The strategy selected to achieve this objective involved the development of models of Soldieroperator functions and tasks via the Improved Performance Research Integration Tool (IMPRINT). The IMPRINT models helped to identify the frequency at which workload levels exceeded a specified threshold, the tasks that contributed most often to these workload peaks, and the mental resources for which concurrent tasks competed. Interviews were conducted with experienced vehicle commanders and gunners to discuss suspected problem areas and potential solutions that might reduce workload and enhance situational awareness (SA). Questionnaires were also administered to derive a prioritized list of critical information requirements (CIRs). Candidate solutions related to the design of the information display were identified based on principles of attention management (Wickens & Hollands, 2000) . This study is one of a series of investigations designed to evaluate these potential solutions and a first step in iterative analyses (i.e., modeling and experimentation), which will be performed to assess the effects of these interventions on SA and decision cycle time.

Candidate solutions related to the design of the information display were identified based on principles of attention management.


It is the task of the reconstruction algorithm to determine an image of the contents of the vessel from these limited measurements [4] . The standard reconstruction technique is linear back-projection. However, this technique is flawed and errors in the reconstruction occur due to the 'soft-field' effect [5] . This paper will examine the use of a neural network as an alternative image reconstruction technique.

It is the task of the reconstruction algorithm to determine an image of the contents of the vessel from these limited measurements.

However, this technique is flawed and errors in the reconstruction occur due to the 'soft-field' effect.


Climate variables and density dependent factors are well known to influence insect population dynamics (both development and migration). Many other biological variables that influence insect populations are also affected by these variables (Worner 1998) . Climate data has been used successfully over many years in phenological models to predict timing of insect life cycle events, but traditional population models that predict insect population densities have been less successful (Worner 1998) . The objective of this study was to develop a model using neural networks, capable of predicting the number of aphids and timing of aphid flights in Lincoln, Canterbury, using historical climatic and aphid flight data.

Many other biological variables that influence insect populations are also affected by these variables.

Climate data has been used successfully over many years in phenological models to predict timing of insect life cycle events, but traditional population models that predict insect population densities have been less successful.


Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) administration produces pathological changes not only in liver but also in different organs [12] . The exposure to CCl 4 showed significant alterations in the lipolytic activities of liver, adipose tissue and kidney [13] . CCl 4 induces oxidative stress via the production of free peroxy radicals and lipoperoxides thereby damaging proteins, DNA and lipids [14] . The involvement of free radical-mediated oxidative process in the development of CCl 4 hepatotoxicity is well established [15] . It was reported that impairment of hepatic antioxidant status is associated with a substantial heaptocellular damage induced by CCl 4 [16] . GSH is a crucial determinant of tissue susceptibility to oxidative damage, and the depletion of hepatic GSH content was shown to be associated with the enhanced toxicity of chemicals including CCl 4 [17] .

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) administration produces pathological changes not only in liver but also in different organs.

The exposure to CCl 4 showed significant alterations in the lipolytic activities of liver, adipose tissue and kidney.

CCl 4 induces oxidative stress via the production of free peroxy radicals and lipoperoxides thereby damaging proteins, DNA and lipids.

The involvement of free radical-mediated oxidative process in the development of CCl 4 hepatotoxicity is well established.

It was reported that impairment of hepatic antioxidant status is associated with a substantial heaptocellular damage induced by CCl 4.

GSH is a crucial determinant of tissue susceptibility to oxidative damage, and the depletion of hepatic GSH content was shown to be associated with the enhanced toxicity of chemicals including CCl 4.


For skin contact with hot media, the following physical influencing variables are decisive criteria for the risk of injury: contact temperature, duration of contact, material and type of surface [21] . Beginning with the starting time of the contact between two solid bodies of different but constant temperatures, both bodies have the same temperature in the contact surface, which remains constant for some time, called contact temperature. Physically, it is clearly defined by the starting temperatures of the hot and cold bodies as well as the thermal conductivities, specific densities and specific heat capacities of both bodies, provided that they are "semi-infinite" bodies.

For skin contact with hot media, the following physical influencing variables are decisive criteria for the risk of injury: contact temperature, duration of contact, material and type of surface.


In this paper we present a pattern-scaling set, consisting of spatially explicit climate change patterns and EBM calibration parameters, which together represent 22 GCMs of the WCRP CMIP3 database (Meehl et al., 2007a) . This dataset extends the use of the IMOGEN climate-impact assessment tool to scan across uncertainty in climate models. Despite relying on a set of simple assumptions, the tool can capture a significant part of the predicted changes in surface climatology. Terrestrial ecosystem response studies have used this modelling framework to gain new insights into how the land surface component of the Earth system functions. A new version of the pattern-scaling set, based on the CMIP5 dataset, will build on those available here.

In this paper we present a pattern-scaling set, consisting of spatially explicit climate change patterns and EBM calibration parameters, which together represent 22 GCMs of the WCRP CMIP3 database.


Most economists would probably assume that exchange rate variability couldn't have a significant impact on labor markets, given that the link between exchange rate variability and the volume of trade is known to be weak. However, we would argue that there are some qualifications to such a conclusion: in developing countries the level and variability of the exchange rate may be more important than in developed countries. There are several reasons why exchange rate volatility could have a strong negative impact on emerging economies and, hence, may constitute the basis for the fear of large exchange rate swings (Calvo and Reinhart, 2000) .

There are several reasons why exchange rate volatility could have a strong negative impact on emerging economies and, hence, may constitute the basis for the fear of large exchange rate swings.


This paper introduces a novel control approach for this closed-loop drug delivery problem based on a Robust Multiple-Model Adaptive Control (RMMAC) architecture [9] . RMMAC adopts modern control engineering techniques such as µ synthesis for controller design and Kalman filtering for system estimation in order to ensure Figure 1 . Block diagram of the patient model. T is the pure delay parameter; τ 1 = 50s, τ 2 = 30s, τ 3 = 10s are the time constants of the first-order LTI subsystems; α is the recirculation parameter; K is patient sensitivity.

This paper introduces a novel control approach for this closed-loop drug delivery problem based on a Robust Multiple-Model Adaptive Control (RMMAC) architecture.

Block diagram of the patient model.


Patients undergoing major surgery (especially cardiovascular surgery) may experience episodes of acute blood pressure elevation during the intra-and postoperative periods. Such episodes may last between a few minutes and several hours and involve a hightened risk of complications for the patient, such as cardiovascular or cerebrovascular accidents. Careful management of acute hypertension is therefore required and is generally achieved by infusion of suitable vasoactive drugs by clinical operators [1] .

Careful management of acute hypertension is therefore required and is generally achieved by infusion of suitable vasoactive drugs by clinical operators.


Due to considerable variability in drug sensitivity among patients and even for the same patient over time, the correct infusion rate cannot be determined a priori and dose titration is required. This is a tedious and time consuming task for clinical personnel, and manual titration can be imprecise. In this context, the development of a closed-loop system capable of automatically adjusting the drug infusion rate to maintain a patient's mean arterial pressure (MAP) within a prescribed range would represent a valuable contribution to medical technology [2] . The benefits of such a system would be an improvement in patient outcomes by reducing the likelihood of complications, removing the risk of human errors, and the possibility of allocating human resources to more critical tasks.

In this context, the development of a closed-loop system capable of automatically adjusting the drug infusion rate to maintain a patient's mean arterial pressure (MAP) within a prescribed range would represent a valuable contribution to medical technology.


With regard to CMOS-MEMS technology, it has been developed over the past decade. Monolithic integration of microdevices with electronics can not only lower manufacturing cost but also minimize total systems. The parasitic resistance and capacitance associated with the interconnection between the MEMS devices and electronics can also be reduced. It is conductive to enhance electrical signal quality and improve system performance. A famous example is the digital micromirror device (DMD) made by Texas Instruments [23] .

A famous example is the digital micromirror device (DMD) made by Texas Instruments.


The significant impact of local factors on the soil environment in the area of the southern and eastern Baltic Sea coast was strongly confirmed by the results of the Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc mean rank multiple comparison (Fig. 2) . The obtained data proved the statistical significance of the selected soil parameters in the differentiation of the study areas, which did not correspond to their location in the salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea open surface waters (nor to coastal water properties - Table 1 ). Characteristics related to salinity (EC a , EC e and SAR) were one of the most important criteria differentiating the soils at sites located in the four Baltic Sea regions in Germany (G), Poland (PS, PG) and Estonia (E). In showing correlation between typical species (of over 10 % of fit into ordination space) and significant environmental variables (p < 0.05). EC e -electrical conductivity of the soil saturated paste extract. SARsodium adsorption ratio, E h -redox potential, M -actual soil moisture, pH a -actual pH, hay/pasture -hay or pasture lands, not used -abandoned places. Species abbreviations cover three letters of genus name and three letters of species name. Full species names and names of circled vegetation clusters as in Fig. 3 addition, the unique combination of environmental factors in the Estonian coastal zone may contribute to very high soil salinity (EC e > 30 dS•m 1 ) and sodicity (SAR >20). The coastal flat plains in this region are developed from marine sediments overlaying glacial tills, which are a barrier to the vertical infiltration of saline water (Kalm and Kadastik 2001) . In some cases, their long-term stagnation on poorly permeable layers and intensive evaporation, mostly during the summer season, can cause a very high increase in the salt concentration (EC up to 76 dS•m −1 ) (Hulisz et al. 2011) . Taking into account the brackish character of the Baltic sea waters, that phenomenon should be considered as very rare and untypical.

