One of the main obstacles to further advancement of milling is the challenge of eliminating the regenerative vibrations commonly referred to as chatter. Such vibrations, which adversely affect tool life, process economics, and surface integrity of the machined product, are due to the regenerative mechanism of cutting the surface formed in the previous cut. A stability chart is commonly used to indicate stable (chatter-free) cutting as a function of the spindle speed and depth of cut. It has long been recognized that substantial gains in productivity can be achieved by exploiting the lobed nature of the stability chart, particularly at high speeds [1] [2] [3] . This has enabled manufacturers to avoid chatter and to implement high speed machining with much success [4] . For machining processes such as milling the regenerative effect appears in the mathematical model in the form of a time-delay, where the delay period is the time between successive cuts of adjacent cutting flutes. Unlike the turning process in which the cutting tool remains stationary, the cutting tool in milling rotates with respect to the workpiece and produces time-periodic coefficients as well as time-delay in the mathematical model, which is a time-periodic delay differential equation (DDE) [5] . While analytical methods exist to find the stability boundaries for DDEs with constant coefficients, in general the stability criteria of periodic DDE systems cannot be given in a closed form, and an approximation method is needed.

It has long been recognized that substantial gains in productivity can be achieved by exploiting the lobed nature of the stability chart, particularly at high speeds.

This has enabled manufacturers to avoid chatter and to implement high speed machining with much success.

Unlike the turning process in which the cutting tool remains stationary, the cutting tool in milling rotates with respect to the workpiece and produces time-periodic coefficients as well as time-delay in the mathematical model, which is a time-periodic delay differential equation (DDE).


In the 7 patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea without systemic symptoms, there was no evidence of colitis. It has been postulated, though not proven, that C. difficile-associated diarrhoea in such cases may be a result of production of a myoelectric factor that produces intestinal motility [34] . The diagnosis of PMC or antibiotic-associated colitis is a pathological one. In the only case of antibiotic-associated colitis diagnosed, various degrees of non-specific colitis were seen with areas of hyperaemia and oedema but no pseudomembrane. The diagnosis of CDAD in our patients was proven by the presence of C. difficile toxin A/B in their stool samples. The ultimate laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis rests with the demonstration of toxin in the stool of patients suffering from diarrhoea which cannot be attributed to any other cause.

It has been postulated, though not proven, that C. difficile-associated diarrhoea in such cases may be a result of production of a myoelectric factor that produces intestinal motility.


The C/C genotype of proportion of the VMAT2 rs363399 reported in this study was significantly higher in the obesity group who ate for reward when compared with healthy individuals. Furthermore, the C/G genotype proportion of the VMAT2 rs4752045 was significantly higher in the case group who ate for reward according to the control group. These findings may demonstrate that C/C and C/G genotypes might have an effect on eating behavior ('eating for need' vs 'eating for reward') and might be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity in an indirect way. In our previous study, it has been demonstrated that eating for reward might be correlated with adult obesity due to altered dopamine neurotransmission [16] .

In our previous study, it has been demonstrated that eating for reward might be correlated with adult obesity due to altered dopamine neurotransmission.


More than 40,000 women die annually in the United States from breast cancer, making it the leading cause of death in American women. Worldwide, the incidence of breast cancer has increased by 0.5% annually, with 1.35 to 1.45 million new cases projected by 2010 [1] . Xray mammography, coupled with comprehensive physical examinations and regular self-examinations, is currently the most effective screening method for the detection of breast cancer. However, the limitations of X-ray mammography in terms of imaging radiographically dense glandular tissue, especially common amongst younger women, motivate the development of alternate breast imaging modalities.

Worldwide, the incidence of breast cancer has increased by 0.5% annually, with 1.35 to 1.45 million new cases projected by 2010.


Using exactly the same implementation technology, Koha 1 focuses on a different community-public librarians and their users [2] . The services provided are strikingly different to those offered by EPrints, but the underlying techniques are similar. In addition to bibliographic information (expressed in MARC format) in the relational database, recorded items are extended to include membership, reading list, acquisition, and budget information, amongst other things. However, the same basic arrangement of web forms is used to support a workflow of submission and editing (password protected if required). From the user's perspective, Koha is like the graphical, web-based OPAC systems one has come to associate with public libraries.

Using exactly the same implementation technology, Koha 1 focuses on a different community-public librarians and their users.


The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance defines wetlands as "areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, …" (Britton & Crivelli 1993) . Wetland plants, as adopted here, comprise a wide range of species of both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, the latter include wet to at least seasonally moist grounds. In Crete, wetland plants can be found in meadows, lagoons, reed swamps, at springs and rivulets, in an artificial (Agia) and a natural lake (Kournas), on seasonally wet ground, in riparian forests and in humid valleys.

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance defines wetlands as "areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, …".


Hyperspectral imaging has attracted formidable interest of the scientific community, and has been applied to an increasing number of applications in different fields [1] . The limited spatial resolution of hyperspectral devices often mixes the spectral contribution of different pure materials, termed endmembers, in the scene [2] . This phenomenon is especially relevant in remote sensing applications due to the distance between airborne or spaceborne sensors and the target scene. Such mixing process must be well understood to accurately unveil vital information relating the pure materials and their distribution in the scene. Hyperspectral unmixing (HU) aims to solve this problem by factorizing the hyperspectral image (HI) into a collection of endmembers and their fractional abundances [3] .

Hyperspectral imaging has attracted formidable interest of the scientific community, and has been applied to an increasing number of applications in different fields.

The limited spatial resolution of hyperspectral devices often mixes the spectral contribution of different pure materials, termed endmembers, in the scene.

Hyperspectral unmixing (HU) aims to solve this problem by factorizing the hyperspectral image (HI) into a collection of endmembers and their fractional abundances.


We estimated the annual number of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths caused by Campylobacter species, Cryptosporidium species, STEC O157, STEC non-O157, Listeria monocytogenes, nontyphoidal Salmonella species, and Yersinia enterocolitica attributable to animal contact transmission by using CDC's modeling approach to estimate the annual number of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths caused by these pathogens in the United States [19] . Data were mostly from 2000-2010, and all estimates were based on the US population in 2006 (299 million persons). Further details on specific data sources are given below.

We estimated the annual number of illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths caused by Campylobacter species, Cryptosporidium species, STEC O157, STEC non-O157, Listeria monocytogenes, nontyphoidal Salmonella species, and Yersinia enterocolitica attributable to animal contact transmission by using CDC's modeling approach to estimate the annual number of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths caused by these pathogens in the United States.


The industrial feasibility of CLC process for gas fuels has been successfully tested in fluidized reactor units ranging from 300 W -500 kW using natural gas or syngas [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . These reactors have the advantage of earning excellent transport properties. However, when used with iron oxide as oxygen carrier, this reactor configuration does not allow the conversion of Fe 3+ to Fe 0 because of high partial pressure ratio CO 2 /CO (see Figure 2) .

The industrial feasibility of CLC process for gas fuels has been successfully tested in fluidized reactor units ranging from 300 W -500 kW using natural gas or syngas.


Because the topologies of maximum parsimony and strict consensus of maximum likelihood trees are in concordance, we chose the maximum likelihood tree (Fig. 4) as a working phylogenetic hypothesis for the E. binotata species complex. Despite the relatively short branch lengths of internodes in the maximum likelihood tree, applying likelihood analysis provides a useful method of investigating regions of the cladogram which lack parsimony resolution. Choosing among models of DNA substitution is among the most important steps when applying likelihood criterion in phylogenetic analysis. Applying the HKYϩSSR model for likelihood analyses is appropriate because there is a highly unequal base frequency (AϩT bias, Table 4 ). These data also had an unequal transition/transversion ratio of 1.2Ð2.8 depending on the model of sequence evolution. Accounting for rate heterogeneity is also reasonable because the rate of evolution varies not only among three codon positions of protein coding genes but also in transfer RNA and ribosomal genes (Simon et al. 1994) .

Accounting for rate heterogeneity is also reasonable because the rate of evolution varies not only among three codon positions of protein coding genes but also in transfer RNA and ribosomal genes.


The nymphal character based tree suggests that Enchenopa from Robinia is basal to the remaining North American Enchenopa species whereas the mitochondrial based tree suggests Enchenopa from J. cinerea is basal. Several technical, gene or organismal level factors may account for the discordance among trees derived from different sources of characters (Wendel and Doyle 1998) . It is likely that the discordance between nymphal and mitochondrial trees is due to difference in taxon sampling and the nature of coding continuous nymphal characters. Although both trees use the same outgroup, C. latipes, the mitochondrial tree includes two more Central American Enchenopa. However, the discordance of the two trees cannot be resolved until the nymphal data are reanalyzed including the two additional Central American Enchenopa species.

Several technical, gene or organismal level factors may account for the discordance among trees derived from different sources of characters.


In previous work we have defined the social inference problem in the USC context and have also shown the relation between the risk of social inferences and information entropy [11, 12] . We have presented a methodology to estimate the information entropy based on novel modeling of a potential inferrer's background knowledge. We have also shown that information entropy is a strong predictor of social inference risks after we devised inference functions to encapsulate information entropy. However, it is not obvious how each individual inference function (quantifying instantaneous and historical inferences, respectively) or a combination of them can be used to detect a high risk situation that should alert an affected user or should require the USC system to take a preventive action. Furthermore, it has not been investigated whether using other observable features could improve the risk classification rate.

In previous work we have defined the social inference problem in the USC context and have also shown the relation between the risk of social inferences and information entropy.


