Industries use cooling water in various processes, for example, in power-generating units, boilers, steel mills and paper mills. In addition, many larger buildings use cooling water in air conditioning systems. The water is used to exchange heat with hot fluid. After use the water must be cooled in order to be reintroduced into the production processes. Typically, the water is pumped to the top of a cooling tower and flows down through plastic or wooden shells. While flowing down, the water is cooled by latent heat loss due to evaporation, typically from 40-60 o C to 25-40 o C. Two main problems of cooling systems are corrosion and scale (Frayne, 1999) . Low pH and high dissolved solids can enhance corrosion and shorten the life-span of the cooling system materials. Corrosion can be prevented by pH adjustment and treatment with additives. Water loss by evaporation during the cooling process increases solute concentrations and can lead to the precipitation of the sparingly soluble salts CaCO 3 and Mg(OH) 2 . This causes the formation of an insulating layer which negatively influences heat transfer.

While flowing down, the water is cooled by latent heat loss due to evaporation, typically from 40-60 o C to 25-40 o C. Two main problems of cooling systems are corrosion and scale.


Motivated by studies that support both the physical and the 3-D radiative interpretation of the differences in r e values derived from the 3.8 and 2.1 µm MODIS data, we endeavored to understand the contribution of LWP and H σ to the r e variability. Homogeneous clouds have larger values of r e3.8 relative to r e2.1 , indicating a physical increase of r e toward the cloud top and a negligible effect of precipitation in the retrievals. Our results are consistent with aircraft observations of cloud microphysics over the region of study, which show an adiabatic-like cloud behavior (Painemal and Zuidema, 2011) . The current study also shows that the use of r e for microphysical studies without knowledge of H σ is insufficient for determining vertical features of the cloud. Moreover, because H σ is typically large in cumulus clouds, they will continue to pose a formidable challenge for passive remote sensing. Overall, we conclude that r e is more suitable as a metric to investigate cloud heterogeneities rather than the cloud physical structure in marine stratocumulus clouds.

Our results are consistent with aircraft observations of cloud microphysics over the region of study, which show an adiabatic-like cloud behavior.


Both the logic and research evidence in policy implementation and readiness for change have concluded that there is a high chance of implementation success if the members' willingness to adapt to the change is high [31, 46] . However, other features also have a great influence on the success or failure of policy implementation [17, 18, 47, 48] . Using perspectives in literature and insights into the two investigated cases, five common features were identified which the Kuwaiti DRA must consider. These features are: management support and leadership, employees' involvement in the policymaking process, organisation cultural context, implementation planning and allocation of resources, and the organisation's autonomy.

Both the logic and research evidence in policy implementation and readiness for change have concluded that there is a high chance of implementation success if the members' willingness to adapt to the change is high.

However, other features also have a great influence on the success or failure of policy implementation.


Leadership in management is important in providing commitment, motivation and direction to employees [49, 50] . From case 1, the Bahraini DRA had leading management figures who engaged with reviewers and motivated them throughout the policy change process. In case 2 however, reviewers raised a lack in communication and appreciation of management, which ought to change in Kuwaiti DRA management, so that leadership can inspire employees and engage them in the change initiatives.

Leadership in management is important in providing commitment, motivation and direction to employees.


Mullite is the only stable compound in the SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 diagram. It can be described by the formula Al 4+2x Si 2-2x O 10-x [1] . Its composition ranges from x = 0.25 (3Al 2 O 3 , 2SiO 2 : 3-2 mullite) to x = 0.40 (2Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 : 2-1 mullite). Many works have been devoted to this material (elaboration by different methods, thermomechanical characterization, reinforcement with particles or whiskers) as it possesses remarkable properties: low expansion coefficient (5 × 10 -6 K -1 in the temperature range 20˚C -800˚C), good thermal shock resistance, high creep resistance (dε/dt > 10 -10 s -1 at 1200˚C) and flexural strength (above 360 MPa) [2] [3] [4] . Moreover, mullitebased materials show a high resistance towards most acid and basic chemical agents. But the presence of mullite in clay-based traditional ceramics does not always induce high thermomechanical (TM) performances [5, 6] . This may be explained by the fact that, in these materials, mullite is then associated with a huge volume of vitreous phase (30% to 70%), others minerals (quartz…) and essentially an important porosity.

It can be described by the formula Al 4+2x Si 2-2x O 10-x.

Many works have been devoted to this material (elaboration by different methods, thermomechanical characterization, reinforcement with particles or whiskers) as it possesses remarkable properties: low expansion coefficient (5 × 10 -6 K -1 in the temperature range 20˚C -800˚C), good thermal shock resistance, high creep resistance (dε/dt > 10 -10 s -1 at 1200˚C) and flexural strength (above 360 MPa).

But the presence of mullite in clay-based traditional ceramics does not always induce high thermomechanical (TM) performances.


Kentucky bluegrass is facing the serious threat of heat, high humidity or drought, diseases and insects during summer and early autumn (warm seasons) in Shanghai, China. Through a long screening progress, two newly selected lines were obtained ('KBG03' and 'KBG04') that showed better resistance to warm season stress than original cultivars ('Midnight' and 'Evergreen') under moderately low maintenance conditions, in multi-plot demonstration for several years in Shanghai (Yuan et al. 2014) . At present, the mixed population of two lines has been authorized by Shanghai Crop Variety Certification Committee, named as 'Huhe 2'. Besides high stress tolerance, it has light green color, a rapid vertical growth rate and fine-leaf texture.

Through a long screening progress, two newly selected lines were obtained ('KBG03' and 'KBG04') that showed better resistance to warm season stress than original cultivars ('Midnight' and 'Evergreen') under moderately low maintenance conditions, in multi-plot demonstration for several years in Shanghai.


Software Defined Network (SDN) is a new paradigm shift in a networking environment that brings a lot of new innovations and revolutions in traditional networking techniques. It aims to resolve the several limitations of the traditional networks by decoupling the control plane from the data plane. In SDN, network devices i.e., switches, routers have become simple forwarding devices which only implement the data plane logic [19] . The control or network intelligence is implemented in a centralized unit called controller. Different applications for routing, load balancing, network measurement etc. are implemented on the controller [1] [2] .

In SDN, network devices i.e., switches, routers have become simple forwarding devices which only implement the data plane logic.

Different applications for routing, load balancing, network measurement etc. are implemented on the controller.


Rendezvous in a polygon. The work that is most relevant to ours is represented by a series of papers on Rendezvous and approximate Rendezvous by two robots in polygons or more general planar enclosures [9, 10, 11, 13] . The authors show how to guarantee that the two robots' trajectories will intersect (or get arbitrary close to each other in case of approximate rendezvous) within finite time, in spite of a powerful adversary that controls the speed and the movements of the robots on their trajectories. However, termination happens implicitly: the robots are not necessarily aware of each other's presence, and Rendezvous is considered solved even if they are both moving. Moreover, none of these papers considers oblivious robots, and none of them allows the initial memory contents of the robots to be arbitrary. Both are simplifications of the problem, because they allow robots to implicitly agree on a single landmark and just move there.

Rendezvous in a polygon.

The work that is most relevant to ours is represented by a series of papers on Rendezvous and approximate Rendezvous by two robots in polygons or more general planar enclosures.


In summary, CT performed at an intensity below the RCP results in positive affective responses compared with HIT at 100% of VO 2Peak with a short recovery time, which has a higher dependence on anaerobic metabolism even when performed at the same average intensity as that of the CT session. Despite the equalization of the average intensity (15% below of RCP) for both conditions, the dependence on anaerobic metabolism seems to be the determinant of psychological responses in HIT. Our results suggest that HIT should be used with caution regarding affective responses. However, we encourage future investigations regarding the effects of different interval training configurations. It is possible that HIT sessions with lower dependence on anaerobic metabolism induce better affective responses, as already demonstrated in different continuous training sessions [15, 30] . Considering the wide range of configurations for HIT sessions, it would be innaccurate to assert that CT is superior to HIT in providing better affective responses. Additional studies should investigate affective responses during other HIT configurations.

It is possible that HIT sessions with lower dependence on anaerobic metabolism induce better affective responses, as already demonstrated in different continuous training sessions.


A second source of stratospheric water is in situ oxidation of methane and molecular hydrogen. This water is enriched in the rare, heavy isotopes with respect to water transported from the troposphere. As oxidation becomes more important for higher altitudes, this leads to an enrichment of rare isotopes with altitude (Moyer et al., 1996; Johnson et al., 2001; Ridal et al., 2001; Zahn et al., 2006) .

As oxidation becomes more important for higher altitudes, this leads to an enrichment of rare isotopes with altitude.


Plotting ( ℎ]) 2 as a function of photon energy (ℎ]) and extrapolating the linear portion of the curve gives the value of the direct band gap energy (as shown in the inset of Figure 5 ). The corresponding band gap energies of SDS, PEG, and CTAB assisted CeO 2 nanoparticles can be calculated to be 3.74, 3.67, and 3.61 eV, respectively, which is larger than the bulk CeO 2 ( = 3.19 eV) [19] . The results show that a blue shift has occurred. Moreover, the blue shift phenomenon might be ascribed to the quantum confinement effect. Optical absorption spectra confirmed the capping effectiveness by the selected capping agents, as the SDS-capped CeO 2 colloids were absorbed at shorter wavelength than the other capped CeO 2 indicating smaller crystal size. Hence, the various surfactants assisted ceria samples should be more efficient for absorption of UV lights. Figure 5 (B) shows the room temperature PL emission spectra of the various surfactants assisted CeO 2 nanoparticles with an excitation wavelength of 300 nm. In the UV emission region, the strong peak at ∼337 nm with the corresponding energy of 3.68 eV is called near band edge emission, which is likely to be associated with a band-to-band recombination process, possibly involving localized or free excitons [20] . In the blue-green emission region, the several weak peaks at ∼438, 452, 461, 481, 493, and 510 nm with the corresponding energies of 2.83, 2.74, 2.68, 2.57, 2.51, and 2.43 eV, respectively, are obviously lower than the deduced band gap, which can be attributed to the presence of oxygen vacancies. It is noticed that there is a change in the intensity of emission peaks by the capping agents, which indicates that the capping layers did result in size changes or increased surface defect.