The coastal flat plains in this region are developed from marine sediments overlaying glacial tills, which are a barrier to the vertical infiltration of saline water.

In some cases, their long-term stagnation on poorly permeable layers and intensive evaporation, mostly during the summer season, can cause a very high increase in the salt concentration (EC up to 76 dS•m −1 ).


Nonetheless, the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that reducing CCTV system costs, the most expensive aspect of the experimental strategy, by 25 % failed to generate significant cost benefits for any individual CJ System component. Conversely, increasing CCTV System costs by 25 % generated overwhelming support against the use of the CCTV Directed Patrol strategy. Therefore, we conclude that agencies with existing CCTV infrastructure stand to gain much more from adopting the CCTV Directed Patrol strategy than other agencies. Agencies absent CCTV may want to consider whether funds would be better allocated towards alternate strategies. This study also suggests the possibility for creating a cost-sharing model across the criminal justice system. Crime reductions generated by the CCTV Directed Patrol strategy, a police-led operation, provided cost benefits for the CJ System. This suggests that governments can consider re-allocating funds to police agencies to offset expenses of crime control strategies when said strategies have the potential to benefit the entire CJ System. Indeed, prior research has demonstrated that shifting resources from imprisonment to police-led crime prevention strategies would greatly enhance crime prevention efforts (Durlauf and Nagin 2011) . We recognize that the reduction of one agency's budget to directly increase another's may be a controversial proposition in the current fiscal climate. Thus, we repeat our call for caution from the prior paragraph if a cost sharing model is not feasible.

Indeed, prior research has demonstrated that shifting resources from imprisonment to police-led crime prevention strategies would greatly enhance crime prevention efforts.


Interest in quantifying the amount of black carbon (BC) in terrestrial (soil) and aquatic (lacustrine and marine) environments has grown over the last decade given the potential implications that the presence of this material can have on biogeochemical processes. BC is terrestrial in origin and produced by the incomplete combustion of vegetation or fossil fuels (Goldberg, 1985) . BC exists in a continuum of forms ranging from partially altered plant materials that survive combustion through to small submicron particles that form by the condensation of gaseous reaction products released during the combustion process (Schmidt and Noack, 2000; Glaser et al., 2001b) . Many terms have been used to describe these products of combustion including char, charcoal, soot, graphitic carbon, and BC (Jones et al., 1997) . In this study, the terms black carbon (BC), char and soot will be used to describe respectively the entire continuum of thermally altered organic matter, the thermally altered residue remaining after incomplete combustion of vegetation, and the products of gaseous condensation reactions.

BC is terrestrial in origin and produced by the incomplete combustion of vegetation or fossil fuels.

BC exists in a continuum of forms ranging from partially altered plant materials that survive combustion through to small submicron particles that form by the condensation of gaseous reaction products released during the combustion process.

Many terms have been used to describe these products of combustion including char, charcoal, soot, graphitic carbon, and BC.


In recent years, the internet has become one of the most prominent teaching tools and it has been amalgamated into educational settings to better engage students in learning. When adopted and integrated into learning and teaching properly, the internet may help to change the traditional teaching methods into more modern approach. An increasing number of teachers are involved in internet-integrated instruction in view of living in the digital era and teaching contemporary students (Fischer, 1999) . Accordingly, it has attracted the attention of foreign language teachers, particularly in terms of integrating the internet into the curricula and courses since the web presents concurrent resources of cultural information and authentic materials in the target language (Lee, 2000) .

An increasing number of teachers are involved in internet-integrated instruction in view of living in the digital era and teaching contemporary students.

Accordingly, it has attracted the attention of foreign language teachers, particularly in terms of integrating the internet into the curricula and courses since the web presents concurrent resources of cultural information and authentic materials in the target language.


In this paper, a TSK-type quantum neural fuzzy network (TQNFN) was proposed for temperature control application. The TQNFN model is a five-layer structure. In the hidden layer, quantum function neurons are adopted. The proposed learning algorithm uses the self-clustering algorithm (SCA) to perform structure learning and the backpropagation algorithm to perform parameter learning. Finally, computer simulation results have shown that the proposed TQNFN controller has better performance than that of other methods. The error curves of TQNFN controller and SCFNN controller [8] .

The error curves of TQNFN controller and SCFNN controller.


The concept of fuzzy logic and artificial neural network for control problem has been grown into a popular research topic in recent years [1] - [3] . The reason is that the classical control theory usually requires a mathematical model for designing the controller. The inaccuracy of mathematical modeling of the plants usually degrades the performance of the controller, especially for nonlinear and complex control problems [4] . On the contrary, the fuzzy logic controller (FLC's) and the artificial neural network controller, they offer a key advantage over traditional adaptive control systems. That is, they do not require mathematical models of the plants. The traditional neural networks can learn from data and feedback, but the meaning associated with each neuron and each weight in the network is not easily understood. Alternatively, the fuzzy logical models are easy to appreciate, because it uses linguistic terms and the structure of if-then rules. However, as compared with the neural networks, learning ability is lack of fuzzy logic. In contrast to the pure neural network or fuzzy system, the neural fuzzy network representations have emerged as a powerful approach to the solution of many problems [5] - [9] .

The concept of fuzzy logic and artificial neural network for control problem has been grown into a popular research topic in recent years.

The inaccuracy of mathematical modeling of the plants usually degrades the performance of the controller, especially for nonlinear and complex control problems.

In contrast to the pure neural network or fuzzy system, the neural fuzzy network representations have emerged as a powerful approach to the solution of many problems.


Whey, a by-product from the cheese and curd manufacturing, was once considered a waste product. However, as stricter environmental laws were approved and more attention was given to its benefits, whey has become a new source of functional ingredients [1] . Whey proteins correspond to about 18-20% of the total milk proteins and its major components are b-Lactoglobulin (bLg), a-Lactalbumin (a-La), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immunoglobulin (Ig), representing, 50%, 20%, 10% and 10% of the whey fraction, respectively [2] . Besides these, whey contains numerous minor proteins, such as lactoferrin (LF), lactoperoxidase (LPO), proteose peptone (PP), osteopontin (OPN), lizozyme (LZ), among others [3] . Table 1 presents the main characteristics and functions of each of the main proteins present in whey.

However, as stricter environmental laws were approved and more attention was given to its benefits, whey has become a new source of functional ingredients.

Whey proteins correspond to about 18-20% of the total milk proteins and its major components are b-Lactoglobulin (bLg), a-Lactalbumin (a-La), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immunoglobulin (Ig), representing, 50%, 20%, 10% and 10% of the whey fraction, respectively.

Besides these, whey contains numerous minor proteins, such as lactoferrin (LF), lactoperoxidase (LPO), proteose peptone (PP), osteopontin (OPN), lizozyme (LZ), among others.


For BSA, it can be observed that the dimeric form binds more strongly to the resin than the monomeric form, since the dimer elutes later than the monomer. This result is in accordance with the study reported by Hunter and Weinbrenner [34] . This situation suggests that even apparently single-protein systems may display multicomponent competitive behavior [35] .

This result is in accordance with the study reported by Hunter and Weinbrenner.

This situation suggests that even apparently single-protein systems may display multicomponent competitive behavior.


We examine venture capitalists' incentives to manage the flow of public information to capital market participants. Specifically, in the model presented in the next section, reported earnings can be manipulated by insiders (e.g. venture capitalists) and thus may not represent the true underlying economic fundamentals of the firm (Lacker and Weinberg, 1989) . In equilibrium, venture capitalists' incentives to manipulate earnings are determined by the equity prices that follow earnings announcements. Anticipating this behavior, uninformed investors value firm equity while taking into account the (endogenous) informativeness of earnings (Holthausen and Verrecchia, 1988) . Our model predicts the informativeness of earnings to (i) be higher for non-venture capital backed firms relative to venture capital backed firms, (ii) be higher when the equity ownership of the venture capital firm is lower, and (iii) be higher when the board representation of the venture capital firm is lower.

Specifically, in the model presented in the next section, reported earnings can be manipulated by insiders (e.g. venture capitalists) and thus may not represent the true underlying economic fundamentals of the firm.

Anticipating this behavior, uninformed investors value firm equity while taking into account the (endogenous) informativeness of earnings.


Second, like pension funds, insurance companies, corporations and other institutional investors, venture capitalists own a substantial fraction of firm equity (Barry, Muscarella, and Vetsuypens, 1990) . However, venture capital funds are unique in that they are (by law) limited in life span, and exist only for a period of ten to twelve years (Gompers and Lerner, 1999; Sahlman, 1990) . Therefore, among the equity holders and other decision makers in the newly public firm, venture capitalists may be more interested in advancing short-term performance at the expense of long-term growth.

Second, like pension funds, insurance companies, corporations and other institutional investors, venture capitalists own a substantial fraction of firm equity.

However, venture capital funds are unique in that they are (by law) limited in life span, and exist only for a period of ten to twelve years.


