Financing a dengue vaccination program may be a challenge for a developing country like Indonesia [16] . Thus far, Indonesia selffinances the EPI program with vaccines produced by a government-owned company [10, 17] . Fully vaccinating an infant with EPI vaccines, however, costs less than US$1.00 and the introduction of new vaccination may increase this cost substantially [18] . Indonesian policy makers suggested that the government could finance a dengue vaccination program if the vaccine price is non-prohibitive, with a maximum recommended price of $0.50 per dose [9] . Hence, private source financing may be needed to supplement public financing. For example, a study from the Philippines suggested a mean willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a dengue vaccine of $27 [19] . Viability of delivering such vaccine in the private sector in Indonesia, however, has not been studied.

Financing a dengue vaccination program may be a challenge for a developing country like Indonesia.

Thus far, Indonesia selffinances the EPI program with vaccines produced by a government-owned company.

Fully vaccinating an infant with EPI vaccines, however, costs less than US$1.00 and the introduction of new vaccination may increase this cost substantially.

Indonesian policy makers suggested that the government could finance a dengue vaccination program if the vaccine price is non-prohibitive, with a maximum recommended price of $0.50 per dose.

For example, a study from the Philippines suggested a mean willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a dengue vaccine of $27.


In this paper, in order to improve the results computed by finite difference method we apply the Richardson extrapolation to the approximate eigenvalues of SLP (1)-(2) since it turns out to be very effective and produce highly accurate numerical results. In the error analysis of computed eigenvalues, we form an equivalent system (4)-(5) for the SLP (1)- (2) . Since the system structure provides us readily to analyse the asymptotic expansion for the computed eigenvalues, to investigate the behaviour of convergence and the maximum number of extrapolation steps depending on the number of eigenvalues, the particular finite difference method applied in (6) is preferred. We obtain a greater accuracy for large kth eigenvalue at further steps given in Theorem 1, Section 3. Finally, the theoretically improved results are established numerically by solving the problems of (1)- (2), where q(x) = 0 and q(x) = sin 2 x.

In the error analysis of computed eigenvalues, we form an equivalent system (4)-(5) for the SLP (1).


Graphite is the most stable phase of carbon under ambient conditions, while diamond is a metastable phase. However, because the driving force to transform diamond into graphite is small, the rate of the transi tion is negligible and thus, the diamond to graphite transition does not spontaneously occur at ambient con ditions. The transition from graphite to diamond can occur only when subjected to high pressures and tem peratures and usually a catalyst is required due to the slow kinetics [9] . For example, natural diamond is formed from carbon bearing minerals buried in the Earth's upper mantle at pressures between 4.5 and 6 GPa (~135-185 km depth) and at temperatures between 900-1300°C [10] . Due to diamond's relative scarcity, desirable properties and beauty, it has long been treasured as a precious gemstone. The situation of diamond's scarcity changed when General Electric first synthesized diamond in the 1950s by duplicating the reaction conditions (high pressures and temperatures) of natural diamond in the Earth [9, 11] . With the increased yield, diamond has been extensively used and has generated revolutionary impacts in industry and science alike.

The transition from graphite to diamond can occur only when subjected to high pressures and tem peratures and usually a catalyst is required due to the slow kinetics.

For example, natural diamond is formed from carbon bearing minerals buried in the Earth's upper mantle at pressures between 4.5 and 6 GPa (~135-185 km depth) and at temperatures between 900-1300°C.

The situation of diamond's scarcity changed when General Electric first synthesized diamond in the 1950s by duplicating the reaction conditions (high pressures and temperatures) of natural diamond in the Earth.


Grape is one of the most grown fruit crops in the world with more than 60 million tons of production annually. Viniculture is an important agricultural activity in the World and produces huge amounts of organic wastes. Currently are sought and tested methods for their further use (Ferrer et al., 2001) .

Currently are sought and tested methods for their further use.


Composting is a common treatment of biodegradable waste. Composting is a suitable treatment option for biological waste in developed countries. A range of technologies is in operation worldwide, from unmanaged static piles to highly engineered systems with automatic turning and treatment of the released gases in biofi lters. The fi nished compost can be used on agricultural land. The benefi t is that the use of inorganic fertilizers is avoided, carbon is bound to soil and simultaneously is maintained stable humus content (Bertran et al., 2004) .

The benefi t is that the use of inorganic fertilizers is avoided, carbon is bound to soil and simultaneously is maintained stable humus content.


Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is essential to ensure growth, health and development of children to reach their full potential. Dietary assessments can be used to describe dietary intake, the quality of dietary intake and dietary trends [1] [2] [3] . Dietary assessments among infants and young children may be challenged by rapid changes in the diet from a predominantly milk based diet to family foods, and that children portion sizes are difficult to estimate [4] . In the assessment of dietary trends there are a number of considerations to be taken into account, for example the effect of slight modifications in the method over time, like improved visual aids, improvements in food composition databases and actual changes in the composition of foods [3] . Therefore, changes to the dietary measure instrument used can have impact on the comparability of the dietary data obtained over time.

Dietary assessments can be used to describe dietary intake, the quality of dietary intake and dietary trends.

Dietary assessments among infants and young children may be challenged by rapid changes in the diet from a predominantly milk based diet to family foods, and that children portion sizes are difficult to estimate.

In the assessment of dietary trends there are a number of considerations to be taken into account, for example the effect of slight modifications in the method over time, like improved visual aids, improvements in food composition databases and actual changes in the composition of foods.


Beyond neuroprotection, the correlation of estrogen with a normal neurologic outcome seen in this study may be related to its anti-apoptotic properties and its vascular effects. Recent data suggest divergent pathways of ischemic cell death in females vs. males. Under conditions of cerebral hypoxia, the neuronal tissue of males is more susceptible to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-mediated apoptosis than that of females [31] . Estrogen also increases mitochondrial efficiency in the ischemic brain, providing protection from caspase-mediated cell death via the reduction of free radical production while stimulating Inhibition of platelet aggregation was measured as change of impedance (Ω) in percentage from baseline platelet aggregation levels. Aggregation was measured in reaction to collagen, arachidonic acid (AA), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

Under conditions of cerebral hypoxia, the neuronal tissue of males is more susceptible to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-mediated apoptosis than that of females.


The daily increased energy crisis and environmental pollution have pushed studies on clean and renewable alternative fuels for vehicles. Among all fuel candidates, hydrogen is generally believed to be one of the most promising alternative fuels for the vehicle application [1] . Generally, the hydrogen can be produced through kinds of ways, such as water electrolysis, fuel reforming and biological hydrogen production, etc. This makes the application of hydrogen-based power system be important to the nation energy safety.

Among all fuel candidates, hydrogen is generally believed to be one of the most promising alternative fuels for the vehicle application.


In the first and second experiments, the seeds were sowing immediately after surface sterilization, but the garden and market seeds had different germination rates. These differences might be related to the amount of time between harvest and seed extraction. C. adamantium seeds are known to lose their viability when kept in the fruit, and they germinate most successfully right after harvest (Melchior et al., 2006) . We could not establish a harvest date for the market fruits, but the seeds had already lost viability compared to those from the freshly harvested garden fruits. More research will be needed to identify the factors that lead to the reduction of viability.

C. adamantium seeds are known to lose their viability when kept in the fruit, and they germinate most successfully right after harvest.


Here, in order to probe the involvement of Ta-cpn in preventing protein fibril formation, we studied the effects of Ta-cpn on the amyloid fibril formation of yeast Sup35NM protein in vitro. Yeast Sup35 is a translation termination factor which, after binding with eRF1 (Sup45p in yeast), catalyzes the release of the nascent polypeptide chain from the ribosome, and often used in studies of in vitro fibril formation. Sup35 is a 685-residue protein composed of three domains, N, M, and C. The N domain (residues 1 -123), which is enriched in particular uncharged polar amino acid (Gln, Asn, Tyr), has five imperfect nine-residue repeats with consensus YQQYNPQ-GG, and forms the major part of the amyloid fibril core region. The M domain (residues 124 -253) is highly charged and confers the soluble non-prion state in vitro and in vivo, and the C domain (residues 254 -685) is a GTPase essential for translation termination [31] . In this study, we used the NM domains of Sup35 as a model protein for amyloid fibril formation. We found that both recombinant oligomeric and monomeric Ta-cpn were capable of suppressing Sup35NM amyloid fibril formation. Interestingly, isolated apical domain polypeptides were successful in suppressing fibril formation. When the helical protrusion segment was deleted from these apical domain polypeptides, the ability to suppress fibril formation was lost, which indicated that the helical protrusion segment was responsible for this effect. We concluded that the helical protrusion segment of the apical domain recognized and interacted with monomers or soluble oligomers of Sup35NM at an early stage of fibril formation. These results may suggest that helical protrusion segment of group II chaperonin not only acts as a lid of the central cavity during protein folding assistance, but also actively assists in recognizing and binding to proteins that may proceed to aggregates or fibrils. Our results may also suggest a possible novel role for the significant amounts of monomeric chaperonin that may be found in T. acidophilum cells.

The M domain (residues 124 -253) is highly charged and confers the soluble non-prion state in vitro and in vivo, and the C domain (residues 254 -685) is a GTPase essential for translation termination.