The corresponding band gap energies of SDS, PEG, and CTAB assisted CeO 2 nanoparticles can be calculated to be 3.74, 3.67, and 3.61 eV, respectively, which is larger than the bulk CeO 2 ( = 3.19 eV).

In the UV emission region, the strong peak at ∼337 nm with the corresponding energy of 3.68 eV is called near band edge emission, which is likely to be associated with a band-to-band recombination process, possibly involving localized or free excitons.


In the recent years, several algorithms have addressed the problem from diverse approaches, exhibiting different characteristics in terms of accuracy, time and communication tradeoffs. A useful class of aggregation algorithms is based on averaging techniques. Such algorithms start from a set of input values spread across the network nodes, and iteratively average their values with active neighbors. Eventually all nodes will converge to the same value and can estimate some useful metric. Averaging techniques allow the derivation of different aggregation functions besides average (like count, sum, maximum and minimum), according to the initial combinations of input values. E.g., if one node starts with input 1 and all other nodes with input 0, eventually all nodes will end up with the same average 1/n and the network size n can be directly estimated by all of them [5] .

E.g., if one node starts with input 1 and all other nodes with input 0, eventually all nodes will end up with the same average 1/n and the network size n can be directly estimated by all of them.


Based on the pragmatic philosophy in which SUMMIT was grounded, i.e. development of a solution that can deliver real world results in the short term, it was decided to complement the need of exchanging commercial and administrative data using EDIFACT standards, with the exchange of project management data using a more adequate standard for the exchange of product and process data. Although there was an EDIFACT message specific for project scheduling and resources data exchange -PROTAP, it was decided that EDIFACT structure is not adequate to support the exchange of this type of data [2] . Initially the developments in the Building Construction Core Model (BCCM) were the adopted solution. The idea was to complement EDIFACT files with product/process data in standard format, i.e. embed the EDIFACT data structure with STEP structure. However, the analysis into this standardization area demonstrated that very few developments were made regarding project management data, and that current state-of-the-art would not support a pragmatic approach, a requisite for the user-driven type of project.

Although there was an EDIFACT message specific for project scheduling and resources data exchange -PROTAP, it was decided that EDIFACT structure is not adequate to support the exchange of this type of data.


In our view, these findings reflect the fact that each of these three relationships is formed and maintained voluntarily. Obese and overweight individuals, like normalweight persons, arrange their social lives so as to meet their emotional and social needs. They may either terminate unrewarding social relationships, or choose to interact only with persons who provide sufficient emotional warmth and support. Both strategies are adaptive insofar as they protect obese persons, and stigmatized persons in general, from the rejection that might ensue if they sought out friends or romantic partners from the wider social environment (Link et al. 1989) .

Both strategies are adaptive insofar as they protect obese persons, and stigmatized persons in general, from the rejection that might ensue if they sought out friends or romantic partners from the wider social environment.


Prejudicial attitudes towards obese individuals have been documented across multiple studies (Puhl and Brownell 2001) . We find, however, that obese and overweight Americans do not uniformly report interpersonal relationships marked by more conflict and less warmth than do their slimmer peers. Rather, our results show that overweight and obese individuals do not differ significantly from normal-weight persons in their relationships with spouses, coworkers, or friends. We corroborated this finding when we used a continuous measure of BMI; the continuous indicator also did not significantly predict the quality of relationships with spouses, coworkers, and friends.

Prejudicial attitudes towards obese individuals have been documented across multiple studies.


Our protocol for range queries is based on a collection B of OpB log d Bq d-dimensional rectangles in rBs d with the property that an arbitrary rectangle can be formed as the disjoint union of Oplog d Bq rectangles from B. Furthermore, each point in rBs d is contained in Oplog d Bq rectangles from B. The existence of such a collection is well-known in the literature on range reporting, e.g., one can take the Cartesian product of sets of dyadic intervals in each dimension. The idea is now to privately approximate the number of points in each rectangle in B using our frequency estimation protocol as a black box. To turn this into a protocol with small maximum communication in the shuffled model, we develop an approach analogous to the matrix mechanism [39, 40] .

To turn this into a protocol with small maximum communication in the shuffled model, we develop an approach analogous to the matrix mechanism.


SAIC's Adaptive Grid Eulerian hydrodynamics code (SAGE) is a computationally intensive, multi-dimensional, multi-material code that employs cell-by-cell adaptive refinement on a hexahedral mesh of cells (Kerbyson et al., 2001) . In working with this code, we found that a significant fraction of its execution time was spent computing sparse matrix-vector products. Furthermore, we found that SAGE's adaptive mesh refinement scheme yields sparse matrices with properties that make it difficult to multiply them efficiently with a vector on modern microprocessors. SAGE's sparse matrices typically have only a few elements per row and contain no patterns of local density, even after row and column reordering. For this reason, neither register or cache blocking algorithms were effective for improving sparse matrix-vector product performance with SAGE's sparse matrices.

SAIC's Adaptive Grid Eulerian hydrodynamics code (SAGE) is a computationally intensive, multi-dimensional, multi-material code that employs cell-by-cell adaptive refinement on a hexahedral mesh of cells.


Previous research has shown that sparse matrix-vector product computations can be accelerated by exploiting local patterns of density to enable register blocking (Toledo 1997; Im, 2000; Im and Yelick, 2001) . Register blocking strategies for sparse matrix-vector product computations reduce the need to load indirection vectors and provide temporal register reuse of both non-zero matrix elements and the corresponding vector elements by which they are multiplied. Memory hierarchy blocking for cache and TLB reuse has also been shown to be profitable (Im, 2000) .

Previous research has shown that sparse matrix-vector product computations can be accelerated by exploiting local patterns of density to enable register blocking.

Memory hierarchy blocking for cache and TLB reuse has also been shown to be profitable.


A consumer's preference for a NB over a PL is often related to the perceived purchasing risk (Batra and Sinha, 2000; Erdem, Zhao and Valenzuela, 2004) . This parameter plays a significant role both at individual and at sector level. In the latter case, it partly explains why the penetration rate of PLs varies according to the nature of products: high in the case of some staple goods (UHT milk, pasta products, etc…) but low in the case of products for which consumer trust is absolutely essential (baby food, cosmetics). This characteristic certainly contributes to lowering consumers' price sensitivity for the benefit of NBs. Nevertheless, it varies from individual to individual and from product to product and should logically decrease with the improvement of the intrinsic quality of PL products and their increasing availability.

A consumer's preference for a NB over a PL is often related to the perceived purchasing risk.


The development of retailers' brands in France, commonly named Private Labels (PLs), remains 30 years after their creation a topical phenomenon. A recent study emphasizes that their development is continuing (Moati, 2008) . These PLs currently represent 29% in value of the sales of consumer products by the mass retail industry, and 24% in volume.

A recent study emphasizes that their development is continuing.


The sausage oscillation is thought to be driven by the granular buffeting and the vortex motion, so pores are a good candidate for the observation of this oscillatory mode because of their compact structure. A further postulated driver maybe p-modes or magneto-acoustic waves which propagate within the solar interior (Dorotovič et al., 2008) . The main feature of the sausage mode is the periodic fluctuation of the cross-sectional area of the wave guide (see, e.g. Edwin & Roberts, 1983 for cylindrical and Morton, 2009 for elliptical wave guides). Neither Alfvén nor kink oscillations would show evidence of perturbations of the cross-section of the waveguide. The change in the area of the cross-section caused by the sausage motion is also associated with periodic fluctuations in density and temperature within the waveguide.

A further postulated driver maybe p-modes or magneto-acoustic waves which propagate within the solar interior.


Transmethylation is a disproportionation reaction which involves the intramolecular (or intermolecular) transfer of a methyl group cleavage. In the case of anisole decomposition at relatively low temperatures, transmethylation is considered to be primary reaction aiding the subsequent formation of aromatic hydrocarbons [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . The combined function of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites is usually considered to promote the transmethylation process [21, 26, 27] . Zeolites present abundantly and well-dispersed surface acid sites and are widely used as catalyst supports for organic compounds decomposition. In fact, the catalytic performance of zeolites on the conversion of lignin-related compounds from biomass to aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds during pyrolysis has been reported [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] .

In the case of anisole decomposition at relatively low temperatures, transmethylation is considered to be primary reaction aiding the subsequent formation of aromatic hydrocarbons.

The combined function of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites is usually considered to promote the transmethylation process.

In fact, the catalytic performance of zeolites on the conversion of lignin-related compounds from biomass to aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds during pyrolysis has been reported.


At a time when the prediction for energy consumption is a global increase of 38.6% by the year 2030, the imperative to pursue energy-efficient improvements is clearly on the political agenda at all levels of government. Referring to the actions proposed, in 2008, a response document was produced by the IEA (International Energy Agency) to the document request for policy advice on energy efficiency across the Action Plan of the G8 in Gleneagles (Jollands et al., 2010) . The recommendations for energy efficiency cover 25 fields of action in 7 priority areas: buildings, appliances, lighting, transport, industry, energy utilities and cross-sectoral issues. Decision makers and policy makers will be able to base their actions on real-world, real-time data. Households and companies will be able to react to market fluctuations by increasing or decreasing their consumption or production, thus directly contributing to increased energy efficiency.