This study was undertaken with a group of five academic colleagues working within the same Biochemical Sciences Department who appeared to have a shared philosophy of teaching and were working on the development of a new undergraduate curriculum. The group was very positive about their teaching role, and their dialogue revealed explicit trust and respect for each other and were keen to develop their pedagogic scholarship (Rowland and Myatt, 2014) . In a single-case study, we explore the use of concept mapping to not only uncover the academics' views about their teaching practice but also help them articulate their perspectives within the framework provided by the concepts of pedagogic frailty and resilience in a collaborative environment (Kinchin, 2017; Kinchin and Winstone, 2017) . We expected the discussion and development of concept maps to facilitate a greater level of pedagogic resilience in the face of a wider environment that is considered by the participants to be resistant to radical change within the teaching sphere.

The group was very positive about their teaching role, and their dialogue revealed explicit trust and respect for each other and were keen to develop their pedagogic scholarship.

In a single-case study, we explore the use of concept mapping to not only uncover the academics' views about their teaching practice but also help them articulate their perspectives within the framework provided by the concepts of pedagogic frailty and resilience in a collaborative environment.


Reinforcement of fibers is normally given surface treatments to improve their compatibility with the matrix. In order to improve fiber-matrix adhesion, various fiber surface treatments have been carried out which may result in changing surface tension and polarity through modification of fiber surface [1] . Several classes of compounds are known to promote adhesion, by chemically coupling the adhesive to the material. Silane coupling agents are one of many ingredients in commercial sizing that are applied to fibers. The chemical composition of coupling agents allows them to react with the fiber surface and forms a bridge of chemical bonds between the fiber and matrix to increase the fiber/matrix adhesion [2] . Generally, coupling agents are molecules possessing two functions. The first function is to react with OH groups of cellulose and the second is to react with functional groups of the matrix. The selection of a coupling agent that can combine both strength and toughness to a considerable degree is important for a composite material to facilitate the optimum stress transfer at the interface between fiber and matrix.

In order to improve fiber-matrix adhesion, various fiber surface treatments have been carried out which may result in changing surface tension and polarity through modification of fiber surface.

The chemical composition of coupling agents allows them to react with the fiber surface and forms a bridge of chemical bonds between the fiber and matrix to increase the fiber/matrix adhesion.


Considering their ever-growing variety and complexity, applications can be hard for users to understand. Complexity, however, should not be avoided, but rather tamed with well-designed user interfaces [42] . One key aspect of UI design is feedback, as it informs the user about the outcome of an action after it has been completed [55] . Feedback essentially provides an answer to what happened questions and has been identified as a critical step to cross the Gulf of Evaluation in Norman's Stages of Action model [43] . Feedback is widely supported by GUI toolkits, since they provide means to display both inherent feedback (e.g. the new application state that results from an user action, such as a window disappearing from the screen when closing it), and explicit feedback (e.g. error messages, such as "Username already exists" or "Invalid password").

Complexity, however, should not be avoided, but rather tamed with well-designed user interfaces.

One key aspect of UI design is feedback, as it informs the user about the outcome of an action after it has been completed.

Feedback essentially provides an answer to what happened questions and has been identified as a critical step to cross the Gulf of Evaluation in Norman's Stages of Action model.


An accurate knowledge of thermal conductivity is essential in various fields such as fluid mechanics, chemical engineering, or industrial processing of materials. But, despite numerous models, an accurate modeling of this property is still lacking especially in dense fluid mixtures [1] . On way to improve the theoretical understanding of the thermal conductivity behavior in dense fluid, as well to provide a physically based correlation, is the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on model fluids such as the widely used Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid model.

But, despite numerous models, an accurate modeling of this property is still lacking especially in dense fluid mixtures.


The most well known phenomenon of pattern formation in magnetic fluids is the Rosensweig or normal field instability. This instability can be observed for a horizontal layer of magnetic fluid (MF) with a free surface with air above. Beyond a certain threshold B c of a vertically applied homogenous magnetic induction, the surface becomes unstable and a stable pattern of peaks develops [1] . That final pattern, resulting from nonlinear interactions, is one possible state towards which the preceding most unstable linear pattern of liquid ridges can develop if a supercritical induction B sup > B c is abided [2] . The other possible state results from the decay of the liquid ridges towards the flat surface if the induction is switched from a supercritical to a subcritical value B sub [3] . With these two possible final states, the most unstable linear pattern can be considered as a metastable pattern formed by magnetic liquid ridges.

Beyond a certain threshold B c of a vertically applied homogenous magnetic induction, the surface becomes unstable and a stable pattern of peaks develops.

That final pattern, resulting from nonlinear interactions, is one possible state towards which the preceding most unstable linear pattern of liquid ridges can develop if a supercritical induction B sup > B c is abided.

The other possible state results from the decay of the liquid ridges towards the flat surface if the induction is switched from a supercritical to a subcritical value B sub.


Among the systems of interest for quantum information processing we focus on the class of bipartite optical states generated by parametric processes in nonlinear crystals. These are Gaussian states and play a crucial role in quantum information processing with continuous variables [5] [6] [7] [8] . Indeed, using single-and two-mode Gaussian states, linear optical circuits and Gaussian operations, like homodyne detection, several quantum information protocols have been implemented, including teleportation, dense coding and quantum cloning [9] . In particular, Gaussian entangled states have been successfully generated in the laboratories by type-II optical parametric oscillators (OPO) below threshold [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . In these OPO systems the parametric process underlying the dynamics is well described, at least not too close to the threshold, by bilinear Hamiltonian, thus the output states are Gaussian and they are completely characterized by the first and second moments of their quadratures, i.e. the covariance matrix.

These are Gaussian states and play a crucial role in quantum information processing with continuous variables.

Indeed, using single-and two-mode Gaussian states, linear optical circuits and Gaussian operations, like homodyne detection, several quantum information protocols have been implemented, including teleportation, dense coding and quantum cloning.

In particular, Gaussian entangled states have been successfully generated in the laboratories by type-II optical parametric oscillators (OPO) below threshold.


In quantum optics, optoelectronic properties of graphene in different situations have been subject of considerable investigations [9] [10] [11] [12] . Among these studies, the optical conductivity of graphene in the presence of a constant magnetic field for which the intra-and inter-band transitions play a significant role in optical properties of graphene has also been evaluated [13] [14] [15] . Furthermore, some resent progresses also have been made in order to study the optical QHE systems in graphene [16, 17] . Now, considering the interaction of graphene as a covering material of the defect layer of a 1D defective optical structure which might lead to an opening gap in its linear spectrum, excite motivations to seek the band-gap transmission map of the allowed circularly polarized states due to the coupling effect of the magnetic field on TE and TM polarizations [18] . Further, up to this stage, no work has reported on the emergence of the EM propagation undergoing a step-like transmission map analogous to the plateaus which is observed in the electronic QHE regime reported. Thanks to the transfer matrix method developed in in this rather fast communication based on an analytical framework for the circularly polarized defective states, for the first time in optics, the most general but explicit aspects of a step-like transmission as a function of the magnetic field in a 1D defective optical structure is addressed which could be of most interest in fast communication optics and nano-photonics Now, in photonic structures, with broken periodicity transport of light waves are capable of showing properties similar to a periodic atomic structure with defect states arising from the propagation of its electronic waves in a partial-symmetry broken lattice with a associated finite effective mass [19, 20] . In particular, defect modes propagation passing through defective photonic crystals (DPCs) with a background of forbidden transmission could be emerged just analogous to the creation of the defect energy levels in electronic systems. Interestingly, resonances for transmission are not expected to occur for defect modes and, therefore, these narrow-band propagation modes are more capable of being controlled by additional parameters introduced in the structure. Opening a gap which could be created upon the interaction of grown graphene on a substrate acting as a defect layer (D-layer) in a 1D defective structure could play a central role in the control of the circularly polarized defect modes as an additional parameter. This is because it can modulate the pattern of LLs even for a constant magnetic field. The attention should also be drawn to this point that since the D-layer is covered by graphene the tunability of the defects modes are strongly dependent on the optical conductivity of the gapped graphene [21] [22] [23] . Moreover, simple one-dimensional geometry of the structure introduced in this work, certainly, introduces a forbidden transmission background for the emerging circularly defect modes for which as it was mentioned no resonances are expected. One expects, now, different parameters affect the height and the position of defects states in the corresponding filtered background. To simulate the behavior of these defective states a new scheme for the transform matrix method is required to accept the hybrid polarization of light due to the coupling effect of the magnetic field for both linear TE and TM polarizations of surface waves in graphene. Consequently, in this situation, transitional behavior for the transmission due to distinct pattern of of LLs in graphene could be expected to be observed in the corresponding simulations for defect states in QHE regime.

In quantum optics, optoelectronic properties of graphene in different situations have been subject of considerable investigations.

Among these studies, the optical conductivity of graphene in the presence of a constant magnetic field for which the intra-and inter-band transitions play a significant role in optical properties of graphene has also been evaluated.

Furthermore, some resent progresses also have been made in order to study the optical QHE systems in graphene.

Now, considering the interaction of graphene as a covering material of the defect layer of a 1D defective optical structure which might lead to an opening gap in its linear spectrum, excite motivations to seek the band-gap transmission map of the allowed circularly polarized states due to the coupling effect of the magnetic field on TE and TM polarizations.

Thanks to the transfer matrix method developed in in this rather fast communication based on an analytical framework for the circularly polarized defective states, for the first time in optics, the most general but explicit aspects of a step-like transmission as a function of the magnetic field in a 1D defective optical structure is addressed which could be of most interest in fast communication optics and nano-photonics Now, in photonic structures, with broken periodicity transport of light waves are capable of showing properties similar to a periodic atomic structure with defect states arising from the propagation of its electronic waves in a partial-symmetry broken lattice with a associated finite effective mass.

