As can be seen from the top panel of Table 1 , the mean score on the REF for the total sample was 13.16 (SD = 6.68),'with men and women displaying broadly comparable total scores. Standard errors of measurement (SEM) were also highly comparable across the sexes, with the SEM for the sample being 2.59. The initial candidate item pool had an internal consistency reliability of .85 for the total sample, a level of internal consistency generally viewed as adequate for research scales (Nunnally, 1978) . By and large, the items in the pool were not strongly related to either social desirability or acquiescence. The item pool was pruned both to shorten the scale as well as eliminate less well functioning items along the lines described previously, and this yielded a final 34-item scale (see Appendix for REF items).

The initial candidate item pool had an internal consistency reliability of .85 for the total sample, a level of internal consistency generally viewed as adequate for research scales.


Against this background, the present study examines the defining characteristics of counterfeit products and strategic groups. The research focuses on actual counterfeit goods -as observed between 2004 and 2007 . The use of the term 'counterfeit' follows the definition of counterfeit trademark goods as provided by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). According to the TRIPS Agreement, "'counterfeit trademark goods' shall mean any goods, including packaging, bearing without authorization a trademark that is identical to the trademark validly registered in respect of such goods or that cannot be distinguished in its essential aspects from such a trademark, which thereby infringes the rights of the owner of the trademark in question under the law of the country of importation" (WTO, 1994) . This definition encompasses breaches of trademark law but excludes piracy, which, by definition, is a violation of copyright and related rights, as well as factory overruns and parallel imports, which are considered a breach of contract rather than a breach of trademark law. The analytical focus is, accordingly, on the production activities of illicit actors.

According to the TRIPS Agreement, "'counterfeit trademark goods' shall mean any goods, including packaging, bearing without authorization a trademark that is identical to the trademark validly registered in respect of such goods or that cannot be distinguished in its essential aspects from such a trademark, which thereby infringes the rights of the owner of the trademark in question under the law of the country of importation".


Functional food market is dominated by United States (35%), Europe (32%) and Japan (25%), and these three contribute 90% of total functional food sales. Among these Japan has a special position, because functional foods are being sold in this country since 1930. In 1980's, ageing population, increasing health problems and expected increases in health care costs led the government to support functional food research programs. In 1991, the term Foods for Specific Health Use (FOSHU) was created for products which may improve specific health conditions (Kotilainen, 2006) . In this study, consumer behavior of a Turkish sample is analyzed in terms of functional food consumption, attitudes towards the necessity of functional food consumption, interpersonal influence and consumer innovativeness.

In 1991, the term Foods for Specific Health Use (FOSHU) was created for products which may improve specific health conditions.


Courseware management systems, such as Blackboard, play an important role in instructional delivery, whether serving the traditional education of full-time day students or non-traditional evening, part-time adult learners enrolled in online programs. The benefits of online course management are obvious. From posted course materials to timely announcements, mediated asynchronous group discussion boards, online examinations, or class grade books updated in real-time, course management systems improve dissemination of information and enable course participation outside the classroom [3] [15] . The teaching experience with this kind of support has matured and best common practices have emerged [12] [13] . However, standard web-based courseware limits live or synchronous communication to instant messaging, or "chat" rooms, whose discourse, restricted to a text-based format, has little in common with face-to-face class communication [10] .

From posted course materials to timely announcements, mediated asynchronous group discussion boards, online examinations, or class grade books updated in real-time, course management systems improve dissemination of information and enable course participation outside the classroom.

The teaching experience with this kind of support has matured and best common practices have emerged.

However, standard web-based courseware limits live or synchronous communication to instant messaging, or "chat" rooms, whose discourse, restricted to a text-based format, has little in common with face-to-face class communication.


Long range -high load factor applications such as long haul freight transportation present a challenge in delivering a low carbon transport system. Light duty vehicles predominantly operate under transient, stop/start conditions over short journeys where the total energy required to reach the destination is within the practical limits of battery technologies. However, heavy duty powertrains commonly operate at much higher loads for longer periods of time. The storage of sufficient electrical energy in a battery for such missions and delivery of a practical re-charging solution would require technological breakthroughs that are currently not projected from fundamental research in the field. Significant benefits through vehicle and system measures, such as kinetic energy recovery and improved aerodynamics are expected to deliver substantial improvements but the primary source of loss in the system, the prime mover, is more challenging. Reductions in powertrain friction and improvements in combustion efficiency are likely to deliver brake efficiencies as high as 50% from conventional compression ignition technologies [1] . The addition of waste heat recovery will also drive performance beyond 50%, but there is a broad consensus that brake efficiencies in the range of 50-55% represents the technology limit from an advanced compression ignition propulsion system with waste heat recovery.

Reductions in powertrain friction and improvements in combustion efficiency are likely to deliver brake efficiencies as high as 50% from conventional compression ignition technologies.


DNA-based immunization strategies have been found useful particularly in inducing cytotoxic T-cells likely via IFN-γ dependent mechanisms (Miller et al., 2009; Denkers and Gazzinelli, 1998) . Several studies on cytokine profile of mice that were immunized by multiantigen or cocktail vaccines revealed that, this kind of immunization generated antigen-specific IFN-γ-producing cells that it is possible at least in part of detecting IFN-γ results of CD8+ CTL activation; further experiments are required to elucidate this question (Miller et al., 2009; Denkers and Gazzinelli, 1998) . In the present study, the level of IFN-γ was notably raised in case group when compared with the control groups and in all groups of mice, the level of IL4 was clearly low. The ability of splenocytes of pcROP1 immunized mice to release large amount of IFN-γ and low amount of IL4 indicated that immune response switch toward Th1 type (Desolme et al., 2000) .

DNA-based immunization strategies have been found useful particularly in inducing cytotoxic T-cells likely via IFN-γ dependent mechanisms.

Several studies on cytokine profile of mice that were immunized by multiantigen or cocktail vaccines revealed that, this kind of immunization generated antigen-specific IFN-γ-producing cells that it is possible at least in part of detecting IFN-γ results of CD8+ CTL activation; further experiments are required to elucidate this question.

The ability of splenocytes of pcROP1 immunized mice to release large amount of IFN-γ and low amount of IL4 indicated that immune response switch toward Th1 type.


To tackle UHC, we propose a generalisation of knowledge distillation [8, 17] . Knowledge distillation was originally proposed to compress multiple complex teacher models into a single simpler student one. However, distillation still assumes that the target classes of all teacher and student models are the same, whereas in this work we relax this limitation. To generalise distillation to UHC, we derive a probabilistic relationship connecting the outputs of HCs with that of the unified classifier. Based on this relationship, we propose two classes of methods, one based on cross-entropy minimisation and the other on matrix factorisation with missing entries, to estimate the probability over all classes of a given sample. After obtaining the probability, we can then use it to train the unified classifier. Our approach only requires unlabelled data to unify HCs, thus no labour is necessary to label any data at the central node. In addition, our approach can be applied to any classifiers which can be trained with soft labels, e.g., neural networks, boosting classifiers, random forests, etc.

To tackle UHC, we propose a generalisation of knowledge distillation.


When looking at the improvements in distributional aspect, we see both experimental groups outperformed the control groups and there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups. The different results for the higher intermediate experimental group (subgroup 2) concerning distributional aspect compared to the other two aspects could be due to the difficulty of distributional aspect compared to the other two. Therefore, the instruction benefited the higher level as well as the lower level. The higher intermediate learners were in a better learning situation to receive instruction on distributional aspect of derivational morphology when compared to relational and syntactic aspects due to their higher level of proficiency in language and the difficulty level of distributional aspect. Distributional aspect is the most complex aspect of derivational morphology and studies with native speakers have also confirmed that distributional aspect of derivational morphology is more difficult for learners to acquire compared to relational and syntactic aspects (Katz, 2004; McCutchen et al., 2008; Tyler & Nagy, 1989) . In general, morphological instruction was more effective for less able learners concerning awareness in aspects of derivational morphology. Evidence that morphological instruction benefits lower level students concerning aspects of derivational morphology could have important practical implications. With morphological awareness gained with the support of instruction from the start, it is possible that many students who fail in typical instruction could be more successful (Bowers et al., 2010) .

Distributional aspect is the most complex aspect of derivational morphology and studies with native speakers have also confirmed that distributional aspect of derivational morphology is more difficult for learners to acquire compared to relational and syntactic aspects.

With morphological awareness gained with the support of instruction from the start, it is possible that many students who fail in typical instruction could be more successful.


Results from our multicenter pilot study show that the condom catheter is generally accepted by the healthcare teams and well tolerated by women. The recruitment rate is equivalent to what was expected, based on data from the literature [15] . However, PPH seems to have been under-diagnosed and problems were encountered in the To our knowledge, this is the first pilot study that could assess the feasibility of a broader RCT that will test the efficacy of the condom catheter in a low-resource setting. Currently, all published studies on this topic are observational studies.

The recruitment rate is equivalent to what was expected, based on data from the literature.


The objective of the present study was to determine the excretion of oocysts occurs. Complete immunity can be effect, if any, of different percentages of cage floor achieved after a single exposure with E. maxima coverage by moulded fibre trays on the cycling o f (Schnitzler and Shirley, 1999; Williams, 1999) . For vaccinal oocysts in cage-reared pullets. Subsequent coccidiosis generated by any species other than E.

Complete immunity can be effect, if any, of different percentages of cage floor achieved after a single exposure with E. maxima coverage by moulded fibre trays on the cycling o f.


