The animal model for sepsis in the included studies mainly lies in LPS injection model (including LPS+ model like scald plus LPS injection) and CLP model. LPS model is notable for the advantages of simple, reproducible, highly controlled, and standardized administration, while, at the same time, the disadvantages of it cannot be easily overlooked: early, high, and transient increases of inflammatory mediators through a TLR4-dependent pathway, different hemodynamic response from human sepsis, not being able to reflect all complex physiological responses in human sepsis, and variability in dose and administration route [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] . The literature indicated that LPS administrated intraperitoneally induced systematic responses mainly via the lymphogenous route rather than the hematogenous route. Portal LPS can be effectively eliminated by the liver and does not reach the systemic circulation at all unless the LPS concentration is extremely high. Besides, intraperitoneal administration of LPS is transported mainly in lipoprotein-bound form, which is less active in inducing systematic responses [58] . It had been reported that the dose of intraperitoneally administered LPS was approximately 100 times of the intravenous dose in order to produce a similar peak rise in temperature in New Zealand White rabbits [59] . However, the effects of different LPS administration doses or routes on course or outcomes of sepsis still deserve further investigation.

LPS model is notable for the advantages of simple, reproducible, highly controlled, and standardized administration, while, at the same time, the disadvantages of it cannot be easily overlooked: early, high, and transient increases of inflammatory mediators through a TLR4-dependent pathway, different hemodynamic response from human sepsis, not being able to reflect all complex physiological responses in human sepsis, and variability in dose and administration route.

Besides, intraperitoneal administration of LPS is transported mainly in lipoprotein-bound form, which is less active in inducing systematic responses.

It had been reported that the dose of intraperitoneally administered LPS was approximately 100 times of the intravenous dose in order to produce a similar peak rise in temperature in New Zealand White rabbits.


Upgrading of reinforced concrete structures in seismic areas is often required due to the need for a higher performance and safety level or material deterioration. Increment of deformation capacity of the structure in critical regions, where large plastic deformations are expected, is one of the most efficient strategies in this field. For reinforced concrete (RC) elements, the simple application of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) embedded in epoxy resin and/or fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) can dramatically enhance strength and ductility of concrete columns. Jacketing over the entire length of the element by FRP or FRCM wraps is often preferred, due to the favourable properties of this retrofitting methodology: extremely low weight-to-strength ratio, easy application, minimal change in the behaviour of the structure, and protection and prevention of corrosion. In order to evaluate the effects of such a retrofitting strategy on the seismic behavior of the structure, stress-strain relationship of confined concrete is needed to evaluate the momentcurvature response of the elements [1] .

In order to evaluate the effects of such a retrofitting strategy on the seismic behavior of the structure, stress-strain relationship of confined concrete is needed to evaluate the momentcurvature response of the elements.


When steel transverse reinforcement as a confining system is utilized, as soon as the transversal stress on the concrete reaches the cracking limit, the lateral strain suddenly grows and the confining steel hoops yield. From this point, a nearly constant confining pressure is applied to the column concrete core, and the concrete behaves as an active confined material [2] . Therefore, the stress-strain relationship of a steel-confined concrete member is characterized by a steep increasing branch up to the yielding of the transversal reinforcements, followed by a softening branch, with a slope related to the effectiveness of the confinement.

From this point, a nearly constant confining pressure is applied to the column concrete core, and the concrete behaves as an active confined material.


It can be argued that the Canadian banking sector has always had a relatively stable structure. Prior to 1980, the financial system had five segments: chartered banks, trust and loan companies, securities dealers, co-operative credit institutions, and life insurance companies. Of these, federally chartered banks were historically involved in commercial lending, whereas trust and loan companies specialized in collecting term deposits and making residential mortgage loans. Co-operative credit institutions, which are chartered and regulated by the provinces, have traditionally concentrated on retail deposits, residential mortgages and personal loans (Allen and Engert (2007) ).

Co-operative credit institutions, which are chartered and regulated by the provinces, have traditionally concentrated on retail deposits, residential mortgages and personal loans).


To alleviate these problems, network designers can employ incentives to modify the strategic behaviour of the self-interested agents. However, in an MAS, these incentives must be carefully calibrated to induce desirable outcomes from the joint behaviour of selfish actors in dynamic environments and often, with (budgetary) constraints on the size of incentives or penalties. Additionally, in settings such as smart grids and traffic networks, the design of incentives must also account for adjustments in the system state such as changes in customer demand for taxis; consequently, designing incentives is a formidable challenge [22] .

Additionally, in settings such as smart grids and traffic networks, the design of incentives must also account for adjustments in the system state such as changes in customer demand for taxis; consequently, designing incentives is a formidable challenge.


