There were also some differences between the experiences of participants in the study and what had been reported in the literature. There were several references in the literature to the positive family effects of parenting children with disabilities, in terms of bringing families closer together and feeling closer as a unit [30, 31] . One possible reason for this difference is the nature and duration of family relationships between the studies. In the present study, most participants were foster and adoptive parents, and so may not have been parenting the child (ren) in the same way, or for as long as birth parents who are highly represented in previous studies.

There were several references in the literature to the positive family effects of parenting children with disabilities, in terms of bringing families closer together and feeling closer as a unit.


Nowadays, traffic congestions at the expressways have become more serious in Beijing, and the situation is deteriorating. One of the key reasons for traffic congestions is the merging conflicts of the entering and exiting traffic streams caused by the close distances from the upstream entrance ramp (or exit ramp) to the downstream one and the numerous entrance and exit ramps [1] [2] [3] . Traffic bottlenecks form easily in the conflict zones along the expressways, and the queue spilled over may result in congestion or even jam when traffic demand increases. Therefore, it is necessary to research on the traffic bottleneck for traffic management or ramp metering.

One of the key reasons for traffic congestions is the merging conflicts of the entering and exiting traffic streams caused by the close distances from the upstream entrance ramp (or exit ramp) to the downstream one and the numerous entrance and exit ramps.


Conservation science recognizes genetic, species and ecosystem diversity as the top three forms of biodiversity that require conservation attention (McNeely et al., 1990) . Taxonomic units provide important guidance in decision-making processes of conservationists and policy makers. But designating species boundaries can be challenging and is subject to different criteria depending on the species concept applied (Baker and Bradley, 2006; Frankham et al., 2012; Zachos, 2018; Zachos et al., 2013) .

Conservation science recognizes genetic, species and ecosystem diversity as the top three forms of biodiversity that require conservation attention.

But designating species boundaries can be challenging and is subject to different criteria depending on the species concept applied.


The above model-1 (3) was not found to be satisfactory. Thus, to improve the quality of model, outliers (u21, u25, and u26) were identified from data set by calculating residuals value (Observed activity-Predicted activity) and removed. Compounds that have unexpected biological activity and are unable to fit in a QSAR model and are known as outliers [40] .

Compounds that have unexpected biological activity and are unable to fit in a QSAR model and are known as outliers.


One of the main differences between the current and the new screening test is that the new FIT involves taking just one sample on one occasion, compared to the FOBT which requires two samples to be taken on three separate occasions. Thus the process appears much simpler and it has been suggested that ease of completion plays a major role in the increased rate of return associated with the new FIT [4] . However, this study compared data from two separate periods when the FOBT (15 months) or FIT (9 months) was used as the standard kit during routine testing, and therefore did not provide a direct comparison between the two tests [4] .

Thus the process appears much simpler and it has been suggested that ease of completion plays a major role in the increased rate of return associated with the new FIT.

However, this study compared data from two separate periods when the FOBT (15 months) or FIT (9 months) was used as the standard kit during routine testing, and therefore did not provide a direct comparison between the two tests.


Percutaneous needle biopsies play an important role in diagnosis and treatment of multiple disorders and diseases like cancers etc [14] . The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) program expects fellows to achieve competency in biopsies of both autologous (native or in-situ) and transplant kidneys [15] . In addition, there are also other requirements for resident fellows to demonstrate their general competency relevant to biopsy. Conventional biopsy training involve use of physical phantoms (as shown in Fig.1 (a) & (b) ) on which the residents practice with biopsy needles and ultrasound transducers. The major limitations posed by these methods are limited practice opportunities and duration as well as lack of tools to quantitatively indicate the progress of the trainees.

Percutaneous needle biopsies play an important role in diagnosis and treatment of multiple disorders and diseases like cancers etc.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) program expects fellows to achieve competency in biopsies of both autologous (native or in-situ) and transplant kidneys.


The prominence of the binary trochaic foot in Hebrew hypocoristics thus reflects 'the emergence of the unmarked' (McCarthy & Prince 1994) . This notion refers to cases where the effect of a suppressed markedness constraint emerges in a class of forms associated with a different constraint ranking. In the case discussed here, the constraint TROCHEE, whose effect is usually suppressed due to its low ranking, emerges in hypocoristics, whose constraint ranking grants TROCHEE an undominated status.

The prominence of the binary trochaic foot in Hebrew hypocoristics thus reflects 'the emergence of the unmarked'.


Various accessibility and usability guidelines have been proposed in the literature to provide design criteria for developing Web contents. One of the more authoritative sources is the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C, Web Accessibility Initiative group), which defines accessibility guidelines for Web content, authoring tools and user agent design. The W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) are general principles for making Web content more accessible and usable for people with disabilities [19] . The latest version of the WCAG (2.0) is organized in four categories, relying on the clear perception of content information (content perceivable), complete interaction with an interface in its functionalities (interface elements operable), comprehension of meaning (content understandable), and maximizing the interface's compatibility with new assistive technologies and devices (content robustness) [19] . Accessibility is closely related to usability; an interface should permit the user to achieve her/his target goal (effectiveness) in the best (efficient) and in a fully satisfactory way [5] . Important properties for website usability concern navigability as well as interaction. An interface should fulfill peoples' needs (utility), be easy to use in a gradual learning process for users who visit the site repeatedly (learnability and memorability) and limit user errors (few easily recoverable errors) [10] .

The W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) are general principles for making Web content more accessible and usable for people with disabilities.

The latest version of the WCAG (2.0) is organized in four categories, relying on the clear perception of content information (content perceivable), complete interaction with an interface in its functionalities (interface elements operable), comprehension of meaning (content understandable), and maximizing the interface's compatibility with new assistive technologies and devices (content robustness).

Accessibility is closely related to usability; an interface should permit the user to achieve her/his target goal (effectiveness) in the best (efficient) and in a fully satisfactory way.

An interface should fulfill peoples' needs (utility), be easy to use in a gradual learning process for users who visit the site repeatedly (learnability and memorability) and limit user errors (few easily recoverable errors).


Nevertheless, within the accessions studied, there were several candidates that favourably combined multiple seed-derived traits and which suggested that improvement to butterfat content together with other seedderived traits is possible. Six accessions (AM 2/91 [POU], CRU 51, CRU 133, ICS 39, IMC 10, MATINA 1/7 and POUND 18/A [POU]) were identified as excellent parental candidates for butterfat content in combination with high cotyledon mass and low pod index. MATINA 1/7 was also the only accession from these candidates that was included in the 100 clones of the CFC/ICCO/ IPGRI project collection (Sounigo et al., 2006) . The disease resistance of the suggested six parental candidate accessions should be assessed before embarking on any breeding programme with these accessions.

MATINA 1/7 was also the only accession from these candidates that was included in the 100 clones of the CFC/ICCO/ IPGRI project collection.


In the past three decades, considerable interest have been attracted to develop analytical and numerical models for structural/stress analysis of composite laminates. It has been well-known that the classical plate theory, in which the transverse normal and the mid-surface are assumed to be perpendicular before and after deformation, is inadequate [1] . Reissner and Mindlin proposed the first order shear deformation theory as a supplement to the classical theory [2, 3] . The former allows for a constant transverse shear strain along the thickness direction. Physically, the transverse shear stress should vanish at the top and bottom surfaces of the plate. Hence, a shear correction factor is required to maintain a proper transverse shear stiffness. The factor can be eliminated if higher order shear deformation theory is employed with some of its kinematic d.o.f.s constrained according to the zero shear traction boundary condition [4] [5] [6] . Generally speaking, shear deformation theories can determine global responses such as transverse displacement, buckling load and harmonic frequency with acceptable accuracy. However, they fail in predicting the transverse shear stress due to the C 1 -nature of the assumed inplane displacement in the thickness direction that renders the transverse shear strain continuous. With different elastic moduli along and transverse to the fibre, the predicted transverse shear stress becomes discontinuous and, thus, violates the traction reciprocity at the ply-interface.

It has been well-known that the classical plate theory, in which the transverse normal and the mid-surface are assumed to be perpendicular before and after deformation, is inadequate.

Reissner and Mindlin proposed the first order shear deformation theory as a supplement to the classical theory.

The factor can be eliminated if higher order shear deformation theory is employed with some of its kinematic d.o.f.s constrained according to the zero shear traction boundary condition.


Layerwise models are the fundamental remedy to the C 1 -limitation of the shear deformation theory. In these model, only C 0 -continuity of the displacement is maintained at the ply-interfaces [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . To enhance the accuracy of the transverse shear stress in the layerwise model, there are at least three different approaches. In the renowned hybrid/mixed finite element method, an independently assumed C 0 -continuous transverse shear stress which may also be equilibrating is assumed [10] [11] [12] . It is often noted that the inplane stress and its inplane derivatives are satisfactory.

In these model, only C 0 -continuity of the displacement is maintained at the ply-interfaces.

In the renowned hybrid/mixed finite element method, an independently assumed C 0 -continuous transverse shear stress which may also be equilibrating is assumed.


The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 the notion of model of λ-calculus is recalled. In Section 3 the two parametric type assignment systems and the related clique models are defined. Section 4 contains a short survey on the principal notions about coherence spaces and stable functions. In Section 5 we prove the isomorphism between clique-models (lazy clique models) and linear and lazy stable λ-models respectively. Finally Section 6 contains a comparison between the present paper and the papers [6, 17] .

The paper is organized as follows.

Finally Section 6 contains a comparison between the present paper and the papers.