The attention should also be drawn to this point that since the D-layer is covered by graphene the tunability of the defects modes are strongly dependent on the optical conductivity of the gapped graphene.


In quantum electronics, the quantum Hall effect (QHE) observed for low-dimensional 2D electron systems for the Hall conductance, apart from the usual quantization which is expected in the quantum physics, shows step-like transitions [1] . The key point toward observation of these step-like scheme is the existence of defect states subjecting the charge carriers of the 2D electron gas to be then strongly sensitive to the applied magnetic field [2, 3] . In 2D materials, therefore, the underlying physics behind the outer shell-electronics of the system could be reflected under Quantum Hall regime. A well-know example certainly is the recent observation of the unconventional quantum Hall effect in graphene, a 2D carbonic material packed into a honeycomb lattice for which the Hall experiment proved its massless Dirac carriers for the first time [4] [5] [6] . These massless electrons in the low energy limit are responsible for the emergence of the Dirac cones in the linear electronic spectrum of graphene and might be of interest for ultra-fast electronic transport communications. Furthermore, the interaction of the electromagnetic field with the ultra-relativistic massless electrons moving with constant velocity in graphene could be of great interest in high speed optoelectronics applications [7, 8] .

In quantum electronics, the quantum Hall effect (QHE) observed for low-dimensional 2D electron systems for the Hall conductance, apart from the usual quantization which is expected in the quantum physics, shows step-like transitions.

The key point toward observation of these step-like scheme is the existence of defect states subjecting the charge carriers of the 2D electron gas to be then strongly sensitive to the applied magnetic field.

A well-know example certainly is the recent observation of the unconventional quantum Hall effect in graphene, a 2D carbonic material packed into a honeycomb lattice for which the Hall experiment proved its massless Dirac carriers for the first time.

Furthermore, the interaction of the electromagnetic field with the ultra-relativistic massless electrons moving with constant velocity in graphene could be of great interest in high speed optoelectronics applications.


Fermentation is one of the oldest applied biotechnologies, having been used in food processing and preservation as well as beverages production for over 6000 years [8] . Biological treatments of lignocellulosic substrates include cultivation with specific fungi capable of producing a spectrum of lignin and cellulose-degrading enzymes during solid state fermentation [9] . However, forage quality and overall potential are best measured in terms of animal productivity [10] . The purpose of this study was to appraise the effects of biodegrading Enterolobium cyclocarpum with Aspergillus niger on improving its utilization by WAD sheep.

Fermentation is one of the oldest applied biotechnologies, having been used in food processing and preservation as well as beverages production for over 6000 years.

Biological treatments of lignocellulosic substrates include cultivation with specific fungi capable of producing a spectrum of lignin and cellulose-degrading enzymes during solid state fermentation.

However, forage quality and overall potential are best measured in terms of animal productivity.


The present work is focused on the latitudinal coupling observed in the stratosphere and mesosphere during the major SSW in the Arctic winter of 2003/2004 . A major SSW took place in December/January which was particularly remarkable because it consisted of a period of nearly two months of polar vortex disruption and a reversed direction of the zonal mean flow observed in the middle and lower stratosphere (Manney et al., 2005) . The purpose of the study is to examine the type of planetary waves which produce the latitudinal relationship between the dynamical regimes of high-and tropical latitudes and to clarify their forcing mechanism. The UK Met Office zonal wind data have been used to explore the latitudinal structure of the anomalies in the NH stratosphere. The mesospheric anomalies related to the major SSW in 2003/2004 have been identified in the neutral wind measurements made by eleven radars situated at high, high-middle and tropical latitudes. The latitudinal relationship between the temperature anomalies related to this major SSW will be investigated in a separate work where the SABER temperature data will be used as well.

A major SSW took place in December/January which was particularly remarkable because it consisted of a period of nearly two months of polar vortex disruption and a reversed direction of the zonal mean flow observed in the middle and lower stratosphere.


These findings also extend our understanding of problems encountered in the educational domain in terms of students' learning processes. That is, teaching English in developing countries, for example Indonesia, where English is a second language and not the mother tongue is difficult, and students do struggle to master it. As such, de-motivation among teachers is an additional hindrance to the students' learning process and counterproductive, because teachers may not perform to the best of their ability. There is a general agreement in the literature that job dissatisfaction and de-motivation results in higher turnover rates, drop in performance and overall productivity, and in general have negative impacts on workers' morale and performance (Wong, 1996) . Such effects moreover have been linked directly to perceptions of social inequity (Janssen, 2000) .

There is a general agreement in the literature that job dissatisfaction and de-motivation results in higher turnover rates, drop in performance and overall productivity, and in general have negative impacts on workers' morale and performance.

Such effects moreover have been linked directly to perceptions of social inequity.


Among these flaps, the submental artery flap showed many potential advantages. It is an ideal flap for soft-tissue head and neck reconstruction for its thinness, pliability and versatility in design shared by the radial forearm free flap. It also presents an excellent colour match for the head and neck region and it can be easily raised [11, 28] .

It also presents an excellent colour match for the head and neck region and it can be easily raised.


Development of computer technology is rapidly increasing rapidly, of course, there is a computer technology that can solve problems that occur. One branch of computer science that is widely used by humans to help her work is the establishment of an expert system. The expert system is a system that seeks to acquire human knowledge into a computer in order for the computer can solve a particular problem as it is commonly done by experts [1] . Specialists in question here are people who have special skills that can solve problems that can not be resolved by the layman. Expert system is an artificial intelligence program that combines pegetahuan base (knowledge base) with inference systems. The workings of the expert system later is by asking questions to the user and the user is expected to answer and enter the answer by selecting one or more of the options provided by the system. Such interactions will continue until the system reaches a conclusion and provide diagnostic results [2] .

The expert system is a system that seeks to acquire human knowledge into a computer in order for the computer can solve a particular problem as it is commonly done by experts.

Such interactions will continue until the system reaches a conclusion and provide diagnostic results.


We identified several factors on admission and during follow-up, which were independently associated with longer LOS in patients with CAP. Integrated into a clinical prediction rule, these factors were able to predict LOS in a split sample analysis and showed high separation of LOS. Previously different predictors for LOS have been reported [5, [8] [9] [10] [11] . Some predictors directly relate to the acute disease or underlying comorbidities, while other factors focus on the social situation of the patient. Predictors for LOS associated with the acute infection were abnormal blood results (low PaO2, low albumin, sodium imbalance), clinical signs of severity (low diastolic blood pressure, respiratory acidosis, high fever, confusion) or severity markers such as pleural effusion, multilobar lung involvement and positive blood culture, or development of complications such as empyema requiring drainage and admission to the ICU [5] [6] [7] [8] . Important comorbidities were regular alcohol consumption, dysphagia, chronic renal failure, neoplastic disease, urinary catheterization, secondary urinary tract infection among others [8] [9] [10] [11] . Important social factors included the assessment of the family caregiver's involvement, active and early involvement of the family in the discharge process, effective communication with the family, the provision of adequate information and education during the discharge process among others [4] . Within the presented study, we were able to evaluate both, factors focusing on the acute illness on admission and during follow up and social factors. In multivariate models, we identified independent LOS predictors which allowed individual LOS prediction. Thereby, our study expands previous efforts and proposes a clinical prediction rule, which may help physician to better estimate LOS in patients.

Previously different predictors for LOS have been reported.

Predictors for LOS associated with the acute infection were abnormal blood results (low PaO2, low albumin, sodium imbalance), clinical signs of severity (low diastolic blood pressure, respiratory acidosis, high fever, confusion) or severity markers such as pleural effusion, multilobar lung involvement and positive blood culture, or development of complications such as empyema requiring drainage and admission to the ICU.

Important comorbidities were regular alcohol consumption, dysphagia, chronic renal failure, neoplastic disease, urinary catheterization, secondary urinary tract infection among others.

Important social factors included the assessment of the family caregiver's involvement, active and early involvement of the family in the discharge process, effective communication with the family, the provision of adequate information and education during the discharge process among others.


The organization of the paper is as follows. Section 2 reviews definitions and Section 3 presents the matrix mechanism and properties of workload error. In Section 4 we present the lower bound and its proof. Section 5 evaluates the tightness and looseness of the bound. We compare our bound with error rates of data-dependent mechanisms in Section 6. To aid intuition, we include throughout the paper a series of examples in which we compute our lower bound on workloads of interest and report concrete error rates. Due to lack of space, most of proofs are omitted and can be found in the full version of this paper [20] .

Due to lack of space, most of proofs are omitted and can be found in the full version of this paper.


This tempers the hopes of private synthetic data to some degree, suggesting that if a synthetic dataset is to be private, then it can be accurate only for a specific class of queries and may need to sacrifice accuracy for other queries. A number of methods have been proposed for releasing accurate synthetic data for specific sets of queries [6, 18, 16, 27, 28, 4, 1, 25, 30] . These results show that it is still possible to achieve many of the benefits of synthetic data if the released data is targeted to a workload of queries that are of interest to the analyst.

A number of methods have been proposed for releasing accurate synthetic data for specific sets of queries.


Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel derived from the oils and fats of plants and animals. Due to the high price of petroleum and the increased regulation of carbon emissions resulting from the Kyoto protocol, biodiesel is currently becoming a fast-growing market product [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . As the demand for biodiesel has increased, the price of edible vegetable oils, including soybean oil and rapeseed oil, has risen abruptly. Waste oils, such as used frying oil, trapped grease, soapstock (SS), and acid oil should be considered as a promising alternative feedstock for the production of biodiesel [6, 7] .

Due to the high price of petroleum and the increased regulation of carbon emissions resulting from the Kyoto protocol, biodiesel is currently becoming a fast-growing market product.

Waste oils, such as used frying oil, trapped grease, soapstock (SS), and acid oil should be considered as a promising alternative feedstock for the production of biodiesel.


In 2012, dementia was the third leading cause of death in Australia, accounting for 10,369 deaths [1] . The prevalence of dementia is increasing and by 2020 there will be an estimated 48 million people worldwide with dementia [2] . Dementia is not a specific disease but a clinical syndrome that comprises multiple diseases characterized by progressive deterioration in cognitive ability and a gradual, steady decline in memory, language, problem solving, judgment, and decision making [3] .

In 2012, dementia was the third leading cause of death in Australia, accounting for 10,369 deaths.

The prevalence of dementia is increasing and by 2020 there will be an estimated 48 million people worldwide with dementia.

Dementia is not a specific disease but a clinical syndrome that comprises multiple diseases characterized by progressive deterioration in cognitive ability and a gradual, steady decline in memory, language, problem solving, judgment, and decision making.


Fluorescence is the capacity of an organic compound to absorb photons at a given wavelength λ abs , and reemit light at a different wavelength λ fluo . In the present experiments, rhodamine 6G was used, because its fluorescence is fairly independent of temperature, unlike rhodamine B. In addition, its excitation spectrum, peaking at 525 nm, is compatible with the laser we use (532 nm), unlike fluorescein (excitation peak at 490 nm). Its fluorescence emission peaks at 550 nm (Crimaldi 2008) .

Its fluorescence emission peaks at 550 nm.


However, a direct characterization of mixing events would involve, for example, a detailed measurement of the vertical buoyancy flux, g ρ w /ρ, induced by the arXiv:1805.04358v1 [physics.flu-dyn] 11 May 2018 waves, where ρ is the average density, g the gravity acceleration, ρ and w the fluctuating parts of the density and vertical velocity fields, while · indicates ensembleor time-averaging. In order to measure this quantity, a simultaneous quantitative measurement of the velocity and density fields in a continuous stratification is necessary. PIV is a very convenient technique to measure the velocity field. As to the density field, in general, in studies of internal waves, the synthetic Schlieren technique is used to measure the density gradient field, associated with wave propagation. Combined PIV-Schlieren measurements have permitted to describe the mechanical energy transported away by linear internal wave beams (Dossmann et al. 2011) . However, as soon as mixing is involved, implying stochastic events and 3-D effects, the Schlieren technique becomes inaccurate, since it relies on the deterministic deviation of light beams by refractive index gradients.

Combined PIV-Schlieren measurements have permitted to describe the mechanical energy transported away by linear internal wave beams.


The term "tulou" almost always evokes the classical roundhouses which abound in the mountainous region of northwestern Fujian province, especially tulou in Yongding (永定) county which have been popularized by their UNESCO designation as a world heritage site [1, 5] . However, tulou means simply "earth building" and should comprise not only round (yuan) buildings but also buildings of other shapes or footprints as long as they are made mainly from earth. The author will therefore emphasize the connection of roundhouses to other-shaped earth houses, and downplay the provincial boundaries separating Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong in favor of a Hakka human geography [2] [3] [4] .

The term "tulou" almost always evokes the classical roundhouses which abound in the mountainous region of northwestern Fujian province, especially tulou in Yongding (永定) county which have been popularized by their UNESCO designation as a world heritage site.

The author will therefore emphasize the connection of roundhouses to other-shaped earth houses, and downplay the provincial boundaries separating Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong in favor of a Hakka human geography.


Reconfigurable platforms such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been investigated for implementing cellular computing machines [18] [19] [20] . As an FPGA consists of an array of reconfigurable logic cells, it provides an attractive platform for implementing CA-based computational structures. In this paper, the potential for using FPGAs to implement high-quality random number generators using cellular automata is explored.

Reconfigurable platforms such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been investigated for implementing cellular computing machines.


The initial search identified 869 records after duplicate check and initial screening was completed. Subsequently, 89 articles that addressed the use of video conferencing in areas relevant to the practice of forensic psychiatry were identified for the review. In regard to the court settings, VC has been used in "virtual courts" which have been operating in parts of the United Kingdom since 2009. In "virtual courts" the defendant appears in the court via video link from a police station for plea, bail, remand or sentencing hearings (Terry, Johnson & Thompson, 2010) .

In "virtual courts" the defendant appears in the court via video link from a police station for plea, bail, remand or sentencing hearings.


Principal component correlations with wavelengths suggested that the main egg profiles, which would be responsible for differences among host and cuckoo egg morphs, are located in the red chroma section at a longer wavelength. The pale brownish or reddish colour of the eggs of bull-headed shrikes, black-faced buntings, and their cuckoos represent an important difference with respect to the other host species with a greenish background. A detailed analysis of the UV, blue, green, yellow, and red chroma suggests that hosts and cuckoos showed high similarity to each other but, in one or two spectra, significant differences were revealed. However, the similarity appears to be fairly good in the UV spectrum because we did not find a significant difference for any pair of hosts and their corresponding cuckoos. A recent study in the great reed warbler, a closelyrelated species of the oriental reed warbler, revealed the importance of the UV spectrum in the mimicry of cuckoo eggs, namely a low matching in UV facilitated the host rejection of cuckoo eggs (Cherry et al., 2007b) .

A recent study in the great reed warbler, a closelyrelated species of the oriental reed warbler, revealed the importance of the UV spectrum in the mimicry of cuckoo eggs, namely a low matching in UV facilitated the host rejection of cuckoo eggs.


Grease ice is a thin slurry of disc-like platelets of ice crystals, called frazil ice, which forms in supercooled waters of the Polar Oceans under cold and windy conditions. Frazil discs measure approximately 0.1−0.4cm in diameter and 1−100µm in thickness (Kivisild 1970) . Grease ice can accumulate up to tens of centimeters and significantly affect ocean surface roughness by attenuating short waves. This effect has been widely documented by observations of early whalers. Furthermore, synthetic aperture radar imagery of grease ice scenes appears dark because of the suppression of the gravity-capillary waves resonant with the incident microwave radiation (1 − 10cm) (Wadhams & Holt 1991) .

Frazil discs measure approximately 0.1−0.4cm in diameter and 1−100µm in thickness.

Furthermore, synthetic aperture radar imagery of grease ice scenes appears dark because of the suppression of the gravity-capillary waves resonant with the incident microwave radiation (1 − 10cm).


This paper evaluates a green space programme run by Forestry Commission Scotland (FCS) which aims to improve then mental health of participants. The Forestry Commission (FC) generates a low rate on return on its investment in terms of marketed products, principally timber production (Crabtree et al, 2004) . Many of the benefits produced by forestry are non-market benefits (e.g. open access recreation in forests, biodiversity benefits, carbon sequestration, and landscape benefits) (Willis et al, 2003) . The FC is constantly seeking additional uses for its forests to further enhance market and non-market benefits of forests, to demonstrate the economic and social benefits of forests. A new initiative by FCS is the use of forests as an aid in the treatment of mental health patients. This project, called Branching Out, is a program which aims to improve the health related quality of life (HRQoL) of adults experiencing severe and enduring mental health problems. It is an adjunct treatment for those in secondary and tertiary care.

The Forestry Commission (FC) generates a low rate on return on its investment in terms of marketed products, principally timber production.

Many of the benefits produced by forestry are non-market benefits (e.g. open access recreation in forests, biodiversity benefits, carbon sequestration, and landscape benefits).


In the current study, only 6 of the 33 embryos surviving past 10 days of incubation were purposely incubated to hatching and 5 of the 6 embryos (~83%) successfully hatched with no signs of abnormalities. The other 27 embryos were killed for histochemical analysis of cell fate. One chicken was maintained through 8 weeks of age with no signs of abnormalities. Therefore, it is possible to hatch chicks following somitic manipulations without the problem of species-specific graft rejection (Kinutani and Le Douarin, 1985) .

Therefore, it is possible to hatch chicks following somitic manipulations without the problem of species-specific graft rejection.


A brief introduction of industrial ecology is provided, describing how the ecological diversity concept has been applied to industrial systems. Next, several emerging areas of ecological research are outlined in which the concepts, models and metrics hold great promise for understanding and managing industrial systems. These areas all fall within complex systems theory, a fruitful avenue of concepts in addition to those investigated so far (Spiegelman, 2003) . Finally, a hypothetical example is offered for the application of the complex systems framework to the forest products industry.

These areas all fall within complex systems theory, a fruitful avenue of concepts in addition to those investigated so far.


