A more pleasing and stylish product image may be obtained by using different colour combinations and visual effects (Ma, Chen & Wu, 2007) . Packaging and store wall colours can drastically affect an organisation's sales (Singh 2006) . Consumers develop a preference for particular colours for certain products because they learn, through association, that certain colours are appropriate for certain product categories (Grossman & Wisenblit 1999) . Organisations should be attentive to these developed preferences and associations.

A more pleasing and stylish product image may be obtained by using different colour combinations and visual effects.

Packaging and store wall colours can drastically affect an organisation's sales.

Consumers develop a preference for particular colours for certain products because they learn, through association, that certain colours are appropriate for certain product categories.


In addition, also innovation in energy efficiency is central to the realisation of the energy transition. Technological change in this area has been identified as the central driver of reducing aggregate energy intensity (Voigt et al., 2014) . Moreover, in countries where the share of total energy consumption due to energy-intensive manufacturing increased in the last years-as for instance in Germany or Taiwan * The authors express their thank to Dirk Czarnitzki, Thorsten Doherr, Pierre Mohnen, Michael Schymura, and Reinhilde Veugelers for very helpful comments as well as Eva E. Speiser for excellent research assistance. Moreover, we are grateful for various comments by participants of the 2 nd International Academic Symposium R&D on Energy 2014, in Barcelona and the MSI Brownbag Seminar at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. This research was funded by the Helmholtz Association within the framework Helmholtz-Alliance ENERGY-TRANS.

Technological change in this area has been identified as the central driver of reducing aggregate energy intensity.


Interestingly, although the perceived relative advantage of expert systems was similar to that for scenarios, its rating was not high in absolute terms (4.19 of 7). The evidence in favor of expert systems is modest [7] . Furthermore, it is unlikely that our respondents were aware of the evidence.

The evidence in favor of expert systems is modest.


Promoting actions to improve energy efficiency in the existing building stock is strategic; studies conducted in medium-sized municipalities show that this sector is responsible for at least 60% of CO 2 emissions [4] . A first strategic step is to define the actions within a SEAP. The approach usually used is an economic one that privileges actions that, given the same initial investment, generate the greatest energy savings. This approach, however, is limited since it does not consider many aspects which are important such as those technologically critical (maintenance and replacement costs), those environmentally critical (impact during disposal technologies at the end of their useful life) and finally those which are socially critical. So far as this last issue is concerned, we believe that an important strategy for the energy renovation of existing building should primarily involve all the local economic realities (technicians, contractors, designers, businesses and artisans). For this very reason we considered interesting and useful the use of the approach proposed in multi-criteria analysis.

Promoting actions to improve energy efficiency in the existing building stock is strategic; studies conducted in medium-sized municipalities show that this sector is responsible for at least 60% of CO 2 emissions.


The piston ring-liner conjunction represents a dynamic seal between the combustion chamber and crankcase. Although vital for engine operation, this is the most important source of engine frictional losses. Inadequate ring-liner lubrication leads to high fuel/oil consumption and increased engine emissions with dramatic impact over the entire system efficiency [1] . As a first approximation, most piston ring-liner tribological models neglect oil cavitation. Although this may be an acceptable compromise between accuracy and model complexity, it can lead to erroneous conclusions.

Inadequate ring-liner lubrication leads to high fuel/oil consumption and increased engine emissions with dramatic impact over the entire system efficiency.


Cell-microcarrier contact in bead-to-bead hMSC transfer is very likely to be influenced by a combination of factors such as donor cell line, medium composition, attachment substrate (i.e. microcarriers) and the process itself. The process employed with respect to the feeding regime, surface area provided or agitation intensity was kept constant during this study using a protocol that had been thoroughly tested and optimised for the successful expansion of bone-marrow derived hMSCs in spinner flasks in different medium conditions (Heathman et al. 2015; Rafiq et al. 2016) . To account for donor variability, hMSCs from three donors were employed for this study.

The process employed with respect to the feeding regime, surface area provided or agitation intensity was kept constant during this study using a protocol that had been thoroughly tested and optimised for the successful expansion of bone-marrow derived hMSCs in spinner flasks in different medium conditions.


Until now, hMSC microcarrier culture has followed the same approach as monolayer culture with respect to harvesting when cells reach confluency, i.e. the use of enzymes to detach cells from the surface of the microcarriers, preferably aided by agitation to reduce the time the cells are exposed to that environment (Nienow et al. 2014) . However, unlike monolayer culture which is limited by the surface area available in the tissue culture flask, microcarrier/bioreactor culture has a significant advantage with respect to surface area to volume ratio and there is potential for the provision of additional microcarriers during a culture process when the cells are nearing confluency in order to maintain cell growth in the exponential phase for longer. For example, Hervy and colleagues recently maintained hMSCs on microcarriers for over 40 days using this (Hervy et al. 2014) . This extended culture time relies on the transfer of cells from one microcarrier/bead to another (called here for convenience, bead-to-bead transfer). Bead-to-bead transfer (or cell migration from one microcarrier to another) during suspension culture of adherent cells is believed to be a key mechanism for rapid and efficient cell expansion in suspension cultures (de Soure et al. 2016) . This cell behaviour is of particular interest from a process development and manufacturing perspective as the demonstration of bead-to-bead transfer would facilitate the large-scale manufacture of stem cells via seed bioreactor cultures without the need to expose the cells to frequent deleterious proteolytic enzymes. This approach also facilitates process intensification by providing additional surface throughout the course of the culture, maintaining the cells in the exponential phase of growth for a longer period of time, thereby increasing yield and efficiency whilst reducing process costs and time.

Until now, hMSC microcarrier culture has followed the same approach as monolayer culture with respect to harvesting when cells reach confluency, i.e. the use of enzymes to detach cells from the surface of the microcarriers, preferably aided by agitation to reduce the time the cells are exposed to that environment.

For example, Hervy and colleagues recently maintained hMSCs on microcarriers for over 40 days using this.

Bead-to-bead transfer (or cell migration from one microcarrier to another) during suspension culture of adherent cells is believed to be a key mechanism for rapid and efficient cell expansion in suspension cultures.


Firstly, in order to validate our system identification and control designs, the closed-loop sensitivity functions by using the sinusoidal sweeping signal were measured. Because of the conservatism of the mixed H 2 /H ∞ control, only the nominal H 2 control with the better performance and the robust stability was implemented. The experiment results are shown in Fig. 16 . The designed controllers in this paper aim at rejecting non-repeatable runout, since repeatable runout can be cancelled very well by using some specific compensators, such as adaptive feedforward cancellation [2] [3] . Therefore, it is helpful to take repeatable runout components out from the closed-loop PES to evaluate the designed controllers. Table 1 shows 3σ PES values for the designed controllers with and without repeatable runout components respectively.

The designed controllers in this paper aim at rejecting non-repeatable runout, since repeatable runout can be cancelled very well by using some specific compensators, such as adaptive feedforward cancellation.


In this paper, we present two track-following control designs for dual-stage servo systems. The first controller was designed by combining an outer loop sensitivity-decoupling controller with an inner loop disturbance observer [9] . Two different Q filters were utilized in the inner-loop disturbance observer to achieve both good disturbance rejection and robust stability, by considering that the plant uncertainties for the VCM and the microactuator are quite different. The second one was designed by using a mixed H 2 /H ∞ control synthesis methodology in order to minimize a nominal H 2 norm for a good performance as well as to satisfy an H ∞ constraint for the robust stability. The conservatism of the mixed H 2 /H ∞ control via a convex optimization with linear matrix inequalities (LMI) was discussed and a nominal H 2 controller was designed by tuning control input weighting values to achieve the robustness.

The first controller was designed by combining an outer loop sensitivity-decoupling controller with an inner loop disturbance observer.


In addition, municipalities have other reasons to worry about lack of community support. Scandals over lead contamination in drinking water have rocked the nation, with the most glaring example of malfeasance occurring in Flint, Michigan (Butler et al. 2016; Sedlak 2016) . Places with aging infrastructure are more likely to have such problems, and Pittsburgh is no exception. Indeed, recently, elevated levels of lead have been found in drinking water in Pittsburgh, and the local water utility has been ordered to replace lead pipes (Litvak 2016) . Shaken by community outrage and fearing further deterioration of community trust, municipalities must tentatively and sensitively explore their community's receptivity to a new stormwater water utility fee.

Scandals over lead contamination in drinking water have rocked the nation, with the most glaring example of malfeasance occurring in Flint, Michigan.

Indeed, recently, elevated levels of lead have been found in drinking water in Pittsburgh, and the local water utility has been ordered to replace lead pipes.


