Although a number of studies on the effects of neighborhood spatial characteristics on housing prices have been conducted, little is understood about how the two important land use features related to smart growth strategies-mixed land use and job accessibility-influence housing prices and rents, respectively. In other words, few studies have examined which one is more important for increasing housing and/or rent prices that reflect housing demanders' preferences. Because housing market consists of different sub-markets (e.g., rental markets and housing markets), housing prices and rental prices should be differently investigated for efficient land use policies [9] . Previous studies have shown that renters and housing buyers have different preferences [13] . Generally, low-income households choose rental housing, but middle-or high-income households prefer single-family housing units. Also, this can vary by different age groups; sometimes young adults choose high price rental housings that are located downtown because they prefer neighborhoods that provide urban amenities such as cafés, museums, restaurants, and shopping centers [8] .

Because housing market consists of different sub-markets (e.g., rental markets and housing markets), housing prices and rental prices should be differently investigated for efficient land use policies.

Previous studies have shown that renters and housing buyers have different preferences.

Also, this can vary by different age groups; sometimes young adults choose high price rental housings that are located downtown because they prefer neighborhoods that provide urban amenities such as cafés, museums, restaurants, and shopping centers.


Major automotive component suppliers have been forced to follow suit and invest in countries where their customers have set up manufacturing facilities. With the expectation that a limited number of global super-suppliers may dominate the automotive components market in the future, there has been a race for internationalisation amongst the larger components suppliers and an emphasis on supporting the vehicle manufacturers globally (Tilson, 1999) . Consequently, the last two years has seen a number of mergers, take-overs and alliances that have greatly affected the structure and characteristics of the automotive sector.

With the expectation that a limited number of global super-suppliers may dominate the automotive components market in the future, there has been a race for internationalisation amongst the larger components suppliers and an emphasis on supporting the vehicle manufacturers globally.


Senge also distinguishes other types of leader in learning organisations. For instance, committed local line leaders can start off the process by creating distinctive sub-cultures within which it is possible to test whether new learning capabilities lead to improved business. Executive leaders have a complementary role to local line managers, by helping to develop learning infrastructures which will help to build the norms and behaviours of a learning culture. Those who achieve this have been prepared to diffuse power through the organisation, rather than defend the traditional authoritarian basis of power. Senge also points to the importance of internal networkers, whose leadership role he sees as the least appreciated. These people do not have formal power but they are able to move freely within the organisation and work with people like local line managers to diffuse new learning (Senge, 1996) .

These people do not have formal power but they are able to move freely within the organisation and work with people like local line managers to diffuse new learning.


Organisational learning and the learning organisation as a route to technological and organisational change Organisational learning as a process and the learning organisation as a certain type of organisation have been the subject of a steadily growing body of literature since the 1980s. These writings have been described as falling into two streams of theorising, the one which is prescriptive and based upon consultancy experience, whilst the other is descriptive based upon empirical research. The former faces criticism for over-generalising by prescribing "one right way" and thus lacking sensitivity to the implications of different organisational settings. The latter much smaller group, whilst recognising the limitations of their findings, can nevertheless be criticised for failing to produce outcomes in a form which might be useful to practising managers (Tsang, 1997) .

The latter much smaller group, whilst recognising the limitations of their findings, can nevertheless be criticised for failing to produce outcomes in a form which might be useful to practising managers.


Regardless of which paradigm is adopted, the key question for manufacturing enterprises is how to effect the transition since there is no single blueprint available to define the new configurations required. Nevertheless, certain themes have gained prominence. For instance it is argued that within the supply chain, to be competitive, component suppliers need to possess the technological competencies to undertake both product innovation and process innovation, as well as the learning abilities which will lead to the embedding of innovative behaviour within the organisation. This means thinking differently about the role and competencies of the workforce, investing in people and developing cultures for continuous learning (Nyhan, 1996) . The ability to use information and transform it into knowledge is an essential part of this innovative process. Organisations attempting to implement lean production or agile manufacturing paradigms cannot achieve this overnight. They need constantly to learn from their own ideas and those of others whilst being responsive to a continually changing environment.

This means thinking differently about the role and competencies of the workforce, investing in people and developing cultures for continuous learning.


Embarking on such a strategy will mean that the future success of the components suppliers will be tied to the fortunes of the vehicle manufacturers as they seek to respond to the changing demands of globalisation. For example, major components suppliers will be expected to go where their customers relocate and provide facilities that are the most suitable for that region. One of the earliest examples of this trend was the VW-owned Skoda plant in Czechoslovakia and the VW truck plant in Brazil where suppliers are expected to establish their own factory on the same site and supply components trackside (Whitbread, 1998; Marx et al., 1997) .

One of the earliest examples of this trend was the VW-owned Skoda plant in Czechoslovakia and the VW truck plant in Brazil where suppliers are expected to establish their own factory on the same site and supply components trackside.


The measurement model and structural model were estimated sequentially (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988) . Parcels of measured variables were used to indicate latent variables of stress, resilience, flourishing, and positive affect. EFA with orthogonal rotation was conducted on the items of each of the above variables. Based on factor loadings, items were assigned to corresponding parcels in descending order (Coffman & MacCallum, 2005) . EFA found a single factor structure underlying the PSS and the FS, and so to include these single factors as indicators of latent variables of stress and flourishing, the variance of these single factors was determined by multiplying scale variance with alpha reliability (Kline, 2011) .

The measurement model and structural model were estimated sequentially.

Based on factor loadings, items were assigned to corresponding parcels in descending order.

EFA found a single factor structure underlying the PSS and the FS, and so to include these single factors as indicators of latent variables of stress and flourishing, the variance of these single factors was determined by multiplying scale variance with alpha reliability.


Resilience predicting leisure coping is new in the literature, but fits with the evidence that resilient individuals use other adaptive methods of coping (Campbell-Sills, Cohan, & Stein, 2006) . The finding that leisure coping beliefs, but not strategies, are important in the theoretical model and are associated with resilience and predict wellbeing outcomes is intriguing. Leisure beliefs refer to believing that leisure provides a means of developing stress-resistant characteristics (autonomy beliefs) and that friendships acquired through leisure provide a source of social support (friendship beliefs) (Iwasaki & Mannell, 2000) .

Resilience predicting leisure coping is new in the literature, but fits with the evidence that resilient individuals use other adaptive methods of coping.

Leisure beliefs refer to believing that leisure provides a means of developing stress-resistant characteristics (autonomy beliefs) and that friendships acquired through leisure provide a source of social support (friendship beliefs).


Traditional automotive power electronics power modules consist of IGBT soldered to DBC or DBA ceramic substrates. The ceramic substrates provide electrical isolation, but can also increase the thermal resistance due to their relatively low thermal conductivity. To improve thermal performance, some manufacturers move the electrical isolation and low-thermally conductive material farther away from the devices (e.g., IGBTs and diodes) to improve heat spreading. The 2006 Honda Civic Hybrid eliminates the DBA used in the prior design and instead solders the devices to a carbon-copper composite material [1] . A silicon nitride ceramic sheet placed between the carbon-copper composite and the copper baseplate is used to provide electrical insulation. The design is reported to reduce transient and steady-state thermal resistance as compared to the original DBA-based design. The 2008 Lexus LS600h Hybrid also eliminates the use of DBA or DBC substrates and utilizes double-sided cooling of the power modules to improve thermal management [2] . The cooling system uses a heat exchanger design with multiple cold plates. The heat exchanger is flexible and allows the coolant channels to be pressed against the power modules to improve thermal performance. The novel power module and cooling designs enable increased power density and are also used in the more recent 2013 Toyota Camry Hybrid [3] .

The 2006 Honda Civic Hybrid eliminates the DBA used in the prior design and instead solders the devices to a carbon-copper composite material.

The 2008 Lexus LS600h Hybrid also eliminates the use of DBA or DBC substrates and utilizes double-sided cooling of the power modules to improve thermal management.

The novel power module and cooling designs enable increased power density and are also used in the more recent 2013 Toyota Camry Hybrid.


Several observations affirm that spreading to low contact angles can be driven by adsorption at the interface either without, or prior to, forming a reaction phase. Evidently, having a large relative interfacial adsorption energy for an RO complex, −∆G ad R-sl (equation 7), can yield good wetting at contents below the solubility limit (that for reaction or precipitation). In contrast, marginal levels of −∆G ad R-sl can promote good wetting only with supersaturated liquids. The primary question is whether adsorption drives spreading prior to forming a new phase or whether the phase forms first and spreads with, or even ahead of, the front. A second concern is what controls rates and arrests spreading. For adsorbates with an associated low activation energy for wetting, ∆G W , spreading velocities are similar to those for spreading of pure liquid. Consequently, at temperatures well below T m s , where the interface diffusivity is low, a simple adsorption reaction could occur far quicker than the critical time to induce a ridge. Thus, for a wide temperature range, a front that has not attached to a ridge could move essentially in regime I but with adsorption at the interface. Such fast spreading has been observed in several reactive systems using the drop transfer method (Fig. 2) [23] .

Such fast spreading has been observed in several reactive systems using the drop transfer method (Fig. 2).