Atmospheric particles participate considerably in the global climate direct effect via their light-scattering (e.g., sulfate) and/or light-absorbing components (e.g., black carbon, BC). BC is a major contributor to light absorption that leads to positive radiative forcing, increasing the average temperature of the atmosphere. The BrC absorption contribution to total aerosol light absorption can reach 20 %-50 % over regions dominated by seasonal biomass burning and biofuel combustion (Feng et al., 2013) . A significant difference in the optical features of BrC and BC is that BrC absorbs light primarily at UV and short visible wavelengths with the absorption decreasing significantly at long wavelengths, while BC absorbs strongly and constantly throughout the UV to visible spectrum (Andreae and Gelencsér, 2006; Bergstrom et al., 2007; Bond and Bergstrom, 2006) . In global climate models, the direct radiative forcing of organic aerosols at the top of the atmosphere can shift from cooling (−0.08 Wm −2 ) to warming (+0.025 Wm −2 ) when strong BrC absorption is included (Feng et al., 2013) . However, uncertainties in the sources, formation, chemical composition, and absorption properties of BrC hinder more accurate estimations of radiative forcing induced by atmospheric particles.

The BrC absorption contribution to total aerosol light absorption can reach 20 %-50 % over regions dominated by seasonal biomass burning and biofuel combustion.

A significant difference in the optical features of BrC and BC is that BrC absorbs light primarily at UV and short visible wavelengths with the absorption decreasing significantly at long wavelengths, while BC absorbs strongly and constantly throughout the UV to visible spectrum.

In global climate models, the direct radiative forcing of organic aerosols at the top of the atmosphere can shift from cooling (−0.08 Wm −2 ) to warming (+0.025 Wm −2 ) when strong BrC absorption is included.


In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that pioglitazone prevents diabetic renal injury through an anti-inflammatory mechanism and examined its effect on metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetic rats. Pioglitazone treatment induced a down regulation of gene expression and urinary excretion of MCP-1, and a reduction of macrophage accumulation in the diabetic kidney. Furthermore, we noted that pioglitazone treatment markedly suppressed the gene expression and activation of NF-κB in the diabetic kidney. Although we cannot provide direct evidence of MCP-1 overproduction through NF-κB activation in this study, NF-κB has been considered as an important upstream regulator of MCP-1 synthesis [30] . These results are consistent with other studies about the anti-inflammatory effect of PPARγ agonist on diabetic nephropathy [31, 32] . Furthermore, these findings support the possibility that pioglitazone reduces the transcriptional activation of proinflammatory mediators and subsequent inflammation by blocking NF-κB pathway activation in the diabetic kidney.

Although we cannot provide direct evidence of MCP-1 overproduction through NF-κB activation in this study, NF-κB has been considered as an important upstream regulator of MCP-1 synthesis.

These results are consistent with other studies about the anti-inflammatory effect of PPARγ agonist on diabetic nephropathy.


In previous years, there has been rapid growth in the renewable power generation industry, especially the wind power generation industry. It is reported that the global annual installed wind power capacity crossed the 60 million kilowatt (GW) mark in 2015 compared to 51.7 GW in 2014, and more than 63 GW of new wind power capacity was brought on line. Its market share and installed capacity continuously increase. Thanks to this, 2015 ranks as an unparalleled year for wind power generation industry as annual installations increased for the first time in history after a slowdown during the past few years [1] . According to the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), top markets in the world include PR China, USA, Germany, India, Spain, among which PR China and USA passed the 145 and 50 GW of wind energy installed mark by the end of 2015, respectively. With such a considered to enhance the operating wind farms regarding the electrical system. Therefore, the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) should control and monitor to the best of their ability under various operating conditions of the electrical system when they are connected to the power grid.

Thanks to this, 2015 ranks as an unparalleled year for wind power generation industry as annual installations increased for the first time in history after a slowdown during the past few years.


At one-loop in the gauge theory, we can match the result Eq. (2.11). This is not a new check since Eq. (2.11) has already been obtained by working out the finite size corrections to the integrable ½ ¾ spin chain [24] . Nevertheless, this is an important check of the approach and several interesting new details are uncovered. In particular, we have obtained various results concerning the large-Bethe roots density and gap dependence.

This is not a new check since Eq. (2.11) has already been obtained by working out the finite size corrections to the integrable ½ ¾ spin chain.


From the viewpoint of catalog integration, an approach besides E-NB is to construct the abstract-level structure of two hierarchies [14] . This approach does not direct the transformation of source and target information, but transforms the information via the abstract-level structure. It is relatively easy to transfer information through many hierarchical structures, but it is hard to create a common structure for these hierarchies.

From the viewpoint of catalog integration, an approach besides E-NB is to construct the abstract-level structure of two hierarchies.


The performance of the observer was tested using a high-fidelity multibody model of a 3 MW wind turbine with a diameter of 92 m, implemented in Cp-Lambda [11] . A simple one-to-one wake interference condition between two wind turbines, shown in Fig. 1 , was recreated by superimposing the Larsen wake deficit onto turbulent wind grids provided by TurbSim [12] . This way, only the downstream wind turbine has been simulated.

The performance of the observer was tested using a high-fidelity multibody model of a 3 MW wind turbine with a diameter of 92 m, implemented in Cp-Lambda.

A simple one-to-one wake interference condition between two wind turbines, shown in Fig. 1 , was recreated by superimposing the Larsen wake deficit onto turbulent wind grids provided by TurbSim.


An estimate of the lateral wake position is an important piece of information that could be exploited by algorithms for wind farm control based on wake redirection [6, 7, 8] . In fact, for example, the actual wake position could be used for suggesting a suitable misalignment angle to the upstream turbine. In a more sophisticated application, it could be employed as a feed-back measurement in a closed-loop wind farm power/fatigue optimization strategy.

An estimate of the lateral wake position is an important piece of information that could be exploited by algorithms for wind farm control based on wake redirection.


Doxorubicin is widely used as chemotherapy in breast cancer. Long-term use of doxorubicin cause some side effects leading to reduce chemotherapy effectivity. In addition, doxorubicin also induced TGFβ1 signaling activity in triple negative receptor breast cancer cell type and MDA-MB 231. Doxorubicin induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and initiate invasion via TGFβ1 signaling. Thus, doxorubicin could induce cell migration to distant site. On the other hand, activation of TGFβ1 signaling also generate stemlike breast cancer cell and increase drug resistance (Bandyopadhyay, et al., 2010) . The aim of this study is to optimize doxorubicin doses to induce lamellipodia formation on 4T1 and MCF-7/HER2 cells.

On the other hand, activation of TGFβ1 signaling also generate stemlike breast cancer cell and increase drug resistance.


In this present study inhibition of cancer metastasis after treatment of doxorubicin was also observed. Cell migration is part of the process of metastasis. Interestingly, prolong use of doxorubicin exhibit several limitation such as toxicity and cancer cell resistance. On the other hand, doxorubicin activates TGF-β signalling in breast cancer cells which is increasing of TGF-β involved in mallignancies, such as metastatic breast cancer progression and survival. These also induce cancer cell migration and invation. Activation of TGF-β also induce Ephitelial-Mesencymal transition that increase cell motility and invasiveness (Bandyopadhyay, et al., 2010) . The ability of cell to migrate involved formation of lamellipodia. The result of this study showed that low doses of doxorubicin could induced lamellipodia formation. Doxorubicin at low doses induced lamellipodia formation both in 4T1 and MCF-7/HER2 cell observed begin at 24 hours after treatment. This phenomenon was caused by doxorubicin ability to activate TGF-β leading to activation of Smad2 and Smad3. Increasing of Smad2 and Smad3 induce EMT, thus enhanced cell migration. In addition, activation of Erk MAP kinase, Rho GTPase and PI3 kinase/Akt pathway followed by TGF-β also induced cell growth, migration, and invasion (Xu, et al., 2009) . Extension of lamellipodia was needed by cell to move on certain direction. Thus, observation of lamellipodia formation can be used as parameter to observed cell migration.

Activation of TGF-β also induce Ephitelial-Mesencymal transition that increase cell motility and invasiveness.

In addition, activation of Erk MAP kinase, Rho GTPase and PI3 kinase/Akt pathway followed by TGF-β also induced cell growth, migration, and invasion.


The cascade impactors were Andersen Mark II Cascade Impactors with 10 filters, including a pre-filter and backup filter, capable of differentiating size distributions ranging from < 0.4 µm to > 10 µm (Table 2 ; discontinued, a similar model Series 20-800 eight stage non-viable impactor available from ThermoFisher Scientific Inc.). Millipore fluoropore filters of 90 mm diameter and 1 µm pore size were used for the impactor as well as the bulk sample filters. The filters were pre-cleaned in 12 h acid soaks of 30 % HNO 3 and 20 % HCl each. Blank filters went through the same handling process. For sampling the filters were placed in custom delrin holders and ambient air flowed through at ∼ 120 standard liters per minute. The holders were washed with soapy de-ionized water and then soaked 12 h in 5 % HCl. Samples and blanks were stored in clean room bags. Filter extractions were conducted using 1.5 % BrCl and HCl for 24 h. They were then diluted to 0.5 % BrCl and HCl for analysis. Acid extracts were stored in Teflon bottles that were soaked 12 h in 50 % HNO 3 , another 12 h in 30 % HCl, and finally soaked for 5 days in 5 % HCl. The average blank filter contained 25 pg of Hg, subtracted from the samples, which contained 10-100 times more Hg. Thus, the blank corrections were essentially in the background noise and contributed little to the overall uncertainty of the ambient measurements. It has been shown previously that filter methods have artifacts associated with the adsorption of RGM onto the particulates or the loss of mercury when sampling times are greater than a few hours (Malcolm and Keeler, 2007) . However, when tested in the laboratory, there was no loss of RGM to blank filters detected using the automated system. Any loss of mercury is assumed to be the same for each impactor and each size fraction, confirmed by results that were expected and easily explained by outside factors, for example, trace gas data or source of air parcel.