It appears that our participants have a fairly good understanding of what stormwater runoff is. Nearly 40% of our participants believe that the risk of such events is increasing and worry most about a changing climate when thinking about this increase. On balance, participants see that the current infrastructure can adequately handle any events and most do not view stormwater as having a negative effect on where they live. Despite this, participants are relatively supportive of a dedicated source of funding to manage stormwater. Perhaps, counter-intuitively, those who most strongly express support for the creation of a dedicated stormwater fund irrespective of the type of infrastructure involved (unspecified, green, or gray) are those who also see the current infrastructure as being adequate to manage stormwater infrastructure. Intuition suggests that people will not want to invest in something they do not see as necessary. Indeed, we see this being the case in the climate change domain where individuals and countries are reluctant to pay to mitigate climate change (Semenza et al. 2008; Feygina et al. 2010; Poortinga et al. 2011) . One possible explanation is that these are individuals who recognize the need for continued investment in infrastructure in order to continue the successful management of risk and, hence, view a dedicated stormwater fund as necessary. Indeed our results suggest that these are individuals who are more aware of stormwater impacts and who also see that the chances for significant events are increasing in the future. Another possible explanation is that these are individuals who are Bpreventionfocused.^Those are people who are guided by a decision-making heuristic to take precautionary measures, if feasible, without analyzing the details (de Boer et al. 2014) . One implication of this finding is that communicators may want to remind residents of the value of investing in infrastructure to protect against future risk. On balance, participants preferred green infrastructure to gray infrastructure, seeing it as more attractive, helping the economy, protecting nature, better at addressing climate change, less expensive, and that it is something we know how to do. This supports findings about green products, where functional aspects of the green products dominate people's support for them (Biswas 2016) . More positive views about infrastructure were associated greater support for green and gray infrastructure, respectively. Costs only seemed to matter for people at higher price points, with those who viewed costs as low being correlated with more support for the infrastructure. Others have found that location and demographics play a role in people's support for green infrastructure (Blaine et al. 2003; Mazzotta et al. 2014) . Thus, Pittsburgh residents, especially those who are more aware and interested in the topic of stormwater, may be more receptive to a dedicated source of funding for stormwater management if communicators focus on green infrastructure and its benefits.

Indeed, we see this being the case in the climate change domain where individuals and countries are reluctant to pay to mitigate climate change.

Another possible explanation is that these are individuals who are Bpreventionfocused.^Those are people who are guided by a decision-making heuristic to take precautionary measures, if feasible, without analyzing the details.

This supports findings about green products, where functional aspects of the green products dominate people's support for them.

Others have found that location and demographics play a role in people's support for green infrastructure.


Unfortunately, establishing a stormwater utility faces multiple challenges, including obtaining community support for a new utility fee. For instance, if a community were to create a drinking water utility, a consumer could see the direct benefit of paying their water bill in the form of fresh drinking water and thus could likely understand the need for a fee. However, unlike a drinking water or power utility, consumers may not see an immediate benefit from paying a stormwater utility fee (Brisman 2001) . Asking people to pay for a benefit they do not personally enjoy may make it challenging to garner community support.

However, unlike a drinking water or power utility, consumers may not see an immediate benefit from paying a stormwater utility fee.


Soils globally store four times as much C as the aboveground biomass [5] . Soil organic matter (SOM) contains a rapidly decomposing fraction that is less relevant for long-term C storage and a fraction of extremely long turnover times. It remains to be shown that this recalcitrant soil C pool can be influenced by forest management practices [6] .

Soils globally store four times as much C as the aboveground biomass.

It remains to be shown that this recalcitrant soil C pool can be influenced by forest management practices.


Forests of the Northern Hemisphere have been identified as a C sink [2] . European forests absorb 7-12% of European emissions [3] . Forest encroachment, i.e. the succession after active farming from bushland to early successional forests, comprises a net C sink. It is controversial whether or not the conversion of grassland to forest is indeed a C sink [4] .

Forests of the Northern Hemisphere have been identified as a C sink.

European forests absorb 7-12% of European emissions.

It is controversial whether or not the conversion of grassland to forest is indeed a C sink.


The accounting rules specify that the mere existence of large terrestrial C pools in forest ecosystems represents no advantage for countries. Relevant for the mitigation of climate change are only changes in the terrestrial C pool. Countries are required to maintain their forest cover, and the increase in the C pool by specific forms of forest management is important. In countries with a low forest cover, the major opportunity is afforestation of former arable land. The potential for afforestation within Europe has been estimated at about 20% of the agricultural land area [1] .

The potential for afforestation within Europe has been estimated at about 20% of the agricultural land area.


In the large N and low temperature limit N βJ 1 (with β the inverse temperature and J the average coupling strength), the behavior of the model is controlled by a large N saddle point, with the fermion two-point function G(τ, τ ) = 1 N j χ j (τ )χ j (τ ) playing the role of a semi-classical "order parameter" with small fluctuations suppressed by 1 N . At low temperature, G(τ, τ ) has a power law dependence on τ − τ in the infared, suggesting that the low energy dynamics of this model might be conformally invariant [14] . In fact, the (0 + 1)-d conformal symmetry is only approximate, and in fact the low-temperature dynamics are dominated by the specific way in which the symmetry is broken [4, 11] .

At low temperature, G(τ, τ ) has a power law dependence on τ − τ in the infared, suggesting that the low energy dynamics of this model might be conformally invariant.

In fact, the (0 + 1)-d conformal symmetry is only approximate, and in fact the low-temperature dynamics are dominated by the specific way in which the symmetry is broken.


Fat intake is scientifically linked to increased risk of developing chronic noncommunicable diseases, which affects morbidity and mortality rates (Brasil, 2005) . Dne way of reducing calories in food products is the use of fat replacers (Zahn et al., 2010) . Enzymatically modified starches have functional benefits and can be used specifically as a fat substitute in bread (Scheuer et al., 2014) .

Fat intake is scientifically linked to increased risk of developing chronic noncommunicable diseases, which affects morbidity and mortality rates.

Dne way of reducing calories in food products is the use of fat replacers.

Enzymatically modified starches have functional benefits and can be used specifically as a fat substitute in bread.


The following crumb grain properties were extracted and calculated: number of cells (objects); mean cell area (mm 2 ); cell density (cells/mm 2 ), circularity, and maximum and minimum cell area (mm 2 ) (Esteller & Lannes, 2005) . Cell density was calculated by dividing the number of cells by the mean cell area. Cell shape was analyzed using a shape factor to measure circularity.

The following crumb grain properties were extracted and calculated: number of cells (objects); mean cell area (mm 2 ); cell density (cells/mm 2 ), circularity, and maximum and minimum cell area (mm 2 ).


Wheat is a unique grain because of its functional components. Dnly wheat flour can form a viscoelastic dough with rheological properties (Goesaert et al., 2005) . However, combining nutritional value and organoleptic quality in bread recipes is a challenge.

Dnly wheat flour can form a viscoelastic dough with rheological properties.


The inclusion or encapsulation of a reactive, colored or toxic crystal into a highly stable crystalline matrix gives a protection effect to the guest crystal. The guest crystal becomes inactive within the host [6] [7] [8] . There is a restricted choice for red/pink and orange colors among synthetic inorganic ceramic pigments to be used in ceramic industry. They are generally easily etched by glasses, and sensitive to the atmosphere and firing temperature; a number of them contain toxic and pollutional elements. Therefore in recent years, there has been a developing interest toward new nontoxic  inorganic red pigment and applying them into ceramic glazes [4, [9] [10] [11] .

The guest crystal becomes inactive within the host.

Therefore in recent years, there has been a developing interest toward new nontoxic  inorganic red pigment and applying them into ceramic glazes.


Hematite encapsulated pigment based on silica and/or zircon crystals that protect the occluded red α-Fe 2 O 3 chromophore crystals is usually utilized, even if the traditional preparation leads to powders that negatively affect the glaze composition and sintering temperature. In particular, in order to achieve high efficiency of chromophore agent encapsulation, the matrix sintering and/or crystallization must be synchronized with the nucleation and growth of the occluded chromophore agent. Crystallization, sintering and inclusion process are thus considered to take place simultaneously, and consequently, the control of particle size of the raw powders is one of the main steps [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .

Crystallization, sintering and inclusion process are thus considered to take place simultaneously, and consequently, the control of particle size of the raw powders is one of the main steps.


In general, the electromagnetic field tensor F , expressed by a four-by-four matrix, is used to describe the electromagnetic field intensity. This tensor provides a convenient expression for the Lorentz force and therefore can describe the evolution of a charged particle. In addition to this representation, the complex Faraday vector F = E + iB has been used widely in the literature to obtain the Lorentz field invariants [7] . Silberstein first combined both concepts in 1907 to define a complex Faraday tensor F + iF * [8, 9] . He used a quaternion based formalism and did not apply the tensor to describe any kinematic phenomena. It was later shown that Maxwell's equations can be derived from such a tensor [10] .

In addition to this representation, the complex Faraday vector F = E + iB has been used widely in the literature to obtain the Lorentz field invariants.

Silberstein first combined both concepts in 1907 to define a complex Faraday tensor F + iF *.

It was later shown that Maxwell's equations can be derived from such a tensor.


For the sand only and sand ? NaCl water solutions, mass loss occurred for the both sand size (200 ± 50 lm) and sand size (375 ± 125 lm). As shown in Fig. 4 , the mass loss has increased with an increase in particles size. This is in good agreement with research work found in literature as the rate of erosion increases with the increase of particles size, hardness and angularity; however, in higher solid particle concentrations, this increase may not predominate as the kinetic energy of the particles is dissipated partly due to the particle-particle collisions, due to the blanketing effect and to the decrease in particle rotation [9, 17] .

For the sand only and sand ?