Experiments conducted with Sn-Ti alloys on Al 2 O 3 show a large reduction of contact angles with respect to those of pure tin which is believed to result from adsorption as macroscopic reaction product is not found by SEM at the interface even after cooling [20] . Low angles (θ <25°) can be attained at 1000°C (Fig. 1) , using Ti contents well below the binary solubility limit; it is ~30 at% at which Sn 6 Ti 5 , is stable. For "receding" specimens, contact fronts first typically retract after the oxide skin reduces, but then advance while the Ti dissolves. Such experiments often involve mechanical mixtures of Ti in the Sn, and dissolution can take many minutes. If smaller, pre-alloyed pieces of 50Sn50Ti (full symbols, Fig. 13 ) were used instead of pure Ti, the angles tend to be lower. Considerable wetting hysteresis persists, but apparently the equilibrium angle is acute.

Experiments conducted with Sn-Ti alloys on Al 2 O 3 show a large reduction of contact angles with respect to those of pure tin which is believed to result from adsorption as macroscopic reaction product is not found by SEM at the interface even after cooling.


Chicken meat and its products have experienced increasing popularity and become widely spread all over the world. It is due to, among others, its relatively low cost of production, low fat content and high nutritional value [1] . Chicken sausages, especially chicken frankfurters, are one of the most popular foodstuffs among these products. Frankfurters are nonfermented, emulsion type sausages. They are usually formed by chopping meats, along with other ingredients and with the application of smoke.

It is due to, among others, its relatively low cost of production, low fat content and high nutritional value.


Traditionally, two main approaches have been adopted for WSN location estimation, especially for areas with limited GPS sensing coverage, that is, range-based and range-free localization. The first approach employs either distance or angle to approximate the sensor node position between nearby sensors. To achieve this estimation, various models have been proposed, such as Angle of Arrival (AOA), Time of Arrival (TOA), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), and Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) [10, 11] .

To achieve this estimation, various models have been proposed, such as Angle of Arrival (AOA), Time of Arrival (TOA), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), and Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA).


In general, with a range-free-based approach, a Centroidbased technique is employed to estimate the location based on the nearby sensor nodes within a predefined radio range to calculate the mean distance. There is a key advantage of this approach in terms of the simplicity of computational complexity but high location estimation error depending on the node density [13, 14] . In addition to Centroid, APIT constructs a triangle from known position nodes (anchor nodes) and then determines the intersection to derive an approximate location using the concept of center of gravity. However, one of the key disadvantages is the high energy consumption, which is extremely unfavorable for WSNs [6] .

There is a key advantage of this approach in terms of the simplicity of computational complexity but high location estimation error depending on the node density.

However, one of the key disadvantages is the high energy consumption, which is extremely unfavorable for WSNs.


Recently, Al-Si solvent refining has been intensively studied on account of the fact that the target silicon is purified more economically and efficiently [9, 10] . It has been demonstrated that the precipitated primary silicon can be significantly purified as the melted Al-Si hypereutectic alloys solidify, because the segregation coefficient of most impurities can be dramatically decreased in Al-Si melt rather than in Si melt. The purified primary silicon as well as the target silicon is selectively collected via acid leaching [10] . However, the acid leaching procedure results in considerable consumptions of Al in addition to the acid solution. Hence, in order to reduce these consumptions, it is important to develop methods to separate primary silicon from Al-Si melt or to allow the primary silicon to segregate at some special position within sample.

Recently, Al-Si solvent refining has been intensively studied on account of the fact that the target silicon is purified more economically and efficiently.

The purified primary silicon as well as the target silicon is selectively collected via acid leaching.


A mechanism has been proposed to understand the occurrence of the intensely aggregated primary silicon phase in the initial growth region under the application of an ECP [16] . The primary silicon phase is firstly precipitated in the mushy zone during the directional solidification of Al-Si hypereutectic alloy. Since the electric conductivity of primary silicon is far less than that of the surrounding melt, the higher electric current intensity will result in the melt when the ECP is flowing through the mushy zone. The non-homogeneous distribution of electric currents can cause a strong forced flow inside the bulk melt due to the concentration of the electromagnetic force in the mushy zone among the primary silicon mushy zone. The forced flow can efficiently replace the depletion zone (Al-rich) surrounding the primary silicon by the Si-rich melt to cause the precipitation and segregation of primary silicon in the initial growth region. Moreover, the contribution of buoyancy forces to the segregation of primary silicon can be excluded, because the silicon particles should float upward and segregate at the top region rather than the observed bottom region under the influence of buoyancy forces, on account of the fact that silicon particles show less density than the bulk melt.

A mechanism has been proposed to understand the occurrence of the intensely aggregated primary silicon phase in the initial growth region under the application of an ECP.


Notwithstanding the above, why was osteoporosis considered to be of low salience among Australian participants, given that all but one had received a diagnosis of osteoporosis? One reason could be a lack of knowledge about the condition, as suggested by the study cited in our introduction (Taylor et al., 2003) . A case in point was one participant in the community case study who had never experienced a fracture and reported having no knowledge of osteoporosis.

One reason could be a lack of knowledge about the condition, as suggested by the study cited in our introduction.


From both parent and sub-site soil suspensions the resulting lo-' dilutions were diluted by a further factor of ten and 1 ml aliquots of these suspensions were used to inoculate single plants (one hundred per soil sample). The pH of each soil was also determined by measuring the pH of 10 g soil shaken in 90 ml sterile deionized water as above (mean of three readings). The populations of Rhizobium were estimated by Brockwell's most probable number plant infection method (Brockwell, 1963; Vincent, 1970) .

The populations of Rhizobium were estimated by Brockwell's most probable number plant infection method.


After 6 weeks, one nodule was removed at random from each plant, crushed in a microtitre plate (Sterilin) and streaked out on TY agar plates (Beringer, 1974) . Each strain was subcultured to ensure Rhizobium purity. Isolates were tested for nodulation of clover cv. Nesta to authenticate them as Rhizobium; all were positive.

After 6 weeks, one nodule was removed at random from each plant, crushed in a microtitre plate (Sterilin) and streaked out on TY agar plates.


Previous studies have demonstrated that social capital is correlated not only with physical health, but also with mental health. In a nationwide survey of adults in Russia, social capital was found to be correlated with both physical health and mental health, and the correlation with the latter was found to be even stronger [6] . According to the data from a nationwide panel survey conducted in the United Kingdom, a comparison of individuals in the groups with the highest and lowest levels of social capital revealed that the odds ratio for the presence of mental disease was approximately 2.0 in both males and females in the group with the lowest level of social capital. This suggests that the risk of onset of mental disease is higher for individuals with a lower social capital level [7] .

In a nationwide survey of adults in Russia, social capital was found to be correlated with both physical health and mental health, and the correlation with the latter was found to be even stronger.

This suggests that the risk of onset of mental disease is higher for individuals with a lower social capital level.


The concept of social capital encompasses all relationships and networks among people in a local community or society as a whole. The definition of social capital varies among researchers. However, the following definition proposed by Putnam is used most frequently: "Social capital refers to the features of a social organization, such as trusts, norms, and networks, that can improve the efficacy of the society by facilitating coordinated actions" [1] .

However, the following definition proposed by Putnam is used most frequently: "Social capital refers to the features of a social organization, such as trusts, norms, and networks, that can improve the efficacy of the society by facilitating coordinated actions".


Although we observed no discrepancies between IVF/ICSI twins and singletons regarding common infections, chronic disorders and allergy, our results con®rmed the second hypothesis that IVF/ICSI twins have higher morbidity compared with IVF/ICSI singletons, i.e. a higher frequency of NICU admissions, surgical interventions and special needs including poorer speech development. Correspondingly, IVF/ ICSI twin mothers rated general health of their offspring poorer than IVF/ICSI singleton mothers did. These results are consistent with two earlier reports addressing growth and physical outcome in 38 and 94 IVF twins, respectively (Brandes et al., 1992; Saunders et al., 1996) .

These results are consistent with two earlier reports addressing growth and physical outcome in 38 and 94 IVF twins, respectively.


Note that the PL spectra presented in Fig. 5 were obtained by subtracting the substrates used (ITO for the nanoparticles and copper tape for the micro-flowers). This graph shows that, in general, the intensity of the Au micro-flowers was higher than that of the Ag micro-flowers, but it shows the opposite pattern for the photoluminescence spectrum of the Au and Ag nanoparticles. The visible luminescence of Au/Ag is caused by the excitation of electrons from occupied d bands into states above the Fermi level. The subsequent electron-phonon and hole-phonon scattering process leads to an energy loss and finally to the PL radiative recombination of electrons from an occupied sp band with the hole [25] .

The subsequent electron-phonon and hole-phonon scattering process leads to an energy loss and finally to the PL radiative recombination of electrons from an occupied sp band with the hole.


Graph rewriting languages often use graph grammars as a theoretical base, and graph grammars for graph drawing, have been proposed [3, 21] . These are specialised to certain sorts of graph (trees or DAGs) and allow a limited class of algorithm to be applied. This contrasts with programming languages for graph drawing which are often designed to work with general graphs and allow a large number of different algorithms to be specified.

Graph rewriting languages often use graph grammars as a theoretical base, and graph grammars for graph drawing, have been proposed.


In addition to the worry of practicing too much defensive medicine among specialists, we also wonder whether the increase of lawsuits will turn medical graduates away from choosing emergency medicine. According to a longitudinal study conducted in the U.S., medical malpractice concern did not affect the choice of emergency medicine residency among interns; however, this fear markedly decreases interns' enjoyment of medicine [21] . Whether this optimism holds true in other countries needs more observations in time.

According to a longitudinal study conducted in the U.S., medical malpractice concern did not affect the choice of emergency medicine residency among interns; however, this fear markedly decreases interns' enjoyment of medicine.