The mechanism by which group II chaperonins recognize and bind to unfolded protein molecules is a recent topic of study. In the group I chaperonin GroEL, it is generally accepted that two α-helices located in the apical domain, helix H and helix I, recognize and bind various refolding intermediates of substrate proteins, mainly through hydrophobic interaction [35, [42] [43] [44] . In group II chaperonins, an analogous pair of α-helices, helix 10 and helix 11, exists, similar to group I chaperonins. However, a prominent difference in the group II chaperonins is that helix 10 is greatly extended and together with a long loop region, this helix forms the helical protrusion, which acts as a lid of central cavity [21] . The role of the helical protrusion motif in protein molecule recognition and binding is presently being disputed. In one study, it was argued that helices 10 and 11 of TRiC/CCT recognized non-native conformations of substrate proteins through hydrophobic interaction, in a manner similar to that of GroEL [32, [45] [46] [47] . In other studies, it has been reported that the helical protrusion motif recognizes a quasi-native conformation of β-tubulin, mainly by electrostatic interactions [37] . In the present study, the helical protrusion motif was found to be indispensable in suppressing Sup35NM fibril formation. Since a large number of charged amino acid residues reside in the helical protrusion of Ta-cpn α ( 249 IKKTEIEAKVQISDPSKIQD-FLNQETN 275 ), these charges may contribute to binding affinity for Sup35NM protein, of which M-domain region is highly charged [41] . Our results are therefore in support of a binding mechanism where the helical protrusion motif actively assists molecular recognition and binding of denatured proteins.

In the group I chaperonin GroEL, it is generally accepted that two α-helices located in the apical domain, helix H and helix I, recognize and bind various refolding intermediates of substrate proteins, mainly through hydrophobic interaction.

However, a prominent difference in the group II chaperonins is that helix 10 is greatly extended and together with a long loop region, this helix forms the helical protrusion, which acts as a lid of central cavity.

In one study, it was argued that helices 10 and 11 of TRiC/CCT recognized non-native conformations of substrate proteins through hydrophobic interaction, in a manner similar to that of GroEL.

In other studies, it has been reported that the helical protrusion motif recognizes a quasi-native conformation of β-tubulin, mainly by electrostatic interactions.

Since a large number of charged amino acid residues reside in the helical protrusion of Ta-cpn α ( 249 IKKTEIEAKVQISDPSKIQD-FLNQETN 275 ), these charges may contribute to binding affinity for Sup35NM protein, of which M-domain region is highly charged.


The most similar work to ours also uses CNNs to estimate population from satellite imagery [9] . The motivation of this paper is similar to ours, as we both attempt to create high-resolution gridded population counts for use in planning applications. This paper estimates population in Kenya at a 8km resolution with a CNN trained on data from Tanzania at a 250m satellite pixel resolution. The author's propose a way to use their CNN's output as a weighted surface for population disaggregation, and compare this method to others for disaggregating population counts in Kenya. Our work differs in several important ways. First, we focus on validating our model's predictions as raw population projections and do not consider using our model's prediction as a weighted surface for distributing population counts. If the population (or projected population) of an area is known a priori, then any population assignment method can degrade into a weighting scheme. Secondly, we focus on interpreting our model's results as a way of validating its generalizability. Thirdly, we apply our method to the entire US using census block derived training and testing data.

The most similar work to ours also uses CNNs to estimate population from satellite imagery.


Global Climate Change Analysis is surrounded by large uncertainties about key parameters in the socio-economic system and the climate system. The uncertainties arise from imperfect knowledge about the dynamics of the subsystems, from internal short term dynamics or stochasticity and from the long time lag between cause and effect within the climate system (Tol, 1999) . Analysts use models that integrate the socioeconomic system and the climate system to determine welfare-optimal, long-term strategies to mitigate climate change (Nordhaus, 1994) . A key question concerning uncertainty and climate change assessment is whether the analysts should explicitly account for uncertainty in their integrated assessment models to capture the effect of uncertainty on decisions?

The uncertainties arise from imperfect knowledge about the dynamics of the subsystems, from internal short term dynamics or stochasticity and from the long time lag between cause and effect within the climate system.

Analysts use models that integrate the socioeconomic system and the climate system to determine welfare-optimal, long-term strategies to mitigate climate change.


Effluent irrigation has been practiced for centuries throughout the world (Shuval et al., 1986) . It provides farmers with a nutrient enriched water supply and society with a reliable and inexpensive system for wastewater treatment and disposal (Feigin et al., 1991) . Forage crops are often grown under sewage effluent irrigation projects in Western Canada. This is because of their long growing season, high evapotranspiration demand and removal of large quantities of nutrients from the biosystem. Because forages are not consumed directly by humans, the transfer of human disease is unlikely . As the number of projects increase, there is a growing demand for effluent use on non-forage, food crops (Davies et al., 1988; Kirkham, 1986) .

Effluent irrigation has been practiced for centuries throughout the world.

It provides farmers with a nutrient enriched water supply and society with a reliable and inexpensive system for wastewater treatment and disposal.

As the number of projects increase, there is a growing demand for effluent use on non-forage, food crops.


Effluent reuse is a well established practice in the Prairie region. Approximately 65 projects irrigating a total of 5700 ha (Alberta -3050 ha; Saskatchewan -2620 ha; Manitoba -53 ha) have been established. These projects account for less than 5% of the total prairie effluent discharge (Pentland, 1993) . Expansion of effluent reuse in the Prairie provinces could potentially irrigate 60,000 ha in Alberta, 20,000 ha in Saskatchewan and 35,000 ha in Manitoba. With appropriate design, this expanded effluent reuse could reduce or eliminate undesirable discharges to natural water ways.

These projects account for less than 5% of the total prairie effluent discharge.


Less, however, is known about the pressures to manipulate earnings that CFOs face in their position of final oversight authority for the financial reporting process. Nevertheless, concern about these pressures has inspired comments such as Internal Revenue Service Commissioner Mark Everson's testimony before the Senate Finance Committee that, "CFOs should get generous but fixed compensation for specified contract periods" [12] . A growing body of academic research examines whether CFO incentive compensation such as equity incentives is associated with earnings management or manipulation above and beyond that brought about through CEO influence [13, 14] . Yet, CFOs' incentive compensation is often much smaller than that of the CEOs and, therefore, may only partly explain CFOs' desire to meet earnings targets. As the quote at the beginning of this article illustrates, the nature of CFOs' responsibilities makes them vulnerable to dismissal when, for example, the firm misses earnings targets or benchmarks.

Nevertheless, concern about these pressures has inspired comments such as Internal Revenue Service Commissioner Mark Everson's testimony before the Senate Finance Committee that, "CFOs should get generous but fixed compensation for specified contract periods".

A growing body of academic research examines whether CFO incentive compensation such as equity incentives is associated with earnings management or manipulation above and beyond that brought about through CEO influence.


On that note, virtual CoPs such as in the Lounge may provide learners the opportunity to practice using the target language in meaning-oriented discussions. The asynchronous nature of forums provides learners the opportunity to practice communicating as in the real-world but in a less stressful environment. Ideally, their affective filter would be low and when coupled with being surrounded by people who share similar interest, learners could "learn how to do it [use of language] better as they interact regularly" (Wenger, 2006) . Teachers must however be aware of and ready to manage the limitations in using asynchronous discussions. Otherwise, these limitations could cause frustration among the participants and consequently, perhaps even withdrawal. In the case of this study, virtual CoPs in the Lounge serve as a scaffold in the form of support group for learners where they motivate each other, or as a place for those in need of an environment to practice using the language with others of similar interest.

Ideally, their affective filter would be low and when coupled with being surrounded by people who share similar interest, learners could "learn how to do it [use of language] better as they interact regularly".


In addition, in this study, since participants' attention was on the tasks, their conversation exchanges suggested participants' focus more on getting their message across and not on language. Teachers should be aware that while the notion of CoP is beneficial for its socially-mediated learning, there may not be improvement in terms of quality of language use among the participants because language is of secondary concern to them. A common issue faced by teachers who implement task-based learning in the language classroom, teachers should not ignore it, but rather should emphasise the importance of instilling in the learners the awareness of how grammatical knowledge can express meaning (Nunan, 2004) . Pedagogical approaches must be oriented towards fostering attention to form in context of real language use. When knowledge of language is being put into practice in language tasks delivered via interaction, interaction becomes a 'deep, holistic investment of learners' as active agents in language tasks (Atkinson, 2002, p. 536) .

A common issue faced by teachers who implement task-based learning in the language classroom, teachers should not ignore it, but rather should emphasise the importance of instilling in the learners the awareness of how grammatical knowledge can express meaning.


Data for this study was obtained from the Student Forum in the Lounge which was made available for one full semester and has now been closed for new participation. Data from the current forum is not taken into account because new discussion threads or replies are still being added. In this forum, a total of 107 discussion threads (DTs) were identified and each of these threads had various 'life-spans', where the longest discussion thread lasted for 177 days while others did not receive any replies at all. All the threads were used as data for this study. Overall, there were a total of 1045 posts in the forum, contributed by a total of 935 participants. However, as this forum is based on voluntary participation, the number of contribution per participant varies with each individual. As shown in Table 1 , the topics discussed in the forum could be grouped into four major categories: As for data analysis, a mix-method approach was used. Interactional analysis was conducted to provide answers for all three research questions. In line with Ellis and Barkhuizen's (2005, p. 176) assertion, this type of analysis is chosen because it allows researchers "to investigate a wide range of features of interaction, with each feature involving different categories and structures". This analysis is important since the emergence of CoP is dependent on the presence of interaction as "unless members interact and learn together, they do not form a community of practice" (Wenger, 2006) . Based on the interactional analysis, the shared resources (language use, behaviour, etc.) that emerged were also determined.