A versioning system can be used to analyze various properties of the version space. Consider a situation, where people work on the same ontology, who disagree on a particular relation between two classes. In the development process, the disputed relation will probably not remain stable, i.e. in some versions the relation will hold, in others it will not, according to who edited the latest version. Such an unstable situation can be very damaging for the overall quality of an ontology, and it is important to detect unstable relations. Part of the task of a versioning system should be to detect instable relations or similar "problems" in the version space. For this purpose, we developed the system MORE, a Multi-versions Ontology Reasoning system, at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam as part of the SEKT project [12, 13] .

For this purpose, we developed the system MORE, a Multi-versions Ontology Reasoning system, at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam as part of the SEKT project.


Among these applications are artificial magnetic surfaces, which are also known as high impedance surfaces (HISs) [6] . HIS consists of electrically small resonant circuits repeated periodically in two dimensions. This configuration prevents the propagation of the wave whose frequency equals to the resonance frequency of the constituent unit cell [7] [8] [9] .

Among these applications are artificial magnetic surfaces, which are also known as high impedance surfaces (HISs).

This configuration prevents the propagation of the wave whose frequency equals to the resonance frequency of the constituent unit cell.


The HIFiRE program is a hypersonic flight test program executed by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organization (DSTO) [11, 12] . Its purpose is to develop and validate technologies critical to the realization of next generation hypersonic aerospace systems. Candidate technology areas include, but are not limited to, propulsion, propulsion-airframe integration, aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics, high temperature materials and structures, thermal management strategies, guidance, navigation, and control, sensors, and weapon system components such as munitions, submunitions, avionics, and weapon system separation.

The HIFiRE program is a hypersonic flight test program executed by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organization (DSTO).


The use of contemporary teaching techniques for subjects such as The World around Us and Nature and Society demands permanent training of teachers, which is the constant broadening and improving of their knowledge of Geography as a science. Professional development of teachers also implies the improvement of their methodological skills and their skills of planning and realizing the teaching process (Diamond, 2008) . The main goals of active learning are an increase in educational effects of teaching and a change in pupils' position in the teaching process. How to create conditions that would ensure efficient knowledge acquisition in teaching subjects such as The World around Us, Nature and Society and Geography, the conditions that will become means of thinking activity and a tool for deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the world around us? The answer lays in the modern organization of teaching by using active learning and in active work methods, among others, the illustrative-demonstrative methods, that put pupils into the real situation of learning and understanding, searching and discovering. Therefore, the thing that is necessary is education that develops thinking.

Professional development of teachers also implies the improvement of their methodological skills and their skills of planning and realizing the teaching process.


Active teaching is generally defined as any teaching method that deals with pupils in the learning process. In short, active teaching requires pupils to do meaningful learning activities and to think about what they do. Although this definition may include traditional activities such as homework, in practice, active teaching refers to activities that take place in the classroom. Basic elements of active teaching are pupils' activities and their involvement in the learning process (Bonwell, 2003; Machemer & Crawford, 2007; Hamann, Pollock, & Wilson, 2012) .

Basic elements of active teaching are pupils' activities and their involvement in the learning process.


The above-mentioned facts clearly indicate the need for radical changes in the teaching process, that is for its modernization. The primary task of modern (active) teaching is acquiring basic knowledge that is durable and usable outside of school, as well as the development of skills and competencies important for success in further education, in one's profession and in life. The main task of school is no longer to give pupils as much knowledge as they can acquire, but to permanently interest them and thoroughly train them in self-learning and continuous self-education (Brookfield & Preskill, 2005; Fletcher, 2005; Lumpkin, Achen, & Dodd, 2015) .

The main task of school is no longer to give pupils as much knowledge as they can acquire, but to permanently interest them and thoroughly train them in self-learning and continuous self-education.


Traditional education is characterized by a notable discrepancy between knowledge acquired during education and later demands in business environment. The cause of that lies in the fact that traditional learning environment is focused mainly on passive and receptive learning that results in inert knowledge. Teaching material is often learned but not understood. The transferring of knowledge is based on text; it is systematic, but not problemoriented. Pupils are rarely given the opportunity to deal with subjects they learn in an active and practical way (Stanišević, Obradović, & Tošić, 2010) .

Pupils are rarely given the opportunity to deal with subjects they learn in an active and practical way.


The data relating to the textural and chemical properties of the carbon xerogel used as electrode material are presented in Table 1 . The XER-HSA-09 sample is a micro-mesoporous material that has a very high BET surface area of almost 2,900 m 2 g -1 . Moreover, as can be seen from the table, the sample has a significant mesopore volume (i.e. V meso = 1.28 cm 3 g -1 ) and the mesopore size distribution (not included in this paper) comprises mesopore diameters ranging from 2 to 16 nm, pores that can favour the diffusion of the ions from the bulk of the electrolyte to the microporosity of the electrode material, especially under fast polarization conditions [3, 5, [21] [22] [23] . In short, this carbon xerogel has textural properties that are highly suitable for the application proposed in this work. Table 1 also summarizes the results obtained from the chemical characterization of the XER-HSA-09 xerogel. As expected, the carbon xerogel is mainly composed of C ([97 wt%), although a very small amount of oxygen was detected (i.e. O = 2.1 wt%). According to these elemental analysis results, the carbon xerogel does not contain a large amount of oxygen surface groups, but the limited oxygen groups presented on the surface of the electrode material have a slightly basic nature, as the value of its PZC indicates (i.e. PZC = 8.3).

Moreover, as can be seen from the table, the sample has a significant mesopore volume (i.e. V meso = 1.28 cm 3 g -1 ) and the mesopore size distribution (not included in this paper) comprises mesopore diameters ranging from 2 to 16 nm, pores that can favour the diffusion of the ions from the bulk of the electrolyte to the microporosity of the electrode material, especially under fast polarization conditions.


This situation differs with the asymmetric configurations. When m ? /m -[ 1, the voltammograms show quasirectangular shaped profiles typical of cells with an almost pure capacitive behaviour, even when wide potential windows are used. When the mass ratio is set to 1.5 and 2.0, it is possible to use operation voltage ranges up to 1.8 V without any detectable electrolyte decomposition or other irreversible electrode reactions. However, when m ? / m -= 3, significant humps appear during the anodic and cathodic scans, indicating that redox reaction are occurring. The humps in the voltammograms are particularly pronounced during the positive polarization above 1.5 V, when probably the water starts to decompose, and the hydrogen generated is adsorbed by the electrode material; this adsorbed hydrogen is then desorbed during the discharging step [6, 24] . Consequently, the hydrogen produces a pseudocapacitance during the sorption/desorption process on the carbon surface, which acts as additional capacitance to the electric double layer capacitance. However, because the non-Faradaic (EDLC) and Faradaic (redox) processes have different time constants, the latter can only be observed under specific experimental conditions. Thus, when m ? /m -= 3, the negative electrode is forced to work under a high overpotential of *1.3 V whereas the positive electrode functions at *0.5 V, so that the peaks showed in the voltammograms of the full capacitor are to be attributed mainly to processes that occur on the negative electrode.

The humps in the voltammograms are particularly pronounced during the positive polarization above 1.5 V, when probably the water starts to decompose, and the hydrogen generated is adsorbed by the electrode material; this adsorbed hydrogen is then desorbed during the discharging step.


We should be comment that (H 1 )-(H 2 ) are used to prove the existence of a fundamental system of solutions for (1.1) and (H 3 ) is needed in order to get the asymptotic behavior formulas for solutions of (1.1). The hypothesis (H 2 ) is new and is the natural generalization of the classical hypothesis introduced by Poincaré when the perturbation functions are integrable functions instead of rational functions. We note that a similar hypothesis to (H 2 ) was introduced by Figueroa and Pinto [13] . The paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we present the reformulated scalar method and the main results of this paper. Then, in section 3 we present the proofs of Theorems 2.1, 2.3 and 2.4.

We note that a similar hypothesis to (H 2 ) was introduced by Figueroa and Pinto.

The paper is organized as follows.


The latter group of filters approximate the state estimate by a set of σ -points. The set is usually designed to capture the first two moments of the state estimate. In spite of capability of the set of storing information also about higher order moments, this information is discarded by the filter. The cause is a step performed once or twice at each time instant, which recomputes the set to update its moment (Kolås et al., 2009) . As a result, only the first two moments of the state estimate are kept.

The cause is a step performed once or twice at each time instant, which recomputes the set to update its moment.


The results show a clear pattern of preference for overt subject presence in introduction and reintroduction (switch reference) but subject omission in maintenance. This supports our first hypothesis, H1 from section 2.4. This is consistent with variable expression of subjects of various types of quotations in Spanish, including not only quotations of utterances with quotative verbs but also quotations of visible gestures and non-lexical sounds. It also extends to quotations with a variety of framing types including partially framed quotations without a quotative verb and zero quotatives without NP subject or quotative verb (Cameron, 1998) .

It also extends to quotations with a variety of framing types including partially framed quotations without a quotative verb and zero quotatives without NP subject or quotative verb.


We are more interested in qualitative rather than quantitative results. To this end, we have developed a bootstrapping algorithm for the construction of classification theorems in finite algebraic domains. While it is largely generic, its power relies upon the automatic discovery of algebraic invariants which are able to discriminate between members of different classes defined by the equivalence relation under consideration. When considering isomorphism equivalences, we were able to employ machine learning techniques to generate the invariants, and this led to novel theorems which achieve classifications up to isomorphism of quasigroups and loops of small order [4] . We provide a brief overview of the bootstrapping algorithm in Sec. 2.

