All the results hold if J is taken to be exponentially fast decaying at infinity. We denote F(m) as the excess free energy functional. The m 1 , (respectively m 2 ), is then interpreted as the magnetization density associated, through a block spin transformation, to the sites where the random magnetic field takes the value +1, (respectively −1). The parameter β −1 is the product of the absolute temperature and the Boltzmann constant. The parameter θ represents the strength (the variance) of the external random magnetic field. Notice that the functional (1.1) is well defined and positive, although it could take infinite values. In F(m) there are two mechanisms to penalize departures from equilibrium. The first one is ruled by the free energy density f β,θ (m 1 , m 2 ). Any value of m(r) which is not a minimizer of f β,θ (m 1 , m 2 ), i.e. different from m β and T m β , contributes to the total free energy proportionally to the space volume where it is attained. There is also some penalty for changing the minimizer in different regions of space, which is given by the non-local term. Thus the global minimizers of F are the functions that are constantly equal to the minimizer of f β,θ (m 1 , m 2 ), their free energy is 0 and they correspond to the two pure thermodynamic phases m β and T m β . We are interested in determining the shape and properties of the optimal profile for the interfaces between a region m β and T m β . In our case the optimal profile is a minimizer of F among all functions whose asymptotic values at ±∞ are m β and T m β , respectively or the reverse. These two families of minimizers are well separated in all the metrics in which we work, and it suffices to consider only one of them. Actually, one is obtained by T -reflecting the other, where T is the map which associates at m = (m 1 , m 2 ), T m = (−m 2 , −m 1 ). Knowledge of this particular type of stationary solutions is relevant for characterizing the interfaces appearing in the typical spin configurations of a RFKM [12] .

Knowledge of this particular type of stationary solutions is relevant for characterizing the interfaces appearing in the typical spin configurations of a RFKM.


Wireless technology has now reached the stage where communication is possible at any point on the earth. Millions of people transmit and exchange information using technologies such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants and other wireless devices. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are a set of distribution nodes without the need for intervention of a centralized control or existing infrastructure (Sarkar et al., 2007) . Each node in a MANET is equipped with a wireless receiver and a transmitter and can act as both a host and router to forward packets to other existing nodes. The most essential feature of these networks is the existence of a dynamic and variable topology resulting from node mobility. Nodes in this network continuously change position. This needs a routing protocol that has the ability to adapt to these changes (Al-Omari & Sumari, 2010) . The Internet Engineering Task Force has suggested many routing protocols. These protocols can be grouped into position based (GPSR, GEOTORA, GPCR) and topology based (reactive; AODV, DSR, proactive; DSDV, OLSR, hybrid; ZRP). In proactive protocols, all nodes have consistent and up-to-date permanent routing information for each node. Reactive protocols, by contrast, generate routes when demanded by the source node (Mbarushimana & Shahrabi, 2007) . Hybrid protocols combine the advantages of proactive and reactive routing. In the AODV protocol, route discovery begins only when the source node intends to communicate with a destination node (Perkins & Royer, 1999) . When a failure happens in a link, the upstream node informs the source node that its connection with the destination has interrupted by a RERR message. If the distance from the broken link to the destination node is less than the distance to the source node, local routing is implemented. Otherwise, rerouting begins again from the source node, which decreases the packet transmission delay and the amount of control routing.

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are a set of distribution nodes without the need for intervention of a centralized control or existing infrastructure.

This needs a routing protocol that has the ability to adapt to these changes.

Reactive protocols, by contrast, generate routes when demanded by the source node.

In the AODV protocol, route discovery begins only when the source node intends to communicate with a destination node.


In this ongoing debate between nativism and empiricism, scientists use the mind to study the mind. But what if the primary instrument in this endeavor, the human mind, intuitively favors one explanation of knowledge over the other? Children and adults hold a variety of intuitive theories that are sometimes at odds with (and may later be replaced by) theories acquired through formal instruction (Carey, 2009) . These intuitive theories are potent enough that they sometimes affect scientific theorizing by professionals. An example comes from the science of object physics. For over a thousand years, from Philoponus in the 6th century to Galileo in the 16th, philosopher-scientists mistakenly believed that moving objects acquire an energy that propels them until the energy runs out (McCloskey, 1983) . Their "impetus theory," incompatible with Newtonian mechanics and contemporary physics, is not just an archaic view. Modern adults also make wrong predictions about object motion; strikingly, their predictions echo those of the premedieval and medieval scientists, even though they were never taught the impetus theory and had even taken college physics (McCloskey, 1983) . This shows that beliefs about the world, even formal scientific beliefs held by specialists, can reflect folk intuitions that are broadly shared and resistant to revision. With this in mind, consider again the case of where basic human knowledge originates. For this ancient question that continues to drive current research, generating answers from the dichotomous ("nature or nurture") to the more nuanced ("nature and nurture"), do people think of nature and nurture as natural alternatives? If so, do they intuitively prefer one as the better explanation?

Children and adults hold a variety of intuitive theories that are sometimes at odds with (and may later be replaced by) theories acquired through formal instruction.

For over a thousand years, from Philoponus in the 6th century to Galileo in the 16th, philosopher-scientists mistakenly believed that moving objects acquire an energy that propels them until the energy runs out.

Modern adults also make wrong predictions about object motion; strikingly, their predictions echo those of the premedieval and medieval scientists, even though they were never taught the impetus theory and had even taken college physics.


To characterize folk beliefs about nature and nurture, we probed intuitions about aspects of the mind that have been studied experimentally, thereby providing a "ground truth" against which to compare. The basic, nonverbal, "core" knowledge that guides everyday actionslike believing that hidden objects still exist, or that 10 apples are more than five, offers such a case, because research of the past 40 years has carefully examined its developmental origins. Laboratory experiments have illuminated ways in which infants represent and reason about objects, quantities, and other people by measuring their looking times and neural responses to these stimuli (Spelke & Kinzler, 2007) . Comparing what science has discovered about the origins of this foundational core knowledge to people's intuitive theories can reveal both hidden systematicities and limitations in thinking about thinking.

Laboratory experiments have illuminated ways in which infants represent and reason about objects, quantities, and other people by measuring their looking times and neural responses to these stimuli.


Are the intuitively empiricist beliefs of U.S. and Indian adults specific to human abilities, or is it how people think about minds generally, including those of other creatures? Research on nonhuman species has revealed core abilities similar to those in humans, allowing a variety of creatures to represent objects, quantities, and other animals (Spelke & Kinzler, 2007) . Experiment 3 compared beliefs about human versus animal knowledge.

Research on nonhuman species has revealed core abilities similar to those in humans, allowing a variety of creatures to represent objects, quantities, and other animals.


Several pieces of research indicated that the practice of teaching writing in the classroom is still relying on traditional models of teaching, regardless of the advances or development of writing research or writing theories (Applebee & Langer, 2013; Behizadeh & Engelhard, 2011) . This study confirms previous findings and contributes additional evidence that suggests writing MOOCs revealed the same phenomenon as the practice of teaching in face-to-face settings. This research provides a framework for the exploration of writing MOOCs. It would be interesting to compare experiences of different individual learners within the same writing MOOC for future research.

Several pieces of research indicated that the practice of teaching writing in the classroom is still relying on traditional models of teaching, regardless of the advances or development of writing research or writing theories.


The evaluation of Czech agricultural entreprises shows that the highest losses a er the subsidies are deducted from profi ts will appear in the mountain LFAs. The impact on economic indicators in the mountain LFAs seems to be signifi cant. Enterprises which operate in mountain areas depend on the subsidies most of all. On the other hand they cope best with eff ects of unfavourable conditions (Lososová, Zdeněk, 2013) .

On the other hand they cope best with eff ects of unfavourable conditions.


The collagen-based materials like leather and parchment are sensitive to the environment and especially to sudden and large variation of the storage parameters (e.g. temperature, relative humidity) as well as to pH and atmospheric pollutants. All these factors, alone or synergistically, have generated different types of deterioration of parchment and leather objects during time. Oxidation, hydrolysis and gelatinization are the main mechanisms of their deterioration [7] .

Oxidation, hydrolysis and gelatinization are the main mechanisms of their deterioration.


The skin processing into leather involves a number of preparatory stages, which are identical to the first stages of parchment preparation, as well as tanning and crusting. The purpose of tanning is to achieve more durable materials suitable for a variety of applications, i.e. clothing, footwear, gloves, bookbindings, furniture pieces, military garments, tapestries, boxes, vessels, etc. The tanning procedure permanently alters the chemical structure of the collagen. The tannin molecules stabilize the collagen matrix by linking to the amino acid chains via hydrogen and/or covalent bonding, depending on the tannin type. The oldest system of tanning relies on the chemical action of vegetable extracts containing tannins, while tanning with chromium salts, was introduced at the end of the 19 th century. The vegetable tannins are natural polyphenols; the chemical structure of this group of compounds was described by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method [4] .

The vegetable tannins are natural polyphenols; the chemical structure of this group of compounds was described by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method.


The skin is composed of three primary layers: epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis, the keratin-rich outer layer of the skin, and hypodermis, the subcutaneous fatty tissue, are removed during the fabrication of both parchment and leather [1] [2] [3] . The dermis, the collagen and elastin rich inner layer, is the main component of both parchment and leather. The keratin, collagen and elastin are structural proteins built of polypeptide chains whose primary blocks are the amino acids.

The epidermis, the keratin-rich outer layer of the skin, and hypodermis, the subcutaneous fatty tissue, are removed during the fabrication of both parchment and leather.