This analysis is important since the emergence of CoP is dependent on the presence of interaction as "unless members interact and learn together, they do not form a community of practice".


Therefore, to build a virtual CoP, the following four major components must exist: (1) task-oriented, (2) members, (3) social structure, and (4) shared resources. Following this framework, all CoPs are task-oriented and without a task, the CoP would not emerge. In this study, task is defined as the "use of the target language for a communicative purpose in order to achieve an outcome" and this "involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the TL in which the intention is to convey meaning rather than to manipulate the form" (Nunan, 2004) . Meanwhile, concerning the remaining three components, members in the CoP should consist of expert and novice members, and the interaction that takes place between them is what builds the social structure. The sharing and negotiation of knowledge will occur as interaction takes place over time and from this interaction, shared resources would emerge.

In this study, task is defined as the "use of the target language for a communicative purpose in order to achieve an outcome" and this "involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the TL in which the intention is to convey meaning rather than to manipulate the form".


Our second goal was to explore the issues involved in reasoning about OO frameworks and applications built on them. The key question was whether we could achieve the same kind of reuse in the reasoning effort as the framework-based approach allows us to achieve in the implementation effort. There were two important issues here: First, we had to make sure that hook methods defined or redefined in the application satisfy their framework-level specifications; this is handled by the requirement of behavioral subtyping [11] . Second, at the framework level we had to provide a richer specification for template methods than is possible using standard post-conditions; in particular, we had to include information about the hook methods that the template method in question calls, and how it uses the results of such calls, etc. We did this by using a programming-language like notation to specify this additional information. Given such a richer specification of the template method, we could, at the application level, plug-in the behavior of the hook methods as defined at the application level, to arrive at the application-level behavior of the template method without reanalyzing its code. Our third goal was to use the documentation facilities of C# to generate documentation precisely specifying our framework as well as the applications built using it. We believe that the results, such as the fragment shown in Fig. 5 , demonstrate the importance and usefulness of such facilities especially in the case of frameworks.

There were two important issues here: First, we had to make sure that hook methods defined or redefined in the application satisfy their framework-level specifications; this is handled by the requirement of behavioral subtyping.


In setting ecological threshold flows with the RVA approach, the study is mainly based on statistics. However, further research is required investigating the physical impact of hydrologic flow regime on ecosystems in detail (Monk et al. 2007) . Similarly, for determining damaging flood events through flood frequency analysis, parameter uncertainty should be considered in future studies.

However, further research is required investigating the physical impact of hydrologic flow regime on ecosystems in detail.


Given an associative unital ring R and a directed graph E, one may define the Leavitt path algebra L R (E) (see Section 2.2). Since their introduction in 2005, Leavitt path algebras have grown into a common theme within modern algebra on the interface between ring theory and operator algebra. For an excellent account of the history of the subject and a review of some of its main developments, we refer the reader to Abrams' survey article [1] .

For an excellent account of the history of the subject and a review of some of its main developments, we refer the reader to Abrams' survey article.


Although, this study provides preliminary evidence for the presence of a balanced number of M1 and M2 macrophages at this stage of COPD inflammation, which we believe continuously change their polarization state during the time course of inflammation and after injection of macrophages subpopulations, further confirmatory studies are needed to conclusively establish this phenomenon. It must be emphasized that a key component of the inflammatory response in COPD necessitates that pulmonary macrophages do not remain committed to a single activation profile [42] . They may regress to a resting state and subsequently be reactivated with a different polarization profile. It becomes increasingly evident that cross-talk of various signals at different levels of inflammation may help in the generation of particular macrophage profiles as needed by the host defense mechanisms.

It must be emphasized that a key component of the inflammatory response in COPD necessitates that pulmonary macrophages do not remain committed to a single activation profile.


There are some sophisticated algorithms for adaptive learning rate scheduling in SGD learning (Vishwanathan et al., 2006; Huang et al., 2007) . However, those algorithms use second-order information (i.e. Hessian information) and thus need access to the weights of the features that are not used in the current sample, which should slow down the weight updating process for the same reason discussed earlier. It would be interesting to investigate whether those sophisticated learning scheduling algorithms can actually result in fast training in large-scale NLP tasks.

There are some sophisticated algorithms for adaptive learning rate scheduling in SGD learning.


Corby studied the producing of privacy and divided the privacy into static, dynamic, and derived types based on time concept and the source of privacy [16] . Static privacy describes who we are, significant property identifiers, and other tangible elements. Dynamic privacy is the data we create. Records of transactions we initiate constitute the bulk of dynamic data. Every charge card transaction, telephone call, and bank transaction are added to the collection of dynamic data. Derived privacy data is created by analyzing groups of dynamic transactions over time to build a profile of your behavior. Corby studied the source of privacy, but the privacy in the same state, such as static, has different confidentiality.

Corby studied the producing of privacy and divided the privacy into static, dynamic, and derived types based on time concept and the source of privacy.

Dynamic privacy is the data we create.


Taken together, these critiques contend that far from being neutral, objective, apolitical communication tools, dashboards are inherently active and ideological. They express a particular vision of cities and urban governance; a normative notion about what should be measured, what should be asked, and what should be revealed; and they have normative effect, shaping decisionmaking and behaviour (Kitchin et al., 2015) . Each dashboard is a complex socio-technical system, composed of many apparatuses and elements that are thoroughly entwined and shape each other through a contingent and complex web of multifaceted relations and condition how a dashboard is formulated, developed, administered, deployed, and used.

They express a particular vision of cities and urban governance; a normative notion about what should be measured, what should be asked, and what should be revealed; and they have normative effect, shaping decisionmaking and behaviour.


The current study aims to characterize the partial discharges occurring within the different types of tree structures, in a flexible and a glassy epoxy resin, in terms of the I~q~n patterns using statistical tools. Recent computer simulations of the partial discharge activity in the two types of tree structure have demonstrated a significant difference in the measured partial discharge amplitudes [6] . In this work we compare the different apparent charge measurements obtained from experiment with simulations of the partial discharge activity in both conducting and non-conducting electrical trees to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the local extent of the partial discharge phenomena and the recorded partial discharge patterns.

Recent computer simulations of the partial discharge activity in the two types of tree structure have demonstrated a significant difference in the measured partial discharge amplitudes.


Experimental observations of electrical treeing under 50 Hz alternating applied electric fields in epoxy and polyethylene insulation materials have demonstrated that that two types of tree could be formed; electrically non-conducting, in which the partial discharges occur within the main branches of the tree structure, or, electrically conducting, in which the partial discharge occur only at the growing tree tips. Electrically conducting trees are known to form in epoxy resins in the glassy state (i.e. at a test temperature below the glass transition temperature of the epoxy) or in polyethylene after a critical time of voltage application. Conversely, electrically nonconducting electrical trees form in an epoxy resin in the flexible state (i.e. at a test temperature above its glass transition temperature) or during the initial stages of tree growth in polyethylene. In the case of polyethylene, the transition from non-conducting to conducting tree structures was found to be due to the formation of graphite residues within the tree structure [5] .

In the case of polyethylene, the transition from non-conducting to conducting tree structures was found to be due to the formation of graphite residues within the tree structure.


Generally, younger developing leaves undergo rapid senescence due to high metabolic rates (Smith et al., 1995) . A similar behaviour may have resulted in a relatively shorter vase life of the first fully expanded leaves of Calathea. However, in C. zebrina, the first fully expanded leaves exhibited longer vase life. As indicated by the increase of chlorophyll content during vase life, it may be that the younger leaves in C. zebrina continued photosynthesis more efficiently than the rest of the leaves during vase life experiment (Reid et al., 2002) . However, to confirm this, a dry weight analysis of leaves would be necessary.

Generally, younger developing leaves undergo rapid senescence due to high metabolic rates.

As indicated by the increase of chlorophyll content during vase life, it may be that the younger leaves in C. zebrina continued photosynthesis more efficiently than the rest of the leaves during vase life experiment.


Several studies incorporating cumulative exposure indices of Mn exposure incorporate air sampling data from the factory being studied in order to help confirm the accurate placement of individuals into the CEI [4, 5, 10] . A limitation of this study was that we did not have air sampling data to assist with the CEI assessment; however, as demonstrated by prior studies, it is possible to construct a CEI based on occupational history [36, 37] . Although we lacked air sampled from our participants' workplace, we did refer to literature linking specific jobs with air Mn concentrations where it was possible to increase the rigor of our classifications (Table A1) . While the CEI calculation in this analysis is not able to provide precise exposure estimates, it is still sufficiently detailed to rank our participants' Mn exposure.

Several studies incorporating cumulative exposure indices of Mn exposure incorporate air sampling data from the factory being studied in order to help confirm the accurate placement of individuals into the CEI.

A limitation of this study was that we did not have air sampling data to assist with the CEI assessment; however, as demonstrated by prior studies, it is possible to construct a CEI based on occupational history.


The combinatorial features concerning the problems of reduction of singularities are reflected in polyhedra systems without loosing the global aspects. In particular, we need to project the problem over a "Maximal Contact Support Fabric", that plays the role of a maximal contact variety [1] . The proof of global existence of combinatorial maximal contact is also a problem of the same nature as the reduction of singularities. We present here a proof and it is solved thanks to the induction hypothesis on the dimension.