When considering isomorphism equivalences, we were able to employ machine learning techniques to generate the invariants, and this led to novel theorems which achieve classifications up to isomorphism of quasigroups and loops of small order.


It is only possible to map the approximate positions of the amplified FE4 genes so, if anything, the number of separate locations may be underestimated. However, one can have some confidence in the single identity of the most commonly occupied sites (1D,1H, 1I, 3W), as one would expect these to become homozygous for amplified FE4 in sexually reproducing populations. The patterns of presumed homozygosity/heterozygosity at these sites (Table 2) conform to this expectation. Our FISH technique was not sufficiently sensitive to locate the single-copy 'wild-type' FE4 locus in susceptible aphids, so we do not know whether amplification has occurred at the original locus. In Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, initial amplification of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genes occurs on the same chromosome as the parental single-copy gene but usually at some distance (at least 50 Mb) away from it (Trask & Hamlin, 1989) . In M. persicae, in spite of all the variation among clones in the number and distribution of FE4 amplicon clusters, there is only one site (1I) where they occur consistently on at least one homologue, suggesting that this is the original site of the amplification, and possibly of the single-copy parental FE4 and E4 genes, which are thought to occur adjacent to each other in a head-to-tail arrangement, with E4 upstream of FE4 and :19 kb of intervening sequence (Field & Devonshire, 1998) .

In Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, initial amplification of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genes occurs on the same chromosome as the parental single-copy gene but usually at some distance (at least 50 Mb) away from it.

In M. persicae, in spite of all the variation among clones in the number and distribution of FE4 amplicon clusters, there is only one site (1I) where they occur consistently on at least one homologue, suggesting that this is the original site of the amplification, and possibly of the single-copy parental FE4 and E4 genes, which are thought to occur adjacent to each other in a head-to-tail arrangement, with E4 upstream of FE4 and :19 kb of intervening sequence.


MCC develop over Paraguay and northern Argentina preferentially in the spring season [SeptemberNovember (SON)]. They form during early morning hours and have a life cycle of less than 1 day (Velasco and Fritsch 1987) . Interactions between low-level jet comprise flash floods, hail, strong winds, and landslides. During some episodes the loss of livestock and human lives are also reported.

They form during early morning hours and have a life cycle of less than 1 day.


These days, complex customer demands are required to be satisfied by many companies. Therefore, a large number of companies are trying to achieve a high level of reliability, flexibility, and agility for different demands. As a result, supply chain management (SCM) has become a thought-provoking subject for various companies, seeking for a way out of efficiently improving their customer satisfaction. In a way, according to the position and role, supply chain is categorized into three classes; the outbound, intracompany, and inbound supply chain. As the network of supplies begins at the inbound supply chain, the role of this group is transporting the semifinished products or the raw materials to the site of manufacturing. The main concern of the intracompany supply chain, as the intermediary part, is with the flow of material in the site of manufacturing. Finally, the outbound supply chain is concerned with the delivery of final products to the customers [1] . The inventory allocation and transportation are strongly considered in the outbound supply chain for minimizing the cost and satisfying the customers' demands. One significant part of the supply chain management is providing the services or/and goods from a supply point to different destinations, which are geographically distributed with significant implications of economics. Aside from the cost of purchasing the goods, on the average and compared to the other relative activities, a higher percentage of the costs of logistics are absorbed by transportation. Therefore, efficiency improvement through the maximum usage of the necessities of transportation and decreasing the costs of transportation along with the improvement of services for customers are the frequent and significant decision analysis problems [2] .

Finally, the outbound supply chain is concerned with the delivery of final products to the customers.

Therefore, efficiency improvement through the maximum usage of the necessities of transportation and decreasing the costs of transportation along with the improvement of services for customers are the frequent and significant decision analysis problems.


In TTRP, the customers may be serviced either by a single truck or complete vehicle (truck with a trailer). This feature is usually ignored in VRP. However, because of some obstacles that appear in real-life situations, such as road conditions, market locations, government regulations or limited space to manoeuver at the customer's site, only a single truck may be needed to serve a few destinations and/or customers. These constraints are obvious in many practical situations [9] [10] [11] . Several researchers have so far contributed in this area. One instance is that of Gerdessen's work on VRP with a trailer in 1996 [12] . He demonstrated two real applications pertaining to TTRP. In one case it was the distribution of dairy products in cities where the distributor faced heavy traffic. Due to the fact that maneuvering a complete vehicle (a truck with a trailer) was difficult in some areas, and that some streets had traffic restrictions not allowing trailers to enter, the trailers were often parked in parking spots from which customers were serviced. The second case was the distribution of animal feed components to farmers. Because most villages have narrow roads or small bridges, different kinds of vehicles were required to deliver the feed to farmers, one of which was called a double bottom, consisting of a truck and a trailer. While the truck made deliveries using subtours (some parts of the tour) the trailer parked in a parking area. Gerdessen showed the necessity of considering TTRP by demonstrating real applications.

This feature is usually ignored in VRP.

These constraints are obvious in many practical situations.

One instance is that of Gerdessen's work on VRP with a trailer in 1996.


In practical situations, a dispatcher may not know the exact demands in advance. Therefore, the company may face the problem of delivering products to customers with random demands. Consequently, unexpected extra costs might be imposed on the company. These issues can be considered in vehicle routing problems with stochastic demands (VRPSD). Moreover, when facing the limitations and restrictions mentioned above, VRPSD cannot cover these issues and needs to consider TTRP with stochastic demands (TTRPSD). The literature survey revealed no TTRP solution with stochastic parameters. Few articles were published on TTRP with deterministic parameters. However, papers published on stochastic VRP are simply large in number. These concepts need to be considered together in order to formulate TTRPSD. Therefore, this paper classifies the relevant papers into two groups-standard TTRP papers and VRP with stochastic demands. To solve TTRPSD, it appears that its solution is computationally more difficult than VRPSD. Indeed, VRP itself is one of the most difficult combinatorial optimization modelling problems. It is generally framed and solved by heuristics approaches [13] [14] [15] . To formulate and solve TTRPSD, one can make an effort to reduce it to VRPSD. As VRPSD is also a complex type of combinatorial optimization problem, it can be solved by heuristics approaches [7, 10, 16] . The purpose of TTRPSD is to design a set of routes to cover all customers and optimize the total costs or distance that will satisfy the relevant constraints.

It is generally framed and solved by heuristics approaches.

As VRPSD is also a complex type of combinatorial optimization problem, it can be solved by heuristics approaches.


Customers, warehouses, manufacturers, and suppliers are the main elements of a supply chain (SC), carrying the goods from the upstream to the downstream links of the chain. In a supply chain, there are four main business functions to be performed: purchasing, manufacturing, inventory, and distribution. The function of distribution includes two activities: the shipment of finished products from the companies to the locations of demand, and transportation of parts or raw materials from the suppliers to the companies [3] .

The function of distribution includes two activities: the shipment of finished products from the companies to the locations of demand, and transportation of parts or raw materials from the suppliers to the companies.


We may ask why the McCollough effect never becomes very vivid by comparison with the colors that are inspected, or with true negative afterimages. Perhaps the answer lies in the fact that the effect would not exist at all if it were not for a neural linkage of units responding selectively to features of pattern and color. Consequently, it would be expected that only a minor fraction of all the possible cells for processing visual information would take part in any particu lar pattern-contingent aftereffects of color. We may speculate, on the basis of studies of masking and other evidences of tuning, that the maximum band width of any given orientational channel is about 30 deg (Campbell & Robson, 1968) . This means that the McCollough effect, as usually tested, depends on the color-differentiating responses of no more than one-third of the total number of orientational cells, namely those tuned for angles within IS deg of the horizontal or vertical. We must also recognize that some color-tu ned cells may not be orientationally tuned, that many orientational cells may not be color-tuned, and that many cells that are color-and orientation-tuned may not be appropriately tuned for the particular colors, orientations, spatial frequencies, or sizes of field that happen to be present. Thus, not surprisingly, no matter how long the inspection is continued or how early the aftereffects are tested, they never attain the vividness of colors evoked by stimuli having a high degree of colorimetric purity.

We may speculate, on the basis of studies of masking and other evidences of tuning, that the maximum band width of any given orientational channel is about 30 deg.


Recently, preliminary photochemical studies of DMSO _ Cl complexes were carried out in DMSO/CCl 4 mixed solvents using a combined pulse radiolysis-laser flash photolysis technique, which found relatively high quantum yields (> 0.24) of photobleaching, may be due to intramolecular hydrogen abstraction and the significant solvent dependence of the quantum yields (Sumiyoshi et al., 2005c) . In this work, photochemistry of DMSO _ Cl complexes was investigated in DMSO/1,2-dichloroethane mixed solvents and different effects of the DMSO concentration on the photobleaching quantum yields from those observed in the DMSO/CCl 4 mixed solvents were found. The intramolecular hydrogen abstraction mechanism of the excited DMSO _ Cl complexes in the DMSO/CCl 4 mixed solvents is discussed in detail based on effects of polar and nonpolar additives and the bond dissociation energies of the related molecules.

Recently, preliminary photochemical studies of DMSO _ Cl complexes were carried out in DMSO/CCl 4 mixed solvents using a combined pulse radiolysis-laser flash photolysis technique, which found relatively high quantum yields (> 0.24) of photobleaching, may be due to intramolecular hydrogen abstraction and the significant solvent dependence of the quantum yields.