Referring to the actions proposed, in 2008, a response document was produced by the IEA (International Energy Agency) to the document request for policy advice on energy efficiency across the Action Plan of the G8 in Gleneagles.


The inhibition induced by rosuvastatin in the number of writhes produced by the administration of acetic acid solution in the mice, suggests the involvement of peripheral pain receptors. In the present study rosuvastatin displayed significant anti-inflammatory activities in the models of pain inflammation: formalin hind paw and orofacial formalin. The activity of rosuvastatin could be due, as atorvastatin, to the inhibition of the release of substance P and bradikinin, in phase I and prostaglandins, histamine and serotonin, in phase II [17, 18] .

The activity of rosuvastatin could be due, as atorvastatin, to the inhibition of the release of substance P and bradikinin, in phase I and prostaglandins, histamine and serotonin, in phase II.


The findings of this study demonstrate that rosuvastatin is 1.3 to 8.1 times more potent than simvastatin and 1.3 to 2.4 times more potent than atorvastatin in the same assays under the similar experimental conditions and using the same doses [2, 3] . The higher potency of rosuvastatin could be due to the fact that this hydrophilic statin is a sulfur-containing multiple sites that form a strong interaction with 3-hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR) and therefore provide more potent enzyme inhibition than other statins [12, 13] . The increase in reaction time of the mice in the hot plate assay induced by rosuvastatin indicates that this statin act via central pain receptors [14] . The administration of acetic acid induces nociception by increasing at the peritoneum the levels of prostaglandins [15, 16] .

The findings of this study demonstrate that rosuvastatin is 1.3 to 8.1 times more potent than simvastatin and 1.3 to 2.4 times more potent than atorvastatin in the same assays under the similar experimental conditions and using the same doses.

The higher potency of rosuvastatin could be due to the fact that this hydrophilic statin is a sulfur-containing multiple sites that form a strong interaction with 3-hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR) and therefore provide more potent enzyme inhibition than other statins.

The increase in reaction time of the mice in the hot plate assay induced by rosuvastatin indicates that this statin act via central pain receptors.

The administration of acetic acid induces nociception by increasing at the peritoneum the levels of prostaglandins.


Another possible explanation for the action of rosuvastatin induced in this study, may be related with the suggestion that statin regulated few inflammatory' genes, such as the proteins orosomucoid (ORM1) or interleukin 18 receptor accessory protein (IL18RAP) genes. The small number of statin-induced differences, both during treatment and after E. coli lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation, however, suggests that statins might exert their anti-inflammatory action mainly at the post-transcriptional level rather than at the level of gene transcription. This fact was proposed from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study conducted in six healthy male volunteers, pretreated with rosuvastatin before infusion of E. coli lipopolysaccharide [23] .

This fact was proposed from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study conducted in six healthy male volunteers, pretreated with rosuvastatin before infusion of E. coli lipopolysaccharide.


Management of different types of pain (acute or chronic) is the most frequent issue encountered by clinicians and pharmacological therapy and is the first line of approach for the treatment of pain [1] . The common drugs used to relieve pain, are opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and co-analgesics or adjuvant analgesics such as antidepressants (e.g. amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline, duloxetine) anticonvulsants (e.g.carbamazepine, gabapentin, pregabalin, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, acid valproic, topiramate), cannabinoids, ketamine and others. Although the understanding of pain mechanisms has recently improved significantly, much more is yet to be awaited.

Management of different types of pain (acute or chronic) is the most frequent issue encountered by clinicians and pharmacological therapy and is the first line of approach for the treatment of pain.


Multiple neurotransmitters and other mediators are involved in the endogenous modulation of pain signaling, providing numerous opportunities for intervention with different classes of analgesics. Thus, endogenous opioids are key mediators in the descending pain suppression pathways. Additionally, monoaminergic neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine positively or negatively modulate pain signaling, depending on the receptor type and location. The various mediators involved in pain signaling, provide potential targets for pharmacological interventions. These data support current guidelines which endorse multiple-mechanism strategies for both acute and chronic pain management [1] .

These data support current guidelines which endorse multiple-mechanism strategies for both acute and chronic pain management.


OS for heterogeneous processors A multikernel OS instantiates per-processor kernels [6, 39, 56, 3, 56] . It however faces interface difficulty as described in Section 2.3. Unlike it, transkernel translates kernel code across processors using DBT. Prior systems distribute OS functions over CPU and accelerators [53, 73] . The accelerators cannot operate autonomously, which is required by offloading kernel phases.

OS for heterogeneous processors A multikernel OS instantiates per-processor kernels.

Prior systems distribute OS functions over CPU and accelerators.


The inconsistency of findings in emotion research worth a mention, too. One possible reason for this is that although most studies assume that emotion-related activation patterns will be similar across people, there may be important individual differences in the biological basis of emotion and variation in the interpretation of affective images due to personality [22] . In the same manner, methodological differences do not make easier to get a final resolution [13] .

One possible reason for this is that although most studies assume that emotion-related activation patterns will be similar across people, there may be important individual differences in the biological basis of emotion and variation in the interpretation of affective images due to personality.

In the same manner, methodological differences do not make easier to get a final resolution.


For modern high performance designs, it is not uncommon for the supply network to conduct as much as 50-100 Amperes of total current [1] . Furthermore, current consumption is expected to increase further, due to the increasing complexity of the designs and reduction in supply voltage, making it more difficult to meet stringent supply integrity constraints. In particular, the LdI/dt drop is expected to become more prominent with increasing operating frequency and current consumption [2] .

For modern high performance designs, it is not uncommon for the supply network to conduct as much as 50-100 Amperes of total current.

In particular, the LdI/dt drop is expected to become more prominent with increasing operating frequency and current consumption.


Diverse evolutionary processes with different selection pressures have produced a wide array of ecophysiological traits, such as the different kinds of seed dormancy, observed among species at local, regional and global scales (Baskin and Baskin, 1998; Walck and Hidayati, 2004) . In the section Pseudonarcissi, intermediate complex MPD (3 -4 months of cold stratification) may have led to non-deep complex MPD (2 months of warm þ 2 months of cold stratification) as a result of adaptation to wetter environments with warmer winters, where a warm stratification is guaranteed during autumn months preceding a period of 2-3 months of cold stratification during winter. In contrast, evolution from intermediate complex MPD to deep simple epicotyl MPD in the group may be explained by adaptation to environments subject to water stress in late spring (i.e. stream edges and rush meadows with seasonal fluctuations in humidity, and shaded rocky crevices). In species with deep simple epicotyl MPD, seedlings have a well-developed root system in early spring when the cotyledons expand, forming a perennating structure necessary for persistence over summer (Kondo et al., 2004) . In future studies, it should be determined if other species in the section Pseudonarcissi distributed within the Iberian Peninsula and colonizing habitats subjected to summer water stress (i.e. N. eugeniae, N. radinganorum and N. bujei) also have deep simple epicotyl MPD, and, in addition, if any species in northern Spain at higher altitudinal levels in the Pyrenees mountains (i.e. N. moschatus and N. bicolor) have deep complex MPD.

Diverse evolutionary processes with different selection pressures have produced a wide array of ecophysiological traits, such as the different kinds of seed dormancy, observed among species at local, regional and global scales.

In species with deep simple epicotyl MPD, seedlings have a well-developed root system in early spring when the cotyledons expand, forming a perennating structure necessary for persistence over summer.


It has been received wide recognition to use linearization method as an important tool in analysis and synthesis of nonlinear dynamic systems. One of the most popular and practical approaches is the linearization by Taylor expansion truncated at the first order (Yu, et al., 1970) . This is powerful but limited to implement in small regions or almost linear systems. To relax this limitation and improve the accuracy, various studies of linearization problems have been made since the early works of Poincaré and Sternberg (Sternberg, 1959) . For the last few decades, this problem has been explored from the viewpoint of differential geometry (Brockett, 1978; Krener, 1984) . Though many interesting results have been developed, they are generally not so easily applicable to practical systems. Therefore, it is eager to develop a linearization approach of easy implementation with the aide of computers (Kadiyala, 1993) . Authors have been studied computer algorithms of formal linearization for some kinds of nonlinear systems (Takata, 1979; Komatsu and Takata, 1996) . In this paper we present a formal linearization approach for a general class of nonlinear time-varying dynamic system. This approach introduces a linearization function which is made up of a finite number of Chebyshev polynomials about state variables. A given nonlinear time-varying system is transformed into a linear time-varying system with respect to the linearization function by applying Chebyshev interpolation to state variables and Laguerre expansion to time variable. A computer algorithm of this formal linearization approach is presented, and then its error bound formula is derived. As an application of this approach, a nonlinear timevarying observer is well designed. With the aid of computers, we easily carry out the numerical computation of this formal linearization and the nonlinear observer. Numerical experiments show that the accuracy of this approach is improved as both the orders of Chebyshev and Laguerre polynomials increase.

One of the most popular and practical approaches is the linearization by Taylor expansion truncated at the first order.

To relax this limitation and improve the accuracy, various studies of linearization problems have been made since the early works of Poincaré and Sternberg.

For the last few decades, this problem has been explored from the viewpoint of differential geometry.

Therefore, it is eager to develop a linearization approach of easy implementation with the aide of computers.

Authors have been studied computer algorithms of formal linearization for some kinds of nonlinear systems.


