When dietary sugar is evaluated as a whole, it includes not only free sugar but also sugars found in foods, such as lactose in milk and fructose in fruit [17, 18] . Conversely, studies investigating fruit or milk and adiposity or cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors include only total amounts of fruit or milk consumption, and not solely sugars from fruit or milk [19, 20] . Consequently, previous results cannot reliably demonstrate associations between disease and sugar from different sources. It is important to study this topic in more detail to improve intervention strategies. The aim of this study was to identify the associations between total sugar or sugar from different sources (fruit, milk, beverages and other) and adiposity and cardio-metabolic risk among Korean children and adolescents using cohort data.

When dietary sugar is evaluated as a whole, it includes not only free sugar but also sugars found in foods, such as lactose in milk and fructose in fruit.

Conversely, studies investigating fruit or milk and adiposity or cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors include only total amounts of fruit or milk consumption, and not solely sugars from fruit or milk.


Micro-mirror based LiDAR have drawn the attention of many researchers for the realization of 3D distance measurement [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Traditional laser scanners for LiDAR consist of heavy, expensive and large rotational optical devices. In comparison with traditional laser scanning sensors, MEMS scanners have the advantages of rapid scanning frequency, light-weight and low power [8] . Micro-scanners' advantages make it a promising technology for use in miniature LiDAR. However, current MEMS scanning mirrors' mirror plates are too small to be applied in LiDAR applications in order to detect receiving light. In LiDAR applications, large apertures are required for the measuring beam [9] . The range of the LiDAR is largely affected by the size of the mirror which reflects the received laser light. The size of mirror plate must be big enough to gather more light scattered by the target. Most MEMS scanners are designed in nearby applications like projectors or Optical coherent tomography (OCT) and cannot meet the requirements of LiDAR applications.

Micro-mirror based LiDAR have drawn the attention of many researchers for the realization of 3D distance measurement.

In comparison with traditional laser scanning sensors, MEMS scanners have the advantages of rapid scanning frequency, light-weight and low power.

In LiDAR applications, large apertures are required for the measuring beam.


The two contexts that violated morpho-orthographic expectations were in sentence (1) mishgef, and sentence (4) locative phrase mi-shegef. The steepest trajectory emerged for past-tense mishgef (the only possible option) with virtually no correct responses in all four younger age groups, climbing dramatically between G4 and G7 and between G7 and G11. This is because reading mishgef correctly requires the understanding that the initial m-is not a function letter signaling pattern onset, but rather part of denominal root 13 m-š-g-f expressing the action associated with noun MŠGP (Berman, 2003) . Quadriliteral roots usually pose no particular difficulty even to young learners (e.g., kilkel [spoiled]); however, denominal roots are more difficult to analyze, because they reflect the derivational history of the word, containing both an original root and a function letter converted into a root letter. For example, mixzer "recycled" is based on the denominal root m-x-z-r derived from noun maxzor "cycle," which in turn is based on root x-z-r ([re]turn). Participants' extreme difficulty in correctly identifying the structure of past-tense mishgef reflects their ambiguity in analyzing the morphological function of the initial m, which is expected to signal pattern onset, but must be reanalyzed as a root letter. Only by seventh grade have participants encountered and analyzed an adequate number of verbs from this special set to be able to read Sentence 1 with 60% success.

This is because reading mishgef correctly requires the understanding that the initial m-is not a function letter signaling pattern onset, but rather part of denominal root 13 m-š-g-f expressing the action associated with noun MŠGP.


ROOT MORPHOPHONOLOGY. Ten of the 20 target items reflected the pervasive morphophonological process of stop/spirant alternation (Ravid, 1995; Schwarzwald, 1981) . They included the letters standing for b / v, p / f, or k / x, respectively, as in KLSN or MB − HST . In addition, three words contained letters standing for historically guttural or pharyngeal root radicals, which attract lower vowels (a instead of default e), such as the − H in MCŢ G − HT .

ROOT MORPHOPHONOLOGY.

Ten of the 20 target items reflected the pervasive morphophonological process of stop/spirant alternation.


Initial stop/spirant in nonpattern identification response. Stop/spirant alternation frequently derives from morphological considerations such as pattern type. However, three of our task items entailed BKP stops rather than spirants based on the purely phonological factor of word-initial position (Bolozky, 1997; Schwarzwald, 2002) . We conducted a further analysis on these task items in the nonpattern identification response category in order to examine sensitivity to this constraint on native Hebrew words. Table 3 presents the proportion of correct stop-initial reading in nonpattern identification responses. Again, note that there were only 133 participants, including only those participants who had such responses on at least one of the three words.

However, three of our task items entailed BKP stops rather than spirants based on the purely phonological factor of word-initial position.


This paper formulates a load balancing optimization problem in network coding based multicast (NCM), where the objective is to keep the network traffic load as balanced as possible when supporting data transmission of NCM. Average bandwidth utilization ratio is used to measure to what extent network traffic load is balanced. To handle with the problem above, we present a modified PBIL with a novel probability vector (PV) update scheme. This scheme introduces additional flexibility in guiding the search by updating the PV by a number of random best samples, which helps enhance the global exploration capability and prevent the search from local optima. Experimental results show that the proposed PBIL gains the best optimization performance compared with a number of state-of-the-art evolutionary algorithms regarding the quality of the solution obtained. Due to the advantages of the proposed algorithm, it can be applied to a number of optimization problems in wireless communications, e.g. traffic control and network configuration in Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular systems [24, 25] .

Due to the advantages of the proposed algorithm, it can be applied to a number of optimization problems in wireless communications, e.g. traffic control and network configuration in Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular systems.


Several subsets of Ada have been developed since the language was first defined. One of the most widely used is SPARK Ada, which highly restricts the amount of language features available to the programmer. The intent is to reduce the risk of failures resulting from errors in programs. This is balanced by ensuring that the language has the right level of abstraction to provide the expressive power needed to hide the details of implementations. SPARK also acknowledges the desire for safety-critical programs to be verifiable and restricts the language with this objective [2] . SPARK has become one of the most popular choices for high-integrity real-time systems.

SPARK also acknowledges the desire for safety-critical programs to be verifiable and restricts the language with this objective.


An employee's professional career planning in an organisation is a process aimed at securing a required occupational position in a profession. In this planning, professional and occupational careers intersect. An individual delineates his/her growth and progression in an organisation, based on the needs of this organisation. An organisation plans the professional careers of its employees based on the employees' potentials, attainments, and the organisation's preferences. A well-functioning career planning system encourages employees to take more responsibility for their own development, including the development of the skills viewed as critical for the institution (Milkovich & Boudreau, 1993) .

A well-functioning career planning system encourages employees to take more responsibility for their own development, including the development of the skills viewed as critical for the institution.


To develop personalized immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of MPM, we aimed to investigate the individual and coexpressions of MSLN, CA125, and WT1 in both epithelioid and non-epithelioid MPM. Heterogeneity of cancer-associated antigen expression in solid tumors allows for therapy resistance via antigen escape and is a known challenge for immunotherapies www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget [43] [44] [45] . In anticipation of this challenge, we conducted a detailed analysis of the distribution of antigen-positive cells in each patient tumor for each cancer-associated antigen.

Heterogeneity of cancer-associated antigen expression in solid tumors allows for therapy resistance via antigen escape and is a known challenge for immunotherapies www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget.


CDMA has travelled a long way since then. Currently, there are two cellular standards of CDMA that are accepted globally and are used in communication purposes the first one is called IS-95 (IS stands for international standard) or CDMA One. It was first developed in North America to compete with Digital-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System) and it became quite popular. It is a second generation mobile phone system and with 1.25 MHz band width it supports a variable number of users [3] [4] [5] . It provides voice service along with a data rate of 14.4 Kbps. CDMA 2000 on the other hand is a member of 3G mobile technology. It was first implemented in Korea in October 2000 [6] . Since then it had gone through various changes to reach in the 3G stage. The current CDMA 2000 actually denotes a family of standards. Its band width ranges from 1.25 MHz to 3.75 MHz with data speed varying from 144 Kbps to 2 Mbps [7] [8] [9] . It is backward compatible with CDMA One.

It is a second generation mobile phone system and with 1.25 MHz band width it supports a variable number of users.

It was first implemented in Korea in October 2000.

Its band width ranges from 1.25 MHz to 3.75 MHz with data speed varying from 144 Kbps to 2 Mbps.


The heterogeneous reactions of BrONO 2 with solid alkali halides have also been investigated in a Teflon-coated Knudsen flow reactor at ambient temperature (Aguzzi and Rossi, 1999) . For solid NaCl substrates, BrCl, Br 2 and HCl were observed as products while for KBr both Br 2 and HBr were detected. This illustrates the fact that the reaction mechanism may not be as simple as a direct reaction of the halide ion on BrONO 2 .

The heterogeneous reactions of BrONO 2 with solid alkali halides have also been investigated in a Teflon-coated Knudsen flow reactor at ambient temperature.