This is in good agreement with research work found in literature as the rate of erosion increases with the increase of particles size, hardness and angularity; however, in higher solid particle concentrations, this increase may not predominate as the kinetic energy of the particles is dissipated partly due to the particle-particle collisions, due to the blanketing effect and to the decrease in particle rotation.


The mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and generally cost effectiveness of fibre reinforced composite materials make them an attractive choice for this purpose. However, due to the nature of the tides, identifying a reliable composite material for such environments, especially with an increased rotor diameter, raises more issues to be addressed; including the tribological challenges such as sediment erosion, cavitation erosion, and their possible synergistic effects on the tidal turbine blades [4] . This research focuses on testing and identifying materials with a better tribological performance in marine tidal environments. This includes producing a variety of composite materials with different fibres and reinforcement configuration to evaluate two main tribological issues of composite materials in tidal environments: matrix cutting and reinforcement fracture using a slurry pot test rig [5] . At this stage of the research, commercially available materials have been tested by a modified test rig to (partially) replicate the tidal environment conditions.

However, due to the nature of the tides, identifying a reliable composite material for such environments, especially with an increased rotor diameter, raises more issues to be addressed; including the tribological challenges such as sediment erosion, cavitation erosion, and their possible synergistic effects on the tidal turbine blades.

This includes producing a variety of composite materials with different fibres and reinforcement configuration to evaluate two main tribological issues of composite materials in tidal environments: matrix cutting and reinforcement fracture using a slurry pot test rig.


The ROC curves provide an efficient way to select features for a given application. For instance, features "MSB", "Loss of Correlation", and "Differential Curve Length" are generally the best three for all transducer pairs for the data reported here. On the other hand, the performance of features varies for different operating points or transducer pairs. For example, as can be seen in Fig. 3(a) , feature "MP_STD" is the second best for transducer pair 1-2 at some operating point on the ROC curve. It can be seen that transducer pair 1-2 has the poorest performance in that the best ROC curve in Fig. 3(a) is further from the upper left comer compared to the other pairs. This result is not unexpected because the surface wetting area is directly in-line with transducer pair 1-2 and thus affects its signals more strongly than the other pairs. In summary, features with high selectivity can be identified using ROC curves, and the best operating point (i.e., detection threshold) for a desired PoD and FAR can be selected. These features could be used individually for damage detection, or a combined use of all features from all transducer pairs could be applied using data fusion methods to achieve a better overall performance [11] .

These features could be used individually for damage detection, or a combined use of all features from all transducer pairs could be applied using data fusion methods to achieve a better overall performance.


Nowadays, there is a great interest for nano-thermotherapy, i.e. killing tumor cells, not with chemotherapeutic agents, but with locally targeted nano-heaters that would basically kill malignant cells [14] . This technique is an encouraging technique for cancer treatment because of ease of targeting the cancerous tissue, thus having fewer side effects than radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, this method provides a straight forward way of treating cancer in combination with irradiation and chemotherapy.

Nowadays, there is a great interest for nano-thermotherapy, i.e. killing tumor cells, not with chemotherapeutic agents, but with locally targeted nano-heaters that would basically kill malignant cells.


Here we successfully capped citrate on the surface of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a hyperthermia device. The use of hyperthermia in the treatment of malignant tumors is as old as medicine itself. Hippocrates, the father of medicine, suggested that surface tumors should be cauterized by application of hot iron. In modern times, more advanced methods (hot water bath, high-frequency radiation and magnetic fluid hyperthermia) are employed to heat, and hopefully destroy tumors [13] .

In modern times, more advanced methods (hot water bath, high-frequency radiation and magnetic fluid hyperthermia) are employed to heat, and hopefully destroy tumors.


Increasing human activity in the biomes where wild H. impetiginosus grows (agricultural practices, grazing) and climatic changes have led to its inclusion on the list of species under threat [2] . Moreover, seed production can vary greatly from one year to the next, and insect attack may destroy up to 95% of the seeds produced [3] . Therefore, conservation programs aimed at diminishing the risks of extinction are required because of the ecological and economic importance of this species [2] .

Increasing human activity in the biomes where wild H. impetiginosus grows (agricultural practices, grazing) and climatic changes have led to its inclusion on the list of species under threat.

Moreover, seed production can vary greatly from one year to the next, and insect attack may destroy up to 95% of the seeds produced.

Therefore, conservation programs aimed at diminishing the risks of extinction are required because of the ecological and economic importance of this species.


As urbanisation has progressed throughout East Asia, the once vibrant but somewhat unruly street vendor sector has been largely treated as part of the indigent or beggar class and swept off the streets wherever possible. From Seoul to Beijing to Taipei and, perhaps in the future to Bangkok, the urban street vendors have been confined to state-mandated areas, subject to receipt of services such as water and electricity and integrated into the tax base. Urban planners have tended to consider street vendors, that is, as nuisances to be hidden out of sight or at least placed into idealized locales where they may be consumer as part of a culture of museum tourism but in situations which may not be convenient for drawing customers, especially when the principal competitive advantage that vendors offer customers are convenience through location. In such cases, some vendors have fought against sequestration and fought to retain those physical positions which keeps them as close as possible to their customers (Maneepong and Walsh, 2009) .

In such cases, some vendors have fought against sequestration and fought to retain those physical positions which keeps them as close as possible to their customers.


From the business studies perspective, it is convenient to divide street vendors into various categories according to the observable variables of their working style. Hence, they may be categorized according to whether they have a permanent or temporary pitch or whether they are itinerant. Other categories include the nature of goods or services provided, means of sourcing products and whether franchising or branding takes place. While it would be possible to arrange these categories in such a way as to reflect a linear progression from least to most sophisticated or in terms of increasing commitment to the business. However, there is little evidence to believe that vendors begin at a low level and progress to a higher level with a view to obtaining full-time or permanent employment. Indeed, their purposes in establishing a business may be definitively bound by time for family reasons or other personal reasons (Anantarangsi and Walsh, 2009) . Research conducted in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMSR), of which Vietnam is a member, indicates that most work in the informal sector is barely profitable and offers little in the way of added value activities. This contrasts with at least some street vending activities in Bangkok, where vendors (who may have been white collar workers made redundant as a result of the 1997 Asian financial crisis) have adopted quite sophisticated business models, including international sourcing, creating own brand names and franchising (Maneepong and Walsh, 2008) . This phenomenon led the authors to create the label of 'new generation' of street vendors.

Indeed, their purposes in establishing a business may be definitively bound by time for family reasons or other personal reasons.

This contrasts with at least some street vending activities in Bangkok, where vendors (who may have been white collar workers made redundant as a result of the 1997 Asian financial crisis) have adopted quite sophisticated business models, including international sourcing, creating own brand names and franchising.


Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains remain an important cause of diarrheal disease in newborn and weaned piglets [1] - [3] . ETEC strains harbor one or more fimbrial adhesins that are important virulence factors because they allow the bacteria to bind to specific receptors on small intestine enterocytes, resulting in colonization and subsequently the secretion of enterotoxins. The enterotoxins can be heat-labile enterotoxins (LT-1 and LT-2) and/or heat-stable enterotoxins (STa and STb), which induce a severe watery diarrhea by disrupting the water and electrolyte balance in the intestine [4] [5] .

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains remain an important cause of diarrheal disease in newborn and weaned piglets.

The enterotoxins can be heat-labile enterotoxins (LT-1 and LT-2) and/or heat-stable enterotoxins (STa and STb), which induce a severe watery diarrhea by disrupting the water and electrolyte balance in the intestine.


Membrane distillation (MD) is an integrated separation process that involves heat and mass transfer. It produces high-quality pure water by utilizing a hydrophobic microporous membrane to separate hot feed and cold permeate, and the transmembrane temperature gradient serves as the driving force for water transfer. In spite of many potential benefits offered by the MD process, such as theoretically 100% rejection for non-volatile impurities, low operating temperatures, no applied hydraulic pressure requirement and reasonably low capital costs, the mass flux of the MD process tends to be rather low compared with other membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO) [1] . Severe temperature-polarization (TP), which is attributed to poor fluid dynamics, is believed to be one of the main causes responsible for low water flux, as it leads to a lower actual transmembrane temperature difference. For direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) where hot and cold fluids are in contact with the membrane, low thermal efficiency can occur due to the conductive heat loss through the membrane matrix and this may have hindered MD commercialization [2] .

In spite of many potential benefits offered by the MD process, such as theoretically 100% rejection for non-volatile impurities, low operating temperatures, no applied hydraulic pressure requirement and reasonably low capital costs, the mass flux of the MD process tends to be rather low compared with other membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO).

For direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) where hot and cold fluids are in contact with the membrane, low thermal efficiency can occur due to the conductive heat loss through the membrane matrix and this may have hindered MD commercialization.


Semi-empirical equations have been used for process modeling and prediction, especially in MD applications [1] . This has proved to be helpful in analyzing the heat-transfer process and calculating the local heat-transfer coefficients and membrane surface temperatures and hence determining the temperature-polarization coefficient [1, 13, [18] [19] [20] . Unfortunately, these empirical equations were developed based on non-porous and rigid shell and tube heat exchangers that are not coupled with mass transfer and phase changes [14] . Therefore, the accuracy and applicability of these equations in MD modeling can be questioned.

Semi-empirical equations have been used for process modeling and prediction, especially in MD applications.