The theory of derivatives and integrals of non-integer order goes back to Leibniz, Liouville, Grunewald, Letnikov and Riemann. Many important phenomena are well described by fractional differential equations in electromagnetics, acoustics, viscoelasticity, electro chemistry and material science. Fractional derivatives provide an excellent instrument for the description of memory and hereditary properties of various materials and processes. Fractional derivatives provide an excellent instrument for the description of memory and hereditary properties of various materials and processes. Half-order derivatives and integrals proved to be more useful for the formulation of certain electrochemical problems than the classical models [5] [6] [7] [26] [27] [28] .

Half-order derivatives and integrals proved to be more useful for the formulation of certain electrochemical problems than the classical models.


Although there is a close rotor-stator interaction in Francis turbines, the degree of interaction is lower in the case of axial turbines because of the comparably large vaneless space. The flow in this region is subject to rotation and wake dissipation, which make the flow condition more complicated compared to that in Francis turbines. Pressure measurements on the runner of a Kaplan model, known as Porjus U9, showed clear flow asymmetries at the distributor outlet (Amiri et al. 2015) . Such asymmetry caused pressure fluctuations on the runner with respect to the runner frequency and guide vanes (GVs) passing frequency. However, the main source of pressure fluctuations cannot be determined by pressure measurements due to the limited information provided by such point measurements.

Pressure measurements on the runner of a Kaplan model, known as Porjus U9, showed clear flow asymmetries at the distributor outlet.


The main purpose of the current study was to conduct a numerical investigation of the pressure fluctuations exerted on the runner of the Porjus U9 Kaplan model due to the interaction between the runner and the spiral casing/distributor of the model. Experimental investigations of the pressure fluctuations exerted on the runner of the Kaplan model showed clear flow asymmetries delivered to the runner of the model (Amiri et al., 2015) . The source and location of the asymmetry were not identified by the measurements. The source of the asymmetry could be the flow condition at the spiral inlet, the geometry of the spiral casing or the distributor. The whole turbine model, starting from the upper tank of the test rig to the draft tube outlet, was simulated using the SAS-SST turbulence model. The model was divided into two subdomains, and flow was simulated within each domain. The first domain included the inlet of the upstream tank to the outlet of the spiral casing, and the second included the inlet of the spiral casing to the draft tube outlet. The results of the first simulation were used as the inlet boundary condition for simulating the second domain to investigate the effect of the flow condition at the inlet of the spiral casing on the fluid structure interaction. The results of the second domain clarified the source and the location of the asymmetries at the distributor outlet. The results were compared with LDA measurement results at the entrance of the spiral casing and pressure measurements performed on the runner blades.

Experimental investigations of the pressure fluctuations exerted on the runner of the Kaplan model showed clear flow asymmetries delivered to the runner of the model.


Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is a comprehensive, integrated public health approach for providing a spectrum of early detection and intervention services for substance use in general medical care settings, including the ED [4, 5] . These settings offer a potential "teachable moment" because patients may have perceptions of vulnerability about their health, regardless of the reason for the visit, and therefore may be particularly receptive to screening and counseling [6] . Unlike primary prevention that targets non-risk or low-risk users, or treatment services for people already dependent, SBIRT provides early intervention services targeted at individuals who misuse alcohol or illicit drugs, but who may not be dependent. Although individual program frameworks vary, all SBIRT programs share two key components: screening and intervention. Individuals who screen positive for alcohol or drug problems are provided with an appropriate educational or therapeutic service. Most of those screening positive are categorized as relatively low risk and receive a brief intervention, consisting of a time-limited motivational interview done on site that focuses on increasing patient awareness of the risks of substance abuse, feedback on normative use and safe limits, and eliciting motivation to change [4] . Individuals at moderate-to severe risk are provided brief intervention plus brief treatment (e.g., six face-to-face counseling sessions) or referral to specialty treatment for more intensive support [4] .

Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is a comprehensive, integrated public health approach for providing a spectrum of early detection and intervention services for substance use in general medical care settings, including the ED.

These settings offer a potential "teachable moment" because patients may have perceptions of vulnerability about their health, regardless of the reason for the visit, and therefore may be particularly receptive to screening and counseling.

Most of those screening positive are categorized as relatively low risk and receive a brief intervention, consisting of a time-limited motivational interview done on site that focuses on increasing patient awareness of the risks of substance abuse, feedback on normative use and safe limits, and eliciting motivation to change.

Individuals at moderate-to severe risk are provided brief intervention plus brief treatment (e.g., six face-to-face counseling sessions) or referral to specialty treatment for more intensive support.


That being, some products have been released in the market in the last few years based on the coating of urea, aiming to slow its release rate within the rumen in order to reach a better synchrony with the carbohydrate fermentation rate and improve microbial efficiency. The urea physically encapsulated by vegetable waxes is aimed at reducing the speed of ammonia release into the rumen (Santos et al., 2011) . This type of urea has been tested in some experiments with dairy cows (Galo et al., 2003; Akay et al., 2004; Souza et al., 2010; Santos et al., 2011; Sinclair et al., 2012) . However, the efficiency of this product must be evaluated in diets for crossbred cows with average milk yield. The evaluation of this type of product in production systems that utilize crossbred animals is interesting, since it will represent the Brazilian herd, as most of the cattle intended for milk production in Brazil are from crosses between taurine and zebu breeds.

The urea physically encapsulated by vegetable waxes is aimed at reducing the speed of ammonia release into the rumen.

This type of urea has been tested in some experiments with dairy cows.


One of the biggest problems concerning the use of urea is its rapid hydrolysis in the rumen, caused by the activity of ureases secreted from ruminal microorganisms. This rapid hydrolysis may result in ammonia N being available in the rumen at a higher rate than the capacity of microbial protein synthesis, which would result in excessive loss of N (Lapierre and Lobley, 2001) . In order to optimize microbialprotein production, there must be a synchrony between the availability of energy and nitrogen compounds in the rumen environment (Russel et al., 1992; Firkins, 1996) .

This rapid hydrolysis may result in ammonia N being available in the rumen at a higher rate than the capacity of microbial protein synthesis, which would result in excessive loss of N.

In order to optimize microbialprotein production, there must be a synchrony between the availability of energy and nitrogen compounds in the rumen environment.


Lycopene, a non-provitamin A carotenoid and potent antioxidant, gives tomatoes their red colour and is effective at quenching the destructive singlet oxygen. Along with carotene and lutein, it protects against lung, breast, uterus and prostate cancers [4] . It produces significant reduction in blood pressure, serum lipids, and oxidative stress markers [8] [9] [10] . Xanthophyll's, like lutein and zeaxanthin function as protective antioxidants for the retinal part of human eye [4] .

Along with carotene and lutein, it protects against lung, breast, uterus and prostate cancers.

It produces significant reduction in blood pressure, serum lipids, and oxidative stress markers.

Xanthophyll's, like lutein and zeaxanthin function as protective antioxidants for the retinal part of human eye.


The most representative cinnamic acid is acid, which occurs in fruit, vegetable and coffee, mainly as an ester with quinic and (chlorogenicor 5-caffeoylquinic acid) [15, 16] . Others include p-coumaric (4-hydroxycinnamic) and ferulic (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic) acids [17] . Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives have a wide array of biological and pharmacological activities including antioxidative, antiviral and ant-listerial activities [18, 19] . Their antioxidant properties can be expressed in several ways. For instance, 1, 5-dicaffeolquinic acid is an hepatoprotector when challenged by carbon tetrachloride, a mechanism that involves, among others, radical scavenging [16] . Chlorogenic acid is a powerful antioxidant, cholegogue and hypoglycemic agent [18, 19] .

The most representative cinnamic acid is acid, which occurs in fruit, vegetable and coffee, mainly as an ester with quinic and (chlorogenicor 5-caffeoylquinic acid).

Others include p-coumaric (4-hydroxycinnamic) and ferulic (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic) acids.

Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives have a wide array of biological and pharmacological activities including antioxidative, antiviral and ant-listerial activities.

For instance, 1, 5-dicaffeolquinic acid is an hepatoprotector when challenged by carbon tetrachloride, a mechanism that involves, among others, radical scavenging.

Chlorogenic acid is a powerful antioxidant, cholegogue and hypoglycemic agent.


Currently, the most commonly used clinical technique using BMPs is the relatively straightforward method of combining reconstituted BMP with collagen scaffolds just prior to implantation [9, 10] . The scaffold and BMP are supplied separately, and the scaffold is soaked in the GF solution before implantation. This technique, while clinically accepted, exhibits poor GF release characteristics, eluting BMP rapidly and presenting the wound site with a BMP concentration far above those found in normal physiological conditions. Due to the short half-life of GFs in situ, the high concentrations are needed to maintain a therapeutical release profile. This technical shortfall not only increases the cost of the therapy, but also generates serious concerns over long-term complications associated with the high dosage of GFs [11] . It would be more favourable to have a smaller therapeutic dose delivered, at appropriate physiological levels over the time period of the wound-healing process.

Currently, the most commonly used clinical technique using BMPs is the relatively straightforward method of combining reconstituted BMP with collagen scaffolds just prior to implantation.

This technical shortfall not only increases the cost of the therapy, but also generates serious concerns over long-term complications associated with the high dosage of GFs.