Although most studies recognize the potential of GNSS based approaches for understanding human travel behaviours, it does have its limitations [7, 19] . These are rarely addressed in more detail or a quantified manner. Main reason for this is a general agreement that the GNSS data are more detailed than the self-reported insights, have higher spatial and temporal resolution, have high potential to replace traditional data collection approaches, and thus are a better basis for drawing conclusions on individuals' travel behaviour. Furthermore, the ground truth data that can be used to evaluate the quality of the GNSS based insights are rarely collected. There is a lack of awareness about the data quality of the raw sensor data and how their errors propagate into results. This gives an incomplete view on the levels of confidence of the results and conclusions. The aim of this paper is to deepen the understanding on the GNSS data applicability for mobility studies by providing systematic and quantified insights into collected data representativeness in describing individuals' travel behaviour. To do so, we will report on different GNSS based datasets that include trips made with various transport modes. For these datasets, we provide extensive description of the data collection process, as well as trips' related context, and report on how well they capture the actual travel behaviour. To describe the actual travel behaviour, we rely on data collected by independent sensors and/or GIS based validation procedure. By doing so, we hope to fill in some of the gaps recognized in the existing literature, raise the level of awareness about relevance of data quality reporting for GNSS based travel behaviour studies, and provide valuable reference for future research in this field.

Although most studies recognize the potential of GNSS based approaches for understanding human travel behaviours, it does have its limitations.


For public transport, tram mode behaves slightly better than a train mode, gathering just above 50% of the data. Both transport modes share common things that can cause a signal loss, such as dense chassis, high voltage above them, and covered stations [41] . Instead, bus mode collects 72.4% of the data (Figure 6 ), a notorious improvement over tram, but perhaps not good enough for some applications.

Both transport modes share common things that can cause a signal loss, such as dense chassis, high voltage above them, and covered stations.


The supply chain disruptions caused by the Japanese earthquake and tsunami and the Thai flood exemplify the increasing vulnerability of modern supply chains. The globalization of supply chains and the emphasis on lean manufacturing and efficiency in logistics have increased the risk of disruption in those same supply chains (Christopher, 2005) . A firm in one country may receive parts, supplies, and raw materials from suppliers in multiple countries. If a disruptive event strikes one of those countries and hinders a company's ability to produce or deliver supplies, supply shortages may suddenly occur. Efficient supply chains often mean less inventory and reliance on a single supplier for production inputs, which can make it more difficult for a firm if its supplier defaults on its obligations.

The globalization of supply chains and the emphasis on lean manufacturing and efficiency in logistics have increased the risk of disruption in those same supply chains.


The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. In the next section, we explain the methodology used in this literature review. In Section 3, we describe the business case for were considered to have abilities that could improve economic efficiency and guarantee competitive advantage ( Johnson, 2006) .

In Section 3, we describe the business case for were considered to have abilities that could improve economic efficiency and guarantee competitive advantage.


This study provides a review of past literature on firm performance, CSR disclosure and FRQ from 1975 to 2017, and it contributes to past research by giving a broad overview of the main results of the association between female board directors and corporate decisions. Both agency and stakeholder theories claim the importance of including women directors on boards in order to make financial and non-financial decisions, such as mitigating agency costs or increasing commitment between firms and all stakeholders. The business case helps us understand the consequences of the inclusion of female directors on boards in recent years. Furthermore, female leadership style is essential in companies' decision-making processes, since female directors improve FRQ and return confidence and reliability to investors, suppliers, customers and society in general. Additionally, according to previous research female board directors are more inclined to focus on education, regulations and non-profit activities and, as a consequence, they may encourage the voluntary disclosure of CSR information through their ability to persuade board members to establish voluntary CSR practices. Moreover, female directors may improve the connections between all stakeholders at all levels of the firm, influencing corporate decisions and, ultimately, improving firm performance. However, we have observed that the establishment of mandatory gender quotas in firms may have a negative or positive impact on their output, because there are some external factors, such as the financial crisis, corporate governance structure, financial scandals and state intervention, among others, which may modify the presence and influence of gender diversity in firms (Chun, 2013; Gabaldon et al., 2016; Seierstad et al., 2017) .

However, we have observed that the establishment of mandatory gender quotas in firms may have a negative or positive impact on their output, because there are some external factors, such as the financial crisis, corporate governance structure, financial scandals and state intervention, among others, which may modify the presence and influence of gender diversity in firms.


Curative resection is the standard treatment for primary (stage I-IIIa) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [1] . However, some cases diagnosed as "early-stage" cancer before surgery are actually found to be pleural disseminated NSCLC during the operation. For patients with such cases, surgical resection is not the treatment of choice [2] . However, the prognosis would remain poor even if the patient undergoes chemotherapy or radiotherapy instead, with a survival rate close to stage IIIa-IIIb cancer, as reported by Sawabata and colleagues [3] . Traditionally, talc pleurodesis (TP) is performed for the control of pleural effusions associated with pleural disseminated NSCLCs [4] . Although TP has been shown to be safe and effective, the prognoses of patients who undergo TP remain unchanged. Hence, new treatment strategies are required to improve the survival of patients with advanced-stage NSCLC.

Curative resection is the standard treatment for primary (stage I-IIIa) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

For patients with such cases, surgical resection is not the treatment of choice.

However, the prognosis would remain poor even if the patient undergoes chemotherapy or radiotherapy instead, with a survival rate close to stage IIIa-IIIb cancer, as reported by Sawabata and colleagues.

Traditionally, talc pleurodesis (TP) is performed for the control of pleural effusions associated with pleural disseminated NSCLCs.


Root biomass measurements. In order to evaluate the effect of root biomass on soil respiration, soil sample down to 30 cm was excavated below each soil collar after the soil respiration measurement. Each sample was washed by 0.2 mm mesh steel screen and live roots were picked by hand. Sorted roots were weighed after drying at 80°C to a constant mass. Total C and N contents of the roots were measured by the dry combustion method and Kjeldahl method (Bremner 1960) , respectively. There was no root in the soil below the collars located between rows.

Root biomass measurements.

Total C and N contents of the roots were measured by the dry combustion method and Kjeldahl method, respectively.


Oxidised (which is water soluble) and particle-bonded mercury can be captured by conventional air pollution control devices (APCD) such as fabric filters, cold and hot electrostatic precipitators (ESP), wet and dry flue gas desulphurization (FGD), and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). However, Hg 0 (insoluble in water) is very difficult to capture by such systems [3] . As proportions of the emitted elemental, oxidised and particulate-bonded mercury vary within different coal plants, the performance of APCD as regards total capture of the mercury emitted also varies. To remove 100 % of Hg, the available control technologies must be combined with sorbents, which are able to oxidize and capture elemental mercury [4] .

However, Hg 0 (insoluble in water) is very difficult to capture by such systems.

To remove 100 % of Hg, the available control technologies must be combined with sorbents, which are able to oxidize and capture elemental mercury.


Recently in the MEMS field, fast-prototyping technologies have also emerged, some of which may be classified as low-impact technology. For example, paper-based MEMS have been developed recently (Liu et al., 2011; Martinez et al., 2010; Ferrer-Vidal et al., 2006) . Other groups have explored the use of more broadly biodegradable MEMS (Tran et al., 2011; Suresha et al., 2008; Park et al., 2003) . All of these cases furnish examples of low-impact MEMS. Thus, the complete life cycle of the system allows for minimizing the energetic and environmental impacts.

For example, paper-based MEMS have been developed recently.

Other groups have explored the use of more broadly biodegradable MEMS.


For classical computation, the data are encoded in binary digits (bits), each of which is a well-defined state (0 or 1). In contrast, qubits take the advantage of superposition of quantum microstates. The basic set for qubits is |ψ> = α|0> + β|1>. Hence, a qubit can be either |1> or |0>, or any arbitrary superposition of these two states [10] [11] [12] . The key point for being a good qubit is to have long transverse relaxation time T 2 . Moreover, the spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 , which describes transitions from, say, |1> to |0>, is also very important because to observe the Rabi oscillations both T 1 and T 2 must be long enough. Because the period of coherent Rabi oscillations 1/Ω R , induced by an external stimulus (usually microwaves) between different qubit states, is actually used to evaluate the quality of a quantum system, the coherence time divided by half of the Rabi period, which is defined as Q M = 2Ω R T 2 (Q M is the qubit figure of merit) and represented by the number of coherent single-qubit operations, is useful to evaluate the performance of spin qubit. Only when the Q M is large enough, can the material then be used for QIP [13] . Other than the long coherence times, the possibility of building quantum logical gates is also very important [14] .

The basic set for qubits is |ψ> = α|0> + β|1>. Hence, a qubit can be either |1> or |0>, or any arbitrary superposition of these two states.

Only when the Q M is large enough, can the material then be used for QIP.

Other than the long coherence times, the possibility of building quantum logical gates is also very important.


DOC of the influent and effluent was measured using the Analytikjena Multi N/C 2000. The analysis of COD and measuring of MLSS and biomass (monitored as mixed liquor volatile suspended solids, MLVSS) were according to Standard Methods [15] . T-N and T-P were measured by photometric method using Spectroquant ® Cell Test (NOVA 60, Merck). YSI 5300 Biological Oxygen Monitor was used to measure the SOUR. The oxygen consumption measurement can be achieved through the use of oxygen electrode with oxygen permeable Teflon membrane. Voltage generated from the reaction is proportional to the oxygen concentration of the sample and produces oxygen uptake during a period of 2-15 min.

The analysis of COD and measuring of MLSS and biomass (monitored as mixed liquor volatile suspended solids, MLVSS) were according to Standard Methods.