The detailed study on histological events of in vitro growth and morphogenesis of J. curcas shows that the process of shoot morphogenesis happens through adventitious shoot morphogenesis and axillary development. These two types of plant regeneration were observed -one type of shoot regeneration was via organogenesis from underlying tissues -and the second type was through multiplication of the preexisting meristems. It is, however, interesting to note that under similar experimental conditions the process of organogenesis varied from explant to explant. The authors attributed the difference in regeneration response to pre-disposed genetic conditions [26] .

The authors attributed the difference in regeneration response to pre-disposed genetic conditions.


The formation of bud aggregates was also favored by L-arginine that takes part in the synthesis and/or activity of the polyamines which cause hormone-like effects in plants [20] . They stabilize the protoplasms and influence the cell division while at the same time retard the senescence of the tissues. Their polycationic shape leads to connections with nucleic acids and plasmalemma phospholipids and allow for better permeability of the cell membranes [21] .

The formation of bud aggregates was also favored by L-arginine that takes part in the synthesis and/or activity of the polyamines which cause hormone-like effects in plants.

Their polycationic shape leads to connections with nucleic acids and plasmalemma phospholipids and allow for better permeability of the cell membranes.


The main motivation for our investigation into this WFST modeling framework for statistical machine translation lies in the simplicity of the alignment and translation processes relative to other dynamic programming or ¢ ¤ £ decoders (Och, 2002) . Once the components of the alignment template translation model are implemented as WFSTs, alignment and translation can be performed using standard FSM operations that have already been implemented and optimized. It is not necessary to develop specialized search procedures, even for the generation of lattices and N-best lists of alignment and translation alternatives.

The main motivation for our investigation into this WFST modeling framework for statistical machine translation lies in the simplicity of the alignment and translation processes relative to other dynamic programming or ¢ ¤ £ decoders.


Spectral reflectance, which is robust to illumination and observer variations, is regarded at the "fingerprint" of the object color as the color parameters are calculated from spectral reflectance under any illuminations and observer conditions based on colorimetric theory. At the same time, spectral reflectance also reflects the chemical and physical properties of the object as the absorption/reflectance features of an object depend primarily on the chemical properties of its components and secondly on the physical properties. The technology of spectral imaging developed rapidly in the field of cultural heritages protection for the past decades because of its high-quality imaging abilities and its safety and effectiveness in pigment identification [15] [16] [17] . If the spectral discoloration model was constructed for red lead pigment, the virtual restoration of the ancient murals would be more scientific using the spectral images. In this study, the degradation process of red lead pigment in Dunhuang murals was studied by aging test and simulating degradation experiment. The spectral discoloration model of red lead pigment was constructed, and the validity of the model was verified by calculating and predicting the spectral reflectance of the real aging red lead pigment in Dunhuang murals.

The technology of spectral imaging developed rapidly in the field of cultural heritages protection for the past decades because of its high-quality imaging abilities and its safety and effectiveness in pigment identification.


Adopting a service-oriented software-defined architecture offers the benefits of loose coupling and flexibility for the system, but at the same time the whole system is not in real-time [41] . To reduce this cost, this paper proposes timetriggered Ethernet as the system's transmission protocol to make the system real-time and deterministic. Time-triggered Ethernet overcomes the problem of low-rate, short transmission distance, and other issues of traditional control bus. Three kinds of traffic of Ethernet meet different realtime requirements of the applications. TT traffic application deployment can be used for high real-time demanding control tasks, BE traffic can be used for general non-real-time applications, and RC traffic is suitable for applications that have certain QoS requirements but do not demand real-time performance.

Adopting a service-oriented software-defined architecture offers the benefits of loose coupling and flexibility for the system, but at the same time the whole system is not in real-time.


Take a distributed intelligent robot system as an example. The design becomes complicated because the system needs distributed deployment and network integration. Besides, functional requirements are constantly increasing and the sensors and actuators are always from different manufacturers [7] . Also, open architecture is required in achieving the modern robot system for modularity, flexibility, reusability, and reconfigurability. Moreover, because the application of component-based development methods and software bus is implemented in the open architecture, real-time performance and determinism are becoming serious challenges for system implementation in these Internet of Things systems [8] [9] [10] [11] .

Besides, functional requirements are constantly increasing and the sensors and actuators are always from different manufacturers.

Moreover, because the application of component-based development methods and software bus is implemented in the open architecture, real-time performance and determinism are becoming serious challenges for system implementation in these Internet of Things systems.


Price dispersion results in an inefficiency loss in aggregate production and acts as a negative productivity shift in the production function. Moreover, price dispersion is a backward-looking state variable and cannot change suddenly under an adverse shock, introducing an inertial component into the model (Ascari and Rossi (2012) ). By contrast, the Rotemberg model assumes a quadratic cost of adjusting prices, which depends on inflation or deflation and can change suddenly under an adverse shock. In the standard Rotemberg model, aggregate output is used for consumption, government spending, and the price adjustment costs. Under an adverse shock that causes the ZLB to bind, large deflation leads the price adjustment costs to rise. This effect mitigates the decline of aggregate demand and inflation (less deflation). As a result, the interest rate cut is larger in the Calvo model when there is an adverse shock that drives the economy near the ZLB, and the ZLB binds more frequently in the Calvo model.

Moreover, price dispersion is a backward-looking state variable and cannot change suddenly under an adverse shock, introducing an inertial component into the model).


The distance join operation computes a subset of the Cartesian product R × S of two sets R and S of a specified order and is based on the distance [10] . The result of a distance join operation is a set P of ordered pairs of objects <p, q>, such that p ∈ R and q ∈ S. In this paper, we propose distance join operations on a spatial network G, where R and S are sets of objects in G and the distance of an object pair <p, q> in P is the shortest distance dN (p, q) from p to q in G. Additionally, spatial and non-spatial constraints could be further imposed either on P , on the object pairs in P , or on both. This results in many different variants of the distance join operation, some of which are discussed below.

The distance join operation computes a subset of the Cartesian product R × S of two sets R and S of a specified order and is based on the distance.


Analysis of variance of Yuma09 and OR09 grown materials (F 4 and F 5 generations) showed highly significant differences among environments, genotypes (PPO alleles) and environment by genotype interaction (Table 1) , suggesting a differential effect of environment on expression of grain PPO activity, confirming previously observed environmental effects (Park et al. 1997; McCaig et al. 1999; Demeke et al. 2001) . Identical results (Table 1) were obtained using OD and OD/g. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated separately for each environment and for combined environments, in order to determine possible relations between OD and OD/g. R values for this correlation using Yuma09, OR09 and the combined environments were 0.93, 0.98 and 0.95, indicating OD was highly correlated with OD/g in all cases (P \ 0.0001). Weighing seed before assaying PPO activity is therefore not necessary, allowing breeding programs to evaluate more materials with less labor. The respective Yuma09 and OR09 experimental means for PPO activity were 0.183 ± 0.004 AU and 0.099 ± 0.003 AU (n = 239), lower than the values observed for initial 2008 observations ( Table 2) . The minimum and maximum PPO activities of experimental lines were 0.091 and 0.373 AU for Yuma09 and 0.025 and 0.247 AU for OR09. The mean PPO activities of the parents were 0.079 ± 0.012 AU for PI 117635 and 0.132 ± 0.009 AU for IDO377s, whereas that of Ben durum was 0.053 ± 0.004 (Table 2 ). The PPO activity distribution of the PI 117635/IDO377s population was normal (P = 0.41) whereas the reciprocal IDO377s/PI 117635 population was not (P = 0.01) (Fig. 4a, b) . In both populations, some progenies exhibited significantly higher PPO activities than those of either parent (Table 2) confirming the presence of transgressive segregation within the population. Transgressive segregation arises from complementary gene action (the occurrence of combinations of alleles from both parents affecting a trait in the same direction) (Rieseberg et al. 2003) . Of the inbred lines, 154 had PPO activities not significantly different from that of Ben durum when assessed by t-tests (LSD a = 0.05). It is now clear that variation exists among common wheat lines to derive materials with PPO activities as low as Ben. PPO activity of IDO580 was as low as Ben; however, it was derived from a synthetic population, with genes from T. tauschii. The materials derived from IDO377s/PI 117635 only have genes from common wheats. Such sources of low PPO within the common wheat gene pool might ultimately prove more useful in breeding programs.

Analysis of variance of Yuma09 and OR09 grown materials (F 4 and F 5 generations) showed highly significant differences among environments, genotypes (PPO alleles) and environment by genotype interaction (Table 1) , suggesting a differential effect of environment on expression of grain PPO activity, confirming previously observed environmental effects.

Transgressive segregation arises from complementary gene action (the occurrence of combinations of alleles from both parents affecting a trait in the same direction).


The short term hydrothermal scheduling (HTS) problem can be classified into two types including fixed-head and variable-head short-term hydrothermal scheduling problems where the former considers the water head of the reservoir as a constant while the water head is a variable in the latter. Despite the different manner, the main objective of the short-term problem is to determine power generation among the available thermal and hydro power plants so that the total fuel cost of thermal units is minimized over a scheduled horizon time of a single day or a week satisfying both hydraulic and electrical operational constraints such as power balance, the quantity of available water and limits on generation [1] . However, the thermal power generating stations are the main sources of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) which cause the atmospheric pollution [2] . Moreover, the energy efficiency and the amount of emission released into the air from thermal power plants have a mutual relation that means if the efficiency is improved the produced pollution emissions will be also decreased. Therefore, the short-term HTS problem can be extended to minimize the gaseous emission as a result of the recent environmental requirements in addition to the minimization of the fuel cost of thermal power plants, forming the short-term combined economic emission hydrothermal scheduling problem [3] .