It has been shown previously that filter methods have artifacts associated with the adsorption of RGM onto the particulates or the loss of mercury when sampling times are greater than a few hours.


This article focuses on the correlation of modal parameters and impact damage in composite beams from an experimental point of view based on low energy impacts. Nowadays, laser vibrometers are employed extensively to measure vibrations instead of accelerometers [34] [35] [36] . The article is arranged in such a way that first the material and the experimental procedure are presented then the experimental results are discussed and finally a design of experiments is carried out on the experimental results. A nomenclature for all the symbols used in this article is also provided at the end.

Nowadays, laser vibrometers are employed extensively to measure vibrations instead of accelerometers.


The use of composite materials in structural components has increased dramatically in recent years by offering enormous potential benefits to the aerospace industry and many other sectors. However, composite laminates are susceptible to delamination from a wide variety of sources, which include fabrication stress, environmental cyclic loading, and foreign object impact damage [1] [2] [3] . Delamination may lead to severe degradation of the mechanical behavior of structures due to loss of structural integrity. The detection of delamination and the study of their influences on the mechanical behavior of delaminated composite structures has become an important issue in recent times. Therefore in this article, problems at low impact energy levels are analyzed, which arise before delamination (behavior of the structure being relatively linear). Hence the aim of this work is to understand the relationship between changes in dynamic parameters (natural frequencies and damping ratios) due to impact damage in composite beam specimens at early stages.

However, composite laminates are susceptible to delamination from a wide variety of sources, which include fabrication stress, environmental cyclic loading, and foreign object impact damage.


Genetic susceptibility plays a major role in pathogenesis [60] . Research efforts, including GWASs, have been invested worldwide to identify susceptibility genes for several diseases. GWASs are considered as a powerful and promising approach [61] . Candidate gene approach along with an appropriate analysis remains the method of choice to evaluate genes of interest conferring susceptibility to specific disease.

Genetic susceptibility plays a major role in pathogenesis.

GWASs are considered as a powerful and promising approach.


One contribution of single cell analysis relies on the existence of cellular heterogeneity within the same population of cells. Bulk-scale measurements, which rely on data averaged across thousands or millions of cells, report only average values for the population. Thus, the characteristics of a group can obscure the differences between the individuals in it. Because studies made at the single cell level are not subject to the averaging effect characteristic of bulk-phase population-scale methods, they offer a level of discrete observation that is unavailable with traditional biological methods [3] . Secondly, single cell analysis provides an approach to identify the differences between individual cells. By characterizing the single cells at different conditions, such as health and unhealthy, we can take the single cell as an ideal model to detect disease, test medicines, and develop drugs. Furthermore, analyzing the content within single cells would benefit the deeper understanding of cellular functionalities and behaviors. For example, in the field of immunology, single cell analysis can help us to monitor gene expression in complex tissues, to define different cell subsets, to get insights into both their functional capacity and their specificity, and to track antigenspecific cells [2] . Therefore, nowadays, techniques for single cell analysis have attracted increasing interests in cell biology and the life science.

Because studies made at the single cell level are not subject to the averaging effect characteristic of bulk-phase population-scale methods, they offer a level of discrete observation that is unavailable with traditional biological methods.

For example, in the field of immunology, single cell analysis can help us to monitor gene expression in complex tissues, to define different cell subsets, to get insights into both their functional capacity and their specificity, and to track antigenspecific cells.


The youngest of diabetic samples was distinctly different from the others in pathology and seems to represent an outlier. The puppy, a Bernese mountain dog, presented with diabetes at just 3 months of age, while the next youngest dog in the study population was nearly 4 years old at onset. This very young diabetic dog exhibited evidence of lymphocytic infiltration, but not in islets, consistent with some inflammatory process, possibly a response to a viral or bacterial infection. Alternatively, the dog could have succumbed to some sort of pancreatic autoimmune process. Regardless, the puppy seems to have had a distinct form of diabetes. Very early age of onset canine diabetes cases have been occasionally described, and are estimated to be about 1.5% of all diabetic cases [42] . Neonatal diabetes has been described in Labrador retrievers, which are closely related to Bernese mountain dogs [43] . In this respect our case of neonatal diabetes is quite similar to those previously reported, although the underlying cause remains a mystery. Additional studies on this rare form of canine diabetes are clearly warranted.

Very early age of onset canine diabetes cases have been occasionally described, and are estimated to be about 1.5% of all diabetic cases.

Neonatal diabetes has been described in Labrador retrievers, which are closely related to Bernese mountain dogs.


As medical science and electronics engineering evolving, bioelectronics combined the microelectronics technology with medicine knowledge results in a new generation of healthcare and therapy. In recent decades, the inseparable relationship between electrical transaction and nervous system has been studied [1] . The electrical stimulation that transmitted artificial electrical signals into nervous system has been verified for innovative medical treatments, including the therapeutic electrical stimulation (TES) and the functional electrical stimulation (FES) [2] [3] [4] . The electrical stimulations have been successfully used in a large set of applications, such as cardiac pacemaker, cochlear implant, muscle exercising, vision restoration, and seizure suppression. Comparing with the traditional treatments by using medicine or surgery, the electrical stimulation is more harmless, flexible, recoverable, and less-destructive [5, 6] . Figure 1 shows a general block diagram for the stimulator. In this case, it consists of a power supply, a digital-toanalog converter (DAC), and an output driver. The DAC can achieve good control of the stimulus current amplitude, depending on the number of bits of the DAC.

In recent decades, the inseparable relationship between electrical transaction and nervous system has been studied.

The electrical stimulation that transmitted artificial electrical signals into nervous system has been verified for innovative medical treatments, including the therapeutic electrical stimulation (TES) and the functional electrical stimulation (FES).

Comparing with the traditional treatments by using medicine or surgery, the electrical stimulation is more harmless, flexible, recoverable, and less-destructive.


In particular, Abate gave a generalization of Theorem 1.1 to those characteristic directions whose residual index is not a non-negative rational number. Theorem 1.4 (Abate, [2] ). Let f be a (germ of) holomorphic self-map of C 2 tangent to the identity and such that the origin is an isolated fixed point. Let [v] be a characteristic direction of f such that Ind(f, P 1 , [v]) / ∈ Q + (here P 1 is the exceptional divisor of the blow-up of the origin, andf is the blow-up of f ). Then there are (at least) ν(f ) − 1 parabolic curves for f tangent to [v] at the origin.

Theorem 1.4 (Abate,).


These results show that the N 5 µm i(top) is strongly affected by several factors including temperature (Fig. 1) , cloud type (Fig. 2) and updraft (Fig. 3) , and that changes in the N 5 µm i(top) can be maintained at large distances from the cloud top (Fig. 9) . The dependence of the N 5 µm i(top) on the in-cloud updraft and the relationship to reanalysis liquid aerosol ( (Kärcher and Lohmann, 2003) . The relationship with INP is also consistent with heterogeneous nucleation having a strong role to play in determining the N 5 µm i(top) in synoptic cirrus clouds at temperatures colder than −60 • C.

The dependence of the N 5 µm i(top) on the in-cloud updraft and the relationship to reanalysis liquid aerosol (.


Second, the N i is a difficult property to measure at a global scale. Aircraft measurements are limited in space and time and have been afflicted by shattering of crystals on the tips of measurement probes, casting doubt on some earlier measurements of the N i (McFarquhar et al., 2007; Jensen et al., 2009; Korolev et al., 2013) . Additionally, due to the highly variable nature of cirrus clouds and their strong sensitivity to environmental conditions, it can be difficult to separate the relative roles of aerosol and dynamics (Gayet et al., 2004) .

Aircraft measurements are limited in space and time and have been afflicted by shattering of crystals on the tips of measurement probes, casting doubt on some earlier measurements of the N i.

Additionally, due to the highly variable nature of cirrus clouds and their strong sensitivity to environmental conditions, it can be difficult to separate the relative roles of aerosol and dynamics.


It is also possible that using cloud glaciation as a proxy allows other meteorological covariations, which could generate apparent relationships between the INP and N i . However, the in-cloud updraft is of a second-order importance in determining the cloud top phase compared to the INP concentration (Bühl et al., 2013) . The inclusion of a glide-slope test when determining the INP proxy means that it is also unlikely that clouds are being glaciated by undetected ice falling from higher cloud layers. The separation into cloud regimes also limits the impact of these kind of meteorological covariations, which might be expected between different regimes, but would be weaker within them.

However, the in-cloud updraft is of a second-order importance in determining the cloud top phase compared to the INP concentration.


The response of the N i to aerosol is likely to vary by aerosol type (Pruppacher and Klett, 1997) . Although MACC provides a dust speciation, it is not clear whether this can be used to determine the presence of INP. Previous studies have suggested that high altitude aerosol may be responsible for glaciating clouds between 0 and −35 • C (Choi et al., 2010; Kanitz et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2012; Tan et al., 2014) . Based on this previous work, the glaciation of clouds between 0 and −35 • C is used as a proxy for the occurrence of INP.

The response of the N i to aerosol is likely to vary by aerosol type.

Previous studies have suggested that high altitude aerosol may be responsible for glaciating clouds between 0 and −35 • C.


