Much remains to be done. The behaviour of the oelslr algorithm needs to be systematically investigated, to fully validate its implementation and to optimise its application. Concerns about the linearity and causality of the relationship between the environmental and detector channels-and hence the validity of the model-must be addressed. Search code integration and performance testing have already begun, and the results of one such investigation are forthcoming [5] .

Much remains to be done.

Search code integration and performance testing have already begun, and the results of one such investigation are forthcoming.


The obvious figure of merit for line removal is the change it produces in the sensitivity of the astrophysical searches whose data it pre-processes. At this time we do not present any such results (though in the case of the stochastic background search they are forthcoming [5] ). There is, as yet, no general test to determine the quality of a line removal algorithm, either in an absolute sense, or with respect to another line removal algorithm. The reduction of correlation, coherence or non-gaussianity, or the recovery of injected signals, have variously been employed to test a technique [2, 3] . We demonstrate both the reduction of coherence and (via power spectra) the reduction of non-gaussian features.

At this time we do not present any such results (though in the case of the stochastic background search they are forthcoming).

The reduction of correlation, coherence or non-gaussianity, or the recovery of injected signals, have variously been employed to test a technique.


The LSC-AS Q channels of all three interferometers show spectral lines at multiples of 60 Hz in their power spectra (Figure 1) , particularly for odd harmonics (60 Hz, 180 Hz, 300 Hz, . . . ). These lines are strongly coherent between H1 and H2 (Figure 2 ), but not between H1 and L1 or H2 and L1 (not shown). The lines are attributed to interference from the 60 Hz alternating current mains supply, and the coherence is attributed to the fact that a common mains supply is shared between H1 and H2 at Hanford, WA, but not by L1 at Livingston, LA, as the electrical grid is not coherent between the sites on this short timescale [10] .

The lines are attributed to interference from the 60 Hz alternating current mains supply, and the coherence is attributed to the fact that a common mains supply is shared between H1 and H2 at Hanford, WA, but not by L1 at Livingston, LA, as the electrical grid is not coherent between the sites on this short timescale.


From a mechanistic perspective, there are numerous ways to account for the augmentation of GRE-dependent transcription by ␤ 2 -adrenoceptor agonists. One possibility is that ␤ 2 -adrenoceptor agonists enhance the translocation of GR to the nucleus (Eickelberg et al., 1999; Usmani et al., 2005) . Further support for this assertion is that combination therapies are associated with increased GR DNA binding (Roth et al., 2002) . Certainly, this is consistent with reports of enhanced GR DNA binding after PKA overexpression (Rangarajan et al., 1992) . Although such actions could contribute to the synergy seen between ␤ 2 -adrenoceptror agonists and glucocorticoids, a formal reinterrogation of such potential mechanisms is beyond the scope of the present study.

One possibility is that ␤ 2 -adrenoceptor agonists enhance the translocation of GR to the nucleus.

Further support for this assertion is that combination therapies are associated with increased GR DNA binding.

Certainly, this is consistent with reports of enhanced GR DNA binding after PKA overexpression.


Like ␤ 2 -adrenoceptor agonists, PGE 2 , 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin, and rolipram all activate the cAMP/PKA pathway in BEAS-2B cells (Meja et al., 2004) . Likewise, these agents enhance dexamethasone-induced, GRE-dependent transcription, indicating a central role for cAMP and confirming the ability of cAMP-elevating drugs to increase the efficacy of glucocorticoids (Nordeen et al., 1994) . This proposal is supported by the ability of adenovirus-delivered PKI␣ to prevent the enhancement of budesonide-induced GRE-dependent transcription by formoterol. Thus, specificity of PKI␣ for PKA and not cGMP-dependent protein kinase in BEAS-2Bs supports a conventional ␤ 2 -adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA effector pathway that enhances GRE-dependent transcription (Meja et al., 2004) .

Like ␤ 2 -adrenoceptor agonists, PGE 2 , 8-Br-cAMP, forskolin, and rolipram all activate the cAMP/PKA pathway in BEAS-2B cells.

Likewise, these agents enhance dexamethasone-induced, GRE-dependent transcription, indicating a central role for cAMP and confirming the ability of cAMP-elevating drugs to increase the efficacy of glucocorticoids.

Thus, specificity of PKI␣ for PKA and not cGMP-dependent protein kinase in BEAS-2Bs supports a conventional ␤ 2 -adrenoceptor-cAMP-PKA effector pathway that enhances GRE-dependent transcription.


The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been developed in recent years for genome editing, and it has been rapidly and widely adopted by the scientific community [1] . The RNA-guided enzyme Cas9 originates from the CRISPR-Cas adaptive bacterial immune system. CRISPRs (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats) are short repeats interspaced with short sequences in bacteria genomes. CRISPR-encoded RNAs have been shown to serve as guides for the Cas protein complex to defend against viral infection or other types of horizontal gene transfer by cleaving foreign DNA [2] [3] [4] . Major progress has been made recently to modify the natural CRISPR/Cas9 process in bacteria for applications to mammalian genome editing [5, 6] . Compared with other genome editing methods, the CRISPR system is simpler and more efficient, and can be readily applied to a variety of experimental systems [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] .

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been developed in recent years for genome editing, and it has been rapidly and widely adopted by the scientific community.

CRISPR-encoded RNAs have been shown to serve as guides for the Cas protein complex to defend against viral infection or other types of horizontal gene transfer by cleaving foreign DNA.

Major progress has been made recently to modify the natural CRISPR/Cas9 process in bacteria for applications to mammalian genome editing.

Compared with other genome editing methods, the CRISPR system is simpler and more efficient, and can be readily applied to a variety of experimental systems.


Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) USAXS and WAXS studies were conducted at USAXS beamline 9ID of the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL [27, 28] . An X-ray energy of 18 keV was used to minimize multiple scattering and absorption in the sample. Using both the USAXS and SAXS detection modes, a small-angle scattering Q range from 0.0001 to 1.5 Å -1 was used for this experiment; addition of WAXS extends this range to 6 Å -1 . Data were collected for 2.5 min per data set per specimen for 10 h. Prior to exposure to X-rays, it took about 2 min to prepare and mount the sample. USAXS data were reduced using the standard SAXS data analysis packages Indra and Nika that were developed at APS [27] .

Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) USAXS and WAXS studies were conducted at USAXS beamline 9ID of the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL.

USAXS data were reduced using the standard SAXS data analysis packages Indra and Nika that were developed at APS.


Cement hydration is a complex process that involves the formation of colloidal structures in its aqueous phase [1] . This hydration process, with its colloidalformed structure, usually occurs in the presence of additives, or supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The morphological nature of such formed structures in the presence of additives plays an important role in determining the setting, aging and mechanical properties of the resulting composite material. SCMs are mixed into the Portland cement prior to adding water; as soon as the water comes in contact with the mix, the SCMs react and form hydration products. Such hydrated inorganic products (sol) undergo a slow condensation reaction (gel) with continual increase in the silicate (the most abundant chemicals in cement paste) chain length and more cross-linking. Hence, as time passes, a dense matrix is formed. The range of colloidal microstructures can be determined/studied using scattering techniques. Since the gel is relatively condensed, synchrotron-/X-ray-based scattering technique will be useful to study the size of the prismlike/globules/fractals (irregular/fragmented shape) formed during the hydration process [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . At an early age of the cement paste hydration reaction, the globule size and its aggregates are expected to be in the range of * 1 nm-10 lm. This range of size can be studied by ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) (1 nm-10 lm). Additionally, small-angle scattering techniques are helpful for determining in situ the early-age surface area of the cement paste as a function of time. This is not possible with other techniques; for example, N 2 sorptiometry requires a relatively dry sample. To date, limited research has been performed using synchrotron techniques to study the early-age hydration product formation when SCMs are mixed with Portland cements [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . An in-depth insight into the resulting microstructure will help in providing systematic guidelines for selection of the optimum content and type of additive for developing functionalized and engineered durable concretes.

Cement hydration is a complex process that involves the formation of colloidal structures in its aqueous phase.

Since the gel is relatively condensed, synchrotron-/X-ray-based scattering technique will be useful to study the size of the prismlike/globules/fractals (irregular/fragmented shape) formed during the hydration process.

To date, limited research has been performed using synchrotron techniques to study the early-age hydration product formation when SCMs are mixed with Portland cements.


Mixing SCM with Portland cement leads to hydration products of complex morphology. Smallangle neutron/X-ray scattering (SANS/SAXS) are powerful noninvasive techniques for examining complex microstructure of hydration products. In recent years, small-angle scattering has been used extensively to study the volume and surface fractal dimensions of C-S-H and the water inside the porous medium [7, [16] [17] [18] . Dynamic time evolution of hydrating ordinary Portland cement (OPC) microstructure at an early age has been studied by various researchers [2, 8, 15, [18] [19] [20] [21] . Sequential time evolution starts with the dissolution of aluminosilicates, followed by nucleation and initial gel formation. Gelation is succeeded by reorganization and polymerization, leading to hardening of the cement paste. Recently, SANS was used to detect the lamellar structure and interface between water and hydrated C-S-H layers [18] . This SANS study had determined the globule morphology of C-S-H with alternating layers of water and calcium silicate layers. An analytical model was used to relate the water content inside the layers of C-S-H determining the changes in the morphology of C-S-H globules [18] .

In recent years, small-angle scattering has been used extensively to study the volume and surface fractal dimensions of C-S-H and the water inside the porous medium.

Dynamic time evolution of hydrating ordinary Portland cement (OPC) microstructure at an early age has been studied by various researchers.