Researchers of medical malpractice can approach this issue from two populations: physicians and patients. Most studies tend to center on physicians' behavior and characteristics. This research studied malpractice primarily based on the patient population. Similar studies although fewer are not uncommon. According to a hospital based casecontrol study conducted in Taiwan, the patients filing complaints with the hospital tend to come from the emergency room and surgical specialties, and live in the urban area; complaining patients who live in the urban area are more likely to file lawsuits eventually [22] . There are also studies trying to validate the connection between patient satisfaction surveys and malpractice suits. A study conducted in the U.S. indicates that, compared with physicians with the top satisfaction survey ratings, physicians in the middle tertile had malpractice lawsuit rates that were 26% higher, and physicians in the bottom tertile had malpractice lawsuit rates that were 110% higher [23] . Nonetheless, other experts have also cautioned that because lawsuits are infrequent events, calibrating these patient survey measures to malpractice lawsuit risks will require large physician samples from diverse practices [24] . By the same token, although this study covers a five year period, only 26 lawsuits are found and hence the generalizability of our findings is still limited. Besides, due to the limitation of data availability, this study only analyzed the NHI reimbursement claim data up to 2002 and the district court decision database up to 2006. Therefore, further studies based on longer and more updated observations are warranted to validate this study's findings.

According to a hospital based casecontrol study conducted in Taiwan, the patients filing complaints with the hospital tend to come from the emergency room and surgical specialties, and live in the urban area; complaining patients who live in the urban area are more likely to file lawsuits eventually.

A study conducted in the U.S. indicates that, compared with physicians with the top satisfaction survey ratings, physicians in the middle tertile had malpractice lawsuit rates that were 26% higher, and physicians in the bottom tertile had malpractice lawsuit rates that were 110% higher.

Nonetheless, other experts have also cautioned that because lawsuits are infrequent events, calibrating these patient survey measures to malpractice lawsuit risks will require large physician samples from diverse practices.


The dredged sediment was suitable for constructing ET covers in northwestern Ohio as all six of the ET covers produced rates of percolation less than 32 cm year À1 , the maximum allowable rate for landfill covers in Ohio (OEPA 2003) . Percolation from the ET covers was related to the status of the soil water storage (Fig. 2) ; percolation was produced by most of the covers after the water storage capacity of the cover was exceeded. The 100-year rain events significantly increased the soil water storage of the covers, indicated by the steep rise in the soil water storage for the covers M-2, M-3, I-2, and I-3, and this resulted in the production of a considerable amount of percolation, except for cover M-3. In the M-3 cover, the soil water storage decreased during the growing season, indicating that water was being removed from the soil by evapotranspiration at a rate greater than applied water. This proved to be favorable for the cover because it allowed all of the water from the 100-year rain event on October 4 to be stored in the soil without exceeding the water storage capacity.

The dredged sediment was suitable for constructing ET covers in northwestern Ohio as all six of the ET covers produced rates of percolation less than 32 cm year À1 , the maximum allowable rate for landfill covers in Ohio.


Ferry routes are divided by three categories such as, commercial route, pioneer route subsidized by government and pioneer route non-subsidized by government. The numbers of routes in operation have increased from 99 routes in 2006 and 155 routes in 2010 [1] . The detail number of route is presented in Figure 1 . Figure 2 shows the type of crossing transportation means condition during 2006 and 2010 in Indonesia [1] . It clarifies that Ro-Ro ferries during 2006-2010 have played very principal roles for serving ferry transportation means. Meanwhile, it also showed that the number of Ro-Ro ferry has risen in number.

The numbers of routes in operation have increased from 99 routes in 2006 and 155 routes in 2010.

Figure 2 shows the type of crossing transportation means condition during 2006 and 2010 in Indonesia.


Recently, we demonstrated that growth of ZnO nanostructures by ECD is strongly related to the crystallinity and topology of the underlying TOE material [27] . In this work we study the application of AZO thin films as TOE for improved growth quality of vertically aligned singlecrystalline ZnO nanostructures atop. Instead of a seeding layer, in this approach we take advantage of the epitaxial relationship of the ZnO with individual grains of the highly c-axis-oriented AZO texture, thus avoiding any pretreatment step of the TOE surface. In the absence of any catalyst, surfactant, or seed mediator during the deposition, it is expected to significantly improve the interfacial quality as well. This, again, may enhance the thermal and electrical transport throughout the whole device.

Recently, we demonstrated that growth of ZnO nanostructures by ECD is strongly related to the crystallinity and topology of the underlying TOE material.


Recovery of large carnivore populations is a major challenge in many parts of the world (Noss et al. 1996; Linnell et al. 2010) . Situations where the human-wildlife conflict depends on large carnivores are well suited to investigating society's environmental value orientation because carnivore presence varies spatially (for example between communities or countries) and attitudes towards large carnivores are generally extreme. As conflicts mount due to the recovery of carnivores, wildlife managers have to consider a range of stakeholders' interests including carnivore conservation, predation on livestock, predation of game species, killing of hunting dogs, and the fear of human injuries and fatalities (Naughton-Treves et al. 2003; Manning et al. 2009; Treves et al. 2009; Barnowe-Meyer et al. 2010; Marucco & McIntire 2010) .

Recovery of large carnivore populations is a major challenge in many parts of the world.

As conflicts mount due to the recovery of carnivores, wildlife managers have to consider a range of stakeholders' interests including carnivore conservation, predation on livestock, predation of game species, killing of hunting dogs, and the fear of human injuries and fatalities.


ISA, which is regarded to be a type of vehicle-based intelligent transportation system (ITS), refers to an advanced in-vehicle electronic driving-aid system. It is a system wherein the vehicle detects the speed limit on a particular stretch of road and can warn the driver if he is exceeding the speed limit, subsequently discourages him from speeding, and/or prevents the speed limit from being exceeded [16] . There are a number of variations for ISA; it could be broadly classified into two main categories concerning its functions: warning or advisory, and limiting or automatic vehicle control [17] . The warning or advisory system provides alarms (auditory, visual, or haptic) when the system identifies and determines that the driver has exceeded the speed limit. The limiting system, also known as the mandatory ISA system, prevents the driver from exceeding the speed limit by adjusting the engine speed or braking control, among others. Most ISA systems use Global Positioning System (GPS) in combination with a digital road map that contains the information about local speed limit. ISA is considered to be a functional device for influencing drivers' speeding behavior, thus contributing to the promotion of road safety. The concept of speed adaptation by in-car systems as safety devices has been studied for nearly 30 years in different countries. In the last decade, several trials involving different types of ISA have been conducted across Europe and Australia. ISA has also been under investigation in many other countries around the world.

It is a system wherein the vehicle detects the speed limit on a particular stretch of road and can warn the driver if he is exceeding the speed limit, subsequently discourages him from speeding, and/or prevents the speed limit from being exceeded.

There are a number of variations for ISA; it could be broadly classified into two main categories concerning its functions: warning or advisory, and limiting or automatic vehicle control.


In power systems, the load profile during the day is characterized by short periods of time when significant amounts of power are required, the so called "peak load times" of the system. Depending on the load composition (industrial, residential, and/or commercial) and the season of the year, peak load time periods may occur at different hours during the day. Demand peaks significantly impact the economic performance of power systems. Generation units with low efficiencies have to be started to meet this peak demand. These peak demands also have a direct impact on network planning [1] . The electrical infrastructure in transmission and distribution networks must be sized to meet the maximal demand of the system [2] . Hence, system installations are fully utilized only at some hours of the year, while most of the time these facilities are actually underutilized. Consequently, distribution network (DN) customers are charged not only according to their total energy consumption but also according to their highest power demand. The exact pricing structure may vary slightly from country to country, but the basis is essentially the same everywhere [1] . These demand charges usually represent an important portion of the total electricity payments of DN customers. Therefore, DN customers are extremely interested in lowering these charges without lowering their energy consumption.

These peak demands also have a direct impact on network planning.

The electrical infrastructure in transmission and distribution networks must be sized to meet the maximal demand of the system.

The exact pricing structure may vary slightly from country to country, but the basis is essentially the same everywhere.


Germination is a critical event in the life cycle of plants, since germinating under adverse conditions limits the chances of effective recruitment (i.e. survival and growth into adulthood) (Fenner and Thompson, 2005) . Plants that have evolved under unpredictable environments exhibit seed traits that allow them to remain dormant and "recognize" cues associated with the favourable conditions that, in turn, trigger their germination (Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger, 2006; Willis et al., 2014) . Temperature and light fluctuations, moisture, and/or the presence of certain chemicals are among the main environmental cues breaking seed dormancy and/or stimulating germination .

Germination is a critical event in the life cycle of plants, since germinating under adverse conditions limits the chances of effective recruitment (i.e. survival and growth into adulthood).

Plants that have evolved under unpredictable environments exhibit seed traits that allow them to remain dormant and "recognize" cues associated with the favourable conditions that, in turn, trigger their germination.


Temperature of an aquatic ecosystem is a key parameter of physical water quality because of its ecological importance, sensitivity to natural and human factors and influence on biological, chemical and other physical properties of the water body (Webb & Zhang, 2004) . Fundamentally, the water temperature and thermal structure of a lake is controlled by fluxes of heat energy entering and leaving the system. The heat budget of a lake represents, in synthesis, the exchange of heat with the surrounding environment and also provides a picture of the specific incidence of individual components on the lake's hydrodynamics through their quantitative evaluation. All the results of studies of the exchange of caloric energy between the atmosphere and the lake water show that the control of these is decisive for the hydrodynamic characteristics of the water mass. The resulting thermal structures, which vary in time and space in relation to external conditions, are also extremely important for the chemistry and the biology of each water body (Ambrosetti, Barbanti, & Sala, 2002) .