Despite the different manner, the main objective of the short-term problem is to determine power generation among the available thermal and hydro power plants so that the total fuel cost of thermal units is minimized over a scheduled horizon time of a single day or a week satisfying both hydraulic and electrical operational constraints such as power balance, the quantity of available water and limits on generation.

However, the thermal power generating stations are the main sources of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) which cause the atmospheric pollution.

Therefore, the short-term HTS problem can be extended to minimize the gaseous emission as a result of the recent environmental requirements in addition to the minimization of the fuel cost of thermal power plants, forming the short-term combined economic emission hydrothermal scheduling problem.


The past two decades have been marked by a dramatic increase in freight traffic on Class 1 railroads in North America. From 1993 to 2012, Class 1 railroad revenue ton-miles increased by 54 percent [1] . This increase in traffic has been highlighted by a rapid expansion of intermodal traffic, with total intermodal units (trailers and containers) handled nearly doubling over this same period. Coal traffic also increased steadily, with tons originated increasing by 46 percent between 1993 and the peak year of 2008 [2] . Since both intermodal and coal traffic move in dedicated or solid "unit" trains between loading and unloading terminals, they bypass railroad classification yards. Thus, the addition of intermodal and coal trains to the network increases demand for line-haul transportation without the need for additional railcar classification. With these two commodity groups grabbing much of the attention, the railroads have made substantial investments in mainline and intermodal terminal capacity to meet this growing traffic demand.

From 1993 to 2012, Class 1 railroad revenue ton-miles increased by 54 percent.

Coal traffic also increased steadily, with tons originated increasing by 46 percent between 1993 and the peak year of 2008.


Indeed, traffic in other commodity groups, including those that move mainly by the carload in manifest trains via classification yards, also increased. For example, tons originated in the chemical and allied products commodity group increased by over 32 percent between 1993 and 2012 [1] . AAR study has concluded the increase in carload traffic through classification terminals that was not matched with investment in increased classification yard capacity was the root cause of much of the network congestion experience during this period of overall traffic growth [3] . To some degree, railroad investment in mainline capacity during this period merely addressed the line-haul delay symptom of network congestion and not its root cause: aging and increasingly congested classification terminals.

For example, tons originated in the chemical and allied products commodity group increased by over 32 percent between 1993 and 2012.

AAR study has concluded the increase in carload traffic through classification terminals that was not matched with investment in increased classification yard capacity was the root cause of much of the network congestion experience during this period of overall traffic growth.


Nowadays the public considers the environmental compatibility of aircraft an important issue. The airline companies demand for more economic aircrafts. This leads to the design of more efficient aircrafts. With respect to aerodynamic performance, current planes have their wings optimized for one cruise flight step. But during a flight, the altitude, the weight and the speed are still changing so one fixed wing shape is sub-optimal. It has been shown that changing the shape of the wing can save several percent of fuel burn for a regional passenger aircraft, [8] . Additionally, a wing with a fixed leading edge and a shape adaptation limited to the trailing edge leads to performances closed to a fully adaptive wing.

It has been shown that changing the shape of the wing can save several percent of fuel burn for a regional passenger aircraft.


Recent advances in the field of smart materials show the potential to overcome difficulties to make a wing both stiff enough to withstand the loads and flexible enough to be easily deformed, [2] . A complex multidisciplinary approach is required, this can explain the relatively low TRL of morphing using smart materials. Research focuses on low scale aircrafts like Micro Air Vehicles. Considering electroactive materials, Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) and piezoelectric materials are commonly used. SMAs are characterized by thermomechanical behaviors, and most of applications use Joule heating to activate the SMAs. Diverse morphing concepts have been developed, [1] . Typical applications are shape adaptation at low deformation speed. Some SMA are able to carry more than 400MPa and can recover strain of over 4%. Research shows the ability of SMAs to reach one million actuation cycles, [5] . Piezoelectric materials' electromechanical behavior is activated via electric field, [2] . The most used material is lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic. The developments of piezoelectric composites allows for a simple implementation; piezoelectric composite patches glued on structure are often used as bending actuators that control the shape of a wing. Despite the PZT ceramics are brittle, they provide high frequency actuation with an excellent life cycle. The previously cited works generally realize the desired function using one specific smart material.

Recent advances in the field of smart materials show the potential to overcome difficulties to make a wing both stiff enough to withstand the loads and flexible enough to be easily deformed.

Diverse morphing concepts have been developed.

Research shows the ability of SMAs to reach one million actuation cycles.

Piezoelectric materials' electromechanical behavior is activated via electric field.


As the benefits of morphing wings are known, the ways to obtain it are a subject of intense research. Actuation system weigh, safety and reliability are examples of common issues. Some research focuses on relatively high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) targeting current industrial airliners at true scale. One interesting European research program which focuses on cost reductions as well as improving the aerodynamic performance is SARISTU 1 . One work package deals with a morphing wing trailing edge, [4] . The device is based on servomotors driving an articulated structure. To allow deformations whilst keeping a smooth shape, elastomeric joints are used. Another trailing edge morphing concept has been developed by NASA in cooperation with FlexSys Inc. Endurance flight tests are currently done, [6] . The Adaptive Compliant Trailing Edge flaps demonstrates the ability of a compliant structure to be actuated and deformed. This innovative flap has demonstrated aerodynamic benefits and now its effectiveness and airworthiness are tested. However these new adaptive structures are actuated through conventional actuators like servomotors.

One work package deals with a morphing wing trailing edge.

Another trailing edge morphing concept has been developed by NASA in cooperation with FlexSys Inc. Endurance flight tests are currently done.


As part of collaborative effort from two laboratories (LAPLACE and IMFT), a SMA actuated plate was developed for wind tunnel purpose, [3] . Then a prototype NACA0012 wing with a vibrating trailing edge was experimentally investigated in wind tunnel. It has been shown that the trailing edge vibration interacts with the shear layer. The wing's wake energy has been reduced, leading to an improvement in aerodynamic performance, [10] . The next part of the research was a NACA 4412 wing, developed with embedded SMA and trailing edge piezoelectric fiber actuators, [12] . This allowed both large deformations (~10% of the chord) at limited frequency (≤ 1[Hz]) and small deformations (several [mm]) at high frequencies (≤ 100 [Hz] ). This actuation concept is called hybrid electroactive morphing wing.

As part of collaborative effort from two laboratories (LAPLACE and IMFT), a SMA actuated plate was developed for wind tunnel purpose.

The wing's wake energy has been reduced, leading to an improvement in aerodynamic performance.

The next part of the research was a NACA 4412 wing, developed with embedded SMA and trailing edge piezoelectric fiber actuators.


The earthquake of 7.9 magnitudes on 25 th April and 7.2 magnitudes in 12 th May 2015 made a major impact in the Historic Urban fabric of Kathmandu Valley. Before 25 th April the ancient monuments were still intact along with the mushrooming high raise buildings, which were surrounding the old cities and started to cover the whole Valley. This earthquake was not a surprise for most of the Nepalese due to the frequent earthquakes and history of major earthquake almost every hundred years [3] . Even between the time of Wright and 25 th April there was another big earthquake that is even referred in Nepalese history as a Great Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934 which changed to a greater degree in the architectural landscape of the Valley [11] . During that earthquake of 1934 numerous monuments and temples were destroyed. In spite of the history of devastating Earthquake every hundred years, the monuments and temples of Kathmandu Valley were again reconstructed, repaired back. Some restored back to the original, some changed their style and shape while other were lost during the process [16] .

This earthquake was not a surprise for most of the Nepalese due to the frequent earthquakes and history of major earthquake almost every hundred years.

Even between the time of Wright and 25 th April there was another big earthquake that is even referred in Nepalese history as a Great Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934 which changed to a greater degree in the architectural landscape of the Valley.

Some restored back to the original, some changed their style and shape while other were lost during the process.


Its not only the tangible aspects which makes Kathmandu Valley of outstanding universal value but also the intangible heritage in form of mask dances, chariot festivals, rituals and numerous festivals which are never ending process and integral part of vibrant heritage. Syncretism of Buddhism and Hinduism in a perfect harmony can be seen in the monuments, building and urban setting. The centuries old Newar Culture and the urban setting with excellent art and architecture are the reasons behind seven monument zone of the Kathmandu Valley to be listed in UNESCO World Heritage Site [2] . These intangible forms of heritage with the tangible as backdrops make this place one of the unique living heritage site in the world.

The centuries old Newar Culture and the urban setting with excellent art and architecture are the reasons behind seven monument zone of the Kathmandu Valley to be listed in UNESCO World Heritage Site.


In this chapter, we investigate the correlation between droplet adhesion on a model surface and fouling during crossflow membrane filtration. A recently developed flow-cell approach allows us to directly observe droplet adhesion to a model surface. The strength with which droplets are adhered to a surface can give an indication of the fouling potential of the oil droplets in an emulsion. Because the technique is relatively easy and fast, multiple parameters can be taken into account. In the case of produced water, which is a complex mixture of different components, this can prove useful to study the influence on fouling of each of those components. Membrane fouling by produced water, which fouls much more severely than other (less complex) oil-in-water emulsions, is still poorly studied, and this technique can contribute to extending our knowledge on the subject [5] . For produced water, where a complex emulsion is often stabilized by charged surfactants, especially the ionic strength of the solution is expected to be key to oil droplet adhesion at the interface and subsequent cake layer build-up. Indeed in a recent study, the strength of adhesion of surfactant stabilized oil droplets was found to be strongly affected by the ionic strength, both on a hydrophobic and charged hydrophilic surface [18] .