In a fractional model, there are a number of parameters, e.g., fractional order(s), diffusion and potential coefficients (when using a second-order elliptic operator in space), initial condition, source term, boundary conditions and domain geometry, that cannot be measured/specified directly, and have to be inferred indirectly from measured data. Typically, the data is the forward solution restricted to either the boundary or the interior of the physical domain. This gives rise to a large variety of inverse problems for FDEs, which have started to attract much attention in recent years, since the pioneering work [14] . An interesting question is how the nonlocal physics behind anomalous diffusion processes will influence the behavior of related inverse problems, e.g., uniqueness, stability, and the degree of ill-posedness. The degree of ill-posedness is especially important for developing practical numerical reconstruction procedures. There is a now well known example of backward fractional diffusion, i.e., recovering the initial condition in a time fractional diffusion equation from the final time data, which is only mildly ill-posed, instead of severely ill-posed for the classical backward diffusion problem. In some sense, this example has led to the belief that "fractionalizing" inverse problems can always mitigate the degree of ill-posedness, and thus allows a better chance of an accurate numerical reconstruction.

This gives rise to a large variety of inverse problems for FDEs, which have started to attract much attention in recent years, since the pioneering work.


Tumor stem cells, or cancer stem cells (CSC) have been identified in many cancers, including carcinomas of the breast, brain, colon, prostate, pancreas, ovary, as well as in sarcomas and in leukemia [5] . Stem cells in general are pluripotent and they generate cells of various cell lineages. In the hematopoietic system, for example, the progenitor cells are often classified as multipotent progenitors who give rise to a lineage of transient, transient amplifying and differentiated cells. In cancer these differentiation stages are more diffuse and a clear distinction between these stages is often not possible. Hence, to investigate the role of stem cells, we combine all non stem cancer cells into one group called cancer cells (CC). While it is not always easy to identify cancer stem cells, it is widely accepted that they are instrumental in tumor progression and control. In fact, the control or eradication of CSC has become a focus for treatment design [4] .

Tumor stem cells, or cancer stem cells (CSC) have been identified in many cancers, including carcinomas of the breast, brain, colon, prostate, pancreas, ovary, as well as in sarcomas and in leukemia.

In fact, the control or eradication of CSC has become a focus for treatment design.


Global companies have always faced serious challenges in managing their supply chains because of continually-increasing customers' expectations. In recent years, this challenge has intensified with the pressure of globalization and through the proliferation of new knowledge related to enterprise information systems, shorter product life cycles, increasingly complex supply chains, and constantly changing customer demands [1] . Driven by these forces, we are in the midst of an economic transition from an era of competitive advantage based on information to an era of knowledge creation and KM.

In recent years, this challenge has intensified with the pressure of globalization and through the proliferation of new knowledge related to enterprise information systems, shorter product life cycles, increasingly complex supply chains, and constantly changing customer demands.


The concepts of SCM and KM have recently gained wide attention in business and academia. Both fields focus on allocating resources to support business activities in order to gain a competitive advantage. Although they currently represent two different research areas, we see a high synergy potential in an integrated approach [2] . Intangibles, such as supplier relationship, are becoming ever more important than tangibles, such as off-the-shelf systems and technologies [3] . This increasingly knowledge-driven nature of competition is motivating change in how business systems are being managed [4] . Furthermore, in order to excel in SCM systems, companies are moving from cost-focused supply chain improvements like third-party logistics to knowledge-focused supply chain improvements by focusing on improving their knowledge and expertise in SCM [5] .

Although they currently represent two different research areas, we see a high synergy potential in an integrated approach.

Intangibles, such as supplier relationship, are becoming ever more important than tangibles, such as off-the-shelf systems and technologies.

This increasingly knowledge-driven nature of competition is motivating change in how business systems are being managed.

Furthermore, in order to excel in SCM systems, companies are moving from cost-focused supply chain improvements like third-party logistics to knowledge-focused supply chain improvements by focusing on improving their knowledge and expertise in SCM.


Activities in group settings are prone to free rider problems when the actions of individual group members are not subject to enforceable contracts. Team production, public good provision, collective action, and common pool resource extraction, are well-known guises of the same basic problem. One classic solution by which groups may try to attenuate the freerider problem is to install some kind of hierarchy within the group, for example, by appointing a "leader". By giving the leader a stake in the total benefits produced by the group (for example, a residual claimant status) she will have an incentive to reduce free riding, and by giving her the right to determine rewards to other group members she will also have the means to do so (Alchian and Demsetz, 1972) .

By giving the leader a stake in the total benefits produced by the group (for example, a residual claimant status) she will have an incentive to reduce free riding, and by giving her the right to determine rewards to other group members she will also have the means to do so.


BBR-loaded nanoparticles enhanced the therapeutic effects of BBR on cancer cells. When compared with berberine solution, BBR-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) significantly inhibited proliferation in MCF 7, Hep G2, and A549 cancer cells. In addition, BBR-loaded SLNs increased cellular uptake of BBR, decreased colony formation of cancer cells, and induced cell apoptosis in MCF 7 cancer cells [19] . O-hexadecyl-dextran entrapped BBR nanoparticles were shown to be as effective as BBR solution at a 20-fold lower concentration in preventing oxidative stress, mitochondrial depolarization, and downstream events of apoptotic cell death in high-glucose-stressed primary hepatocytes [22] . Silica nanoconjugates bearing a covalently linked BBR enhanced apoptosis cell death in a human cervical carcinoma cell line (HeLa), a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Hep G2), and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cell lines when compared with cells treated with BBR [23] .

In addition, BBR-loaded SLNs increased cellular uptake of BBR, decreased colony formation of cancer cells, and induced cell apoptosis in MCF 7 cancer cells.

O-hexadecyl-dextran entrapped BBR nanoparticles were shown to be as effective as BBR solution at a 20-fold lower concentration in preventing oxidative stress, mitochondrial depolarization, and downstream events of apoptotic cell death in high-glucose-stressed primary hepatocytes.

Silica nanoconjugates bearing a covalently linked BBR enhanced apoptosis cell death in a human cervical carcinoma cell line (HeLa), a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Hep G2), and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cell lines when compared with cells treated with BBR.


Sulfate-containing polymers have been used in complex with the positively charged BBR for different applications. BBR-loaded heparin (HP) nanoparticles significantly suppressed the growth of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and efficiently reduced cytotoxic effects on H. pylori-infected cells [24] . BBR-loaded chitosan/fucoidan-taurine nanoparticles were found to be effective for the treatment of a defective intestinal barrier caused by bacterial endotoxin [25] . Fucoidan-taurine conjugation (sulfonated fucoidan) was employed complexed with BBR to target intestinal epithelial cells and then release BBR to restore the injured cells.

BBR-loaded heparin (HP) nanoparticles significantly suppressed the growth of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and efficiently reduced cytotoxic effects on H. pylori-infected cells.

BBR-loaded chitosan/fucoidan-taurine nanoparticles were found to be effective for the treatment of a defective intestinal barrier caused by bacterial endotoxin.


We are also inspired by the work on saliency estimation [26] . They propose a background measure based on the boundary connectivity prior that a salient region is less likely connected to the image boundary. Utilizing the connectivity definition, we derive our shadow measures to model the region interactions based on the spatial layout of image regions.

We are also inspired by the work on saliency estimation.


The game theoretic models used in these previous works typically assume that the matrix of channel gains among all users is completely known to the players. This may not be realistic or practical in many scenarios, as competing technologies typically do not employ a coordinated information dissemination protocol. Even if information dissemination protocols were employed, incentive mechanisms would be required in a situation with competitive devices to ensure that channel states were truthfully exchanged. By contrast, our paper studies a range of non-cooperative games characterized by the feature that there is incomplete information about some or all channel gains between devices. Such scenarios are captured through static and dynamic Bayesian games [3] .

Such scenarios are captured through static and dynamic Bayesian games.


In theory, straight vehicle should get priority over U-turn vehicle all the time. The gap acceptance mechanism of U-turn vehicle is the process of selecting suitable vehicle gap after arriving at a mid-block median opening. In this process, the U-turn vehicle may be successful or unsuccessful, depending on the available gaps appearance of straight vehicle. In reality, the U-turning vehicles often do not wait for an acceptable gap in the on-coming straight-traffic. They gradually move onto the conflicting lane to show their intention to go; particularly when the U-turn traffic is in a long queue or has waited for a long time, the drivers tend to be more aggressive. At the same time, the conflicting straight vehicle will be reluctant to yield by increasing speed, changing lanes, or flashing their headlights. The interaction between Uturn vehicle and straight vehicle can be described as two persons' noncooperative game behavior. Game theory has the advantage of take into account the impact of stochasticity and decision uncertainty, providing a powerful tool for analyzing the interaction behavior in transport system. Game theory has been applied widely in different disciplines, such as lane changing, car-following, and driverless vehicle control [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . The work considered the traffic delay and threat perception as the factors of the game, constructing a Uturn game (UTG) model to solve the problem of decisionmaking uncertainty between U-turning vehicle and straight vehicle. We explain the effectiveness of the game model straight empirical data in Changchun, China, and calibrate the relevant parameters of the game model.

Game theory has been applied widely in different disciplines, such as lane changing, car-following, and driverless vehicle control.


Cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP), is defined as the simultaneous generation of heat and power in a single process. The power output is usually electricity but may include mechanical power. Heat outputs can include steam, hot water, or hot air for process heating, space heating, or absorption chilling [2] . Distributed (co)generation (DG) represents an alternative paradigm of energy supply and the opportunity for significant CO 2 emission reductions [8] . It is very reasonable to expect that DG will play a role in reducing local, regional, and even global air pollution [9] . One of the keys to the success of fossil-fuelled DG in Europe is the ability to use the waste heat from electricity generation, that is, CHP, raising total system efficiencies up to 90% (higher heating value (HHV)) in the best applications. Overall efficiencies of CHP system can approach 90 percent (considering both power and heating), a significant improvement over the 30 to 35 percent electric grid efficiency and 50 to 90 percent industrial boiler efficiency when separate production is used [5] .

Heat outputs can include steam, hot water, or hot air for process heating, space heating, or absorption chilling.

Distributed (co)generation (DG) represents an alternative paradigm of energy supply and the opportunity for significant CO 2 emission reductions.

It is very reasonable to expect that DG will play a role in reducing local, regional, and even global air pollution.

Overall efficiencies of CHP system can approach 90 percent (considering both power and heating), a significant improvement over the 30 to 35 percent electric grid efficiency and 50 to 90 percent industrial boiler efficiency when separate production is used.


The high efficiencies of such applications, that is, CHP, offer both reduced costs and significant reductions of CO 2 emissions. Other factors which are enhanced reliability and security, reduced need for transmission and distribution upgrades, and easier plant siting may also drive increased deployment of DG in the future [10] . DG holds the promise of improved environmental performance of energy sectors due to higher efficiencies (using CHP) and the use of lowcarbon fuels, for example, natural gas or carbon-free fuels, for example, hydrogen [11] .

Other factors which are enhanced reliability and security, reduced need for transmission and distribution upgrades, and easier plant siting may also drive increased deployment of DG in the future.

DG holds the promise of improved environmental performance of energy sectors due to higher efficiencies (using CHP) and the use of lowcarbon fuels, for example, natural gas or carbon-free fuels, for example, hydrogen.


In centralized generation(CG), electricity is generated in large remote plants. Power must then be transported over long distances at high voltage before it can be used. Distributed generation (DG) can be defined as electric power generation within distribution networks or on the customer side of the network [1] . DG is referred to as the use of small, modular power generation at or near the point of consumption irrespective of size, technology, or fuel usedboth off-grid and on-grid as an alternative to large power generation and electricity transport over long distances [2] .

Distributed generation (DG) can be defined as electric power generation within distribution networks or on the customer side of the network.

DG is referred to as the use of small, modular power generation at or near the point of consumption irrespective of size, technology, or fuel usedboth off-grid and on-grid as an alternative to large power generation and electricity transport over long distances.


Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and derivative hydroxyl radical and hydroxide, and lipid peroxides and derivatives peroxyl radicals (Nappi and Vass, 1998) . Under normal circumstances, abundant antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutases and glutathione peroxidases) metabolize these highly reactive derivatives of normal oxidative metabolism. If ROS were not removed in a timely manner by an antioxidant system, an imbalance between free radical generation and removal would lead to oxidative stress. Mammalian cells may encounter oxidative stresses that cause destruction of macromolecules and abnormal function (Jang et al., 2008) . The flux of ROS increasing in the vasculature will lead to the initiation and promotion of various human pathological conditions (Loscalzo, 2004; Yang, 2006) .

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) include superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and derivative hydroxyl radical and hydroxide, and lipid peroxides and derivatives peroxyl radicals.

Mammalian cells may encounter oxidative stresses that cause destruction of macromolecules and abnormal function.

The flux of ROS increasing in the vasculature will lead to the initiation and promotion of various human pathological conditions.


Arginine is a basic amino acid and serves as an essential precursor for the synthesis of biologically important molecules such as protein, ornithine, proline, polyamines, creatinine, nitric oxide and agmatine (Wu and Morris, 1998) . Although most mammals synthesize arginine (except for cats and ferrets), it is a nutritionally essential amino acid for young mammals and adults during times of stress and illness . Many researchers have studied arginine transport and metabolism in a wide variety of catabolic states, including sepsis, burn injury, acidosis, and cancer and these studies have shown that arginine transport activity was increased (Pacitti et al., 1992; Inoue and Souba, 1993; Inoue et al., 1994; Rafferty et al., 1994; Pan et al., 2001; Pan et al., 2004) . Arginine levels in plasma were markedly reduced in patients with sepsis and pig model of sepsis (Luiking et al., 2004) . Thus regulation of arginine homoeostasis, which depends on dietary arginine intake, whole-body protein turnover, arginine synthesis and catabolism, is of considerable nutritional and physiological significance.

Arginine is a basic amino acid and serves as an essential precursor for the synthesis of biologically important molecules such as protein, ornithine, proline, polyamines, creatinine, nitric oxide and agmatine.

Many researchers have studied arginine transport and metabolism in a wide variety of catabolic states, including sepsis, burn injury, acidosis, and cancer and these studies have shown that arginine transport activity was increased.

Arginine levels in plasma were markedly reduced in patients with sepsis and pig model of sepsis.


These results are relevant to decolonization strategies that are increasingly used and have been shown to successfully reduce MSSA and MRSA infections among carriers in high-endemic settings, including intensive care units and patients undergoing surgical procedures [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] . Currently, cardiac surgeons have a national guideline for pre-operative screening and decolonization of S. aureus to reduce S. aureus surgical site infections [43] [44] [45] . Increasingly, chlorhexidine and mupirocin are being routinely applied to MRSA carriers in hospitals to reduce healthcare-associated MRSA infection [46, 49, 52, 53] .

These results are relevant to decolonization strategies that are increasingly used and have been shown to successfully reduce MSSA and MRSA infections among carriers in high-endemic settings, including intensive care units and patients undergoing surgical procedures.

Currently, cardiac surgeons have a national guideline for pre-operative screening and decolonization of S. aureus to reduce S. aureus surgical site infections.

Increasingly, chlorhexidine and mupirocin are being routinely applied to MRSA carriers in hospitals to reduce healthcare-associated MRSA infection.


Insomnia ranks among the most frequent health complaints. In a recent poll of the National Sleep Foundation, 64% of the respondents indicated that, within the past month, they had experienced at least one symptom of insomnia a few nights a week or more often, and 41% reported experiencing such symptoms every night or almost every night [1] . The individual and socioeconomic impact of insomnia is considerable: The consequences of poor sleep include impaired concentration and memory, heightened risk of accidents, increased risk of medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, more frequent use of healthcare services, and augmented work absenteeism [2] .

In a recent poll of the National Sleep Foundation, 64% of the respondents indicated that, within the past month, they had experienced at least one symptom of insomnia a few nights a week or more often, and 41% reported experiencing such symptoms every night or almost every night.

The individual and socioeconomic impact of insomnia is considerable: The consequences of poor sleep include impaired concentration and memory, heightened risk of accidents, increased risk of medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease, more frequent use of healthcare services, and augmented work absenteeism.


Ultra wideband (UWB) communication and its relative technologies have been studied extensively in the past decade [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Recently, time reversal (TR) UWB communication has received much attention because the propagation of TR UWB electromagnetic waves can obtain spatial focusing and time compression characteristics simultaneously [7, 8] . This unique property results in a big potential for improving the performances of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) and Co-Channel Interference (CCI) of the traditional UWB communication [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Ultra wideband (UWB) communication and its relative technologies have been studied extensively in the past decade.

Recently, time reversal (TR) UWB communication has received much attention because the propagation of TR UWB electromagnetic waves can obtain spatial focusing and time compression characteristics simultaneously.

This unique property results in a big potential for improving the performances of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) and Co-Channel Interference (CCI) of the traditional UWB communication.


A data stream is a continuous flow of data items from its source to the processing application. Data items may arrive at high speeds and at irregular intervals. Data streams can be observed in various fields such as network monitoring and sensor-based monitoring [12] .

Data streams can be observed in various fields such as network monitoring and sensor-based monitoring.


In this study, an acoustic environment simulator was designed to simulates complex acoustic environments. The validity of the simulated acoustic environments (whether the composed acoustic environments have the same soundscape dimensions as previous in-situ and laboratory experiments). The preliminary results were presented at INTERNOISE 2016 [16] .

The preliminary results were presented at INTERNOISE 2016.


A limitation of the study was the lack of radiography at baseline for the diseased knee joints which has in other studies has been shown to be predictive of KR in longitudinal studies of participants with osteoarthritic joint pain [14, 29, 30, 31] . The inclusion of radiography may have further improved the discrimination of the model. Despite this and the inherent variability in the decision to undergo surgery, simply assessed measures predicted long term knee replacement well in this high risk population. Further replication is needed to externally validate the model in other population based cohorts and countries where socioeconomic status may contribute to the model. Despite this we see the development of a predictive model as an important first step in the development of strategies to reduce the burden of joint replacement surgery. This early identification will allow targeted interventions in the high risk group similar to other chronic disease risk calculators.

A limitation of the study was the lack of radiography at baseline for the diseased knee joints which has in other studies has been shown to be predictive of KR in longitudinal studies of participants with osteoarthritic joint pain.