Further, they argue that opportunity costs associated with use of public funds, should be considered as part of the analysis. Furthermore, they claim that employment, which is frequently cited as a major benefit of special events, should in fact be treated as a cost of staging the event. Taking Black and Pape's argument to its logical conclusion, no special event can ever be justified. The Sydney Olympic bid, for instance, has already cost the state $24 million and a further $1699.6 million will be required before the year 2000 (Mules and Faulkner, 1996) . Similarly, the Olympic experiences of Spain and South Korea were that monetary costs outweighed their monetary benefits . The burning question is whether the 2000 Sydney Olympic games will follow the same trend. If this is the case, are Black and Pape suggesting that the Olympics should not be staged in Sydney because both state and federal governments must underwrite the event? It would be a great blow to civic pride if such high profile events could not be justified under any circumstances.

The Sydney Olympic bid, for instance, has already cost the state $24 million and a further $1699.6 million will be required before the year 2000.


The term KDD refers to the overall process of knowledge Discovery in Databases. Data mining is a particular step in this process, involving the application of specific algorithms for extracting patterns (models) from data. The additional steps in the KDD process, such as data preparation, data selection, data cleaning, incorporation of appropriate prior knowledge, and proper interpretation of the results of mining, ensures that useful knowledge is derived from the data [1] . Data mining offers capabilities to process data of different types (e.g., qualitative and quantitative) and originating at different sources. None of the traditional approaches is able to cover such a wide spectrum of data diversity [2] .

The additional steps in the KDD process, such as data preparation, data selection, data cleaning, incorporation of appropriate prior knowledge, and proper interpretation of the results of mining, ensures that useful knowledge is derived from the data.

None of the traditional approaches is able to cover such a wide spectrum of data diversity.


In addition, the ineffi cient input and credit markets hinder full market participation of smallholders. The problem is critical when they are resource-constrained and their asset possession aff ects adoption of market oriented products like biofuel crops in Malawi (Maonga et al., 2015) . In the context of imperfect markets, smallholder farmers face barriers in accessing credit, inputs and technology aff ecting their adjustment to meet the requirements of buyers, such as processors or retailers (Swinnen and Maertens, 2007) .

The problem is critical when they are resource-constrained and their asset possession aff ects adoption of market oriented products like biofuel crops in Malawi.

In the context of imperfect markets, smallholder farmers face barriers in accessing credit, inputs and technology aff ecting their adjustment to meet the requirements of buyers, such as processors or retailers.


Institutions to standardize product quality, to provide information and to enforce a contract are either missing or weak (Trienekens, 2011) . These aff ect the exchange transactions among actors in the food supply chain implying high costs of searching and negotiation (Gebremedhin et al., 2009) . Actors are driven to relational transactions to acquire quality products from producers and to ensure secure supply source. The prevalence of high transaction costs to search for buyers, to negotiate transactions and to monitor agreements infl uence market participation and stimulate smallholders in search of alternative coordination mechanisms.

Institutions to standardize product quality, to provide information and to enforce a contract are either missing or weak.

These aff ect the exchange transactions among actors in the food supply chain implying high costs of searching and negotiation.


Quality and price uncertainty, the frequency of transactions and asset-specifi c investments cause high transaction costs which play a major role in the organization of fi rms (Williamson, 1979) . Transaction costs depend on product characteristics, such as perishability, but also on buyer-specifi c input or quality requirements (Jang and Olson, 2010) . In spot markets, prices guide relationships between actors. Spot market transactions hamper the fl ow of information as it is based on individual interest. Smallholders also fail to meet specifi c chain requirements as they are supplying produce to the market (Jang and Olson, 2010) . In the rural markets of many developing countries, standards for measuring quality and quantity are rare, leading to quantity and quality adulteration which escalate transaction costs for both producers and buyers. Substandard units of measurement and quality may push actors to hybrids: contracts or cooperatives (Dorward et al., 2004) .

Quality and price uncertainty, the frequency of transactions and asset-specifi c investments cause high transaction costs which play a major role in the organization of fi rms.

Transaction costs depend on product characteristics, such as perishability, but also on buyer-specifi c input or quality requirements.

Smallholders also fail to meet specifi c chain requirements as they are supplying produce to the market.

Substandard units of measurement and quality may push actors to hybrids: contracts or cooperatives.


The quantity of total carotenoids of the khirni fruit is found to increase from 4.15 mg·100 g -1 at the young stage to 5.08 mg·100 g -1 at the mature stage but, subsequently, it decreases to 1.56 mg·100 g -1 at the ripened stage, while the accumulation of anthocyanin content reaches 2.42 mg· 100 g -1 at the ripened stage (table II) . Hence, anthocyanins were found to be mainly responsible for the color change during the ripened stage. These findings support the view of Stanley who stated that significant color changes may be mediated in fruits through the degradation of chlorophyll and the exposure of preexisting carotenoids [17] . Besides, the results of the present study also support the view of Singh and Sharma that unlike chlorophylls and carotenoids, which are sequestered in chloroplasts or chromoplasts, anthocyanins accumulate in the vacuoles and are responsible for change in pigmentation [18] .

These findings support the view of Stanley who stated that significant color changes may be mediated in fruits through the degradation of chlorophyll and the exposure of preexisting carotenoids.

Besides, the results of the present study also support the view of Singh and Sharma that unlike chlorophylls and carotenoids, which are sequestered in chloroplasts or chromoplasts, anthocyanins accumulate in the vacuoles and are responsible for change in pigmentation.


In the Shira larva, the pincer-like spinoscalids of the second row are unique among loriciferans. This character was never found before in any of the already described loriciferan species. In contrast, the spinoscalids of the third to sixth rows are commonly observed in the Higgins larva of all loriciferan families. Indeed, spinoscalids with similar shape can be found, e.g. in Armorloricus kristenseni , Urnaloricus gadi and Pliciloricus diva (Heiner 2004; Heiner and Kristensen 2008; Gad 2009b) . A seventh row of spinoscalids was not found in the Shira larva. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that a seventh row of tiny scalids (or even reduced protoscalids) is hidden by the longitudinal and transverse lines that cross the introvert.

Indeed, spinoscalids with similar shape can be found, e.g. in Armorloricus kristenseni , Urnaloricus gadi and Pliciloricus diva.


Basic tilt interaction using Speed Dependant Automatic Zooming (SDAZ) was previously shown to have several shortcomings in comparison to keypad interaction for mobile map-based applications [6] . This paper proposes an enhanced tilt interaction technique, called IntelliTilt, which incorporates several design features to address the shortcomings of basic tilt interaction. These features include making use of visual and vibrotactile feedback to improve the ease with which users can control panning and selection operations. Attractor mechanisms are included to make it easier to settle the cursor on a particular icon. Sensitivity adaptation is included to compensate for variability in accelerometer data while walking. A gesture zooming technique was developed to provide an intuitive method of zooming. These features were designed to address the shortcomings of basic tilt interaction identified earlier.

Basic tilt interaction using Speed Dependant Automatic Zooming (SDAZ) was previously shown to have several shortcomings in comparison to keypad interaction for mobile map-based applications.


Due to attractive and unique properties (e.g. low profile, conformal nature, and high speed), microstrip antennas are finding many applications in various fields like Microwave Engineering, Mobile Communication, Satellite Communication and aircraft systems. As a result, in recent years a considerable attention has been paid by many antenna designers to enhance the characteristics of these antennas. Microstrip patch antenna is special class of microstrip antennas. It consists of a patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and ground plane on the other side of the substrate [1] . The patch may be of any geometry like circular, triangular, rectangular, elliptical, square, and ring.

It consists of a patch on one side of a dielectric substrate and ground plane on the other side of the substrate.


Present-day knowledge of marine biodiversity is very incomplete for most higher taxa even in areas that have long been the focus of a considerable scientific effort, such as the European seas (Bouchet 2006) . The gap between the presumed actual number of extant species and that of already described ones is particularly wide in tropical regions, which harbour hot-spots of biodiversity (Gray 2001; Bouchet 2006) . Shipping and the opening of artificial corridors between basins are the most influential anthropogenic factors affecting the biogeographical ranges of an increasing number of marine species. The opening of the Suez Canal to maritime traffic in 1869 was the start of a new era for the southeastern Mediterranean, leading to an exceptionally extensive colonization of the Levant basin by tropical species that have taken advantage of the warming of the sea (Steinitz 1967; Powell 1969; Galil 2000; Zenetos et al. 2005; Por 2009; Bitar 2010) .

Present-day knowledge of marine biodiversity is very incomplete for most higher taxa even in areas that have long been the focus of a considerable scientific effort, such as the European seas.

The gap between the presumed actual number of extant species and that of already described ones is particularly wide in tropical regions, which harbour hot-spots of biodiversity.

The opening of the Suez Canal to maritime traffic in 1869 was the start of a new era for the southeastern Mediterranean, leading to an exceptionally extensive colonization of the Levant basin by tropical species that have taken advantage of the warming of the sea.


These developments are of interest to the human sciences as well as to computing. For example, substantial theoretical issues hinge on the way facial gestures appear in spontaneous emotional expression, but the scarcity of naturalistic material and the labor of identifying facial actions has made it difficult to draw strong conclusions [46] , [47] . The issue affects not only the generation of emotion-related signals, but also the mechanisms needed to recover information from such signal configurations [48] . SAL data offer a realistic prospect of addressing these questions.