Membrane fouling by produced water, which fouls much more severely than other (less complex) oil-in-water emulsions, is still poorly studied, and this technique can contribute to extending our knowledge on the subject.

Indeed in a recent study, the strength of adhesion of surfactant stabilized oil droplets was found to be strongly affected by the ionic strength, both on a hydrophobic and charged hydrophilic surface.


In addition, we successfully multiplex over twenty samples in a single capture with no drop out of capture efficiency despite the large size of our capture. From multiplexed captures, we can generate adequate coverage per sample for SNP calling resulting in a lower cost per sample for gene and promoter captures. This brings down the cost of re-sequencing the entirety of wheat's gene associated space. Furthermore, it is likely that, since no reduced capture efficiency was observed with a 20-plex capture, more samples could be multiplexed without a detrimental effect. We have focused on generating a depth of coverage that is adequate for SNP calling, but the potential is there for skim sequencing samples. Skim sequencing generates low coverage for a larger number of lines to allow allele mining at reduced cost and this can be achieved using multiplexing or bulk segregant analysis that we have previously combined successfully with wheat exome capture (Gardiner et al., 2016) . This assay brings re-sequencing of the entirety of the high confidence gene-associated portion of wheat within the reach of the wheat community. Our multiplexing analysis defined more than 1.8 million positions across eight diverse samples, where each of the samples had a minimum of 5X coverage to allow comparison, and variation was observed between samples. This level of SNP information will allow refinement of key genetic regions linked to traits and enable researchers to pinpoint phenotypeinducing SNPs more precisely. Finally, we predict that our optimization of the protocol for this largescale capture using an island approach will allow us to sequence >90% of the gene-space of up to four wheat accessions on a single HiSeq4000 lane and twenty accessions on a NovaSeq S1 flow cell to a minimum of 5X (>80% at >10X). Our capture probe set design is publicly available and can also be ordered directly from NimbleGen via the Roche website (http://sequencing.roche.com/en/productssolutions/by-category/target-enrichment/shareddesigns.html).

Skim sequencing generates low coverage for a larger number of lines to allow allele mining at reduced cost and this can be achieved using multiplexing or bulk segregant analysis that we have previously combined successfully with wheat exome capture.


The etiology of HPE can be environmental exposures such as maternal diabetes, genetic, or a combination of both. In this report, we focus on two families with inherited deletions that include the SIX3 gene. SIX3 is a transcription factor that is involved in multiple biological processes including regulation of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) expression, transcriptional repression of BMP, Wnt, and Nodal targets, and interacting with Geminin to determine cell fate during forebrain development (Kobayashi et al. 2001; Lagutin et al. 2003; Del Bene et al. 2004; Liu et al. 2006; Inbal et al. 2007; Geng et al. 2008) .

SIX3 is a transcription factor that is involved in multiple biological processes including regulation of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) expression, transcriptional repression of BMP, Wnt, and Nodal targets, and interacting with Geminin to determine cell fate during forebrain development.


As can be seen, bile acids and ethyl 6-aminohexanoate, in the presence of EEDQ, yielded esters, whereas the reaction involving ethyl 11-aminoundecanoate gave the expected conjugates. The obtained results may be explained in the following way. First, the intramolecular cyclization of ethyl 6-aminohexanoate under the given basic conditions gives a seven-membered lactam. This yields the loss of the nucleophilic amino group and formation of the ethoxide anion which attacks the mixed carbonic anhydride I, formed as the intermediate in the reaction of the bile acid and EEDQ (Scheme 2), which is in accordance with the mechanism proposed by Belleau and Malek [20] . In the case of ethyl 11-aminoundecanoate, the formation of a 12-membered lactam ring is not suitable, so that the 11-amino group is available for the attack of the intermediate I to form the corresponding conjugate.

This yields the loss of the nucleophilic amino group and formation of the ethoxide anion which attacks the mixed carbonic anhydride I, formed as the intermediate in the reaction of the bile acid and EEDQ (Scheme 2), which is in accordance with the mechanism proposed by Belleau and Malek.


In this paper, we derived the dispersion relation of surface mode of 1D PCs with a cap layer by the transfer matrix method, which is different from the direct matching procedure within the Kronig-Penney model [19] . We have systematically studied the dependences of surface modes on the physical parameters of the structure. Two types of resonant surface modes are found in this semi-infinite 1D PC. The structural resonant surface modes appear in the thick cap layer at high frequency ranges, and the material strong resonant surface modes appear in the first period of the 1D PCs at low frequency ranges.

In this paper, we derived the dispersion relation of surface mode of 1D PCs with a cap layer by the transfer matrix method, which is different from the direct matching procedure within the Kronig-Penney model.


Surface modes are a special type of wave that are confined at the boundary between two different media [11, 12] . The condition for the existence of surface modes at an interface is that one material has a negative dielectric constant, and the other medium is a pure dielectric. As is well known, the effective dielectric constant of photonic crystals (PCs) can be negative at some frequencies, so the surface mode can appear at the interface of PCs and homogeneous medium [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .

Surface modes are a special type of wave that are confined at the boundary between two different media.

As is well known, the effective dielectric constant of photonic crystals (PCs) can be negative at some frequencies, so the surface mode can appear at the interface of PCs and homogeneous medium.


The analytical theory of electromagnetic wave scattering from moving conductors have been developed and can be found in many literatures, such as references [1] [2] [3] . For the past half-century many numerical techniques have been developed for modeling the EM scattering problems. Among them, the two most well known and widely used approaches are the method of moments (MoM) and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. From the above mentioned researches the following observations can be found: the familiar Doppler shifts can be observed in the reflected fields from perfect planes experiencing translational motion; the oscillation of object results in changes in phase and magnitude of the scattered fields.

The analytical theory of electromagnetic wave scattering from moving conductors have been developed and can be found in many literatures, such as references.


Besides MoM and FDTD, a recently developed approach for direct approximation of the time-domain Maxwell's equations is the method of characteristics (MOC). This characteristic-based method was originally applied to the solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid dynamic problems by Whitfield and Janus in the 80s [4] . Shang solves the time-domain Maxwell's equations by using the explicit finite-difference formulation in MOC in the early of 90s [5] . By elaborating with lower-upper approximate factorization method, the implicit formulation was developed for the direct time domain computation of the Maxwell curl equations and found in good agreement with results generated by FDTD [6] . Different from the MoM and FDTD approach where field components are allocated in different nodes, the characteristic-based method positions all field variables in the grid cell center. Each field variable in MOC is then the averaged value over the computational cell. MOC is consequently considered to be a suitable approach for problems involving timevarying cell, such as cases where the object or boundary is in motion. To solve the governing equations, MOC first casts the Maxwell's equations in the form of Euler equation, transforms them into a curvilinear coordinate system, and then directly approximate them by balancing the net flux within each computational cell.

This characteristic-based method was originally applied to the solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid dynamic problems by Whitfield and Janus in the 80s.

Shang solves the time-domain Maxwell's equations by using the explicit finite-difference formulation in MOC in the early of 90s.

By elaborating with lower-upper approximate factorization method, the implicit formulation was developed for the direct time domain computation of the Maxwell curl equations and found in good agreement with results generated by FDTD.


These different characteristics are reflected in the performance of the four sectors in the first half of the 2000s (Table 12) . Thus, there has been a calamitous decline in electronics employment (but not so much in output) whereas both pharmaceuticals and medical devices experienced strong growth in employment and output (particularly pharmaceuticals). In between, the engineering sector experienced marginal employment growth but strong output growth, indicating a substantial gain in average productivity. One can see here a direct link between the geography of supply linkages to Irish manufacturing firms and the recent economic performance of these firms. The trends apparent in Table 12 parallel recent trends in US FDI in manufacturing overseas, which shows that US investment in Europe (including Ireland) grew very strongly in the early 2000s in the chemicals/pharmaceuticals and 'other manufacturing' (which includes Medical Devices) sectors, whereas the computers/electronics sector has been performing very poorly since 2000 (Koudal 2005) .

The trends apparent in Table 12 parallel recent trends in US FDI in manufacturing overseas, which shows that US investment in Europe (including Ireland) grew very strongly in the early 2000s in the chemicals/pharmaceuticals and 'other manufacturing' (which includes Medical Devices) sectors, whereas the computers/electronics sector has been performing very poorly since 2000.


The 1950s saw the emergence of 'new spatial divisions of labour' within large industrial corporations based in the advanced western economies. A key element of this was the relocation of routine, labour-intensive, production activities in response to measures being implemented by governments to attract industrial development to other countries and regions. Over time, the resultant 'branch plant industrialisation' became the subject of growing criticism relating, among other things, to the quality of the jobs created, the very limited extent of their 'knock-on' effects within the local economies in which they were located and the instability of industrial plants set up through this form of industrial development. Branch plants were seen as 'snatchers' rather than 'stickers' which were happy to take whatever benefits were available (cheap labour, grants and subsidies, tax incentives) but that corporations had no compunctions about pulling out when unfavourable conditions presented themselves or where superior alternatives became available elsewhere (Dicken et al. 1994) .

Branch plants were seen as 'snatchers' rather than 'stickers' which were happy to take whatever benefits were available (cheap labour, grants and subsidies, tax incentives) but that corporations had no compunctions about pulling out when unfavourable conditions presented themselves or where superior alternatives became available elsewhere.


