forests where no human intervention has occurred for a long time. The Carpathians are a kind of locus classicus for virgin beech forest studies in Europe .

European beech forests have been the subject of continuing ecological, paleoecological and genetic research in recent decades due to their wide distribution and high economic importance.


Considerable application of model checking in the industrial area of hardware designs is due to symbolic representation of the state space [7] . Other systems (like software communication protocols, etc.) lack the regularity of hardware designs exploited by the symbolic methods and thus this technique is not efficient for such systems [14] . Consequently, the state space has to be represented explicitly -all inspected states of the system are stored separately (explicit model checking).

Considerable application of model checking in the industrial area of hardware designs is due to symbolic representation of the state space.

Other systems (like software communication protocols, etc.) lack the regularity of hardware designs exploited by the symbolic methods and thus this technique is not efficient for such systems.


Population genetic analyses of N. melanostomus from its native Ponto-Caspian as well as from its invasive Eurasian and North American ranges identified two major native mtDNA-lineages from the Caspian and the Black Sea drainages, each with a high intralineage genetic diversity according to microsatellite results (Stepien et al. 2005) . Invasive populations from the middle Danube River in Serbia and Slovakia appeared most closely related to a population sample from Odessa (Black Sea drainage). On average, invasive populations exhibited comparatively low levels of genetic diversity, except for the upper Volga population, which contained haplotypes from both divergent lineages (Brown and Stepien 2008) . Populations from the upper Danube River or the River Rhine have not yet been investigated, and population genetic data for P. kessleri are not available yet.

Population genetic analyses of N. melanostomus from its native Ponto-Caspian as well as from its invasive Eurasian and North American ranges identified two major native mtDNA-lineages from the Caspian and the Black Sea drainages, each with a high intralineage genetic diversity according to microsatellite results.

On average, invasive populations exhibited comparatively low levels of genetic diversity, except for the upper Volga population, which contained haplotypes from both divergent lineages.


The Ocean renewable energy industry has grown quite considerably these past 5 years. Quite a number of energy extraction systems are already in the water [1] . Due to their similarity to wind energy conversion devices, machines that extract power from tidal currents, which are more predictable than wind resource, are recently gaining project contracts around the world [2] .

Quite a number of energy extraction systems are already in the water.

Due to their similarity to wind energy conversion devices, machines that extract power from tidal currents, which are more predictable than wind resource, are recently gaining project contracts around the world.


Keeping in mind, the aim of this study was to investigate the MHD axisymmetric boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a nonlinear radially stretching sheet with viscous dissipation. Similarity transformations are used to convert the governing nonlinear partial differential equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. A closed form exact analytic solutions for the heat transfer are established in the form of confluent hypergeometric function for two general cases namely prescribed surface temperature PST case and prescribed heat flux PHF case. Graphical results for various values of governing physical parameters are revealed to gain thorough insight towards the physics of the problem. One can also find the solution of the governing nonlinear differential equations analytically [25] [26] [27] .

One can also find the solution of the governing nonlinear differential equations analytically.


The important point is that self-efficacy is related to learner's future capabilities in doing a specific task in a specific situation, not about his/her past achievements. Based on recent findings self-efficacy is completely a flexible concept not a rigid one (Klassen, 2004) . As it is mentioned, autonomy and self-efficacy are two important concepts in the learning process. Therefore, in this study it has been tried to focus on the relationship between self-efficacy and autonomy among intermediate and upper-intermediate EFL learners.

Based on recent findings self-efficacy is completely a flexible concept not a rigid one.


Since learners self-efficacy has some effects on their psychological status and their thought process, it can affect their motivation, decision making, and performance in a specific action (Bandura, 1999) . Considering the effects of selfefficacy on learners' performances, it can be considered as an indispensible part of learners autonomy. It was endeavored in this study to shed light on the great significance of these two variables and add another aspect to the body of existing literature about the relationship between self-efficacy and autonomy among Iranian intermediate and upper intermediate EFL learners.

Since learners self-efficacy has some effects on their psychological status and their thought process, it can affect their motivation, decision making, and performance in a specific action.


In this section, we apply the algorithms discussed in the previous sections to the inversion of data obtained with the experiments described in Section 2. We start with validating our algorithm on synthetic data. We utilize these test cases also to obtain some insight in what kind of results can actually be expected for limited data, and how the norm used for regularization influences the results. In Section 5.2, we then solve the inverse problem with real data and compare with results obtained in previous work [18] .