Temperature of an aquatic ecosystem is a key parameter of physical water quality because of its ecological importance, sensitivity to natural and human factors and influence on biological, chemical and other physical properties of the water body.

The resulting thermal structures, which vary in time and space in relation to external conditions, are also extremely important for the chemistry and the biology of each water body.


Development financial institutions in Malaysia are established by the government with specific mandates. DFIs not only assist the Malaysian government in developing and promoting the identified strategic sectors of the economy e.g. agriculture, micro, small and medium enterprises, infrastructure, etc. but also act as a catalyst in achieving socio-economic goals by complementing the role of the banking institutions (Chew, 2011) . By 2020, Malaysia seeks to achieve a status of high value-added and high income economy and Malaysia's small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that act as a backbone of Malaysian economy, have an indispensible role to play, with nearly 99% of total establishments contributing 32% of Malaysia's GDP, generating 59% of employment and 19% of exports. By 2020, estimates show that SMEs in Malaysia will be contributing 41% of GDP, employing 62% of population and promoting 25% of the exports. Thus, DFIs in Malaysia like Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Development Bank Malaysia Berhad (SME Bank), Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN), and Bank Pertanian Malaysia Berhad (Agrobank) and other DFIs that cater to the needs of entrepreneurs in the agricultural sector and focus on the provision of micro-financing to micro enterprises have a major role to play in making Malaysia a high value-added and high income economy in the future.

DFIs not only assist the Malaysian government in developing and promoting the identified strategic sectors of the economy e.g. agriculture, micro, small and medium enterprises, infrastructure, etc. but also act as a catalyst in achieving socio-economic goals by complementing the role of the banking institutions.


All species show convergence in general size and exhibit cryptic body coloration. All species are relatively small cicadas, which may make it more difficult for a potential predator to find them in their host plants (based on the difficulty we experienced in finding specimens in their natural habitat). The Derotettix and Okanagodes species all have green or strawcoloured bodies. This coloration pattern makes them very difficult to see on the Atriplex host plants. Although B. sonorivox does not have a green coloration, it does have cryptic coloration that provides protection from predators. Babras sonorivox has evolved cryptic coloration to match the ground rather than matching a host plant because they call from the ground rather than from a plant. Potential predators may use the acoustic signal produced by a male cicada to locate the calling animal (Soper, Shewell & Tyrrell, 1976) . Cryptic coloration to the calling sites provides the greatest potential protection to the cicadas.

Potential predators may use the acoustic signal produced by a male cicada to locate the calling animal.


Generally, the standard solution to solve this vibration issue is to redesign and modify the system, which is done by combination of increasing the thickness of the panel wall, stiffening the structure, and adding damping [4, 5] . Previously, numerous studies have been devoted to develop a feasible method to reduce vibration that generated by machines [6, 7] . These include: (i) modifying the framework, so the natural frequency does not coincide with the operating speed, (ii) apply damping to counteract large response, (iii) installing isolating devices between adjacent sub-systems and (iv) adding discrete masses into equipment to reduce the response and retain vibration.

Generally, the standard solution to solve this vibration issue is to redesign and modify the system, which is done by combination of increasing the thickness of the panel wall, stiffening the structure, and adding damping.

Previously, numerous studies have been devoted to develop a feasible method to reduce vibration that generated by machines.


In spite of these studies and knowledge gained thus far, it has not yet reached a circumstance where a person able to find a vibration control method to fit all vibration situations. In fact, the first a izzuddin@uthm.edu.my MATEC matec three aforementioned methods are hard to be implemented and not really effective due to design complexity, costly, and unfeasible at lower frequency. The latter approach using discrete masses or known as passive vibration absorbers, however, are more sound because they do not contribute significant additional vibration energy to the structure, besides demonstrated to yield substantial attenuation in structural vibration [8] [9] [10] . Nevertheless, it produces drawbacks such as the obvious weight increase, and improperly placement and frequency tuning of vibration absorber may result in large increase of vibration level [9, 10] . The idea of passive vibration absorber emerges due to a common vibration issue existed in engineering structural applications. The concept of a vibration absorber as illustrated in Fig. 1 , comprising of spring, mass and damping elements, which has the capacity to stifle the vibration of the host structure. Moreover, a current vibration absorber only adapt to one single excitation frequency and is not capable to reduce the global structural vibration comprehensively [11] . Due to that, multiple passive vibration absorbers are obliged in order to accomplish this objectives. In this study, a new control strategy using multiple passive vibration absorbers attached to a flexible thin plate is being researched, in such, to counter the vibrating force across the structure globally. Three techniques are implemented in the study to establish vibration characteristics of plate: (1) mathematical equation analysis by Matlab, (2) finite element analysis by Solidworks and (3) experimental vibration testing, in which afterward a further investigation is adhered with adding passive vibration absorbers.

The latter approach using discrete masses or known as passive vibration absorbers, however, are more sound because they do not contribute significant additional vibration energy to the structure, besides demonstrated to yield substantial attenuation in structural vibration.

Nevertheless, it produces drawbacks such as the obvious weight increase, and improperly placement and frequency tuning of vibration absorber may result in large increase of vibration level.

Moreover, a current vibration absorber only adapt to one single excitation frequency and is not capable to reduce the global structural vibration comprehensively.


Beyond their relevance to particle trajectories, wakes generated by moving particles are of significance in the context of particle-induced turbulence generation and modification. One question which is often posed in particulate flow systems pertains to the amount of turbulence enhancement or attenuation due to the addition of particles to a given fluid flow. Elucidating the physics of wakes shed by single (and multiple) mobile particles is expected to contribute to a better understanding of the technologically important problem of turbulence-particle interaction to which a considerable effort has been devoted (Balachandar and Eaton, 2010) .

Elucidating the physics of wakes shed by single (and multiple) mobile particles is expected to contribute to a better understanding of the technologically important problem of turbulence-particle interaction to which a considerable effort has been devoted.


On the other hand, if A ∈ DN(n, r) and G(A), the associated graph of A, is a tree, then A ∈ CP (n, r) [5] . The next example shows that the conditions of small order, low rank, and special zero pattern are essential for having equal cp-rank and rank. Therefore, for bigger order, higher rank, or arbitrary zero pattern, it needs additional condition for a DN matrix to be CP with equal cp-rank and rank.

On the other hand, if A ∈ DN(n, r) and G(A), the associated graph of A, is a tree, then A ∈ CP (n, r).


For r ≥ 3, the equality CP (n, r) = DN(n, r) does not hold for general n (see Example 1.2). However, we have CP (3, 3) = DN (3, 3) . A proof of this result can be found in [2, page 140] . So far we have CP (n, r) = DN(n, r) for 0 ≤ r ≤ n ≤ 3.

However, we have CP (3, 3) = DN.


It is obvious that CP (n, 0) = DN(n, 0), CP (n, 1) = DN(n, 1) because the outer product of two vectors is nonnegative if and only if both vectors can be set to be entrywise nonnegative. The equality CP (n, 2) = DN(n, 2) was first observed and proved by Gray and Wilson [8] . An alternative to see this result is that vectors in R 2 with nonnegative pairwise inner products can be simultaneously rotated to the first quadrant (see Corollary 2.4).

The equality CP (n, 2) = DN(n, 2) was first observed and proved by Gray and Wilson.


Policy interventions can undoubtedly play a role in creating a low-carbon future [68] . Apart from market forces, policy packaging can contribute to low-carbon lifestyles where there is a lack of public acceptance [70] . Governments should encourage the use of low-carbon mobility options. Public sectors should advocate for the adoption of a low-carbon lifestyle to promote the concept as a subjective norm, and government leaders should also use sharing applications so that citizens' "herd behavior" is directed appropriately; these measures can help promote the widespread adoption of low-carbon lifestyles. Eventually, such policy interventions will lead to increased use of low-carbon applications; in turn, this will eliminate the market for high-carbon vehicles, thereby contributing to sustainable development.

Policy interventions can undoubtedly play a role in creating a low-carbon future.

Apart from market forces, policy packaging can contribute to low-carbon lifestyles where there is a lack of public acceptance.


Enterprises in the sharing economy such as ofo and Mobike must identify the factors affecting users' BI in order to attract more active users. This study integrated SN and IMI into the TAM to establish an expended TAM for sharing-economy applications such as bicycle sharing. The results indicated that PU, PEOU and IMI affected BI directly and SN and TRU affected BI indirectly. In addition, empirical evidence demonstrated that men are more likely to be affected by organizations and other users when hesitating to use a product. These findings will help government and enterprise decision-makers to design policies and strategies to increase consumers' adoption of low-carbon applications to help promote sustainable development. In addition, this study of the sharing economy in China can serve as a reference for the development of the sharing economy around the world as Europeans prefer high-carbon mobility [66] .

In addition, this study of the sharing economy in China can serve as a reference for the development of the sharing economy around the world as Europeans prefer high-carbon mobility.