The traditional approach for monitoring processes has been to perform limit checks on measurements and make simple engineering calculations (e.g. furnace eciencies, mass balance closures). During the 1980s, the renewed emphasis on product quality and the successful experience in Japan, led to the widespread use of statistical quality control (SQC) methods and quality control charts such as Shewhart and CUSUM charts [2] . In recent years the development of improved techniques for on-line monitoring and fault detection has rapidly become a major research area, both in process control and in the more general control engineering ®eld [3±7] .

During the 1980s, the renewed emphasis on product quality and the successful experience in Japan, led to the widespread use of statistical quality control (SQC) methods and quality control charts such as Shewhart and CUSUM charts.


From 2001 through 2008, we estimated that 11,500 TB incident cases, including 291 MDR-TB incident cases, occurred among foreign-born persons within 1 year after arrival in the United States. During the same period, according to the U.S. National TB Surveillance System, 12,099 TB cases, including 249 MDR-TB cases, were diagnosed among foreign-born persons within 1 year after arrival in the United States [2] . However, we should be cautioned for comparing our estimate with the reported cases in U.S. National TB Surveillance System since 1) immigration status of foreign-born TB cases was unavailable in the U.S. National TB Surveillance System, 2) our estimate included cases among foreign-born persons with a short length of stay, but these cases might not seek care in the United States and were less likely to be reported to the system, 3) our estimate included incident cases only, but both incident and prevalent cases were reported to the system, and 4) our estimate did not include incident cases among newly arrived unauthorized visitors, but cases among unauthorized visitors were reported to the system. We compared our estimates with the results of some previous studies. One study reported that, of 114 foreign-born TB cases diagnosed in Tarrant County, Texas, 59.0% was among immigrants, 28.0% among unauthorized visitors, and 19.0% among nonimmigrant visitors. However, this study included foreign-born persons who had been in the United States for .1 year and also likely included more unauthorized visitors because of the study location [33] . Another study found that, in California, 38.1% of 2,549 foreign-born TB cases within 1 year after arrival in the United States were among immigrants and refugees with an overseas TB diagnosis [34] . A recent study reported that, 4,285 immigrants and refugees with an overseas diagnosis of smear-negative TB and 4,480 immigrants and refugees with an overseas diagnosis of inactive TB were admitted to the United States annually during 1999 through 2005 [9] . Based on the findings in the same study, 372 cases of active pulmonary TB (4,285*7.0%+4,480*1.6%) were likely diagnosed among immigrants and refugees with an overseas TB diagnosis annually. In comparison, we found that immigrants and refugees accounted for 41.6% (598) of the 1,438 annual estimated TB incident cases in newly arrived foreign-born persons. Our estimates were larger since we included TB incident cases in newly arrived immigrants and refugees without an overseas TB diagnosis.

During the same period, according to the U.S. National TB Surveillance System, 12,099 TB cases, including 249 MDR-TB cases, were diagnosed among foreign-born persons within 1 year after arrival in the United States.

However, this study included foreign-born persons who had been in the United States for .1 year and also likely included more unauthorized visitors because of the study location.

Another study found that, in California, 38.1% of 2,549 foreign-born TB cases within 1 year after arrival in the United States were among immigrants and refugees with an overseas TB diagnosis.

A recent study reported that, 4,285 immigrants and refugees with an overseas diagnosis of smear-negative TB and 4,480 immigrants and refugees with an overseas diagnosis of inactive TB were admitted to the United States annually during 1999 through 2005.


In order to achieve this, the first step was to understand how construction companies work on-site. For that matter, we used a multiple case study approach in the first stage of the research. This included understanding how they currently manage their knowledge, and how a lessons-learned system should be to support the improvement of the management of construction projects. We chose this research strategy because we want to answer "how" questions, so they are more explanatory and likely to lead to the use of case studies (Yin, 2003) . At this stage we worked with three Chilean construction companies with more than 20 years of construction experience (see Table 1 ). All the participating companies were medium size construction companies in geographical expansion. In each company, semi-structured interviews, direct observations, and review of documentation were conducted. Interviewees indicated that the lack of time during projects execution, and the lack of organizational procedures to manage knowledge are the main constraints to acquire and store knowledge. People expect a LL system of easy access that allow a quick data entry, and also a quick search of the required information from any location and at any time.

We chose this research strategy because we want to answer "how" questions, so they are more explanatory and likely to lead to the use of case studies.


As China aggressively seeks to raise the level of its industrial production and join the world economy as a key player, new strategies and institutional alliances emerge. In order to overcome almost two centuries of tumultuous political and economic restructuring, new programs nurture native enterprises by promoting geographic proximity to advanced foreign multinational company production facilities in specially constructed industrial and science parks. Companies in China's fifty-three nationally recognized high-technology zones reportedly increased their revenue by 35.7 percent from 1999 to 2000, contributing U.S.$10.6 billion to the national treasury (Li 2000) .

Companies in China's fifty-three nationally recognized high-technology zones reportedly increased their revenue by 35.7 percent from 1999 to 2000, contributing U.S.$10.6 billion to the national treasury.


In this paper, we will investigate the performance of reverse-biased silicon modulators. The performance of these modulators in terms of loss, modulation efficiency, and energy consumption have been separately studied before [14] - [16] . In this paper, we investigate them together in order to study the energy consumptions trade-offs in reverse based optical modulators from a system designer point of view. A framework based on modulator primitive parameters such as doping levels, bias voltage, and the length is presented. In this framework, the modulation efficiency and insertion loss are analytically calculated and verified by the results given by two or three-dimensional simulations. The algorithm, which is used to find the energy consumption in this paper, is shown in Fig. 1(a) . The modulator effective phase shift is obtained using carrier concentration changes overlapped by the optical mode which leads to finding the modulation efficiency and the optical loss of the modulator. These results are verified by the measurement data. Energy consumption of the modulator is estimated employing the modulation efficiency and the equivalent capacitance of the modulator obtained from circuit modeling. The structure of the modulators which are investigated in this paper is shown in Fig. 1(b) .

The performance of these modulators in terms of loss, modulation efficiency, and energy consumption have been separately studied before.


It is known that the energy consumption improvement may also be obtained by engineering doping levels in modulators. In this work, the effect of increasing doping level on the energy consumption of modulators is compared with that of the slow light and it is shown that for the same energy consumption level, the slow light modulators outperform the modulators with an increased doping level. The loss-modulation efficiency product (LMEP) is used as a figure of merit to assess the modulator's performance in terms of loss-energy efficiency simultaneously [8] .

The loss-modulation efficiency product (LMEP) is used as a figure of merit to assess the modulator's performance in terms of loss-energy efficiency simultaneously.


Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide polymer derived from chitin that is found in a wide range of natural sources such as crustaceans (e.g., crab, shrimp and lobster), fungi and insects (Tolaimate et al., 2000) . Chitosan consists of one amino and two free hydroxyl groups in each unit. It possesses a positive charge that allows interact electrostatically with negatively charged polymers, such as alginate. Chitosan can also be used as coating material for special treatment of alginate beads (Krasaekoopt et al., 2003) .

Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide polymer derived from chitin that is found in a wide range of natural sources such as crustaceans (e.g., crab, shrimp and lobster), fungi and insects.

Chitosan can also be used as coating material for special treatment of alginate beads.


Alginate is a natural biopolymer, widely used as supporting material for encapsulation by extrusion. It is obtained from brown algae (Phaeophyta), such as the seaweeds Laminaria sp. and Ascophyllum sp., that gels in the presence of calcium in the form of egg-box structures. Alginate polymers consist of linear, unbranched polysaccharides with acid residues of 1, 4-linked-β-D-mannuronic acid and α-L-gluronic acid residues. The residues are arranged in blocks along the chain and vary in sequence and composition. An alginate matrix is highly versatile, biocompatible and nontoxic, protecting active components that are sensitive to heat, moisture, light and other factors. It is already used in the food and pharmaceutical industry as a thickener, gelling agent and coating (Moe et al., 1995) .

It is already used in the food and pharmaceutical industry as a thickener, gelling agent and coating.


Encapsulation is the technique by which one material or a mixture of materials is coated with or entrapped within another material. The coated material is called the core material; the surrounding material forms the shell -called carrier, encapsulant or supporting material. The food industry has used encapsulation technology for more than 60 years to protect liquid and solid ingredients. It is an effective barrier against environmental and chemical interactions until release is desired. In food products, oils and extracts, aroma compounds, vitamins, colorants and enzymes have been encapsulated (Jackson and Lee, 1991; Shahidi and Han, 1993) .

In food products, oils and extracts, aroma compounds, vitamins, colorants and enzymes have been encapsulated.


Characterized by long duration, large extent, and widespread impacts, drought is one of the most frequent and threatening meteorological disasters in the world (Li et al. 1996) . Global climate models indicate that droughts may become more severe and longer lasting in current drought-prone regions due to enhanced evaporation (Dai et al. 1998; Gregory et al. 1997) . In China, the arid area has expanded with enhancing drought tendency under the background of global warming during the past decades (She et al. 2013) . Northeast China is an important agricultural area, accounting for nearly 5 % of global soybean production and nearly 50 % of the national total (FAOSTAT 2011) . Adjacent to the semiarid region of northern China and the Mongolian Plateau, Northeast China is quite vulnerable to the lack of precipitation and has suffered increasing drought pressure over the past two decades .

Characterized by long duration, large extent, and widespread impacts, drought is one of the most frequent and threatening meteorological disasters in the world.

Global climate models indicate that droughts may become more severe and longer lasting in current drought-prone regions due to enhanced evaporation.

In China, the arid area has expanded with enhancing drought tendency under the background of global warming during the past decades.

Northeast China is an important agricultural area, accounting for nearly 5 % of global soybean production and nearly 50 % of the national total.