For example, substantial theoretical issues hinge on the way facial gestures appear in spontaneous emotional expression, but the scarcity of naturalistic material and the labor of identifying facial actions has made it difficult to draw strong conclusions.

The issue affects not only the generation of emotion-related signals, but also the mechanisms needed to recover information from such signal configurations.


Currently, methods for evaluating the structural condition of PCCPs include sonic, ultrasonic, electromagnetic (EM), and acoustic fiber optic (AFO) methods [2] [3] [4] . These technologies can detect such structural damage as cracks, delamination, and mortar thinning as well as the number and locations of broken wires. However, they have some practical limitations and disadvantages; for example, the sonic and ultrasonic technologies are not automated, and their application to long pipelines requires significant time. Because of the structural complexity of PCCPs, the EM approach has low accuracy in detecting broken wires at the ends of pipe segments. Moreover, both of these approaches do not support real-time monitoring of the entire length of a pipeline because their working principle is based on local detection. In addition, the AFO technology cannot 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering detect broken wires in an empty pipe, and the EM and AFO technologies cannot identify the hoop location of a broken wire, a detail crucial for stress distribution analysis. Strain monitoring of pipelines using point or distributed fiber optic sensors (FOSs) was recently adopted [5] . Whereas point sensors enable more effective property measurement in terms of resolution, accuracy, and frequency, their high cost implies that they can only be sparsely distributed in practice; this results in significantly low spatial resolution, which makes detecting early-stage PCCP structural damage difficult. This practical shortcoming can be overcome using distributed sensors [6] .

Currently, methods for evaluating the structural condition of PCCPs include sonic, ultrasonic, electromagnetic (EM), and acoustic fiber optic (AFO) methods.

Strain monitoring of pipelines using point or distributed fiber optic sensors (FOSs) was recently adopted.

This practical shortcoming can be overcome using distributed sensors.


The number of long-distance water diversion projects is steadily increasing in China, for which prestressed concrete cylinder pipes (PCCPs) are widely adopted owing to their high load capacity. PCCPs used in such projects have diameters as large as 4 m, bear inner pressures as high as 1.6 MPa, and are buried at depths of up to 12 m. In modern PCCP applications, the ambient and load states have become increasingly complex, and the consequent structural deterioration after a period of service often results in pipe failure [1] . PCCP failure typically occurs suddenly and may have severe consequences such as contaminant leakage, transportation disruptions, injury, and even fatalities. To avoid such failure, monitoring technologies have been developed for obtaining a better understanding of the structural behavior of PCCPs, especially those with very large diameters, and for assessing their structural condition and accordingly executing appropriate maintenance activities.

PCCPs used in such projects have diameters as large as 4 m, bear inner pressures as high as 1.6 MPa, and are buried at depths of up to 12 m. In modern PCCP applications, the ambient and load states have become increasingly complex, and the consequent structural deterioration after a period of service often results in pipe failure.


Some of the above-mentioned methods for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives have one or more negative points such as expensive reagents, tedious work-up, moisture sensitive, toxic and harsh reaction conditions, thus developing an efficient protocol with a powerful catalyst for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine is still of prime importance. On the other hand, catalysis is a key part of green chemistry, and one of the fundamental needed challenges facing chemists now is to design and apply of eco-friendly catalysts [35] [36] [37] [38] . A stable and green catalyst is defined as low preparation cost, high activity, great selectivity, high stability, efficient recovery, and good recyclability [39] .

On the other hand, catalysis is a key part of green chemistry, and one of the fundamental needed challenges facing chemists now is to design and apply of eco-friendly catalysts.

A stable and green catalyst is defined as low preparation cost, high activity, great selectivity, high stability, efficient recovery, and good recyclability.


The Fe 3 O 4 @chitosan nanocatalyst was first prepared by a sol-gel method modified in our previous reports [42] . Then, it was characterized by SEM analysis. The particle size was studied by SEM and the identification of Fe 3-O 4 @chitosan morphology was based on the analysis of SEM images. The obtained SEM images of nanoparticles clearly showed that Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were properly supported on chitosan.

The Fe 3 O 4 @chitosan nanocatalyst was first prepared by a sol-gel method modified in our previous reports.


The rise of China as one of the UK's most important trade partners is clearly reflected in both footprints. China's share of total UK imports amounted to around 1.5% in 1999, expanding quickly to account for nearly 8.0% in 2012, becoming the UK's second largest import partner behind Germany [11] . The implications for embodied emissions is substantial. While China's contribution to total UK import emissions was about 10.5% in 1997, it almost doubled in 2012, reaching 19.1%. In terms of employment, China has been the country that has benefited the most by UK consumption, helping to generate an average of 7.7 million jobs during the period under study. China is expected to remain a strong UK trade partner in the future, continuing to provide goods and services that are essential to the UK's consumption requirements. It is thus expected that the UK will continue to fuel job creation in that country. However, China's intentions to decarbonise its economy and pursue efforts to peak its emissions by 2030, as expressed in its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) submitted to the UNFCCC ahead of the Paris Agreement, could mean that its share of the UK's emissions footprint, as well as those of other nations, would decline over time. The same logic applies to other emerging economies that trade with the UK, such as India, South Africa, Indonesia, and so on. Given that the Paris Agreement has broaden the mitigation scope to include the developing world, this could mean a gradual decrease of the emissions intensity of UK's imports. Accordingly, as the SDA results suggest, this would contribute to reduce the country's emissions footprint.

China's share of total UK imports amounted to around 1.5% in 1999, expanding quickly to account for nearly 8.0% in 2012, becoming the UK's second largest import partner behind Germany.


In recent years, and more specifically in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the argument of reindustrialising the UK economy has received a renewed impetus [68] . Reshoring manufacturing would contribute to diminish the UK's increasing reliance on imports, while helping to create more employment domestically and reduce its emissions footprint. Arguably, such a move could equally drive a rise in production emissions, although this might not necessarily be the case if low-carbon or renewable-energy technologies are in place. Nonetheless, the actual possibilities of achieving this reshoring are uncertain and some studies have suggested that there are limits as to how far it can occur, at least in some sectors, mainly due to the availability of required skills and finance along the supply chain [13] . A more realistic view, at least in the near-to-medium term, is that the UK will continue to depend heavily on imports, while focusing more on high-value activities and services.

In recent years, and more specifically in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the argument of reindustrialising the UK economy has received a renewed impetus.

Nonetheless, the actual possibilities of achieving this reshoring are uncertain and some studies have suggested that there are limits as to how far it can occur, at least in some sectors, mainly due to the availability of required skills and finance along the supply chain.


For healthcare providers, writing the diary helped to perceive the human dimension to their work and to improve communication with the families as an adjunct to oral communication [38] . Staff members also considered the reading of the diary beneficial by allowing a deeper knowledge of the patients as a human being through the eyes of their loved ones and broadening the perception of how hard ICU care can be on family members [38, 43] . It should be noted, however, that staff members also reported strong emotions and concerns about intrusion into the patients' and families' privacies related to diary writing and reading [38] .

For healthcare providers, writing the diary helped to perceive the human dimension to their work and to improve communication with the families as an adjunct to oral communication.

Staff members also considered the reading of the diary beneficial by allowing a deeper knowledge of the patients as a human being through the eyes of their loved ones and broadening the perception of how hard ICU care can be on family members.

It should be noted, however, that staff members also reported strong emotions and concerns about intrusion into the patients' and families' privacies related to diary writing and reading.


Social entrepreneurship has captured the attention of non-profit organisations, philanthropists, and academics in recent years. Social enterprises (SEs) are businesses intended primarily for social benefit. They are innovative agents that engage the market and harness its wealth-generating powers to serve disadvantaged social groups and achieve social transformation (Pelchat, 2005) . SEs use business methods to advance their social, environmental, and human-justice agendas (Vitiello & Wolf-Powers, 2014) . They create non-profit-sector jobs, foster workforce development, and assist people in generating supplemental income, often by strengthening ties between entrepreneurs and the formal economy and building social capital.

They are innovative agents that engage the market and harness its wealth-generating powers to serve disadvantaged social groups and achieve social transformation.

SEs use business methods to advance their social, environmental, and human-justice agendas.


Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are ubiquitous in the troposphere (Singh et al., 1995) . They have both primary and secondary sources, being emitted by anthropogenic and biogenic processes, as well as being formed from the gas-phase oxidation of parent hydrocarbons. OVOCs exist in the atmosphere at trace levels in the parts per trillion to parts per billion (by volume) range and are key players in many atmospheric processes from the production of tropospheric ozone to secondary organic aerosol formation (Kalberer et al., 2004) .

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are ubiquitous in the troposphere.

OVOCs exist in the atmosphere at trace levels in the parts per trillion to parts per billion (by volume) range and are key players in many atmospheric processes from the production of tropospheric ozone to secondary organic aerosol formation.


Ferris proposed the static constraint mode tire model to capture the tire enveloping properties [7] . The model applies an iterative process to identify the active constraints at the tireroad interface from which the resulting circumferential deformation of the tire is formulated. This work developed in this paper improves on this static constraint mode model. The theory is expanded to include shear effects and the required stiffness parameters are reduced from five dependent parameters to two parameters that define the constraint modes and an independent parameter that defines the overall tire stiffness. In this way the parameters that define the shape of the tire are independent from the overall stiffness. The ability of the model to generate the correct tire shape is validated for cracks and bumps to check the enveloping and bridging properties. The appropriate overall tire stiffness parameter is identified through the experimental result from a single flatplate test. The resultant spindle force can be calculated through the circumferential displacement. A set of experimental quasistatic cleat tests are used to validate the entire modeling process.