This has proved to be helpful in analyzing the heat-transfer process and calculating the local heat-transfer coefficients and membrane surface temperatures and hence determining the temperature-polarization coefficient.

Unfortunately, these empirical equations were developed based on non-porous and rigid shell and tube heat exchangers that are not coupled with mass transfer and phase changes.


It is also worth mentioning that ARRANGE also provides the list of parties that should ideally exist and which partisans should be their members. Although I know a democratic government cannot implement this solution easily, it can be used to support significant reforms in its political system. With this in mind, I could not fail to mention in this paper that one of the possible reasons for Brazil's high level of party fragmentation is the so called fundo partidário, which are funds distributed by the federal government to Brazilian political parties for them to spend indiscriminately. A share of the amount paid by the federal government through the fundo partidário is the same for every party, but another part is proportional to the number of elected congressmen, senators and governors by each organization. In 2014, PT, the party with the highest share (16.5%), received R$50,314,999.19 million reais from the fund. On the other hand, PROS, the party with the lowest share (0.16%), received R$493,873.68 thousand reais in 2014 [54] . Consider that, in 2014, the exchange rate of the real varied from U$2.19 to U$2.72 U.S. dollars. It is out of the scope of this paper to point fundo partidário as the main culprit for Brazil's high level of party fragmentation, but it poses as a clear incentive for the creation of many parties in Brazil.

On the other hand, PROS, the party with the lowest share (0.16%), received R$493,873.68 thousand reais in 2014.


With the development of smart grids, increasing numbers of power electronic devices have been connected to distribution networks, which inject a large amount of harmonics [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Various electrical power equipment and electronic products have a strong sensitivity to the harmonics in the distribution network, making harmonic elimination of great importance [6] . To address the problem of harmonic pollution, appropriate punishment scheme should be executed according to the harmonic limits recommended by the IEEE or IEC standards. To ensure its implementation, it is necessary to quantitatively evaluate the harmonic responsibility of the major harmonic loads at the point of common coupling (PCC) in distribution networks [7] [8] [9] .

With the development of smart grids, increasing numbers of power electronic devices have been connected to distribution networks, which inject a large amount of harmonics.

Various electrical power equipment and electronic products have a strong sensitivity to the harmonics in the distribution network, making harmonic elimination of great importance.

To ensure its implementation, it is necessary to quantitatively evaluate the harmonic responsibility of the major harmonic loads at the point of common coupling (PCC) in distribution networks.


Using the Doppler Shift phenomena, scientists can learn much about the motions of galaxies. They know that galaxies rotate because, when viewed edge-on, the light from one side of the galaxy is blue shifted and the light from the other side is red shifted. One side is moving toward the Earth, the other is moving away. They can also determine the speed at which the galaxy is rotating from how far the light is shifted. Knowing how fast the galaxy is rotating, they can then figure out the mass of the galaxy mathematically. According to Newton's laws, the rotation speed satisfies GM/r v = , where M is the mass within radius r, and G is the Universal Gravitation constant. But as scientists look closer at the speeds of galactic rotation, they find something strange. The individual stars in a galaxy should act like the planets in our solar system--the farther away from the center, the slower they should move. But the Doppler Shift reveals that the stars in many galaxies do not slow down at farther distances. And on top of that, the stars move at flat speeds (see Fig. 1 and 2) that should rip the galaxy apart; there is not enough measured mass to supply the gravity needed to hold the galaxy together. These high rotational speeds suggest that the galaxy contains more mass than was calculated. Scientists theorize that, if the galaxy was surrounded by a halo of unseen matter, the galaxy could remain stable at such high rotational speeds. Accordingly, dark matter can be defined as the matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but its presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter like galaxies and stars. According to present observations of structures larger than galaxy-sized as well as Big Bang cosmology, dark matter accounts for the vast majority of mass in the observable universe. The observed phenomena consistent with dark matter observations include the rotational speeds of galaxies, orbital velocities of galaxies in clusters, gravitational lensing of background objects by galaxy clusters, and the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies [3] [7] [8] . The observed rotation curve for the our galaxy Milky Way. To determine the rotation curve of the Galaxy, stars are not used due to interstellar extinction. Instead, 21-cm maps of neutral hydrogen are used. When this is done, one finds that the rotation curve of the Galaxy stays flat out to large distances, instead of falling off as in the figure above. This means that the mass of the Galaxy increases with increasing distance from the center.

The observed phenomena consistent with dark matter observations include the rotational speeds of galaxies, orbital velocities of galaxies in clusters, gravitational lensing of background objects by galaxy clusters, and the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies.


These researchers found that the supernovas were dimmer than they should have been, and that meant they were farther away than they should have been. The only way for that to happen, the astronomers realized, was if the expansion of the universe had sped up at some time in the past, as well as accounting for a significant portion of a missing component in the universe. The only explanation is that there is a kind of force that has a strong negative pressure and acting outward in opposition to gravitational force at large scales which was proposed for the first time by Einstein in his General Relativity and given the name the cosmological constant Lambda [3] . This force is given the name Dark Energy, since it cannot be observed or detected directly. These cosmological observations strongly suggest that the universe is dominated by a smoothly homogenous distributed dark energy component.

The only explanation is that there is a kind of force that has a strong negative pressure and acting outward in opposition to gravitational force at large scales which was proposed for the first time by Einstein in his General Relativity and given the name the cosmological constant Lambda.


Although we used the most accessible and easy tests for this population of patients, there are bottom effects in testing patients with severe dementia. To compensate for this limitation, we added behaviour observation lists for nursing personnel and representatives about cognition. These results neither show significant differences between groups. The observation lists have a restricted response range and they are limited in sensitivity. Generally, observation lists show limited correlation with more direct methods of collecting data [48] .

Generally, observation lists show limited correlation with more direct methods of collecting data.


Power harvesting from atmospheric turbulent flows can be achieved through both horizontal-axis and vertical-axis wind turbines. Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) are dominating the market, but vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have attracted renewed consideration in recent years due to their potential to provide a higher power output per unit land area [1] . This is, in part, because unlike for HAWTs, it is possible to increase the swept area of VAWTs independently of their footprints [2] .

Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) are dominating the market, but vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have attracted renewed consideration in recent years due to their potential to provide a higher power output per unit land area.

This is, in part, because unlike for HAWTs, it is possible to increase the swept area of VAWTs independently of their footprints.


The present work aims to explore the effect of SGS modeling in LES on the turbine loading and flow characteristics of the wake downwind of a full-scale VAWT under uniform inflow conditions. The main reason for considering a uniform inflow condition in this study is that, in the absence of mean wind shear and turbulence in the incoming flow, the SGS model mainly controls the transition of the wake to turbulence [24, 27] . Hence, this case will better assess the capability of different SGS models in capturing the point of transition and breakdown location of the wake. In this regard, the validated LES framework coupled with an actuator-line parametrization for the wind turbine is used [18] . A detailed description of the LES framework and the numerical setup are given in Section 2. The effects of SGS models on the aerodynamic loads as well as the spatial distribution of the mean and turbulence fields inside the wake are provided and discussed in Section 3. A detailed analysis of the resolved-scale turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget in the wake is presented in Section 4. Finally, concluding remarks are included in Section 5.

The main reason for considering a uniform inflow condition in this study is that, in the absence of mean wind shear and turbulence in the incoming flow, the SGS model mainly controls the transition of the wake to turbulence.

In this regard, the validated LES framework coupled with an actuator-line parametrization for the wind turbine is used.


In order to obtain deeper yolk and skin color, many natural pigments, such as corn gluten meal, curcumin and dehydrated alfalfa meal are used in poultry feeds (Castaneda et al., 2005) . Among the aforementioned and many other natural products, the most widely accepted natural pigment is marigold (Tagets erecta). As it is a natural product, it is preferred for inclusion in poultry feeds to obtain the desired pigmentation of poultry products.

In order to obtain deeper yolk and skin color, many natural pigments, such as corn gluten meal, curcumin and dehydrated alfalfa meal are used in poultry feeds.


Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts for 1-10% of thyroid malignancies in major studies [1] [2] [3] [4] . MTC occurs sporadically in 75% of the patients. In 25% of the patients, MTC is hereditary and a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A) (90-95%) and type 2B (MEN2B) (5-10%), autosomal dominant syndromes caused by a germline mutation in the REarranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene [1, [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts for 1-10% of thyroid malignancies in major studies.

In 25% of the patients, MTC is hereditary and a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A) (90-95%) and type 2B (MEN2B) (5-10%), autosomal dominant syndromes caused by a germline mutation in the REarranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene.


The first is defined as providing detailed experimental methods so others can repeat the procedure exactly; the latter, also called replicability, is defined as achieving the same results as the original experiment by closely adhering to the methods. Method reproducibility depends significantly on the completeness of the procedures researchers provide. CWL creates a similar starting point for computational methods-if scientists gather data in the same computational language, then a large part of the provenance model is standardized. As such, CWL and provenance tracking make it easier for researchers to track errors and locate deviances. Research Objects for workflows go further, describing the packaging of the method, provenance logs, and associated data and codes with richly described metadata manifests that include the experiment's context [20] .