In the field of chemical synthesis, these results highlight the importance of theoretical calculations for the optimization of operating conditions. Indeed, the knowledge of chemical properties, notably the polarity of synthesised products and intermediates, is mandatory for the right choice of the solvents. In the field of C 60 -derivatives synthesis, the rule "like dissolves like" remains of high relevance. Indeed, C 60 's solubility is known to be very sensitive to the polarity of the solvent. For instance, its solubility in 1-chloro-naphthalene ( = 50 mg⋅mL −1 ) is considerably higher than in methanol ( = 0.01 mg⋅mL −1 ) [37] . Hence, changes in the parity of the spacer arm will have a great significance in the synthesis of a C 60 based nanovector.

For instance, its solubility in 1-chloro-naphthalene ( = 50 mg⋅mL −1 ) is considerably higher than in methanol ( = 0.01 mg⋅mL −1 ).


Journal of Nanomaterials was chosen for its biocompatibility since it is composed of a carbon chain including a variable number of methylene groups ( = 2-11) ending with alcohol and carboxylic acid functions. To improve the ability of the fullerene carriage, two arms were grafted simultaneously through a malonyl bridge [36] . All parts of the resulting nanosystem were studied separately. Their geometry was optimized and selected physicochemical parameters were calculated. The evolution of these parameters was monitored as a function of the spacer arm length and the angle between the two arms. While all the studied characteristics were almost independent of the spacer arm length or varied monotonically with it, the dipole moment exhibited periodicity depending on the parity of the number of carbon atoms in the chain. All other studied compounds exhibited the same periodic behaviour. This phenomenon is explained by the alternation of vector addition/subtraction when the parity of carbon atoms number was changed.

To improve the ability of the fullerene carriage, two arms were grafted simultaneously through a malonyl bridge.


These expectations may exceed the capacity of regulators to provide information; e.g. the tenets of ecosystem-based management in this context are still developing. For this reason, contributions to approaches to far-field impacts, even if limited (see below), are still valuable. Participatory research is only one example of the type of input that could ease the process of aquaculture implementation in coastal communities. Other forms of community learning and consultation beyond the science are also undoubtedly important (Meffe et al. 2002) . This has been demonstrated in numerous examples from Atlantic Canada (Bastien-Daigle & Vanderlinden 2008) .

Other forms of community learning and consultation beyond the science are also undoubtedly important.

This has been demonstrated in numerous examples from Atlantic Canada.


Edge detection methods have to also solve the problem of scales. Back in the 70s, the problem was already manifested by Rosenfeld and Thurston [5] . Essentially, it has to do with how large a neighborhood one needs to choose for computing the contrast. The appropriate size of neighborhood relates to that of objects. Thus, a good solution for edge detection requires more than comparing the contrast.

Back in the 70s, the problem was already manifested by Rosenfeld and Thurston.


As shown in the current study, school education concerning infectious diseases transmitted through direct contact is very poor. Campaigns disseminating knowledge about the spread of lice and clinical symptoms of pediculosis, as well as prophylaxis and disease treatment principles, were initiated in a few schools only after the appearance of many pediculosis cases. Introduction of issues related to environmental threats of parasite infections and to prevention methods into school curricula is fully justified, given the fact that pediculosis is more common among children devoid of parental care and adequate hygiene standard [4, 20, 23] .

Introduction of issues related to environmental threats of parasite infections and to prevention methods into school curricula is fully justified, given the fact that pediculosis is more common among children devoid of parental care and adequate hygiene standard.


Enterprise Architecture (EA) has during the last two decades been put forward as an effective approach for business and information systems management [1] . Support for tasks such as product planning, business development, and business process-and information systems consolidation are for instance suggested to be offered by enterprise architecture [2] . At the core of enterprise architecture lies the idea that information systems and the business should be considered holistically and consistently, typically by the use of conceptual (architecture) models [3] .

Enterprise Architecture (EA) has during the last two decades been put forward as an effective approach for business and information systems management.

Support for tasks such as product planning, business development, and business process-and information systems consolidation are for instance suggested to be offered by enterprise architecture.

At the core of enterprise architecture lies the idea that information systems and the business should be considered holistically and consistently, typically by the use of conceptual (architecture) models.


Zinc oxide (ZnO) which belongs to II-IV group of semiconducting materials is increasingly getting more and more research interests because of its attractive and fascinating properties such as approximately 3.37 eV of direct wide bandgap and about 60 meV of exciton binding energy. In fact, these properties are suitable for numerous applications in optoelectronic and biomedical devices. For examples micro-and nanostructures ZnO were successfully used in various sensing appliances such as UV sensors, biosensors (protein, DNA, and cancer cell detection) as well as gas sensors [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . In the last few decades, ZnO-nanostructures with many fascinating forms such as nanorods, nano-flakes, nanorings, and nanoribbons, were synthesized [6] [7] [8] [9] . To obtain these structures, various methods such as MOCVD, sol-gel, molecular beam epitaxy, thermal evaporation, and site-selective deposition techniques were documented [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Among these techniques, sol-gel methods have got huge interests because of their reduced growth temperature, reduced cost, and superior simplicity. However, a comparative study of ZnO nanorods synthesized on monoethanolamine-based seed layer and KOH-based seed layer using sol-gel method to realize nanorod-ZnOs has yet to be systematically reported.

For examples micro-and nanostructures ZnO were successfully used in various sensing appliances such as UV sensors, biosensors (protein, DNA, and cancer cell detection) as well as gas sensors.

In the last few decades, ZnO-nanostructures with many fascinating forms such as nanorods, nano-flakes, nanorings, and nanoribbons, were synthesized.

To obtain these structures, various methods such as MOCVD, sol-gel, molecular beam epitaxy, thermal evaporation, and site-selective deposition techniques were documented.


One sharp peak at 520 cm −1 and two weak peaks at 302 cm −1 and 620 cm −1 can be conferred to the TO phonon mode originating from silicon substrate [23] . The peak which appeared at 438 cm −1 with significantly high intensity is a typical characteristic of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO. The intensity of this peak was increased in both the cases but the intensity is higher in comparison to the sample 1. This peak was assigned to the Raman active optical phonon of E 2H mode [24] . A weak peak that appeared at 327 cm −1 was assigned to multiphonon scattering process (E 2H -E 2L ) [25] . Raman analysis also satisfied the XRD results, confirming the better quality of ZnO crystals in sample 2.

One sharp peak at 520 cm −1 and two weak peaks at 302 cm −1 and 620 cm −1 can be conferred to the TO phonon mode originating from silicon substrate.

This peak was assigned to the Raman active optical phonon of E 2H mode.

A weak peak that appeared at 327 cm −1 was assigned to multiphonon scattering process (E 2H -E 2L ).


To study the optical characteristics of nanorod ZnOs, photoluminescence spectroscopy was carried out on both the samples at room temperature. The typical spectra for the photoluminescence for both the samples are shown in Figure 4 . The photoluminescence spectra demonstrated a strong UV emission at 382 nm and a visible emission at 567 nm. This UV band was due to the recombination of free excitons through an exciton-exciton collision process. It was documented that deep-level emissions are associated with the singly ionized oxygen vacancy in ZnO and results from the recombination of a photogenerated hole with the singly ionized charge state of this defect [26] . Usually, the visible emission from ZnO is attributed to different defects such as oxygen vacancies (V O ), zinc vacancies (V Zn ) or a complex defect involving interstitial zinc (Z ni ), and interstitial oxygen (O i ) [7] . The intensity of visible peak of sample 2 is lower as compared to the intensity of sample 1. The decrement in the intensity of visible region as well as higher UV/Vis ratio for sample 2 suggests that sample 2 has good crystallinity. The photoluminescence results satisfied the above results of XRD and PL that sample 2 has better crystallinity than that of sample 1. Figure 5 shows the current to voltage (I-V) characteristic curves of nanorod ZnOs for sample 1 and sample 2. It was observed that sample 1 has higher conduction as compare to sample 2. This was conferred to the higher polarity of potassium hydroxide over monoethanolamine. The turn on voltage for sample 1 was approximately 1.5 volts whereas that for sample 2 was around 2.5 volts, suggesting that both the structures can be used for the optoelectronic devices with some differences in power ratings. For faster switching and less operating voltages, sample 1 was better performing, suggesting its applications in low power-consuming devices.

It was documented that deep-level emissions are associated with the singly ionized oxygen vacancy in ZnO and results from the recombination of a photogenerated hole with the singly ionized charge state of this defect.

Usually, the visible emission from ZnO is attributed to different defects such as oxygen vacancies (V O ), zinc vacancies (V Zn ) or a complex defect involving interstitial zinc (Z ni ), and interstitial oxygen (O i ).


The Internet is gaining attention, in part, because of how it facilitates electronic transactions between trading partners within a supply chain. Initially, the Internet was simply a means of information sharing across a packet switched network. The addition of the Web dramatically improved information sharing because content could now be easily generated and accessed from anywhere by almost any device. Commercial use increased rapidly as companies established a Web presence. Firms quickly moved past informational sites that merely provided product brochures and electronic versions of annual reports, and built transactional Web sites for functions such as taking orders or performing financial exchanges. Some public transactional Web sites now act as front ends for corporate extranets that require trading partner (e.g., supplier or customer) login before accessing extranet functionality; others are used for front-facing, business-toconsumer transactions (e.g., for making a travel reservation). However, more advanced applications such as supply chain management and customer relationship management have been slow to develop (Hof and Hamm 2002) .

However, more advanced applications such as supply chain management and customer relationship management have been slow to develop.