Stage 1: generation of a starting pattern All shape grammars that are known to us and deal with the generation of architectural plans create, in a first stage, a geometric pattern which determines certain global characteristics of the plans and guides, possibly, also the development of some of their local properties. The generation of a Palladian plan, for example, starts with the production of a tartan grid which determines the possible locations of internal or external walls (Stiny and Mitchell, 1978) . The design of a facade in the style of Terragni's Casa Giuliani Frigerio is governed throughout by the rhythm established through four rows of columns generated at the start of the process (Flemming, 1981a) . A similar approach proved useful also for the present context. The schemata which generate starting patterns for bungalow plans are shown in figure 3 . The overall impression given by a house in our sample is that of a rectangular box covered by a large, pitched roof. A pattern book explains this form as follows: "In the East even the cheapest house, except when it is occupied only for a couple of months in the summer time, requires a cellar and a comparatively substantial foundation and as this foundation is one of the chief sources of expense the tendency is to make it cover as small an area as possible and to build over it a comparatively high square box of a house. The necessity also of providing a roof with a slope sharp enough to shed the snow readily tends to make our cheaper Eastern and Middle Western house a stiff, angular little building, which is rather perched upon the site than fitted tightly to it" (Hodgson, 1912, page 5) . Schema 1 defines the external walls that form the enclosure for this type of structure; the lines with endpoints f and r mark, respectively, its front and rear (with respect to the street). The schema also generates an internal, load-bearing wall which divides the enclosed area into two parallel zones. Throughout the paper, the term width is used to refer to dimensions measured parallel to the front or rear of a plan, whereas the term length is used to refer to dimensions measured perpendicular to this direction. For graphical reasons, the thickness of all walls is unified and slightly exaggerated in most figures.

The generation of a Palladian plan, for example, starts with the production of a tartan grid which determines the possible locations of internal or external walls.

The design of a facade in the style of Terragni's Casa Giuliani Frigerio is governed throughout by the rhythm established through four rows of columns generated at the start of the process.


Brown algae include kelps of the genus Laminaria, the strongest biological accumulators of iodine currently known. Laminaria species (Laminaria spp.) are a key biogeochemical pump for the transfer of iodine from the sea to the atmosphere (Küpper et al., 2011) . Laminaria accumulates iodide for the provision of an extracellular antioxidant. Its reaction with O 3 on the thallus surface results in the release of I 2 (Küpper et al., 2008) . However, the iodine metabolism of other brown algae and their role in marine-atmospheric halogen transfer is much less well understood. The current interest in tropospheric iodine chemistry was initiated by observations of iodine oxide (IO) -a product of iodine atom reaction with O 3 -in the marine boundary layer (MBL) at Mace Head, Ireland (Alicke et al., 1999) . Reactive iodine can affect the tropospheric oxidizing capacity through catalytic destruction of O 3 , changing the NO 2 / NO and HO 2 / HO ratios, and by reactivating chlorine and bromine from sea salt aerosol (Vogt et al., 1999; McFiggans et al., 2000; Bloss et al., 2005; Saiz-Lopez et al., 2008) . The photochemically driven reaction of iodine and O 3 also results in iodine oxide particle (IOP) formation.

Laminaria species (Laminaria spp.) are a key biogeochemical pump for the transfer of iodine from the sea to the atmosphere.

Its reaction with O 3 on the thallus surface results in the release of I 2.

The current interest in tropospheric iodine chemistry was initiated by observations of iodine oxide (IO) -a product of iodine atom reaction with O 3 -in the marine boundary layer (MBL) at Mace Head, Ireland.

Reactive iodine can affect the tropospheric oxidizing capacity through catalytic destruction of O 3 , changing the NO 2 / NO and HO 2 / HO ratios, and by reactivating chlorine and bromine from sea salt aerosol.


Freight transport in the future will be much different from today. Rather than being a matter of choice, it has become a necessity. Being accountable for 7-8% of the carbon emissions, freight transport is a main contributor to global warming. While most sectors have succeeded in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions over the years, transport is the only sector where emissions continue to increase. It is seen as one of the hardest economic sectors to decarbonize; partly because the demand for freight transport is expected to rise sharply over the next few decades, but also because it relies heavily on fossil fuel [1] .

It is seen as one of the hardest economic sectors to decarbonize; partly because the demand for freight transport is expected to rise sharply over the next few decades, but also because it relies heavily on fossil fuel.


The cornerstone of synchromodality is the integration of different modalities to provide flexibility in handling transport demand. Whereas intermodal freight transport focuses on the vertical integration of logistic services within one intermodal transport chain, the distinctive feature of synchromodality is the horizontal integration within a whole transport system [12] . Where intermodal transport comprises sequential usage of multiple transport modes, synchromodal transport permits their simultaneous usage, of which one of these modes could be an intermodal service [10] .

Whereas intermodal freight transport focuses on the vertical integration of logistic services within one intermodal transport chain, the distinctive feature of synchromodality is the horizontal integration within a whole transport system.

Where intermodal transport comprises sequential usage of multiple transport modes, synchromodal transport permits their simultaneous usage, of which one of these modes could be an intermodal service.


The proposed method considers representing the elliptic curve points as projective coordinate points in order to reduce the number of all inversion operations to one, to enhance the overall performance as adopted in many techniques [4, 6, 12] . This work, however, differs from existing ones in departing from the current sequential and parallel approaches in the computation of ECC to pipelining in four-stages. It is shown that pipelining will improve the speed and complexity over the sequential and parallel approaches, actually gaining the benefit of both, as will be proven by the AT characteristics.

The proposed method considers representing the elliptic curve points as projective coordinate points in order to reduce the number of all inversion operations to one, to enhance the overall performance as adopted in many techniques.


The first priority in intensifying renewable energy deployment in the 21st century is the combined effects of the depletion of fossil fuels and the awareness of environmental degradation [5] . Therefore, policy makers and researchers are paying more attention to research in this field. For instance, Alnatheer has conducted researches on environmental impacts of electric energy system expansion in Saudi Arabia. It has been concluded that the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency resources gives significant environmental benefits [6, 7] . Apart from local conservation efforts, 2 International Journal of Photoenergy the country has an option to reduce domestic diesel consumption and increase its oil exports. By reducing domestic diesel consumption, subsidies can be used to promote the use of renewable energy. This, in turn, contributes to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions [3, 8] .

The first priority in intensifying renewable energy deployment in the 21st century is the combined effects of the depletion of fossil fuels and the awareness of environmental degradation.

It has been concluded that the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency resources gives significant environmental benefits.

This, in turn, contributes to reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.


As one of renewable energy sources, solar energy is a sitedependent, inexhaustible, benign (does not produce emissions that contribute to the greenhouse effect), and potential source of renewable energy that is being developed by a number of countries with high solar radiation as an effort to reduce their dependence on fossil-based nonrenewable fuels [9] . Saudi Arabia, located in the heart of one of the world's most productive solar regions, receives the most potent kind of sunlight [10] . With the average annual solar radiation of 2200 kWh/m 2 in the Arabian Peninsula, applications of solar energy have been growing since 1960 [9, 10] . Now and in the future, exploitation of this important energy resource becomes more imperative for Saudi Arabia [11] .

As one of renewable energy sources, solar energy is a sitedependent, inexhaustible, benign (does not produce emissions that contribute to the greenhouse effect), and potential source of renewable energy that is being developed by a number of countries with high solar radiation as an effort to reduce their dependence on fossil-based nonrenewable fuels.

Saudi Arabia, located in the heart of one of the world's most productive solar regions, receives the most potent kind of sunlight.

With the average annual solar radiation of 2200 kWh/m 2 in the Arabian Peninsula, applications of solar energy have been growing since 1960.

Now and in the future, exploitation of this important energy resource becomes more imperative for Saudi Arabia.


Remarkable efforts to diversify energy sources and to intensify the deployment of renewable energy options have been increasing around the world. In recent years, a set of renewable energy scenarios for Saudi Arabia has been proposed to examine the prospects of renewable sources from the perspective of major oil producers. The drive towards renewable energy in Saudi Arabia should not be regarded as being a luxury but rather a must, as a sign of good governance, concern for the environment, and prudence in oil-production policy [3, 4] .

The drive towards renewable energy in Saudi Arabia should not be regarded as being a luxury but rather a must, as a sign of good governance, concern for the environment, and prudence in oil-production policy.


Nanomaterials have versatile applications in electronics, biology and optics which are due to the size-dependent properties of these nanodimensional structures [1] . So, it is possible to achieve desired properties by precise control of the shape and size of the nanocrystals and has interested many researchers during the past decades [2] [3] [4] . As chemical synthesis procedures provide better control and monitoring of reaction parameters, accordingly, chemical methods are widely used for nanomaterials fabrication [5] .

Nanomaterials have versatile applications in electronics, biology and optics which are due to the size-dependent properties of these nanodimensional structures.

So, it is possible to achieve desired properties by precise control of the shape and size of the nanocrystals and has interested many researchers during the past decades.

As chemical synthesis procedures provide better control and monitoring of reaction parameters, accordingly, chemical methods are widely used for nanomaterials fabrication.


Geographic landmarks are defined as "any element, which may serve as reference points" [10] . They are easily distinguishable environmental features that are unique in or in contrast with their neighborhood [20, 15] . Landmarks are fundamental in how humans understand and represent their environment and how they communicate about it [19] .

Geographic landmarks are defined as "any element, which may serve as reference points".

They are easily distinguishable environmental features that are unique in or in contrast with their neighborhood.

Landmarks are fundamental in how humans understand and represent their environment and how they communicate about it.


In our previous studies, it has been suggested an important role of the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety in artabolide is for inhibiting PAT, because hydroxypelenolide, ketopelenolide a, and ketopelenolide b, which have α-methyl-γ-lactone moiety instead of the α-methylene-γ-lactone one, have a much lesser inhibition activity [12] . All of the naturally-occurring PAT inhibitors, namely costunolide, santamarine, and DHCL, isolated from S. costus showed the characteristic structure of a sesquiterpene lactone with the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety, thereby strongly supporting our previous suggestion [12, 13] . The structural importance of the γ-lactone moiety of DHCL for its biological activity was also suggested for the seed germination of parasitic plant Orobanche cumana [21] . Costunolide as well as DHCL have been reported to be part of a major functional group conferring various biological activities in the sesquiterpene lactones in both animals and plants [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . Hence, it may be possible to explain why the exocyclic methylene double bond conjugated with a γ-lactone ring is essential for the biological activities of sesquiterpene lactones.