Recently, SANS was used to detect the lamellar structure and interface between water and hydrated C-S-H layers.

An analytical model was used to relate the water content inside the layers of C-S-H determining the changes in the morphology of C-S-H globules.


At medium Q values, scattering is primarily dominated by volume or mass fractals, which correspond to random agglomeration of the C-S-H globules. In comparison with the low Q values, FA-50 had the highest intensity followed by FA-30, IP-50, IP-30, OPC, IP-10 and FA-10 in the medium Q region (see Fig. 2c ). This indicates that FA-30 had a higher volume fractal than IP-50. Surface fractal deals with the roughness of only surfaces, whereas mass fractal deals with mass and surface systems alike [31, 32] . Volume fractal, also known as ''mass fractal,'' is a structure accommodating branching and cross-linking to form a three-dimensional network [36] . For cement pastes prepared with 17-lm volcanic ash, an increase in volume fractal component with an increase in volcanic ash percentage from 10 to 50% was detected. However, when 6-lm-sized volcanic ash was used, FA-30 had the highest intensity, suggesting that it had higher volume fractals than FA-50 and FA-10 samples. This suggests that an optimum limit exists around 30% substitution of OPC with volcanic ash that controls the fractal regimes which directly affect the hydration product formation even at the early age of curing.

Surface fractal deals with the roughness of only surfaces, whereas mass fractal deals with mass and surface systems alike.

Volume fractal, also known as ''mass fractal,'' is a structure accommodating branching and cross-linking to form a three-dimensional network.


Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) USAXS data were collected for 555 min with an 8-9-min time interval after initial mixing to track the immediate effect of volcanic ash with Portland cement during the early age of hydration (see Fig. 2a ). The data were reduced to a standard data scattering cross section versus Q format with absolute intensity calibration and were desmeared to correct for slit smearing of the instrument geometry scattering cross section versus Q [27, 28] . For simplicity of analysis, the Q regions were divided into low (0.0001-0.001 Å -1 ), medium (0.001-0.01 Å -1 ) and high Q (0.01 to -1 Å -1 ) regions. USAXS plots for OPC at low, medium and high Q values are shown in Fig. 2b-d . It is important to analyze the scattering data at a range of Q values to gain physical insight into the hydration process at a range of length scales, from smoother to coarser morphology. At lower Q values, larger microstructural features and surface fractal scattering result from the deposition of hydration product on the Portland cement and the resulting formation of a coarse surface [33] . At medium Q values, scattering is controlled by a volume fractal structure created by the random agglomeration of the C-S-H particles. High Q values are dominated by single-particle scattering that is affected by the form factor. Form factor, or shape factor, contains intraparticle information and relies on both the size and the shape of the scattering particle [34] . However, caution has to be exercised when analyzing polydisperse systems such as cement paste since the individual hydration products have different shapes, sizes and chemical compositions and therefore a single expression of form factor does not hold [35] . In the low Q regime after 9 min of hydration, a shift in the scattering was observed that can be attributed to the dissolution process. During hydration, the Portland cement, which contains C 3 S, C 3 A, C 2 S and C 4 AF, reacts with water while forming C-S-H along with other crystalline products such as portlandite. With the increase in the time of hydration, an increase in scattering intensity was observed and attributed to the formation of C-S-H gels. The development of C-S-H gel structure increases at high Q, while shrinking of unreacted cement clinker core diminishes at lower Q values [5] .

The data were reduced to a standard data scattering cross section versus Q format with absolute intensity calibration and were desmeared to correct for slit smearing of the instrument geometry scattering cross section versus Q.

At lower Q values, larger microstructural features and surface fractal scattering result from the deposition of hydration product on the Portland cement and the resulting formation of a coarse surface.

Form factor, or shape factor, contains intraparticle information and relies on both the size and the shape of the scattering particle.

However, caution has to be exercised when analyzing polydisperse systems such as cement paste since the individual hydration products have different shapes, sizes and chemical compositions and therefore a single expression of form factor does not hold.

The development of C-S-H gel structure increases at high Q, while shrinking of unreacted cement clinker core diminishes at lower Q values.


In the high Q regime, smaller features are probed, and the response is mostly controlled by the formation of low-density C-S-H gel [37] . At high Q values, single-particle scattering dominates and relies on the form factor. In this study, the cement paste is a mixture of phases with different shapes/sizes, causing difficulty in distinguishing the single-particle scattering effect. In the high Q regime, FA-10 showed the highest intensity followed by FA-30 and FA-50. IP-50 had the least value in the high Q regime, signifying that as the concentration of 17-lm volcanic ash increased, the ash that was not involved in the hydration itself and instead contributed to the scattering (see Fig. 2c ). Furthermore, because the low Q scattering is lower in some cases, which means that the ash is incorporated in the cementitious matrix, and thus, scattering is observed by the ash itself. Thus, it was concluded that reducing the particle size of volcanic ash from 17 to 6 lm facilitated its involvement in the hydration and thus resulted in lower scattering intensities among FA samples when compared to their IP counterparts.

In the high Q regime, smaller features are probed, and the response is mostly controlled by the formation of low-density C-S-H gel.


Based on the above finding, this work contributes to a gap in research on natural cementitious materials, in spite of its first use by the ancient Romans almost 2000 years ago [3] . It provides a basis for future studies that tailor natural pozzolans-like volcanic ash as an effective additive for developing durable cements for specific applications. Additionally, it provides a basis for studying the influence of volcanic ash on individual hydration products (C-S-H, C-A-S-H and M-S-H) which could significantly affect the chemo-mechanical properties of engineered cementitious binders.

Based on the above finding, this work contributes to a gap in research on natural cementitious materials, in spite of its first use by the ancient Romans almost 2000 years ago.


Furthermore, P-A conflict in itself it is neither negative nor positive as long as it is not associated with further unhealthy outcomes for children, although it is normative in adolescence. In adolescence conflict intensifies, especially in the personal domain, as a sign of the adolescents claim to more autonomy. Research showed that although conflict frequency increases in adolescence, conflict intensity seems to be a better predictor of negative outcomes, than its frequency or its content (Steinberg & Silk, 2002) . As a result we predicted that there will be more negative outcomes associated with conflict intensity than conflict frequency.

Research showed that although conflict frequency increases in adolescence, conflict intensity seems to be a better predictor of negative outcomes, than its frequency or its content.


Based on this construction we are led to a picture where singularities of the field theory configuration translate through a direct map into spikes of the AdS string. Solitons in field theory are described in general by their moduli (collective coordinates) representing their locations and momenta. An identical particle-like interpretation turns out to hold for singularities (this has been argued in a series of papers [9, 10] ). In our string theory representation the singular soliton coordinates map directly into coordinates associated with spike configurations. This mapping then provides a complete dynamical description of moduli associated with the general string solutions.

An identical particle-like interpretation turns out to hold for singularities (this has been argued in a series of papers).


Although the new sufficiency condition is based on the DBP and the truncated Hilbert transform, applying these tools is not mandatory when effectively reconstructing the ROI, especially since we have not been able to derive a closed form analytic inversion formula for the truncated Hilbert transform. For 2D problems an attractive method is to apply a standard 2D iterative algorithm to the limited data set, taking into account the known support of the object and any additional prior information (this will be illustrated in section 7). For 3D problems, iterative approaches might be computationally impractical, but efficient reconstruction is still possible by combining the DBP with an algebraic inversion of the truncated Hilbert transform along a family of lines covering the reconstructable ROI. For each line, the algebraic inversion can be achieved using a singular value decomposition (SVD) or, as we propose and illustrate in section 6, a method based on iterated projections on convex sets (POCS) [24] . This method has the advantage of allowing the incorporation of additional constraints on the solution, such as positivity.

For each line, the algebraic inversion can be achieved using a singular value decomposition (SVD) or, as we propose and illustrate in section 6, a method based on iterated projections on convex sets (POCS).


Building on these results the present paper shows that unique and stable ROI reconstruction can be achieved from even more restricted data sets, or, conversely, that even larger ROIs can be reconstructed from a given data set (see figure 3 ) [19] . The specificity of these new configurations is that the line segments where the Hilbert transform can be calculated using the DBP have one of their two end points located within the object. This prevents applying the results on the inversion of the finite Hilbert transform. However, we show in section 3 that a function is uniquely determined by its truncated Hilbert transform on the segment where that transform is known, whenever at least one end point of the segment is outside the object. The stability of this inversion in the presence of noise is characterized in section 4. Our result applies both to 2D and 3D tomography but for clarity all examples and illustrations are given in a 2D context.

Building on these results the present paper shows that unique and stable ROI reconstruction can be achieved from even more restricted data sets, or, conversely, that even larger ROIs can be reconstructed from a given data set (see figure 3 ).


Our measurements and analysis distinguish between a multi-channel regime and a single-channel regime with widely tunable anharmonicity and interactions. Our CPR-based technique for comparing experiment and numerical simulations allows detailed study of the interplay between mode structure and electrostatics, and may be extended to the design and analysis of future superconductorsemiconductor heterostructures [52] . The propensity for quantum dot formation in a nanowire-based junction may also be viewed as a resource to detect Majorana modes. For example, a recent analysis found that π-junction behavior occurs with a quantum dot between two conventional superconducting leads [50] .

Our CPR-based technique for comparing experiment and numerical simulations allows detailed study of the interplay between mode structure and electrostatics, and may be extended to the design and analysis of future superconductorsemiconductor heterostructures.

For example, a recent analysis found that π-junction behavior occurs with a quantum dot between two conventional superconducting leads.