If managed appropriately, most patients with acromegaly should be able to achieve disease control without excess morbidity or mortality, although success may be limited by the modes of treatment and specific drugs available to the treating physicians [3] . The main criteria for ''disease control'' (rather than the more impracticable concept of ''cure'') involve achievement of pre-defined targets for GH and IGF-1. These are based on the levels of GH and IGF-1 that have been shown to be associated with improved symptoms and reduced frequency and severity of comorbid conditions, as well as mortality levels approaching those of the general population [3, 6] . However, beyond these biochemical targets, other factors are also important goals in the management of patients with acromegaly, such as reduction in tumor size (which can be achieved in the majority of patients receiving long-acting SSAs and, to a lesser extent, with dopamine agonists), and more targeted control of comorbid conditions [3, 6] . While some comorbid conditions may be improved to a limited degree with acromegaly-specific therapies alone, they often require other more specific therapies for comorbidities, including the use of antihypertensive, antihyperglycemic and lipid-modifying drugs to control diabetes and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Thus, optimal management of acromegaly encompasses biochemical control, tumor growth control and comprehensive management of the comorbidities commonly associated with acromegaly, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia, which generally respond well to standard therapy .

If managed appropriately, most patients with acromegaly should be able to achieve disease control without excess morbidity or mortality, although success may be limited by the modes of treatment and specific drugs available to the treating physicians.

These are based on the levels of GH and IGF-1 that have been shown to be associated with improved symptoms and reduced frequency and severity of comorbid conditions, as well as mortality levels approaching those of the general population.

However, beyond these biochemical targets, other factors are also important goals in the management of patients with acromegaly, such as reduction in tumor size (which can be achieved in the majority of patients receiving long-acting SSAs and, to a lesser extent, with dopamine agonists), and more targeted control of comorbid conditions.


The total trans fatty acids in different food ranged from almost negligible to levels as high as 14.58 g/100g food, while the TFA levels in oil samples ranged from 1.64 g/100g to 9.47 g/100g. The predominant trans fatty acid present in the food items was elaidic acid (18:1t9). Different amount of TFA was found in same food item sourced from different outlets such as branded sweet shop, local sweet shop and roadside vendors. A reason for this variability is that products often contain a blend of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO) of different sources such as soybean, canola, palm oil, corn and sunflower oil. The proportions of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated oils in these foods are varied to obtain the desired physical properties. In studies done in Australia and Canada high level of TFA was found in over 10% of food items analyzed and the authors also found great variability in TFA content in crackers, doughnuts and chocolate wafer biscuits. Earlier studies have also reported varied TFA level within similar food items due to type of oil used in preparation [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . These variability reflects the difficulty in assessing TFA intake in a population especially by dietary methods which depend on food composition tables. Developing food composition tables for every region is time consuming and economically non viable exercise especially in developing countries.

Earlier studies have also reported varied TFA level within similar food items due to type of oil used in preparation.


Recommender systems have been an active research area for more than a decade. The recommendation approaches based on explicit ratings are the major focus. The recommender systems based on explicit ratings have been intensively explored while those based on implicit rating information have attracted less attention [1] . The tasks of recommender systems include rating prediction and top N recommendation. The former task that is to predict the rating value a user will assign to a rated item while the latter one is to recommend a set of unrated/new items to the target user [1] . The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) are widely used to measure the accuracy of the rating prediction while precision and recall are commonly used for the top N recommendation. For explicit ratings, both tasks are applicable while for implicit ratings, the top N recommendation is more applicable [1] . Recommender systems can be broadly classified into three categories: content-based, collaborative filtering (CF), and hybrid approaches [1] .

The recommender systems based on explicit ratings have been intensively explored while those based on implicit rating information have attracted less attention.

The former task that is to predict the rating value a user will assign to a rated item while the latter one is to recommend a set of unrated/new items to the target user.

For explicit ratings, both tasks are applicable while for implicit ratings, the top N recommendation is more applicable.

Recommender systems can be broadly classified into three categories: content-based, collaborative filtering (CF), and hybrid approaches.


The striking light-dependent changes in cell-wall properties of the MEZ shown in Figs. 4 and 5 pose the question as to the origin of these rheological changes at the biochemical level. An obvious possibility for increasing cell-wall stiffness is the incorporation of fortifying matrix materials such as lignin. As a sensitive, semiquantitative test for lignin-like phenolic material we used the autofluorescence of phenylpropanoids including those comprising lignin in tissue sections (Harris and Hartley 1976) . Fig. 6 shows fluorescence images of cross-sections and longitudinal sections through the MEZ of maize seedlings taken at characteristic points during the time course of light-mediated changes in cell-wall stiffness depicted in Fig. 4 . A comparison of the micrographs shown in Fig. 6a,d and b,e reveals that irradiation with 9 h of blue light elicits a marked increase in fluorescence due to phenylpropanoid substances particularly in the utilized for the determination of cell-wall stiffness in terms of a tensile modulus (Young's modulus) during the growth changes depicted in Fig. 1. Fig. 3 shows representative force/extension curves measured with the walls of MEZ segments excised from maize seedlings after different periods of irradiation with blue light. The light treatment produces an increase in the slope of the non-linear curves over the whole feasible range of extension.

As a sensitive, semiquantitative test for lignin-like phenolic material we used the autofluorescence of phenylpropanoids including those comprising lignin in tissue sections.


Michael addition reactions are used widely in dual-curing formulations as they often fit the click criteria. It is the nucleophilic addition (i.e. the Michael donor) to an electrophilic olefin (i.e. Michael acceptor). The reaction proceeds through an anionic intermediate which is stabilized by the electron withdrawing group possessed by the Michael acceptor. Common Michael donors are amines, thiols and phosphines. Michael acceptors are more numerous and include acrylates, methacrylates, sulfones and many other electron deficient groups [5, 6] . In our work, we use thiol-acrylate Michael addition reaction as it has many advantages such as low polymerization shrinkage, low oxygen inhibition and gelation at higher conversions when compared to chain-growth acrylate homopolymerization [7] [8] [9] [10] . However, due to the flexible structure of the thiolacrylate thermoset, it has limited use in demanding applications requiring superior hardness, modulus and glass transition temperatures (T g ) [11] .

Michael acceptors are more numerous and include acrylates, methacrylates, sulfones and many other electron deficient groups.

In our work, we use thiol-acrylate Michael addition reaction as it has many advantages such as low polymerization shrinkage, low oxygen inhibition and gelation at higher conversions when compared to chain-growth acrylate homopolymerization.

However, due to the flexible structure of the thiolacrylate thermoset, it has limited use in demanding applications requiring superior hardness, modulus and glass transition temperatures (T g ).


Quantitative image analysis of high resolution radiographs of the deformation of semi-solid steel at ~80% solid has confirmed the tendency of this semi-solid material to behave as a granular material. In particular the data have shown that the grains rearrange as quasi-rigid particles and that the grain assembly as a whole dilates during shear. These observations support the hypothesis that the behaviour of semi-solid steel can be interpreted using the frameworks developed for soil, e.g. critical state soil mechanics [55] . A natural sand, Reigate sand, was identified as having characteristics that were particularly similar to this semi-solid alloy microstructure and the similarities in the behaviour of the two materials were identified at both the macro-and grain-scales.

These observations support the hypothesis that the behaviour of semi-solid steel can be interpreted using the frameworks developed for soil, e.g. critical state soil mechanics.


The first judgment of the quality of GA forecast can be made from the scatter plots of actual and forecasted PCs for forecasts with lead times of 06, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 h. Fig. 3 depicts the scatter plots of the actual first PC and the genetically forecasted first PC for the independent data set using univariate GA. It can be seen from the figure that the predictive power of the algorithm decreases as the length of the forecast horizon increases, which is a hallmark of deterministic chaos on which Takens' theorem is based [12] . The coefficient of determination R 2 between the actual and predicted PC is greater than 0.9 for all the lead times from 06 to 42 h and greater than 0.85 for the 48 h forecast. Based on the value of R 2 , it can be noted that the performance of univariate GA is excellent for forecasts with mentioned lead times. The forecast fields of SWH in the independent validation dataset are now reconstructed using EOFs of the training set and the genetically forecasted PCs, separately for forecasts with lead times of 06, 12, 18 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 h. Fig. 4 shows the spatial distribution of the root mean square error (RMSE) of forecast for each lead time for the univariate GA. The RMSE is less than 0.3 m over a very large domain of the study area for forecasts with lead times of 06, 12 and 18 h. As expected, with the increase in forecast lead time, this area gradually shrinks.

It can be seen from the figure that the predictive power of the algorithm decreases as the length of the forecast horizon increases, which is a hallmark of deterministic chaos on which Takens' theorem is based.


Here, in considering the 3D problem of moving mechanical/heat point sources, the Radon-transform approach is followed by fully taking advantage of existing solutions of the corresponding 2D problems. The two auxiliary problems involving half-plane domains and surface loadings are again uncoupled; the first is the thermo-elastodynamic plane-strain problem of moving mechanical/thermal line sources ) and the second is the Ôpure mechanicalÕ anti-plane shear problem of a moving line load (Georgiadis and Lykotrafitis, 2001) . After establishing the correspondence principle connecting the 3D problem with the auxiliary ones, the solution to the original problem follows by performing first a coordinate transformation and then taking the inverse Radon transform of the 2D solutions. In the course of the inversions, extensive use of distribution theory is made concerning mainly treatment of products of distributions.

The two auxiliary problems involving half-plane domains and surface loadings are again uncoupled; the first is the thermo-elastodynamic plane-strain problem of moving mechanical/thermal line sources ) and the second is the Ôpure mechanicalÕ anti-plane shear problem of a moving line load.