While ground-truthing of TOPEX/Poseidon currents in the Subtropical Frontal Zone has not been conducted, several comparisons between TOPEX/Poseidon estimates of geostrophic current and estimates derived from at-sea sampling and drifters ®nd good agreement in the western and central North Paci®c (Yu et al., 1995; Mitchum, 1996) . Regarding Ekman transport, a study of the circulation with satellitetracked drifters in the same region as occupied by our tracked loggerheads indicates that Ekman transport is minimal and in the same direction as geostrophic current, thus geostrophic current provides a good description of the surface circulation in this area (Niiler and Reynolds, 1984) . Speci®cally during the winter, surface drifters travelled eastward at an average speed of 3±4 cm s ±1 , with occasional speeds of 30 cm s ±1 . Further, the drifters travelled along the contours of sea surface height, indicating that geostrophic current is the dominant component of the surface¯ow, and hence, the estimates we derived from TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimetry are consistent with those observed from drifting buoys (Niiler and Reynolds, 1984) .

While ground-truthing of TOPEX/Poseidon currents in the Subtropical Frontal Zone has not been conducted, several comparisons between TOPEX/Poseidon estimates of geostrophic current and estimates derived from at-sea sampling and drifters ®nd good agreement in the western and central North Paci®c.

Regarding Ekman transport, a study of the circulation with satellitetracked drifters in the same region as occupied by our tracked loggerheads indicates that Ekman transport is minimal and in the same direction as geostrophic current, thus geostrophic current provides a good description of the surface circulation in this area.

Further, the drifters travelled along the contours of sea surface height, indicating that geostrophic current is the dominant component of the surface¯ow, and hence, the estimates we derived from TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimetry are consistent with those observed from drifting buoys.


A simple example is a rod excited in the axial direction with forces at the two ends. Intuition tells us that the bar must move as a rigid body at very low frequencies. If the required motion at two response points is not identical, large input forces can result, because higher modes must also be excited to achieve the desired response. As the frequency increases excitation of the higher modes becomes easier and the achievement of different motion at two points becomes easier as a combination of the rigid body translation and higher modes. At low frequencies the rigid body mode is excited most efficiently with the forces at the end in phase. Near the first longitudinal mode the bar is excited most efficiently with forces at the two ends out of phase. The forces required to achieve a given response is influenced by the crossover frequency where the excitation is changed from in-phase to out-of-phase. This paper attempts to find a rational solution to minimize the forces required to achieve a specified response. For the case of specified response autospectra density, the solution suggested is the solution that minimizes the trace of the input autospectral density matrix. The solution that maximizes the trace of the input autospectra is also derived. The minimum trace solution is a reasonable excitation because it excites the structure in a manner consistent with the dynamic properties of the structure and does not require unreasonable boundary conditions for the structure under test or analysis. It is shown that any other solution will result in a trace between the minimum and maximum solution. The problem has been solved for a square system (the number of inputs equals the number of response points) [12] . This paper will generalize the results and extends the results to rectangular systems.

The problem has been solved for a square system (the number of inputs equals the number of response points).


Methodologically, we follow a spatial correlations approach. Our identification strategy is based on correlating changes in immigrant concentration at the regional level with changes in the labor supply of skilled native women in the same region. While there are potentially multiple channels through which unskilled immigration can affect the labor supply of skilled workers, we identify the effects operating through the price of household services via changes in the labor supply of skilled women with family responsibilities relative to women without. Our model is set up so that only skilled women with family responsibilities purchase household services. The rest of skilled women, therefore, do not change their time allocation in response to changes in the local supply of household services. Our identification approach thus departs from the tests already in the literature 3 . Crucial to the spatial correlations approach is the large variation in immigration inflows across Spanish regions. Over the course of the last decade, immigration generated large regional differences in the foreign-born share, which in 2008 ranged from below 4% in some regions to almost 25% in others. In order to provide a causal interpretation for our estimates, we adopt an instrumental variables approach based on ethnic networks (Card 2001) .

In order to provide a causal interpretation for our estimates, we adopt an instrumental variables approach based on ethnic networks.


But what about the most fundamental aspects of games: their rules and the mechanics they imply? A language for describing the rules of a game (and possibly other aspects) is known as a game description language (GDL). Several GDLs have been proposed for different purposes. The Stanford GDL, created for the general game playing competition, is a relatively genre-independent language yet limited to perfect information games with discrete state space [6] . Based on first-order logic, the Stanford GDL tends to be rather lengthy: a description of Tic-Tac-Toe is approximately 3 pages long. Browne's Ludi GDL trades generality for conciseness -by limiting itself to two-player board games with restrictions to pieces and boards, it allows Tic-Tac-Toe to be described in 6 lines [1] . An interesting GDL variation is Smith's and Mateas' Ludocore, which expresses 2D arcade games using logic programming [10] . To the best of our knowledge, a GDL suited for describing strategy games has not yet been introduced.

The Stanford GDL, created for the general game playing competition, is a relatively genre-independent language yet limited to perfect information games with discrete state space.

Browne's Ludi GDL trades generality for conciseness -by limiting itself to two-player board games with restrictions to pieces and boards, it allows Tic-Tac-Toe to be described in 6 lines.

An interesting GDL variation is Smith's and Mateas' Ludocore, which expresses 2D arcade games using logic programming.


The behavior of the MR damper can be characterized by its highly nonlinear motion [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . The force versus velocity plot forms a hysteresis loop depicting the nonlinear character of the MR damper. There exist many different parametric models like Bingham model, Bingham Body model, Lee model, Spencer model, Bouc-Wen model, and GamotaFilisko model that portray the behavior of the MR damper. These models are difficult to implement throughout the working range of the MR damper due to the hysteresis and jump type phenomena resulting from the specific properties, like viscoplasticity, viscoelastoplasticity, and viscoelasticity, of the MR fluid. It is also difficult to find a solution for the equations for some of the defined models due to the numerical and analytical complexity of the model equation. These drawbacks prevent the models from being implemented as governing equations in real time controllers [7] . In the low speed range the Bingham model can predict the rigid plastic behavior better than the involution model when the MR damper is loaded with a sinusoidal input. When triangular loading is used on the MR damper, the involution model predicts the model better than the Bingham model [8] . The deformation in the hysteresis loop of the force-velocity and force-displacement graphs deviates from the Bouc-Wen model due to the force lag phenomenon in the MR damper. The modification of the Bouc-Wen model, the Bouc-WenBaber-Noori model, can to a certain extent describe the pinching hysteretic behavior [9] . The evolutionary variable equation for the modified Bouc-Wen model depends on 4 parameters , , , and , where , , and control the shape and size of the hysteresis and the parameter controls the smoothness of the transition from elastic to plastic region [10] . Genetic algorithm assisted inverse method and nonlinear-least square error optimization in MATLAB can be used to identify the parameters and develop a model [11, 12] .

The behavior of the MR damper can be characterized by its highly nonlinear motion.

These drawbacks prevent the models from being implemented as governing equations in real time controllers.

When triangular loading is used on the MR damper, the involution model predicts the model better than the Bingham model.

The modification of the Bouc-Wen model, the Bouc-WenBaber-Noori model, can to a certain extent describe the pinching hysteretic behavior.

The evolutionary variable equation for the modified Bouc-Wen model depends on 4 parameters , , , and , where , , and control the shape and size of the hysteresis and the parameter controls the smoothness of the transition from elastic to plastic region.

Genetic algorithm assisted inverse method and nonlinear-least square error optimization in MATLAB can be used to identify the parameters and develop a model.


The best model selected from the models generated in the different stages is based on the performance of the model. The algorithm is trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The error histogram for the model obtained with 100 nodes in the hidden layer is shown in Figure 5 . It can be seen from the histogram that the large centre peaks indicate very small errors or the output is very close to the target values. The absence of spikes towards the end implies that the there are no misclassifications in the model [38] . The best training performance for the different iterations of the model is shown in Figure 6 .

The absence of spikes towards the end implies that the there are no misclassifications in the model.


Suspension systems range from active to passive suspensions. MR damper lies in between this range and behaves like a semiactive suspension system. The damping of a passive suspension system is a property of the system and cannot be varied, whereas in an active suspension system the damping of the system can be altered by using an actuator to give it an external force. This external force helps in improving the ride quality. The shortcoming of this model is that it requires considerable amount of external power source; it is costly and is difficult to incorporate in the system due to the added mass. A variation of the active suspension system is the semiactive or the adaptive suspension system. In these systems the damping of the system is varied by controlling the current thereby changing the viscous properties of the damping elements in the suspension system. PID neural network controller is one such controller used to develop a model to predict the displacement and velocity behavior of the MR damper [1] . In comparison to active suspension semiactive suspension systems' power consumption is considerably less.

PID neural network controller is one such controller used to develop a model to predict the displacement and velocity behavior of the MR damper.


The diversity of native and invasive populations of T. peregrinus has recently been determined using mitochondrial COI bar-coding sequence data (Nadel et al. 2010) . These data have helped to distinguish T. peregrinus from related cryptic species in its native range, and confirmed its identity in the invaded range. Furthermore, it revealed a great deal about the origin and invasion pathway of this insect. For example, the dominant haplotypes found in outbreak populations of T. peregrinus in Sydney and Brisbane overlapped with the haplotypes found in the invaded regions, suggesting these major cities to be the source of the invasions. It also confirmed that at least three independent introductions have occurred into South Africa and South America. There would be significant value in achieving the same level of understanding of the diversity of its potential biological control agent C. noackae.

The diversity of native and invasive populations of T. peregrinus has recently been determined using mitochondrial COI bar-coding sequence data.


Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation and is pivotal for tumor growth, invasion and metastases [3] . Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds and neutralizes one of the main effectors of malignant angiogenesis, the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), has been licensed for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer combined with chemotherapy [4] . However, the rather modest improvement in response and survival outcomes achieved indicate the rich tumor heterogeneity and the probability that only a subset of tumors are amenable to VEGF modulation. The molecular characterization of tumors responsive to bevacizumab remains the Holy Grail for a worlwide community of investigators.

Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation and is pivotal for tumor growth, invasion and metastases.

Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds and neutralizes one of the main effectors of malignant angiogenesis, the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), has been licensed for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer combined with chemotherapy.


Thus, the analysis of the causes of food waste clearly demonstrates that there is not a single culprit who can be blamed for the current situation. It also becomes obvious that there is not a single solution to bring forth notable changes. This is in line with recent developments in "Sustainable Food Supply Chain Management" published in the special issue of Int. J. Production Economics in 2014 [11] . Hence, it is of high importance to raise a new appreciation for food among all stakeholders of the food supply chain in order to arrive at a more sustainable food system. Although every stage in the food chain is effective for itself, all actors have to be informed on this topic and united in the approaches towards a reduction of food waste. Only by doing so, the many causes of wastefulness within the different sectors of food industry can be eliminated and, hence, as few foods as possible will be discarded. Courses of action for a reduction of food waste should be taken within each company but also in interaction with other stages of the value chain, especially the interdependencies of each firm with the general framework, the interactions on the markets as well as with its social environment and with the appreciation of foods. Also, the examination and management of food waste should consider indicators for utilization of resources and other environmental impacts of related upstream chains. To reduce food waste, the solution can only be to share responsibility across the supply chain in which all stakeholders' behaviors are to such an extent connected that each activity has an impact on all other actors in the chain, regionally and globally.

J. Production Economics in 2014.


The competition for resources such as land, water and energy further increases the sensitivity of this issue. Thus, the coverage of global demand for food commodities is increasingly difficult, and the effects of anthropogenic induced environmental impact and climate change threaten the livelihood of future generations. For example, the value chain for food and drinks (food supply chain-FSC) in the European Union (EU) is responsible for about 17% of direct greenhouse gas emission and about 28% of the consumption of material resources [6] . Luckily, globally, the awareness of the positive impacts on reducing food waste is rising [7, 8] .

For example, the value chain for food and drinks (food supply chain-FSC) in the European Union (EU) is responsible for about 17% of direct greenhouse gas emission and about 28% of the consumption of material resources.

Luckily, globally, the awareness of the positive impacts on reducing food waste is rising.


Purification of propylene from propane is one of the most important separation processes in the petrochemical industry due to the large demand of propylene as a feedstock for production of many common plastics and chemicals [1] . Worldwide production has grown to over 84 billion pounds per year and the current means of meeting this demand is separation by cryogenic distillation, which is an extremely energy-intensive process due to the marginal differences in relative volatility of C 3 H 6 and C 3 H 8 [2] . C 3 splitters typically comprise over 200 trays and are operated with reflux ratios greater than 10, making the distillation process very energy-intensive.

Purification of propylene from propane is one of the most important separation processes in the petrochemical industry due to the large demand of propylene as a feedstock for production of many common plastics and chemicals.

Worldwide production has grown to over 84 billion pounds per year and the current means of meeting this demand is separation by cryogenic distillation, which is an extremely energy-intensive process due to the marginal differences in relative volatility of C 3 H 6 and C 3 H 8.


In practice, motion analysis of human body parts is dominated by visual based motion analysis systems, where one or multiple cameras are used to track the motion of the subject attached with reflective markers. These images are then processed and analysed using specialised software to derive kinematic data [4] [5] [6] [7] . Visual based motion analysis systems have a widespread use and they have remarkable performances on measuring displacements and paths of motion [8] . However, they are weak in measuring high frequency and low amplitude motion because of the lack of resolution. Therefore, a more precise kinematics data is necessary for better assessment of the human joint before and after surgery. High resolution kinematics data is also needed for better assessment on the performance of joint after implant surgery. Besides the lack of resolution in visual based motion analysis system, this type of system usually requires high cost for a certain gait laboratory test. Furthermore, visual based motion analysis systems are usually not portable and the test is limited to a certain area covered by the range of the camera. Thus, the application of the visual based motion analysis system is limited, as it cannot be done outside of the instrumented environment.

These images are then processed and analysed using specialised software to derive kinematic data.

Visual based motion analysis systems have a widespread use and they have remarkable performances on measuring displacements and paths of motion.


To date, several nutrition and gardening interventions have been developed, many of which take a generalized approach to healthy eating and gardening, and demonstrate mixed effectiveness in improving dietary intake [9] [10] [11] [12] . The LA Sprouts nutrition, cooking and gardening intervention for urban, predominantly Latino elementary school children in many ways employs a similar theoretical foundation as these programs, yet specifically targets obesity prevention and treatment. Like previous garden-based nutrition interventions, LA Sprouts draws on Bandura's "self-efficacy", or the expectation of success of a behavior, as the theoretical foundation for behavior change [13] . In LA Sprouts, we hypothesized that by developing increased self-efficacy in their ability to perform positive nutritional behaviors, children will be more likely to engage in these practices outside of the intervention.

To date, several nutrition and gardening interventions have been developed, many of which take a generalized approach to healthy eating and gardening, and demonstrate mixed effectiveness in improving dietary intake.

Like previous garden-based nutrition interventions, LA Sprouts draws on Bandura's "self-efficacy", or the expectation of success of a behavior, as the theoretical foundation for behavior change.


In our case, the initial state preparation corresponds to a uniform initial polarization E, a postselecting measurement state from a polarization analyzer F (in general unrelated to E), and the operator in question is the reflection matrix, which acts on different plane wave components of the beam differently, since the angle and plane of incidence depend on the direction of the plane wave component. For a narrow paraxial beam, this dependence is so small that the polarization couples only weakly to space, so the spatial beam shift is analogous to shift of the pointer. The weak value of an operator is in general complex, and it has been proved that the imaginary part corresponds to a shift in the conjugate variable [13, 14] . If the pointer corresponds to the real space representation of the beam, then its conjugate variable is the Fourier space: the imaginary part of the weak value is the angular shift. The full extent of the connection between weak values and beam shifts extents even further and deserves its own exposition in a more general framework, which we present in a companion paper [15] .

The weak value of an operator is in general complex, and it has been proved that the imaginary part corresponds to a shift in the conjugate variable.

The full extent of the connection between weak values and beam shifts extents even further and deserves its own exposition in a more general framework, which we present in a companion paper.


The spatial and angular Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift within the plane of incidence can be intuitively understood from a two-dimensional picture in which s and p polarization can be treated separately. Any two-dimensional wave packet or beam consists of a spectrum of plane waves with different incidence angles, so each acquires a different reflection coefficient (for each s and p component of the polarization). When the beam is tightly concentrated around a common incidence angle θ 0 , all beam shifts are a firstorder effect in the spectral width of the beam, and their nature (spatial or angular) depends on how the polarization-weighted sum of r s and r p varies over the spectrum: a variation of the imaginary part alone leads to a spatial shift, and real variation, to an angular shift (see below, Fig. 1 ). Because both spatial and angular Goos-Hänchen shifts are usually small when compared to a generic measure, they can be seen as corrections to the laws of geometrical optics [7, 19] .

Because both spatial and angular Goos-Hänchen shifts are usually small when compared to a generic measure, they can be seen as corrections to the laws of geometrical optics.


Hot air drying is the most convenient and adopted among various drying methods, during the drying process, the purple sweet potato's quality changes in a acceptable rate for the heating process in terms of anthocyanin losing and chromatism [4] . Furthermore, hot air drying itself is a energy consuming process. Finding the best solution of drying purple sweet potato is also solving the difficult problems such as energy saving.

Hot air drying is the most convenient and adopted among various drying methods, during the drying process, the purple sweet potato's quality changes in a acceptable rate for the heating process in terms of anthocyanin losing and chromatism.


The final and critical property that remains to be investigated is under which conditions the Ω-limit set corresponding to a given solution reduces to a singleton. As is well known, this property is by no means guaranteed, even for the "classical" 2 initial-boundary value problem for a barotropic fluid subject to a given potential-like force [1, 10, 9, 5] . As a matter of fact, in our case the situation appears to be more complicated. In fact, as mentioned in the previous paragraph, in any possible terminal state the gradient of pressure has to balance the potential-like centrifugal force where the angular velocity is itself an unknown function of the density. The problem of uniqueness is addressed in Section 6 by means of the implicit function theorem, and the relevant findings are collected in Theorems 3 and 4. The results depend on the magnitude of the total angular momentum, M 0 , of the coupled system S. Since the motion occurs in absence of external forces, this quantity is preserved at all times; see (6.5) . If M 0 = 0 (a rather non-generic situation) then the Ω-limit set reduces to the single state where S is at rest and the density of the gas is a constant (compatible with conservation of mass). If M 0 = 0, the situation appears to be much more complicated. Nevertheless, we are able to give an answer under suitable assumption on the "mass distribution" of the coupled system, and by requiring the material constant a to be "sufficiently large" ("small" Mach number). More precisely, letρ ≡ m F /V, with m F mass of the gas and V volume of the cavity. Then, I(ρ) is the central inertia tensor of the system body-fluid when the fluid has a constant densityρ. Notice that I(ρ) is completely characterized by known physical parameters. Then, if all three eigenvalues of I(ρ) are distinct, and a > a 0 for a sufficiently large a 0 > 0, the Ω-limit corresponding to any strong solution reduces to a single point or, equivalently, the generic strong solution to the initial-boundary value problem tends to a uniquely determined steady-state.