Studies of hybrid structures of superconductors and semiconducting nanowires have recently spurred advances in fundamental physics, materials science, and technology [1] . A growing body of experimental evidence supports proposals that nanowire-superconductor hybrids can host Majorana modes, the building blocks in schemes for topological quantum computing [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13] . Gate-tunable nanowire Josephson junctions have also been integrated into a cavity-QED architecture, providing electrostatic control of the qubit transition frequency [14, 15] . Improving the design and operation of these devices will rely on understanding their electrostatic environment and electronic structure, with several recent works examining mode behavior in wire devices [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21] . Moreover, electron-electron interactions, often overlooked in both experiment and theory, should also be considered as they are expected to play an important role, particularly in one or fewer dimensions.

Studies of hybrid structures of superconductors and semiconducting nanowires have recently spurred advances in fundamental physics, materials science, and technology.

A growing body of experimental evidence supports proposals that nanowire-superconductor hybrids can host Majorana modes, the building blocks in schemes for topological quantum computing.

Gate-tunable nanowire Josephson junctions have also been integrated into a cavity-QED architecture, providing electrostatic control of the qubit transition frequency.

Improving the design and operation of these devices will rely on understanding their electrostatic environment and electronic structure, with several recent works examining mode behavior in wire devices.


The presence of interactions at low electron density also has implications for experiments examining mode behavior in superconductor-nanowire hybrids, where interactions are sometimes neglected. For example, a recent work examined multiple Andreev reflections as a probe of transparency in few-mode junctions, but ignored interaction effects which are known to influence IV characteristics [18, 53] . Spectroscopy experiments also studied anharmonicity and Zeeman-induced spin-splitting of Andreev levels in the few-mode regime, but may also be affected by splitting effects from interactions as examined in our work [16, 19] . Overall our ability to accurately model device behavior, as well as to understand and control both interactions and anharmonicity, will elucidate the interpretation of current experiments and provide a method for device design.

For example, a recent work examined multiple Andreev reflections as a probe of transparency in few-mode junctions, but ignored interaction effects which are known to influence IV characteristics.

Spectroscopy experiments also studied anharmonicity and Zeeman-induced spin-splitting of Andreev levels in the few-mode regime, but may also be affected by splitting effects from interactions as examined in our work.


This research paper relied on the use of mixed methods approach. Mixed methods research has a long history in the social sciences and very recently has gained wide recognition as a term to research designs that combine quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection and analysis in a single study. Both quantitative and qualitative methods have their own strengths and weaknesses. Mixed methods research design exploit the strengths of both methods in counter-balancing their weaknesses [53] . Out of various approaches for mixed methods research, we adopted the explanatory sequential mixed method approach. Under this approach the data collection and analysis proceeds in two phases. In first phase quantitative data was colleceted and analyzed. The results of the first phase was then used to plan the qualitative followup in the second phase. The qualitatve questions to ask from particpamts as well as the sampling procedure was determied by the quantitative results [54] .

Mixed methods research design exploit the strengths of both methods in counter-balancing their weaknesses.

The qualitatve questions to ask from particpamts as well as the sampling procedure was determied by the quantitative results.


Through regression analysis, the quantitative data was used to determine the impact of corporate governance dimensions with the dimensions of sustainability reporting. The results of the quantitative phase then informed the design of the second qualitative phase. We took interviews from five different board members (3 males and 2 females) and ask them about the significant and insignificant results in order to seek their opinion. The qualitative data was then analyzed to validate the results of the quantitative study and to provide more depth and more insight into the quantitative results. The purposive sampling technique was used to select interviewees. Purposive sampling techniques involves selection of units (e.g., individuals, groups of individuals, institutions) based on specific purposes associated with answering a research study's questions [57] . The focus of the interviews was on the perceived role and impact of different elements of corporate governance on different dimensions of sustainability reporting and to seek opinion on the significant and insignificant results. The main objective of qualitative study was to validate the finding of the quantitative study and to provide plausible explanations.

Purposive sampling techniques involves selection of units (e.g., individuals, groups of individuals, institutions) based on specific purposes associated with answering a research study's questions.


In Pakistan, sustainability reporting is emerging. Like many other developing countries, the contextual settings of Pakistan are characterized by a unique socio-economic and political context. These include dependence on foreign aid, a lack of education, a lack of political will, a lack of resources, a lack of enforcement capabilities, and weak government structures [15] [16] [17] . Family is the dominant institutional order in a Pakistani society, followed by religion. State institutions are weak, are controlled by elites, and lack interest in sustainability matters. There is inequality and divide in the social development of various communities, and in general there is a lack of awareness, participation, and influence. The institutional context of Pakistan has some serious implications for concepts like corporate governance and sustainability. Because of this institutional context, there is a lack of sustainability awareness and interest among different stakeholders, which is why sustainability reporting is lacking in Pakistan [18] .

These include dependence on foreign aid, a lack of education, a lack of political will, a lack of resources, a lack of enforcement capabilities, and weak government structures.

Because of this institutional context, there is a lack of sustainability awareness and interest among different stakeholders, which is why sustainability reporting is lacking in Pakistan.


However, not much has been published on how to determine the level of customization based on clients' requirements and organizational capabilities [9, 12, 19] . In fact, only a few studies have focused on the definition of attributes and options to be offered [19] . In addition, those studies are mostly focused on demand forecast and suggestions based on clients' prior preferences, instead of market segmentation [19] . As a result, defining customizable attributes and options from a value generation perspective remains largely unexplored. This also applies to the housing sector, since house-building companies often define customizable options without a systematic analysis of clients' profile and requirements [12, 20] .

However, not much has been published on how to determine the level of customization based on clients' requirements and organizational capabilities.

In fact, only a few studies have focused on the definition of attributes and options to be offered.

In addition, those studies are mostly focused on demand forecast and suggestions based on clients' prior preferences, instead of market segmentation.

This also applies to the housing sector, since house-building companies often define customizable options without a systematic analysis of clients' profile and requirements.


This investigation has also made a number of contributions related to the reasons why low-cost housing customers would like to change their units. For example, all clients have a declared preference for finishings that are easy to clean, so that the home hygiene is easy to be kept, contributing for the good health conditions, and the quality of living of the family, confirming the results of the study carried out by Zinas and Jusan [39] . The results obtained in the two projects have also pointed out the central role of aesthetics. Most users wanted to change the finishings of the units, including walls, floor, ceiling, and sanitary ware, in order to achieve some desired end states that can be explained by a set of very abstract constructs, such as identity, personal and familiar achievement, well-being and quality of life.

For example, all clients have a declared preference for finishings that are easy to clean, so that the home hygiene is easy to be kept, contributing for the good health conditions, and the quality of living of the family, confirming the results of the study carried out by Zinas and Jusan.


As in all the Hymenoptera, eulophid and eurytomid females are able to control the sex of their progeny and thus the sex ratio of their clutches (Werren 1987; Uematsu and Yamashita 2000) . Even if the mean sex ratio per fruit is close to 0.5 for both species, the sex ratio of a given gall is strongly biased toward one sex. Moreover, the emergence of the chalcid wasps takes place in a closed cavity formed at the base of the spathe of P. solimoesense. This situation may be comparable to figs and fig wasps. The emergence and mating of fig pollinators take place in the fig cavity before dispersion. In this enclosed system, local mate competition (LMC) between males can occur (Greeff 1996; Kathuria et al. 1999) . Thus, if chalcid wasps also mate in the spathe cavity, LMC could also occur. Further studies are necessary to assess whether copulations really occur within the spathe cavity.

As in all the Hymenoptera, eulophid and eurytomid females are able to control the sex of their progeny and thus the sex ratio of their clutches.

In this enclosed system, local mate competition (LMC) between males can occur.


Several factors other than type of waste may govern waste collectors' bioaerosol exposure, for example type of equipment for storage of the waste prior to collection, type of truck used for collecting the waste, and the weather conditions. The different types of truck used for collection of mixed and compostable household waste seemed to influence the exposure level. The use of 'bio-trucks' for collection of compostable household waste caused lower exposure to dust and bacteria compared to the common compactor truck. This is most likely because loading the 'bio-trucks' generates less bioaerosols as the waste is not compressed. In addition, the workers are farther away from the source of exposure as the 'bio-trucks' are loaded from the top (approximately 3 m above the ground), whereas loading of the common compactor truck takes place close to the worker's breathing zone. In a study on collection of household waste with a compactor truck, it was found that the concentration of microorganisms was noticeable lower 2-3 m behind the truck (< 10 3 cfu m~3) as compared with close to the scoop of the truck (10 4 -10 5 cfu m~3) (Ducel et al., 1976) .

In a study on collection of household waste with a compactor truck, it was found that the concentration of microorganisms was noticeable lower 2-3 m behind the truck (< 10 3 cfu m~3) as compared with close to the scoop of the truck (10 4 -10 5 cfu m~3).