In particular, we need to project the problem over a "Maximal Contact Support Fabric", that plays the role of a maximal contact variety.


Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India for the period 2007-09 was 212 per 100,000, with values ranging from 81 to 390 across different states [3] . Since 2005, the federal government of India has launched the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), a flagship programme committed to increasing public spending on health from 0.9% to 2-3% of GDP. This has resulted in a substantial 30% increase (from 41% to 54%) in institutional deliveries within a few years across the country [4] [5] . The next level of investment is to follow-up on building staff capacity, improving quality of care processes and strengthening of the 3-tier health system in the country [4] . The aim of our investigation was to study the availability and distribution of emergency obstetric care services in eight districts of northern Karnataka.

Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in India for the period 2007-09 was 212 per 100,000, with values ranging from 81 to 390 across different states.

This has resulted in a substantial 30% increase (from 41% to 54%) in institutional deliveries within a few years across the country.

The next level of investment is to follow-up on building staff capacity, improving quality of care processes and strengthening of the 3-tier health system in the country.


Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) is a large herbaceous sedge commonly found in waterlogged environments in the African tropics. These wetland ecosystems provide ecological and socio-economic services related to the harvesting of aerial biomass, wastewater treatment, hydrological functions and climate modification [1] . It has been suggested that removal of large quantities of nutrients associated with papyrus harvesting results in reduced production rates in subsequent re-growth periods [2] . In addition, negative influences of frequent and indiscriminant harvesting on growth of aerial biomass have been reported [3] - [5] . Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable production, there should be a suitable management program to regulate harvesting [3] [5] . This could maximize wetlands potential as carbon sink [1] .

These wetland ecosystems provide ecological and socio-economic services related to the harvesting of aerial biomass, wastewater treatment, hydrological functions and climate modification.

It has been suggested that removal of large quantities of nutrients associated with papyrus harvesting results in reduced production rates in subsequent re-growth periods.

In addition, negative influences of frequent and indiscriminant harvesting on growth of aerial biomass have been reported.

Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable production, there should be a suitable management program to regulate harvesting.

This could maximize wetlands potential as carbon sink.


Despite Lubigi wetland being in an urban settlement and receiving most of water from the catchment in form of wastewater discharge as surface runoff, water level change within the wetland was significant. Wetlands in depressions are usually characterized with small catchments drain and most vulnerable to temperature change [28] . This is due to dependence of water availability control from outside factors like physical development, topographic nature and the existing drainage systems. These form the major causes of the flash flooding in Lubigi catchment [29] . The relationship between temperature, and senescence and recruitment was small and not statistically significant ( Table 1) . Water level fluctuation was therefore the key factor in the development of total culm density.

Wetlands in depressions are usually characterized with small catchments drain and most vulnerable to temperature change.

These form the major causes of the flash flooding in Lubigi catchment.


The results of the dimensions accuracy which measured by utilized dimensional sensor measuring instrument as shown in figure (8) . The table (10) is illustrated the dimensions measured for the ball end, hemispherical, and the flat with round corner tools. And the figure (9) presents the comparison between the CAD profiles with the measured profiles of the pyramid wall. The results indicated the rotational speed of the tool was increased, the heat generated in product was increased which leads to decrease the spring back and also when the wall angle was increased leads to increase in spring back. From figure (9) the best experimental run was 5 th with using ball end tool because it was less error between the CAD profile and the run profile.

The results of the dimensions accuracy which measured by utilized dimensional sensor measuring instrument as shown in figure.


Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are the most common form of hemoblastosis. The incidence of NHL has doubled over the past two decades [1] [2] [3] . The biological mechanisms and etiology of NHL still remain elusive, and the confirmed risk factors account for only a small percentage of the total cases.

The incidence of NHL has doubled over the past two decades.


Telomere length and telomerase activity are supposed to play an important role in cancer development. Telomeres cap human chromosomes and protect their ends from degradation due to the incomplete replication and from being identified as break points by the DNA repair system, and therefore promote genomic stability and integrity [4, 5] . Telomere length is maintained by the telomerase complex, which consists of a catalytic telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) protein, an intrinsic RNA template (TERC) and associated proteins. Telomerase is expressed in embryonic cells, germline cells, activated lymphocytes and the stem cell compartments of actively proliferating tissues [6, 7] . Other cells naturally lack telomerase activity and show progressive telomere shortening with each round of DNA replication. When telomeres reach a critical length, cellular checkpoints are RESEARCH ARTICLE activated and arrest cell cycle. This growth-arrested state is termed replicative senescence. Cells that lose critical cell cycle checkpoint functions escape this initial growth arrest and eventually enter a second growth arrest state (cellular crisis), when the end-protective function of telomeres is lost and widespread genomic instability occurs [8, 9] . This instability commonly results in apoptotic cell death [8] .

Telomeres cap human chromosomes and protect their ends from degradation due to the incomplete replication and from being identified as break points by the DNA repair system, and therefore promote genomic stability and integrity.

Telomerase is expressed in embryonic cells, germline cells, activated lymphocytes and the stem cell compartments of actively proliferating tissues.

Cells that lose critical cell cycle checkpoint functions escape this initial growth arrest and eventually enter a second growth arrest state (cellular crisis), when the end-protective function of telomeres is lost and widespread genomic instability occurs.

This instability commonly results in apoptotic cell death.


In recent years, a new direction of research in cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity-QED) has developed, in which multiple cavities that are coupled via the exchange of photons are considered. Such setups are particularly intriguing if the cavities are connected to form regular arrays and if the strong coupling regime is achieved in each cavity of the array. Such devices would give rise to novel structures where coherent light matter interactions exceed dissipative processes simultaneously in multiple locations of the array [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

Such devices would give rise to novel structures where coherent light matter interactions exceed dissipative processes simultaneously in multiple locations of the array.


Yet in all experiments that involve light-matter interactions, some photons will inevitably be lost from the structure due to imperfect light confinement or emitter relaxation. To compensate for such losses, cavity arrays are thus most naturally studied in a regime where an input drive continuously replaces the dissipated excitations. This mode of operation eventually gives rise to a driven dissipative regime, where the dynamical balance of loading and loss processes leads to the emergence of stationary states [10] [11] [12] [13] .

This mode of operation eventually gives rise to a driven dissipative regime, where the dynamical balance of loading and loss processes leads to the emergence of stationary states.


A promising search technique is to look for an excess of neutrinos from WIMP annihilations in the center of heavy bodies, like the Earth or the Sun. The idea behind this possibility is that WIMPs from the halo can be gravitationally trapped in orbits in the Solar System and, by scattering off the matter of heavy bodies, fall below the escape velocity and accumulate in their center [6] . These trapped WIMPs can then annihilate with each other to produce quarks, leptons, gauge or Higgs bosons. The decays of some of these particles will produce neutrinos, which will escape the body, providing an excellent experimental signature: they will be directional and will have energies from tens to several hundreds GeV depending mainly on the WIMP mass. In the absence of a signal, the existing neutrino telescopes, AMANDA, IceCube, ANTARES and Baikal, as well as the SuperKamiokande detector have already set limits on the neutrino flux from neutralino annihilations in the Sun or Earth [7, 8, 9, 10, 11] .

The idea behind this possibility is that WIMPs from the halo can be gravitationally trapped in orbits in the Solar System and, by scattering off the matter of heavy bodies, fall below the escape velocity and accumulate in their center.

In the absence of a signal, the existing neutrino telescopes, AMANDA, IceCube, ANTARES and Baikal, as well as the SuperKamiokande detector have already set limits on the neutrino flux from neutralino annihilations in the Sun or Earth.


There is a vast literature devoted to the study of the phenomenology of the CMSSM, based on current collider results and data from dark matter searches. The usual procedure to explore the model's parameter space has been to evaluate the likelihood of the observables on a a fixed grid, often encompassing only 2 or 3 dimensions at the time [15] . This method has several limitations. Firstly, the number of points required scales as k N , where N is the number of the model's parameters and k the number of points for each of them. Therefore this technique becomes highly inefficient for exploring with sufficient resolution parameter spaces of even modest dimensionality. Secondly, some features of the parameter space can easily be missed by not setting a fine enough resolution. Thirdly, extra sources of uncertainties (e.g., those due to the lack of precise knowledge of SM parameter values) and relevant external information (e.g., about the parameter range) are difficult to accommodate.

The usual procedure to explore the model's parameter space has been to evaluate the likelihood of the observables on a a fixed grid, often encompassing only 2 or 3 dimensions at the time.

This method has several limitations.


Supersymmetry (SUSY) is the most promising candidate for physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). It provides solutions to two of the most challenging questions facing particle physics today [1] . Namely, the instability of the Higgs mass against radiative corrections (known as the "fine-tuning problem") and the nature of dark matter. Firstly, the finetuning problem is addressed via the cancellation of quadratic divergences in the radiative corrections to the Higgs mass. Secondly, the theory predicts the existence of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). Assuming R-parity conservation, the lightest supersymmetric particle is stable and can have survived as a relic from the Big Bang, meeting the necessary requirements to account for the the dark matter content of the Universe suggested by observations [2] .

It provides solutions to two of the most challenging questions facing particle physics today.

Assuming R-parity conservation, the lightest supersymmetric particle is stable and can have survived as a relic from the Big Bang, meeting the necessary requirements to account for the the dark matter content of the Universe suggested by observations.