Among membrane processes, membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is an innovative and promising option for wastewater treatment and reuse. It has been considered as one of the most favourable processes for water reclamation with many outstanding advantages over the conventional activated sludge systems. However, MBR has some drawbacks, in particular membrane fouling. Membrane fouling deteriorates the permeability of the membrane and consequently increases the energy consumption in MBR. In addition, due to this problem, operational and maintenance cost of the MBR are high. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective and economical method of preventing or reducing membrane fouling [1] .

Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective and economical method of preventing or reducing membrane fouling.


Examination of the impact of paracetamol-related enquiries when based on population size (rates per 100,000 inhabitants) changed the picture. The highest rates were then found in Sweden, with a mean rate of 38.7 per 100,000. This finding is clearly in line with the above-mentioned most recent legislative decision to withdraw sales of regular paracetamol tablets from all non-pharmacy outlets [13] . Future Scandinavian studies investigating the impact of the ban on sales from non-pharmacy outlets on population-based hospital and PIC data also taking prescription patterns into account will provide important information for public health policymakers.

This finding is clearly in line with the above-mentioned most recent legislative decision to withdraw sales of regular paracetamol tablets from all non-pharmacy outlets.


There are limitations to our study. The sample size calculation was based on rather optimistic considerations, assuming large hazard ratios and rather frequent occurrence of frailty as indicated in CGA. This was not always met, e.g., for ADL with 10 patients below 100 points or Up+go with only 3 patients above 20 s. Therefore, a reduction in power must be considered, meaning that we might fail to detect relevant prognostic factors. Our solution to this problem was to use continuous instead of categorized variables, thus having the advantages of an increased power and avoiding a discussion of cut point selection. Similar arguments speak for analyzing OS and PFS in the first place and to consider NRM as an additional endpoint of interest, as power calculations rest on the number of events: these are 66/70 for OS/PFS, but only 37 for NRM. Future investigations will benefit from including composite endpoints such as GvHD-, and/or treatment-free survival as meanwhile it is known that alloHCT recipients are subject to many comorbidites among which the most significant, affecting QOL, are acute and chronic GvHD [43] .

There are limitations to our study.

Future investigations will benefit from including composite endpoints such as GvHD-, and/or treatment-free survival as meanwhile it is known that alloHCT recipients are subject to many comorbidites among which the most significant, affecting QOL, are acute and chronic GvHD.


Hematological malignancies affect mainly patients >60 years [1] . Elderly with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have a poor prognosis as diseases are more aggressive and treatment fails faster than in younger patients [2] . Clinical guidance of older patients and accurate estimation of the risk/benefit ratio of available therapies is difficult and more so when faced with relevant comorbidities or age-associated impairments.

Hematological malignancies affect mainly patients >60 years.

Elderly with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have a poor prognosis as diseases are more aggressive and treatment fails faster than in younger patients.


It is well-known that for the generic excited states in any quantum many-body systems, the entanglement entropy satisfies the volume law [12] . This means that the state which follows the area law is very special. Indeed, the local quantum field theories, which have the area law property, are clearly special in that the interactions are very short range and this property crucially helps to reduce the amount of entanglement.

It is well-known that for the generic excited states in any quantum many-body systems, the entanglement entropy satisfies the volume law.


We found the use of digital technology to be more related to school-Internet conflict among learners in Sweden than in Finland. If this association reflects causal processes, a tradeoff between the use of digital technology and academic self-control may arise. This consideration, however, is neither self-evident nor uncontroversial. It can be argued that schools can and should adapt to developments in youth culture by providing space for the type of Internet activity that is characteristic of contemporary youth culture. There are several arguments for this [27] . However, this study suggests an educational trajectory moving in a direction other than what Bernstein would describe as horizontal knowledge [31] . Most teenagers in Finland and Sweden spend several hours a day browsing the Internet and watching TV, and the number of heavy Internet and other media users among this group is increasing [21] . Based on our interpretation of this study's empirical findings, it would be difficult for a school to give unconstrained access to digital technology without changing its fundamental knowledge orientation from vertical knowledge toward horizontal knowledge-that is, situated knowledge acquired without exercising great self-control. We are thus debating a different type of education and a movement toward the end of schooling as we know it. If we accept the premise that academic self-control is important for success in the traditional type of education with which we are familiar, the results of this survey offer a challenge by documenting the evident tension between the Internet activity inherent in youth culture and traditional scholastic prerequisites for results-focused in-depth exploration and knowledge acquisition [6, 26] . Our interpretation is that this tension is stronger in Swedish schools than in Finnish schools, although, other interpretations are possible.

There are several arguments for this.

However, this study suggests an educational trajectory moving in a direction other than what Bernstein would describe as horizontal knowledge.

Most teenagers in Finland and Sweden spend several hours a day browsing the Internet and watching TV, and the number of heavy Internet and other media users among this group is increasing.

If we accept the premise that academic self-control is important for success in the traditional type of education with which we are familiar, the results of this survey offer a challenge by documenting the evident tension between the Internet activity inherent in youth culture and traditional scholastic prerequisites for results-focused in-depth exploration and knowledge acquisition.


In both Finland and Sweden, the positive influence of educators on learner academic self-control appears to be conditional on learner attitudes to the school as an institution. Our study reveals a clear empirical relationship. If this finding reflects causal processes, the implication would be that the school should work systematically to influence learner attitudes toward the school's implicit values. This type of initiative can be viewed together with the learner's perception of the educator as a role model (the path coefficients between educators' high expectations and learners' school appreciation are 0.58 and 0.69 in the Swedish sample and the Finnish sample, respectively). However, this idea would conflict with the concept of providing space for youth Internet culture in the school's organized activity for learner self-satisfaction and engagement [25] . As remarked above, there is likely a tradeoff between the vertical acquisition of knowledge-which in political debate is coupled with ideas of in-depth learning in a knowledge-based society-and a results-oriented school on the one hand or a school that opens up to the youth Internet culture on the other. Another potential springboard for future research would be to verify this trade-off and estimate its significance. Which of these is the best or most appropriate solution is a political question where the values held by researchers are no more legitimate than those of other citizens. However, our study provides empirical grounds to suggest that those who have strong opinions that schools should adapt to an extensive use of the Internet, for instance, also need to acknowledge that such a move has other consequences. It would be advantageous if the rhetorical sweet talk about modernizing schooling also allowed an acknowledgement of the difficult issues involved.

However, this idea would conflict with the concept of providing space for youth Internet culture in the school's organized activity for learner self-satisfaction and engagement.


These two country-specific contexts also differ with regard to educators' positions of authority in relation to their learners as well as their status. The occupational status of educators in Finland is much higher than it is in Sweden [23] . The differences in status and respect that the OECD has measured could influence the leverage educators use to influence learners' academic self-control and engagement through quality instruction, effective classroom management, and expecting the best of all learners [25] . The difference in educator status could also affect how well learners make use of allocated online time in class, which might in turn affect how they perceive their ability to exercise academic self-control. However, it remains an open question whether the difference in the status of educators in Finland and Sweden also influences learners' acceptance and internalization of school norms and values.

The occupational status of educators in Finland is much higher than it is in Sweden.

The differences in status and respect that the OECD has measured could influence the leverage educators use to influence learners' academic self-control and engagement through quality instruction, effective classroom management, and expecting the best of all learners.


An attractive, but demanding, way to increase learners' academic self-control is to lay the groundwork for the learners themselves to accept more responsibility for their academic self-control in classroom settings. This is not easy, but one study shows that goal commitment was enhanced by mental contrasting [35] . This programmatic use of so-called implementation intensions might help to promote learners' academic self-control. Other studies emphasize that routines and work habits sustained by educators can help develop volitional competence in school learners [36] . Although these findings are not magic bullets, they may have useful implications for practice (and education policies); for instance, educators might promote-in a systemic manner-learners' use of implementation intentions and volition. This might promote habits and routines that could enhance academic self-control. These issues are subject of a research project currently being conducted by one of the authors.

This is not easy, but one study shows that goal commitment was enhanced by mental contrasting.

Other studies emphasize that routines and work habits sustained by educators can help develop volitional competence in school learners.


The prominent position of technology use in certain youth cultures gives rise to speculation as to whether it is possible to capitalize on youths' digital strengths within the school arena. There is also a possibility that the active use of digital technology by youth through certain Internet cultures can empower young people to become engaged in social issues [27] . An unanswered empirical question is whether this form of engagement synergizes in a positive way with youths' academic work in a school setting.

There is also a possibility that the active use of digital technology by youth through certain Internet cultures can empower young people to become engaged in social issues.


The status of educators in society is very different among the countries in which we collected our empirical data: in Sweden, educators belong to a low echelon in social hierarchy, while in Finland the teaching profession has very high social status [25] . The status of educators and their delegated decisional autonomy are clearly factors that are influenced by political decisions, and as such, education policies that promote the status of educators over time can be a useful route to potentially influence the degree to which learners value school as a social institution. Such higher status may also help Swedish educators' transactional position to promote learners' constructive engagement with academic work.

The status of educators in society is very different among the countries in which we collected our empirical data: in Sweden, educators belong to a low echelon in social hierarchy, while in Finland the teaching profession has very high social status.