As mentioned above, the exposure to dust during collection of waste was fairly low, but as the dust analysis is less costly and time consuming than the analysis of any of the microbial parameters, it would be of great value if dust measurements could be used to predict the level of the other bioaerosol parameters, that is, if dust exposure could be used as an indicator of microbial exposure. Alternatively, microscopy counts of total microorganisms would be a convenient indicator as the samples can be stored frozen before analysis and the analysis is less expensive compared with culturing on a number of different media. By using the abovementioned limits for 'high' concentrations of the microbial parameters, the effectiveness of using dust or total microorganisms as indicators was tested on the present bioaerosol data. Diagnostic methods are often described in terms of the sensitivity, the specificity and the validity. Maximizing the validity (Va) may be useful for establishing the screening limit of a screening test. The value of Va should approach 2 as nearly as possible, but when it is important to detect hazardous situations the sensitivity (Se) should approach 1 at the cost of the specificity (Zielhuis and Verberk, 1974) . For this study the screening limit was derived from the criteria of maximizing the validity and keeping the sensitivity higher than the specificity. For practical applications it is important to know the performance of the screening test to predict the concentration of the true microbial parameter. For concentrations of the indicator below the screening limit the test would correctly classify the concentration of the true parameter as being 'low' or 'intermediate' for 82-95% (PV2) of the samples (Table 7) . For situations with concentrations of the indicator above the screening limit the test had a rather poor performance with only 20-46% (PV|) of the samples having 'high' concentrations of the true parameter. However, if such large misclassification is unacceptable the situation can be improved by analysing all samples exceeding the screening limit for content of the true parameter.

The value of Va should approach 2 as nearly as possible, but when it is important to detect hazardous situations the sensitivity (Se) should approach 1 at the cost of the specificity.


In our prediction tasks, we use a classic tree-structured machine learning classifier, Decision Tree (J48), and the scores calculated from evaluation metrics as features. Note that because we treat social relationships asymmetrically, social strength outputs two different scores, each coming from the node's own perspective. We compare the performance of our social strength to the three tie strength metrics introduced in Section 4.1. Four evaluators -Precision, Recall, F-Measure and Area Under Curve (AUC) -are used to evaluate the prediction performance. Table 2 shows the link prediction results of nodes 2 hops away. We run 10-fold cross validation [35] . Among all evaluations and classifiers, social strength outperforms other metrics in predicting link existence between pairs of users. We note that the AUC arrives up to 0.765 for the TF2 network and reaches 0.872 for the IE network when using social strength, greatly outperforming the other predictor metrics.

We run 10-fold cross validation.


We compare the prediction results with the ground truth obtained from the Higgs event diffusion process to verify the effectiveness of the social strength in predicting diffusion paths. We evaluate our method using accuracy, sensitivity and specificity [44] . To better demonstrate social strength's effective power on inferring diffusion processes, we compare the social strength prediction performance with the three other metrics (Jaccard Coefficient, Adamic-Adar and Katz) introduced in Section 4.1. Note that in the Higgs-Twitter dataset, users' retweet behavior happened during the diffusion process, and users' interaction information before diffusion is not available, which means all graphs are unweighted graphs. Therefore, we use the unweighted social strength (UWSS) metric introduced in Section 4.3 instead of the weighted one. Table 5 presents the prediction results in a 2-and 3-hop social distance, respectively. As both Jaccard Coefficient and Adamic-Adar metrics are restricted to predict within 2 hops, thus, only social strength and Katz results appear for 3 hops. We see that for both 2-and 3-hop path predictions, overall the accuracies of the social strength metric are higher than the other three metrics' in most of the scenarios, reaching a maximum of 0.753 with social strength metric in the 2-hop path prediction. The only exception occurs with 3-hop paths prediction where Katz shows minor advantage than social strength. Although 3-hop predictions show decreased accuracy compared to 2-hop results, they remain above 0.50.

We evaluate our method using accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.


Furthermore, on a global scale, using the year of 2008 as a reference, transportation sector is predicted to have a contribution of 82% to the total increase in the usage of liquid fuels in 2035 [5] . In the last three years, the sector experienced the largest annual growth rate, reaching 6.45% per year compared to the other sectors [12] . From the total energy consumption, 30% of the consumption came from the transportation sector.

Furthermore, on a global scale, using the year of 2008 as a reference, transportation sector is predicted to have a contribution of 82% to the total increase in the usage of liquid fuels in 2035.

In the last three years, the sector experienced the largest annual growth rate, reaching 6.45% per year compared to the other sectors.


Road transport has gradually become an essential part of the transportation system in cities of Indonesia. As result, road transport contributes more than 90% to the total oil consumption and is responsible the increase in the concentration of Greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants. Air pollutants from transportation sources include carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM) [13] . Furthermore, about 91% of the total GHG emissions were produced by road transportation, only about 1% and 8% of the total of GHG emission were produced by marine and air transport, respectively [14] .

Air pollutants from transportation sources include carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM).

Furthermore, about 91% of the total GHG emissions were produced by road transportation, only about 1% and 8% of the total of GHG emission were produced by marine and air transport, respectively.


Presently, research on electric vehicles (EVs) is necessary owing to the situation of diminishing fossil fuels and climate change. There are three main types of EV [1] . The first is a hybrid vehicle (HEV), which employs a combination of electricity and fossil fuels. The second is a plug-in hybrid vehicle (P-HEV), which employs electrical power for short distances and fossil fuels for long distances. Finally, there are electric vehicles that utilize electrical energy exclusively.

There are three main types of EV.


EVs have three main advantages compared with conventional vehicles. First, EVs are better for the environment, as they obtain their motive power from rechargeable batteries. This means that they function as a clean source of energy. Thus, toxic gases and fumes are not emitted, which reduces 2 emissions [2] . Second, EVs introduce a cost-saving effect, as electrical energy is cheaper than traditional fuels such as petrol and diesel. Moreover, the mechanical structure of an EV is simpler than that of a conventional car, and so it is cheaper to maintain. Finally, EVs reduce noise pollution, and electric motors provide a softer driving experience for drivers.

Thus, toxic gases and fumes are not emitted, which reduces 2 emissions.


Vehicle routing is to determine a traveling route of a vehicle geographically. Usually, it is defined as an optimization problem to minimize total travel time and distance. However, EV is powered by battery which still asks long charging time, and it has the short driving range due to the limit of battery capacity [3] . Thus, for EVs routing, it needs to consider not only travel time and distance traditionally, but also energy consumption. The battery can be drained more or can be charged according to the gradients of driving roads. EV consumes less energy or even charges the battery on downhill roads, but more energy is needed on uphill roads. Therefore, EV requires its own routing method with consideration of its characteristics. In addition, considering the limited capacity of battery, it is important that EV reaches its destination using the minimum amount of energy.

However, EV is powered by battery which still asks long charging time, and it has the short driving range due to the limit of battery capacity.


This paper has presented an energy efficient routing method for EVs. The energy efficiency, energy consumption, and speed were considered as parameters. The energy consumption included recuperation functions, which in turn help to save energy. The speed is related to the energy consumption, and so this was important to suitably adjust the speed. This study proposed an ER-ACO strategy that sets the energy consumption and speed using ACO. We compared other techniques with ER-ACO under four scenarios. As a result of the experiments, it was observed that the ER-ACO strategy achieves a good performance in terms of the energy efficiency. This study considered the case of arriving at the destination without charging. In future work, this can be expanded by adding a charge in the middle of the journey. In addition, various environmental factors can be considered, such as the positions of charging stations and charging costs [19, 20] .

In addition, various environmental factors can be considered, such as the positions of charging stations and charging costs.


We used thematic content analysis for qualitative analysis [39, 40] . The first author familiarised herself with the content of the transcripts and created an initial coding framework based on the topic guides. The coding and analysis was done through frequent discussions between the first two authors. Coding was both deductive and inductive i.e. a coding framework was developed to guide analysis, but new codes were added as they emerged. Themes that emerged from coding of the FGDs were explored further in the IDIs. Furthermore, a content matrix was developed to display themes and sub-themes as they emerged. This content matrix was useful to help summarise and synthesise data by individual or by theme and to see emergent patterns that were cross-cutting. All data from these interviews were coded using Atlas-ti. Essentially five steps were followed in the analysis of the transcripts: (1) Data management and familiarisation; (2) identification of a coding framework; (3) displaying themes and sub-themes; (4) data reduction; and (5) interpretation [40, 41] .

We used thematic content analysis for qualitative analysis.

Essentially five steps were followed in the analysis of the transcripts: (1) Data management and familiarisation; (2) identification of a coding framework; (3) displaying themes and sub-themes; (4) data reduction; and (5) interpretation.


The TBM is the most severe form of extra pulmonary tuberculosis that has a high morbidity and mortality [4, 5] . The definitive diagnosis of TBM depends on the M. tuberculosis agent detection from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Routinely, the survey of M. tuberculosis in CSF is carried out by conventional microbiological methods including ZiehlNeelsen smear, which has low sensitivity (0-20%) and culture, which requires until 65 days to final result [1, 6] .

The TBM is the most severe form of extra pulmonary tuberculosis that has a high morbidity and mortality.

Routinely, the survey of M. tuberculosis in CSF is carried out by conventional microbiological methods including ZiehlNeelsen smear, which has low sensitivity (0-20%) and culture, which requires until 65 days to final result.


Our finding that decreasing DCW values were obtained on head CT scans within a very early time from ROSC was surprising. HU values of the cerebral cortex gradually decreased in accordance with worsening of neurological outcome in just a few hours after ROSC. However, the HU values of the cortical WM1 did not change relative to neurological outcome. HU changes depend on the water content in brain tissue, and there is more water content in the cerebral cortex than in the WM [19] . If the ischemic insult that occurs to the brain results in edema, the edema occurs more often in the cerebral cortex than in the WM.

HU changes depend on the water content in brain tissue, and there is more water content in the cerebral cortex than in the WM.