During the last two decades, many research groups and companies have made numerous efforts to improve the spatial resolution of DOT systems. A variety of algorithms have been proposed to improve the accuracy of the inverse problem of DOT [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] . As one of the most popular methods to solve nonlinear least square problems, Gauss-Newton algorithm was introduced to solve the DOT image reconstruction problem iteratively [32] . Non-iterative exact reconstruction using joint sparsity had also been investigated, in which the reconstruction was based on the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) criterion [25] . Model resolution-based basis pursuit deconvolution method and dimensionality reduction based optimization algorithm were implemented in DOT [29, 27] . Sparse recovery methods had also been investigated by several groups with promising results for DOT image reconstruction [22, 26] . Because of the strong optical scattering from deep targets, a depth compensation algorithm, based on the maximum singular values (MSVs) of layered measurement sensitivities, was used to reconstruct two 3-cm-deep absorbers with acceptable position errors [24] . Regularization parameter plays an important role in DOT reconstruction. Recently, regularization parameter choice methods in DOT imaging and their performance have been investigated [31] . Furthermore, spectral constraints and wavelength optimization were also investigated to improve reconstructed DOT image quality [33] . However, despite all the efforts from different perspectives in DOT, DOT imaging itself is still inferior to the other functional imaging modalities such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) in terms of spatial resolution for deep targets.

A variety of algorithms have been proposed to improve the accuracy of the inverse problem of DOT.

As one of the most popular methods to solve nonlinear least square problems, Gauss-Newton algorithm was introduced to solve the DOT image reconstruction problem iteratively.

Non-iterative exact reconstruction using joint sparsity had also been investigated, in which the reconstruction was based on the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) criterion.

Model resolution-based basis pursuit deconvolution method and dimensionality reduction based optimization algorithm were implemented in DOT.

Sparse recovery methods had also been investigated by several groups with promising results for DOT image reconstruction.

Because of the strong optical scattering from deep targets, a depth compensation algorithm, based on the maximum singular values (MSVs) of layered measurement sensitivities, was used to reconstruct two 3-cm-deep absorbers with acceptable position errors.

Recently, regularization parameter choice methods in DOT imaging and their performance have been investigated.

Furthermore, spectral constraints and wavelength optimization were also investigated to improve reconstructed DOT image quality.


The diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) unit, as a well known dye unit with many excellent properties such as strong light absorption, photochemical stability, good charge carrier mobility and etc., have been widely used not only in polymers based OSCs but also in SMOPVs. In 2009, a DPP unit based molecule was reported with a PCE of 4.4%, which was the highest PCE in the field of solution processed SM-OSCs at that time [21] . Nowadays, various DPP based small molecules have been designed [22] . All of them have symmetric molecule structures, in which the DPP unit serves as the central core or end unit. Recently, our group have reported series of donor molecules with an acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) structure and PCEs around 10% have been achieved [1e3,23e25] . In order to extend the light absorption range, herein, we introduce the DPP unit as the central core, two electron withdrawing groups (octyl cyanoacetate and 3-octyl rhodanine) as end groups and design two small molecules DOR2TDPP and DCAO2TDPP. As expected, the two molecules exhibit broad and red shift solar absorption in contrast to our reported molecules. Initial PCEs of 2.07% and 1.10% were achieved for the molecules DOR2TDPP and DCAO2TDPP based devices with PC 71 BM as acceptors, respectively.

In 2009, a DPP unit based molecule was reported with a PCE of 4.4%, which was the highest PCE in the field of solution processed SM-OSCs at that time.

Nowadays, various DPP based small molecules have been designed.


There was a high level of genetic diversity among the B. bassiana isolates. First, sequence variation in mitochondrial and ribosomal genes delineated three well-differentiated genetic strains. Moreover, the strains were differentiated from one another by multiple, fixed allelic differences at many of the microsatellite loci examined. Second, there was variation in microsatellite genotypes within the two strains for which more than one isolate was sampled. We found 6 haplotypes out of 15 isolates in strain S1, and 2 out of 3 isolates in strain S2. Hence, multiple lineages of B. bassiana have colonized the habitat and infect the study population. The fact that the majority of isolates in strain S1 had an identical haplotype is a clear sign of asexual reproduction, and the genetic diversity within strains may be due to an accumulation of mutations in ancient lineages. However, the current data set does not permit us to exclude the possibility that sexual reproduction might occasionally occur (Meyling et al., 2009) .

However, the current data set does not permit us to exclude the possibility that sexual reproduction might occasionally occur.


In our snapshot estimate of prevalence, B. bassiana was detected in 14 out of 81 colonies. Beauveria bassiana is an obligate-killer that infects many insect species (Meyling and Eilenberg, 2007) . It was frequent in the soil of our study population. Interestingly, B. bassiana was overrepresented in colonies that were also infected by P. lilacinus. The frequent co-occurrence of the two pathogens may result from a weakness or general susceptibility of the infected colonies, from environmental conditions favourable to both fungal species before the time of sampling, or from some interactions between the two fungal species. For example one of the two pathogens might take advantage of an ongoing infection by the other pathogen to invade the colony. For example, Aspergillus flavus, an opportunistic fungal species of low virulence, sporulated more frequently from corpses of Acromyrmex echiniator when co-infected with Metarhizium .

Beauveria bassiana is an obligate-killer that infects many insect species.


The teachers' aim in this activity was to develop their students' ability to discern what differs a scientific theory from everyday common assumptions, and develop the students' argumentation skills by using several aspects in their reasoning. We analysed how the teachers developed their skill in designing lessons to stimulate student learning. At the level of activity, this study was part of a larger school development project in which teachers were supposed to develop their teaching skills. As the entire school was involved in a learning study project using variation theory as a guiding principle for designing their lessons; therefore, professional development communities were developed at a school level and not only in relation to science teaching (Jones, Gardner, Robertson, & Robert, 2013) .

As the entire school was involved in a learning study project using variation theory as a guiding principle for designing their lessons; therefore, professional development communities were developed at a school level and not only in relation to science teaching.


Learning study as intervention is based on the idea of lessons as a narrow unit of analysis. The learning process and goals are initiated by the teachers. Instead of being linear, the process is iterative and cyclic. This approach takes a snapshot of part of an ongoing open learning process, in which student learning has decreased and changes are needed to increase learning. The design, analysis, and revision are based a theoretical framework, in this case; variation theory (Marton, 2015) . Therefore, learning study results are not products such as lessons or instructional material designs. Instead, they aim to increase our understanding of what it takes to learn a specific content or develop a defined ability based on theoretical standpoints. In this study, the aim is to analyse teachers' efforts to develop secondary school students' knowledge and argumentation skills of what constitutes natural scientific theories, and how they differ from common, everyday assumptions. In other words, in the school-project the search was to find conjectures to make the students develop their skills as much as possible, while the research aims to describe the teachers' efforts and ways to find such conjectures and their impact on student learning.

The design, analysis, and revision are based a theoretical framework, in this case; variation theory.


The professional development project in this study was conducted in a secondary school during 12 weeks of one semester. A group of seven teachers and one researcher worked together in eight meetings. Data for the analysis were notes from the researcher; minutes from the meetings written by the teachers; three lesson designs; three video-recorded lessons; and pre-, post-, and delayed post-test results from 71 students in three different groups. The tests featured the same open-ended question asking the students what constitutes scientific theories. The students received four different examples (gravitation, telepathy, astrology, and astronomy) and were asked to provide arguments and reasons for why each example was (or was not) a scientific theory. Analysis of the test results was based on the arguments, rather than on whether the answer was correct. During the meetings, the teachers decided that four different criteria should be mentioned to obtain the maximum of 4 points; the criteria expressed four characteristics of scientific theories: (1) the theory is possible to investigate/test and/or falsify; (2) the theory is supported by previous findings; (3) the theory may be used to make predictions; and (4) the theory may be modified and developed and/or the formulation is a human construct. The students' test scores increased between the pre-and post-tests in all three groups: +0.17 (group A), +0.87 (group B), and 1.54 (group C), which indicates that the students in group C used more criteria than those in groups A (first lesson) and B (second lesson) (Holmqvist Olander & Olander, 2014) .

The students' test scores increased between the pre-and post-tests in all three groups: +0.17 (group A), +0.87 (group B), and 1.54 (group C), which indicates that the students in group C used more criteria than those in groups A (first lesson) and B (second lesson).


In the present paper the 2PLS theory is extended to show that any PCR or PLSR (PLS1 and PLS2) model with an A-dimensional loading space can be reduced by projection onto a subspace with any dimension m ≤Ã < A, where m is the number of independent responses, and that this can be done while retaining exactly the same predictions. Since the only significant difference between PCR and PLSR (especially PLS1) often is the number of original components, and since this difference disappears after the model reduction, the two methods will often give practically the same final results. The model reduction results may utilized in e.g. operator support systems for process understanding and monitoring [5, 6] .

The model reduction results may utilized in e.g. operator support systems for process understanding and monitoring.


He went on to make the following conjecture, which is also known as the spectral set conjecture: This led to the study of spectral and tiling properties of sets. In recent years, this conjecture, in its full generality, has been shown to be false in both directions if the dimension d ≥ 3 [32] , [18] , [19] , [28] , [4] , [3] . However, interest in the conjecture is alive and the conjecture has been shown to be true in many cases under additional assumptions.

In recent years, this conjecture, in its full generality, has been shown to be false in both directions if the dimension d ≥ 3.


The year 2005 was chosen as the base year and generation and load reference data for that year was used for assessing the accuracy of the modelling. The 2020 scenarios estimating DG penetration levels and load growth were based on UK government energy policy and stakeholders projections [6] . The environmental awakening scenario was considered as a way of meeting UK government targets for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions, and the assumption that DG and renewable energy technologies will help to achieve these targets.