As is well known, this property is by no means guaranteed, even for the "classical" 2 initial-boundary value problem for a barotropic fluid subject to a given potential-like force.


Volume fracturing presents a complicated hydromechanical coupling problem, with two special conditions. Firstly, there would be fluid flow within the fracture network and matrix rock and fluid exchange or fluid leak between the fracture and the surrounding porous media, because of the pressure difference between the fracture network and the matrix rock during fracturing fluid pumping. Secondly, although the net pressure drives the initiation and propagation of fractures, the increased pore fluid pressure in the matrix surrounding the fractures would impact fracture propagation. There were considerable differences between piston-like displacement, single phase and multiphase leakage behaviors for nonintersected fractures, and matrix rock using extended finite element method (XFEM) [16] . Based on the vital important role of leakage, this paper promoted the multiphase fluid flow model to fully coupled hydromechanical model for fractured porous media to provide a numerical tool for simulating hydraulic fracturing of fractured porous media. This decision is enlightened on the strong discontinuity of displacement at either side of fractures and the weak discontinuity of pore fluid pressure, as XFEM represents the most commonly used method in simulating discontinuous media. This paper also discusses the deformation features and mechanical mechanisms before the intersection between hydraulically induced fractures and orthogonal and nonorthogonal natural fractures.

There were considerable differences between piston-like displacement, single phase and multiphase leakage behaviors for nonintersected fractures, and matrix rock using extended finite element method (XFEM).


Unconventional reservoirs, such as shale gas, have an extremely tight matrix, but well-developed natural fractures [1] . Volume stimulation drives these natural fractures to expand continuously and introduce shear slip in brittle rocks, thus forming complicated networks of intersecting natural fractures and artificial fractures that further increase the stimulated volume [2] . Therefore, the volume stimulation method has become one of the key technologies in unconventional oil and gas development [3] . However, simulation hydraulic fracturing in the presence of natural fracture network is a challenging task, owing to the complex interactions between fracturing fluid, rock matrix, and rock interfaces, as well as the mechanical behaviors before, during, and after the intersections between hydraulic fractures and preexisting natural fractures [4] [5] [6] .

Unconventional reservoirs, such as shale gas, have an extremely tight matrix, but well-developed natural fractures.

Volume stimulation drives these natural fractures to expand continuously and introduce shear slip in brittle rocks, thus forming complicated networks of intersecting natural fractures and artificial fractures that further increase the stimulated volume.

Therefore, the volume stimulation method has become one of the key technologies in unconventional oil and gas development.

However, simulation hydraulic fracturing in the presence of natural fracture network is a challenging task, owing to the complex interactions between fracturing fluid, rock matrix, and rock interfaces, as well as the mechanical behaviors before, during, and after the intersections between hydraulic fractures and preexisting natural fractures.


They also introduced "lightweight" parsing which follows the supertagging. If words in a string can be tagged with this rich syntactic information, then Bangalore and Joshi claim, the remaining step of determining the actual syntactic structure is trivial [2] . They propose a "lightweight dependency parser" (LDA) which is a heuristically-driven, very simple program that creates a dependency structure from the supertags of the words. While the supertagging only requires a notion of syntactically relevant features, the stage of determining a syntactic structure requires a grammar that uses these syntactically relevant features. Given the correct supertags, LDA performs with an unlabeled accuracy of about 95%.

If words in a string can be tagged with this rich syntactic information, then Bangalore and Joshi claim, the remaining step of determining the actual syntactic structure is trivial.


Stressful or traumatic experiences that occur in the first years of life affect brain development and behavior of individuals (Neigh, Gillespie, & Nemeroff, 2009) . Clinical studies that evaluate the consequences of early adverse experiences such as child abuse, maternal neglect and psychosocial stress suggest that a history of adverse occurrences could promote the development of various psychopathologies (Cicchetti & Manly, 2001; Salzberg et al., 2007; Lai & Huang, 2011; Mesa-Gresa & Moya-Albiol, 2011) . To study how negative early experiences affect the development of the individual, various animal model studies have been implemented including those investigating alterations in motherpup interactions (Moriceau, Roth, & Sullivan, 2010; Lesch, 2011; Schmidt, Wang, & Meijer, 2011) . One of these models is early maternal separation, which has been widely used as a model of the anxiety, depression and stress caused by neglect (Duque et al., 2011) .

Stressful or traumatic experiences that occur in the first years of life affect brain development and behavior of individuals.

Clinical studies that evaluate the consequences of early adverse experiences such as child abuse, maternal neglect and psychosocial stress suggest that a history of adverse occurrences could promote the development of various psychopathologies.

To study how negative early experiences affect the development of the individual, various animal model studies have been implemented including those investigating alterations in motherpup interactions.

One of these models is early maternal separation, which has been widely used as a model of the anxiety, depression and stress caused by neglect.


Not only are stress responses mediated by the reaction of the HPA axis and by the action of neurotransmitters but also by interneuronal communication and glia. It is known that astrocytes play an important role in brain function during development by interacting with neurons, helping migration during embryonic stages, secreting neurotrophins, and contributing to synaptogenesis and to processes of brain plasticity, among others (Newman, 2003) . In this way, it has been shown that synaptic transmission can be modulated by changes in astrocytes that surround these synapses, producing morphological changes that affect synaptic transmission (Newman, 2003) .

It is known that astrocytes play an important role in brain function during development by interacting with neurons, helping migration during embryonic stages, secreting neurotrophins, and contributing to synaptogenesis and to processes of brain plasticity, among others.

In this way, it has been shown that synaptic transmission can be modulated by changes in astrocytes that surround these synapses, producing morphological changes that affect synaptic transmission.


Studies have reported that stroke survivors participate in less physical activity than others with chronic conditions [13] . However, although mild stroke makes up almost half of the occurrences of stroke, to our knowledge, there has been no description of the physical activity levels of participation before and after stroke and physical activity retention after stroke for this subpopulation. Since motor impairments are not characteristic of mild stroke as it is presently defined, we anticipated that there might not be significant poststroke declines from their prestroke HDL activity levels. In addition, we speculated that experiencing a mild stroke would be a "wake-up call" that might spur patients to seek opportunities to increase participation in prestroke HDL activities or participate in new ones, especially given that our stroke rehabilitation guidelines include patient education on the importance of increasing physical activity to maintain health and improve possible cardiovascular comorbidities. However, our findings indicate that persons after mild stroke decreased participation in a significant number of their prestroke HDL activities and did not initiate new HDL activities as a means to increase physical activity in an effort to meet poststroke guidelines [2, 7] .

Studies have reported that stroke survivors participate in less physical activity than others with chronic conditions.

However, our findings indicate that persons after mild stroke decreased participation in a significant number of their prestroke HDL activities and did not initiate new HDL activities as a means to increase physical activity in an effort to meet poststroke guidelines.


Developmental biologists speculate that JH can play an important role in larval developmental reprogramming in IF eusocial wasps [21] [22] . For example, it is suggested that morphological variations between workers and gynes in Polistes dominula, as well as differences in facial patterns indicating reproductive quality among these castes, are affected by variations in JH titers during larval development [21] . Similarly, quantitative differences in cuticular compounds between workers and foundresses in P. dominula were attributed to larval variations in JH titers, and this may be involved in differential gene expression linked to the behavioral phenotype of adult females in Polistes canadensis [14] [23] .

Developmental biologists speculate that JH can play an important role in larval developmental reprogramming in IF eusocial wasps.

For example, it is suggested that morphological variations between workers and gynes in Polistes dominula, as well as differences in facial patterns indicating reproductive quality among these castes, are affected by variations in JH titers during larval development.

Similarly, quantitative differences in cuticular compounds between workers and foundresses in P. dominula were attributed to larval variations in JH titers, and this may be involved in differential gene expression linked to the behavioral phenotype of adult females in Polistes canadensis.


This study demonstrated for the first time that JH topical application in a specific period of larval development affects the female's phenotype in IF eusocial wasps. Females emerging from JH-treated larvae in the third instar had a significantly larger body size than females emerging from control larvae. This instar-dependent effect of JH on the offspring phenotype has been described for other species of eusocial insects [38] [48] . For example, in the ant Harpegnathos saltator, an increase of JH titer in larvae of the third and fourth (last) instars is sufficient to induce the queen to develop [38] . In honey bee (Apis mellifera), JH topical application effectively inhibited programmed cell death in ovarioles of third-instar larvae developing into workers [49] .

This instar-dependent effect of JH on the offspring phenotype has been described for other species of eusocial insects.

For example, in the ant Harpegnathos saltator, an increase of JH titer in larvae of the third and fourth (last) instars is sufficient to induce the queen to develop.

In honey bee (Apis mellifera), JH topical application effectively inhibited programmed cell death in ovarioles of third-instar larvae developing into workers.


In the usual procedure for the fabrication of MMMs, the polymer-filler dispersion is cast on a flat surface. After solvent evaporation at room temperature, the membrane is heated in vacuum to remove the remaining solvent [12] . This method does not allow ultrathin membranes to be obtained. However, thinner membranes are of considerable importance for the further study of the filler-polymer interaction and also for obtaining a more detailed characterization of the membrane structure and properties and of the subsequent influence on the MMMs performance. In this context, the preparation of systems by a direct bottom-up approach is necessary in order to achieve a fine control over the size and shape of nanomaterials, without the need for any further treatment such as delamination, suspension, or alignment on a substrate [7] .