The core results of the Ph II study have been published and focused on the efficacy and safety data from the study [11] . Briefly, there were no safety concerns with BAY 79-4980. However, the planned interim analysis by the data safety and monitoring board indicated that the primary and secondary efficacy endpoints would not be met. Prophylaxis with once a week BAY 79-4980 did not achieve non-inferiority compared to rFVIII-FS administered three times per week. Patients randomized to the study drug arm showed a statistically significant higher number of spontaneous bleeding and joint bleeding episodes compared to patients in the control arm. On the basis of the results of the interim analysis, the sponsor, Bayer Healthcare AG, halted the study. Despite the study not reaching completion, the high enrolment and patient number of the study as well as the comprehensive data gathered can potentially provide further insight into the factors that influence FVIII half-life and bleeding phenotype in patients with severe haemophilia A.

The core results of the Ph II study have been published and focused on the efficacy and safety data from the study.


There are different types of recommender systems that serve slightly different purposes. These include predictive recommender systems and top-n recommender systems [9] . Predictive recommender systems predict user ratings, and they are not necessarily responsible for making recommendations [9] . Making recommendations is the responsibility of top-n recommendation algorithms. These are responsible for ranking items so the more relevant items are presented to the user before other items. Unlike predictive algorithms, these algorithms do not necessarily make rating predictions [9] .

These include predictive recommender systems and top-n recommender systems.

Predictive recommender systems predict user ratings, and they are not necessarily responsible for making recommendations.

Unlike predictive algorithms, these algorithms do not necessarily make rating predictions.


Natural gas hydrates are crystalline solids composed of water and gas, in which the gas molecules (guests) are trapped in the water cavities (hosts). The water cavities are comprised of hydrogen-bonded water molecules. Methane, ethane, propane, and carbon dioxide are recognized as the typical natural gas molecules [1] . Given the restricted conventional fossil fuel reserves and the ever-increasing global energy demand, natural gas hydrate is regarded as a potential energy resource because the current estimated amount of natural gases encaged in gas hydrate is vast [2] . It is generally accepted that gas hydrate exists widely in oceanic sediments and the permafrost region where the conditions of high pressure and low temperature are favorable for its formation and stability [3] .

Methane, ethane, propane, and carbon dioxide are recognized as the typical natural gas molecules.

Given the restricted conventional fossil fuel reserves and the ever-increasing global energy demand, natural gas hydrate is regarded as a potential energy resource because the current estimated amount of natural gases encaged in gas hydrate is vast.

It is generally accepted that gas hydrate exists widely in oceanic sediments and the permafrost region where the conditions of high pressure and low temperature are favorable for its formation and stability.


The rigidity of a typical composite material raises problems, for example, for adjusting the conductivity of the material as conductivity can only be controlled by changing the material's composition during the fabrication process [12] . Modification of the composition causes problems in the physical properties of the material that affect the flexibility of the fabricated sample. Flexibility enables the conductivity of the material to be adjusted by controlling the pressure, which makes the feature important. As the pressure increases, the randomly distributed conductive particles approach each other until the particles come into contact with each other, thereby increasing the conductivity of the material [12] . The particles return to their initial position as the pressure is released. This mechanism can be exploited to adjust the electrical conductivity of the material by controlling the pressure.

The rigidity of a typical composite material raises problems, for example, for adjusting the conductivity of the material as conductivity can only be controlled by changing the material's composition during the fabrication process.

As the pressure increases, the randomly distributed conductive particles approach each other until the particles come into contact with each other, thereby increasing the conductivity of the material.


The typical applications for flexible composite materials are various pressure sensors based on piezoelectric, optical, magnetic, capacitive, or resistive principles [10] [11] [12] . In these, distortion and tension can be transformed into an electrically measured signal. A piezoelectric sensor generates a signal as the pressure changes, wherefore it is not usually possible to observe static loads. Static loads can, however, be sensed with resistive or capacitive sensors, while the capacitive measuring method has better resolution [10] . A piezoresistive sensing principle utilizes the change in resistivity as a material is exposed to mechanical force [10] . For example, in previous research polyurethane foams have been utilized to produce a resistive compressible pressure sensor [12] .

The typical applications for flexible composite materials are various pressure sensors based on piezoelectric, optical, magnetic, capacitive, or resistive principles.

Static loads can, however, be sensed with resistive or capacitive sensors, while the capacitive measuring method has better resolution.

A piezoresistive sensing principle utilizes the change in resistivity as a material is exposed to mechanical force.

For example, in previous research polyurethane foams have been utilized to produce a resistive compressible pressure sensor.


Diagnosing hypovolemia is an everyday challenge in critical care. Clinicians utilize a large array of tools from simple clinical signs to invasive hemodynamic measurements, but a universally accepted gold standard remains elusive [1] . Although diagnosis may prove difficult, early recognition of hypovolemia is of utmost importance. By the time macrohemodynamic changes manifest, the microcirculation may already be damaged [2] . Furthermore, fluid therapy is a double-edged sword: on the one hand fluid resuscitation can save lives, but on the other hand a cumulative positive fluid balance is an independent factor for mortality [3, 4] . Deciding on the level of monitoring (noninvasive, "less" invasive, invasive) and which parameter to monitor in order to keep the critically ill patient normovolemic remains uncertain.

Clinicians utilize a large array of tools from simple clinical signs to invasive hemodynamic measurements, but a universally accepted gold standard remains elusive.

By the time macrohemodynamic changes manifest, the microcirculation may already be damaged.

Furthermore, fluid therapy is a double-edged sword: on the one hand fluid resuscitation can save lives, but on the other hand a cumulative positive fluid balance is an independent factor for mortality.


Placental endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has recently been recognized as playing a central role in the pathophysiology of early-onset pre-eclampsia and FGR, but not in late-onset pre-eclampsia [31, 32] . The ER is the major organelle for the biosynthesis of polypeptide hormones, growth factors and plasma membrane proteins, and initiates their folding and post-translational modifications. Overloading of the ER with nascent proteins, or perturbation of its ionic homeostasis through a variety of pathological stimuli, can lead to an imbalance between the protein load and the capacity of the folding machinery. As a result, unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate in the lumen, a condition known as ER stress [36] . This leads to activation of signalling pathways, collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Initially, the UPR aims to restore normal ER function but, if the attempt fails, apoptotic cascades are activated to eliminate damaged cells. The UPR comprises three highly conserved signalling pathways, including PERK-eIF2α-ATF4, which attenuates non-essential protein synthesis and increases antioxidant defence systems; ATF6, which up-regulates ER chaperones (GRP78 and GRP94) to increase folding capacity; and IRE1-XBP1, which increases phospholipid biosynthesis and promotes misfolded protein degradation [33] . These pathways are activated sequentially in a severity-dependent manner [31, 34] .

Placental endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has recently been recognized as playing a central role in the pathophysiology of early-onset pre-eclampsia and FGR, but not in late-onset pre-eclampsia.

As a result, unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate in the lumen, a condition known as ER stress.

The UPR comprises three highly conserved signalling pathways, including PERK-eIF2α-ATF4, which attenuates non-essential protein synthesis and increases antioxidant defence systems; ATF6, which up-regulates ER chaperones (GRP78 and GRP94) to increase folding capacity; and IRE1-XBP1, which increases phospholipid biosynthesis and promotes misfolded protein degradation.

These pathways are activated sequentially in a severity-dependent manner.


Our outcomes compare well with those of leading leukemia cooperative groups. For COG AALL0331 (SR only), 5-year continuous OS was 98.8%, EFS was 96.4% and CIR was 4.8% [19] . In the present study, NCI-SR patients had a 5-year OS of 94.2% ± 2.0%, EFS of 91.9% ± 2.4%, and CIR of 5.4% ± 1.9%. NCI-HR patients in COG AALL0232 had 5-year OS of 85.0% ± 0.9% and EFS of 75.3% ± 1.1%, compared to our patients OS of 81.6% ± 6.1% and EFS of 81.2% ± 6.0% [8] .

For COG AALL0331 (SR only), 5-year continuous OS was 98.8%, EFS was 96.4% and CIR was 4.8%.

NCI-HR patients in COG AALL0232 had 5-year OS of 85.0% ± 0.9% and EFS of 75.3% ± 1.1%, compared to our patients OS of 81.6% ± 6.1% and EFS of 81.2% ± 6.0%.


Furthermore, we systematically study Fourier analysis on fusion bialgebras. We show that the Hausdorff-Young inequalities, uncertainty principles hold for fusion bialgebras and their duals; Young's inequalities and the sum-set estimate hold for fusion bialgebras, but not necessarily on their duals. In fact, for the dual of a fusion bialgebra, Young's inequality implies Schur product property, and Schur product property implies the sum-set estimate. Therefore, Young's inequality is also an obstruction to unitary categorify a fusion ring or to subfactorize a fusion bialgebra, and the sum-set estimate is a potential obstruction. It is worth mentioning that the Schur product property (or Young's inequality) holds on arbitrary n-box space of the Temperley-Lieb-Jones planar algebra iff it is a subfactor planar algebras, namely the circle parameter is the square root of the Jones index [14] .

It is worth mentioning that the Schur product property (or Young's inequality) holds on arbitrary n-box space of the Temperley-Lieb-Jones planar algebra iff it is a subfactor planar algebras, namely the circle parameter is the square root of the Jones index.


A drug and therapeutics committee, or as it is also often called, a pharmacy and therapeutics committee, can be defined in different ways. According to the WHO the goal of a DTC is "to ensure that patients are provided with the best possible costeffective and quality of care through determining what medicines will be available, at what cost, and how they will be used" [7] . The American Society of Health System Pharmacists (ASHP) has stated that "the P&T committee should serve in an evaluative, educational, and advisory capacity to the medical staff and organisational administration in all matters that pertain to the use of medications (including investigational medications)" [8] . The definition of the MeSH term Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee is narrower: "An advisory group composed primarily of staff physicians and the pharmacist which serves as the communication link between the medical staff and the pharmacy department" [9] . The emphasis in this definition is on hospitals and not on collaboration among different healthcare providers and pharmacies within a geographical area.