The experiment was carried out in two commercial 'Niagara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca) vineyards in São Paulo State, Southeastern region of Brazil: one located in Jundiaí, (23º06'S and 46º55'W, 715m a.s.l.); and another in Indaiatuba (23º05'S and 47º13'W, and 630m a.s.l.). The nine-year-old vines on the rootstock IAC-766 'Campinas' (106-8Mgt x Vitis caribaea) were spaced 2.0 by 1.0m and trained to a unilateral cordon. and hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) at 25g L -1 . In all the solutions were added 20mL L -1 of a no ionic adjuvant. In each vineyard, the trial was laid out using a completely randomized design with eight treatments and six one-whole-plant replicates. Each vine plant was examined for the following variables: 1) sprouting time: number of days between pruning and begging of sprouting; 2) sprouting percentage: considered when no more evolution in bud sprouting was verified; 3) cycle length: number of days between pruning and harvest, 4) number of clusters per plant. Budbreak was regarded when a green tinge was seen beneath the bud scales; this evaluation was performed weekly. The harvest was carried out when the total soluble solids content of most grapes reached 15 o Brix. All data were analyzed statistically using the ANOVA in the SANEST statistical package (ZONTA & MACHADO, 1987) . Meaningful comparisons were generated using Tukey's test (5% level) and regression analysis.

All data were analyzed statistically using the ANOVA in the SANEST statistical package.


In United States and in Italy the use of H2CN2 was estimated in 112,490 and 36,287kg, respectively, mainly in grapes. However, hydrogen cyanamide is highly toxic. The Environmental Protection Agency of the United States classifies this compound in the highest toxicity category (category I), and it has been under regulatory review by European Union authorities (SETTIMI et al., 2005) . Accordingly to exposed, there is a necessity of new agents for dormancy break that are easily available, effective, low toxic and used in low concentrations.

The Environmental Protection Agency of the United States classifies this compound in the highest toxicity category (category I), and it has been under regulatory review by European Union authorities.


Invasive breast cancer is one the most common carcinomas in women, especially in the West. Etiologies of breast cancer include family history, diet, and hormonal imbalance [1] . Multiple factors, such as tumor histopathological grades and subtypes, clinical stages, and lymph node metastasis have been proved to play important roles in predicting prognosis and determining adjuvant treatment [1] . New prognostic factors include distinct breast cancer subgroups with different biological features [2] . Premalignant breast disease, such as atypical ductal hyperplasia, is an important predictor of later malignancy [3] . Several immunohistochemical markers, such as p53, Her2/neu, EGFR, estrogen receptor, E-cadherin, have been evaluated for discrimination of breast intraepithelial proliferative lesions, but only cytological evidence has been effective [3] . The development of a novel biomarker to prevent subjective error may be necessary to assist pathologists in making accurate diagnoses.

Etiologies of breast cancer include family history, diet, and hormonal imbalance.

Multiple factors, such as tumor histopathological grades and subtypes, clinical stages, and lymph node metastasis have been proved to play important roles in predicting prognosis and determining adjuvant treatment.

New prognostic factors include distinct breast cancer subgroups with different biological features.

Premalignant breast disease, such as atypical ductal hyperplasia, is an important predictor of later malignancy.

Several immunohistochemical markers, such as p53, Her2/neu, EGFR, estrogen receptor, E-cadherin, have been evaluated for discrimination of breast intraepithelial proliferative lesions, but only cytological evidence has been effective.


When both data and prior knowledge of the measurand are available, a Bayesian analysis most conveniently starts from an observation equation rather than from the model employed by the GUM [4] . In that case the prior knowledge about the measurand is accounted for in the construction of the prior density. Such Bayesian solution differs from that of GUM S1 as the presence of prior knowledge of the measurand is not directly considered in GUM S1. While the Bayesian approach is generally applicable once the prior and the sampling distribution of the data have been specified, GUM S1 gives guidance on the assignment of PDFs for the input quantities only for particular sampling distributions.

When both data and prior knowledge of the measurand are available, a Bayesian analysis most conveniently starts from an observation equation rather than from the model employed by the GUM.


Systemic computation is not the only model of computation to emerge from studies of biology. The potential of biology had been discussed in the late 1940s by Von Neumann who dedicated some of his final work to automata and self-replicating machines [2] . Cellular automata have proven themselves to be a valuable approach to emergent, distributed computation [3] . Generalisations such as constrained generating procedures and collision-based computing provide new ways to design and analyse emergent computational phenomena [4] [5] . Bio-inspired grammars and algorithms introduced notions of homeostasis (for example in artificial immune systems), fault-tolerance (as seen in embryonic hardware) and parallel stochastic learning, (for example in swarm intelligence and genetic algorithms) [6] .

The potential of biology had been discussed in the late 1940s by Von Neumann who dedicated some of his final work to automata and self-replicating machines.

Cellular automata have proven themselves to be a valuable approach to emergent, distributed computation.

Generalisations such as constrained generating procedures and collision-based computing provide new ways to design and analyse emergent computational phenomena.

Bio-inspired grammars and algorithms introduced notions of homeostasis (for example in artificial immune systems), fault-tolerance (as seen in embryonic hardware) and parallel stochastic learning, (for example in swarm intelligence and genetic algorithms).


A high energy parton propagating through a dense medium, cold nuclear matter, or a high temperature quark-gluon plasma, undergoes multiple interactions with the constituents of the medium. Among those are the elastic scatterings, leading to the broadening of the transverse momentum of the parton with respect to the direction of its initial momentum. In addition, the energetic parton may experience medium-induced soft gluon radiations that degrade its energy. These two important processes, momentum broadening and energy loss, are governed by a transport coefficient, called the jet quenching parameter, and denoted traditionally byq [1] . The jet-quenching parameter also controls the splitting of gluons along the in-medium QCD cascade [2] . It has become a central concept in the analysis of jet observables in Heavy-Ion Collisions [3, 4] .

These two important processes, momentum broadening and energy loss, are governed by a transport coefficient, called the jet quenching parameter, and denoted traditionally byq.

The jet-quenching parameter also controls the splitting of gluons along the in-medium QCD cascade.

It has become a central concept in the analysis of jet observables in Heavy-Ion Collisions.


There have been several publications about the association of increased circulating IL-6 with diseases such as Alzheimer disease, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease and autoimmune disorders. Increased levels of IL-6 are found in patients with chronic renal disease (CRD) particularly those on hemodialysis; increased IL-6 is associated with greater risk of depression, malnutrition, inflammation, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular events and mortality [2] [3] [4] [5] . It has been suggested that circulating levels of IL-6 may vary depending on the carriage of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the promoter region of the IL-6 gene [6] . Several studies are published providing conflicting evidence for the role of carriage of minor frequency alleles of these SNPs for genetic predisposition to CRD. The most broadly studied is the G/C SNP at the −174 promoter position of IL-6. Two studies have shown that patients with the GC genotype are susceptible to end stage renal disease (ESRD) [7, 8] . Several studies on the association of this SNP with susceptibility to sepsis have provided contradictory results. More precisely, in one study the CC genotype was associated with increased susceptibility for sepsis acquisition whereas in two other studies the GG genotype was associated with better outcome [9] [10] [11] .

Increased levels of IL-6 are found in patients with chronic renal disease (CRD) particularly those on hemodialysis; increased IL-6 is associated with greater risk of depression, malnutrition, inflammation, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular events and mortality.

It has been suggested that circulating levels of IL-6 may vary depending on the carriage of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the promoter region of the IL-6 gene.

Two studies have shown that patients with the GC genotype are susceptible to end stage renal disease (ESRD).

More precisely, in one study the CC genotype was associated with increased susceptibility for sepsis acquisition whereas in two other studies the GG genotype was associated with better outcome.


The significant interaction between native-status and recording round indicates that the 15 nonnative talkers do not change over time in their normalized stress rate, whereas the 3 native English talkers tend to converge to the somewhat lower, nonnative stress rate observed for the nonnatives. In other words, the native speakers of English (who are a minority at UCU) tend to adapt their English speech rhythm to that of their nonnative peers (who are a majority), especially at the 4th and 5th recording session (end of year 2 and end of year 3, respectively). The convergence seems to extend into the students' third year on campus; this finding matches similar reports of long-term phonetic accommodation [11, 5] . Moreover, the phonetic accommodation is extended from conversational settings with peer students, and from classroom situations, to the interview setting of the corpus recordings. These findings supports the core hypothesis of long-term prosodic convergence among students in the UCU community.

The convergence seems to extend into the students' third year on campus; this finding matches similar reports of long-term phonetic accommodation.


The Warsaw agglomeration is a prime example of environmental pollution caused by transportation routes. As the largest and most populated city in Poland it is also one of the most extensively developed transportation hubs. It is a place crisscrossed by not only local but also national and international roads. The road network in Warsaw is about 2315.6 kilometres in length. Because of its central geographical location, it is also exposed to high-intensity traffic. This is evident both in the city centre and also on the exit roads from Warsaw, where traffic jams can be observed every day (Dmochowski et al. 2011) .

This is evident both in the city centre and also on the exit roads from Warsaw, where traffic jams can be observed every day.


In the present paper, we introduce a new data structure for index-based full-text search called Algebraic Signature Index (AS-Index). It follows the path of an inverted file based on n-grams, and combines standard database large-scale indexing (namely hashing) with a new hash calculus based on algebraic signatures (ASs) [7] . The main originality of our approach is to take advantage of the interpretation of characters as symbols in a mathematical structure. The operations in this structure (a Galois field) contribute to develop new computational techniques that identify the result items of a search in constant time. As a result, our index structure enjoys the attractive property, unique at present to our knowledge, of performing records lookup with a constant number of disk accesses, independent from both the size of the database and the length of the pattern.