The 2020 scenarios estimating DG penetration levels and load growth were based on UK government energy policy and stakeholders projections.


The feasibility of the ULF-MRI approach has been demonstrated with both kinds of these non-inductive sensors [4, 5] . The ULF MRI is compatible with the presence of other delicate instrumentation, moreover the magnetic detectors can be used to record low-frequency magnetic signals originating from sources other than nuclear spins. In particular, hybrid instrumentation enabling multimodal MRI and MEG measurements has been proposed and implemented [6] .

The feasibility of the ULF-MRI approach has been demonstrated with both kinds of these non-inductive sensors.

In particular, hybrid instrumentation enabling multimodal MRI and MEG measurements has been proposed and implemented.


Income inequality and poverty are well established research fields in economics, including their measurement and the analysis of their determinants (Cowell, 2011) . The analysis of these phenomena can be justified on several grounds. First, there is a natural wish to study an issue which is perceived as socially unfair. Second, economic policy concerns have brought the topic of poverty and inequality to the public debate arena. A deeper knowledge of the dimension and characterization of these phenomena is thus especially important in finding more effective socio-economic policies.

Income inequality and poverty are well established research fields in economics, including their measurement and the analysis of their determinants.


Allergies are the most common immune disorders in children. Allergic bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic eczema have steadily increased in many Western and developing countries [1] . Although there are slight variations in allergic diseases in different geographic locations in Taiwan, the prevalence of these diseases is also rising in this region [1] [2] [3] . More than 90% of asthmatic children have allergic asthma. These patients have elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and allergen-specific IgE antibodies against a wide range of environmental allergens [4] . In Taiwan, most asthmatic children are sensitized to two dust mites, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f). The Mackay Memorial Hospital in Taipei reported that 75% of patients had sensitization to Der p and 74% had sensitization to Der f [5] . National Cheng-Kung University in Taiwan independently reported even higher sensitization rates of 82% to Der p and 82.5% to Der f [6] . It has been suggested that the decline of lung function in asthmatic children is associated with serum levels of Der p-specific and Der f-specific IgE [5] .

Allergic bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic eczema have steadily increased in many Western and developing countries.

Although there are slight variations in allergic diseases in different geographic locations in Taiwan, the prevalence of these diseases is also rising in this region.

These patients have elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and allergen-specific IgE antibodies against a wide range of environmental allergens.

The Mackay Memorial Hospital in Taipei reported that 75% of patients had sensitization to Der p and 74% had sensitization to Der f.

National Cheng-Kung University in Taiwan independently reported even higher sensitization rates of 82% to Der p and 82.5% to Der f.

It has been suggested that the decline of lung function in asthmatic children is associated with serum levels of Der p-specific and Der f-specific IgE.


During sand deposition, the maxillae minutely adjusted and pushed every sand particle to Þt the edge of the wall one by one, which led to the proposal of the modiÞed soil-compaction hypothesis, in which termites deposit sand in a greater density than before it was removed to create space (Li and Su, 2008) . However, the modiÞed hypothesis also has been rejected. Based on our behavioral observations and experiments, we speculate that soil displacement is the main mechanism for subterranean termites to build underground galleries in sandy soil.

During sand deposition, the maxillae minutely adjusted and pushed every sand particle to Þt the edge of the wall one by one, which led to the proposal of the modiÞed soil-compaction hypothesis, in which termites deposit sand in a greater density than before it was removed to create space.


Of all female genital organ cancers, ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality [15] . The majority of women with metastatic ovarian cancer die with minimal (2 cm) residual intraperitoneal tumor remaining after initial laparotomy and current cytoreductive therapy. They have a 5-year survival of only 20% [16] .

Of all female genital organ cancers, ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality.

They have a 5-year survival of only 20%.


Ambient air measurements were carried out at Sunsbø (60°46'10.1"N, 5°09'08.6"E), Sande (60°50'56.6"N, 5°00'21.0"E) and Mongstad West (60°48'45.7"N, 5°00'43.4"E) from Aug 6 -28, Aug 28 -Sept 10 and Sept 10 -25, 2015, respectively. The geographic location of the three measurement sites and of TCM is shown in Figure 1 . PTR-MS is an on-line chemical ionization (CI) technique for atmospheric trace gases that has been routinely deployed in atmospheric chemistry field studies over the past decade [8] . Only recently, the ultra-sensitive PTRQiTOF-MS instrument version has become available which detects gaseous analytes at single-digit pptv-levels [7] .

PTR-MS is an on-line chemical ionization (CI) technique for atmospheric trace gases that has been routinely deployed in atmospheric chemistry field studies over the past decade.

Only recently, the ultra-sensitive PTRQiTOF-MS instrument version has become available which detects gaseous analytes at single-digit pptv-levels.


Smart grids (SGs) are the new generation of power grids, which have been introduced to address the main issues of traditional grids. Specifically, SGs can make grids more efficient and smarter by means of facilitating the deployment of renewable energy sources, decreasing oil consumption by reducing the need for inefficient generation during peak usage periods, optimizing resources utilization and construction of back-up (peak load) power plants and enabling the integration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) [6] . In order to properly design these new generation grids, a reference model has been defined, which consists of seven functional blocks, which are, namely, bulk generation, transmission, distribution, operation, market, service provider and customers [6] . The bulk generation domain generates energy by using resources like oil, coal, nuclear fission and RESs and stores electricity to manage the variability of renewable resources. The energy produced is dispatched through the transmission and distribution sectors, which are controlled by the operation domain. The balance between supply and the demand is guaranteed by the market domain, which consists of suppliers of bulk electricity, retailers who supply electricity to users and traders who buy electricity from suppliers and sell it to retailers and aggregators of distributed small-scale power plants. The service provider manages services for utilities companies and end-users, like billing and consumers' account management. Finally, customers consume energy, but can also generate and store electricity locally. This domain includes residential, commercial and industrial customers, who can actively contribute to the efficiency of the grid.

Specifically, SGs can make grids more efficient and smarter by means of facilitating the deployment of renewable energy sources, decreasing oil consumption by reducing the need for inefficient generation during peak usage periods, optimizing resources utilization and construction of back-up (peak load) power plants and enabling the integration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs).

In order to properly design these new generation grids, a reference model has been defined, which consists of seven functional blocks, which are, namely, bulk generation, transmission, distribution, operation, market, service provider and customers.


Now we give the results for area complexity and the latency in the case of ECC point multiplication. The designs were synthesized by Synopsys Design Vision using a 0.13 μm CMOS library. We used binary fields from bit-size 131 to 163 as recommended by NIST. ECC with key sizes of around 160 bits is usually compared with RSA for 1024 bits although those are only rough estimates. Namely, according to the work of Lenstra and Verheul 163 bit long key sizes for ECC correspond to RSA keys that are much longer than 1024 bits [6] . More precisely, one could achieve that level of security with around 130 bits long ECC keys. Therefore, we can assume that ECC over F 2 131 provides a good level of security for these applications.

Namely, according to the work of Lenstra and Verheul 163 bit long key sizes for ECC correspond to RSA keys that are much longer than 1024 bits.


In this paper we investigate the possibility for PK services for pervasive computing. We show that ECC processors can be designed in such a way to qualify for lightweight applications suitable for wireless sensor networks. Here, the term lightweight assumes low die size and low power consumption. Therefore, we propose a hardware processor supporting ECC that features very low footprint and low-power. We investigate ECC over binary fields F 2 p where p is a prime as proposed in standards [4] .

We investigate ECC over binary fields F 2 p where p is a prime as proposed in standards.


Several limitations of this study should be considered. The participants did not receive postbronchodilator spirometry, and so we may have included individuals with poorly controlled asthma. However, excluding participants who reported a physician diagnosis of asthma did not change the results of the analysis for predicting the development or resolution of disability. In addition, although we controlled for chronic illnesses that may contribute to disability, diagnoses such as visual or hearing impairments were not measured in CHS and may also have contributed to IADL or ADL impairment. The CHS only included participants ≥ 65 years, thus limiting the generalizability of the results. We were unable to assess how many subjects were participating in a pulmonary rehabilitation program; however, such participation is generally low [45] . In addition, when this study was conducted, pulmonary rehabilitation was not yet covered by Medicare [46] . We imputed a small proportion of missing values for yearly IADL, depression, prior hospitalization within the last year, cognitive status and blocks walked which may have affected our results.

We were unable to assess how many subjects were participating in a pulmonary rehabilitation program; however, such participation is generally low.

In addition, when this study was conducted, pulmonary rehabilitation was not yet covered by Medicare.


For patients' monitoring, tiny sensors may be placed on or implanted in the body for constant monitoring. Different standards for WABN are defined which provide efficient means of data transfer and communication; Bluetooth, ZigBee, MICS and UWB [3] . A comprehensive and analytical survey is provided about these standards in this paper. Depending on the scenario of body communication (i.e., In-Body or On-Body), selection of antenna is very important, therefore, it has a direct effect on communication resulting in path loss.

Different standards for WABN are defined which provide efficient means of data transfer and communication; Bluetooth, ZigBee, MICS and UWB.