Developing countries have strongly emphasized acceleration of agricultural development for food security. However, there has been only modest progress in diminishing the threat of food insecurity (annual consumption variation) mainly because of the countries" large year-to-year variations in grain production, financial inability to import food, and inadequate external assistance (Rosen and Shapouri, 1994) . Analysis of food security in the 1970s focused largely on the scarcity of food supply, usually caused by drought, disease or war (Ali and Pitkin, 1991) . As a result, many developing countries pursued policies of food self-sufficiency that emphasized increasing domestic production and reserve stocks. The assumption inherent in these policies was that food surpluses at the national level are translated into food security at the household level (Ali and Pitkin, 1991) . Unfortunately, this has not been the case (Ali and Pitkin, 1991) .

However, there has been only modest progress in diminishing the threat of food insecurity (annual consumption variation) mainly because of the countries" large year-to-year variations in grain production, financial inability to import food, and inadequate external assistance.

Analysis of food security in the 1970s focused largely on the scarcity of food supply, usually caused by drought, disease or war.

The assumption inherent in these policies was that food surpluses at the national level are translated into food security at the household level.

Unfortunately, this has not been the case.


Automated machining planning includes machine selection, tool selection, part orientation, fixture planning, toolpath planning, and parameter selection operations towards optimizing objectives, such as cost, time and/or quality [4] . Much of the automated manufacturing planning research for machining processes is based on manufacturing features (MFs). Over the last decade, the concept of MFs has emerged as a powerful and widely adopted representation to assist in the conversion of design information into machining instructions. MFs have proved to be convenient because they characterize the capabilities of machining processes such as 3-axis milling and turning fairly well. However, the feature-based approach is not without its disadvantages [1] . First, any feature-based system is limited by the extent of its vocabulary. Secondly, MFs are not directly available from CAD representations. They must be extracted by a process referred to as feature extraction or they must be designed into the model. While there has been significant progress with feature-based approaches, there still remain problems to fully automated manufacturing planning due to recognition of interacting features and complex features within sculptured surfaces.

Automated machining planning includes machine selection, tool selection, part orientation, fixture planning, toolpath planning, and parameter selection operations towards optimizing objectives, such as cost, time and/or quality.

However, the feature-based approach is not without its disadvantages.


After a century of effort, gravity remains at the heart of modern physics. The enormous complexity in gravity, even in the classical level, is one of the obstructions for making advances. This can be seen from the non-linear nature in Einstein-Hilbert action which limits the space of exact solutions and the range of perturbative orders. The need for a better theoretical understanding is particularly urgent, after the breakthrough of gravitational wave detection [1] .

The need for a better theoretical understanding is particularly urgent, after the breakthrough of gravitational wave detection.


The classical radiation as perturbative solutions in worldline formalism is particularly promising for further studies [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] . First, there is still a notion of on-shell emission amplitudes as gaugeinvariant observables. Based on the success of S-matrix program, where the hidden connections are discovered from physical quantities, any double-copy structure should be revealed first in observables. Second, the perturbative regime is standard in worldline formalism. The observables are available by brute-force calculation, so we can test the double-copy structure at higher orders. Moreover, the worldline formalism directly gives results in the classical limit. Any progress made here can be readily applied to general relativity.

The classical radiation as perturbative solutions in worldline formalism is particularly promising for further studies.


The nomination process for the U.S. presidential election consists of a series of nationwide primary elections, beginning with the New Hampshire primary. The significance of this small New England state became entrenched in the quadrennial election politics in 1952, when Estes Kefauver defeated the incumbent President Harry Truman in the primary, leading Truman to abandon his campaign. In 1988, all but one of George Bush's Republican opponents withdrew soon after the primary, and in 1992, number of Democratic Party candidates dwindled from five to two after the primary (Busch and Mayer, 2004) .

In 1988, all but one of George Bush's Republican opponents withdrew soon after the primary, and in 1992, number of Democratic Party candidates dwindled from five to two after the primary.


Distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems are widely used in military, manufacturing, and control systems [17] . Many of these systems consist of legacy components. From the perspective of software engineering, there is an urgent demand to fulfill the need of the development, evolution and integration of DRE systems from existing components. This is in the vision of the UniFrame project [16] . During the synthesis of a DRE system, various appropriate components can be selected from a repository. However, numerous design and deployment decisions for the selected components usually generate a tremendous number of possible alternatives for constructing a DRE system. The design information (i.e., specific design and deployment decisions and information of involved components) required for synthesizing a DRE system is called a design space [13] . Among the huge number of possible design spaces, many of them, in fact, do not satisfy the requirements of the DRE system (i.e., constraint satisfaction). In addition, construct-ing a DRE system (e.g., an avionics system) is naturally expensive and less modifiable. In order to decrease the possibility of errors occuring after construction of a DRE system, validating a DRE system in advance is also necessary to conserve the future potential costs. Therefore, it is necessary to have a formal, manageable, scalable and automatic design space exploration approach to prune unsatisfactory design spaces (i.e., unsatisfactory assembled cases), and to validate the rest of the assembled cases of a DRE system from its requirements at system assembly time.

Distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems are widely used in military, manufacturing, and control systems.

This is in the vision of the UniFrame project.

The design information (i.e., specific design and deployment decisions and information of involved components) required for synthesizing a DRE system is called a design space.


In large network, voltage drop and voltage capacity will play major role in determining various future network augmentation. Voltage regulation is an important issue of power system control as it needs to maintain steady acceptable voltage under normal operating and distribution conditions [1] . Electrical loads are connected to the DN through DT. In normal operating condition in the DN, the receiving end voltage is less than the sending end voltage due to voltage drop in cables or conductors, bus impedance and transformers throughout the system. Figure 1 shows different voltage profiles under different load conditions considering fixed sending end voltage [2] . Under no load condition, the voltage at the receiving end is greater than the sending end as shown in Figure 1 , this type of scenario is known as Ferranti effect. The introduction of distributed generator (DG) into the network has given great uncertainty into the network. Large scale introduction of DG such as solar PV adds uncertainty due to environmental factors such as sunshine with duration of solar radiation, temperature, cloud movement etc. This uncertainty can cause voltage rise at the receiving end while DG generates more than the required power, and also receiving end voltage may drop if DG is unable to support load especially in the evening when load demand is high. Intermittent nature of PV output could generate fluctuations and large scale such fluctuation could affect the loads connected into the network also uneven generation could exceed the capacity of connected DT. Moreover connection of DG into the network could unload one phase and overload other phase and could lead in phase unbalance condition. These unwanted characteristics can be avoided by buffering excess energy from DG and by supporting load from buffered energy when required.

Voltage regulation is an important issue of power system control as it needs to maintain steady acceptable voltage under normal operating and distribution conditions.

Figure 1 shows different voltage profiles under different load conditions considering fixed sending end voltage.


The only study known to the authors using a similar approach is one by Bondemark [12] . In contrast to this study, repelling rare earth magnets on one side and super elastic nickel-titanium open coils on the contralateral side were used to gain space in the maxillary arch. Whereas at the start of the study no statistically significant difference in the attachment level between the test and control group was observed, at the end of treatment (2.8 years) the mesial surfaces of first and second maxillary molars of the test group showed significantly larger attachment loss which was preserved at the final reading after 5 years (2 years after debonding). No values ≥ 2.0 mm between the CEJ and the alveolar crest were measured at interdental sites, which corroborates the finding that the majority of the orthodontically treated teeth showed no or little damage to the attachment apparatus [12] .

The only study known to the authors using a similar approach is one by Bondemark.

No values ≥ 2.0 mm between the CEJ and the alveolar crest were measured at interdental sites, which corroborates the finding that the majority of the orthodontically treated teeth showed no or little damage to the attachment apparatus.


Today, significant emissions reductions within the European transport sector without the EU ETS seem to be unlikely. The his toric CO 2 emissions development in the European transport sector shows that a reduction is impossible without a substantial change in the traffic participant's attitude, a technical breakthrough or a faster increase of transport cost in comparison to income gains. On the one hand, inclusion in the EU ETS would lead to a marginal increase in transport costs in road transport (which might be higher if stronger emission targets are imposed) and on the other hand it leads to an increased allowance demand in the EU ETS market, where the energy industries have a major market share. Hence, the main impacts of such an implementation could be a change in the price of allowances in the EU ETS and due to this in electricity generation as well as in mileage performance and vehicle fleet composition. Therefore, these impacts will be analysed in considering feedback to road transport itself and the mitigation potentials from energy industries. The interactions between these two sectors actually increase through the market penetration of EV (electric vehicles) e which seems to be relevant for the coming decades [15, 16] . Hence, a model based approach is chosen for this analysis to cope with the high system complexity in a systematic way. This model approach has to adequately cover both sectors.

The interactions between these two sectors actually increase through the market penetration of EV (electric vehicles) e which seems to be relevant for the coming decades.


From an economic point of view, these framework conditions are inefficient: some sectors in the EU ETS struggle to reduce their emissions, while others are not affected by the limitations (i.e. transport sector). The latter increases the pressure on those already "suffering" from the EU ETS. These inefficiencies are most apparent in the transport sector, as its emissions are still growing and will continue to increase on a European scale and are going to double on the global scale up to 2050 [4] . This development strongly conflicts with the long term CO 2 emission targets of industrialised nations, such as Germany, which is striving to reduce CO 2 emissions by 30e 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 and by about 80% by 2050 [5, 6] . Another policy instrument in this issue is the European Directive 443/2009, which forces vehicle manufacturers to meet the vehicle specific CO 2 emissions of 95 g per km by 2020 for new passenger cars. Unfortunately, this instrument focuses on the efficiency of the vehicles and therefore neglects the rebound effect. This means that more efficient cars lead to lower operating costs and therefore stimulate a higher mileage [7] . Even though the German transport sector is one of the few worldwide with decreasing CO 2 emissions, most experts agree that technical measures of conventional pas senger cars alone will not enable vehicle manufacturers to meet the European reduction target [8, 9] . This is mainly determined by the high technical CO 2 emission abatement costs. On the other hand, these high costs could also be interpreted as a great willingness to pay for luxury passenger cars.