It follows the path of an inverted file based on n-grams, and combines standard database large-scale indexing (namely hashing) with a new hash calculus based on algebraic signatures (ASs).


Furthermore, one should bear in mind that the samples were exposed in as-received state and it is possible that differences in production process or surface treatment can have an effect on the corrosion rate of the material [28] . The weight loss observed for E-Brite is attributed to a combination of Cr evaporation (which is discussed in more detail below) and spallation of the oxide scale. One reason for the poor adhesion of the oxide scale is expected to be the presence of a silica layer beneath the scale (see Fig. 7 ). Silica has a much lower thermal expansion coefficient than the steel and Cr 2 O 3 , which is considered detrimental for scale adhesion. Another important factor is the lack of reactive elements (RE) in E-Brite; RE additions are known to have a great impact on scale adhesion [26] .

Furthermore, one should bear in mind that the samples were exposed in as-received state and it is possible that differences in production process or surface treatment can have an effect on the corrosion rate of the material.

Another important factor is the lack of reactive elements (RE) in E-Brite; RE additions are known to have a great impact on scale adhesion.


As one of the great successes of modern electrochemistry, the lithium battery has played a key role in the consumer electronic market. Thanks to the improvement of the electrodes and electrolytes, the lithium battery is moving to dominate not only portable battery industry (MP3 player, laptop, cell phone and camera etc.), but also electronic automotive transportation (electric vehicles, full hybrid electric and plug-in electric vehicles). But the reality is complex: although scientists have produced numerous potential battery chemistries, problems of various natures still prevent the large scale application of lithium batteries for the electronic automotive transportation. None of them perform well on all the crucial factors of cost, safety, durability, power and capacity [4] . To further advance in the science and technology of lithium batteries, new strategies must be implemented. This includes modifications of the electrode and electrolyte components and further improvements in their safety, environmental sustainability and energy content.

None of them perform well on all the crucial factors of cost, safety, durability, power and capacity.


In both centralized and P2P structures, a bot must establish a connection to participate in the botnet possibly producing several failed connection attempts. Bots use DNS activity to reduce failed connection attempts which may instead produce failed DNS activity. In general, a process will attempt to connect to the input IP address of a successful reverse DNS query and the returned IP address of a successful DNS query, concluding the address is active. Our experiments reveal a counterintuitive approach that some bots attempt connecting to IP addresses regardless of DNS activity results: IP addresses that did not return a reverse DNS record are connected to successfully and IP addresses that did return a reverse DNS record failed to connect. Upon host infection, bot activity may manifest in one or more currently running processes. Bot processes may lack a digital signature, or may have been tampered with by a process lacking a digital signature. Bots typically execute without user knowledge by implementing stealth mechanisms, such as lacking a graphical user interface (GUI), not requiring keyboard and mouse input, removing itself from the list of currently active processes, and so on [16] . The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 is related work, Section 3 presents our bot detection methodology, Section 4 describes the chosen symptoms, Section 5 details the experimentation, results and limitations, and Section 6 gives our conclusion and future work.

Bots typically execute without user knowledge by implementing stealth mechanisms, such as lacking a graphical user interface (GUI), not requiring keyboard and mouse input, removing itself from the list of currently active processes, and so on.


Among several control methods, PID control is the most common one and used widely, also in robot field. By using PID control, both stability control and tracking control can be achieved. But static error exits in tracking control, and its performance is related to scaling factor Kp [4] .

But static error exits in tracking control, and its performance is related to scaling factor Kp.


Mobile robot technology is a combination of sensing technology, controlling technology, information processing technology, machining processing technology, electronic technology, computer technology and many other technologies [2] . In the process of development of robotics, controlling has always been an important issue. The performance of controllers will be directly related to the level of the robot's working ability. Control problems of mobile robot can be divided into two categories: stabilization control and tracking control. Tracking control is an important and practical issue in mobile robot motion control. It can be divided into trajectory tracking control and path tracking control. In the trajectory tracking control, the desired trajectory required by mobile robot is given in graph based on time relation. While in path tracking control, the desired trajectory is described by geometric parameters which can be easily achieved (such as the arc of the path). Trajectory tracking control is necessary when the robot is asked to arrive at a certain location in a certain time. Path tracking control is appropriate when the robot is asked to track the path given by geometric parameters at a certain speed [3] .

Mobile robot technology is a combination of sensing technology, controlling technology, information processing technology, machining processing technology, electronic technology, computer technology and many other technologies.

Path tracking control is appropriate when the robot is asked to track the path given by geometric parameters at a certain speed.


Our paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we introduce the notation conventions and the effective field theory (EFT) parametrization we will use to capture the deformations of the Higgs couplings. We spend some efforts to identify and characterize possible UV dynamics that could give rise in a self-consistent way to large corrections to the Higgs trilinear coupling. In section 3, we perform a global analysis using inclusive single-Higgs observables. We show that it is plagued with an exact flat direction and we discuss how this degeneracy affects the traditional determination of the single Higgs couplings. In section 4, we show how double-Higgs production could rescue a Higgs-couplings global fit. In section 5, we speculate that single-Higgs differential observables could also help constraining the Higgs couplings in a global way and we discuss the robustness of the results of our proposed fit against several implicit assumptions used. Section 6 presents our conclusions while two appendices contain some technical details of our EFT analysis. In all our projections, we consider 3 ab −1 of cumulated luminosity collected at 14 TeV and we rely on conservative estimates of the systematic uncertainties in the various Higgs production and decay channels reported in ECFA studies [10, 11] .

Our paper is organized as follows.

In all our projections, we consider 3 ab −1 of cumulated luminosity collected at 14 TeV and we rely on conservative estimates of the systematic uncertainties in the various Higgs production and decay channels reported in ECFA studies.


The possibility of exploiting single-Higgs production channels at hadron colliders to extract information about the Higgs trilinear self-coupling has been recently put forward in the literature [5] [6] [7] . The available results are quite encouraging. They show that the new analysis strategy could be competitive with the study of double-Higgs production, which is usually considered the best way to probe the Higgs self-interactions.

The possibility of exploiting single-Higgs production channels at hadron colliders to extract information about the Higgs trilinear self-coupling has been recently put forward in the literature.


Recently, neural machine translation (NMT) has gradually established state-of-the-art results over statistical machine translation (SMT) on various language pairs. Most NMT models consist of two recurrent neural networks (RNNs): a bidirectional RNN based encoder that transforms source sentence x = {x 1 , x 2 ...x Tx } into a hidden state sequence, and a decoder that generates the corresponding target sentence y = {y 1 , y 2 ...y Ty } by exploiting source-side contexts via an attention network (Bahdanau, Cho, and Bengio 2015) . This attentional neural encoder-decoder framework has now become the dominant architecture for NMT.

Most NMT models consist of two recurrent neural networks (RNNs): a bidirectional RNN based encoder that transforms source sentence x = {x 1 , x 2 ...x Tx } into a hidden state sequence, and a decoder that generates the corresponding target sentence y = {y 1 , y 2 ...y Ty } by exploiting source-side contexts via an attention network.


The mandate of the Law of the National Education System is translated into the process of implementing education in Indonesia, both at the macro level and the micro level. The implementation of education at the macro level refers to the curriculum and education policies made by the authorized institutions. Klein calls the curriculum as "heart of education" because the implementation of education refers to the applied curriculum (Hasan, 2012) . On the other hand, the implementation of education at the micro level refers to the process of teaching and learning at schools. It is necessary to understand the implementation of education at the macro level and the micro level which is an interrelated relationship to achieve the objectives of the national education as stated in Law Number 20 of 2003 Article 3 concerning the National Education System.

Klein calls the curriculum as "heart of education" because the implementation of education refers to the applied curriculum.


Without further ado, let us consider the eternal AdS black hole. The full spacetime has two asymptotically AdS regions. The AdS/CFT dictionary suggests that each has its own dual CFT. To put a single CFT into a thermal state one traditionally puts a black hole in the geometry, and so it is natural to suppose that one should think of the two-sided black hole as dual to two copies of the CFT maximally entangled in the so-called thermofield double state [1, 19] .

To put a single CFT into a thermal state one traditionally puts a black hole in the geometry, and so it is natural to suppose that one should think of the two-sided black hole as dual to two copies of the CFT maximally entangled in the so-called thermofield double state.


Recent work on battery electrode mechanics has investigated how applied stresses and strains can affect electrochemistry for various systems, including lithium-silicon, lithium-graphite, and sulfuric acid-graphite [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Previous research uses rigorous thermodynamic models to derive a linear proportionality between a change in stress and the equilibrium potential of lithium ions for silicon anodes [5] [6] [7] . The results of this previous research were extended to graphite electrodes, and a simple conservation of energy model finds a similar linear correlation between applied stress on a battery and a corresponding increase in voltage [2] . These results and others that measure stress as a function of voltage indicate that there is a fundamental coupling between battery mechanics and electrochemistry [7] .

Recent work on battery electrode mechanics has investigated how applied stresses and strains can affect electrochemistry for various systems, including lithium-silicon, lithium-graphite, and sulfuric acid-graphite.

Previous research uses rigorous thermodynamic models to derive a linear proportionality between a change in stress and the equilibrium potential of lithium ions for silicon anodes.