In this research was synthesis the coating system from polyurethane modified epoxy by using 1,3-propanediol and tolonate as building block of polyurethane. The 1,3-propanediol is a valuable chemical used in the synthesis of polyurethanes when reacted with isocyanate group [19] . It has been reported by Triwulandari and Ghozali that modification of epoxy using polyurethane improve the thermal resistant and mechanical properties [20] . Different kind of monomer will affect the properties and characteristic of polyurethane resin, so it needs further studies especially by using other monomer of polyurethane to study the effect of thermal and mechanical properties. As explained before, that modified by silica will also improve the physico-chemical properties of coating. Furthermore, this study not only examines the synthesis of polyurethane epoxy coating, but also introduced the silica particles into the polymer matrix. The thermal and mechanic properties of the polymer also have been studied.

The 1,3-propanediol is a valuable chemical used in the synthesis of polyurethanes when reacted with isocyanate group.

It has been reported by Triwulandari and Ghozali that modification of epoxy using polyurethane improve the thermal resistant and mechanical properties.


I N software development, developers frequently reuse code to reduce development effort. To reuse a piece of code, a developer may choose to wrap the reused code into a module (e.g., a method), and invoke the module wherever the code is required. Alternatively, the developer may also copy the code and paste it to the place where he or she wants to reuse the code with some revisions if necessary. In most cases, it is more convenient for developers to perform copy-and-paste to reuse existing code. Researchers have found that, developers often do not have enough time to wrap reused code to modules due to the schedule pressure of coming software releases [39] . Additionally, wrapping reused code may require developers to change the code written by other people/organization, which is technically challenging and needs extra management costs [14] .

Researchers have found that, developers often do not have enough time to wrap reused code to modules due to the schedule pressure of coming software releases.

Additionally, wrapping reused code may require developers to change the code written by other people/organization, which is technically challenging and needs extra management costs.


Here, we demonstrate for the first time the production of active tPA using E. coli-based cell-free protein synthesis. Recent advances using low-cost E. coli-based CFPS has increased its fitness to produce both biosimilars and new therapeutic proteins. For example, this system can be used to optimize the site of PEGylation which is an important post-translational modification in the development of 2nd-generation drugs [8] . In addition, this system has very recently been used to produce a biosimilar to FDA-approved crisantaspase [21] . However, the system is currently limited to non-glycosylated therapeutics. Continued research engineering glycosylation pathways into the CFPS system is essential to enabling glycosylated biosimilar production in the future.

For example, this system can be used to optimize the site of PEGylation which is an important post-translational modification in the development of 2nd-generation drugs.

In addition, this system has very recently been used to produce a biosimilar to FDA-approved crisantaspase.


Successive response surface methodology (SRSM) based optimization and its application to structural design is discussed in detail. Special attention is paid to crashworthiness analysis. Shape optimization of a crashbox using HyperMorph and LS-OPT software is studied by Wang [12] . The smoothness of the force values during the folding process of the crashbox is considered as a quality criterion. The difference between maximum and minimum force values of the force-intrusion is minimized.

Shape optimization of a crashbox using HyperMorph and LS-OPT software is studied by Wang.


Omnis cellula e cellula (every cell from a cell): this idea promoted by Rudolf Virchow, the grandfather of modern pathology, rings no less true today than 160 years ago [1] . Cell-centered concepts are emerging that suggest it is not just the genomic alterations of a cell but its developmental state that are critical to our understanding of disease. Technologies to study individual single cells, not complex aggregates of multiple cell types, will give us a greater understanding of the biology of many diseases. Multiple large-scale collaborative projects are underway to understand individual cell biology in both normal and pathological tissues [2, 3] .

Omnis cellula e cellula (every cell from a cell): this idea promoted by Rudolf Virchow, the grandfather of modern pathology, rings no less true today than 160 years ago.

Multiple large-scale collaborative projects are underway to understand individual cell biology in both normal and pathological tissues.


Smart-3SEQ has numerous practical advantages for many different applications of gene-expression profiling independent of its use with FFPE tissue (Table S3 ). Because of the method's efficiency, with no inefficient dsDNA ligation and only one cleanup step, it is sensitive at very small amounts of starting RNA. The short number of steps and small reaction volumes allow a batch of libraries to be prepared in half a day with high throughput in a 96-well plate, at a reagent cost of about 5 USD per sample (Supplementary File 6). Library yields are predictable enough that the optimal number of PCR cycles can be reliably estimated from the amount of input material over five orders of magnitude. Furthermore, because Smart-3SEQ reads only a single fragment of each transcript, the one containing the polyadenylation site, it is not sensitive to transcript length, which is a confounder for whole-transcript RNA-seq [12] . Thus Smart-3SEQ allows simple and accurate quantification of transcript abundance; however, it cannot report information about splicing or genotypes, unless the splice junction or polymorphism occurs near the end of the gene, and it cannot detect non-polyadenylated transcripts. Like 3SEQ, because RNA fragmentation is the first step, it is also robust to pre-fragmented RNA, including damaged RNA from FFPE samples.

Furthermore, because Smart-3SEQ reads only a single fragment of each transcript, the one containing the polyadenylation site, it is not sensitive to transcript length, which is a confounder for whole-transcript RNA-seq.


It is probable that great resistance to insecticide in the insect population is generally associated with reduced fitness, particularly under harsh environmental conditions. This study suggested that the survival cost of resistance increases under harsh environmental conditions in the absence of insecti-cides (Crow, 1957) . This knowledge of resistance costs would be useful for designing management strategies against resistance.

This study suggested that the survival cost of resistance increases under harsh environmental conditions in the absence of insecti-cides.


A total of 98 countries and 3 territories on 5 continents reported endemic leishmaniasis transmission. In terms of global disease load, the leishmaniasis is the third most important vector-borne disease, after malaria and lymphatic filariasis [21] . Instead, the analysis of the same concentrations of Undaria pinnatifida and Sargassum muticum did not show any interesting activity against Trypanosoma cruzi cultures, suggesting their specific toxic action to the genus Leishmania.

In terms of global disease load, the leishmaniasis is the third most important vector-borne disease, after malaria and lymphatic filariasis.


Marine algae are great sources of natural products that play an invaluable role in the drug discovery process. Many reports have been published about isolated compounds from algae with biological activity, demonstrating their ability to produce metabolites different from those found in terrestrial plants, with high complexity and unlimited diversity of pharmacological and/or biological properties [1] . Among these, sulphated polysaccharides are widely used in the food and cosmetic industries, but also acknowledged as endowed with a rather low toxicity and numerous biological activities, including antiviral, anticoagulant, anti-tumoral, antimetastatic, and anti-inflammatory effects, worthwhile for clinical uses [2] [3] [4] . Therefore, applications of algal products are increasingly frequent both in human and veterinary medicine.

Many reports have been published about isolated compounds from algae with biological activity, demonstrating their ability to produce metabolites different from those found in terrestrial plants, with high complexity and unlimited diversity of pharmacological and/or biological properties.

Among these, sulphated polysaccharides are widely used in the food and cosmetic industries, but also acknowledged as endowed with a rather low toxicity and numerous biological activities, including antiviral, anticoagulant, anti-tumoral, antimetastatic, and anti-inflammatory effects, worthwhile for clinical uses.


High speed motorized spindle, which integrates machine tool spindle and motor to dispense with belt transmission and gear transmission, effectively promotes the development of machine tool technology. High speed motorized spindle has become a key functional unit of high speed machine tools, and its performance effects the development of machine tools. In recent years, the rotating speed of high speed spindle has reached hundreds of thousands, and the dN value (the dN value is the product of bearing inner diameter [mm] and working speed [r/min], and it is an important parameter of bearings to describe the degree of high speed) has been approaching 2-3 millions. The development of higher speed and more power puts forward the stricter requirement for the performance of high speed spindle, especially the dynamic performance which affects the machining accuracy, reliability, and production efficiency. Therefore, the research on dynamic performance has been more important [1] .

Therefore, the research on dynamic performance has been more important.


Results of both the mentioned studies (Bernstein and Kreitler) corresponded with the Piagetian developmental theory. Alternatively, in Kreitlers' study disagreements with Freud's theory about the infantile belief in the universality of the penis were found. Piagetian insufficient causal thinking, alternatively Freudian infantile libidinal development do not hinder the adequate sexual enlightenment of children (Kreitler, 1966) .

Piagetian insufficient causal thinking, alternatively Freudian infantile libidinal development do not hinder the adequate sexual enlightenment of children.


In dynamic systems, the schedulability test can be performed by checking the system schedulability throughout a short interval named the Initial Critical Interval (ICI) [12] . In this section, this ICI schedulability test is presented and adapted to take into account the extrinsic interference in a dynamic scheduler, like Earliest Deadline First. As the entire instruccion cache is locked, the extrinsic interference is reduced to the refilling of the temporal buffer.

In dynamic systems, the schedulability test can be performed by checking the system schedulability throughout a short interval named the Initial Critical Interval (ICI).


Maxwell's equations without sources and the corresponding constitutive relations for vacuum are invariant with respect to the transformation t → −t. It means that the equations are invariant both to the operator T and to T (the classical vacuum is both reciprocal and lossless). Maxwell's equations in vacuum are also invariant with respect to all the possible rotations, reflections and Space inversion [8] . Thus, the solutions of Maxwell's equations do not depend on the possible rotations (i.e., on direction in Space), reflections and Space inversion.

Maxwell's equations in vacuum are also invariant with respect to all the possible rotations, reflections and Space inversion.