Research Objects for workflows go further, describing the packaging of the method, provenance logs, and associated data and codes with richly described metadata manifests that include the experiment's context.


The present problem depends on three parameters: the normalized pressure gradient α, the normalized yield stress β, and the normalized Debye parameter κ. In the following, we shall examine results to find out how the EO flow may be affected by the yield stress of a Casson fluid under a favorable or adverse pressure gradient. A sufficiently large Debye parameter κ = 100, for a very thin EDL, is used in all our calculations. Let us first have an order of magnitude estimate about the yield stress parameter β, which is defined in Eq. (12) . Consider blood in particular. When modeled as a Casson fluid, blood has a yield stress that depends strongly on the hematocrit (the volume fraction of red blood cells) and the fibrinogen (a protein involved in clotting) concentration.

Let us first have an order of magnitude estimate about the yield stress parameter β, which is defined in Eq..

Consider blood in particular.


Owing to nonlinear rheology, linear superposition of solutions due to individual forcings is not applicable. A nonlinear coupling term of the two forcings is bound to appear when the Cauchy momentum equation is solved for the velocity. As a result, the velocity may not be analytically expressed, unless some approximations are made (e.g., Zhao and Yang [9] ).

As a result, the velocity may not be analytically expressed, unless some approximations are made (e.g., Zhao and Yang).


In this paper, we first discuss the color of noise in Section 2, and then summarize recent techniques for blue-noise sampling in Section 3. We focus on recent approaches in our survey as a complement to the comprehensive survey by Lagae and Dutré [6] . Furthermore, we discuss several existing and new applications that benefit from the blue-noise sampling techniques in Section 4.

We focus on recent approaches in our survey as a complement to the comprehensive survey by Lagae and Dutré.


The predominant minerals were determined by carrying out XRD using Bruker D8 Advance system. Samples were scanned from 2° to 60° (2θ) using 2.2kW Cu anode long fine focus ceramic Xray tube at a scanning rate of 1 degree per minute. XRD patterns of samples were then compared with standard patterns [8] . Fig. 2 depicts comprehensive X Ray diffraction analysis. In addition to Quartz, Dolomite, Illite, Muscovite, and Palygorskite, the presence of Montmorillonite (a smectite group mineral known to induce significant swelling upon interaction with water) is noteworthy.

XRD patterns of samples were then compared with standard patterns.


In species with caespitosae growth habit, according to the value of phyllochron (Table 3) , three groups were formed, with mean values of 166.7, 333.6 and 434.8 degree days. The range of 700 degree days would be appropriate for the species A. laevis, E. angustifolius and S. pellitum for the appearance of 2.2 leaves. A. lateralis was managed as a species of caespitosae growth habit by cutting management and thermal sum. However, this species had average canopy height of 17 cm, differing from prostrate and caespitose species (P<0.0001), which showed mean values 8.3 and 31.0 (cm), respectively. The height of A. lateralis is associated with the management intensity applied and it can reach 120 cm or more (Nabinger & Dall'Agnol, 2008) . From the results observed for this species, only 367 degree days are necessary for the appearance of 2.2 leaves. The data collected from P. montevidense would not be relevant as management indicators, due to its small contribution to the herbage mass in the summer.

The height of A. lateralis is associated with the management intensity applied and it can reach 120 cm or more.


In this paper we present a proof-of-concept candidate risk factor detection algorithm based on causal contrast set mining. Causal contrast set mining is a term we use to define the discovery of causal association rules that identify differences between various groups. The algorithm firstly identifies interesting rules consisting of sets of events that commonly precede a user specified event and then investigates how often these interesting rules occur in general. Rules that occur more often before the user specified event are then investigated via a logistic regression model. This reduces age/gender confounding and highlights the most interesting rules. We implement the methodology to a real word dataset. The dataset we use is a UK general practice database containing complete medical and drug prescription records for millions of patients within the UK. Our focus is towards identifying risk factors for patients' experiencing prescription drug side effects for the drug family aminosalicylates (5-ASAs). These drugs are often given to treat inflammatory bowel disease but are known to cause renal failure with an incidence rate of 0.17 cases per 100 patients per year [8] . The purpose of this research is to investigate a new technique for mining contrast set causal relationships efficiently and evaluate its potential for identifying candidate risk factors of patients experiencing side effects to prescribed medication.

These drugs are often given to treat inflammatory bowel disease but are known to cause renal failure with an incidence rate of 0.17 cases per 100 patients per year.


The most serious obstacle in obtaining a realistic model of the low-energy interactions is that it is impossible to obtain chiral fermions in four dimensions [2] . Fortunately, there is a very interesting resolution to this problem resulting when one adds Yang-Mills fields to the original gravity action. These gauge fields can be responsible for a non-trivial background configuration which could provide chiral fermions to the four-dimensional theory according to the Atiyah-Hizebruch theorem [4] . Moreover, the system admits a stable classical ground state of the required form and the relevant mechanism is known as spontaneous compactification [3] . Thus one is led to introduce Yang-Mills fields in higher dimensions. This approach is further justified by other popular unification schemes such as supergravity and heterotic string theory [5] .

The most serious obstacle in obtaining a realistic model of the low-energy interactions is that it is impossible to obtain chiral fermions in four dimensions.

These gauge fields can be responsible for a non-trivial background configuration which could provide chiral fermions to the four-dimensional theory according to the Atiyah-Hizebruch theorem.

Moreover, the system admits a stable classical ground state of the required form and the relevant mechanism is known as spontaneous compactification.

This approach is further justified by other popular unification schemes such as supergravity and heterotic string theory.


The present study supports the impact of job satisfaction on work performance. Although no research has been done with microscopists, the effect of job satisfaction has been investigated in relation to performance/productivity, demission/career change, and absence [17] [18] [19] . The correlation between job satisfaction and productivity is reported to be greater for those in professional jobs [20] . The position of microscopist in Palawan is a professional job that requires special skills, thus this might have impacted the outcome. Moreover, another study reported that, especially in women, job satisfaction was negatively correlated with workplace absences not due to sickness [21] . Since the majority of the microscopists were women, the relationship between job satisfaction and performance may be strengthened. If a person is satisfied with his or her job, this satisfaction presumably leads to better job quality. In any type of health facility, the mission is to achieve the highest attainable level of medical practice. For this purpose, employee job satisfaction among health facility staff is very important, not only for employee wellbeing but also for the health facility and the community. The job satisfaction of microscopists and other community health workers should be the subject of greater attention and emphasis.

Although no research has been done with microscopists, the effect of job satisfaction has been investigated in relation to performance/productivity, demission/career change, and absence.

The correlation between job satisfaction and productivity is reported to be greater for those in professional jobs.

Moreover, another study reported that, especially in women, job satisfaction was negatively correlated with workplace absences not due to sickness.


The effect of botulinum toxin lasts only for about 3 months after which the patient will need further injection. Patients will experience relief of symptoms after each injection, followed by gradual resistance to further injection due to the development of neutralizing or blocking antibodies [10] . The mechanism of this resistance is unknown. However, immuno resistant patients account for fewer than half of patients with poor out comes, which are likely due to technical aspects of injection, including selection of muscles injected, dose, dose limiting side effects like localized weakness or incorrect diagnosis. Advances in the purification of botulinum toxin have further reduced the risk of an immunological side effect. This resistance can be detected by mouse protection assay or clinically by unilateral brow injection which fails to produce paralysis of corrugator or procerus muscle [6] . The presence of blocking antibodies implies that the patient will not respond to the same serotype, but may respond to an alternate type; however there may be immuno resistance due to cross reactivity.

Patients will experience relief of symptoms after each injection, followed by gradual resistance to further injection due to the development of neutralizing or blocking antibodies.

This resistance can be detected by mouse protection assay or clinically by unilateral brow injection which fails to produce paralysis of corrugator or procerus muscle.


Over the last hundred years, many synthetic chemicals have been developed and used for different purposes in industry, agriculture, medicine and science. The use of these compounds has brought about many significant social and economic benefits such as various medical breakthroughs and an increase in agricultural crop yields. However, a number of these synthetic compounds have been released into the environment due to their widespread use [1] . As a result, different classes of TrOCs including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), disinfection by products (DBPs) and personal care products (PCPs) have been found in leachate from landfill sites, ground water, surface water, drinking water treatment plants and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents [2] [3] [4] . More recently, the occurrence at trace levels (usually at µg/L or ng/L levels) of these organic contaminants in different water resources has attracted the attention of both scientific and regulatory communities. Several of the compounds are suspected carcinogens, while others have estrogenic properties with the potential to adversely affect the endocrine system of biota [5, 6] . Therefore, the removal of these organic contaminants in water treatment processes is a high priority. As part of the approach to solve this problem, advanced treatment technologies are an essential component for the removal of the micropollutants in drinking water treatment and water reclamation processes [7] . In particular, NF and RO membrane filtration processes have demonstrated promising results and are an attractive technology for the rejection removal of EDCs, PhACs, and DBPs from the aquatic environment because of its high rejection efficiency for most these contaminants in water and wastewater, which can be achieved without the addition of other chemicals [8, 9] . In recent years, there has been widespread application of NF and RO for the effective rejection of TrOCs in the treatment of municipal wastewater and other water sources [10, 11] .

However, a number of these synthetic compounds have been released into the environment due to their widespread use.