According to the WHO the goal of a DTC is "to ensure that patients are provided with the best possible costeffective and quality of care through determining what medicines will be available, at what cost, and how they will be used".

The American Society of Health System Pharmacists (ASHP) has stated that "the P&T committee should serve in an evaluative, educational, and advisory capacity to the medical staff and organisational administration in all matters that pertain to the use of medications (including investigational medications)".

The definition of the MeSH term Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee is narrower: "An advisory group composed primarily of staff physicians and the pharmacist which serves as the communication link between the medical staff and the pharmacy department".


The introduction of an artificial mushy zone requires the 'extension' of solidification point T* on a certain interval of temperatures [T* -∆T, T* + ∆T]. Next for this interval the substitute thermal capacity should be defined (see the next section). Finally the Stefan problem is substituted by the mathematical model called in literature the one domain method [8, 9] . The aim of research presented in this paper is the analysis of a solidification problem solution obtained for different values of ∆T.

Finally the Stefan problem is substituted by the mathematical model called in literature the one domain method.


The effect of FINGER is not significant for neither dimension. While some participants perceived the same or very similar sensations with both fingers, others considered either their index or middle finger as less sensitive, which could vary with the experimental conditions. These results are not surprising as the sensations experienced from electricity depend on the contact point and the characteristics of the skin (e.g., thickness, intact or damaged [9, 10, 17] ). Two participants did not perceive the stimuli S3, S4, and S5 during all experimental conditions, whereas others noticed a sensation only when they moved their fingers very close to the device.

These results are not surprising as the sensations experienced from electricity depend on the contact point and the characteristics of the skin (e.g., thickness, intact or damaged).


The power spectrum had a slope of Ϫ2 (Fig. 8) as has been observed in the ocean and other lakes (Saggio and Imberger 1998) . Waves generated after the thermocline upwelled on 24 April had frequencies ranging from 0.36 to 0.9 cph (Fig. 5, 26 .5ЊC and 26.6ЊC isotherms). Waves with frequencies between 0.3 and 12 cph were generated in the thermocline after midnight on 25 April (Fig. 6 ), and waves with frequencies between 1.5 and 3 cph were observed subsequent to thermocline downwelling (Fig. 7) . Waves with a frequency between 2.2 and 9 cph were ubiquitous and appeared immediately after gusts of wind. Although there were no significant peaks in the spectrum, the data show the importance of changes in wind forcing and, as to be discussed later, the movement of water masses, for generating waves at moderate to high frequencies in the embayment.

The power spectrum had a slope of Ϫ2 (Fig. 8) as has been observed in the ocean and other lakes.


Some limitations of this study are worth mentioning. Firstly, since there was a 21-month lag between the quantitative evaluation and the qualitative data collection, it is possible that there are recall issues for men and women in remembering events and dynamics around the time of the transfer programme. Secondly, although every effort was made verbally and in writing to explain to the participants that the research team was not affiliated with the transfer implementing organisation (WFP) and that there were no plans for future transfers, some individuals may have given overly positive answers in the hope of encouraging a renewal of the transfer programme. This could have resulted in women de-emphasising any potential links between the transfers and violence. However, we would not expect these biases to be quantitatively different between the control and treatment groups, and therefore they would not affect the internal validity of the findings. On the other hand, for the qualitative results, since the intervention was framed as 'food security and nutrition' , even if the respondents thought that the interviews and the intervention were connected, it is unlikely that they assumed that their answers to IPV-related questions would influence their eligibility for a potential future transfer. Furthermore, the triangulation of quantitative and qualitative results provided further validity to our findings. Moreover, detailed data on plausible mechanisms through which transfers might have an impact on IPV were not collected in the survey. For future research it would be advantageous to collect data related to these mechanisms, such as specific stress indicators or biomarkers [38] . Finally, since all beneficiaries received transfers in addition to nutrition training, it is impossible to quantitatively disentangle the effects of the transfer alone from those of the training.

For future research it would be advantageous to collect data related to these mechanisms, such as specific stress indicators or biomarkers.


Since the 19 th century, ocean wave energy has often been studied as a key renewable energy resource. Over 1000 patented wave energy take-off devices have been proposed as energy converters in the last several decades. Recently, as a specific functional structure system, an array of porous circular cylinders has been studied for use as an efficient wave energy take-off or attenuation system (Park et al., 2010) . In general, wave energy take-off techniques are based on nine ideas (McCormick, 2007) . One of the most practical and energy efficient concepts is the Oscillating Water Column (OWC), which is based on a pneumatic power take-off inside the chamber achieved by using specially designed air turbines, such as the Wells, Impulse, and DennissAuld turbines.

Recently, as a specific functional structure system, an array of porous circular cylinders has been studied for use as an efficient wave energy take-off or attenuation system.

In general, wave energy take-off techniques are based on nine ideas.


The first connection, which we explore in this paper, is the similarity of the system to Girard's approach to amalgamating classical and linear logic into one setting. In a linear sequent calculus it is natural to model context by dividing the terms to the left of the turnstile into a "classical" portion followed by a "linear" portion. Context categories are the categorical proof theory of this fragment of Girard's "unified logic" [12] . Many of the significant features of the semantics of unified logic may be studied in this fragment alone, and although we press on to a more symmetric system, we suggest some attention is warranted for this more modest fragment. Indeed, it does provide the basic building block of the categorical proof theory for unified logic: by adding a cocontext one can then model the division of the terms to the right of the turnstile into a classical and linear portion. This allows one to view the linear portion as being fork fibred over the context and cocontext. To obtain the further "features" of linear logic we claim that one simply now adds them in a suitably fork fibred manner.

Context categories are the categorical proof theory of this fragment of Girard's "unified logic".


Agricultural technology is a fundamental driving force for rural development. But the adoption of modern technologies, such as improved seeds and fertilizers, is low in many developing countries (Foster and Rosenzweig, 2010) . For instance, in developing countries, only around 50% of the maize area is under modern varieties (MVs), including hybrids and improved open-pollinated varieties (OPVs), whereas in developed countries the MV share is close to 100%. There are also large differences in yield. Mean maize yields are 4 t/ha and 9 t/ha in developing and developed countries, respectively (Shiferaw et al., 2011) .

But the adoption of modern technologies, such as improved seeds and fertilizers, is low in many developing countries.

Mean maize yields are 4 t/ha and 9 t/ha in developing and developed countries, respectively.


The search for reasons has concentrated on several adoption constraints. One such constraint is limited access to information; being aware of a technology is a necessary condition for adoption (Diagne and Demont, 2007) . Other possible constraints are market imperfections for insurance and credit (Foster and Rosenzweig, 2010) . Policy recommendations usually focus on alleviating such constraints through the provision of extension, insurance, or credit schemes. A recent study has pointed towards behavioral biases as a related but conceptually different set of constraints (Duflo et al., 2011) . Farmers may have access to information, credit, and insurance, but fail to behave rationally, for example by discounting myopically. A policy response could be in the form of "nudges" to correct behavioral biases. Yet another possibility is that nonadoption is neither the result of constraints nor behavioral biases.

One such constraint is limited access to information; being aware of a technology is a necessary condition for adoption.

Other possible constraints are market imperfections for insurance and credit.

A recent study has pointed towards behavioral biases as a related but conceptually different set of constraints.


In Section 7, the presented non-smooth inequality complementarity approach is finally compared with different other frictional impact models that are found in literature. In particular, the collision operator for a sphere is derived from the impact geometry of the striking bar to show equivalence with Walton's approach [8] . This serves as the link to Stronge's energetic restitution coefficient, which is used together with a lumped mass model [7] . Final conclusions summarizing the obtained results are given in Section 8.

In particular, the collision operator for a sphere is derived from the impact geometry of the striking bar to show equivalence with Walton's approach.

This serves as the link to Stronge's energetic restitution coefficient, which is used together with a lumped mass model.


Using plants for medicinal purposes is an important part of the culture and tradition in Africa. The use of natural products together with their therapeutic properties is ancient as human civilization. For a long time, mineral, plant and animal products were the main sources of drugs. The importance of medicinal plants and traditional health systems in solving the health care problems is *Corresponding author. E-mail: latifkabe@yahoo.fr. Tel: +229 97 60 48 89. gaining increasing attention (Kawsar et al., 2008) . Medicinal plants produce enormous secondary metabolites with distinct biological properties that make them valuable as health products or as structural templates for drug discovery (Mariita et al., 2011) . The world health organization (WHO) estimates that more than 80% of the world population is dependent (wholly or partially) on plant-based drugs (Orwa et al., 2008) .

E-mail: latifkabe@yahoo.fr.

Tel: +229 97 60 48 89. gaining increasing attention.

Medicinal plants produce enormous secondary metabolites with distinct biological properties that make them valuable as health products or as structural templates for drug discovery.

The world health organization (WHO) estimates that more than 80% of the world population is dependent (wholly or partially) on plant-based drugs.