Still another important physical symmetry is defined by the Time reversal. Literally, the Time reversal operator T denotes the change of the sign of Time t, i.e., t → −t. In our practical application of the operator T of course, there is nothing of science fictions where one can travel from the present in the past and vice versa. In the magnetic group theory, the operator T simply reverses direction of motion. In the time domain, as a result, it changes the signs of the quantities which are odd in Time: the velocity, the wave vector, the magnetic field produced by moving charges, etc. In the frequency domain, it also complex transposes all quantities [7] .

In the frequency domain, it also complex transposes all quantities.


One example is the effect of "the frozen mode" [20] . Theoretically, with properly chosen parameters of a magnetic crystal, one of its branches in a spectral band can possess a stationary inflection point. This point defines a frequency with zero group velocity of the corresponding Bloch wave for one direction in the crystal (this wave was called "the frozen mode"). For the opposite direction, the Bloch wave of the same frequency can propagate freely in the crystal.

One example is the effect of "the frozen mode".


For the crystals with losses, the so-called restricted Time reversal operator T is a useful tool. The operator T does not complex conjugate the quantities describing losses [7] . This preserves the passive or active nature of media after application of the operator and consequently, preserves the damping or growing character of electromagnetic waves which propagate in the crystal. In the limiting case of crystals without losses, the operator T is equivalent to T . Notice that in accordance with our definitions of the operators T and T , invariance of a crystal with respect to T means reciprocity of the crystal, and invariance with respect to the operator T means both reciprocity and the absence of losses. For our purposes in this paper, the operator T is more appropriate, in particular, for discussion of reciprocity and bidirectionality in lossy crystals.

The operator T does not complex conjugate the quantities describing losses.


To achieve adaptive locomotion, "human in the loop" control that we were using for the first experiments is clearly not sufficient. In a complex environment a robot has to react and adapt in real time. That is why we designed Bluemove to also support feedback signals from sensors with the help of plugins. Distributed algorithms can be implemented in the ARM and FPGA of each YaMoR module. Both the parameter of these algorithms and the shape of the modular robot can be optimized under different constraints like energy efficiency or speed. We are currently extending the presented work along two main axes: (1) the design of the next generation of YaMoR modules with sensors capabilities -e.g. IR sensors, inertial sensors, and load sensors -and (2) the implementation of distributed locomotion controllers based on central pattern generators. Central pattern generators (CPGs) are biological neural networks capable of producing coordinated patterns of rhythmic activity while being initiated and modulated by simple input signals. We have extensively used models of CPGs for the control of locomotion in other projects [9, 10] . In particular, simulation experiments have demonstrated they are ideally suited for implementing distributed control of locomotion in simulated YaMoR units [11] .

We have extensively used models of CPGs for the control of locomotion in other projects.

In particular, simulation experiments have demonstrated they are ideally suited for implementing distributed control of locomotion in simulated YaMoR units.


Silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) is an important ceramic material, which has excellent mechanical and electrical properties, such as high breakdown strength, good wear resistance, high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient both at room and elevated temperatures [5, 6] . More interestingly, the surface chemistry of Si 3 N 4 is characterized by the existence of amine and, to a lesser extent, hydroxyl groups [7] [8] [9] . Both of these groups, particularly the amine groups, can react with the epoxy groups in the resin matrix; while the hydroxyl groups usually react only at higher temperatures ([ 120°C), they can, nevertheless, act to catalyse amine/epoxy reactions [10] . Therefore, this surface chemistry makes Si 3 N 4 intrinsically compatible with an epoxy matrix. In principle, reactions between the amine groups on the silicon nitride surface and the resin's epoxy groups would be expected to be similar to reactions between the latter groups and the amine groups in the hardener. Hence, the inclusion of a Si 3 N 4 nanofiller within an epoxy matrix might consume a fraction of the epoxy groups, which would otherwise be expected to crosslink with the hardener and, consequently, may change the effective resin/hardener stoichiometry throughout the whole matrix. The degree of this change in the stoichiometry will depend on the nanofiller surface area, the density of the surface amine groups and the processing conditions, i.e. the mixing procedure, period and temperature.

Silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) is an important ceramic material, which has excellent mechanical and electrical properties, such as high breakdown strength, good wear resistance, high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion coefficient both at room and elevated temperatures.

More interestingly, the surface chemistry of Si 3 N 4 is characterized by the existence of amine and, to a lesser extent, hydroxyl groups.

Both of these groups, particularly the amine groups, can react with the epoxy groups in the resin matrix; while the hydroxyl groups usually react only at higher temperatures ([ 120°C), they can, nevertheless, act to catalyse amine/epoxy reactions.


While detecting a nanofiller stoichiometric influence can help in analyzing the performance of epoxybased nanocomposites, it also offers an opportunity to investigate some of the hypotheses that have been proposed in the literature to account for the behaviour of nanodielectrics. For example, enhanced interactions between the nanoparticles and the epoxy resin in its liquid state should lead to improved dispersion of the as-prepared nanofiller. Nanoparticle dispersion usually imposes a challenge for obtaining actual nanodielectric systems, where the nanoparticles, due to their large specific surface area and surface tension forces, tend to agglomerate, producing a sub-microcomposites [11, 12] . Many researchers have tried to overcome this by treating the nanofiller with matrix-compatible functionalities [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . However, this treatment brings other parameters into play, such as changing the particle surface chemistry and water absorption, and thus, complicates the analysis of the influence of particle dispersion.

Nanoparticle dispersion usually imposes a challenge for obtaining actual nanodielectric systems, where the nanoparticles, due to their large specific surface area and surface tension forces, tend to agglomerate, producing a sub-microcomposites.

Many researchers have tried to overcome this by treating the nanofiller with matrix-compatible functionalities.


Taguchi method is a powerful tool for design of high-quality systems, widely used for improving quality without increasing cost and with minimum experimentation. It provides a simple, efficient and systematic approach to optimize designs for performance, quality and cost. This method is valuable when process parameters are qualitative and discrete. The parameter design based on the Taguchi method can optimize the quality characteristics through the settings of process parameters and reduce the sensitivity of the system performance to the sources of variation [8] . In fact, Taguchi method had been designed to optimize a single quality characteristic. However, Modified Taguchi method (MTM) is used for several quality characteristics taken together into consideration for selection of process parameters [9, 10] .

The parameter design based on the Taguchi method can optimize the quality characteristics through the settings of process parameters and reduce the sensitivity of the system performance to the sources of variation.

However, Modified Taguchi method (MTM) is used for several quality characteristics taken together into consideration for selection of process parameters.


Improved mechanical properties of weld are achieved by using current pulsing due to the grain refinement occurring in the fusion zone. The main aim of pulsing is to achieve maximum penetration without excessive heat built-up. The use of high current pulses is to penetrate deep and cater for longer arc period at lower current. Deep penetration in pulsed current welding is produced by arc pressure at peak for longer durations [4] . In addition to this argon-helium gas mixture offers certain advantages by increasing heat input of the arc during welding. Argon is known for stable arc with better arc ignition whereas helium provides higher thermal conductivity. There exists a linear relationship between heat input of a weld and maximum temperature at a given distance from the weld centre line. It shows that pulsed arc welds are cooler and exhibit less thermal distortion than conventional GTA welds of the same penetration [5] . Heat input is typically calculated as follows: H = [60 E I]/1000 S where H = Heat Input (kJ/mm), E = Arc Voltage (Volts), I = Current (Amps) and S = Travel Speed (mm/min).

Deep penetration in pulsed current welding is produced by arc pressure at peak for longer durations.

It shows that pulsed arc welds are cooler and exhibit less thermal distortion than conventional GTA welds of the same penetration.


Wind power has been recognized as one of the most major and efficient renewable energy and has been extensively applied throughout the world [1] . With the rapid development of wind power generation, wind speed forecasting has become a hot issue in the field of power generation research, due to its important role in energy generation planning, power grid integration and turbine maintenance scheduling [2] . For example, a 10% deviation in the expected wind speed leads to an approximate 30% deviation in the expected wind power generation because the power potential is proportional to the cubic power of the wind speed [3] . Therefore, it is of great importance to develop relatively accurate wind speed forecasting models.

Wind power has been recognized as one of the most major and efficient renewable energy and has been extensively applied throughout the world.

With the rapid development of wind power generation, wind speed forecasting has become a hot issue in the field of power generation research, due to its important role in energy generation planning, power grid integration and turbine maintenance scheduling.

For example, a 10% deviation in the expected wind speed leads to an approximate 30% deviation in the expected wind power generation because the power potential is proportional to the cubic power of the wind speed.


Our "methodology framework for identifying the boundary of a cultural landscape" provides a holistic perspective and method for determining the boundary of a cultural landscape. The preservation of cultural landscapes that are continually evolving is an important debate in cultural landscape protection. Although some scholars suggest that this dynamic quality sets cultural landscapes apart from the traditional conservation of isolated objects and monuments, there are more complex process and relationships between people and their environment that deserve consideration [74, 75] . In most heritage sites, the boundary was still defined simplistically. The "methodology framework" described here emphasizes that the boundary should reflect the complex interactions of people and their environment. Of the four boundary types, the boundary of the physical geography region provides the material basis for economic and social development. The boundary of the economic network reflects the range and scale of economic activities. Within the boundary of social organization, people have equal access to natural resource and healthy economic development. The perceptual boundary reflects conventional wisdom of natural resources and the social network. These four boundary types include the tangible and intangible relationships between people and their environment. Therefore, integrating them into one as a boundary for a cultural landscape can ensure adequate protection.