As a result, different classes of TrOCs including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), disinfection by products (DBPs) and personal care products (PCPs) have been found in leachate from landfill sites, ground water, surface water, drinking water treatment plants and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents.

Several of the compounds are suspected carcinogens, while others have estrogenic properties with the potential to adversely affect the endocrine system of biota.

As part of the approach to solve this problem, advanced treatment technologies are an essential component for the removal of the micropollutants in drinking water treatment and water reclamation processes.

In particular, NF and RO membrane filtration processes have demonstrated promising results and are an attractive technology for the rejection removal of EDCs, PhACs, and DBPs from the aquatic environment because of its high rejection efficiency for most these contaminants in water and wastewater, which can be achieved without the addition of other chemicals.

In recent years, there has been widespread application of NF and RO for the effective rejection of TrOCs in the treatment of municipal wastewater and other water sources.


In related research, we exploit edge detection for the targeted improvement of edge transition areas in images [14] . This research employs selected images from this collection to develop image transforms focused upon accurate reconstruction of object edges within satellite images. As this research proceeds, we will conduct experiments to rerank the images for usefulness in producing high frequency filters for improving image edges We will initially conduct one GA experiment with each of the 50 satellite images, followed by a set of thirty GA replications for each of the top five ranked images. The top-ranked images will be used to develop increasingly sophisticated filters suitable for defense applications in image processing and intelligence analysis.

In related research, we exploit edge detection for the targeted improvement of edge transition areas in images.


Failed founding attempts may also partially account for irregularities in densitydependent selection. For example, simulations indicate that delays between founding decisions and actual entry may produce fluctuations in population density around levels predicted by density dependence theory (Lomi et al., 2010) . We believe that studying the disorganizing process will yield similarly valuable insights. For example, disorganizing organizations may compete less for population-specific resources than organizations conducting business-as-usual.

For example, simulations indicate that delays between founding decisions and actual entry may produce fluctuations in population density around levels predicted by density dependence theory.


To complement the modeling approach, the design of experiment method (DOE) (more precisely the screening method or Plackett-Burman two level design) is applied in this study to extract the influence of the process parameters around a working growth recipe (central point). The screening method will consist (i) in varying all the recipe parameters at each experiment according to a Hadamard matrix of order 16 (15 parameters will be allowed varying in this study), and (ii) in measuring the desired properties (or responses) of the grown epitaxial layer. To date, for optimizing III-V compounds grown by CVD, only one paper dealing with this method was published [45] . The study will particularly focus on parameters for which their influence on deposition morphology is impossible to model or which present unclear effects regarding our previous studies . Also, the assessment of the influence of the injection mode of reactive gas on the crystal quality will be studied. Rather than trying to fully optimize responses for few influencing parameters, which could be a future industrial output, we aim to understand the influence of many parameters common to HVPE processes of AlN that were never statistically assessed in the literature. This is by definition the first step of a DOE.

To date, for optimizing III-V compounds grown by CVD, only one paper dealing with this method was published.


FWHM of (0002) diffraction peak in ω-scan presents a mean value of 2111 arcsec, which is quite average in terms of crystal quality. Deceptively, no parameter seems to play a major role even if the FWHM values are contrasted (from 355 to 5324 arcsec, so a density of (screw) dislocations of 2.74 × 10 8 to 1.58 × 10 11 cm −2 [13] ). This is essentially due to the huge error bar at ±2σ (experiment #17 present a significantly better quality than #1-3). The signification is that the main parameters influencing the crystal quality are surprisingly not embedded into this study or that the range of variation of parameters is too low. In the limit of statistical significance we can observe that the introduction of purge periods decreases the crystal quality.

Deceptively, no parameter seems to play a major role even if the FWHM values are contrasted (from 355 to 5324 arcsec, so a density of (screw) dislocations of 2.74 × 10 8 to 1.58 × 10 11 cm −2).


The mean value of the size of primary nucleation islands deduced from the curvature of the sample is 41.9 nm (32.4 nm for the one deduced from Raman shifts). It should be reminded that smaller island size leads to pronounced tensile stress induced in AlN layers during coalescence [48] . Loading sample the day before experiment, increasing the aluminum pellet size, the pressure, the lamp furnace power set point, the pre-chlorination time and the purge time or decreasing the flow rate of NH 3 and the aluminum pellet cleaning time increases the nucleation island size. The consistency between the effect of parameters on Raman shift, inverse of curvature and island size deduced from curvature must be noted. Temperature is never influencing these parameters. This striking result will be discussed in next section.

It should be reminded that smaller island size leads to pronounced tensile stress induced in AlN layers during coalescence.


The mean value of the E 2 (h) Raman shift peak of AlN is approximately 655.4 cm −1 (unstressed AlN is 657.4 cm −1 [54] ). In consequence, according to Raman spectroscopy, AlN films are on average in a weak tensile state (0.56 GPa). Increasing pellet size and purge time during deposition as well as mounting sample the day of experiment increases E 2 (h) Raman shift of AlN (stress go to compressive side).

The mean value of the E 2 (h) Raman shift peak of AlN is approximately 655.4 cm −1 (unstressed AlN is 657.4 cm −1).


The L p regularity of the ordinary Bergman projection is of considerable interest for many years. Classical result shows that it highly depends on the regularity of the boundary of the underlying domain. For domains having sufficiently smooth boundary, see [8] , [21] , [15] , [19] , [16] , [17] , [6] , [1] , [14] , etc. For the non-smooth case, see [13] , [11] , [12] , [26] , etc.

For domains having sufficiently smooth boundary, see,,,,,,,,, etc.

For the non-smooth case, see,,,, etc.


This makes it all the more phenomenal that the very same parameters are employed in the AdS boundary theory. In the context of the gauge-gravity duality, this apparent non-locality becomes much more sensible. The duality relates the AdS boundary hydrodynamics to the hydrodynamics of strongly coupled gauge theories [5, 3] . Mean-while, the dual gauge theory is supposed to have its thermal properties ascribed to it, holographically, by the thermodynamic nature of the black brane.

The duality relates the AdS boundary hydrodynamics to the hydrodynamics of strongly coupled gauge theories.


Plate count analysis of physiological groups of bacteria in the roots of three plant species Plate count analysis did not reveal a large discrepancy in the number of physiological groups of bacteria that could be cultured from three rhizosphere samples ( Fig. 1 ). According to Tukey's test, there were not significant differences among heterotrophs, sporulating, amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria, actinomycetes and myxobacteria occupying the three root plants. A significant difference was observed only in the plate counts of enteric bacteria in chestnut root compared with the plate counts of same group of bacteria in service tree (22-fold decrease) and cherry (53-fold decrease) roots. That is, with exception of enterobacteria, the number of physiological groups of bacteria was not significantly affected by the rhizosphere of three different fruit plant species. However, plant roots influence the microbial communities in the rhizosphere via several mechanisms, such as the excretion of specific organic compounds, competition for nutrients, and providing a solid surface for attachment. The nature of this influence is highly variable and depends upon both the amount and the composition of organic materials released by the plants (Griffiths et al., 1999) . With the exception of organotrophs, all investigated physiological groups of bacteria are specific for a given organic materials, such as cellulose, starch and proteins, which are widely considered to be of plant origin, but they do not represent specific substances. Thus, the number of physiological groups of bacteria and their distribution did not confirm whether the root-released products from chestnut, service tree and cherry enriched or suppressed their rhizospheres for bacterial growth.

The nature of this influence is highly variable and depends upon both the amount and the composition of organic materials released by the plants.


Multi-agent approaches (MAS) propose a decomposition of the robot control into a set of distinct agents (Duhaut, 1999) (Erden et al., 2004) . Every agent tries to align the position of the end-effector with that of the target, without prior knowledge of the actions and positions of the other agents. By acting independently, they try to do the same job and a global behavior can emerge, consequently, from all these local agents for satisfying the desired objective. MAS approaches offer simple solutions and benefit of all the advantages of distributed problem solving. Here, the system is considered as a compound of simpler modules, which gave an easier way to design the whole system. In addition, the need for massy mathematical models, IKM and differentialequation solvers is overcome (Duhaut, 1999) . Therefore, there is a considerable decrease in design effort and computation time compared to classical approaches. Finally, with such a usage of MAS, the control system is more flexible to be applied to any robot (mobile, manipulator and mobile manipulator robots).

Multi-agent approaches (MAS) propose a decomposition of the robot control into a set of distinct agents.

In addition, the need for massy mathematical models, IKM and differentialequation solvers is overcome.


While the effects of the increasingly large electromagnetic field strengths have been studied, the effects of large field gradients, created in laser wakefield accelerators, have received very little attention. In contexts where the field gradient is considered to be non-trivial the radiation reaction contributions are included via the Landau-Lifshitz equation, though the effects of spin are often neglected despite being of comparable size [9] . The Stern-Gerlach force, caused by the coupling of the spin of a charged particle with the background electromagnetic field, was first observed in the splitting of a beam of silver atoms by an inhomogeneous magnetic field. In high field-gradient systems, such as those created in ultra-intense laser-driven plasma density waves, we suggest that the Stern-Gerlach force is not only non-trivial but in some circumstances may be more important than the radiation reaction force. These Stern-Gerlach effects may lead to behaviour that does not appear to have been adequately addressed in the context of laser wakefield accelerators: the purpose of this article is to illustrate the significance of the Stern-Gerlach forces in a simple model of such an accelerator.