The rotation induced oblateness of astronomical bodies is a classical problem in Newtonian and celestial mechanics (for the early history, see Todhunter [1] ). It has twice played an important role in the history of science. In the early eighteenth century measurements indicated a prolate shape of the Earth, in strong conflict with the Newtonian prediction. This was later shown to be wrong by more careful measurements by Maupertuis, Clairaut, and Celsius in northern Sweden in 1736. Then, in 1967, measurements of the solar oblateness were published and according to these it was much larger than the Sun's surface angular velocity would explain. The confirmation of general relativity by Mercury's perihelion precession would then be lost. Also this problem is now gone and the modern consensus is that the solar oblateness is too small to affect this classic test of general relativity [2, 3, 4] .

The rotation induced oblateness of astronomical bodies is a classical problem in Newtonian and celestial mechanics (for the early history, see Todhunter).

Also this problem is now gone and the modern consensus is that the solar oblateness is too small to affect this classic test of general relativity.


Harmonics mitigation and reactive power compensation have become increasingly essential in power distribution systems due primarily to significant increase of current harmonics resulted from widespread use of nonlinear loads such as power converters, adjustable speed drives and uninterruptible power supplies. The presence of current harmonics not only degrades overall system efficiency by worsening its power factor (PF) performance, but also causes other associated problems such as equipment overheating, failures of sensitive devices and capacitor blowing [1] [2] [3] . Therefore, it is compulsory to minimize the harmonics level of a power system.

The presence of current harmonics not only degrades overall system efficiency by worsening its power factor (PF) performance, but also causes other associated problems such as equipment overheating, failures of sensitive devices and capacitor blowing.


The accuracy of the SLNB procedure in predicting the axillary status in patients with early-stage breast cancer and clinically negative lymph nodes has been demonstrated in at least four studies [3, 4, 7, 8] . Based on their results, in these patients, a negative SLN is considered sufficient to rule out metastases in other axillary nodes and to avoid further axillary dissection. This leads to reduced short-term morbidity and improved quality of life [6, 9, 10] . Today most clinical guidelines [e.g. 11] include appropriate SLN identification and sampling procedure in their recommendations. Yet, information on the long-term effects of a surgical strategy based on SNLB, as compared with routine ALND, is still inadequate. The present study was designed at a time when this information was not available at all. It was designed as a noninferiority trial analyzing theoretically 2750 enrolled patients. Despite an accrual much lower than what had been prospected, thus rendering the study underpowered, the results provide further support to the hypothesis that SLNB not only reduces the need for complete axillary dissection without compromising long-term outcome but also confirms that crucial questions still need to be answered.

The accuracy of the SLNB procedure in predicting the axillary status in patients with early-stage breast cancer and clinically negative lymph nodes has been demonstrated in at least four studies.

This leads to reduced short-term morbidity and improved quality of life.


In this letter we have shown that weakly coupled N = 4 SYM theory at finite temperature on a spatial S 3 is described at large N by an eigenvalue distribution on the complex cylinder. It is of immediate interest to understand the droplet picture in the vicinity of the phase transition, and also whether the strongly coupled theory may be formulated in the Coulomb gas language. This could lead to a new approach for counting black hole microstates. Some progress studying higher traces of the Polyakov-Maldacena loops at strong coupling was recently made [10] . The Coulomb gas framework we have presented has a description in terms of fermions, suggesting a connection to a different droplet picture of certain BPS states recently developed for the zero temperature theory [11, 12] .

Some progress studying higher traces of the Polyakov-Maldacena loops at strong coupling was recently made.

The Coulomb gas framework we have presented has a description in terms of fermions, suggesting a connection to a different droplet picture of certain BPS states recently developed for the zero temperature theory.


Certification and trade related policies are both dealing with combating illegal logging, and should thus have some degree of impact on international trade. FSC sets criteria based on an international set of standards for sustainable forest management [5] . Legality is part of the sustainability definition and therefore, forest certification schemes can provide evidence of legal and sustainable timber [6] . The main objective of FLEGT and its VPA system was to ensure that only timber coming from legal sources enters the EU market, whereas EUTR further reinforces these endeavors by requiring importers to demonstrate "due diligence" and prohibits timber imports if not covered by FLEGT or CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) permits [13] .

FSC sets criteria based on an international set of standards for sustainable forest management.

Legality is part of the sustainability definition and therefore, forest certification schemes can provide evidence of legal and sustainable timber.

The main objective of FLEGT and its VPA system was to ensure that only timber coming from legal sources enters the EU market, whereas EUTR further reinforces these endeavors by requiring importers to demonstrate "due diligence" and prohibits timber imports if not covered by FLEGT or CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) permits.


Koalas are arboreal folivores that feed almost exclusively on the leaves of Eucalyptus trees, which are low in protein, are physically difficult to process, are highly defended chemically and at times toxic (Cork and Sanson 1990) . Part of the chemical defense involves reducing the availability of protein, thereby resulting in a low-nutrient diet that is further diluted by large amounts of relatively indigestible plant cell wall (fibre). Koalas are hindgut fermenters and therefore, in order for them to digest this high-fibre diet, the food material must first be broken down finely by the teeth.

Koalas are arboreal folivores that feed almost exclusively on the leaves of Eucalyptus trees, which are low in protein, are physically difficult to process, are highly defended chemically and at times toxic.


While the most intuitive solution is to spend at the point of maximal effect of each intervention, this is not possible in low-resource settings: in addition to the effectiveness of interventions, cost must be considered. In such settings the opportunity costs of allocating additional resources to one intervention over another might be great and so a greedy approach may not be appropriate. Differences in uptake, coverage, and consistency also support the notion that no single prevention method will be sufficient for disease eradication. Instead, a combination of interventions, known as combination prevention, is likely to be the most efficient use of public health funding [24] .

Instead, a combination of interventions, known as combination prevention, is likely to be the most efficient use of public health funding.


The construction industry is the tool through which society goals of urban and rural development can be achieved. It has a great impact on the economy of all countries (Leibing, 2001) . However, the construction process is influenced by highly changing and unexpected variables, which could result from different sources. These sources include performance of construction parties, financial issues, managerial issues, resources unavailability, and external conditions. As a result, poor performance in terms of delay and cost overrun in construction projects could occur. The construction industry and its parties are associated with high degree of risk due to the nature of construction business activities, processes, environment and organization. Risk in construction has been the object of attention because of time and cost overruns associated with construction projects (Kartam et al., 2001) .

It has a great impact on the economy of all countries.

Risk in construction has been the object of attention because of time and cost overruns associated with construction projects.


In recent years, microfluidic devices have been utilized in the field of biotechnology. Trapping, sorting, and manipulating of biological cells in a microfluidic channel is prodominant in lab-on-a-chip technology. For separation of fluid solutions into its components for biomedical applications such as DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis and cell separations, using microfluididc devices is recommended. Although magnetism and microfluidics have been recently combined; but none of them is new. Many attentions have been received for Magnetic field-based bioseparation in microfluidic devices because of its great applications in biomedical research, clinical diagnostics and biotechnological sciences [1] - [4] . In the past few years, several magnetic particle-based microfluidic bioseparation systems have been developed for separation, analysis and detection of biomolecules [5] , [6] . Since the magnetic susceptibility of native biological cells is not large or specific enough for separation, using magnetic beads has become one of the most common methods for magnetic cell separations. Magnetic nanoparticles have remarkable advantages. Their diameter can be controlled in the range of a few nanometers to tens of nanometers, thus they are able to be smaller than or comparable to a cell (10-100 μm), a virus (20-450 nm), a protein (5-50 nm) or a gene (2 nm wide and 10-100 nm long). Therefore, magnetic nanoparticles can get closer or penetrate a biological entity. Permanent magnets or electromagnets are utilized for capturing of the functionalized particles in chosen points in in-vivo and in-vitro applications.

Many attentions have been received for Magnetic field-based bioseparation in microfluidic devices because of its great applications in biomedical research, clinical diagnostics and biotechnological sciences.

In the past few years, several magnetic particle-based microfluidic bioseparation systems have been developed for separation, analysis and detection of biomolecules.


Cereals are very susceptible substrate for the moulds growth. Depending on environmental conditions in the field and during storage, moulds growth may result in mycotoxins contamination of the crops. It has been reported that approximately 25% of the total cereals world production is contaminated by at least one mycotoxin (Devegowda et al., 1998) .

It has been reported that approximately 25% of the total cereals world production is contaminated by at least one mycotoxin.


Results of 130 cereal samples analyzed for AFs are summarized in Table 2 . It is evident that none of the examined samples of wheat, barley, oats and rye were contaminated with AFs. On the other hand, among 40 analyzed maize samples, 24 of them (60.0%) were contaminated with AFs. Results obtained using ELISA method showed that AFs concentration in contaminated maize samples were distributed in the following way: 4 (17%) samples had the concentration between 1 and 10 µg/kg, 13 (54%) samples between 10 and 50 µg/kg and 7 (29%) between 50 and 75 µg/kg. ELISA method is defined as screening method which major advantages are minimal sample clean-up and preparation, simple procedure and low prices. However, the major disadvantage of ELISA method is possible cross-reactivity to similar compounds. Therefore, confirmation by HPLC based procedure is required (Anklam et al., 2002) . HPLC analysis of contaminated maize samples confirmed that all 24 maize samples contained AFs. Results of AFs analysis using HPLC as well as the results obtained with ELISA method are shown in Table 3 .

Therefore, confirmation by HPLC based procedure is required.


Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is described as the biotransformation that takes place in a solid matrix in the absence or near absence of free water [6] . SSF has received extra attention over the last few years as researchers explored the production of added-value compounds such as enzymes, antibiotics, bioactive compounds, biological control molecules, etc., by using biomass or by-products from other processes [7, 8] . Several studies have reported the optimization of cellulases and hemicellulases' production due to their role in biofuel production and associated costs [9, 10] .