Although some scholars suggest that this dynamic quality sets cultural landscapes apart from the traditional conservation of isolated objects and monuments, there are more complex process and relationships between people and their environment that deserve consideration.


Cultural landscapes represent combined works of nature and humankind that express a long and intimate relationship between people and their natural environment. In the 1990s, UNESCO began listing cultural landscapes that had universal significance as a new category of World Heritage. The decision was meant to encourage the protection of cultural landscapes and the human-environment relationship patterns reflected in them [1] . The Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention state that the legal protections of a cultural landscape are to designate a protection zone, with a boundary that should be drawn to ensure the full expression of the landscape's outstanding universal value and the integrity and/or authenticity of the property [2] . What this article discusses is how to define proper boundaries of a cultural landscape protection area for sustainable development.

The decision was meant to encourage the protection of cultural landscapes and the human-environment relationship patterns reflected in them.

The Operational Guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention state that the legal protections of a cultural landscape are to designate a protection zone, with a boundary that should be drawn to ensure the full expression of the landscape's outstanding universal value and the integrity and/or authenticity of the property.


The case of the HHRT World Heritage Site provides a case study for implementing the methodology framework. In the long-term interactions between the Hani people and the natural environment, they have gradually established a particular human-environment system, which is demonstrated in their relationships with livelihood, social organization, ideology and environment. In the Malizhai River Basin, pressure on land and water resources from the expansion of terraced fields provided the impetus for villages within the watershed to form an informal group that would share water. The watershed contains a whole ecosystem of "forest, villages, rice terraces and water system", providing the material basis for the development of local livelihoods, social organization and perception. The boundary of a watershed is thus fundamental to the protection of rice-terraces landscape. Based on this boundary of the physical geography region, the boundary of water-allocation organization provides the protection mechanism for the sustainable development of the rice terraces landscape. The boundary of the economic network reflects not only local livelihoods and agricultural production, but the support services for heritage tourism and traditional agricultural production, allowing for more opportunities for local people and social vitality. At HHRT, people increasingly migrate outside the area to find their livelihood, and some rice terraces have been abandoned. The same situation occurred at the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras World Heritage Site, where the outward migration of the local population was one of the main reasons for the gradual degradation of the rice-terraces [76] . The lessons learned from the Philippine Cordilleras site illustrate the importance of an appropriate economic-network boundary. However, because some economic activities are restricted in the core area, the economic-network boundary can provide a reference for determining the boundary of a buffer zone. The perceptual boundary reflects local knowledge of natural resources and kinship between villages that enable cooperation in agricultural activities. As the basis of water-allocation organization and other social activities, it is key to the intangible aspects of boundaries that support sustainable development of rice terraces landscape. These four boundaries interact in ways that must be accounted for if the HHRT is to be protected. When we integrated the four boundaries into one to evaluate the existing boundary of the core area of HHRT, we found that the existing boundary destroyed the integrity of the human-environment system of the Malizhai River Basin. Some parts of the boundary do not fit the criteria of sustainable development. The existing boundary of HHRT World Heritage Site should be redrawn base on three criteria of environmental sustainability, social justice, and ability of creating a new organization.

The same situation occurred at the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras World Heritage Site, where the outward migration of the local population was one of the main reasons for the gradual degradation of the rice-terraces.


The identification of the boundaries of a human-environment system has been a major focus of geographical studies. Manson suggested that finding the boundary requires the consideration of many aspects of nature, society and economy [17] . Buttimer asserted that the scale of a human-environment system is formed in the process of economic and social activities. A human-environment system can be classified as having four types of scales: Administratively-defined scales, functionally-defined scales, perceptually-defined scales and naturally-defined scales [18] . The four scales provide a holistic perspective from which to analyze the boundary of a human-environment system. However, the term "scale" includes a complex array of meanings, and it has proven difficult to measure in objective spatio-temporal terms. The construction of a methodology framework based on the four "scale" types, is thus needed to identify approaches for defining the boundary of a human-environment system.

Manson suggested that finding the boundary requires the consideration of many aspects of nature, society and economy.

A human-environment system can be classified as having four types of scales: Administratively-defined scales, functionally-defined scales, perceptually-defined scales and naturally-defined scales.


The term cultural landscape, however, is complex conceptually, and as yet it has no generally accepted definition, making it difficult to ascertain what constitutes the landscape to be protected and how to create an appropriate boundary. In contrast, present approaches to define the boundary of cultural landscape properties can be, and are, very uncertain and simplistic. As a result, some properties have been threatened because of unreasonable boundary demarcations [3] . For instance, in the World Heritage Sites of Borobudur Temple Compounds (Indonesia) and Angkor (Cambodia), the boundaries of the core and buffer zones are to be designed as fixed-distance areas that vary in terms of the severity of land-use restrictions [4, 5] . However, this mapping of fixed-distance measurements to identify a standardized core and buffer zone does not adequately recognize complex land-use patterns or pre-existing landscapes, or reflect residents' daily experiences and perceptions of their surrounding environment. The result is uncertain land use and an erosion of heritage values [6, 7] . The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were listed as a World Heritage Cultural Landscape in 1995, but, this was later reclassified to the World Heritage in Danger List in 2001 because of the deterioration of the terraces [8] . The boundaries of the site were simply delineated based on the boundaries of the municipalities and some villages [9, 10] . In fact, however, these villages do not exist in isolation, but are tied to other adjacent villages for activities such as irrigation and resource management. The designated boundary of the sites thus did not conform to the perception of local people, and narrowed the protection horizon and the restoration measures [11] .

As a result, some properties have been threatened because of unreasonable boundary demarcations.

For instance, in the World Heritage Sites of Borobudur Temple Compounds (Indonesia) and Angkor (Cambodia), the boundaries of the core and buffer zones are to be designed as fixed-distance areas that vary in terms of the severity of land-use restrictions.

The result is uncertain land use and an erosion of heritage values.

The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were listed as a World Heritage Cultural Landscape in 1995, but, this was later reclassified to the World Heritage in Danger List in 2001 because of the deterioration of the terraces.

The boundaries of the site were simply delineated based on the boundaries of the municipalities and some villages.

The designated boundary of the sites thus did not conform to the perception of local people, and narrowed the protection horizon and the restoration measures.


During the period of "Eight-five project" from 1985, the growing rate of consumption is far greater than the increasing rate of resident's income and keeps growing in the following years (Figure 2) . On the other hand, people's deposit amount has reached RMB 3.9 trillions Yuan, which means the potential purchase power will be strong in the consumer markets (Figure 2) . However, China went through 5000 years of feudal culture, thirty years of closed-suffering life of communism, and modernization through reform to use liberal policy to pursue substantial civilization. The transitions of culture, institution, and mental perception, have great impacts on Chinese people's values, consumer conceptions and even on consumer behavior [18] . Therefore, foreign traders who are planning to enter the Chinese market need to understand the intrinsic values of Chinese culture, consumer perception and behavior to make the foundations of their marketing strategies and plans.

The transitions of culture, institution, and mental perception, have great impacts on Chinese people's values, consumer conceptions and even on consumer behavior.


The lifestyle segmentation results presented in this study have identified three customer groups, each with different lifestyle characteristics, product quality perceptions and purchase intentions. The analytical results provide trademark holders with a valuable source of information for developing effective strategies to retain existing customers and attract new ones. The gray market has been increasingly active in China since 1979, forcing trademark holders to respond by promoting their after-sales services. However, experience has shown that this strategy has low reliability [2] . Therefore, applying a market segmentation approach and developing product differentiation strategies should be considered by trademark holders to attract customers and build customer loyalty.

However, experience has shown that this strategy has low reliability.


Historical records of using different parts of plants such as, root, stem and seed for making clear water is related to Sanskrit book which says more than 4000 years ago Indians used seeds of Nirmali tree for making clear water from turbid water of the rivers. In many countries of the world using artificial polymers as coagulant and coagulant aid have been forbidden because of bad effects on human health [12, 13, 15, 16] . This research studies the application of P.ovata as a coagulant aid. In addition, because of lack of comprehensive studies concerning elimination of turbidity with P.ovata as a coagulant aid and also in accompany with coagulant Ferric Chloride.

In many countries of the world using artificial polymers as coagulant and coagulant aid have been forbidden because of bad effects on human health.


Future research must build on the current findings to construct a new scale, the HR-SWB-5D (five domains), by specifying one or two questions for each of the five core dimensions. Subsequently, the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the new scale have to be assessed. To be useful as an instrument for cost-effectiveness studies in health economics, it is necessary to derive a utility score (a so-called tariff) for each possible health state of the HR-SWB-5D on a scale ranging from 0 to 1, generally defined as death and perfect health, respectively [39] [40] [41] [42] . We argue that these efforts would improve the validity of economic evaluations, and, in the long run, enable allocation of inevitably limited financial resources for health care interventions to be better aligned with stakeholders' perceptions of intervention effectiveness.

To be useful as an instrument for cost-effectiveness studies in health economics, it is necessary to derive a utility score (a so-called tariff) for each possible health state of the HR-SWB-5D on a scale ranging from 0 to 1, generally defined as death and perfect health, respectively.