In contexts where the field gradient is considered to be non-trivial the radiation reaction contributions are included via the Landau-Lifshitz equation, though the effects of spin are often neglected despite being of comparable size.


Successful companies, across sectors, longitudinally employ e-business platforms and practices to both optimize their business operations but also better coordinate and enable knowledge management as a fundamental source of competitive strategic (innovation) advantage, within the firm but also through their function and close ties with their value chain and innovation ecosystem(s) collaborators. Henceforth, a wealth of data historically aggregated and a corporate information infrastructure available for smooth information technology upgrades is the mainstream business case, nowadays. As the emergent forms of digital technology, namely Internet of Things (IoT) technology and Big Data Analytics (BDA) technology constitutes the latest forceful digital technology trajectory, research efforts are increasingly focusing on the consequences on firm strategy and operations, including knowledge management processes, and henceforth the associated innovation affordances [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] . Datification as an emerging reality for strategy and operations management paves the way to new forms of service-orientation for both manufacturing and service sectors, with ramifications and consequences for their mere transformation into knowledge-intensive settings. For instance, robotics and autonomous systems technology may well transform the shipping work environment on board (vessel/fleet level), also new forms of artificial intelligence (i.e. big data technology) bear plausible changes for the strategy making, decisionmaking and (technical/commercial) operations management; nevertheless both human/managerial cognition and advanced business software tools will be operant and co-evolving into the near future, with pertinent ramifications for the knowledge and human II. INNOVATION CAPABILITY DCs are a construct of the resource-based view (RBV) of strategic management. DCs are defined as the "ability to integrate, build, and reconfigure internal and external competences to address rapidly changing environments" [8] , [9] . DC is divided into the following components: (i) the capacity to sense and shape opportunities and threats; (ii) the capacity to seize opportunities; and (ii) the capacity to maintain competitiveness. We center our analysis on the systematic innovation capability (a derivative construct of DCs); systematic innovation capability is a higher order construct composed of reinforcing practices and processes within the firm and manifested in observable and also not immediately observable configurations of resources and capabilities, and harder to depict causality relationships of these enacted elements. These processes are a fundamental mechanism for stimulating, measuring and reinforcing innovation. The elements making up an innovation capability can be grouped into a number of major elements, including innovation strategy, innovation resourcing, structures and culture, organizational intelligence, technology management, and innovation performance management. In the following we present those innovation capability components with strong correlation to knowledge management, namely; strategy, organizational intelligence and culture, so as to closer examine the role of emergent knowledge management technology in firms' innovation orientation and capability.

As the emergent forms of digital technology, namely Internet of Things (IoT) technology and Big Data Analytics (BDA) technology constitutes the latest forceful digital technology trajectory, research efforts are increasingly focusing on the consequences on firm strategy and operations, including knowledge management processes, and henceforth the associated innovation affordances.

DCs are defined as the "ability to integrate, build, and reconfigure internal and external competences to address rapidly changing environments".


The lack of a significant difference in the desire to stop at parity 3 between mothers of a mixed offspring with or without a loss of a child indicates that the insurance effect in concern of future mortality is not strong. Mothers do not want at 8 International Journal of Population Research least two children of each gender to be sure that they-seen the experienced risk of child mortality-will be left with a single gender family in the future. Mothers with a single gender family of three children who have lost the only or last child of the opposite sex do have a strong wish to replace that child. In other words, replacement is strongly related to the gender composition of the living children. Still having a mixed gender family does not lead to replacement, but being left with a single gender family does. These results are in keeping with conclusions of others who state that the effect of replacement on mortality is "modest in magnitude" [32, page 61] and that decisions about fertility behavior in relation to child mortality must not be seen in isolation [49] . The determinants of fertility decisions constitute a complex framework in which various components and goals play a role. Health of the mother could be a factor to stop child bearing, costs of children as well according to these researchers, and as our study shows gender composition of the family does also.

These results are in keeping with conclusions of others who state that the effect of replacement on mortality is "modest in magnitude" [32, page 61] and that decisions about fertility behavior in relation to child mortality must not be seen in isolation.


As previous studies have hypothesized, women's reproductive behavior (fertility) is influenced by existing mortality patterns in terms of replacement and insurance strategies. But, in many cases, studies have focused on the replacement of the index child who dies before parents reach the desired number of children [48, 49] . Apart from this conscious strategy related to the loss of the index infant, we expect that parents' response on child mortality becomes more accentuated when they have lost a child of a specific gender, in particular when the surviving children have the same gender.

But, in many cases, studies have focused on the replacement of the index child who dies before parents reach the desired number of children.


In 2007, the Government of Rwanda started a discussion about the introduction of legislation that should regulate family size to a maximum of three children. The debate has continued ever since. The government emphasizes that, given Rwanda's very high population density and its agricultural based economy, the poverty reduction strategies are hampered by the current high population growth of nearly 3% per year [1] . While the government is still working on the legislation, policies were already introduced to encourage fertility decline through sensitization campaigns in the media and through dialogues at community level. The latter played a crucial role in implementing the integrated Population Health and Environment Policy. The dialogues on program objectives and community needs took place in traditional forums that have been (re)invoked after the genocide, more specifically during the umuganda (community service), the ubudehe (participatory planning meetings), and the urugwiro (national dialogue sessions) [2] . The policies do not include specific goals with respect to preferences for sons or daughters, but strongly promote gender equity in every life domain, including education and political participation.

The debate has continued ever since.

The government emphasizes that, given Rwanda's very high population density and its agricultural based economy, the poverty reduction strategies are hampered by the current high population growth of nearly 3% per year.

The dialogues on program objectives and community needs took place in traditional forums that have been (re)invoked after the genocide, more specifically during the umuganda (community service), the ubudehe (participatory planning meetings), and the urugwiro (national dialogue sessions).


We also study some universal terms that can be obtained from the entropy itself, as the usual logarithmically divergent term due to the corners on the region boundary in 2 + 1 dimensions. We find the logarithmic coefficient has also a curious additional contribution proportional to the number of connected components of the region. This should be regarded as related to the peculiarities of the gauge field in three dimensions. Surprisingly, this term is at the same time ultraviolet divergent and non local. However, we argue the ultraviolet nature of this term is not captured by any universal quantity in the model, i.e., the short distance behavior of mutual information. A related logarithmic term for the compactified Maxwell field in the limit of decompactification has been discussed in the literature in relation with the F -theorem [3, 4] . This three dimensional model is dual to a "truncated" scalar field. The algebra generated by the electric and magnetic physical operators coincides with the one of time and space like derivatives of the scalar field, where the field operator itself has been removed. We compare several universal terms of the gauge field (and truncated scalar) model with the model of a full scalar field.

A related logarithmic term for the compactified Maxwell field in the limit of decompactification has been discussed in the literature in relation with the F -theorem.


The functional I[µ], with Q = |x| 2 , d = 2, arises in the description of the convergence of the spectral measure of square N × N matrices with complex independent, standard Gaussian entries (i.e., the Ginibre ensemble) as N → ∞. In case when there are no constraints imposed on the eigenvalues, it is well known that the eigenvalues spread evenly in the ball of radius √ N , and after renormalization by a factor 1 √ N the normalized spectral measure converges to the characteristic function of the unit disc. This is known as the circular law [4] , [2] . In this context the functional I is used to prove large deviation principles for the spectral measure.

This is known as the circular law.


The relationship between the partial pressure of acetylene and the amount of ethylene produced for Beijerinckia was irregular (Fig. I) . Ethylene production increased with increasing acetylene levels until pC2H2 of 0.74 atm. Nitrogen fixation by cell-free extracts of Azotobacter vinelarzdii increased as thepN, increased to 0.5 atm (Strandberg & Wilson, 1967) .

Nitrogen fixation by cell-free extracts of Azotobacter vinelarzdii increased as thepN, increased to 0.5 atm.


Given the increasingly complex business environment, political risks should not be ignored by ICEs when they approach global markets [2, 6, 7] . Political risk in international construction projects refers to uncertainty related to political events (e.g., political violence, regime changes, coups, revolutions, breaches of contract, terrorist attacks, and wars) and to arbitrary or discriminatory actions (e.g., expropriation, unfair compensation, foreign exchange restrictions, unlawful interference, capital restrictions, corruption, and labor restrictions) by host governments or political groups that may have negative impacts on ICEs [6] . Compared with the nonsystematic risks (e.g., technical risk, quality risk, procurement risk, and financial risk) of construction projects, political risk is more complex, unpredictable, and devastating and is usually outside the scope of normal project activities [2] .

Given the increasingly complex business environment, political risks should not be ignored by ICEs when they approach global markets.

Political risk in international construction projects refers to uncertainty related to political events (e.g., political violence, regime changes, coups, revolutions, breaches of contract, terrorist attacks, and wars) and to arbitrary or discriminatory actions (e.g., expropriation, unfair compensation, foreign exchange restrictions, unlawful interference, capital restrictions, corruption, and labor restrictions) by host governments or political groups that may have negative impacts on ICEs.