Ferris proposed the static constraint mode tire model to capture the tire enveloping properties.


Molecular genetic analysis has become a powerful tool for tackling various archaeological issues, from early human origins to human biogeography, artefact usage and environmental archaeology (Thomas, 1993) . Fascinating and sometimes surprising results come from the field of biomolecular archaeology (ancient DNA studies) as well as from the study of extant human populations and domesticated animal and plant species (Hunter, 2007) . However, the use of recent historical events as landmarks for molecular evolutionary biology studies, such as elucidation of demographic history is rarer, possibly due to the short timescale usually involved. Nevertheless, coalescent theory makes the reconstruction of the demographic history of species or populations using nucleotide polymorphism data possible, and subsequently allows evaluation of associated historical hypotheses (Emerson, Paradis & Thebaud, 2001; Pearce & Crandall, 2004) .

Molecular genetic analysis has become a powerful tool for tackling various archaeological issues, from early human origins to human biogeography, artefact usage and environmental archaeology.

Fascinating and sometimes surprising results come from the field of biomolecular archaeology (ancient DNA studies) as well as from the study of extant human populations and domesticated animal and plant species.

Nevertheless, coalescent theory makes the reconstruction of the demographic history of species or populations using nucleotide polymorphism data possible, and subsequently allows evaluation of associated historical hypotheses.


The above information led us to consider issues concerning the shaping of contemporary demography of A. caerulea in Vravrona: how, when and from where has A. caerulea arrived in Vravrona, and what was the influence of human intervention and life-history factors on the contemporary population structure? To answer those questions we performed a population-genetic analysis using the ATPase8 gene, which is a relatively fast-evolving mitochondrial DNA marker recently introduced for molecular evolution studies of land snails (Goodacre, Thomaz & Davies, 2006; Douris et al., 2007) . Furthermore, we applied molecular evolutionary genetics tools to trace past events and the route of human-mediated dispersal of A. caerulea to Vravrona.

To answer those questions we performed a population-genetic analysis using the ATPase8 gene, which is a relatively fast-evolving mitochondrial DNA marker recently introduced for molecular evolution studies of land snails.


The ultimate biological aim of root canal treatment is to treat or prevent apical periodontitis. The biological objectives of chemomechanical preparation are to remove all infected tissues from the root canal space and confine instrumentation within the root canal without forcing necrotic debris beyond the apical foramen [1] . The mechanical objectives of cleaning and shaping are to facilitate delivery of antimicrobial irrigants and create resistance form against which a root filling can be compacted, maintain the path of original canal and consider the multiple geometric planes and curves more than the roots that house them. Moreover, the apical foramen should remain in its original position, hence canal transportation may damage the apical foramen and create foraminal zip or tear which was found to have a negative effect on the apical seal especially when curved root canals are obturated with cold lateral compaction technique [2] .

The biological objectives of chemomechanical preparation are to remove all infected tissues from the root canal space and confine instrumentation within the root canal without forcing necrotic debris beyond the apical foramen.

Moreover, the apical foramen should remain in its original position, hence canal transportation may damage the apical foramen and create foraminal zip or tear which was found to have a negative effect on the apical seal especially when curved root canals are obturated with cold lateral compaction technique.


In this paper we describe the LaserNet Fines (LNF) wear particle analysis technology [8] [9] [10] [11] . This technology was developed for on line and on site analysis of wear debris with the goal of providing more immediate, reliable and earlier detection of mechanical faults without the need for expert human intervention. LNF is an optically based wear particle analyzer that determines type, severity and rate of progression of mechanical faults by measuring the size distribution, concentration and shape characteristics of the wear particles. In addition to mechanical wear particles, LNF detects and identifies fiber, abrasive oxide and free water concentration. This capability allows assessment of system cleanliness and the effects on system health of specific contamination types (such as the effect of sand on gear wear and failure, or the presence of filter deterioration). LNF has similarities to ferrography and microscopic analysis in that it makes use of the shape characteristics of individual particles, but goes beyond these techniques by developing quantitative fault indicators that can be used to identify not only the presence of a fault but its type and level of progression. It is a broadly applicable debris monitoring technology that can be used not only for the detection of faults in oil wetted machinery but also for the determination of particulate contamination levels in hydraulic systems and identification of contaminant type, guiding remedial actions.

In this paper we describe the LaserNet Fines (LNF) wear particle analysis technology.


Also, engineers would prefer a decision support tool based on optimization and no high-level optimization skills is required to use such a tool. Such a decision support tool should be able to give the engineers more insights to the design problem, and "explain" intuitively why the suggested solutions are good (or optimal). Ideally, the suggested solution should be robust, reliable, and globally optimal. Current metamodeling-based optimization approaches aim to approximate the computation-intensive processes with explicit and simple models. The major difficulty is the so-called "curse of size", i.e., with the increase of the number of design variables, the number of sample points needed to construct a good approximation model increases exponentially [5] . The traditional method is to reduce the dimensionality of the problem [6] . Recent trend seems to aim at reducing the size of the search space by searching for feasible or attractive regions [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .

The major difficulty is the so-called "curse of size", i.e., with the increase of the number of design variables, the number of sample points needed to construct a good approximation model increases exponentially.

The traditional method is to reduce the dimensionality of the problem.

Recent trend seems to aim at reducing the size of the search space by searching for feasible or attractive regions.


In industry, computer aided design and analysis (CAD/CAE) tools are extensively used for design evaluation and simulation. The process of using these tools, such as finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, are often computation-intensive. Because such processes could provide engineers very accurate prediction of product behavior, they are expected to be integrated with optimization to search for the design optimum. The problem is that these processes are not transparent to the optimizer; there is no explicit and clean objective function. Gradient information of such function is too expensive to obtain or is unreliable [3] . Also, the objective / constraint functions as well as design variables can be both discontinuous and continuous. The field of optimization provides us many quantitative and systematic search strategies that can help tackle the concurrent design problem [4] . However, there are several limitations of classic optimization methods that hinder the direct application of these methods in modern engineering design. First, classic optimization methods are based on explicitly formulated and / or cheap-tocompute models, while engineering design involves implicit and expensive-to-compute models. Second, classic methods only provide a single solution, while engineers prefer multiple design alternatives. Third, the classic optimization process is sequential, nontransparent, and provides nearly no sights to engineers. Lastly, to apply the optimization methods, high-level expertise on optimization is also required for engineers. Therefore, there is a gap between the capability of classic optimization and the demand of modern engineering design.

Gradient information of such function is too expensive to obtain or is unreliable.

The field of optimization provides us many quantitative and systematic search strategies that can help tackle the concurrent design problem.


The authors' previous research applied the rough set for space exploration and global optimization [12] . Such a method established a mapping from a given function value to the attractive design space, i.e., regions (or subspaces) in the original design space can be identified so that points in the subspaces lead to function values equal to or lower than the given function value. Based on the previous research, goals of objectives are used first to identify attractive design regions for each individual objective so that its goal can be achieved. If there is no common design subspaces among all attractive subspaces, it is most likely that the goals could not be simultaneously satisfied and goals are to be adjusted. Otherwise, further search can concentrate on the common subspace to increase the optimization efficiency. Following sections will briefly review the rough set approach for the identification of attractive spaces. Then the strategy for space reduction on MOO problems will be described. RDO, as a special case of MOO, will be briefly discussed. Test examples and results are then explained and discussed.

The authors' previous research applied the rough set for space exploration and global optimization.


The concentration of blood glucose is the amount of glucose present in the blood of a human or animal. Normally in human, the body maintains the blood glucose level at 3.9-6.1 mM (fasting plasma glucose) and 3.9-7.8 mM (postprandial blood glucose), above or below which may be an indicator of a medical condition [12] . Our previous research showed that blood glucose affected the binding between some flavonol compounds and BSA [13] . It is very informative to investigate on the binding of Hyp to HSA in the presence and absence of glucose. In order to further explore whether the interactions between Hyp and HSA occurred and the influence of glucose on them, we primarily focus on investigating the effect of Hyp on the fluorescence spectrum of HSA, the fluorescence quenching mechanism, the binding constant, the number of binding sites, the binding mode, and the effect of different glucose concentrations including 0, 3, 6, or 9 mM on the binding. These parameters are expected to provide more information about the interaction between Hyp and HSA. The studies on intermolecular interaction of Hyp with HSA and the influence of glucose on the binding will contribute to the understanding of the functions and the metabolic processes of Hyp. Finally, the results may provide an important theoretical support for the use of Hyp in the treatment of diabetic cataract.

Normally in human, the body maintains the blood glucose level at 3.9-6.1 mM (fasting plasma glucose) and 3.9-7.8 mM (postprandial blood glucose), above or below which may be an indicator of a medical condition.

Our previous research showed that blood glucose affected the binding between some flavonol compounds and BSA.


With ever-increasing demand for electricity, the power transfer grows, consequently the power system becomes increasingly more difficult to operate, and more insecure with unscheduled power flows and higher losses. With the rapid development of self-commutated semiconductor devices, it is possible to design power electronic equipments known as the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)-devices. Such kinds of devices are introduced in 1988 by Hingorani [1] . The objective of using FACTS devices in power system is to bring systems under control and to transmit power according to the ordered of the control centers. These devices also allow the increasing of the usable transmission capacity to its maximum thermal limits. By using FACTS devices, it is also possible to control the phase angle, the voltage magnitude at chosen buses and /or line impedances of a transmission system.