After solvent evaporation at room temperature, the membrane is heated in vacuum to remove the remaining solvent.

In this context, the preparation of systems by a direct bottom-up approach is necessary in order to achieve a fine control over the size and shape of nanomaterials, without the need for any further treatment such as delamination, suspension, or alignment on a substrate.


W ith the help of modern technology nowadays difficult physical labour has been replaced by a variety of machines, which do not require much physical effort. Most of the working-age people have sedentary jobs, which results in back pain, stiff and weak muscles, decreasing mobility, strength, productivity and deteriorating quality of life. The loss of muscle mass, accumulation of fat and slower metabolism can be noticed among people over 30 years old (English & Jones, 2010) . After the age of 40 or later, progressive cognitive disorders start to emerge. They affect memory and learning. Also, 8% of muscle atrophy per decade, decreased bone mineral density, and finally sarcopenia, osteopenia and osteoporosis can be observed (Gomes et al., 2017; McPhee et al., 2016) . In addition, studies have shown that chronic non-infectious diseases are most common at the age of 40 and over (Vičaitė, 2016) .

The loss of muscle mass, accumulation of fat and slower metabolism can be noticed among people over 30 years old.

They affect memory and learning.

Also, 8% of muscle atrophy per decade, decreased bone mineral density, and finally sarcopenia, osteopenia and osteoporosis can be observed.

In addition, studies have shown that chronic non-infectious diseases are most common at the age of 40 and over.


A statistically significant relationship (p < .05) was found after investigating the relationship between physical activity and motives that stimulate physical activity in the areas of enjoyment, competence, appearance and fitness. Research shows that physical activity is more intense due to fitness, but there was no statistically significant relationship between appearance and social motives (Kamal, Radzani, & Jannah, 2018) . Also, with increasing health literacy, there is a growing consciousness of why it is necessary and useful to engage in physical activity by eliminating all possible barriers which may limit physical activity.

Research shows that physical activity is more intense due to fitness, but there was no statistically significant relationship between appearance and social motives.


This study analyses the patterns of currency uctuations and common movements in Swiss franc (CHF) denomination because of its signi cant impact on Hungarian bank solvency. In particular, it examines the inadequacy of CHF as an underlying currency for foreign currency loans (FCYLs) for Central and Eastern European (CEE) households because of its special role as a reserve currency. A reserve currency suffers a sudden appreciation owing to enormous liquidity in ows under mistrustful periods, which erodes the credit quality of FCYL debtors. This is important because FCYLs have a signi cant share of the overall loans market in 18 EU Member States, especially outside the Eurozone, while CHF loans have a signi cant share in Slovenia, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Poland, and Hungary (Yesin, 2013) .

This is important because FCYLs have a signi cant share of the overall loans market in 18 EU Member States, especially outside the Eurozone, while CHF loans have a signi cant share in Slovenia, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Poland, and Hungary.


Contagions and divergences between currencies were tested through three steps: rst, market ef ciency was tested, then extreme trading days and periods were cleared, and nally the DCCs were calculated. The functions of the MFE and UCSD Matlab toolboxes were applied in this regard. Returns on an ef cient capital market should be normally distributed and non-autocorrelated (Fama, 1970) . In this study, returns were calculated as the logarithmic differentials of the currency rates. The de nition of contagion and divergence requires conditional correlations as well, which can be biased by heteroscedasticity (Forbes and Rigobon, 2002) . A Jarque-Bera test was thus used to study the normal distribution, which is based on the third and fourth moments of the returns. To test the reduction of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, ARCH-LM and LjungBox tests were utilised.

Returns on an ef cient capital market should be normally distributed and non-autocorrelated.

The de nition of contagion and divergence requires conditional correlations as well, which can be biased by heteroscedasticity.


Choice of PEP regimen can greatly influence adherence. Some regimens are associated with lower tolerability and higher rates of adverse events such as nausea, and 3-drug regimens may be more complicated for patients than 2-drug regimens [35] . There is limited evidence on adherence outcomes in patients receiving different PEP regimens. In this meta-analysis, we did not find a difference in adherence among studies that used predominantly a 2-drug regimen versus a 3-drug regimen. However, not all studies detailed their drug regimens, so we did not have complete data for this analysis, nor were we able to compare specific drug regimens. No studies directly compared 2-and 3-drug regimens, and separate studies may not be comparable. Newer regimens that include TDF-FTC may have higher adherence than zidovudine/lamivudine-based regimens [15, 16] . As we were unable to assess the effects of different drug regimens on adherence, we included calendar year as a proxy for drug regimen in our metaregression analysis, as regimens change systematically over time. This proxy variable was neither a strong nor significant predictor of adherence. Since the majority of studies in this review assessed adherence to zidovudinebased regimens, it is hoped that adherence to TDF-FTCbased regimens will be even higher.

Some regimens are associated with lower tolerability and higher rates of adverse events such as nausea, and 3-drug regimens may be more complicated for patients than 2-drug regimens.

Newer regimens that include TDF-FTC may have higher adherence than zidovudine/lamivudine-based regimens.


Sequential data assimilation techniques offer the possibility to improve model predictive capacities while assessing different sources of uncertainty. However, in the context of plant growth models, traditional approaches are commonly not able to cope with the model complexity combined to the scarcity of experimental data and their general lack of accuracy. This explains why despite the various data assimilation approaches and their proven benefits for uncertainty analysis and model prediction, only few applications to plant growth model and crop yield prediction have been published ( [22] , [19] ).

This explains why despite the various data assimilation approaches and their proven benefits for uncertainty analysis and model prediction, only few applications to plant growth model and crop yield prediction have been published (,).


Though both ending child marriage and improving nutritional status are key items in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 and 5 by 2030, much less is known regarding empirical associations between girl child marriage and undernutrition [9, 10] . Globally, undernutrition is identified as the main cause for 3.5 million deaths in mothers and children and for 11% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) [11] . Among adolescent girls, being underweight, or too thin for age and height, ranges from 1 to 10% across Sub-Saharan Africa [12] . More than 10% of adult women are underweight in Sub-Saharan Africa, and despite improvement from 1980 to 1995, where the rate dropped from 18 to 11%, the proportion of women underweight is more than double to that of the Americas, Caribbean, and Europe [11] . Sub-Saharan Africa also has the highest proportion of countries with women married as children, as 18 of the 20 countries with the highest percentages of girl child marriage worldwide are found in the region [13] . If current trends in marriage and population growth continue, Sub-Saharan Africa will account for the largest number of girl child brides by 2050 [14] .

Though both ending child marriage and improving nutritional status are key items in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 and 5 by 2030, much less is known regarding empirical associations between girl child marriage and undernutrition.

Globally, undernutrition is identified as the main cause for 3.5 million deaths in mothers and children and for 11% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).

Among adolescent girls, being underweight, or too thin for age and height, ranges from 1 to 10% across Sub-Saharan Africa.

More than 10% of adult women are underweight in Sub-Saharan Africa, and despite improvement from 1980 to 1995, where the rate dropped from 18 to 11%, the proportion of women underweight is more than double to that of the Americas, Caribbean, and Europe.

Sub-Saharan Africa also has the highest proportion of countries with women married as children, as 18 of the 20 countries with the highest percentages of girl child marriage worldwide are found in the region.

If current trends in marriage and population growth continue, Sub-Saharan Africa will account for the largest number of girl child brides by 2050.


The different implementations of the twin disc model presented in the previous sections were used for analysing wear data acquired previously [3] . The purpose was to obtain the differences between the various wear functions considered in this work and their local or global implementations. The model was also used for running wear test simulations with varying input parameters, in order to study more in detail the effect of the different parameters in each wear function. The aim of these analysis was to find the necessary corrections to be applied to each of them for obtaining the same wear predictions.

The different implementations of the twin disc model presented in the previous sections were used for analysing wear data acquired previously.


According to recent data, the level of NF-κB activity in CLL cells is highly diverse, and the constitutive activity of NF-κB in unstimulated CLL cells is always higher than the activity in normal B cells. In CLL cells, prevailing NF-κB components include p50, RelA and c-Rel proteins [9, 13] . Moreover, it has been shown that NF-kB activity is increased in CLL patients and correlates with the survival of CLL cells in vitro [13] . Interestingly, CLL cells with higher NF-κB activity undergo apoptosis upon NF-κB inhibition more easily, which may suggest that blocking NF-κB could be a therapeutic option for CLL. CLL cells are even more sensitive to pharmacological inhibitors of NF-κB signaling pathway than normal lymphocytes [19] .

In CLL cells, prevailing NF-κB components include p50, RelA and c-Rel proteins.

Moreover, it has been shown that NF-kB activity is increased in CLL patients and correlates with the survival of CLL cells in vitro.

CLL cells are even more sensitive to pharmacological inhibitors of NF-κB signaling pathway than normal lymphocytes.


Native L. vernum flowers and bulbs proved to have a relatively low antioxidant capacity when compared to other British medicinal plants [34] . In contrast, our native L. vernum leaves proved to have high free radical scavenging capacity (Tab. 2). The above studies indicate that secondary metabolite content is highly genotype-and organ-dependent even within a single species.

Native L. vernum flowers and bulbs proved to have a relatively low antioxidant capacity when compared to other British medicinal plants.