These inefficiencies are most apparent in the transport sector, as its emissions are still growing and will continue to increase on a European scale and are going to double on the global scale up to 2050.

This development strongly conflicts with the long term CO 2 emission targets of industrialised nations, such as Germany, which is striving to reduce CO 2 emissions by 30e 40% by 2030 compared to 1990 and by about 80% by 2050.

This means that more efficient cars lead to lower operating costs and therefore stimulate a higher mileage.

Even though the German transport sector is one of the few worldwide with decreasing CO 2 emissions, most experts agree that technical measures of conventional pas senger cars alone will not enable vehicle manufacturers to meet the European reduction target.


Report accuracy was high for both interview groups. Furthermore, error and confabulation frequency was low for both groups, even though the number of committed confabulations was even lower for the RCI group. Therefore, even though CCR elicited more correct details it did not compromise report accuracy. High accuracy was expected for all interview conditions because all the interview protocols contained adequate instructions (e.g., instruction not to guess; rapport building; transfer of control, etc.) and adequate questioning (when questioning was used) in order to maximize report accuracy (Fisher & Geiselman, 2010) . Furthermore, category clustering has previously been found to enhance recall in a second recall attempt regarding information quantity while not compromising recall accuracy (Dalrymple-Alford & Aamiry, 1969; Manning & Kahana, 2012; Paulo et al., 2016; Robinson, 1966) .

High accuracy was expected for all interview conditions because all the interview protocols contained adequate instructions (e.g., instruction not to guess; rapport building; transfer of control, etc.) and adequate questioning (when questioning was used) in order to maximize report accuracy.

Furthermore, category clustering has previously been found to enhance recall in a second recall attempt regarding information quantity while not compromising recall accuracy.


Although, liquid chromatography (LC) was conceived by the Russian Botanist, Mikhail S. Tswett in 1903, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), comprising variety of packed columns integrated with high-pressure pumps, was achieved in the late 1960s. An extensive advancement of HPLC, involving automated computer controlled system with highly sensitive detectors has been extended the limits of detection to femtogram level. These advances directed HPLC to became as an indispensable analytical instrument with a countless of applications in both industry and academia [2] . However, the search for a universal detector for HPLC in separating a complex mixtures, such as analysis of natural products, can still be challenging, requiring an extensive work.

These advances directed HPLC to became as an indispensable analytical instrument with a countless of applications in both industry and academia.


In order to appreciate the full benefit of designer carbons, it is necessary to develop the chemistry for functionalizing the porous carbon surfaces (Stein et al., 2008) . Careful oxidation enhances the wettability of the pores by polar solvents and increases the fraction of micropores and the surface area of carbon. The most commonly used oxidant for carbonaceous materials is an aqueous solution of either concentrated or diluted nitric acid (Otake and Jenkins, 1993; Pradhan and Sandle, 1999) .

In order to appreciate the full benefit of designer carbons, it is necessary to develop the chemistry for functionalizing the porous carbon surfaces.

The most commonly used oxidant for carbonaceous materials is an aqueous solution of either concentrated or diluted nitric acid.


An important extension of the duality, that initially was limited to adjoint degrees of freedom, is the inclusion of fundamental matter [3] . That is realised though flavour branes, extending along the holographic direction, occupying the gauge theory directions and wrapping some non-compact internal cycle (in order to promote a symmetry of the worldvolume to a global flavour symmetry). When the number of flavours is significantly less than the number of the colours, we are in the limit that we can safely neglect their effect on the geometry and consider them as probes. On the contrary, when the number of flavours and colours become comparable, a fully backreacted background needs to be constructed, since we cannot neglect anymore the backreaction of the flavour branes on the geometry.

An important extension of the duality, that initially was limited to adjoint degrees of freedom, is the inclusion of fundamental matter.


In this article we study the performance of the above-described scheme for the European XFEL upgrade. The installation of the chicane does not perturb the undulator focusing system and allows for a safe return to the baseline mode of operation. The inclusion of a chicane is not expensive and may find many other applications [23, 24] .

The inclusion of a chicane is not expensive and may find many other applications.


Xanthophyll-cycle functions to dissipate light energy in chloroplasts of higher plants, where violaxanthin de-epoxidase converts violaxanthin to zeaxanthin under high light conditions (Fig. 2) . In vitro, this enzyme also converts all-trans neoxanthin to all-trans deepoxyneoxanthin, however the 9'-cis form can not be a substrate (Yamamoto and Higashi 1978) . Because all-trans neoxanthin was not found in chloroplasts, formation of all-trans deepoxyneoxanthin under high light conditions was also not to be the case. Even if all-trans deepoxyneoxanthin is formed from an intermediate, it does not seem to be effective for dissipation of light energy, because its energy level is similar to that of antheraxanthin (data not shown). The 9-cis form is not involved in the xanthophyll-cycle, thus its accumulation might partly correlate with other physiological functions.

In vitro, this enzyme also converts all-trans neoxanthin to all-trans deepoxyneoxanthin, however the 9'-cis form can not be a substrate.


The transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat) on road has an important impact on the overall traffic management (Minciardi et al., 2008) . This fact is even more evident when a vehicle must traverse a critical road infrastructure, such as a tunnel or a bridge. In relation with hazardous material transportation, different decision makers and actors can generally be considered (Public Authority, Fleets managers, Tunnel managers). Moreover, different objectives (risk minimization, economic benefits maximization, etc.) have to be taken into account. In this framework, different decision structures (i.e., hierarchical, decentralized, etc.) may be considered and studied. In a hierarchical decision model, the upper decision levels, through their decisions, influence the choices of the lower levels. Instead, in a decentralized decision problem, different sub-problems related to specific sub-systems are solved (by different decision makers) and then they interact either in cooperative or in competitive way. A bi-level mathematical program concerns two optimization problems hierarchically related. One can interpret such problems as referring to two decision makers in which the optimal decisions of the higher level (the leader) constrains the decision of the lower level decision makers (the followers). Each lower level decision maker optimizes his/her objective function within a feasible region that is defined by the higher level decision maker. Within this setting, the latter is assumed to have the capability of forecasting all the possible reactions of the lower level decision makers, and determines their own decisions in order to obtain the best outcome for his/her objective function.

The transportation of hazardous materials (hazmat) on road has an important impact on the overall traffic management.


In complex acoustic environments, individuals with hearing impairment may struggle to isolate speech content of interest due to interfering sounds, background noise and reverberation. Speech segregation algorithms seek to improve the intelligibility of a desired speech source by attenuating undesired signal energy [1] . A design choice in any segregation algorithm is identifying a measurable and physically meaningful cue to help distinguish between signal energy that should be retained and energy that should be attenuated.

Speech segregation algorithms seek to improve the intelligibility of a desired speech source by attenuating undesired signal energy.


A symbolic representation of memory arrays has been used by Burch and Dill [6] . They apply uninterpreted functions with equality, which abstract away the details of the data path and allow them to introduce only a single symbolic variable to denote the initial state of the entire memory. Each Write or Read operation results in building a formula over the current memory state, so that the latest memory state is a formula reflecting the sequence of memory writes. In our method, the memory state is represented with a list of entries encoding the sequence of updates of symbolic addresses with symbolic data. Our Write operation modifies this list. However, we perform the verification at the circuit level of the implementation and need bit-level data for symbolic word-level memory locations in order to verify the data path. This requires the user to introduce symbolic variables proportional to both the number of distinct symbolic memory locations accessed and the number of data bits per location. This paper advocates a two step approach for the verification of circuits with large embedded memories. The first step is to use STE to verify the transistor level memory arrays independently from the rest of the circuit. Pandey and Bryant have combined symmetry reductions and STE to enable the verification of very large memory arrays at the transistor level [9] [8] . The second step is to use STE to verify the circuit after the memory arrays are replaced by EMMs and is the focus of this work.

A symbolic representation of memory arrays has been used by Burch and Dill.

Our Write operation modifies this list.

Pandey and Bryant have combined symmetry reductions and STE to enable the verification of very large memory arrays at the transistor level.


About one month after the original posting, the imagination survey was sent individually to the 27 participants. Responses from both surveys were then tabulated. Clarification was requested for nonnumeric answers such as "easy" for a task or "every day" for monthly lucid dreaming frequency. Ranges such as "about 6-7" were averaged. Handedness answers were divided into two groups-"righties" and "non-righties"-to take advantage of the fact that cerebral lateralization varies as a function of handedness (Isaacs et al., 2006) . By categorizing only clear right-handed responses as righties, a strongly lateralized group could be compared with a group likely to be less strongly lateralized. Accordingly, answers indicating any level of ambidexterity were scored as non-right. Specifically, this group included two "right-handed" individuals: one who mentioned a left-handed preference for scissors and another who claimed to have been left-handed many years ago. Answers such as "ambidextrous" and "left" were scored as non-right as well.

Handedness answers were divided into two groups-"righties" and "non-righties"-to take advantage of the fact that cerebral lateralization varies as a function of handedness.


The standard GARCH, otherwise specified as GARCH (1,1) model is not without limitations. The model is not flexible because of the constraint conditions imposed on the parameters to guarantee a nonnegative result (Wagle, 2008) . Secondly, the GARCH model fails to capture asymmetric response of the market as it could not distinguish different impacts of respective positive and negative shocks to volatility. This is contrary to known empirical evidence where current volatility is negatively correlated with past stock return. This phenomenon is otherwise referred to as leverage effect.