The results of this previous research were extended to graphite electrodes, and a simple conservation of energy model finds a similar linear correlation between applied stress on a battery and a corresponding increase in voltage.

These results and others that measure stress as a function of voltage indicate that there is a fundamental coupling between battery mechanics and electrochemistry.


Batteries are the prototypical accessible storage device, and lithium ion batteries are among the most useful due to their high energy density and low rate of self-discharge [1] . Lithium ion batteries are found in devices ranging from cell phones to electric vehicles and will continue to remain important for these and other energy storage applications in the future. In this work, we investigate batteries from a nontraditional perspective: as a tool for energy harvesting. Specifically, this work focuses on how lithium ion batteries can be used to convert mechanical work into electrical energy, a property that has not been explored in detail. Our primary goal is to characterize the mechanical energy harvesting process in piezoelectrochemical systems, and in the course of this work we also propose a model to help select and optimize piezoelectrochemical systems in the future.

Batteries are the prototypical accessible storage device, and lithium ion batteries are among the most useful due to their high energy density and low rate of self-discharge.


Nevertheless, the coupling between mechanical stress and electrochemistry can be utilized in energy harvesting applications. Currently, piezoelectric materials are the most common materials for converting mechanical to electrical energy, often using high-frequency vibrations from the environment to produce electrical energy [9, 10] . Piezoelectric materials, though, do not work very well for low-frequency mechanical oscillations below 1 Hz [11, 12] . Battery intercalation materials, or Bpiezoelectrochemical^materials, take advantage of the stress-voltage coupling in intercalation materials and harvest energy at extremely low frequencies (less than 1 mHz). Additionally, piezoelectrochemical materials have a higher energy density per unit volume than traditional piezoelectric materials [13] . In previous research, we used two antiparallel lithium ion batteries connected through an external load to demonstrate how to harvest small amounts of energy by squeezing one battery [13] . Other research groups have demonstrated alternative geometries using silicon electrodes that can harvest energy with similar mechanisms [14] . In this paper, we develop a model to study the piezoelectrochemical harvesting process with lithium ion batteries and then use this model to characterize the harvesting system and determine its maximum theoretical efficiency. Our model leverages the fundamental coupling between mechanics and electrochemistry in battery materials and can be applied to other intercalation materials to predict their effectiveness for energy harvesting applications.

Currently, piezoelectric materials are the most common materials for converting mechanical to electrical energy, often using high-frequency vibrations from the environment to produce electrical energy.

Piezoelectric materials, though, do not work very well for low-frequency mechanical oscillations below 1 Hz.

Additionally, piezoelectrochemical materials have a higher energy density per unit volume than traditional piezoelectric materials.

In previous research, we used two antiparallel lithium ion batteries connected through an external load to demonstrate how to harvest small amounts of energy by squeezing one battery.

Other research groups have demonstrated alternative geometries using silicon electrodes that can harvest energy with similar mechanisms.


In this work, we leverage the idea that one can take an offthe-shelf lithium ion battery, squeeze it, and then see an increase in the voltage (of order 0.1 mV). While this has only been tested with commercial lithium ion batteries, this concept should apply not just to lithium ion batteries, but to any intercalation material [2] . Using this phenomenon, intercalation materials can be useful as stress sensors because they do not require a power source and have a flexible design shape, but they are unlikely to be widely utilized in this capacity because extremely large stresses (order MPa) are necessary to produce very small voltages [2] .

While this has only been tested with commercial lithium ion batteries, this concept should apply not just to lithium ion batteries, but to any intercalation material.

Using this phenomenon, intercalation materials can be useful as stress sensors because they do not require a power source and have a flexible design shape, but they are unlikely to be widely utilized in this capacity because extremely large stresses (order MPa) are necessary to produce very small voltages.


Albeit different measurement techniques are available, ultrasonic sensors may be of special interest in many applications because of their robustness and non-intrusive nature. Traditional point gauge allows static measurements usually at an accuracy of 0.1 mm. Wave gauges can additionally perform dynamic measurements, similarly to ultrasonic sensors, but are subject to temperature changes within the water body and also flow perturbation or sensors interference can happen. Naturally, sensors interference can also happen between ultrasonic sensors and temperature effect must be contemplated, but non-intrusiveness can represent an advantage. Main benefits of other techniques can be met by ultrasonic sensors, but its performance has to be carefully assessed to ensure reliable non-intrusive measurements of free-surface profiles, free-surface fluctuations, free-surface correlation time scales, free-surface wave celerity and frequencies [15, 4, 43, 5, 67] . Additionally, how the footprint relates to the measurement has not been still assessed.

Main benefits of other techniques can be met by ultrasonic sensors, but its performance has to be carefully assessed to ensure reliable non-intrusive measurements of free-surface profiles, free-surface fluctuations, free-surface correlation time scales, free-surface wave celerity and frequencies.


Pre and Post-CLASS scores for each participating course are shown in Table 2 along with the shifts for each course. Shifts toward favorable increased from +4% to +16.5%, which is similar to the shifts found by Allen and Kruse on the EBAPS. Aggregate results from the CLASS study show an average shift of 8.8% in PET and PSET courses compared to average shifts of -6.1% to +1.8% found in other physical science courses (OPPS) designed especially for elementary teachers with enrollments ranging from 14 to 22 students [5] . Table 3 shows comparisons of CLASS pre/post scores and shifts for different curricula and different instructional settings. As shown in table 3, the average CLASS pre-test score is 54 which is low in comparison to typical scores found in calculus-based courses. Traditional lecture style courses have been found to have shifts on the CLASS of -8.2% to +1.5% in calculus-based courses with enrollments of 40 to 300 students in each course section. Shifts of 1.0% have been found in courses for nonscience majors, and -9.8% in algebra-based courses for pre-med students [18] . Of the courses shown in table 3, only PET and PSET embeds activities that explicitly address the nature of science and the nature of learning science. Recent research however, has demonstrated significant positive shifts on CLASS scores in Physics by Inquiry courses which have a strong implicit focus on the nature of science and the nature of learning science but do not explicitly address these issues [19] .

Aggregate results from the CLASS study show an average shift of 8.8% in PET and PSET courses compared to average shifts of -6.1% to +1.8% found in other physical science courses (OPPS) designed especially for elementary teachers with enrollments ranging from 14 to 22 students.

Shifts of 1.0% have been found in courses for nonscience majors, and -9.8% in algebra-based courses for pre-med students.

Recent research however, has demonstrated significant positive shifts on CLASS scores in Physics by Inquiry courses which have a strong implicit focus on the nature of science and the nature of learning science but do not explicitly address these issues.


The ocean response to the CLLJ flow can be seen as a decrease in the sea surface temperature (SST) at the coast due to upwelling. The coast-parallel winds are responsible for an offshore Ekman transport, and the upwelling of deeper and cold waters (Vallis, 2012) . Moreover, the colder SST are enhanced by Ekman pumping when the alongcoast wind stress has a cross-coast gradient (curl), such as happens at capes or points (Haack et al., 2005) . The lowering of the SST at the coast leads to a sharpening of the landÁsea temperature gradient close to the coast, and to a positive feedback that further intensifies the wind speed. For this reason, in spite of being an atmospheric phenomenon, CLLJ are strongly linked to the regional ocean dynamics, and have impacts both in the atmosphere and the ocean through an intrinsic atmosphereÁocean coupling process (Beardsley et al., 1987) .

The coast-parallel winds are responsible for an offshore Ekman transport, and the upwelling of deeper and cold waters.

Moreover, the colder SST are enhanced by Ekman pumping when the alongcoast wind stress has a cross-coast gradient (curl), such as happens at capes or points.

For this reason, in spite of being an atmospheric phenomenon, CLLJ are strongly linked to the regional ocean dynamics, and have impacts both in the atmosphere and the ocean through an intrinsic atmosphereÁocean coupling process.


CLLJ play an important role in the definition of the regional climates of the mid-latitude western continental regions. The decrease of the SST along the coast due to upwelling limits the ocean surface evaporation, and the strong coast-parallel flow prevents the advection of marine air inshore, which considerably limits the water vapour content of the air over land, contributing to the aridity and dryness of some of the mid-latitude western coastal regions (Warner, 2004) . At the same time, the presence of CLLJ can significantly modify the vertical wind shear and the turbulence structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), playing an important role in the mixing and transport processes in the lower atmosphere, and therefore on local weather, influencing coastal fog and low-level clouds or coastally trapped disturbances (Nuss et al., 2000) . Upwelling coastal regions, driven by the coast-parallel winds, are rich in nutrients, which are essential to the fish food chain. Not surprisingly some of the main oceanic fishing areas are located along upwelling-CLLJ areas (Pauly and Christensen, 1995) .

The decrease of the SST along the coast due to upwelling limits the ocean surface evaporation, and the strong coast-parallel flow prevents the advection of marine air inshore, which considerably limits the water vapour content of the air over land, contributing to the aridity and dryness of some of the mid-latitude western coastal regions.

At the same time, the presence of CLLJ can significantly modify the vertical wind shear and the turbulence structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL), playing an important role in the mixing and transport processes in the lower atmosphere, and therefore on local weather, influencing coastal fog and low-level clouds or coastally trapped disturbances.

Not surprisingly some of the main oceanic fishing areas are located along upwelling-CLLJ areas.