The initial treatment was mainly focused on relieving OA symptoms. Most of the incorporated drugs were NSAIDs or glucocorticoids. Drugs which not only target symptoms but also the disease process of OA have been incorporated in DDS more recently. Incorporation of DMOADs is even harder as these drugs are still in a developmental stage and most DMOADs are proteins or peptides (Table 2) , which makes them vulnerable to environmental challenges in the manufacturing process of DDSs [13] . As such, a drug which targets pain, such as NSAIDs or glucocorticosteroids, released from a DDS are more likely to find their (clinical) application in the near future compared to DMOADs.

Incorporation of DMOADs is even harder as these drugs are still in a developmental stage and most DMOADs are proteins or peptides (Table 2) , which makes them vulnerable to environmental challenges in the manufacturing process of DDSs.


Play is very important for children's development. Play can be defined as a structured or unstructured activity described in terms of how children use objects, pretend, socialize and interact with other people [1] . Children can develop sensory, motor, social, communicative and cognitive skills through play. Through play they explore their social environment and build up relationships [2] .

Play can be defined as a structured or unstructured activity described in terms of how children use objects, pretend, socialize and interact with other people.

Through play they explore their social environment and build up relationships.


Different stream substrates and accumulation of leaf litter detritus affect benthic macroinvertebrate community composition as a result of microhabitat availability (Culp & Davies 1985) . Stream substrates may be altered by the construction of dams, irrigation canals, and water diversions all of which have occurred in the Platte River system (Eschner et al. 1981) . However, in our tests the presence of leaf detritus, in which the caddisflies could burrow, did not increase survival when exposed to brook stickleback (Table 2) .

Different stream substrates and accumulation of leaf litter detritus affect benthic macroinvertebrate community composition as a result of microhabitat availability.

Stream substrates may be altered by the construction of dams, irrigation canals, and water diversions all of which have occurred in the Platte River system.


Initial screening of the transgenic plantlets was done using the GUS assay (Jefferson, 1987) . Leaf tips and transverse sections of petioles were incubated in X-gluc solution (1 mg mL -1 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7, 10 mM Na 2 EDTA) overnight at 37°C. Plants tested negative for GUS were discarded, and positive plants were kept for further GUS assays of more mature tissues.

Initial screening of the transgenic plantlets was done using the GUS assay.


A general model for a conventional transmission line (TL) unit cell consists of a series inductance L and a shunt capacitance C while the series inductance is provided by the current flow on the TL unit cell and shunt capacitance is formed based on the electric field between the TL and the ground plane [18] . In the TL unit cell designing, the gaps which are etched on the TL, provide series capacitances. The input impedance of an antenna can be manipulated by loading it with reactive series capacitances and this approach can result in multiband impedance matching.

A general model for a conventional transmission line (TL) unit cell consists of a series inductance L and a shunt capacitance C while the series inductance is provided by the current flow on the TL unit cell and shunt capacitance is formed based on the electric field between the TL and the ground plane.


Lefcourt has stated that, "joking and laughter probably require the ability to perceive the state of mind of the person or creature with whom one is in communication and with that of the object or target of the joke" (Lefcourt, 2001, p. 45) . Howe has recently proposed in a brief description of the "Mind Reading Hypothesis" that all humor involves an observer reading the mind of the target of humor and making the observation that the target of humor resolves "the collision between old perception and new reality" (Howe, 2002) . In addition, previous studies have shown that discriminating jokes from lies requires the listeners to make second-order mental attributions, such as that the speaker does not know that the listener knows something (Leekam, 1991; Sullivan, Winner, and Hopfield, 1995; Winner and Leekam, 1991) .

Howe has recently proposed in a brief description of the "Mind Reading Hypothesis" that all humor involves an observer reading the mind of the target of humor and making the observation that the target of humor resolves "the collision between old perception and new reality".

In addition, previous studies have shown that discriminating jokes from lies requires the listeners to make second-order mental attributions, such as that the speaker does not know that the listener knows something.


Different from PAP and NPSD, this study investigates another route-swapping behavior; that is, travelers only swap from the previous costly routes to the least costly alternatives. This kind of greedy route-swapping behavior (compared with the pair-wise swapping behavior) was studied by Mounce and Carey [2] . In their dynamic model, the swapping traffic from a costly route to one of the least costly ones was proportional to the absolute difference, just analogous to PAP. Therefore, it still suffered from the PAP shortcomings. Considering this, this study develops a nonlinear min-cost-pursued swapping dynamic (NMSD). Since NMSD is revised from NPSD, it avoids those shortcomings suffered by the existing PAPrevised min-cost-pursued models.

This kind of greedy route-swapping behavior (compared with the pair-wise swapping behavior) was studied by Mounce and Carey.


Various mechanisms in managing DM have been investigated, including retardation of activity of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes [9, 10] . Both α-amylase and α-glucosidase are enzymes that responsible for carbohydrate digestion in human body where α-amylase hydrolyzed the complex dietary carbohydrate, meanwhile α-glucosidase helps in glucose absorption from the small intestine to the blood stream [1, 3] . The interference of enzymatic activity of both α-amylase and α-glucosidase would delay carbohydrates digestion which will contributes to lowered postprandial blood glucose level due to reduced rate of glucose absorption. In this study the inhibitory action of protein extracts from different plant parts of P. niruri were evaluated against α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity.

Various mechanisms in managing DM have been investigated, including retardation of activity of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes.

Both α-amylase and α-glucosidase are enzymes that responsible for carbohydrate digestion in human body where α-amylase hydrolyzed the complex dietary carbohydrate, meanwhile α-glucosidase helps in glucose absorption from the small intestine to the blood stream.


In this paper, we develop an approach to choosing the number of factors using bi-cross-validation (BCV) [28] . Our BCV involves holding out some rows and some columns of Y , fitting a factor model to the held-in data and comparing held-out data to corresponding fitted values. We derive our method using recent insights from random matrix theory. We test our method empirically using test cases that are also designed using insights from random matrix theory. Our goal is not to recover the true number k of factors, but instead to choose the number k that lets us best recover the signal matrix X. Using the true number of factors will lead to a noisy estimate of X when some factors are too weak to detect.

In this paper, we develop an approach to choosing the number of factors using bi-cross-validation (BCV).


Our analysis shows that COM+ falls short of supporting all ANSI RBAC required functions, although COM+ has better support than CORBA or EJB. The limitations that prevent full support are mainly due to the mismatch between session-oriented nature of RBAC and request-oriented architecture of COM+ and other commercial middleware that we analyzed elsewhere [62, 63] . This mismatch calls into question the mandatory support for sessions and related functionality in ANSI RBAC systems. When it comes to multi-host deployments of COM+ systems RBAC administration becomes problematic and the lack of support for enumerating COM+ objects across hosts becomes an impediment. While role hierarchies and separation of duty constraints are not directly supported, they can be, with the help of custom tools for administering COM+ systems.

The limitations that prevent full support are mainly due to the mismatch between session-oriented nature of RBAC and request-oriented architecture of COM+ and other commercial middleware that we analyzed elsewhere.


Recent years have also seen candidate cosmic ray antihelium events presented by the AMS-02 collaboration [7] . GAPS, operating using a different technique and with a lower energy threshold will provide a complimentary search. As well as verifying any signal, the increased energy range will help in the understanding of the origin of these unexpected events.

Recent years have also seen candidate cosmic ray antihelium events presented by the AMS-02 collaboration.


However, this assumption does not take into consideration the fact that 90% of dissatisfied customers will not express their negative feelings to the service provider (Tax and Brown, 1998) . Dissatisfied customers who do not complain are of special concern to management. This is because they miss the opportunity to remedy the problem and deprive themselves of valuable feedback that could be used to improve their products. A failure to detect customer complaints can also damage the brand reputation as customers engage with negative WoM (Stephens and Gwinner, 1998) .

However, this assumption does not take into consideration the fact that 90% of dissatisfied customers will not express their negative feelings to the service provider.

A failure to detect customer complaints can also damage the brand reputation as customers engage with negative WoM.


As anti-microbial growth promoters (fl avomycine, avilamycine, salinomycine, avoparcin, bacitracin, virginamycine, etc.) , antibiotics have played a signifi cant role in greatly increasing world poultry meat production. However, due to their side effects and the increased resistance of pathogen microorganism resulting from their use, antibiotic application has been restricted. Humans also receive exposure to antibiotic residues when consuming poultry products (Tajick and Shohreh, 2006) . For these reasons, some poultry producers have voluntarily removed most or all of the antibiotics from their chicken feeds. Additionally, food safety has become an issue of greater public concern as part of the greater interest in healthy nutrition. The some growth promoter antibiotics (glycopeptide avoparcin, bacitracin, the macrolides, spiramycin, tylosin, streptogramin and virginiamycin) were withdrawn as growth promoters in the European Union between 1995 and 1999 on the basis of the Precautionary Principle. European Union has tightly regulated the use of antibiotics in chicken diets and antibiotics are restricted in the diets as growth promoter. These regulations have forced breeders to fi nd alternatives to antibiotics. Some plants, containing various essential oils, have been used as alternative remedies by some researchers (Ceylan et al., 2003) . Some studies have indicated that various plant extracts can improve feed conversion ratio (FCR), increase carcass quality and decrease the mortality rate (Parlat et al., 2005) .

Humans also receive exposure to antibiotic residues when consuming poultry products.

Some plants, containing various essential oils, have been used as alternative remedies by some researchers.

Some studies have indicated that various plant extracts can improve feed conversion ratio (FCR), increase carcass quality and decrease the mortality rate.