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is described as the biotransformation that takes place in a solid matrix in the absence or near absence of free water.

SSF has received extra attention over the last few years as researchers explored the production of added-value compounds such as enzymes, antibiotics, bioactive compounds, biological control molecules, etc., by using biomass or by-products from other processes.

Several studies have reported the optimization of cellulases and hemicellulases' production due to their role in biofuel production and associated costs.


Specifically, we use Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS) data from 1984 to 1998 to answer a series of longstanding questions in the HCHRM literature. We begin by asking whether the presence of voice is a significant predictor of HCHRM intensity. The existence of a positive correlation between the two usage decisions would be an indicator of "supermodularity" (Milgrom and Roberts, 1995) . As a corollary we also ask which voice-type (i.e., union, dual or non-union) is most strongly linked to HCHRM intensity. This is an important question as it has been argued that HCHRM and union voice act as substitutes at the workplace. We then ask what workplace characteristics are likely to increase the net benefit of adopting voice and HCHRM and test whether these associations are empirically significant. Finally, we ask why it is that sector (state sector vs. private sector) and ownership type (family owned vs. publicly owned) remain such significant predictors of voice and HCHRM intensity across workplaces, even after controlling for typical explanations such as workplace size and industry.

The existence of a positive correlation between the two usage decisions would be an indicator of "supermodularity".


When employers treat these latter dimensions seriously, they can be said to employ a formal voice regime at their workplace Voice regimes can be direct or representative in nature and can be delivered in a number of ways; via a union, through management led initiatives or as part of some dual channel where management voice and union collective representation are both present (Willman et al., 2004) . Voice can also be accompanied by a system of high commitment human resource management (HCHRM) practices. The specific practices that form part of any given HCHRM system can be quite diverse, but typically they involve managerial attempts to motivate and manage workers through a series of workplace practices rather than through strict command and control structures. These various choices (e.g., the choice between adopting certain HCHRM practices or not, between offering voice or not, and between the in-house employer provision of voice or some union provision of voice) can be thought of as "technological" or "process innovation" adoption decisions. In this paper we model the correlates of these adoption decisions for British workplaces.

When employers treat these latter dimensions seriously, they can be said to employ a formal voice regime at their workplace Voice regimes can be direct or representative in nature and can be delivered in a number of ways; via a union, through management led initiatives or as part of some dual channel where management voice and union collective representation are both present.


Other approaches consist in testing only a representative sample of the products. Typical methods select these products according to some coverage criterion on the FD (e.g. all the valid couples of features must occur in at least one tested product [7, 25] ). An alternative method is to associate each feature with a weight and prioritize the products with the highest weight [15, 16] . This actually helps testers to scope more finely and flexibly relevant products to test than a covering criteria alone. Yet, assigning meaningful weights is cumbersome in the absence of additional information regarding their behaviour.

Typical methods select these products according to some coverage criterion on the FD (e.g. all the valid couples of features must occur in at least one tested product).

An alternative method is to associate each feature with a weight and prioritize the products with the highest weight.


First, the independence of the features in the FD and the low size of valid FTS traces does not allow to reduce significantly the number of products associate to each trace. This is caused by the web nature of the application which allows for liberal ways of exploring the FTS with many independent feature expressions (i.e., most feature expressions concern optional features with few dependencies to other features). In order to get a more concrete product, one could generate longer traces in the DTMC by coupling probabilistic approach to more classical state/transition coverage criteria [21] . This is left for future work.

In order to get a more concrete product, one could generate longer traces in the DTMC by coupling probabilistic approach to more classical state/transition coverage criteria.

This is left for future work.


To our best knowledge, there is no previous work that identifies the memory and runtime bottlenecks of LSTM RNNs. Our work hence starts by performing a detailed analysis of the memory consumption and runtime of the LSTM RNNbased NMT model [4, 61, 6, 68] . Our major observations are that (1) the feature maps of the attention layers are the memory bottleneck, and (2) the fully-connected layers are the runtime bottleneck. We leverage these two major observations to develop our optimized implementation of LSTM RNN called EcoRNN that targets these memory and runtime bottlenecks respectively.

Our work hence starts by performing a detailed analysis of the memory consumption and runtime of the LSTM RNNbased NMT model.


The SFA uses a discretization method based on the Momentary Fourier Transform (MFT), for the approximation process. The MFT targets to keep the critical data extracting the Fourier coefficients of the signal [1] . This method allows to incrementally compute the first f Fourier coefficients of a sliding window in a series in efficient manner.

The MFT targets to keep the critical data extracting the Fourier coefficients of the signal.


Chronic abuse and neglect can be defined as "recurrent incidents of maltreatment over a prolonged period of time" (Bromfield, Gillingham, and Higgins, 2007) . Chronic experiences of child abuse and neglect occurring over different developmental periods can have a profound and exponential impact on a child's life (Frederico; Jackson; and Black, 2008; Miller, 2007) . In associating child abuse and neglect with negative consequences, it is important to consider a child's abuse history rather than one isolated episode of abuse.

Chronic abuse and neglect can be defined as "recurrent incidents of maltreatment over a prolonged period of time".

Chronic experiences of child abuse and neglect occurring over different developmental periods can have a profound and exponential impact on a child's life.


Children affected by neglect tend to be more isolated at school compared to other groups of children and have difficulty making friends (Hildyard and Wolf, 2002) . Neglected children may also display aggressive and disruptive behaviour; however, externalizing behaviour problems are more closely associated with physical and sexual abuse or witnessing domestic violence (Hildyard and Wolf, 2002; Holt, Buckley, and Whelan, 2008) . Inappropriate sexualized behaviour is also linked with abuse and neglect, and most commonly with sexual abuse and exposure to highly violent and sexualized environments (Corby, 2006; Merrick, Litrownik, Everson, and Cox, 2008) .

Children affected by neglect tend to be more isolated at school compared to other groups of children and have difficulty making friends.

Neglected children may also display aggressive and disruptive behaviour; however, externalizing behaviour problems are more closely associated with physical and sexual abuse or witnessing domestic violence.

Inappropriate sexualized behaviour is also linked with abuse and neglect, and most commonly with sexual abuse and exposure to highly violent and sexualized environments.


The aim of the present article was to examine whether the presence of immigrants correlates with the housing market divide between city center and the urban periphery. To address this issue, we used the housing price gradient between center and periphery rather than the average house prices, which can only reveal the polarization of prices between cities, not within them. In times of economic recession, especially in a country like Italy (which has one of the weakest economies of the Western Euro-Zone), it seems important to investigate whether a relationship exists between the immigrant population and urban polarization, also in terms of the housing market [11, 12] . We investigated certain socio-economic factors to see whether immigration contributes to the housing market divide. We also aimed to ascertain whether housing price gradients vary for different degrees of urban density [13] [14] [15] . Although land theory explains the key factors influencing housing price gradients, the relevance of some socio-economic issues (including immigration) is contentous, and has not been thoroughly investigated.

In times of economic recession, especially in a country like Italy (which has one of the weakest economies of the Western Euro-Zone), it seems important to investigate whether a relationship exists between the immigrant population and urban polarization, also in terms of the housing market.

We also aimed to ascertain whether housing price gradients vary for different degrees of urban density.


A cultural heritage institution is confronted with many important choices when it decides to publish Linked Data and reuse an ontology (Obrst et al., 2014) . One of the first decisions to make, is whether to invest in infrastructure to publish Linked Data or provide data to an aggregator of cultural heritage information. The former leaves the choice of which ontology to use up to the institution, while an aggregator might require data to be provided in a specific structure (Clayphan et al., 2016) . The decision of which ontology to use has implications for the source data that can be included, as well as the shape of the resulting Linked Data. In this paper, we discuss the impact of such decisions, with respect to six modeling challenges. The challenges originate from related work, as well as our experience of publishing data about objects in the collection of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam (Dijkshoorn et al., 2018) . The mission of this museum is to provide an overview of Dutch art and history from the Middle Ages onwards. The museum is well known for its paintings by Old Masters, although the collection includes artifacts ranging from weapons to sculptures.

A cultural heritage institution is confronted with many important choices when it decides to publish Linked Data and reuse an ontology.

The former leaves the choice of which ontology to use up to the institution, while an aggregator might require data to be provided in a specific structure.

The challenges originate from related work, as well as our experience of publishing data about objects in the collection of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.


A factor limiting earlier methods from tacking full pose-estimation with end-to-end learning methods, in particular deep networks, was the limited amount of labeled data. Such techniques, with millions or more parameters, require more data than structured techniques that have more a priori knowledge, such as DPMs. We attack this issue on two fronts. First, directly, by using larger labeled training sets which have become available in the past year or two, such as FLIC [38] . Second, indirectly, by better exploiting the data we have. The annotations provided by typical pose estimation datasets contain much richer information compared to the class labels in object recognition datasets In particular, we show that the relationships among parts contained in these annotations can be used to build better detectors.

We attack this issue on two fronts.

First, directly, by using larger labeled training sets which have become available in the past year or two, such as FLIC.


Pleurodema thaul has a prolonged breeding season, from July to December, during which males call from the water surface in slow flowing creeks, pools, and lagoons, perched on emergent vegetation, with their vocal sacs inflated. Its advertisement call consists of a long sequence of pulses, each of which has duration of approximately 50 ms and contains intrapulse amplitude modulations. The spectrum has a dominant frequency centered at approximately 2 kHz (Penna & Veloso, 1990; Solís, 1994; Penna, Velásquez & Solís, 2008) .

The spectrum has a dominant frequency centered at approximately 2 kHz.