The upper band of the allowed parameter space for each particular value of tan β corresponds to theτ Z(+t Z+AF) region. In this region, the mass of the chargino and the neutralino is being driven up with the rise of tan β up to about m f coannihilation band is typically larger than the slope of the allowed band of the parameter space corresponding to the focus point region. Therefore, in the coannihilation region one can expect better accuracy in the chargino/neutralino mass determination through the correlations presented in Figs. 5 and 6. Also, using mg − m h correlation, when the gluino is observed and reconstructed, one can actually predict the chargino and the neutralino masses, whose observation in EW production processes could be problematic. To put things in perspective, we show in Fig. 5 the kinematic limits for W 1 W 1 pair production, which can serve as good approximations for the reach of ILC500 ( √ s = 500 GeV) and ILC1000 ( √ s = 1000 GeV) machines [104, 105, 106] . We see that the linear collider can access only the lower end of the coannihilation band (corresponding to low m 1/2 values), while the HB/FP region can be probed almost entirely. This is in contrast to the LHC, which has large coverage in the coannihilation region, but can only probe the lower half of the HB/FP region, as was shown in Fig. 4 . In Fig. 7 we present correlations between the lightest top-squark mass and m h . In this figure, the upper curves for each value of tan β correspond to the HB/FP(+HF) region and the lower curve to theτ Z(+t Z+AF) region. At tan β = 53 and A 0 = 0.5 TeV and A 0 = 0 in frames a) and b) respectively, one can see that the orange curve is widened in its upper part. This region corresponds to the AF region, where the large range of radiative corrections to the top squark mass and its stronger dependence on various model parameters spoil somewhat the mt 1 − m h correlation. In this region, mt 1 500 GeV, thus exceeding the Tevatron bound [47, 48] . One can also notice that for A 0 = −1 TeV and A 0 = −2 TeV, presented in frames c) and d), respectively, the top squark exhibiting stop-coannihilation region is allowed to be as light as 200 GeV. This region is represented by the lower tip of the light-green line in frame c), and the lower tips of gray and lightgreen line in frame d). As A 0 becomes increasingly negative, the mixing betweent L and t R increases (thereby reducing the mass oft 1 ) which, in turn, drives m h to larger values through radiative corrections. This explains why the curves shift to the lower right corner, as we go from frame a) to d).

To put things in perspective, we show in Fig. 5 the kinematic limits for W 1 W 1 pair production, which can serve as good approximations for the reach of ILC500 ( √ s = 500 GeV) and ILC1000 ( √ s = 1000 GeV) machines.

In this region, mt 1 500 GeV, thus exceeding the Tevatron bound.


The notion that diabetes development can be prevented or delayed by intensive lifestyle intervention is not new [5, 6] . However, it has recently been suggested that progression to diabetes can be also delayed by intensive intervention when applied to real-life primary health care of high-risk subjects identified first with the simple Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) tool [7] . If such a risk score can be shown to have general applicability, it could provide a rational basis to decide which patients might benefit from intensive lifestyle intervention [8] . Thus, community-based evaluations are essential in order to learn about the FINDRISC feasibility and performance to screen for current and future glucose disorders.

The notion that diabetes development can be prevented or delayed by intensive lifestyle intervention is not new.

However, it has recently been suggested that progression to diabetes can be also delayed by intensive intervention when applied to real-life primary health care of high-risk subjects identified first with the simple Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) tool.

If such a risk score can be shown to have general applicability, it could provide a rational basis to decide which patients might benefit from intensive lifestyle intervention.


In this paper, we present the findings of a study examining how the Internet user type is related to the ability to carry out complex search tasks with Web search engines. We also show the differences between certain user types and discuss the noticeable differences. To be able to analyze online behavior, all users' activity was logged using the Search-Logger tool (Singer, et al., 2011) . The study was conducted in a laboratory environment. The user sample consisted of 56 ordinary Web users (with diverse backgrounds) whom we asked to carry out 12 predefined search tasks with Web search tools of their choice (search engines and other online information tools like Wikipedia).

To be able to analyze online behavior, all users' activity was logged using the Search-Logger tool.


On the other hand, neutral-type time-delay in the system models are usually encountered in many practical applications, such as population ecology, chemical reactors, water pipes, heat exchangers, and robots in contact with rigid environments [17] . It is well known that the neutral-type time-delay incorporates the time delays both in its state and in the derivatives of state in the system model. Additionally, many dynamical NNs are represented with neutral functional differential equations that combine neutral delay differential equations as their special type. Therefore, these NNs are referred to neutral neural networks or neural networks of neural type. It is obviously known that time-delay and nonlinearity are usually a source of instability and/or poor performance of many systems [18] . Therefore, in stability analysis of NNs with neutral time, delays have been one of the primary research topics, and many remarkable achievements have been explored [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] .

On the other hand, neutral-type time-delay in the system models are usually encountered in many practical applications, such as population ecology, chemical reactors, water pipes, heat exchangers, and robots in contact with rigid environments.

It is obviously known that time-delay and nonlinearity are usually a source of instability and/or poor performance of many systems.

Therefore, in stability analysis of NNs with neutral time, delays have been one of the primary research topics, and many remarkable achievements have been explored.


In the traditional licensing model, the licensee pays a fixed percentage of its turnover to the licensor. Yet this model, combined with prevailing trends in the distribution of patent ownership and the integration of multiple technologies into one product, has given rise to a new problem: the cumulative licensing fees are reaching levels where it is becoming unprofitable to manufacture products with many integrated technologies (Bekkers et al., 2002; Lemley and Shapiro, 2007; Thumm, 2005) . An example of a common multitechnology product with widely distributed patent ownership is the multi-mode mobile handset with digital camera and wireless local area network (WLAN) interface.

Yet this model, combined with prevailing trends in the distribution of patent ownership and the integration of multiple technologies into one product, has given rise to a new problem: the cumulative licensing fees are reaching levels where it is becoming unprofitable to manufacture products with many integrated technologies.


The major concern is that universal varicella vaccination might lead to more cases of zoster [10] , [24] . Zoster is more likely to occur in people when their cell-mediated immunity declines with age. As the fraction of vaccinated children increases, exposure of the general population to varicella infectives become less frequent. Because fewer people infected in childhood are boosted as they age, a larger proportion of older people will have weaker immunity to VZV, so that zoster may reactivate in more people.

The major concern is that universal varicella vaccination might lead to more cases of zoster.


There are many advantages to be gained by utilizing self-assessment and peer-assessment. Through self-assessment and peer-assessment, students are able to make judgments about how well they have learned; rather than merely how much they have learned (Macdonald & Savin-Baden, 2004) . Peerassessment helps to develop the acquisition of self-directed learning skills as students participate in the assessment experience (Ballantyne, Hughes, & Mylonas, 2002) . In addition, self-assessment and peerassessment provide valuable insights into the performance of students. It has been demonstrated that peer ratings are a good predictor of future performance, and provide information regarding student performance that is not measured by other traditional evaluation methods (Foreman, 2007; Sullivan, Hitchcock, & Dunnington, 1999) .

Through self-assessment and peer-assessment, students are able to make judgments about how well they have learned; rather than merely how much they have learned.

Peerassessment helps to develop the acquisition of self-directed learning skills as students participate in the assessment experience.

It has been demonstrated that peer ratings are a good predictor of future performance, and provide information regarding student performance that is not measured by other traditional evaluation methods.


The use of computers in assessment in general is known as a definition of -Computer-Assisted Assessment (CAA)‖. Through this, CAA can provide advantages for both lecturers and students to provide them with detailed formative feedback for their learning achievements compared to conventional assessment. It also can reduce the somewhat tedious load of lectures by automating parts of the task of marking students' work. Accordingly, the student receives an instant and objective score together with specific and timely feedback. This is due to the detailed scoring data already being digitized and recorded to central repositories in the students' records system (Bull & Danson, 2004) . This paper proposes an automated tool for PBL assessment by which to accomplish these difficulties by utilising computers. In today's high technology environment, computers can play an enormous role in the assessment process; in this case especially for peer-assessment and self-assessment respectively. The paper will also discuss the acceptance test of the tool as received from the students.

This is due to the detailed scoring data already being digitized and recorded to central repositories in the students' records system.


Strong support for self-assessment and peer-assessment is proven throughout literature studies; however, difficulties have also been reported. Both types of assessments are time-consuming and thus are regarded negatively by students. Students need to undertake the peer assessment more anonymously and it is very difficult to assess peers within the confines of the PBL room (Papinczak, Young, & Groves, 2006) .

Students need to undertake the peer assessment more anonymously and it is very difficult to assess peers within the confines of the PBL room.


Power quality has been treated as a prominent issue which demands utilities to deliver good quality of electrical power to end users especially to industries having sensitive equipment. Among all the power disturbances, voltage sags are the most frequent and give severe impact on sensitive loads [1] . It may cause failure or malfunction of sensitive equipment in industries which eventually leads to huge economic losses. This type of power disturbance is defined by IEEE standard 1159-1995 as a voltage reduction in the RMS voltage to between 0.1 and 0.9 per unit (p.u.) for duration between half of a cycle and less than 1 minute [2] . Thus, more work should be done in monitoring of voltage sags in order to mitigate such disturbances.

Among all the power disturbances, voltage sags are the most frequent and give severe impact on sensitive loads.

This type of power disturbance is defined by IEEE standard 1159-1995 as a voltage reduction in the RMS voltage to between 0.1 and 0.9 per unit (p.u.) for duration between half of a cycle and less than 1 minute.