This study had several limitations. First, we considered only two variables of herd behavior as external variables. To identify more factors that affect users' BI, more observed variables should be added. In this study, we accounted for the reality of sharing practices in China. To date, sharing economy applications remain novel to customers, which means that the effects of perceived risk and other external variables are temporarily less important than those of herd behavior. However, future research should consider measures such as "perceived risk" as an external variable. Second, in addition to gender, other variables, such as experience and voluntariness, may moderate the effects of the observed variables on the latent variables [25] . However, it is currently difficult to conduct longitudinal research on these subjects. The effect of moderating variables such as experience and voluntariness on external variables cannot be satisfactorily measured at current adoption rates for applications; once sharing-economy applications have been more widely adopted, these variables can be integrated into the research framework. Future studies should attempt to identify more observable and moderating variables and examine the factors affecting user retention and facilitating their continued usage [37] .

This study had several limitations.

Second, in addition to gender, other variables, such as experience and voluntariness, may moderate the effects of the observed variables on the latent variables.

Future studies should attempt to identify more observable and moderating variables and examine the factors affecting user retention and facilitating their continued usage.


The TAM was adopted for use in this study because this model considers several factors and external variables as well as interactions between and among them, simultaneously [23] . Our in-depth review can contribute to the decision-making of enterprises and government departments when looking to promote consumers' adoption of sharing applications to save resources and help guide consumers toward embracing sustainable development. In this research, many latent variables, such as PU/PEOU/TRU, could not be measured directly. Therefore, observed variables were used to measure latent variables indirectly, and these variables were confirmed using some specific items. The measured values consisted of real values and measurement errors. However, using the structural equation can considerably improve the accuracy of the overall measurement because it eliminates random measurement errors that occur when analyzing the structural relationship between latent variables. The structural equation model (SEM) can calculate relationships between multiple dependent variables concurrently, which means that it provides the most comprehensive and appropriate analysis for studying the mediating effect [60] . Therefore, we adopted the SEM to analyze our research model. Several groups of regression equations were designed to determine whether interviewees of different genders demonstrated significant differences in influencing relationships. The overall framework of this study is presented in Figure 1 . Our research model includes six factors, each of which is measured with 2-4 items. All the items were derived from previous research to improve the content validity [53] . To ensure that the meaning of these English-language scales remained unchanged after translation, we consulted professors of English and management at the Harbin Institute of Technology. Before conducting the investigation, we confirmed that the questionnaire could be clearly understood, and we completed a pre-test with 20 interviewees. Participants were made aware that all data provided were confidential and for academic use only. Appendix A lists the items and their sources.

The TAM was adopted for use in this study because this model considers several factors and external variables as well as interactions between and among them, simultaneously.

The structural equation model (SEM) can calculate relationships between multiple dependent variables concurrently, which means that it provides the most comprehensive and appropriate analysis for studying the mediating effect.

All the items were derived from previous research to improve the content validity.


EG is an intercalated graphite compound in which some oxidants like sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate are inserted between the carbon layers of graphite [15, 16] . When exposed to heat, EG expands and generates voluminous insulating layers, improving flame-retardant properties of the polymeric matrix. The blowing effect causes an increase of the volume of the materials by about 200-250 times on heating above 200 o C. The "worm" like structure developed by graphite expansion suffocates the flame and the intumescent char layer formed limits the heat and mass transfer from polymer to the heat source, preventing further decomposition of the material. However, low efficiency, high loading and high cost still exist, so it is imperative to develop new effective EG systems to reduce fire hazards and meet environmental protection standard for polyurethane foams [14] .

EG is an intercalated graphite compound in which some oxidants like sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate are inserted between the carbon layers of graphite.

However, low efficiency, high loading and high cost still exist, so it is imperative to develop new effective EG systems to reduce fire hazards and meet environmental protection standard for polyurethane foams.


Language has a significant role as our main communication device to convert our private experiences to shared representations of the environment that we perceive (Majid and Levinson, 2011) . As a basic example, onomatopoeic words, such as knock or woof, are acquired by direct imitation of the sounds allowing us to share the experience of what we hear. As another example, where an imitation is not possible, is that giving a name to a color, such as blue, provides a tool to describe a visual feature of an object. In addition to the words that describe the direct sensorial features of objects, languages include many other lexical items that are connected to sensory modalities in various semantic roles. For instance, while some words can be used to describe a perception activity (e.g., to sniff, to watch, to feel), others can simply be physical phenomena that can be perceived by sensory receptors (e.g., light, song, salt, smoke) .

Language has a significant role as our main communication device to convert our private experiences to shared representations of the environment that we perceive.


Second, the only automated security protocol verification tool that is capable of expressing liveness properties without imposing such finite bounds onto the model is the Tamarin prover [26, 27] . The protocol description language of Tamarin relies on multiset rewriting, which constitutes a rich formalism for expressing desired protocols but offers a low level of abstraction. For instance, there is no abstract notion of a local computation, of individual protocol parties, or of the communication between two parties. This lack of a suitable abstraction layer makes it cumbersome and error-prone to express common assumptions imposed on virtually all existing protocols: certain messages will be eventually delivered; honest protocol parties do not stall computation; and the existence of a mechanism that prevents protocol participants from waiting indefinitely for message delivery. Stating these assumptions is a key requirement for liveness properties in practice. Using an illustrative analogy, this is akin to stating a condition on, and reasoning about, objects within assembly code, compared to using a higherlevel language instead. A potential remedy to overcome these limitations would be to provide a sound and complete embedding from a suitable higher-level language into the formalism of multiset rewriting. This would in particular leverage the impressive potential of Tamarin. However, this task contains formidable research challenges and no such prior work exists.

Second, the only automated security protocol verification tool that is capable of expressing liveness properties without imposing such finite bounds onto the model is the Tamarin prover.


A jumping robot not only requires a high torque output to accelerate its COM (center of mass) at the beginning of the motion but also must realize a high velocity at the end of the motion. As the joints become increasingly extended, the transfer of the joint angular motion to produce the desired translation of the COM becomes less effective. When the joint is fully extended, the effect of this joint on the COM's translational motion in a specific direction is equal to zero. When these factors are taken into consideration, an appropriate reduction gear is required for the motor [19] .

When these factors are taken into consideration, an appropriate reduction gear is required for the motor.


These issues suggest a need to focus on benefits and value creation on mid and long-term scales, beyond short-term decisions. This is especially the case when working in an agile business environment. To this end, some investors might end-up defining objectives for risk in terms of key risk indicators and performance in terms of KPI by using portfolios of investments and then managing these projects based on such indicators. In some cases, portfolio management could be basis for aligning investments with strategic objectives, while in other circumstances cost-benefit analysis could be used retrospectively for investment (Vaughan et al., 2013) .

In some cases, portfolio management could be basis for aligning investments with strategic objectives, while in other circumstances cost-benefit analysis could be used retrospectively for investment.


Moreover, there is management of disturbances (i.e., risks and issues). This is done with available resources, within the timing and the scope of the target core processes which are part of the tactical level of PM (i.e., red colours). As previously mentioned, system components interact amongst themselves with a given system, as well interacting with the environment (Vester, 2002) . There is the need for stability and orientation within investment management. This orientation can only be given on a vision level through the statement of the system meaning. As suggested by a cybernetic model of a system, long-term survival of the business depends on having defined sustainable and future-oriented meaning statements. The focus here is on the system usefulness in terms of sustainability involving context of individual, cultural, ethical questions and expectations within society. Such meaning statements imply that there are values defined for the owner of the investment. In this case, values are one dimension for measuring effectiveness. Effectiveness is assessed by quality metric and efficiency is also measured, as a productivity metric (Purva, 2012) . Quality of output, in this perspective, is related to products or services especially the value assigned by the customers. Beyond the original OSM, two new artefacts are introduced in the system model: Actor and Sensor. The actor has the responsibility to understand certain orders (e.g., management decisions) and translate them into actions. This suggests that the actor must be a part of the system. Some references describe the actor as a mirror within the system to allow the system to change according to new and emerging challenges (Brandt, 2003) . The role of actor is necessary as the steering injection into the system based on feedback information. As the actor injects signals into the system, the sensor extracts information from the system and its output, and changes this information into a certain language to allow closing the cybernetic loop toward the actor.

As previously mentioned, system components interact amongst themselves with a given system, as well interacting with the environment.

Effectiveness is assessed by quality metric and efficiency is also measured, as a productivity metric.

Some references describe the actor as a mirror within the system to allow the system to change according to new and emerging challenges.


Outputs are everything the project produces. This involves physical and theoretical outputs. Physical outputs are the deliverables including documents, software, and equipment. Theoretical outputs include insights, knowledge, and experiences. In this case, projects, like complex systems, will have interacting components and processes, influencing output (Espejo, 2013) .

In this case, projects, like complex systems, will have interacting components and processes, influencing output.


The results suggest an increased predictive value of morphologic evaluation of an MRI than the dynamic evaluation of this diagnostic test (Table 3) . MRI evaluation solely on the basis of the dynamics and character of contrast enhancement failed to recognize 7 out of 55 (13%) cases of breast cancer. Histologically, they were DCIS (1 case), DCIS/I (2), DCI (2), Paget's disease of the breast (1) and undetermined type (1) . In contrast, 6 of them were diagnosed using morphologic criteria. A total of 82 benign lesions with contrast enhancement were found in the study group. These were: fibroadenoma (19) , mild dysplasia (31), papilloma and papillomatosis (4), fat necrosis (9), sclerosing adenosis (6), radial scar (2) and inflammatory lesions (11) . In the dynamic assessment, a positive MRI was observed in 37 cases and in morphologic assessment in 34 of these lesions. An overall assessment had helped reduce the number of false positive results to 19.