Compared with the nonsystematic risks (e.g., technical risk, quality risk, procurement risk, and financial risk) of construction projects, political risk is more complex, unpredictable, and devastating and is usually outside the scope of normal project activities.


The results indicate that MCMV infection temporarily delays proqression of FV disease in dually-infected mice by inhibiting splenomegaly and FV titres. Consequently, survivors of the MCMV phase of the FV/MCMV infection live longer than mice infected only with FV. Since GCV inhibits MCMV replication, one would hypothesize that the more active drug doses would reverse the inhibitory effects of MCMV on FV disease progression. Likewise, less active drug doses (allowing MCMV replication) would be more favourable to allow prolonged survival during FV infection. This indeed appears to be the case, since the FV titres in FV/MCMV-infected mice treated with 50 mg GCV kg-1 were nearly as high as in the FV-infected placebo group (Table 1 ). In addition, the survival patterns on Fig. 1 suggest that FV/MCMV-infected mice treated with 12.5mg GCV kg-1 lived longer than those receiving the higher dose of drug. How MCMV interferes with the course Of FV disease needs to be further investigated. Specifically, we plan to address how and why FV-infected spleens decrease in weight after superinfection with MCMV. The interaction of these two viruses appears to differ from that of HCMV and HIV, since enhanced HIV replication occurs in HIVlHCMV infected cells (Ho et et., 1990) .

The interaction of these two viruses appears to differ from that of HCMV and HIV, since enhanced HIV replication occurs in HIVlHCMV infected cells.


Following the fundamental definition of tensile strength, direct pull test appears to be best suited for tensile strength measurement. The International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) has suggested a direct tension method to measure the static rock tensile strength (Bieniawski and Hawkes, 1978) . However, in practice, the ideal uniform stress state in the specimen is very hard to be achieved. Premature failure due to stress concentration around grips and bending effects due to instrumental misalignments can introduce significant errors to the measurement results.

The International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) has suggested a direct tension method to measure the static rock tensile strength.


To understand the difference between the dynamic direct tensile strength and the dynamic BD tensile strength, we propose two mechanisms for the strength over-estimation in the dynamic BD method: the overload effect and the internal friction effect. We conduct dynamic BD tests using SHPB to illustrate the overload effect, and the frictional effect is qualitatively derived based on the micromechanical failure mechanism of rocks. After corrections based on these mechanisms, the dynamic BD tensile strength can be reduced to the dynamic direct tensile strength. The difference between the dynamic flexural tensile strength and the dynamic direct tensile strength can be explained by invoking a non-local failure theory as we used earlier (Dai et al., 2010b) .

The difference between the dynamic flexural tensile strength and the dynamic direct tensile strength can be explained by invoking a non-local failure theory as we used earlier.


Clinically, the disease manifests either as cardiac or enteric form. The enteric form is very severe in puppies with no or inadequate maternal antibodies and those without or inadequate vaccination. The enteric form manifests as an acute onset of lethargy, anorexia, fever, vomiting and diarrhoea, which may contain mucus or blood and foul smell. The cardiac form is only seen in neonates infected in utero with respiratory or cardiovascular failure manifestations. The cardiac form is uncommon these days because effective immunizations of bitches protect puppies during their early period of life [4] [11] .

The cardiac form is uncommon these days because effective immunizations of bitches protect puppies during their early period of life.


Mastering the art of microsurgery is a long and challenging endeavor. Surgeons typically gain operative expertise through almost a decade of training during residency and fellowship before refining their technique in independent practice. Recent working hour limits imposed on residents have reduced their caseload, with implications on resident education and patient safety [1] . Improvements in training quality, including the use of surgical simulation, may somewhat mitigate the effects of resident duty hour restrictions [2, 3] . In addition to advances in resident education, the development of new surgical devices may play a role in reducing the learning curve, particularly for technically demanding procedures.

Recent working hour limits imposed on residents have reduced their caseload, with implications on resident education and patient safety.

Improvements in training quality, including the use of surgical simulation, may somewhat mitigate the effects of resident duty hour restrictions.


The glassy behavior we observe in the dynamics as well as the hysteretic behavior in the Knight shift reveal a highly inhomogeneous system in a region of the phase diagram that is nominally a homogeneous disordered paramagnetic phase. The NMR response probes the Fe spins through the hyperfine coupling, but it is the nematicity that drives the response of the system. The disorder introduced by the dopants introduces random strain fields, which couple to the nematicity and suppresses the nematic ordering temperature. The nematic order parameter develops a complex fluctuating spatial landscape, with various domain sizes. Detailed studies of the hysteresis as a function of field and/or uniaxial strain may shed light on the relative importance of interdomain interactions, the disorder, and the relationship to the superconductivity in Co-doped samples [30, 31] . Future measurements under uniaxial strain may significantly suppress the width of the distribution, and will provide an important avenue to investigate the dynamics in the glassy phase. NMR studies of the dynamics under pressures up to 10-15 GPa in stoichiometric samples will also help to elucidate the role of disorder in suppressing the nematic phase.

Detailed studies of the hysteresis as a function of field and/or uniaxial strain may shed light on the relative importance of interdomain interactions, the disorder, and the relationship to the superconductivity in Co-doped samples.


Measurement of atmospheric and climatic variables in urban environments is challenging due to many factors including (but not limited to) distribution of precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and soil temperature [1, 8] . Each of these metrics are unevenly distributed in urban centers due to highly variable surface characteristics (as presented above), and may be heavily influenced by the level and type of human activity on a daily, weekly, or seasonal basis (e.g., traffic patterns during weekday rush hour) [2, 3, 8, 9] . A number of methods have been proposed to resolve difficulties associated with collecting accurate microclimate data in urban environments, including comparison of data from nearby urban and rural sites, sampling from a variety of sites within a city, analyzing data from static climate stations pre-and post-development, and most recently by the use of satellite imagery [10] . Methods of data collection have advantages and disadvantages, and there has been a shift in recent years from analysis of data collected at monitoring stations to the use of satellite infrared imagery interpretation and/or simulation models [8, 11, 12] . The modal shift in data acquisition and data type is attributable to advances in available technology and the need for spatially representative measurements [12] . However, a great deal of research is needed using short and long-term data sets from terrestrial monitoring sites located in variably impacted urban settings to improve mechanistic understanding, and validate UHI model simulation predictions.

Measurement of atmospheric and climatic variables in urban environments is challenging due to many factors including (but not limited to) distribution of precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and soil temperature.

Each of these metrics are unevenly distributed in urban centers due to highly variable surface characteristics (as presented above), and may be heavily influenced by the level and type of human activity on a daily, weekly, or seasonal basis (e.g., traffic patterns during weekday rush hour).

A number of methods have been proposed to resolve difficulties associated with collecting accurate microclimate data in urban environments, including comparison of data from nearby urban and rural sites, sampling from a variety of sites within a city, analyzing data from static climate stations pre-and post-development, and most recently by the use of satellite imagery.

Methods of data collection have advantages and disadvantages, and there has been a shift in recent years from analysis of data collected at monitoring stations to the use of satellite infrared imagery interpretation and/or simulation models.

The modal shift in data acquisition and data type is attributable to advances in available technology and the need for spatially representative measurements.


Urban heat island intensity is positively correlated with human population, though the strength of the correlation varies geographically. For example, distinct UHI differences between North American and European large cities are presumably attributable to higher average density of taller buildings in North American cities resulting in reduced sky view and greater heat intensities [6, 13] . Two recent studies, one that analyzed satellite imagery and another that compared data pertaining to land use and surface characteristics with a population sprawl index of metropolitan areas in the United States, confirmed a similar relationship between size of an urbanized area and UHI effect [11, 14] . The positive correlation becomes significant in predicting future heating effects of the UHI effect, as urban heating can be intensified by a warming climate, potentially impacting the health of people living in urban areas [14] .

For example, distinct UHI differences between North American and European large cities are presumably attributable to higher average density of taller buildings in North American cities resulting in reduced sky view and greater heat intensities.

Two recent studies, one that analyzed satellite imagery and another that compared data pertaining to land use and surface characteristics with a population sprawl index of metropolitan areas in the United States, confirmed a similar relationship between size of an urbanized area and UHI effect.

The positive correlation becomes significant in predicting future heating effects of the UHI effect, as urban heating can be intensified by a warming climate, potentially impacting the health of people living in urban areas.


In this work, we investigate the fundamental mechanism of active repositioning in a minimal system consisting of the ATPase-translocase domain of the Snf2 remodeler from yeast in complex with the nucleosome (Liu et al., 2017) . Firstly, we test that our model can reproduce the expected inchworm mechanism and unidirectional sliding during ATP consumption. By comparing to the spontaneous case, we show how the remodeler induces directed repositioning by modifying the nucleosome free energy landscape via steric effects and long-range electrostatic interactions, explaining past experimental data on Snf2 mutants (Liu et al., 2017) .

In this work, we investigate the fundamental mechanism of active repositioning in a minimal system consisting of the ATPase-translocase domain of the Snf2 remodeler from yeast in complex with the nucleosome.

By comparing to the spontaneous case, we show how the remodeler induces directed repositioning by modifying the nucleosome free energy landscape via steric effects and long-range electrostatic interactions, explaining past experimental data on Snf2 mutants.