The model is not flexible because of the constraint conditions imposed on the parameters to guarantee a nonnegative result.


The case of sparse sets was considered more recently by Croot-Ruzsa-Schoen [4] . The authors proved that if A, B ⊂ Z N obey |A||B| ≥ (6N ) 2− 2 k−1 , then A + B contains a k-term arithmetic progression. They also gave a construction of sets A ⊂ Z N with |A| ≥ N 1−θ , where θ is small enough depending on > 0, such that A + A does not contain an arithmetic progression longer than exp(cθ − 2 3 − ).

The case of sparse sets was considered more recently by Croot-Ruzsa-Schoen.


MPP is a highly toxic molecule which acts by interfering with oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, causing depletion of ATP and cell death [1] . It also inhibits the synthesis of catecholamines, reduces levels of dopamine and cardiac norepinephrine, and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. Recently, the use of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), has enabled scientists to gain an insight into neurodegenerative pathogenesis experimentally. MPP has been reported to be a selective and potent inhibitor of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, leading to Parkinsonian symptoms in animal models [1, 2] .

MPP is a highly toxic molecule which acts by interfering with oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, causing depletion of ATP and cell death.

MPP has been reported to be a selective and potent inhibitor of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, leading to Parkinsonian symptoms in animal models.


Carbon nanotube (CNT) networks many times referred to as buckypapers are able to detect various gases or even different organic vapors [1] [2] [3] . The mechanism of detection involves adsorption of analyte molecules on CNT surface by van der Waals forces. The strength of forces and the interaction area between CNTs and gas molecules raise the adsorption and increase the amount of adsorbed molecules. All this leads to the change of electron density on CNTs, the increase of contact resistance between touching nanotubes, and, consequently, the electrical resistance change of whole CNT networks [3] .

Carbon nanotube (CNT) networks many times referred to as buckypapers are able to detect various gases or even different organic vapors.

All this leads to the change of electron density on CNTs, the increase of contact resistance between touching nanotubes, and, consequently, the electrical resistance change of whole CNT networks.


Nevertheless, consumers need more information about specific characteristics that labels ensure (Troiano et al. 2016) . Owing to the lack of an international methodology, there is no consistency in 'carbon footprint/carbon neutral' claims currently being made by wine companies. The credibility of these claims is threatened by multiple standards and by the lack of accurate baseline data needed to develop a greenhouse gas inventory for wine production.

Nevertheless, consumers need more information about specific characteristics that labels ensure.


Stir casting (vortex technique) is generally accepted commercially as a low-cost method for fabrication of AMMCs. Its advantages lie in its simplicity, flexibility, and applicability to large volume production. This process is the most economical among all the available routes for AMMCs production, and it allows very large-sized components to be fabricated. However, the following considerations for achieving AMMC via stir casting must be considered: no adverse chemical reaction between the reinforcement material and matrix alloy, no or very low porosity content in the cast AMMCs, wettability between the two main phases, and a uniform distribution of the reinforcement material. Wettability and reactivity determine the quality of the bonding between the constituents and thereby greatly affect the final properties of the composite material [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .

Wettability and reactivity determine the quality of the bonding between the constituents and thereby greatly affect the final properties of the composite material.


Physical mechanisms associated with a tidal front on a slope, detailed below, may be responsible for the maintenance of C4 and C5 aggregations at depth along the southern margin of Roseway. Patches of diapausing copepods can accumulate through the interaction between current velocity and the maintenance of vertical position by the animals (Franks 1992) . In Grand Manan Basin, C5s were 3-fold more abundant in warm, salty, deep water on the basin side of a tidal front that defined the inshore basin margin, than they were in the cold and fresh Bay of Fundy water mass on the inshore side of the front (Michaud & Taggart 2011) . The latter authors hypothesized that the front could act as a barrier to the inshore advection of C5s, and proposed that upslope mixing of the neutrally dense C5s during flood tide, and their subsequent sinking during ebb tide at the front edge, could maintain the aggregation in the deep waters of the basin. Consistent with this hypothesis, Lagrangian particle velocity estimates on the northern and southern slopes of Georges Bank suggested a cell pattern, with particles at depth and on-bank being advected toward the surface and particles in the upper water column being advected off-bank and downward (Wishner et al. 2006) .

Patches of diapausing copepods can accumulate through the interaction between current velocity and the maintenance of vertical position by the animals.

In Grand Manan Basin, C5s were 3-fold more abundant in warm, salty, deep water on the basin side of a tidal front that defined the inshore basin margin, than they were in the cold and fresh Bay of Fundy water mass on the inshore side of the front.

Consistent with this hypothesis, Lagrangian particle velocity estimates on the northern and southern slopes of Georges Bank suggested a cell pattern, with particles at depth and on-bank being advected toward the surface and particles in the upper water column being advected off-bank and downward.


To avoid danger in their environment, birds must perceive approaching threats. Bird visual systems and responses are complex and response times are, at least in some species, linked to the speed of the oncoming stimulus or are specific to areas where stimuli travel at different speeds. Thus, birds may struggle to escape from rapidly moving stimuli (Weston et al. 2012) . However, aircraft noise is a key aspect of the stimulus available to birds, which might enable them to respond to aircraft in a timely fashion. Noise is known to elicit a variety of responses in birds, which can be dramatically different among species, and which depend on the sound volume (Dunnet 1977; Burger 1981 Burger , 1983 Ellis et al. 1991; Arévalo and Newhard 2011) . Aircraft are associated with different noise profiles when taking off and landing, those phases of the flight when they are most prone to bird strikes (Burger 1983) . A long-term dataset from the USA indicated that 61% of strikes occur on landing and 35% during take-off (Dolbeer et al. 2015) . However, available studies that show the effect of take-off and landing noise on bird escape responses do not include Australian birds or conditions, and studies of avian responses to aircraft noise are limited. The available studies that have examined the effect of aircraft on birds have generally involved military aircraft, and low overflights, and have almost always been away from airports (Burger 1981; Brown 1990; Ward and Stehn 1990; Ellis et al. 1991; Conomy et al. 1998b; Delaney et al. 1999; Goudie and Jones 2004) . No study known to us has examined whether responses to noise on and around an airport vary in relation to the degree of exposure to aircraft, or whether different phases of aircraft flight (landing versus take-off) elicit different responsiveness.

Thus, birds may struggle to escape from rapidly moving stimuli.

Noise is known to elicit a variety of responses in birds, which can be dramatically different among species, and which depend on the sound volume.

Aircraft are associated with different noise profiles when taking off and landing, those phases of the flight when they are most prone to bird strikes.

A long-term dataset from the USA indicated that 61% of strikes occur on landing and 35% during take-off.

The available studies that have examined the effect of aircraft on birds have generally involved military aircraft, and low overflights, and have almost always been away from airports.


In response to increasing stakeholder pressure, companies are embracing the "corporate social responsibility" concept evermore tightly. Social, environmental and sustainability reports are being published at an accelerating pace. Participation in voluntary environmental approaches is a straightforward manner to show a corporation's involvement. Within the wide scope of voluntary approaches, public voluntary programmes have an attractive appeal. In such programmes participating firms agree to standards that have been developed by public bodies such as environmental agencies (OECD 1999) . Well-known examples include environmental management systems (EMS) like the worldwide ISO 14001 standard and the European EcoManagement and Audit Scheme (EMAS), programmes developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) such as Energy Star, Green Lights, and 33/50 and numerous environmental or social product labels. The appealing character lies in the fact that the credibility of these programmes is guaranteed by the initiators' public function and/or the external validation of a company's compliance with the programme. As most programmes allow the use of a logo, they are attractive instruments for companies to signal their proactive stance to various stakeholders. Furthermore, some programmes provide participants with regulatory relief, subsidies or information sharing initiatives.

In such programmes participating firms agree to standards that have been developed by public bodies such as environmental agencies.


There have been only a few studies evaluating WM changes in DLB compared to AD and healthy controls with VBM [17, 18] . One conventional VBM study using SPM5 for analysis showed significant atrophy of WM in the pons and medulla oblongata in idiopathic Parkinson's disease compared to healthy controls [18] . The other study using SPM8 plus DARTEL for analysis showed no DLB-specific significant atrophy of WM compared to AD [17] .

There have been only a few studies evaluating WM changes in DLB compared to AD and healthy controls with VBM.

One conventional VBM study using SPM5 for analysis showed significant atrophy of WM in the pons and medulla oblongata in idiopathic Parkinson's disease compared to healthy controls.

The other study using SPM8 plus DARTEL for analysis showed no DLB-specific significant atrophy of WM compared to AD.


However, not many systematic studies are available in the literature that reveal more insight about how various operation conditions affect cell performance. Moreover, with the design consisting of multiple solid layers clamped between two end plates, the compression pressure is an interesting parameter and possibly subject to optimization. While the compression pressure is reasonably well researched for FC, WE lacks studies [20, 5] . EIS can provide useful insights for analyzing compression [21, 22] . This paper investigates the performance of a single cell under different current and temperature operation points at various compressions. The purpose is to better understand what the most relevant operation parameters are. The experimental work is supported by computational modelling in order to extract characteristic parameters such as the exchange current density. The combination of experimental data and a model approach also helps to divide the different resistance contributions between the components.

While the compression pressure is reasonably well researched for FC, WE lacks studies.

EIS can provide useful insights for analyzing compression.


The popularity of search engines has thoroughly increased over the past years. And so has the amount of information they are indexing. At the same time, upon searching this overwhelming quantity of data, people usually view only the top answers returned for each query [20] . It is thus very important to provide these responses with the best quality possible. Alas, currently this is not an easy task.