Histologically, they were DCIS (1 case), DCIS/I (2), DCI (2), Paget's disease of the breast (1) and undetermined type.

These were: fibroadenoma (19) , mild dysplasia (31), papilloma and papillomatosis (4), fat necrosis (9), sclerosing adenosis (6), radial scar (2) and inflammatory lesions.


Nowadays, unsupervised learning is very popular because its good performance in representation learning [31] . On the other side, summarizing multiple attributes from images is not an easy work if the image is complex. How to collect attributes automatically through unsupervised learning is an interesting work. We leave this part in our future work.

Nowadays, unsupervised learning is very popular because its good performance in representation learning.

We leave this part in our future work.


Melanomas are highly heterogeneous tumors, but the mechanisms for a phenotypic change remained mostly unknown [28] . Analysis of patient-derived xenograft models have shown that phenotypical heterogeneity is reversible within advanced malignant melanoma cells [5, 6] . Consistently, we found that phenotypical heterogeneity characterized by Met expression level is dynamically changed in a cell-intrinsic manner. However, this phenotype change is hierarchical from Met-low to Met high populations. Considering the stem-like gene expression profiles in Met-low populations and the pigmented phenotype in Met-high populations, the cellintrinsic and hierarchical change from Met-low cells to Met-high cells could be driven by a program reflecting melanocyte development, and this might explain the phenotypic diversity of some cases of melanomas.

Melanomas are highly heterogeneous tumors, but the mechanisms for a phenotypic change remained mostly unknown.

Analysis of patient-derived xenograft models have shown that phenotypical heterogeneity is reversible within advanced malignant melanoma cells.


The financing program for heifer retention and herd growth was probably not successful due to managerial problems, which reflected in the stagnation of the number of heifers in the period. On the other hand, there was growth in the number of heifers 01 in the other decision-making units. The Pantanal is an environmentally fragile region, still not very much changed, and its conservation is very important. The livestock production developed in the region is considered the main activity responsible for the current state of conservation of the region (Abreu et al., 2010) . Thus, modern management techniques should be incorporated so as to increase the income of the producer and the sustainability of the activity.

The livestock production developed in the region is considered the main activity responsible for the current state of conservation of the region.


Synthetic biology concerns with the design and construction of new biological elements of living systems and the re-design of existing ones for useful purposes [4] . In this context, there is a current interest in the development of new methods to engineer living cells in order to produce compounds of interest [11] . A modern approach to this problem is the use of synthetic genes, which once 'inserted' in the cells can modify their natural behavior activating the production of proteins useful for further pharmaceutical purposes.

Synthetic biology concerns with the design and construction of new biological elements of living systems and the re-design of existing ones for useful purposes.

In this context, there is a current interest in the development of new methods to engineer living cells in order to produce compounds of interest.


Microwave-induced thermo-acoustic tomography (MITAT) has recently received more and more attentions because of its great potential in biomedical applications [1] [2] [3] [4] . The basic idea of the MITAT is that a microwave pulse heats a tissue sample, and then the sample absorbs the microwave energy and simultaneously generates temporal thermo-acoustic waves. An image of the electromagnetic absorption distribution is reconstructed from the received thermo-acoustic signals [5] . This image reveals the physiological and pathological status of the tissue, which can be very useful in many applications. Due to its safety and low cost imaging, MITAT has great potential in early tumor detection [5] . Compared with other acoustic imaging systems and microwave systems, the MITAT system has the advantages of both high spatial resolution and high contrast.

Microwave-induced thermo-acoustic tomography (MITAT) has recently received more and more attentions because of its great potential in biomedical applications.

An image of the electromagnetic absorption distribution is reconstructed from the received thermo-acoustic signals.

Due to its safety and low cost imaging, MITAT has great potential in early tumor detection.


The AdS/CFT correspondence has played a pivotal role in modern theoretical physics for more than a decade because of its conceptual importance and its broad applications [1] . It conjectures that for some gravitational theory on a D-dimensional spacetime of the form AdS d × M D−d where M is a compact space of D − d dimensions (D = 10 for string-theory and D = 11 for M-theory) then there also exists a mathematically equivalent (d − 1)-dimensional Conformal Field Theory (CFT). As a consequence, solutions to the vacuum Einstein equations in (d − 1)-dimensions have particular importance since they furnish both ground states for string theory and background manifolds for the dual CFT.

The AdS/CFT correspondence has played a pivotal role in modern theoretical physics for more than a decade because of its conceptual importance and its broad applications.


The image measurement process proceeds as follows: First, the flow medium is seeded with small particles that are designed such that they accurately follow the fluid's motion. Next, entire velocity fields are measured by taking two or more images of the flow within short time intervals, and by estimating and interpolating the displacements of individual particles from frame to frame. This experimental method is known as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) [12] . Figure 1 shows a typical experimental setup in a wind tunnel. To avoid blurred images when the flow is fast, laser pulses are used. As these are only 6-10 ns long, they are capable of freezing any motion. Note that at present the described experimental setup is only capable of yielding 2D velocity fields. Therefore, we have to confine ourselves to 2D image analysis, for the time being.

This experimental method is known as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV).


Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) constitute an important class of indoor air contaminants. Evidence from a variety of non-industrial building investigations and systematic studies found that 60% of VOCs indoor come from building material and furnishings [3] . Various VOCs have been associated with certain symptoms of sick building syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity, and other health effects.

Evidence from a variety of non-industrial building investigations and systematic studies found that 60% of VOCs indoor come from building material and furnishings.


Indoor air quality is a major concern to businesses, building managers, tenants, and employees because it can impact the health, comfort, well being, and productivity of building occupants. Most Europeans and Americans spend up to 90% of their time indoors and many spend most of their working hours in an office environment. Studies conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and others show that indoor environments sometimes can have levels of pollutants that are actually higher than levels found outside [1] . Pollutants in our indoor environment can increase the risk of illness. Several studies by EPA, states, and independent scientific panels have consistently ranked indoor air pollution as an important environmental health problem. While most buildings do not have severe indoor air quality problems, even well-run buildings can sometimes experience episodes of poor indoor air quality [1, 2] .

Studies conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and others show that indoor environments sometimes can have levels of pollutants that are actually higher than levels found outside.

While most buildings do not have severe indoor air quality problems, even well-run buildings can sometimes experience episodes of poor indoor air quality.


Since organizational identification implies a "psychological merging of self and organization" (Van Knippenberg and Sleebos, 2006, p. 572) , employees with high identification are likely to be intrinsically motivated to contribute to the organization's success and are less likely to need any additional motivation from leaders to undertake OCBs (Van Dick et al., 2006; Van Knippenberg and Sleebos, 2006; Bottomley, Mostafa, Gould-Williams, and Leon-Cazares, 2016) . In contrast, employees with low organizational identification are "psychologically disengaged" from the organization and lack the motivation to engage in extra role behaviours (Martin and Epitropaki, 2001, p. 258 ). For such employees, additional motivation from leaders is likely to stimulate OCBs. Accordingly, drawing on substitutes for leadership theory, this study proposes that the relationship between ethical leadership and OCBs will be attenuated when employees strongly identify with their organization.

Since organizational identification implies a "psychological merging of self and organization" (Van Knippenberg and Sleebos, 2006, p. 572) , employees with high identification are likely to be intrinsically motivated to contribute to the organization's success and are less likely to need any additional motivation from leaders to undertake OCBs.


Furthermore, research has shown that ethical leadership encourages positive employee behaviours through promoting organizational identification (Walumbwa, Mayer, Wang, Wang, Workman, and Christensen, 2011; Kalshoven, van Dijk, and Boon, 2016) . However, an important question here is: What is the relationship between ethical leadership and OCBs when employees already identify with their organization? In particular, will organizational identification strengthen or weaken the influence of ethical leadership on OCBs?

Furthermore, research has shown that ethical leadership encourages positive employee behaviours through promoting organizational identification.


For far too long much of our effort in statistics education has been limited by a narrow focus on the algebra-based introductory course ('Stat 101'). For the most part, that beginning course has been regarded as a terminal service course, and, unlike first courses in other STEM subjects, has offered neither an introduction to the undergraduate major in statistics, nor even a clear path to a second applied course in support of some other major (Johnstone, 2014) . It has been very rare for students to progress from an applied introductory statistics course to a graduate program in statistics. Accordingly, in the context of the insular nature of Stat 101, this special issue of TAS is a welcome acknowledgement that it is time to turn our attention to courses in statistics beyond simply Stat 101, also considering goals and choices for a second or third applied course and identifying good models for innovative undergraduate courses in programs for minors and majors.

For the most part, that beginning course has been regarded as a terminal service course, and, unlike first courses in other STEM subjects, has offered neither an introduction to the undergraduate major in statistics, nor even a clear path to a second applied course in support of some other major.


The interstellar extinction law is one of the primary sources of information about the interstellar grain population, and one often obtains direct information on the composition of interstellar dust from spectral features in extinction (Draine 2003) . These spectral features also provide strong constraints on interstellar grain models. With the advent of ground-based and space borne infrared (IR) telescope facilities, the IR extinction continuum and absorption features have been receiving increasing attention and play an essential role in recovering the intrinsic energy distribution of celestial objects and inferring the characteristics of interstellar dust.

The interstellar extinction law is one of the primary sources of information about the interstellar grain population, and one often obtains direct information on the composition of interstellar dust from spectral features in extinction.