Such kinds of devices are introduced in 1988 by Hingorani.


Finally, the results showed that resilience fully mediated the relationship between being single and attachment anxiety. As previously mentioned, the standardised regression coefficient between being single and attachment anxiety decreased when resilience was added into the model. Additionally, resilience was found to reduce the significance of the standardised regression coefficient between being single and attachment anxiety. These results suggest that although individuals who are single are predictive of attachment anxiety, if they also possess high levels of resilience, then this in turn can decrease their levels of attachment anxiety. This is a substantially important contribution to the field of adult attachment, considering that single individuals tend to report increased, depression, anxiety, and sexual displeasure [7] . To the researchers knowledge this is the first study to investigate whether resilience significantly mediates the relationship between being single and attachment anxiety. Therefore, the obtained results provide promising preliminary findings for future research on adult attachment, relationship status, and resilience.

This is a substantially important contribution to the field of adult attachment, considering that single individuals tend to report increased, depression, anxiety, and sexual displeasure.


Given the observational expense and technical difficulty of studying magnetic fields, only a handful of high resolution surveys have been performed. Therefore, in search of an explanation of these results, we turn to simulations that contain full physical information at much higher resolutions than observations. For a meaningful comparison with observations we model emission via radiative transfer, creating a "synthetic observation" (Goodman 2011) .

For a meaningful comparison with observations we model emission via radiative transfer, creating a "synthetic observation".


Disc degeneration is a process that begins early in life and is a consequence of a variety of genetic and environmental factors as well as of normal aging. Epidemiologic studies suggest that heredity is the largest single determinant of disc degeneration [16] . According to the hypothesis that persons with earlier age of disease onset are more likely to have a genetic predisposition, the association of the MMP-2 -1306C/T polymorphism with the susceptibility to LDD was investigated in young adults. The frequency of the MMP-2 -1306CC genotype was significantly higher in patients with LDD than in the healthy population. Subjects with the CC genotype had a nearly threefold increased risk for LDD. In addition, this genotype was found to correlate with more severe grades of disc degeneration observed on MRI. Moreover, in a Japanese study, a common 5A/6A polymorphism of the MMP-3 gene promoter was associated with disc degeneration in the elderly group aged more than 64 years, but not in subjects of less than 28 years of age [20] .

Epidemiologic studies suggest that heredity is the largest single determinant of disc degeneration.

Moreover, in a Japanese study, a common 5A/6A polymorphism of the MMP-3 gene promoter was associated with disc degeneration in the elderly group aged more than 64 years, but not in subjects of less than 28 years of age.


Processing and representation in the ANN parallels the zebrafish brain After designing and training an ANN performing heat gradient navigation we sought to compare computation and stimulus representation within the ANN and the corresponding BNN. Previously, we characterized the computations underlying behavior generation during heat perception in larval zebrafish using white noise temperature stimuli (Haesemeyer et al., 2015) . This approach allowed us to derive behavioral "filter kernels" that describe how larval zebrafish integrate temperature information to generate swim bouts (inset Figure 2a ).

Previously, we characterized the computations underlying behavior generation during heat perception in larval zebrafish using white noise temperature stimuli.


Constraining an artificial neural network by a heat gradient navigation task specifically allowed us to form testable predictions about the larval zebrafish and C. (Haesemeyer et al., 2018) . Virtual ablations also make strong predictions about the role of two OFF cell types in thermal navigation of C. elegans (Figure 4i ). OFF type cells have so far not been implicated in C. elegans thermal navigation but recent whole brain imaging data in response to thermal stimuli suggests that thermosensitive OFF types do exist in C. elegans (Kotera et al., 2016) .

Constraining an artificial neural network by a heat gradient navigation task specifically allowed us to form testable predictions about the larval zebrafish and C..

OFF type cells have so far not been implicated in C. elegans thermal navigation but recent whole brain imaging data in response to thermal stimuli suggests that thermosensitive OFF types do exist in C. elegans.


These filter kernels revealed that larval zebrafish integrate temperature information over timescales of 500 ms to decide on the next swim and that they extract a derivative of the temperature stimulus as reflected in the 0-crossing of the filter (inset Figure 2a ). The filter kernels furthermore indicated that swims were in part controlled by a strong OFF response just before the start of a bout. For comparison we now presented white noise temperature stimuli to the ANN and similarly computed filter kernels as behavior triggered averages for straight swims and turns (Figure 2a ). These bear striking resemblances to the larval zebrafish filter kernels (Haesemeyer et al., 2015) . Namely, even though no explicit constraints on integration timescales were given to the ANN, the behavior triggered averages reveal that most information is integrated over timescales less than a second, akin to larval zebrafish integration timescales (Figure S2b) . This is likely the result of the ANN adapting to the average swim frequency of larval zebrafish used in the training data. Indeed, reducing the baseline swim frequency in the training data to 0.5 Hz elongates filter timescales, while an increase to 2 Hz heightens the filter peaks close to the swim start ( Figure S2c ). The ANN furthermore computes both a derivative and an integral of temperature and, notably, behavior is also influenced by a strong OFF response right before the start of a swim (arrowhead in Figure 2a ). These are all hallmarks of larval zebrafish temperature processing. Furthermore as in zebrafish, the OFF response before the swim-start is more strongly modulated for turns than straight swims ( Figure 2a ), a strategy that zebrafish likely use to favor straight swims over turns when temperature approaches cooler, more favorable conditions (Haesemeyer et al., 2015) . As expected, the swim triggered averages are completely unstructured in naive networks ( Figure S2a ).

These bear striking resemblances to the larval zebrafish filter kernels.

Furthermore as in zebrafish, the OFF response before the swim-start is more strongly modulated for turns than straight swims ( Figure 2a ), a strategy that zebrafish likely use to favor straight swims over turns when temperature approaches cooler, more favorable conditions.


Object definition also clearly depends on higher cognitive processes such as attention, context and categorization (Rosch and Lloyd 1978) . There is abundant evidence that "top-down'' processes can influence the discrimination of figure/ground as well as the perception of illusory figures (Gregory 1972) . The examples considered here (e.g., Figs. 5-7) represent extended visual scenes, and perception of these stimuli would require multiple shifts of gaze and/or attention. The representation of such a scene in intermediate vision is thus a more dynamic entity than portrayed here. The processes we have proposed are rapid (all occur in several cycles of iteration), and thus might be ascribed to preattentive perception. However, such preattentive processing sets the stage for directed attention because it defines segmented objects localized to particular spatial locations. Furthermore, the process of binding contours, surfaces, and surface features may be restricted to one or two limited spatial regions at any one time. Thus, feature binding may be a substrate rather than a result of the attentional process.

Object definition also clearly depends on higher cognitive processes such as attention, context and categorization.

There is abundant evidence that "top-down'' processes can influence the discrimination of figure/ground as well as the perception of illusory figures.


There are significant potential health benefits for maternal and child health (MCH) associated with universal ART initiation by pregnant and breastfeeding women [4] . However, there is mounting evidence that these benefits may be undermined by widespread challenges of non-adherence and/or disengagement from care [5, 6] . Multiple studies have suggested that women who initiate ART in pregnancy may be less likely to be retained in care and adherent to treatment, particularly during the postpartum period, compared to other patient populations [7] [8] [9] . In turn, identifying approaches to provide effective ART care to women during the postpartum period is a major challenge facing ART programmes globally [10, 11] .

There are significant potential health benefits for maternal and child health (MCH) associated with universal ART initiation by pregnant and breastfeeding women.

However, there is mounting evidence that these benefits may be undermined by widespread challenges of non-adherence and/or disengagement from care.

Multiple studies have suggested that women who initiate ART in pregnancy may be less likely to be retained in care and adherent to treatment, particularly during the postpartum period, compared to other patient populations.

In turn, identifying approaches to provide effective ART care to women during the postpartum period is a major challenge facing ART programmes globally.


For all growth experiments, immediately after commencing the growth, the Kikuchi lines disappeared and the RHEED streaks became slightly thicker and diffuse but with the same intensity. The RHEED pattern remained unchanged during the first 2 min [ Fig. 1(a)-(d) ] for all samples. For the samples grown on substrates subjected to the Zn-, N-, or Ga pre-exposure, the RHEED pattern changed drastically after 4-5 min [ Fig. 1(f)-(h) ] from bright and diffuse streaks to distinct and large spots corresponding to a transmission diffraction pattern that is characteristic for epitaxially grown islands [10, 11] . Weak-intensity streaks appeared between the spots after 5-10 min [ Fig. 1(j)-(l) ] indicating a smoother surface. The transmission spots also decreased in size indicating a transition to larger crystallite domains due to the inverse relation between spot size and average crystallite size within the lateral coherence length of the electron beam (≈100 nm) [10] . These weak RHEED streaks became brighter and more pronounced after 10-20 min [ Fig. 1(n)-(p) ] while the size and intensity of the spots decreased. Modulated streaks could be observed after 20 min growth. This pattern indicates an unordered multilevel step surface [10] . For the untreated samples, the initial diffuse streaks changed into very weak-intensity and diffuse transmission spots connected with diffuse streaks after 4-5 min [ Fig. 1(e) ]. These spots were difficult to observe after 10 min while the diffuse streaks remained until the end of the growth [ Fig. 1(i)-(m) ]. The step-morphology of the underlying GaN-template is still clearly visible on the sample with an untreated GaN template surface [ Fig. 2(a) and (e)] even after 20 min of growth. A low density (number of islands per unit area) of randomly dispersed islands can be observed on this sample. After 5 min growth the islands were 20-50 nm wide and 1.2-1.5 nm high. After 20 min growth the dispersed islands on the GaN-template were 15-30 nm wide and 0.5-0.7 nm high [ Fig. 2(e) ]. No coalescence of the islands had occurred on the untreated GaN.