Wastewaters with high concentration of these organic compounds can be treated mainly by physicochemical processes such as Fenton's reagent, ozonation, UV, and H 2 O 2 treatment. But these methods are costly and in-appropriate for large wastewater volumes [16] . Biological treatment is considering as alternative to physicochemical processes due to low associated costs [17] . Numerous aerobic bacteria are capable of using phenolic compounds as the sole carbon and energy sources [18] . Biodegradation of phenol by Pseudomonas putida have been conducted by various authors due to its better removal efficiency [19] . Recently, consideration has been directed towards to find out new microorganisms which have high potential to remove toxic compounds. In this study, degradation pattern of nine different toxic compounds was evaluated using a newly isolated Bacillus sp. CYR2. Further, the effect of inoculum size on the growth of Bacillus sp. CY2, and degradation of various toxic compounds was assessed. Furthermore, the growth pattern of the strain CYR2 at 4% inoculum size was compared with acetate which is a non-toxic compound.

But these methods are costly and in-appropriate for large wastewater volumes.

Biological treatment is considering as alternative to physicochemical processes due to low associated costs.

Numerous aerobic bacteria are capable of using phenolic compounds as the sole carbon and energy sources.

Biodegradation of phenol by Pseudomonas putida have been conducted by various authors due to its better removal efficiency.


Translocation is an inherent part of any captive breeding program. A translocation is the deliberate human-mediated movement of organisms between populations. Such translocations include movement between wild populations, movement from wild to captive populations (capture or collection), and movement from captive to wild populations (reintroduction or release). Captive breeding involves translocating individuals, either to remove them from the threats they face in the wild, or, if captive breeding is successful, to attempt their reintroduction (Ebenhard 1995) .

Captive breeding involves translocating individuals, either to remove them from the threats they face in the wild, or, if captive breeding is successful, to attempt their reintroduction.


In this work, PMMA composites with a mixture of exfoliated and intercalated MMT nanoparticles were prepared in weight ratios of 100/0, 100/5 and 100/10 of PMMA/MMT. The nanocomposites were characterized by various methods of material analysis such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The dielectric complex permittivity of the samples was measured at a voltage of 1 V (typical for measurements with the Novocontrol Alpha-A dielectric spectrometer), over a frequency range from 10 −2 to 10 6 Hz, at temperatures from 30 to 140 °C. The dielectric relaxations and low-frequency conduction of the nanocomposites often merge together over certain frequency and temperature ranges. In order to separate individual relaxations from low-frequency conduction, a sum of Havriliak-Negami (HN) functions were applied in order to elucidate the frequency-dependence of the polymer molecular relaxations (α-and β-) and the MWS relaxation, and a power-law relation was used to describe the low-frequency conduction [17] . The effects of MMT content on the molecular dynamics and polarization of the nanocomposites were then analyzed.

In order to separate individual relaxations from low-frequency conduction, a sum of Havriliak-Negami (HN) functions were applied in order to elucidate the frequency-dependence of the polymer molecular relaxations (α-and β-) and the MWS relaxation, and a power-law relation was used to describe the low-frequency conduction.


Current statistical methods for fMRI data analysis tend to focus on localising areas of the brain where the response changes between two experimental conditions. The output is a classification in which each voxel is deemed active or inactive in processing the difference between the stimuli or tasks. A careful choice of experimental conditions will enable a localisation of the neurons involved in processing precise brain functions. There are two limitations to purely focusing on localising brain activity (Genovese, 2000) . Firstly, fMRI data is correlated in space and time due to the underlying biological process and the measurement technique. For example, we would expect some correlation between voxels containing neurons performing similar tasks. Similarly the haemodynamic response will be influenced by a voxel's proximity to major blood vessels, the location of which is unknown. Secondly, localisation does not inform the experimenter about changes in the response between trials or the temporal dynamics of the process.

There are two limitations to purely focusing on localising brain activity.


Devising a model which allows more complicated variation between trials greatly increases the number of parameters. For example, an alternative extension of the FIR model is to estimate an HRF for each trial but constrain the estimate to lie in a neighbourhood of the original HRF estimate using non-linear optimisation techniques (Lu et al., 2005) . Another approach is to model the response to each trial using splines with parameters for lags and amplitudes (Genovese, 2000) . This model is very flexible and, if prior distributions are specified for the parameters, the posterior distribution can be maximised or sampled from using MCMC.

For example, an alternative extension of the FIR model is to estimate an HRF for each trial but constrain the estimate to lie in a neighbourhood of the original HRF estimate using non-linear optimisation techniques.

Another approach is to model the response to each trial using splines with parameters for lags and amplitudes.


Over the past two decades, a number of electrical load monitoring methods have been developed [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Fig. 1 shows an example of measured power consumption data of each home appliance and their total power consumption profiles. In order to obtain these profiles, two main approaches can be chosen: Intrusive Load Monitoring (ILM) and Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). The ILM needs separate measured data of power consumption profiles of each electrical appliance. Many sensors and channels are therefore necessary to gather each of them. It gives accuracy of the information. However, it needs more time and high costs in order to install and maintain the measuring equipment and devices [4] [5] .

Over the past two decades, a number of electrical load monitoring methods have been developed.

It gives accuracy of the information.

However, it needs more time and high costs in order to install and maintain the measuring equipment and devices.


Development of renewable energy and communication technologies bring a new era of Smart Grid. Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and Home Area Network (HAN) are one of the Smart Grid technologies. They are applied in a residential building sector to provide intelligent power metering service to home occupants. Before these technologies existed, the power metering had been mostly oriented to electricity suppliers. By acquiring and estimating information of energy consumption and demand of home occupants, the suppliers can improve reliability, security, and efficiency of their service [1] [2] .

By acquiring and estimating information of energy consumption and demand of home occupants, the suppliers can improve reliability, security, and efficiency of their service.


However, as the infrastructure of user level's monitoring service by AMI and HAN is established, the users are more available to access to the information of their energy consumption. For example, the information can be sent to monitoring devices which are closed to the users, such as a computer monitor, a television, or a cell phone. Then, it makes the users can recognize their energy consumption as well as knowledge on performance of their electrical appliances. Moreover, it provides awareness of energy consumption to the users and leads them to act useful feedbacks in order to reduce their energy consumption [3] .

Moreover, it provides awareness of energy consumption to the users and leads them to act useful feedbacks in order to reduce their energy consumption.


If more memories are found, the patient is asked to choose the ten most painful ones. This way of processing is supported by clinical experience showing that these memories are most likely to reveal traumatic experiences. The patient is also requested to determine the approximate age of each event as much as possible and then rank the memories chronologically. If a memory triggers an emotion which is too painful to be put into words (shame, etc.), the patient may simply mention its existence, without broaching its content in order to avoid deepening the discomfort or suffering. Whilst this first exploratory step can be completed alone or with the psychologist, the rest of the PEI fits into a containing and reassuring clinical relationship in order to ease the oral expression of the memories and to avoid all risks of re-traumatisation. The clinician must be able to assess the patient's capacity to take on board his/her sufferings, in order to make the measures as therapeutic and suited as possible. In accordance with the modulation model of the neurophysiologic activation, the goal is to respect as much as possible the patient's window of tolerance [6] [7] . This can be perceived as a continuum going from under-activation (numbness of thought and affect) to emotional hyper reactivity. When the patient is far from these two extremes, his/her capacity to assimilate is preserved as well as his/her psychological balance.

In accordance with the modulation model of the neurophysiologic activation, the goal is to respect as much as possible the patient's window of tolerance.


EMDR was used with 210 patients within the framework of our psychotherapeutic practice. For each one of them, a "trauma mapping" was carried out. It consists in identifying memories which are painful, heavy, or numbing for the patient. These memories are then subject to desensitisation and reprocessing by eye movement and/or by alternating bilateral stimulation. The aim here is to identify what needs to be treated in accordance with the cognitive, emotional, behavioural and interpersonal consequences of the psychological traumas. This pragmatic approach has regularly revealed strong links which encompasses the traumatic life experience, the negative cognitions, identity construction and the psycho-pathological entity from which the patients suffer. Psychotraumatic Evaluation of Identity (PEI) is based on this analysis and has started to be worthy of interest in the framework of research in clinical and pathological psychology [3] - [5] .

Psychotraumatic Evaluation of Identity (PEI) is based on this analysis and has started to be worthy of interest in the framework of research in clinical and pathological psychology.


The theory of fractal strings has been developed over the past years by Lapidus and co-workers in a series of papers [22, 23] . A standard fractal string is a bounded open subset of the real number line. Such a set is a disjoint union of open intervals, the lengths of which form a sequence  = { i } ∞ i=1 which we typically assume to be infinite [23] .

The theory of fractal strings has been developed over the past years by Lapidus and co-workers in a series of papers.

Such a set is a disjoint union of open intervals, the lengths of which form a sequence  = { i } ∞ i=1 which we typically assume to be infinite.


Literature has clearly established that children from larger size households are more likely to engage in economic activities [10, 23] . The association between large household size and children's occupational activity in this study confirms the findings of earlier studies. The possible explanation for this is that a larger household size reduces the income available for each member of the household, thereby increasing the chances of a child participating in economic activities especially in paid work. The increased risk observed for engagement of children in economic activities in the presence of a working sibling requires more research as such findings have not been documented in other local studies. This relationship could be further explored in future studies.

Literature has clearly established that children from larger size households are more likely to engage in economic activities.