Despite its limitations, this study contributes to our understanding of how educator skills and the Internet as a learning resource can influence Finnish and Swedish learners' academic self-control in different ways. Previous studies provide an empirical basis for suggesting that learners who are able to display academic self-control and self-discipline in their learning are more successful at school [1, 33] . Self-discipline, in fact, trumps intelligence quotient (i.e., a total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence) as a factor in attaining results [2] . Those individuals who lack such strong self-control can benefit when schools make appropriate compensatory provisions that such learners can attain their most valued goals. We believe that the potential for curriculum reforms to influence learner self-control is probably greater than has been demonstrated thus far. For this reason, schools as well as education authorities may benefit from having well thought out strategies encouraging learners to reject impulsive actions motivated by momentary temptations. This interpretation has implications for policy and practice.

Previous studies provide an empirical basis for suggesting that learners who are able to display academic self-control and self-discipline in their learning are more successful at school.

Self-discipline, in fact, trumps intelligence quotient (i.e., a total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence) as a factor in attaining results.


The curriculum material to be learned by learners under the auspices of secondary school educators is generally sequentially constructed, or "vertical" knowledge, in contrast to youth Internet culture, which is based more on horizontal knowledge [31] . Vertical knowledge means that each element of knowledge is built upon others, while horizontal knowledge is generally acquired through chosen activities that build immediate, concrete, and contextual knowledge. Desired learning outcomes often call for learners to understand a subject in some depth, meaning that they should discuss, analyse, explain, and otherwise interact with the material [6, 26] . These activities demand that learners be mentally active and stretch themselves in the learning process, which in turn requires willpower to sustain the academic self-control needed to carry out these tasks [1] . Academic self-control thus involves willpower on the part of learners to overcome the impulse to do something more gratifying [1] . However, the ability to exercise willpower is simply a relatively stable disposition, but is also a context-dependent state that the instructional environment can debilitate or strengthen [6, 26] . Therefore, how educators shape these learning environments will influence, one way or another, how learners exercise academic self-control. A motivation to learn the content in question is regarded here as a precursor of willpower.

The curriculum material to be learned by learners under the auspices of secondary school educators is generally sequentially constructed, or "vertical" knowledge, in contrast to youth Internet culture, which is based more on horizontal knowledge.

Desired learning outcomes often call for learners to understand a subject in some depth, meaning that they should discuss, analyse, explain, and otherwise interact with the material.

These activities demand that learners be mentally active and stretch themselves in the learning process, which in turn requires willpower to sustain the academic self-control needed to carry out these tasks.

Academic self-control thus involves willpower on the part of learners to overcome the impulse to do something more gratifying.

However, the ability to exercise willpower is simply a relatively stable disposition, but is also a context-dependent state that the instructional environment can debilitate or strengthen.


When trying to understand dramatic individual differences in affective experience, researchers and nonresearchers alike may be tempted to focus on acute reactions to changes in the environment. The present study's support for both Affect-Level and Affective-Reactivity views in the context of standardized, externally based manipulations of affect suggests that personality is an important determinant of affective responding and that the temperamental view of personality-affect relations has merit. This suggests that environmental changes may indeed influence affective responding but that a full appreciation of individual differences in affective responding requires an understanding of how personality shapes both tonic affect levels and affective reactivity (Tellegen, 1991) . Much remains to be done, but the present findings strongly suggest that affective traits are related both to typical levels of affect and to the magnitude of specific acute affective responses to external stimuli.

This suggests that environmental changes may indeed influence affective responding but that a full appreciation of individual differences in affective responding requires an understanding of how personality shapes both tonic affect levels and affective reactivity.


A further line of research is to explore analogues in this framework of the notion of non-deducibility on strategies, due to Johnson and Wittbold [12] . This seeks to capture the possibility of a secret user and an uncleared user colluding and using adaptive strategies to cause information flows in violation of the policy. This is likely to require more precise modelling of various flavours of non-determinism within the Petri net framework.

A further line of research is to explore analogues in this framework of the notion of non-deducibility on strategies, due to Johnson and Wittbold.


The South Korean government has implemented plans and policies to reduce their dependency on fossil fuels and nuclear power and to promote the installation of renewable power generation facilities [22] . Thus, the local governments and research institutes also focused on the wide dissemination and efficient management of renewable electricity generation systems in their offices [23, 24] . Jeju Island is one of the most promising regions for utilizing renewable resources [25] [26] [27] . Accordingly, this study conducts simulations to propose both independent and grid-connected installations at the main government offices of Jeju Province, with NPC and COE as evaluation guidelines of the simulations, to further enhance the island's energy efficiency. Overall, our simulation results provide a more enhanced and detailed understanding of the possible strategies for planning electricity consumption in buildings for South Korea. Moreover, the office annually emits about 190,000 kg of carbon dioxide, 800 kg of sulfur dioxide, and 400 kg of nitrogen oxides. These emissions can be eliminated when the suggested systems are employed.

The South Korean government has implemented plans and policies to reduce their dependency on fossil fuels and nuclear power and to promote the installation of renewable power generation facilities.

Thus, the local governments and research institutes also focused on the wide dissemination and efficient management of renewable electricity generation systems in their offices.

Jeju Island is one of the most promising regions for utilizing renewable resources.


The Act on The Promotion of the Development, Use and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy was revised in 2013 and, since then, it has played a primary role in supporting the renewable energy industry by obligating newly established buildings with a total floor area of more than 3000 m 2 to invest at least 5% of the entire construction cost in a renewable energy system [1] . The Act has been strictly executed, especially with regard to national and local government institutions and offices. Under this Act, the South Korean government initiated the Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) and Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) programs, which require electricity suppliers to provide a minimum ratio of their electricity demand via appropriate renewable energy resources [2] . In addition, the government exerted significant effort to install and operate a sustainable electricity system by exploiting solar heat, sunlight, wind power, geothermal heat, and tidal power [3] . Moreover, the South Korean government has stipulated that both public and private sectors should actively participate in the distribution of renewable energy generation facilities and focus on meeting the citizens' electricity demands [3] . Therefore, the majority of newly installed electricity generation systems now include some sort of renewable electricity generation facilities [4] .

The Act on The Promotion of the Development, Use and Diffusion of New and Renewable Energy was revised in 2013 and, since then, it has played a primary role in supporting the renewable energy industry by obligating newly established buildings with a total floor area of more than 3000 m 2 to invest at least 5% of the entire construction cost in a renewable energy system.

Under this Act, the South Korean government initiated the Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS) and Feed-in-Tariff (FIT) programs, which require electricity suppliers to provide a minimum ratio of their electricity demand via appropriate renewable energy resources.

In addition, the government exerted significant effort to install and operate a sustainable electricity system by exploiting solar heat, sunlight, wind power, geothermal heat, and tidal power.

Moreover, the South Korean government has stipulated that both public and private sectors should actively participate in the distribution of renewable energy generation facilities and focus on meeting the citizens' electricity demands.

Therefore, the majority of newly installed electricity generation systems now include some sort of renewable electricity generation facilities.


As shown in Figure 2 , the entire WRC operating process can be divided into six procedures. First, the inlet duct of the wave rotor channel opens and the outlet duct closes. At this stage, the end of the channel is mostly filled with combustible mixture, and the front region is partly filled with air. In the second step, both the inlet and outlet ducts close, the hotjet enters the wave rotor channel, and the combustible fuel/air mixture is ignited; i.e., the constant-volume combustion process begins. In the third step, after the combustion is completed, the channel is filled with high-temperature and high-pressure burned gas, and the outlet duct opens to discharge the burned gas from the wave rotor channel. This is accompanied by the production of an expansion wave, which propagates upstream in the channel. In the fourth step, the inlet duct opens to fill the chamber with combustible fuel/air mixture so that the high-temperature burned gas produced in the previous cycle could be isolated from the air flow. In the fifth step, both the inlet and outlet ducts open and the inlet duct is filled with the premixed combustible fuel/air mixture. Finally, the outlet duct closes, the inlet duct remains open, and shock waves are produced at the outlet duct. This process is also referred to the precompression process of the WRC [7, 8] .

This process is also referred to the precompression process of the WRC.


An aeroengine is comprised of three main components, such as compressor, combustor, and turbine. The chemical energy in the fuel is transformed into thermal energy in the combustion chamber. The thermal energy is used to heat highpressure air after boosting the pressure in the compressor to the allowable turbine inlet temperature. The heat capacity of the working medium can be improved by enhancing enthalpy, which directly affects the overall performance of an aeroengine [1] [2] [3] . To further enhance the aeroengine and achieve more favorable performance, improvements to the combustor can be made with respect to two aspects. One is increasing the turbine inlet temperature (i.e., the traditional method for enhancing performance), the other is exploring novel technologies (i.e., replacing conventional isobaric combustion modes with constant-volume combustion modes of higher cycle efficiency) [4] [5] [6] . Compared to results based on a traditional isobaric combustion mode, the thermal efficiency in the thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine engine with a wave rotor combustor (WRC) using constant-volume combustion can be enhanced by 30%~50%, thereby realizing a huge leap forward in terms of power performance.

The heat capacity of the working medium can be improved by enhancing enthalpy, which directly affects the overall performance of an aeroengine.

One is increasing the turbine inlet temperature (i.e., the traditional method for enhancing performance), the other is exploring novel technologies (i.e., replacing conventional isobaric combustion modes with constant-volume combustion modes of higher cycle efficiency).