For the samples grown on substrates subjected to the Zn-, N-, or Ga pre-exposure, the RHEED pattern changed drastically after 4-5 min [ Fig. 1(f)-(h) ] from bright and diffuse streaks to distinct and large spots corresponding to a transmission diffraction pattern that is characteristic for epitaxially grown islands.

The transmission spots also decreased in size indicating a transition to larger crystallite domains due to the inverse relation between spot size and average crystallite size within the lateral coherence length of the electron beam (≈100 nm).

This pattern indicates an unordered multilevel step surface.


Early reports describe the impact of pre-exposing the GaN/Al 2 O 3 template layers to Zn or O (prior to the ZnO growth) on the structural quality, interface homogeneity and resulting polarity (Zn-or O-face) [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . The conclusion in these early reports is that Zn preexposure yielded better results in terms of structural quality and interface homogeneity. The Zn pre-exposure also always resulted in Zn-face ZnO. The O pre-exposed samples on the other hand resulted in the formation of monoclinic Ga 2 O 3 at the interface that in turn yielded a lesser structural quality and O-face ZnO.

Early reports describe the impact of pre-exposing the GaN/Al 2 O 3 template layers to Zn or O (prior to the ZnO growth) on the structural quality, interface homogeneity and resulting polarity (Zn-or O-face).


It is very important to reliably distinguish M. bovis BCG strains from M. tuberculosis to differentiate between BCG reactivation and reinfection with M. tuberculosis. Recently, rapid molecular diagnostic testing has been developed that differentiates M. bovis BCG from its parent M. bovis strain [18] . Other methods of identifying BCG strains include phage typing, high performance liquid chromatography, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, dot blot enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing, and PCR identification of M. bovis [7, 18] .

Recently, rapid molecular diagnostic testing has been developed that differentiates M. bovis BCG from its parent M. bovis strain.

Other methods of identifying BCG strains include phage typing, high performance liquid chromatography, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, dot blot enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing, and PCR identification of M. bovis.


Considering the researches, despite probable condition of conflicts between stakeholders of a project and also significant number of disputes existing in construction projects, least of the cases in reality are preferred to be resolved in courts (Kassab et al. 2010) . Negotiation, partnering, mediation, arbitration and dispute review boards are the chief alternative dispute resolution tech-niques when parties try to manage a disputation with the minimum cost (Mitropoulos, Howell 2001; Kassab et al. 2006) . Among these tools, negotiation is usually a default way of settling a dispute (Marzouk, Moamen 2009; Chow et al. 2012; Lu et al. 2014) .

Considering the researches, despite probable condition of conflicts between stakeholders of a project and also significant number of disputes existing in construction projects, least of the cases in reality are preferred to be resolved in courts.

Negotiation, partnering, mediation, arbitration and dispute review boards are the chief alternative dispute resolution tech-niques when parties try to manage a disputation with the minimum cost.

Among these tools, negotiation is usually a default way of settling a dispute.


The main regulatory efforts of the banking sector are aimed at increasing its rigorous compliance with banking standards. However, the costs of tight regulation are quite high, so the question arises regarding their optimization. Innovative efforts in the banking sector in recent years have been mainly focused on circumventing reporting standards and tax avoidance, as well as increasing the cost of transactions carried out by banks. All of this caused an increase in regulatory costs and negative social effects. That is, tight regulation is aimed at deterring financial innovations, which is not efficient and does not contribute to the modernization of the banking sector (Greenspan, 2007) . It is necessary to design a regulatory system that promotes innovative development and at the same time constrains socially dubious novelties (Clarke et al., 2012; Allegret et al., 2016; Ozen et al., 2014) .

That is, tight regulation is aimed at deterring financial innovations, which is not efficient and does not contribute to the modernization of the banking sector.

It is necessary to design a regulatory system that promotes innovative development and at the same time constrains socially dubious novelties.


The fundamental problem of implementing standards based on Basel II is that these standards contribute to the development of pro-cyclicality of banking regulation. When the economy is stable and the risks of shocks are minimal, the Basel Agreement allow a reduction in requirements for equity capital of banks. During the crisis, the requirements for the banks capitalization increase and the economy, which at that time needs additional financial resources, enters a recession phase at an accelerated rate. Therefore, it turns out that banks interested in making a profit raise the amplitude of business fluctuations in general (Akerlof, Schiller, 2010) . Thus, the credit policy of banks exacerbates cyclicality, and the Basel I and Basel II Agreements II do not provide for the development of such a scenario (Boldeanu and Tache, 2016; Gorbunova, 2016; Grima and Caruana, 2017; Grima, 2012) .

Therefore, it turns out that banks interested in making a profit raise the amplitude of business fluctuations in general.

Thus, the credit policy of banks exacerbates cyclicality, and the Basel I and Basel II Agreements II do not provide for the development of such a scenario.


The weighted capital adequacy ratio recorded in the Basel agreement corresponds to the banking sector model with a significant level of financial leverage, which, in essence, is similar to the manifestation of the risk of bankruptcy due to a sharp change in market conditions (Haldane et al., 2007) . The low level of equity capital is provoked by both modern tax systems and the desire of bank managers to obtain high profits and, consequently, bonuses. Therefore, establishing a minimum amount of equity capital dictated by the Basel Agreements makes sense in principle. However, this measure resulted in an unexpected outcome -a fixed minimum of equity capital has become the norm.

The weighted capital adequacy ratio recorded in the Basel agreement corresponds to the banking sector model with a significant level of financial leverage, which, in essence, is similar to the manifestation of the risk of bankruptcy due to a sharp change in market conditions.


The experiment phase consisted of participants completing 20 task trials with each menu configuration, for a total of 120 trials per participant. Participant menu interaction order was counterbalanced based on a 6x6 Latin Square [12] . A task trial consisted of making five successful selection attempts. After each task trial, a two-second break was given. Upon completing 10 trials, a 15-second break was provided. Between each menu type, a one-minute break occurred during which participants were able to review the instructions on the upcoming menu type.

Participant menu interaction order was counterbalanced based on a 6x6 Latin Square.


Internal gravity waves are an important feature of ocean dynamics and the may be found almost everywhere in the ocean. Internal gravity waves are supported in a stably stratified medium. Vertical motion is then suppressed by gravitational forces. A vertical displacement of a fluid parcel will result in a buoyancy force opposite in direction to the displacement and as a result the fluid parcel will undergo vertical oscillations with a frequency which is determined by the density stratification of the medium. The essential characteristic of internal gravity waves is that they can propagate over large distance practically without dissipation losses and with almost unchanged structure. There are many works devoted to theoretical, numerical and experimental investigations of the internal gravity waves fields, but our aim is not to discuss this results. The reader is referred to, among others, the papers [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] .

The reader is referred to, among others, the papers.


There are several types of energy source for internal gravity waves. One possibility is generation through atmospheric winds. Another is tidal flow over bottom topography. To generate an internal wave field with an organized structure it is necessary to have a coherent localized source. One example of this is a moving vessel. Both surface and underwater vessels generated internal gravity waves which have a well organizes structure. Just as for surface ship waves, the internal wave field has a V-shaped structure, but in contradistinction to ship waves here the opening angle oh the V depends on the stratification and the speed of the vessel. A self-propelled moving underwater object *Address corresponding to this author at the Institute for Problems in Mechanics RAS, Pr. Vernadskogo 101 -1, Moscow 119526, Russia; Tel: +7-903-7220761; Fax: +7-499-739-9531; E-mail: bulatov@index-xx.ru will create a turbulent wake. The wake will form behind the body and it will expand in time, both horizontally and vertically. Further this wake collapses at a certain distance downstream of the moving object and produces a significant internal wave field. The numerical modeling of such wake collapse is difficult, and requires a large amount of computer capacity. Such a model is outside the scope of our investigation [14, 15] .

One example of this is a moving vessel.

Such a model is outside the scope of our investigation.


The horizontal non-homogeneity and nonstationarity are crucial for the propagation of the internal gravity waves in natural stratified media (such as the ocean and the atmosphere). To the most typical horizontal inhomogeneities of the real ocean we relate the change in the ocean bottom shape, the inhomogeneity of the density field and the variance of the mean currents. The exact solution of the problem, for example by means of separating of variables, can only be obtained when the density distribution and the ocean bottom shape are described by the simple model functions. For the arbitrary stratification and the arbitrary ocean bottom topography it is only possible to construct the asymptotic representations of the solutions [16, 17, 19] .

For the arbitrary stratification and the arbitrary ocean bottom topography it is only possible to construct the asymptotic representations of the solutions.


Our study had some limitations. We assessed individual exposure based on PM 2.5 recorded for the city, while more precise methods of evaluating PM 2.5 exposure are potentially available. For example, patients could carry mobile dust monitors. However, technical and financial limitations related to the equipment and patients' compliance would make such a study expensive and difficult to conduct, especially on a large group of participants. More sophisticated models could be used to assess personal exposure [42] [43] [44] . Air quality is changing over space and time and people travel and spend time at various locations. Therefore, in future studies more detailed data should be used, for example, the duration of time spent outside in each location and mode and routes of travel would make it easier to capture the full range of personal exposure.

Our study had some limitations.

More sophisticated models could be used to assess personal exposure.