In Section 5.2, we then solve the inverse problem with real data and compare with results obtained in previous work.


Overdependence on fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and oil, for energy needs in the current energy consumption scenario leads to two major issues-the fast exhaustion of conventional energy resources leading to an energy crunch, and global warming, due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. To address these issues, harnessing energy from non-conventional energy resources, such as solar, wind, biomass, ocean, and geothermal, and the development of an efficient and reliable energy utilization regime are required. These non-conventional energy resources are usually distributed in geographic areas, and demand energy utilization from distributed energy resources (DERs) [1] . This has led to a paradigm shift from the traditional centralized power generation to distributed power generation. These distributed generation plants are governed by centralized players that manage and control them through advanced communication technology. This has led to the emergence of the smart grid (SG) [2, 3] . SG is a unique and advanced concept combining interconnected power systems, intelligent networks, and smart monitoring, which greatly improves the utilization of energy resources [4] .

These non-conventional energy resources are usually distributed in geographic areas, and demand energy utilization from distributed energy resources (DERs).

This has led to the emergence of the smart grid (SG).

SG is a unique and advanced concept combining interconnected power systems, intelligent networks, and smart monitoring, which greatly improves the utilization of energy resources.


The operational costs associated with BIM hardware and software, have been recognized as the main obstacle in BIM implementation in the past (Lu et al., 2014) . However, in our survey, training was identified as a key difficulty at present (56%), followed by cost of implementation (28%) and time consumption (12%). These findings are reflective of the current situation of the industry where smaller companies are struggling to balance compliance costs with the project backlog due to recent increase in spending in the industry. In order to improve the BIM practice, the respondents identified accessibility and flexibility as the key issue (39%) followed by training (23%). These findings are in line with the other findings from the study where the collaborative aspect of BIM shown through a standardized data format and possibility for analysis can provide better accessibility and flexibility. The inclusion of geotechnical data would reflect positively on project costs but the respondents expect time implications, possibly due to perceived data exchange or format (40%). This is reinforced by the finding that almost 2 in 3 of the respondents consider that the gotechnical data should be in the same format as the above-ground data, while 40% of the respondents consider that AGS format is suitable as a universal geotechnical data format that can be shared.

The operational costs associated with BIM hardware and software, have been recognized as the main obstacle in BIM implementation in the past.


Typically, more than 60% of urban surfaces are comprised of hard manufactured materials such as roof materials and paved surfaces [8] . Most studies of LE surface temperatures have examined asphalt and/or concrete which make up the greater proportion of the paved surfaces in urban public spaces [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] . The studies have generally concluded that asphalt, being of a darker colour (lower albedo), absorbs more solar radiation than concrete and thus has a higher surface temperature.

Typically, more than 60% of urban surfaces are comprised of hard manufactured materials such as roof materials and paved surfaces.

Most studies of LE surface temperatures have examined asphalt and/or concrete which make up the greater proportion of the paved surfaces in urban public spaces.


Our previous studies have revealed the role hypercholesterolemia and lipid peroxidation associated with dyslipidemia and the role of insulin resistance in brain tissues and body fluids, implicating their effects in triggering brain damage through the upregulation of acetylcholinesterase [4] . The most effective way to control cholesterol synthesis is inhibiting the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR, EC 1.1.1.88). HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA into mevalonate (MVA). Epidemiological studies showed a potential link between cholesterollowering compounds, such as statins, and decreased prevalence or incidence of dementia through targeting lipid metabolizing enzymes [5] . Neither the potential efficacy of statins in treating the dementia nor the mechanisms of the reported statin-induced neuroprotection are well-understood. Also, it was shown that acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors are associated with a range of side effects [6] . It was suggested that insulin resistance may contribute to amyloidosis by interfering with insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) mediated degradation of amyloid A peptides [7] .

Our previous studies have revealed the role hypercholesterolemia and lipid peroxidation associated with dyslipidemia and the role of insulin resistance in brain tissues and body fluids, implicating their effects in triggering brain damage through the upregulation of acetylcholinesterase.

Epidemiological studies showed a potential link between cholesterollowering compounds, such as statins, and decreased prevalence or incidence of dementia through targeting lipid metabolizing enzymes.

Also, it was shown that acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors are associated with a range of side effects.

It was suggested that insulin resistance may contribute to amyloidosis by interfering with insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) mediated degradation of amyloid A peptides.