At the same time, upon searching this overwhelming quantity of data, people usually view only the top answers returned for each query.


In spite of the success of link analysis algorithms, many link structures created using web hyperlinks lead these algorithms to provide wrong conclusions about the quality of web pages. This phenomenon happens because links that cannot be interpreted as votes for quality sometimes negatively affect the link analysis results. We name these here as noisy links. A subset of them has already been addressed exhaustively in prior work, namely the nepotistic links (also called spam links), i.e., the links intentionally created to artificially boost the rank of some given set of pages, usually referred to as spam pages [27] . In fact, given the importance of search engines in modern society, many online organizations currently attempt to artificially increase their rank, since a higher rank implies more users visiting their pages, which subsequently implies an increased profit. Thus, a new industry specialized in creating spam information has emerged, called Search Engine Optimization (SEO) [17] .

We name these here as noisy links.

A subset of them has already been addressed exhaustively in prior work, namely the nepotistic links (also called spam links), i.e., the links intentionally created to artificially boost the rank of some given set of pages, usually referred to as spam pages.

Thus, a new industry specialized in creating spam information has emerged, called Search Engine Optimization (SEO).


The calculated shock velocities have been plotted against particle velocities and the results presented in Fig. 4a . All four polymers under investigation have a linear relationship between shock velocity and particle velocity, in common with many other materials [13] . Although a slight cusp can be observed in the Hugoniot of PTFE near 0.2 mm ls -1 due to the phase II to III transition [27] . Simple linear fits according to Eq. 1 have been fitted, and the results summarised in Table 2 .

All four polymers under investigation have a linear relationship between shock velocity and particle velocity, in common with many other materials.

Although a slight cusp can be observed in the Hugoniot of PTFE near 0.2 mm ls -1 due to the phase II to III transition.


In our first evaluation, we focus on the detection of playing frames, object segmentation, and ball detection. The quality of line detection was already discussed in previous work [2] . We selected six test sequences with a total length of 38 minutes (five in PAL and one in CIF resolution). The videos were chosen to cover a broad variety of tennis scenarios, i.e., singles and doubles, different court surfaces, and lighting. Figure 4 (left) depicts one of these videos. Based on the number of correct (C), missed (M ), and false (F ) detections, we compute precision P = C C+F and recall R = C C+M of the individual algorithms (see Table 1 ). For this purpose, all six videos were used. For player detec- tion and ball detection, 200 frames were randomly chosen from each video and the results were manually inspected.

The quality of line detection was already discussed in previous work.


These studies have demonstrated that the number of DNMs increases with both maternal and paternal ages; such age effects can likely be attributed to a number of factors, including the increased mitotic divisions in sperm cells following puberty, an accumulation of damage-associated mutation, and substantial epigenetic reprogramming undergone by germ cells (Jónsson et al. 2017; Kong et al. 2012; Goldmann et al. 2016; Rahbari et al. 2015; Crow 2000; Gao et al. 2019) . There is also evidence that the mutational spectra of de novo mutations differ in the male and female germlines (Jónsson et al. 2017; Goldmann et al. 2016; Francioli et al. 2015; Gao et al. 2019; Agarwal and Przeworski 2019) . Furthermore, a recent study of three two-generation pedigrees, each with 4 or 5 children, indicated that paternal age effects may differ across families (Rahbari et al. 2015) . However, two-generation families with few offspring provide limited power to quantify parental age effects on mutation rates and restrict the ability to assign a gamete-of-origin to ~20-30% of DNMs (Rahbari et al. 2015; Jónsson et al. 2017; Goldmann et al. 2016) .

These studies have demonstrated that the number of DNMs increases with both maternal and paternal ages; such age effects can likely be attributed to a number of factors, including the increased mitotic divisions in sperm cells following puberty, an accumulation of damage-associated mutation, and substantial epigenetic reprogramming undergone by germ cells.

There is also evidence that the mutational spectra of de novo mutations differ in the male and female germlines.

Furthermore, a recent study of three two-generation pedigrees, each with 4 or 5 children, indicated that paternal age effects may differ across families.

However, two-generation families with few offspring provide limited power to quantify parental age effects on mutation rates and restrict the ability to assign a gamete-of-origin to ~20-30% of DNMs.


Recurrent DNMs across siblings can also manifest as a consequence of gonosomal mosaicism in parents (Biesecker and Spinner 2013; Jónsson et al. 2018) . Although it can be difficult to distinguish gonosomal mosaicism from both single-gamete germline de novo mutation and germline mosaicism, we have identified a set of putative gonosomal mosaic mutations that are sex-balanced with respect to the parental haplotype on which they occurred, and do not exhibit any detectable dependence on parental age at birth. Both of these observations are expected if gonosomal mutations arise after zygote fertilization, rather than during the process of gametogenesis. We do, however, find that T>A transversions are enriched in gonosomal DNMs, as compared to DNMs that occurred in the germline of a parent.

Recurrent DNMs across siblings can also manifest as a consequence of gonosomal mosaicism in parents.


In a RO process, concentration polarization is coupled with permeate flux: CP is induced by permeate flux, which brings solute to the membrane but, at the same time, the permeate flux is limited by the resistance due to CP [4, 6] . Besides this statement, in crossflow RO appears another fact that must be considered. As a result of solute continuous entrance to the membrane channel and solute rejection and accumulation, the concentration polarization layer grows gradually along the filtration channel [5, 6, 8, 9] .

In a RO process, concentration polarization is coupled with permeate flux: CP is induced by permeate flux, which brings solute to the membrane but, at the same time, the permeate flux is limited by the resistance due to CP.

As a result of solute continuous entrance to the membrane channel and solute rejection and accumulation, the concentration polarization layer grows gradually along the filtration channel.


This experimental research completes a previous one where concentration profiles and permeate fluxes in crossflow RO were studied [22] . A new longer module has been used to visualize the built up of the polarization layer along the membrane channel. The new module has four windows along the channel thus allowing the visualization of the concentration profiles at different locations of the membrane channel. The results obtained showed the tight relationship between CP, the permeate flux, the crossflow velocity and the development of the polarized layer along the permeation channel. The experimental conditions have also been simulated using a CFD model, developed to compute the permeate flux and the concentration profiles in order to check the evolution of the polarization layer along the membrane channel. The results predicted by the simulations are in reasonable agreement with the experimental ones.

This experimental research completes a previous one where concentration profiles and permeate fluxes in crossflow RO were studied.


Therefore, the accurate characterization of the build up and evolution of the CP layer is essential to fully understand the fouling mechanisms in RO processes. Different techniques for in situ monitoring the polarization phenomena in a membrane system have been developed over the years [21] . However, only a few papers can be found in which the concentration polarization layer is measured directly.

Different techniques for in situ monitoring the polarization phenomena in a membrane system have been developed over the years.


Rejection of salt ions at the membrane surface in reverse osmosis processes (RO) leads to an increase in solute concentration near the membrane. This phenomenon is called concentration polarization (CP) and is one of the most important factors influencing the performance of membrane separation processes [1] . Concentration polarization is the primary reason for flux decline during the initial period of a membrane separation, due to an osmotic pressure raise. In addition, CP can be also the precursor of subsequent fouling mechanisms in RO [2, 3] . Knowledge and prediction of the concentration polarization effects, therefore, is crucial for designing reverse osmosis processes, predicting their performance, and especially for understanding the surface fouling phenomena [2, 4, 5] .

This phenomenon is called concentration polarization (CP) and is one of the most important factors influencing the performance of membrane separation processes.

In addition, CP can be also the precursor of subsequent fouling mechanisms in RO.

Knowledge and prediction of the concentration polarization effects, therefore, is crucial for designing reverse osmosis processes, predicting their performance, and especially for understanding the surface fouling phenomena.


Where "σ" is the tensile stress in the fiber, "r" is the radius of the fiber, "τ" is the shear stress in the interface fiber-matrix and "l" is the length of the fiber. In the equation, the left side is the fiber strength and the right side is the interface strength (Chawla, 1998) . The pulled out failure mechanism occurs when the interfacial shear strength is lower than the tensile strength of the fiber. Fiber reinforcement has success if the loading force can be transferred from the matrix to the fiber. Possibly the archwire mechanical properties increases with fiber surface treatment before the impregnation with the matrix polymeric.

In the equation, the left side is the fiber strength and the right side is the interface strength.


The matrix material, which is available from PETG, PC, nylon6, nylon12, PUs offers the aesthetic feature of the composite archwire while the fiber reinforcement (E glass, S2 glass, and Kevlar) provides the mechanical properties suitable for use in Orthodontics (Imai et al., 1999) . For example, by changing the fiber material, arrangement, diameter or the number of filaments, stiffness properties can be altered, and thus, the kind of engagement between the wire and the bracket slot (Huang et al., 2003) . In addition, the reinforced polymer composites in particular have the potential to be highly biocompatible, whilst maintaining suitable mechanical properties (Schlz et al., 2011) . Even when produced by mould polymerization or hot drawing, the FRC (glass/ PMMA) volume fraction fits well the Young's modulus for clinical application while satisfy the rule of mixtures for composite systems .

The matrix material, which is available from PETG, PC, nylon6, nylon12, PUs offers the aesthetic feature of the composite archwire while the fiber reinforcement (E glass, S2 glass, and Kevlar) provides the mechanical properties suitable for use in Orthodontics.

For example, by changing the fiber material, arrangement, diameter or the number of filaments, stiffness properties can be altered, and thus, the kind of engagement between the wire and the bracket slot.

In addition, the reinforced polymer composites in particular have the potential to be highly biocompatible, whilst maintaining suitable mechanical properties.