Various mechanisms to provide improved current generation efficiencies in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) have been devised [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Recently, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of DSSCs have improved due to the use of new photosensitisers such as Ru(II) complexes. To further improve the PCE of DSSCs, however, it is necessary to find dyes that absorb photons efficiently over the entire visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions. The compound N719 ([RuL 2 (NCS) 2 ]:2TBA; L=2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, TBA = tetra-n-butyl ammonium) is known to achieve photoelectric conversion to 900 nm [8] . However, N719 is susceptible to degrade through the dissociation of its labile NCS -ligands. Therefore, to improve the dye stability, the replacement of the NCS -ligands with chelating ligands such as naphthalimide, porphyrin Zn(II) complexes or phthalocyanine Cu(II) complexes, has been investigated [9, 10] .

Various mechanisms to provide improved current generation efficiencies in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) have been devised.

The compound N719 ([RuL 2 (NCS) 2 ]:2TBA; L=2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, TBA = tetra-n-butyl ammonium) is known to achieve photoelectric conversion to 900 nm.

Therefore, to improve the dye stability, the replacement of the NCS -ligands with chelating ligands such as naphthalimide, porphyrin Zn(II) complexes or phthalocyanine Cu(II) complexes, has been investigated.


Three institutes, the UK National Physical Laboratory (NPL), the Italian Istituto . Last not least, the BIPM provided the GPS TAI P3 analysis of the GPS pseudo-range code data [10] . All GPS raw data were obtained from the same geodetic GPS receivers.

Last not least, the BIPM provided the GPS TAI P3 analysis of the GPS pseudo-range code data.


Plant phenotyping refers to a quantitative description of the plant's anatomical, ontogenetical, physiological and biochemical properties (Walter et al., 2015) . The continuous monitoring of the crop growth with drones providing a large set of different parameters opens up many new applications, e.g. to record and document the course of plant development and thus also the underlying processes such as fertilizer intake and the course of plant diseases. Generally speaking geometric, spectral and temporal properties may derived from the plants, figure 1. However, for efficient phenotyping this assumes that the data processing of the drone data and data analysis for the evaluation by the agronomist is more or less automatic.

Plant phenotyping refers to a quantitative description of the plant's anatomical, ontogenetical, physiological and biochemical properties.


The challenge for the UK house building sector becomes even greater within the context of the constantly stricter energy performance requirements set by the building regulations, resulting in higher insulation levels. The UK government set the legally binding target to reduce its greenhouse emissions by 34% in 2020 and by 80% in 2050 compared with the 1990 emissions levels [6, 7] . The government policy regarding newly constructed dwellings requires that all new houses from 2016 onwards should be zero-carbon; this includes emissions associated with the energy use for heating, cooling, lighting and domestic hot water [8] . The framework for achieving zero-carbon standard includes high levels of fabric energy performance, followed by on-site emissions reductions through low and zero carbon technologies and the use of allowable solutions [9] . Furthermore, compliance with level 6 of the Code for Sustainable Homes (CfSH), the national sustainability standard for assessing the environmental performance of new dwellings, requires net zero carbon emissions.

The UK government set the legally binding target to reduce its greenhouse emissions by 34% in 2020 and by 80% in 2050 compared with the 1990 emissions levels.

The government policy regarding newly constructed dwellings requires that all new houses from 2016 onwards should be zero-carbon; this includes emissions associated with the energy use for heating, cooling, lighting and domestic hot water.

The framework for achieving zero-carbon standard includes high levels of fabric energy performance, followed by on-site emissions reductions through low and zero carbon technologies and the use of allowable solutions.


The high performance levels set by the UK Building Regulations may be able to reduce the heating load of buildings; however, they also result in buildings with limited ability to reject and dissipate unwanted heat and, hence, increased risk of overheating. Historically, overheating was not taken into account as an issue in the UK. However, recent monitoring studies provided evidence that existing buildings suffer from overheating [12] [13] [14] [15] . Thermal mass, a material's capacity to absorb, store and release heat, has been identified as one of the most effective passive measures to help regulate internal temperature, reduce temperature variations and mitigate overheating [16, 17] . Traditionally, thermal mass has been provided by means of concrete, brick or masonry in contact with the internal environment. The low levels of thermal mass associated with most MMC systems suggest that houses built using MMC are more prone to overheating. Numerous simulation studies have examined the overheating potential of dwellings in current and future climate, dwellings with different levels of thermal mass, including various works by the authors which have focused on the thermal performance of super-insulated dwellings constructed with MMC systems [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] .

However, recent monitoring studies provided evidence that existing buildings suffer from overheating.

Thermal mass, a material's capacity to absorb, store and release heat, has been identified as one of the most effective passive measures to help regulate internal temperature, reduce temperature variations and mitigate overheating.

Numerous simulation studies have examined the overheating potential of dwellings in current and future climate, dwellings with different levels of thermal mass, including various works by the authors which have focused on the thermal performance of super-insulated dwellings constructed with MMC systems.


Because CD154 expression is transiently induced on cell surface after T cell activation, lower CD154 expression may represent lower T cell activation [7, 16] . Our results demonstrated that the expressed CD154 level was positively correlated with disease activity index DAS28 (Fig 2A) . Reduced RA disease activity after TNF-α blockade treatment may cause fewer T cell activation and subsequently lower CD154 expression. Furthermore, CD154 expression levels of post-stimulated T cells from RA patients receiving 3 months TNF blockade treatment were not different from baseline (Fig 3C) . The capacity of T cells to express CD154 was not impaired after TNF-α blockade. Therefore, we concluded that the lower expression of CD154 on T cells after TNF-α blockade may be secondary to decreased disease activity and a loss of micro-environmental inflammatory stimulation, but not due to primary inhibitory effect of TNF-α blockade on T cell capacity to express CD154. TNF-α blockade did not impair T cell CD154 responsiveness, and higher CD154 expression could be induced after ex vivo stimulation (Fig 3C) .

Because CD154 expression is transiently induced on cell surface after T cell activation, lower CD154 expression may represent lower T cell activation.


Supersymmetry permeated many areas of mathematics in the last decade, producing deep results such as Seiberg-Witten theory and mirror symmetry. In most applications, supersymmetry manifests itself in concrete representations of the relevant Lie superalgebras [15] . This makes it particularly important to develop the representation theory of Lie superalgebras.

In most applications, supersymmetry manifests itself in concrete representations of the relevant Lie superalgebras.


We employed hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to separate regional and industry effects from the hypothesized firm effects. HLM provides a better way to examine data with hierarchically nested structures (Hofmann 1997) . Table 5 presents the HLM regression output for the relationships between ability to access various sources of financial capital and competitive and sustained competitive advantages. Table 5 shows that firm size, growth opportunities, and institutional factor index positively affect (p <0.001) competitive and sustained-competitive advantages. Firm ownership type (p <0.1), political connection (p <0.05), leverage (p <0.001), and competitive intensity (p<0.05) negatively influence advantages. Access to all external sources of financial capital: ability to offer equity and issuance of bonds (except ability to access to bank finance) are positively related (p <0.001) to advantages. These results support hypotheses 1a, and 2a. Access to all external sources of financial capital-ability to offer equity, issuance of bonds, and accessibility to bank loan-is related positively (p <0.001) to sustained competitive advantage. As indicated in model 3, the ability to generate internal capital is related positively (p <0.001) to competitive and sustained competitive advantages.

HLM provides a better way to examine data with hierarchically nested structures.


These policy needs and the assortment of models and frameworks, abstract or otherwise, used addressing them can be conceptualised along a disconnected spectrum of spatial scales. At the macro-scale end, broad national strategies could be thought of as shaped and informed by economic targets and demand pressure on the existing transport infrastructure. Such strictly rational formulation, however, would admittedly be at the mercy of political agendas and priorities. At the other inter-city micro-scale end, the existing models and insights available are made up of the different variations on land-use and transport interaction (LUTI) models. These require a relatively long list of input parameters for calibration and operation not many of which are routinely and homogeneously collected or easily available (Echenique, Grinevich, Hargreaves, & Zachariadis, 2013) . Besides the inherent inability of these models to single-handedly identify strategic infrastructural needs, their deployment at larger scales to inform mesoscale policies is hampered by the aforementioned data intensity and difficulties.

These require a relatively long list of input parameters for calibration and operation not many of which are routinely and homogeneously collected or easily available.


The feasibility studies of polarimetric examinations of optically thin non-depolarizing polycrystalline plasma films have been presented [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] . In the frame of these studies, a development of algorithms for reconstructing the distributions of phase and amplitude anisotropy parameters of the protein polycrystalline networks of sampling layers have been performed. Later, the potential of this diagnostic approach has been demonstrated [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] .

The feasibility studies of polarimetric examinations of optically thin non-depolarizing polycrystalline plasma films have been presented.

Later, the potential of this diagnostic approach has been demonstrated.


Transgenic tobacco with lower GLDH expression had a lower AsA content and slower cell growth than the wild type (WT) (Tabata et al. 2001) . Conversely, transgenic tobacco, in which the GLDH gene was up-regulated, had a significantly higher AsA content and faster cell growth than that of WT. Similarly, a rice mutant with higher GLDH expression had a larger AsA pool and seed-setting rate than that of WT (Liu et al. 2011) .

Transgenic tobacco with lower GLDH expression had a lower AsA content and slower cell growth than the wild type (WT).

Similarly, a rice mutant with higher GLDH expression had a larger AsA pool and seed-setting rate than that of WT.