According to different authors, increasing the interest for educational and social activities and for ecotourism and alternative food networks should be considered opportunities for farms also even if they do not necessarily increase their rural economy directly [2] [3] [4] 42] . Concerning our study, focusing on local food demand and on the lack of awareness of food quality perceived, the exploitation of the proximity to the urban-based consumers, demanding of high-value and suitable products, represent for the direct transforming of these primary products and the direct selling, opportunities for peri-urban farmers. In fact, the proximity to urban areas linked to urban demand for multiple functions and services, for example, quality food, natural elements, rural network, didactic and recreation spaces represent important incentives to peri-urban farmers to carry out new activities beyond commodity production. In this context, landscape-labelling approach should be considered as an opportunity for farmers and a challenge for integrated landscape planning and management in peri-urban areas [43] .

According to different authors, increasing the interest for educational and social activities and for ecotourism and alternative food networks should be considered opportunities for farms also even if they do not necessarily increase their rural economy directly.

In this context, landscape-labelling approach should be considered as an opportunity for farmers and a challenge for integrated landscape planning and management in peri-urban areas.


In this review, we summarize current progress on research field of EVs for DDS application. Conventional NPs were believed as "magic bullet" to deliver drugs to diseased site with minimized side-effects, but unfortunately, efficient drug delivery has not yet been entirely achieved [6, 7] . Many researchers and we believe that applying EVs as DDS can be a breakthrough of drug delivery. Therefore, much efforts so far been made to realize DDS utilizing EVs. In the table 2, we summarized the therapeutic application of EVs as DDS. Some EV-mediated drugs are used in clinical trials, however, we are still facing problems discussed in this review. Particularly, mass-scale production and drug loading are the bottleneck for the application of EVs as DDS. As mentioned above, large amounts of source for EVs should be obtained at reasonable cost. Furthermore, as achieved in liposomes or other DDS nanocarriers, drug loading method should be rationally designed to efficiently encapsulate therapeutic molecules into EVs. Other two factors, including the targeting and pharmacokinetics are also important for the drug delivery by EVs. Technologies used in conventional nanocarriers, such as ligand conjugation or PEGylation are well-established in NP-mediated drug delivery. It is expected that these technologies contribute to the improvement of targeting efficiency and pharmacokinetics of EVs. Furthermore, understanding the biology of EVs will prompt the EV-mediated delivery as promising platform for forthcoming DDS.

Conventional NPs were believed as "magic bullet" to deliver drugs to diseased site with minimized side-effects, but unfortunately, efficient drug delivery has not yet been entirely achieved.


Higher serum IgE levels and current smoking were also found to be independently associated with higher blood eosinophil counts in asthmatics. Moreover, in atopic asthmatic patients, blood eosinophil counts in ex-smokers were significantly higher than in neversmokers irrespective of age, indicating a potential role of ex-smoking in higher blood eosinophil counts in atopic asthmatics. Only one study to date has examined the association between blood eosinophil proportions and smoking in asthma. In contrast to our study, Sunyer and colleagues reported that current smoking might attenuate eosinophilic inflammation in patients with asthma [8] . In their study, however, they examined relatively young patients in their thirties that had low average blood eosinophil proportions ranging from 2.58 to 2.91%. Consequently, their findings are not easily comparable to those of our study.

In contrast to our study, Sunyer and colleagues reported that current smoking might attenuate eosinophilic inflammation in patients with asthma.


Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency with severe consequences especially in elderly with other co-morbidities [1] . SE has a bimodal distribution with the highest incidence in children < 1 year and adults older than 60 years [2, 3] . Generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) is the most common and life-threatening type of SE with an overall mortality of around 20%. Mortality is higher in the elderly being 30%-70% [4, 5] .

Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency with severe consequences especially in elderly with other co-morbidities.

SE has a bimodal distribution with the highest incidence in children < 1 year and adults older than 60 years.

Mortality is higher in the elderly being 30%-70%.


REEs overall exhibit very similar chemical properties and are generally considered to be resistant to fractionation in supracrustal environments. These characteristics, coupled with their low solubilities, allow REE distributions to be used as a fingerprinting tool to help identify the parental material of altered surficial crustal rocks (Nance and Taylor, 1977; Wildeman and Condie, 1973) . However, mobilization and fractionation of the REEs can occur during surface alteration of rocks (Nesbitt, 1979) .

These characteristics, coupled with their low solubilities, allow REE distributions to be used as a fingerprinting tool to help identify the parental material of altered surficial crustal rocks.

However, mobilization and fractionation of the REEs can occur during surface alteration of rocks.


Environmental quality in living space refers to the provision of visual comfort, acoustical comfort, thermal comfort, and acceptable indoor air quality for its occupant [10] . Hence the evaluation of human comfort in a living space may be broken down into relevant comfort factors. These comfort factors may be relevant to achieve the desired comfortable level of living.

Environmental quality in living space refers to the provision of visual comfort, acoustical comfort, thermal comfort, and acceptable indoor air quality for its occupant.


Generally speaking, there are two ways to increase agricultural production: (1) bring new land under cultivation, and/or (2) increase agricultural productivity on existing croplands. Approximately one half of all land suitable for growing crops has already been cultivated [4] . However, much of the remaining land suitable for expanding agriculture rests under tropical rainforests in South America, Central Africa and South East Asia, lands rich in both stored carbon and biodiversity [4] . There is increasing concern that growing demand for biofuels will encourage land conversion in tropical forests, which in turn may lead to large net increases in the release of carbon into the atmosphere [5] [6] [7] [8] . To help alleviate this concern, the US EPA and other countries have included life-cycle GHG reduction requirements in national biofuel policies, but it remains to be seen how effectively indirect landuse change will be addressed [9] . Given the issues associated with further agricultural expansion, this study addresses the second option, potential pathways for increasing productivity on existing croplands.

Approximately one half of all land suitable for growing crops has already been cultivated.

However, much of the remaining land suitable for expanding agriculture rests under tropical rainforests in South America, Central Africa and South East Asia, lands rich in both stored carbon and biodiversity.

There is increasing concern that growing demand for biofuels will encourage land conversion in tropical forests, which in turn may lead to large net increases in the release of carbon into the atmosphere.

To help alleviate this concern, the US EPA and other countries have included life-cycle GHG reduction requirements in national biofuel policies, but it remains to be seen how effectively indirect landuse change will be addressed.


In previous contributions, it has been shown that forecast of concentration levels of PM10 may be possible by using other techniques such as neural networks and various fuzzy clustering algorithms [2] . However, there are other harmful particles such as Ozone and Nitrogen dioxide, making it essential to accurately model the nonlinear behavior of the system, by designing a more robust model with an enhanced method to reduce the error between the raw data and the model. For this reason, support vector machines (SVM) are chosen for this work. In this appraisal, the non-lineal behavior will be modeled using support vector machines working in regression mode.

In previous contributions, it has been shown that forecast of concentration levels of PM10 may be possible by using other techniques such as neural networks and various fuzzy clustering algorithms.


In recent times, urban air pollution has been a growing problem especially for urban communities. Size, shape and chemical properties govern the lifetime of particles in the atmosphere and the site of deposition within the respiratory tract. Health effects differ upon the size of airborne particulates [1] . In this contribution, PM10 (particles less or equal than 10 micrometers) and PM2.5 (particles less or equal than 2.5 micrometers), Ozone and Nitrogen dioxide are considered due to its effect on human health. This is the primary reason why this research has been done: to monitor, and model the levels and spread of harmful particles in urban environments.

Health effects differ upon the size of airborne particulates.


The tendential equalization of industrial return rates attracts interest in economics both for theoretical and policy reasons. Prices of production (PP) are those that are charged under equal industrial profit rates (Sraffa, 1960) . If this condition was empirically verified, then it would be possible to use PP to analyse real economies and infer policy implications. On the other hand, if industrial profit rates did not have any tendency towards equalization, then it would be necessary to analyse the reasons underlying their heterogeneous paths, a consequence of the absence of arbitrage among different industries.

Prices of production (PP) are those that are charged under equal industrial profit rates.


So we use a very simple linear PD control loop to apply torque at the skaters ankle, and we also consider the reflex delay of human control. The stability analysis of the rectilinear motion is investigated analytically, and a case study is presented to emphasize the physical meaning of the results. Let us note here, other control models can better represent the higher-frequency behavior (for example McRuer approach [9] ). This phenomenon can be investigated in further researches after this paper.

Let us note here, other control models can better represent the higher-frequency behavior (for example McRuer approach).


The presented stability charts can also explain the loss of stability at high speed. The stable parameter domain of the control gains reduces and its location tends towards the origin as the speed increases. As a consequence, the skater must decrease the control gains, which can enlarge the effects of the dead-zones of the human control. Clearly, the skater cannot apply close to zero control torque and cannot even sense very small tilting angles of the board. In human balancing models, the existences of dead-zones are also suspected as the reason of micro-chaotic and transient-chaotic vibrations around linearly unstable equilibrium with large surviving times [8] .

In human balancing models, the existences of dead-zones are also suspected as the reason of micro-chaotic and transient-chaotic vibrations around linearly unstable equilibrium with large surviving times.


In this paper, a mechanical model of the skateboard is constructed in which human control is taken into account. We can say, that the skater wants to control his angle by a torque at his ankle, what is produced by muscles. This is an usual approach in modeling of human control, when we model the human as a robot, what is able to act with forces and torques [6, 8] .

This is an usual approach in modeling of human control, when we model the human as a robot, what is able to act with forces and torques.