Students performed better in oral compared with written tests; this result was consistent between year groups, between different types of questions and when using paired and unpaired designs. There are a number of possible explanations for this strong effect, including bias in the assessment procedures. The famous case of 'clever' Hans, 'the counting horse' illustrates the potential influence of unconscious cues from the interviewers (Jackson 2005) . Hans was able to 'count' by stamping its hoof until its owner unwittingly signalled when to stop. Such effects may have occurred in our study (although, of course, the current questions were much more complex and less open to simple cues than counting). We agreed with standard interview procedures which excluded explicit prompts and encouragement, but did not curtail all normal social interaction. We were concerned to preserve the 'ecological integrity' of the interviews and wanted to avoid the highly artificial circumstance of interviewers simply speaking a question and then remaining silent, like disembodied recorders. Instead the experience was designed to be much closer to an authentic viva voce or job interview. The current study was therefore not designed as tightly controlled psychological research, but rather as a comparison of oral and written assessments under realistic educational settings. As such, the possible existence of 'clever Hans effects' can be regarded as an integral part of most oral assessments, in the same way that the ability to write legibly and quickly is integral to most written assessments. There were no a-priori expectations that the oral performances would be better; in fact, given the suggestions that oral assessments can lead to bias against certain groups of students and can induce stress, a significantly worse performance seemed equally likely.

The famous case of 'clever' Hans, 'the counting horse' illustrates the potential influence of unconscious cues from the interviewers.


This study evaluated incidence of low-trauma hip fractures in Vilnius. This is the first attempt to estimate the direct costs related to the treatment of hip fractures in Lithuania. There were 441 new low-energy trauma hip fractures in individuals over 50-years of age in the city of Vilnius between January 1st and December 31 st 2010. As in previous epidemiological studies conducted in Table 2 The estimated total costs of hip fractures depending on the type of treatment (in EUR) European countries, we also found that hip fractures in Vilnius were more numerous among women than men. The peak number of hip fractures occurred after the age of 80, which is similar to the data of other studies [4, 12, 13] . Our results show that the overall incidence of new low-energy trauma hip fractures during 2010 was 252 per 100,000 inhabitants of Vilnius aged over 50 years, and there was an exponential increase in hip fracture incidence with increasing age -a fact which has been widely described in medical literature. The comparison of our data with data of other studies is challenging due to differences in study year, size of the study region or size of population investigated, different age groups and data presentation. Several previous studies were based on the analysis of health registries, hospital databases, nationwide health insurance databases and outpatient data, and so the results are not directly comparable with our data obtained by reviewing the medical records of every patient.

The peak number of hip fractures occurred after the age of 80, which is similar to the data of other studies.


There has recently been a great deal of interest in the KMS states on C * -algebras of directed graphs and higher-rank graphs. The subject started with the theorem of Enomoto, Fujii and Watatani which says that a simple Cuntz-Krieger algebra admits a unique KMS state [6] . This theorem was subsequently extended to C * -algebras of finite graphs with sources, where the presence of sources gives rise to other KMS states [17] . In another direction, Exel and Laca made the important observation that the Toeplitz extension of a Cuntz-Krieger algebra has a much more abundant supply of KMS states, and conducted an extensive analysis of the possible phase transitions [7] .

The subject started with the theorem of Enomoto, Fujii and Watatani which says that a simple Cuntz-Krieger algebra admits a unique KMS state.

This theorem was subsequently extended to C * -algebras of finite graphs with sources, where the presence of sources gives rise to other KMS states.

In another direction, Exel and Laca made the important observation that the Toeplitz extension of a Cuntz-Krieger algebra has a much more abundant supply of KMS states, and conducted an extensive analysis of the possible phase transitions.


Epithelial monolayer integrity is crucial for the function and homeostasis of epithelia. The epithelial monolayer is maintained by cell-cell contacts between adjacent cells through homophilic interactions between adhesion molecules including E-cadherin and others, and cell adhesions via integrin engagements to ECM proteins within basement membranes (Thiery, 2003) . Cell-cell contact (i.e. tight and adherens junctions) and cell adhesion sites (i.e. focal adhesions) are linked to intracellular actin filaments through diverse proteinprotein interactions. Therefore, epithelial monolayer integrity and intracellular actin organization influence each other bidirectionally. That is, disruption of cell contacts and/or adhesions can cause alterations in actin organization, and conversely aberrant actin organization can cause changes in cell contacts and/or adhesions. Disruption of this monolayer integrity can cause not only the functional impairment of normal epithelium but also the dissemination of cancerous cells from a primary tumor cell body during the early stages of metastasis (Hirohashi and Kanai, 2003; Thiery, 2002) . However, the mutual regulatory linkages between cell-cell contacts and cell adhesions are largely unknown, but mechanistic investigations on the regulatory linkages between cell-cell contacts and cell adhesions are being expanded .

The epithelial monolayer is maintained by cell-cell contacts between adjacent cells through homophilic interactions between adhesion molecules including E-cadherin and others, and cell adhesions via integrin engagements to ECM proteins within basement membranes.

Disruption of this monolayer integrity can cause not only the functional impairment of normal epithelium but also the dissemination of cancerous cells from a primary tumor cell body during the early stages of metastasis.


Dextran-40, a polysaccharide plasma volume expander, has been used for hemodilution, for treatment of chronic limb ischemia [27] [28] [29] . Decreasing viscosity and rouleaux formation prevent slugging of small vessels and capillaries. Overall effects of volume expansion, rheological and anti- p<0.001 (significant); NS -Non Significant platelet actions of Dextran, improves microcirculation and help in ulcer healing. In our study, adequate hemodilution as indicated by decreased hematocrit from 37.4 to 32.6 % (P < 0.05) resulted in significant increase in mean ABI from 0.46 to 0.83 (P<0.05) and mean claudication distance from 101.39 to 310.00 m (P<0.01).

Dextran-40, a polysaccharide plasma volume expander, has been used for hemodilution, for treatment of chronic limb ischemia.


Angiogenic stem cell therapy is potentially promising, but is not suitable or immediately effective for relief of agonizing rest pain of critical limb ischemia (CLI) [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Anticoagulants, thrombolytic and antiplatelet drugs have shown favorable results for treatment of BD in some studies [21] [22] [23] . Heparin has shown stimulatory effect on angiogenesis in vitro although translation into clinical effects remains to be evaluated [24] [25] [26] . Hemodilution therapy may be useful for treatment of CLI by virtue of its volume expansion and rheological properties [27] [28] [29] .

Angiogenic stem cell therapy is potentially promising, but is not suitable or immediately effective for relief of agonizing rest pain of critical limb ischemia (CLI).

Anticoagulants, thrombolytic and antiplatelet drugs have shown favorable results for treatment of BD in some studies.

Heparin has shown stimulatory effect on angiogenesis in vitro although translation into clinical effects remains to be evaluated.

Hemodilution therapy may be useful for treatment of CLI by virtue of its volume expansion and rheological properties.


Interval estimates turned out to be of low quality for all the investigated procedures in various of the investigated conditions as could be seen from the too low coverage probabilities despite of large median widths. More specifically, it seems as if the normal approximation is not appropriate when there are parameters near the boundary, even if (a small amount of) prior information is used to keep the point estimates away from the boundary. However, in the context of the parametric bootstrap, there are more reliable methods for obtaining interval estimates than with the normal approximation (Davison & Hinkley, 1997) . Also within a Bayesian framework alternative intervals estimates can be constructed; that is, by reconstruction of the full posterior distribution rather than "just" finding its maximum and relying on the normal approximation at its maximum (Gelman et al., 2003) .

However, in the context of the parametric bootstrap, there are more reliable methods for obtaining interval estimates than with the normal approximation.

Also within a Bayesian framework alternative intervals estimates can be constructed; that is, by reconstruction of the full posterior distribution rather than "just" finding its maximum and relying on the normal approximation at its maximum.


The experiments and analysis show that important surface parameters, such as soil moisture and roughness, can be measured independently using a bistatic, fully polarimetric X-band radar operating close to a specular geometry. Although, such geometries have the disadvantage of lower range resolution than monostatic systems with no resolution at the specular angle, useful resolution can be achieved close to specular with the advantage of greater sensitivity, due to the higher reflectivity from forward scattering. Bistatic, fully polarimetric remote sensing systems using pairs of SAR satellites, notably TanDEM-X are planned for the near future [1] . Although their primary purpose is to measure the Earth's topography using SAR interferometry and the geometry is close to monostatic, TanDEM-X demonstrates that the requirements of the techniques described in this paper are feasible even from space.

Bistatic, fully polarimetric remote sensing systems using pairs of SAR satellites, notably TanDEM-X are planned for the near future.


Thirty out of 45 respondents routinely performed a RH with PLND, without resort to prior systemic lymphadenectomy or FSE. Such an approach should take into consideration RH-related morbidity, when adjuvant therapy is indicated, given that equivalent 5-year survival was observed between the completed and abandoned RH groups in a recent study [21] . A two-stage procedure including PLND followed by RH was not favoured by the vast majority of the respondents (91.6%) in the absence of large tumours (>4 cm) or adverse pathological features. Additional surgical times would encompass increased costs, potential additional morbidity, and negative emotional impact on the patient.

Such an approach should take into consideration RH-related morbidity, when adjuvant therapy is indicated, given that equivalent 5-year survival was observed between the completed and abandoned RH groups in a recent study.