In our previous studies, it has been suggested an important role of the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety in artabolide is for inhibiting PAT, because hydroxypelenolide, ketopelenolide a, and ketopelenolide b, which have α-methyl-γ-lactone moiety instead of the α-methylene-γ-lactone one, have a much lesser inhibition activity.

All of the naturally-occurring PAT inhibitors, namely costunolide, santamarine, and DHCL, isolated from S. costus showed the characteristic structure of a sesquiterpene lactone with the α-methylene-γ-lactone moiety, thereby strongly supporting our previous suggestion.

The structural importance of the γ-lactone moiety of DHCL for its biological activity was also suggested for the seed germination of parasitic plant Orobanche cumana.

Costunolide as well as DHCL have been reported to be part of a major functional group conferring various biological activities in the sesquiterpene lactones in both animals and plants.


Nosocomial infections caused by multi-drugresistant gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcal species are a growing problem in many health care institutions [1] [2] [3] . Hands and instruments used by healthcare workers (HCWs) may serve as vectors for the nosocomial transmission of microorganisms [4, 5] . The use of mobile phones by medical personnel may serve as potential vehicles for the spread of nosocomial pathogens and the associated nosocomial transmission of pathogens [1, 3, [6] [7] [8] . A well-practiced infection control plan that encompasses hand hygiene, environmental decontamination, surveillance and contact isolation is effective for prevention of such nosocomial infections [3, 9, 10] . Despite these measures, colonization of potentially pathogenic organisms on various objects, such as stethoscopes, bronchoscopes, pagers, ballpoint pens, patient hospital charts, computer keyboards and mobile phones has been reported as a potential vehicle for transmission of nosocomial pathogens from HCWs [1, 7, 8, [11] [12] [13] . Nowadays, the usage of mobile phone in health care services is being increased. Innovations in mobile communication have led to better patient control of diabetes and asthma, and increased uptake of vaccinations by travelers reminded by Short Message Service (SMS) [14] [15] [16] [17] . The increased use of mobile phones is seen against a background rise in nosocomial infection rates reported by ecological findings [5] . Hand washing may not usually be performed often enough and many people may use personal mobile phone in the course of a working day, the potential act of mobile phones as a source of microbial transmission is considerable [7, 18] . Since there is no data on the risk of contamination of personal mobile phones in HCWs in teaching hospitals in Iran, so this study was undertaken to investigate the potential role of personal mobile phone in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens and resistance to commonly used antimicrobials in HCWs including doctors, nurses and medical students in Kerman teaching hospitals, Iran.

Nosocomial infections caused by multi-drugresistant gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcal species are a growing problem in many health care institutions.

Hands and instruments used by healthcare workers (HCWs) may serve as vectors for the nosocomial transmission of microorganisms.

The use of mobile phones by medical personnel may serve as potential vehicles for the spread of nosocomial pathogens and the associated nosocomial transmission of pathogens.

A well-practiced infection control plan that encompasses hand hygiene, environmental decontamination, surveillance and contact isolation is effective for prevention of such nosocomial infections.

Despite these measures, colonization of potentially pathogenic organisms on various objects, such as stethoscopes, bronchoscopes, pagers, ballpoint pens, patient hospital charts, computer keyboards and mobile phones has been reported as a potential vehicle for transmission of nosocomial pathogens from HCWs.

Innovations in mobile communication have led to better patient control of diabetes and asthma, and increased uptake of vaccinations by travelers reminded by Short Message Service (SMS).

The increased use of mobile phones is seen against a background rise in nosocomial infection rates reported by ecological findings.

Hand washing may not usually be performed often enough and many people may use personal mobile phone in the course of a working day, the potential act of mobile phones as a source of microbial transmission is considerable.


Deforestation is only one of several major problems that humans need to grapple with in the next century-together with concomitant increases in demand for food, water and energy against a backdrop of climate change, urbanisation, and limited land resources. Indeed, REDD+ instruments and actors are only one aspect of the ongoing transformation of land use planning in many developing countries, involving multiple (and sometimes conflicting) actors and interests crystallized around the food security/climate change/biodiversity nexus (Rudel and Meyfroidt 2014) . These actors typically operate at different scales, and land use in rural regions of the tropics are indeed increasingly influenced by geographically and institutionally distant drivers . Ensuring the long-term effectiveness of REDD+ requires the building of coalitions of multiple stakeholders to formulate general rules to structure land use decisions around these various interests.

Indeed, REDD+ instruments and actors are only one aspect of the ongoing transformation of land use planning in many developing countries, involving multiple (and sometimes conflicting) actors and interests crystallized around the food security/climate change/biodiversity nexus.


There should also be some balance between effective reduction of deforestation on the one hand, and national development needs on the other, particularly in the definition of historical deforestation reference levels. A recurrent theme is the complexity of local land use change dynamics, so that it is highly unlikely that one REDD+ instrument, or even package of instruments, will fit all; instead, there needs to be a mixture of demand-led and marketbased approaches and regulatory instruments tailored to each situation, involving hybrid coalitions of public and private actors . Beyond national territory-based governance of land use, these new instruments can contribute to improved governance of flows ending up and derived from land use, including flows of capital, agricultural or forestry products, or ecosystem services (Sikor et al. 2013) .

Beyond national territory-based governance of land use, these new instruments can contribute to improved governance of flows ending up and derived from land use, including flows of capital, agricultural or forestry products, or ecosystem services.


The traditional approach, complete case analysis (CC), excludes from the analysis observations with any missing value among variables of interest (Yuan, 2000) . CC remains the most common method in the absence of readily available alternatives in software packages. However, using only complete cases could result in losing information about incomplete cases, thus biasing parameter Ling Chen is a doctoral student in the Department of Statistics at the University of Missouri, Columbia. Mariana Toma-Drane, is a doctoral student at Norman J. Arnold, School of Public Health, Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior. John Wanzer Drane is Professor of Biostatistics at USC and Fellow of the American Academy of Health Behavior. Robert F. Valois is Professor Health Promotion, Education and Behavior at USC and a Fellow of the American Academy of Health Behavior.

The traditional approach, complete case analysis (CC), excludes from the analysis observations with any missing value among variables of interest.


The items on self-report youth risk behaviors are Q10 through Q20. The six lifesatisfaction variables, Q99 through Q104, are based on six domains: family, friends, school, self, living environment and overall life satisfaction. Each of the questions has seven response options based on the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (Seligson, Huebner & Valois, 2003) . The response options are from the Terrible-to-Delighted Scale: 1 -terrible; 2 -unhappy; 3 -mostly dissatisfied; 4 -equally satisfied and dissatisfied; 5 -mostly satisfied; 6 -pleased; and 7 -delighted (10).

Each of the questions has seven response options based on the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale.


Bacterial infection can aggravate wound deterioration, delay wound healing, and even cause sepsis and death [3] . However, the abuse of antibiotics in the past few decades has made it more difficult to eradicate pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, it is necessary to seek alternative materials to eradicate bacteria, such as nanomaterials. In recent years, GO nanosheets have been reported to exhibit excellent antibacterial activity [6] . However, graphene oxide nanosheets tend to aggregate in aqueous solutions in a layer by layer manner due to strong interplanar interactions, which limits their broad application [13] . In addition, there are also several reports claiming that GO possesses weak antimicrobial activity or even facilitates bacterial proliferation [17] [18] [19] . Thus, in this study, to confirm the antibacterial activity of GO and make it more stable in solution, a graphene oxidequaternary ammonium salt (GO-QAS) nanocomposite was synthesized through amidation reactions of carboxylic group end-capped QAS polymers with primary aminedecorated GO. The grafted QAS groups served as cationic surfactants to maintain the stability of GO nanosheets in solution and enhanced the overall antibacterial activity.

Bacterial infection can aggravate wound deterioration, delay wound healing, and even cause sepsis and death.

In recent years, GO nanosheets have been reported to exhibit excellent antibacterial activity.

However, graphene oxide nanosheets tend to aggregate in aqueous solutions in a layer by layer manner due to strong interplanar interactions, which limits their broad application.

In addition, there are also several reports claiming that GO possesses weak antimicrobial activity or even facilitates bacterial proliferation.


Ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) is a relatively new building material, which has superior durability, ductility and strength in comparison with Normal Strength Concrete (NSC) and Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) [1] [2] [3] . However, as sustainable development is currently a pressing global issue and various industries have strived to achieve energy savings, the high material cost, high energy consumption and CO 2 emission for UHPFRC are the typical disadvantages that restrict its wider application. Hence, how to produce a "green" UHPFRC still needs further investigations.

Ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) is a relatively new building material, which has superior durability, ductility and strength in comparison with Normal Strength Concrete (NSC) and Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC).


Additionally, in comparison with NSC, the application of UHPFRC is expected to improve the impact resistance capacity of construction and infrastructure under extreme mechanical or environmental loads, which should be mainly attributed to the contribution of fibres [10] [11] [12] . Nevertheless, most of this research did not consider the cost of utilized fibres, while the cost of 1% volume content of fibres applied in UHPFRC is generally higher than that of matrix [13] . Consequently, to achieve the goal of a "green" UHPFRC, it is also important to minimize the amounts of fibres applied in UHPFRC without sacrificing its superior performance.

Additionally, in comparison with NSC, the application of UHPFRC is expected to improve the impact resistance capacity of construction and infrastructure under extreme mechanical or environmental loads, which should be mainly attributed to the contribution of fibres.

Nevertheless, most of this research did not consider the cost of utilized fibres, while the cost of 1% volume content of fibres applied in UHPFRC is generally higher than that of matrix.


To efficiently utilize fibres in UHPFRC, one of the promising methods is to appropriately blend several different types of fibres in one concrete matrix [14, 15] . Due to the fact that short fibres can bridge micro-cracks while long fibres are more efficient in preventing the development of macro-cracks, the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete can be better than that with only one type of fibre [16] . However, very little information is available about the dynamic load behavior of the UHPFRC incorporating hybrid fibres, which may be attributed to the variation and complexity of the influence of hybrid fibres.

To efficiently utilize fibres in UHPFRC, one of the promising methods is to appropriately blend several different types of fibres in one concrete matrix.

Due to the fact that short fibres can bridge micro-cracks while long fibres are more efficient in preventing the development of macro-cracks, the mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete can be better than that with only one type of fibre.


According to radiobiological theory, the sublethal damage repair (SLDR) takes place not only between the frations but also during the irradiation. Cell killing tends to decrease with fraction delivery time increasing because of ongoing sublethal damage repair processes during dose delivery [6, 7] . Therefore, it is reasonable to question whether the radiobiological effectiveness of intermittently delivered radiation over a prlonged time has the same biological effectiveness as those delivered continuously through conventional external beam radiation therapy (EBRT).

Cell killing tends to decrease with fraction delivery time increasing because of ongoing sublethal damage repair processes during dose delivery.


The spatially distributed urban form data could be conveniently extracted from geographic data of urban areas, and the feature details are only limited by the map scale. However, if such kinds of data are unavailable, remote sensing data could be used to extract construction land data, including for buildings, in urban areas [32, 33] . The various optical remote sensing sensors provide natural generalizations of land surface features to fit different research purposes in urban areas, e.g., from urban block to building levels, including 3D building information extraction [34] [35] [36] [37] . In recent years, remote sensing has been extensively applied in urban spatial growth monitoring (e.g., urban sprawl), building reconstruction, urban land use classification, and socio-economic analysis [33, 38, 39] .

However, if such kinds of data are unavailable, remote sensing data could be used to extract construction land data, including for buildings, in urban areas.

The various optical remote sensing sensors provide natural generalizations of land surface features to fit different research purposes in urban areas, e.g., from urban block to building levels, including 3D building information extraction.

In recent years, remote sensing has been extensively applied in urban spatial growth monitoring (e.g., urban sprawl), building reconstruction, urban land use classification, and socio-economic analysis.


Various empirical studies about the influences of urban form on travel patterns were presented in different regions and at different spatial scales [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . However, the relationship between urban form and travel patterns remains far from entirely clear. The lack of comparability in different studies causes the present understanding of the relationship between urban form and travel behavior to be perplexing [28] [29] [30] [31] . It is reasonable to believe that there is certain relationship between urban form and travel patterns as described above. However, there are still several issues with respect to compact urban form that need to be addressed. For example, could it reduce the travel time to improve travel efficiency, and if possible, what characteristics play key roles? Is it effective in promoting the transformation of the travel modes that residents usually prefer in order to achieve low-carbon travel targets?

Various empirical studies about the influences of urban form on travel patterns were presented in different regions and at different spatial scales.

The lack of comparability in different studies causes the present understanding of the relationship between urban form and travel behavior to be perplexing.


In this study a pharmacophore model for ATP-competitive inhibitors of human protein kinase CK2 was developed on the basis of known inhibitors with an indeno[1,2-b]indole scaffold. This model has been challenged against a set of compounds and was able to select most active compounds and excluded most nonactive ones, which indicate its validity. By using this model for database mining using the ZINC compound database, bikaverin ZINC05765165 was identified as a Figure 6 . Determination of the IC 50 value towards recombinant human CK2 of bikaverin (6,11-dihydroxy-3,8-dimethoxy-1-methylbenzo[b]xanthene-7,10,12-trione), the hit compound identified by ZINC database mining.CK2 holoenzyme was pre-incubated with different bikaverin concentrations (0.001-100 µM) and subsequently the in vitrophosphorylation of CK2 specificsubstrate peptide was determined by CE [30] . Relative CK2 activity at each inhibitor concentration is given in a dose-response diagram. IC 50 values were determined in three independent replications and mean values with corresponding standard deviations are given.

CK2 holoenzyme was pre-incubated with different bikaverin concentrations (0.001-100 µM) and subsequently the in vitrophosphorylation of CK2 specificsubstrate peptide was determined by CE.


In further studies bikaverin could be used for structural modification in order to improve its inhibitory towards CK2. Further studies are necessary to test the effects of some derivatives of this compound such as acetylated derivatives or dibromo-O-methylbikaverin, as those compounds were more cytotoxic than bikaverin in cell lines such as EAC cells [27, 32] . Also further studies to test other selected structures from the 55 compounds and modify them accordingly is planned with the hope of finding new highly active and selective inhibitor of CK2. Actually, the aim of this study was to primary in silico filter the database and try to introduce new backbones serving as possible new hits for human CK2 which was performed by discovering that bikaverin is an active CK2 inhibitor with inhibitory activity comparable to other natural inhibitors of the target enzyme such as emodin which has an IC 50 value of 0.58 µM in our test system.

Further studies are necessary to test the effects of some derivatives of this compound such as acetylated derivatives or dibromo-O-methylbikaverin, as those compounds were more cytotoxic than bikaverin in cell lines such as EAC cells.


Respiratory viral infections occur frequently in our SCT patients. In the 12 months before the case cluster occurred, as described above, 25 infections were detected by culture, including 10 HPIV3, 8 RSV, 3 influenza A, 3 adenovirus, and 1 HPIV2. Twenty of these 25 infections occurred during the winter months, November through March 2000. The HPIV3 case cluster we describe here occurred in the spring, which is consistent with the epidemic period for HPIV3 in the continental US since 1977 [21] . Increased HPIV3 circulation in the community increased the likelihood of multiple introductions of the virus that led to misidentification as nosocomial transmission. During the 11 weeks when the HPIV3 case cluster occurred, only 2 other respiratory viral infections were detected in our SCT patients, both due to adenoviruses. Six of 12 HPIV3 cases occurred in the first 100 days after transplantation, a period often considered to have the greatest risk of morbidity from a viral infection. Five of the 6 patients with HPIV3 infection who were beyond 100 days after transplantation had chronic GVHD, and only one had acute grade 4 GVHD.

The HPIV3 case cluster we describe here occurred in the spring, which is consistent with the epidemic period for HPIV3 in the continental US since 1977.


To consider the errors of measurements involved in the present technique, let us recollect that the measurement is made near the bottom of Fraunhofer D 1 absorption line, where Rayleigh scattered light and the terrestrial Na absorption feature lie apart from the Na dayglow line emission. Doppler shift of this line emission around the bottom of the absorption line throughout the day could introduce time varying errors in the measurements, but for Na wavelength since the Fraunhofer line width is quite large in comparison to the Doppler shift, this error can be neglected (Chanin, 1975) . However, since the wavelength reproducibility of the present spectrometer is ∼0.1Å, during tuning it to the D 1 line by scanning, there may occur a maximum wavelength positioning error ∼0.1Å from its actual position. Because of this positioning error the maximum measurement error has been estimated and it is found to vary between 8-10% from the actual emission intensity. Also the terrestrial Na absorption feature changes diurnally because of the slant path variation through the Na layer. Depending on the zenith angle variation and the Na abundance variation there occur variations in the solar radiation absorption, which may introduce a time varying depression of the dayglow signal. It is already known that the percent depression of the dayglow signal is equal to the percent terrestrial absorption (Burnett et al., 1975) . Hence, this absorption also is likely to introduce a small measurement error.

Doppler shift of this line emission around the bottom of the absorption line throughout the day could introduce time varying errors in the measurements, but for Na wavelength since the Fraunhofer line width is quite large in comparison to the Doppler shift, this error can be neglected.

It is already known that the percent depression of the dayglow signal is equal to the percent terrestrial absorption.


Successful deployment of active middleware services, which can detect and adapt to changes in topologies of distributed components, will depend upon a foundation layer of service-discovery software that can monitor the state of nearby software services and components and that can detect changes in network connectivity. Already, military organizations are investigating the applicability of commercial service-discovery systems to meet such requirements in hostile and volatile environments [1] . In military and civil emergency response situations, software components in a distributed system may find that cooperating components disappear due to physical or cyber attacks, to jamming of communication channels or to movement of nodes. Such environments demand new analysis approaches and tools to design and test software that will be used to provide active middleware services.

Already, military organizations are investigating the applicability of commercial service-discovery systems to meet such requirements in hostile and volatile environments.


T1DM is an autoimmune disease driven by the activation of T lymphocytes, mainly CD8 + , against pancreaticcells. The lymphocytes count in our patients with diabetes was significantly lower than in control, with no apparent change in the number of circulating WBC. The worldwide increasing incidence of T1DM in childhood remains unexplained. Environmental chemicals that can act as endocrine disruptors may affect the development and function of the immune system in ways that could promote autoimmunity and thereby contribute to the development of T1DM [22] .

Environmental chemicals that can act as endocrine disruptors may affect the development and function of the immune system in ways that could promote autoimmunity and thereby contribute to the development of T1DM.


The behaviour of the grounding system under lightning determines the degree of protection provided. This makes obvious the purpose of analysis procedures predicting the transient response of grounding systems. If an equivalent circuit approach is adopted these procedure can be implemented in a simulation model [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .

If an equivalent circuit approach is adopted these procedure can be implemented in a simulation model.


In terms of activities for AR usage in manufacturing, the most prominent are assembly and maintenance [10] . Maintenance is frequently associated to application fields like remote assistance and training, while assembly is also frequently associated to training [6] . This perspective provides the interpretation that applications of augmented reality technologies are the tip of the iceberg of a set of processes and technologies to meet an operational demand within the industry.

In terms of activities for AR usage in manufacturing, the most prominent are assembly and maintenance.

Maintenance is frequently associated to application fields like remote assistance and training, while assembly is also frequently associated to training.


Several factors contribute to the development or progression of AI. Bacterial infection aggravates symptoms of AI and is secondary to chronic sinus tracts and moisture [17] . Microbiological swabs taken from superficial lesions are usually negative, whereas aspirates from deep lesions reveal different bacteria: Staphylococci, Streptococci, Peptostreptococci, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, Bilophila wadsworthia and anaerobes [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] .

Bacterial infection aggravates symptoms of AI and is secondary to chronic sinus tracts and moisture.

Microbiological swabs taken from superficial lesions are usually negative, whereas aspirates from deep lesions reveal different bacteria: Staphylococci, Streptococci, Peptostreptococci, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, Bilophila wadsworthia and anaerobes.


The ever increasing size of wind turbine rotor blades requires accurate and efficient methods for the prediction of the aerodynamic loads and performance. Without a deep understanding of the flow phenomena governing the rotor aerodynamics, high levels of uncertainty must be expected within the design process, implying a reduction in cost-effectiveness and the reliability of the whole machine. Numerous difficulties have been identified in modeling the aerodynamics of rotor blades [1] . Even stationary axial inflow conditions lead to complex flow phenomena, which are not yet well understood. Flow separation, secondary flows and stall delay are examples of such interrelated phenomena, which furthermore are known to play a key role in the aerodynamic behavior of the rotor. Those effects, being highly three-dimensional (3D), limit substantially the applicability of two-dimensional (2D) airfoil polars for their use in the design process. Therefore, 2D polars need to be corrected for rotational effects before using them in aeroelastic codes and other design tools.

Numerous difficulties have been identified in modeling the aerodynamics of rotor blades.


The unit-cell dimensions of sample 25525-Na decreased abruptly between 50 ~ and 100~ in both the a and the b directions and then increased slightly from 150 ~ to 300~ The XRD pattern changed significantly between 50* and 100*C; the 020 reflection decreased from 8.85 to 8.48/~. To follow this volume decrease more closely, the sample was examined at 75~ between the 50 ~ and 100~ examinations, with a 30-min equilibration time. At 75~ the 020 reflection split into two reflections of almost equal intensity at 8.78 and 8.49/~. The presence of two separate 020 reflections tilolites and were brought on by a loss of water and by migration of exchangeable cations (Galli et aL, 1983) . Distortions of the 10-and 8-member tings are also the likely cause of the significant changes in relative peak intensities noted when the samples were heated.

At 75~ the 020 reflection split into two reflections of almost equal intensity at 8.78 and 8.49/~. The presence of two separate 020 reflections tilolites and were brought on by a loss of water and by migration of exchangeable cations.


The NNWSI project has studied the effects of repository-induced temperature increases on the physical properties of the rocks and minerals in Yucca Mountain (Lappin, 1982; Bish et al., 1982) . Lappin attemptCopyright 9 1984, The Clay Minerals Society ed to relate the macroscopic thermal expansion behavior of tuff to published thermal expansion data for the constituent minerals. He found a significant variation in behavior from sample to sample, particularly for clinoptilolite-bearing samples (contraction of ~0.008 -+ 0.02 cm/cm). In addition, no thermal expansion data existed for clinoptilolite, and its thermal expansion had to be approximated. Zeolites of the clinoptilolite-heulandite series have been widely studied by the NNWSI project because of their abundance in Yucca Mountain, their excellent sorptive properties for many radionuclide cations, and their ability to reversibly contract and expand at temperatures below 200~ (Bish et al., 1984) . Their thermal stability contrasts with that of the common devitrification minerals quartz, cristobalite, and alkali feldspar.

The NNWSI project has studied the effects of repository-induced temperature increases on the physical properties of the rocks and minerals in Yucca Mountain.

Zeolites of the clinoptilolite-heulandite series have been widely studied by the NNWSI project because of their abundance in Yucca Mountain, their excellent sorptive properties for many radionuclide cations, and their ability to reversibly contract and expand at temperatures below 200~.


This study assessed social media usage in medicine by medical students in Turkey. We found that 93.4% of students used social media and 89.3% used social media for professional purposes. We also found that 95.3% used Facebook; the observed usage rates of Facebook, a social networking site whose use has been investigated in many studies, ranged from 13% to 47% among physicians and from 64% to 96% among students [16] .

We also found that 95.3% used Facebook; the observed usage rates of Facebook, a social networking site whose use has been investigated in many studies, ranged from 13% to 47% among physicians and from 64% to 96% among students.


Given these properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively researched as possible reinforcement (and conductive elements) for high-performance nanocomposites. In addition, nanotube based transistors have been made that operate at room temperature and that are capable of digital switching using a single electron (Postma et al. 2001) . In order to design manufacturing processes more effectively, it is important to understand and model the behaviour of CNT suspensions and the orientation of CNTs. Although several studies have focused on producing polymer nanotube composites, many practical challenges remain before their potential can be fully realized. Dispersing the nanotubes individually and uniformly into the matrix seems to be fundamental in producing composites with reproducible and optimal properties.

In addition, nanotube based transistors have been made that operate at room temperature and that are capable of digital switching using a single electron.


The relationships between remotely sensed land surface temperature and physical land surface characteristics have been intensively investigated in many disciplines of physical sciences, such as geography, as an important climatological phenomenon. Together with this trend, many social science studies have focused on addressing socioeconomically vulnerable groups of population and regions to the heat-related weather event. But in the field of urban planning, the UHI effect has only recently gained serious attention from planners [7] . This study strongly believed that it is largely due to the lack of a methodology that enables planners to integrate the findings from a grid level or from the much larger administrative boundaries level into a planning relevant scale. To guide the discussion of this paper to the topic of parcel based investigation of highly determinant physical land surface characteristics and socioeconomic characteristics contributing to the formation of UHIs, this section of the paper will discuss below: first, what biophysical and socioeconomic attributes have been addressed in various studies, second, in what scale these attributes were measured and integrated, and finally, how to address the importance of each attribute in the formation of UHIs.

But in the field of urban planning, the UHI effect has only recently gained serious attention from planners.


On the other hand, the problem of output tracking for nonlinear systems has an important theoretical and practical significance, because it is a fundamental problem in control theory and has widespread application in engineering, such as aeronautics, robot control, and flight control [10] [11] [12] [13] . However, the output tracking problem for nonlinear systems is harder to investigate than stability. This is because output tracking requires the output of systems to track the reference signal besides the internal stability. Furthermore, for switched systems, due to the interaction between the continuous and discrete dynamics, the problem of output tracking becomes more difficult.

On the other hand, the problem of output tracking for nonlinear systems has an important theoretical and practical significance, because it is a fundamental problem in control theory and has widespread application in engineering, such as aeronautics, robot control, and flight control.


With the development of society, the control theory also confronts lots of challenges. The famous control effect cannot be achieved, if the technique which simply relies on continuous-time or discrete-time system is employed. Therefore, hybrid systems have attracted much attention [1] [2] [3] [4] . Switched system is a particular class of hybrid system, which includes a finite number of subsystems and a rule specifying the switching among these subsystems. Stability analysis and control synthesis of switched systems have been two important topics, and the average dwell time approach is an effective tool to handle the stability problem for switched systems [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

Therefore, hybrid systems have attracted much attention.

Stability analysis and control synthesis of switched systems have been two important topics, and the average dwell time approach is an effective tool to handle the stability problem for switched systems.


Despite the advantages presented by Raman amplifiers, there are some difficulties in their implementation. The task of arranging the design parameters, such as the number of pumps and its wavelength and power to achieve a flat gain, proved to be a real challenge, due to their nonlinear characteristics and the fact that the mutual interactions between pumps and signals are described by a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations [3] , [4] . Another important impairment is that Raman amplifiers tend to cost around 10 times more than erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), which makes the definition of its parameters an important task as well as the minimization of the numbers of pumps needed to reach specific levels of gain and ripple.

The task of arranging the design parameters, such as the number of pumps and its wavelength and power to achieve a flat gain, proved to be a real challenge, due to their nonlinear characteristics and the fact that the mutual interactions between pumps and signals are described by a set of coupled nonlinear differential equations.


All of the specimens appear essentially amorphous to XRD, with peaks from crystalline phases in parent materials and with no evidence of new crystalline phases being formed during thermal cycles, regardless of the amount of metakaolin replacement. Furthermore, with the increasing of temperature, quartz peaks become less pronounced, possibly reflecting a degree of dissolution under the temperature and alkaline conditions [30] . All of the above findings contribute to the loss of mechanical properties of the produced mortars after the thermal cycles. Compression strength measurements, reported in Figure 13 , show an overall loss of about 80% of the initial value, regardless of the amount of metakaolin replacement. However, it must be pointed out that all of the specimens retained their cohesiveness during thermal treatments. The results of heating cycles, in terms of XRD patterns, are reported in Figure 12A ,B for a FBA content of 0% and 30%, respectively. The broadening of the main feature in geopolymers diffractograms with the increasing of temperature can be attributed to network strain and distortion due to dehydration and shrinkage of the geopolymer network as elsewhere reported [29] .