In the Witbank/Middelburg area, east of Johannesburg, there are many coal mines which are abandoned (McCarthy, 2011) . Many of these workings decant acidic water into local waterways which lead into the Olifants River catchment. Although neutralisation techniques are being implemented to treat the AMD in the river systems, the water is still very saline and highly concentrated with sulphates. A reverseosmosis (RO) plant has been constructed successfully at eMalahleni by Anglo American and BHP Billiton to treat AMD to potable water standards, but the cost per litre is still significantly greater than that of traditional water (McCarthy, 2011) .

In the Witbank/Middelburg area, east of Johannesburg, there are many coal mines which are abandoned.

A reverseosmosis (RO) plant has been constructed successfully at eMalahleni by Anglo American and BHP Billiton to treat AMD to potable water standards, but the cost per litre is still significantly greater than that of traditional water.


The polynomial N An (x) is the classical Narayana polynomial. It is well known that both N An (x) and N Bn (x) have only real zeros. The real-rootedness of N Dn (x) was proved by Brändén [4] . In this paper, we shall give a new proof of the real-rootedness of N Dn (x). It is easy to verify that both N n,n (x) and N n+1,n (x) are just the polynomial N An (x). While, it seems that the polynomials N n,m (x) were not well studied for general n and m. In this paper, we shall prove that the polynomials N n,m (x) have only real zeros for any n and m. Let us first review some backgrounds of the polynomials N Dn (x) and N n,m (x).

The real-rootedness of N Dn (x) was proved by Brändén.


Georges Bank haddock seem to have a fairly narrow range of preferred temperatures. Previous studies have suggested that maximum spawning occurs at bottom temperatures between 3.3 0 and 5.6 0 C (Marak and Livingstone, 1970) . Although the survey may have occurred after peak spawning in most years, the data suggest that the temperature regime which accompanied spawning activity in 1977-83 had probably changed little from previous times (Marak and Livingstone, 1970) .

Previous studies have suggested that maximum spawning occurs at bottom temperatures between 3.3 0 and 5.6 0 C.

Although the survey may have occurred after peak spawning in most years, the data suggest that the temperature regime which accompanied spawning activity in 1977-83 had probably changed little from previous times.


Information on sex ratios for temperate fishes is fairly sparse, but a growing number of studies suggest that fish do not exhibit the typical mammalian pattern of a 1:1 ratio. Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) have size dependent sex ratios that are keyed to temperature during their larval development phase (Conover and Kynard, 1981; Conover and Fleisher, 1986) . A study of northern anchovy (Engrau/is mordax) showed that sex ratios were skewed toward males at ages 0-2 and then dominated by females thereafter (Parrish et a/., 1986) .

Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) have size dependent sex ratios that are keyed to temperature during their larval development phase.

A study of northern anchovy (Engrau/is mordax) showed that sex ratios were skewed toward males at ages 0-2 and then dominated by females thereafter.


It appears that females may be favored during the early life history of haddock in response to the low levels of abundance in recent years. The sex ratios of all the recent large year-classes including 1972, 1975, and 1978 , were skewed in favor of females. Although the mechanism that is responsible for this phenomenon is not known, the response is consistent with other density-dependent changes, such as increased growth and reduced age at first maturity, which have occurred since the stock collapsed in the mid-1960's (Clark et a/., 1982) . An examination of earlier data from autumn 1963 and winter 1964 suggests that sex ratios of mature fish from that time period may have favored males. The sex ratio, in favor of males, was 1:1.38 in 1963 (P<0.05) and 1:1.17 in 1964 (not significant). This suggests that there may be a relationship between density of fish and the sex ratio in this stock.

Although the mechanism that is responsible for this phenomenon is not known, the response is consistent with other density-dependent changes, such as increased growth and reduced age at first maturity, which have occurred since the stock collapsed in the mid-1960's.


The measurement of respiratory impedance should be considered whenever spirometry cannot be performed or appears to be unreliable. These qualities of the forced oscillation technique make it an ideal tool to study airway patency during sleep or to monitor the respiratory properties during mechanical ventilation. Additionally, the small amplitude oscillation do not influence the respiratory mechanical properties studied, and this is particularly important when assessing bronchoactive responses [3] .

Additionally, the small amplitude oscillation do not influence the respiratory mechanical properties studied, and this is particularly important when assessing bronchoactive responses.


The theory and practice of student assessment in higher education has generated a lot of debate over the last 20 years or so. It is probably fair to say that there have been a number of positive developments during that time in promoting assessment for learning: more varied assessment tasks than merely a diet of final examinations; greater transparency in assessment criteria and strategies for promoting engagement with them; and a growing awareness of the importance, and the challenges, of developing effective feedback processes. There remain, however, various concerns about assessment and a recent paper in this journal describes a lack of sophistication in assessment practice and limited incentives to innovate, especially in contexts where research is prioritized over teaching (Norton et al. 2013) .

There remain, however, various concerns about assessment and a recent paper in this journal describes a lack of sophistication in assessment practice and limited incentives to innovate, especially in contexts where research is prioritized over teaching.


As a consequence of our work here (in fact, as a direct ingredient in our argument) we prove a regularity result on the optimizer in the matching problem formulation of Carlier and Ekeland. In addition to its economic implications, this corollary may have independent interest. In the special case when each f i (x i , z) = −|x i − z| 2 , the Carlier-Ekeland formulation is equivalent to finding the barycenter of the measures µ i , a problem introduced and solved by Agueh and Carlier [1] . Our regularity result generalizes a result by Agueh and Carlier, who use a correspondence between the multi-marginal problem with quadratic cost (1) and the problem of finding a barycenter of several measures on R n ; in that paper, they used this relationship to establish an L ∞ estimate on the barycenter (assuming that at least one of the µ i has an L ∞ density). At the same time, our approach can be seen as generalizing an argument of the present author in the two marginal case; in that work, the geometry of the optimal plan is used to establish regularity of ν [26] .

In the special case when each f i (x i , z) = −|x i − z| 2 , the Carlier-Ekeland formulation is equivalent to finding the barycenter of the measures µ i , a problem introduced and solved by Agueh and Carlier.

At the same time, our approach can be seen as generalizing an argument of the present author in the two marginal case; in that work, the geometry of the optimal plan is used to establish regularity of ν.


Two marginal optimal transportation is the general problem of coupling two distributions of mass together as efficiently as possible, relative to a given surplus function. This is an exciting and very active area of research, with a wide variety of applications. For a full literature review, see the book of Villani [32] .

For a full literature review, see the book of Villani.


These findings are partly in contrast to previous observations in patients who underwent radical resection receiving adjuvant fluoropyrimidines [17] . However, both the different setting and the type of chemotherapy might explain the conflicting results. We also showed that the presence of TILs is an important, independent prognostic factor. This was particularly evident in MMR-deficient tumors, in which the presence of TILs was linked to MMR status and identified a subgroup of patients with a distinctive favorable outcome in terms of PFS and OS.

These findings are partly in contrast to previous observations in patients who underwent radical resection receiving adjuvant fluoropyrimidines.


This study aims at clustering undergraduate students in the MIS department of Boğaziçi University based on course grades data. After forming student clusters, a profile analysis was carried out so as to examine the variation of other student characteristics in different student segments. These characteristics are qualitative variables that are not included in cluster analysis (Sharma, 1995) .

These characteristics are qualitative variables that are not included in cluster analysis.


With the development of industry, transmission tower and line are more and more important as a lifeline project in power system. Its failure may lead to the outage of power supply [1] . The transmission tower-line system is very sensitive to wind loads due to its large span and high rise and being flexible. Many transmission towers are damaged due to strong wind loads in recent investigations [2] . For example, in 2002, the strong wind appeared in Liaoning province of China which resulted in the damage of many transmission towers. Due to the occurrence of the strong wind in 2005, the transmission towers are damaged seriously in Jiangsu province of China. In 2009, the transmission tower was broken owing to wind and ice in Australia. The wind-induced collapse of transmission towers is shown in Figure 1 . It is of great importance to reduce the response of transmission towers and improve the reliability of transmission towers under wind loads.

Its failure may lead to the outage of power supply.

Many transmission towers are damaged due to strong wind loads in recent investigations.


The hypotheses were tested using hierarchical linear regression analyses. In this approach team tenure was entered in step one as a control variable. No a priori hypotheses were made regarding the effects of team tenure, but it was included to control for its potential influence on the dependent variables. For instance, long-tenured employees have been shown to report higher levels of satisfaction [57] .

For instance, long-tenured employees have been shown to report higher levels of satisfaction.


Since various new items were included in the survey as measures of individual preferences or environmental characteristics, a factor analysis was conducted to identify the structure of the data. To facilitate commensurate measurement and interpretation of the factors, interdependence and social interaction items were examined separately, as were preferences and environmental characteristics. As a first step in the factor analysis, the anti-image correlation matrix was examined for items demonstrating a low measure of sampling adequacy (MSA; [53, 54] ). As is common, items with an MSA of less than 0.60 were deleted from further analysis [55, 56] . Next, a principal components analysis was performed, allowing all factors with an eigenvalue of 1.00 or greater to be extracted. This number of factors was then compared to the number of factors suggested by a scree plot. In subsequent steps, maximum likelihood extractions with orthogonal (varimax) and oblique (direct oblimin) rotations were performed. In these latter steps, the results of extractions in which the number of factors was constrained to the number suggested by the scree plot were compared to the results of the unconstrained extractions.

As a first step in the factor analysis, the anti-image correlation matrix was examined for items demonstrating a low measure of sampling adequacy (MSA;).

As is common, items with an MSA of less than 0.60 were deleted from further analysis.