Furthermore, with the increasing of temperature, quartz peaks become less pronounced, possibly reflecting a degree of dissolution under the temperature and alkaline conditions.

The broadening of the main feature in geopolymers diffractograms with the increasing of temperature can be attributed to network strain and distortion due to dehydration and shrinkage of the geopolymer network as elsewhere reported.


The micro-morphological features of the parent material and geopolymers with different FBA contents are compared in Figure 5a -c. Metakaolin exhibits a pronounced broad hump centered at approximately 22 • 2θ with few peaks, indicating that it contains essentially amorphous silica and alumina with crystalline phases such as quartz [19] . For the manufactured geopolymeric mortars, the characteristic broad hump centered at approximately 28 • 2θ is observed, regardless of FBA content. It can be considered as the distinguishing feature of the diffractogram of any geopolymer [15] .

Metakaolin exhibits a pronounced broad hump centered at approximately 22 • 2θ with few peaks, indicating that it contains essentially amorphous silica and alumina with crystalline phases such as quartz.

It can be considered as the distinguishing feature of the diffractogram of any geopolymer.


XRD analysis of FBA, (not shown), reveals the presence of both amorphous and crystalline phases, the predominant crystalline phase being quartz. Micrographs of FBA at different magnifications, reported in Figure 2 , show that FBA is a heterogeneous mixture of particles of varying sizes and Environments 2017, 4, 74 5 of 13 morphologies, both irregular and spherical. FBA are highly alkaline so they may lead to a favorable acceleration of geopolymerization process (Tables 3 and 4) . The workability was evaluated quantitatively by the consistency measured through the flow table test. The inclusion of FBA as a partial replacement material in geopolymeric mortar resulted in an increasing of workability, as shown in Figure 3 . This behavior can be ascribed to both an increased rate in the dissolution of metakaolin due to the higher alkalinity of the reaction mixes containing FBA, and the greater FBA average particles size than metakaolin. In fact, alkalinity has the great influence in the reaction medium on the dissolution rate of metakaolin. The workability was evaluated quantitatively by the consistency measured through the flow table test. The inclusion of FBA as a partial replacement material in geopolymeric mortar resulted in an increasing of workability, as shown in Figure 3 . This behavior can be ascribed to both an increased rate in the dissolution of metakaolin due to the higher alkalinity of the reaction mixes containing FBA, and the greater FBA average particles size than metakaolin. In fact, alkalinity has the great influence in the reaction medium on the dissolution rate of metakaolin. The workability was evaluated quantitatively by the consistency measured through the flow table test. The inclusion of FBA as a partial replacement material in geopolymeric mortar resulted in an increasing of workability, as shown in Figure 3 . This behavior can be ascribed to both an increased rate in the dissolution of metakaolin due to the higher alkalinity of the reaction mixes containing FBA, and the greater FBA average particles size than metakaolin. In fact, alkalinity has the great influence in the reaction medium on the dissolution rate of metakaolin. Metakaolin exhibits a pronounced broad hump centered at approximately 22° 2 with few peaks, indicating that it contains essentially amorphous silica and alumina with crystalline phases such as quartz [19] . For the manufactured geopolymeric mortars, the characteristic broad hump centered at approximately 28° 2is observed, regardless of FBA content. It can be considered as the distinguishing feature of the diffractogram of any geopolymer [15] .

Metakaolin exhibits a pronounced broad hump centered at approximately 22° 2 with few peaks, indicating that it contains essentially amorphous silica and alumina with crystalline phases such as quartz.


The micro-morphological features of the parent material and geopolymers with different FBA contents are compared in Figure 5a -c. Metakaolin exhibits a pronounced broad hump centered at approximately 22° 2 with few peaks, indicating that it contains essentially amorphous silica and alumina with crystalline phases such as quartz [19] . For the manufactured geopolymeric mortars, the characteristic broad hump centered at approximately 28° 2is observed, regardless of FBA content. It can be considered as the distinguishing feature of the diffractogram of any geopolymer [15] .


The use of forest biomass as fuel in thermal power plants is becoming a common practice due to its availability, low cost, sustainability, and renewability. The process of combustion, which significantly reduces the mass of the forest biomass, leads to the production of fine FBA as by-product in the range of 6-10% [1] . In order to further increase the environmental sustainability of the process, it is necessary to reduce the fraction of forest biomass ash (FBA) that is currently land-filled. To achieve this target, new application fields, different from soil amendment, have to be found [2] [3] [4] . Furthermore, the development of more environmentally friendly materials based on the utilization of industrial waste materials or recycled materials in their manufacture is a nowadays focus. It allows for reducing natural raw materials, water, and energy consumption, and it is driven by the increasingly more stringent environmental regulations [5, 6] .

The process of combustion, which significantly reduces the mass of the forest biomass, leads to the production of fine FBA as by-product in the range of 6-10%.

To achieve this target, new application fields, different from soil amendment, have to be found.

It allows for reducing natural raw materials, water, and energy consumption, and it is driven by the increasingly more stringent environmental regulations.


In Figure 8 , the drying shrinkage properties of selected mortars and their weight loss are reported. As it can be seen from Table 5 , sorptivities values increase with increasing the FBA content. This suggests that FBA alters the structure of the pores and the interconnected capillary pores. This also offers another element for the interpretation of the obtained mechanical data. This occurrence could also affect durability [27] .

This occurrence could also affect durability.


Environments 2017, 4, 74 10 of 13 both the samples, with particles forming a layer-like structure, which results less dense in geopolymer mortar prepared with FBA. The results of heating cycles, in terms of XRD patterns, are reported in Figure 12 A,B for a FBA content of 0% and 30%, respectively. The broadening of the main feature in geopolymers diffractograms with the increasing of temperature can be attributed to network strain and distortion due to dehydration and shrinkage of the geopolymer network as elsewhere reported [29] .

The broadening of the main feature in geopolymers diffractograms with the increasing of temperature can be attributed to network strain and distortion due to dehydration and shrinkage of the geopolymer network as elsewhere reported.


All of the specimens appear essentially amorphous to XRD, with peaks from crystalline phases in parent materials and with no evidence of new crystalline phases being formed during thermal cycles, regardless of the amount of metakaolin replacement. Furthermore, with the increasing of temperature, quartz peaks become less pronounced, possibly reflecting a degree of dissolution under the temperature and alkaline conditions [30] . All of the above findings contribute to the loss of mechanical properties of the produced mortars after the thermal cycles. Compression strength measurements, reported in Figure 13 , show an overall loss of about 80% of the initial value, regardless of the amount of metakaolin replacement. However, it must be pointed out that all of the specimens retained their cohesiveness during thermal treatments. All of the specimens appear essentially amorphous to XRD, with peaks from crystalline phases in parent materials and with no evidence of new crystalline phases being formed during thermal cycles, regardless of the amount of metakaolin replacement. Furthermore, with the increasing of temperature, quartz peaks become less pronounced, possibly reflecting a degree of dissolution under the temperature and alkaline conditions [30] .

Furthermore, with the increasing of temperature, quartz peaks become less pronounced, possibly reflecting a degree of dissolution under the temperature and alkaline conditions.


In this paper we construct a new theory, almost global homotopy theory. We observe that if the equivariant cohomology theories {E * G (−)} G have the change-ofgroup isomorphisms and there exists an orthogonal G−spectrum {X G (−), σ (−,−) } representing E * G (−), then for any closed subgroup H of G and any G−representation V , we have a weak H−equivalence X G (V ) ≃ H X H (V ). In light of this observation, we combine the equivariant orthogonal spectra of {E * G (−)} G by equivariant weak equivalences to give the definition of a global spectrum. The category Sp D0 W [Definition 3.6] of the resulting global spectra has a model structure on it Quillen equivalent to the global model structure on orthogonal spectra constructed in Theorem 4.3.17 [20] .

The category Sp D0 W [Definition 3.6] of the resulting global spectra has a model structure on it Quillen equivalent to the global model structure on orthogonal spectra constructed in Theorem 4.3.17.


This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2-4, we survey some basic information about Gromov hyperbolic spaces, acylindrically hyperbolic groups and convergence 3 groups. We introduce the notion of Condition (C) in Section 5. In Section 6, we survey a construction due to Bowditch [4] . The proof of Theorem 1.2 is presented in Section 7 and separated into two parts. We first use geometric properties of Gromov hyperbolic spaces to prove that every acylindrically hyperbolic group is non-virtually-cyclic and admits an action satisfying (C) on a completely Hausdorff space with an element having the northsouth dynamics. The other direction of Theorem 1.2 is proved by using the construction of Bowditch. We also prove Theorem 1.5 and discuss Corollary 1.3 and its converse in Section 7.

This paper is organized as follows.

In Section 6, we survey a construction due to Bowditch.


The results of the regressions were more important. The first regression showed that the only type related to promotion was Feeling: those with high scores were slow in being promoted. This was probably because the Feeling dimension was correlated both with Neuroticism and Agreeableness, both traits linked to lack of managerial success (Furnham, 2008) . This might be because Feeling types might be particularly prone to inter-personal stress and more interested in group dynamics and happiness than strategy With regard to senior management, the only trait that proved significant in the regression was Perceiving. People who scored highly on this dimension were described as spontaneous, flexible and liking things loose and open to change. Whilst their adaptability and resourcefulness might be thought to be advantageous in senior management positions, the systematic, methodical, organised and planed lives of Judging types seemed much more useful at senior management levels.

This was probably because the Feeling dimension was correlated both with Neuroticism and Agreeableness, both traits linked to lack of managerial success.