We will present experimental results in the Multiagent Heaven or Hell domain and in a game of tag, in which agents have to cooperate in order to tag an opponent. In these experiments we included the time step of the system in s0, which allows for a single message to have a different meaning, depending on which time step it was sent. Adding time to s0 requires no extra assumptions, but does allow the agents to more closely correlate their behavior. Providing correlation for agents in a DEC-POMDP has been shown to improve team performance [3] .

Providing correlation for agents in a DEC-POMDP has been shown to improve team performance.


Due to the increase in industrial activity, the discharge of large quantities of organic pollutants into the receiving waters has been causing pollution. Synthetic dyes are a group of organic pollutants that are extensively used in textile industries. The colored effluents damage the aesthetic quality of water and reduce light penetration and photosynthesis and also some of the dyes are toxic or mutagenic, carcinogenic and allergenic. Hence decolorization of the dye-bearing effluents is of great importance (Chia-Pin and Foster, 2003) . The traditional physical or chemical decolorization methods including flocculation using chemicals, coagulation using chemicals, irradiation, ion exchange, precipitation using chemicals, ozonation and adsorption using activated carbon or a combination of these methods have been used for dye removal from wastewaters (Churchley, 1994) .

Hence decolorization of the dye-bearing effluents is of great importance.

The traditional physical or chemical decolorization methods including flocculation using chemicals, coagulation using chemicals, irradiation, ion exchange, precipitation using chemicals, ozonation and adsorption using activated carbon or a combination of these methods have been used for dye removal from wastewaters.


In this paper, we considered the torque exerted on an electric/magnetic dipole moving in an external EM field. In our approach, we applied the Lorentz force law (4) and additionally involved the contribution to total torque, emerging due to hidden momentum of a dipole. In the framework of this approach, we obtained the general Eq. (10) and reduced it to the form (17) for the case of a compact electric/magnetic dipole and slow spatial variation of the electric E(r) and magnetic B(r) fields, when both fields can be taken constant within the volume of the dipole due to the inequalities (11) .

In the framework of this approach, we obtained the general Eq. (10) and reduced it to the form (17) for the case of a compact electric/magnetic dipole and slow spatial variation of the electric E(r) and magnetic B(r) fields, when both fields can be taken constant within the volume of the dipole due to the inequalities.


Regarding borderline ovarian tumors, no sensitive preoperative predictive model has been yet reported in the literature. Differentiation between borderline ovarian tumors and ovarian cancers is challenging and prone to diagnostic errors. Intraoperative findings may be discordant with the final histologic diagnosis in 28-36 % of cases, and thus these patients should be managed in specialized centers [4, 5] .

Intraoperative findings may be discordant with the final histologic diagnosis in 28-36 % of cases, and thus these patients should be managed in specialized centers.


First, the lateral distribution of the radio amplitude [1, 15, 16] . For showers with more distant shower maxima, the lateral distribution is flatter. Vice versa, for closer shower maxima the amplitude decreases faster with increasing distance to the shower axis. This method has recently been exploited for a first reconstruction of X max based on measured LOPES events [17] .

First, the lateral distribution of the radio amplitude.

This method has recently been exploited for a first reconstruction of X max based on measured LOPES events.


Second, the slope of the frequency spectrum of the radio signal and the pulse shape depend not only on the distance to the shower axis, but also contain information on X max [18] . However, the applicability and achievable precision of this method has not yet been studied in detail. At LOPES, this method cannot be applied due to the strong radio background.

Second, the slope of the frequency spectrum of the radio signal and the pulse shape depend not only on the distance to the shower axis, but also contain information on X max.


The improved knowledge on the radio wavefront is beneficial also in other aspects: Applying the hyperbolic wavefront improves the reconstruction of the shower geometry, in particular the arrival direction, and potentially also the shower core. Now, in contrast to the situation a few years ago, the reconstruction is no longer limited by the missing knowledge of the correct wavefront [22] . Moreover, based on our measurements of the cone angle, it is possible to estimate what the impact of a simplified wavefront in the radio reconstruction would be. For example, in a plane wave reconstruction, the typical error on the arrival direction would be in the order of ρ, i.e., for LOPES in the order of 1 • , and even larger for radio arrays at higher altitudes, since they are closer to the shower maximum. Consequently, we consider the improved description of the wavefront an important input for any future radio measurements of air showers when aiming at highest possible precision.

Now, in contrast to the situation a few years ago, the reconstruction is no longer limited by the missing knowledge of the correct wavefront.


Similarly, incorrect assumptions about the expansion history and the geometry of the Universe can result in a skewed distribution of tracers. The conversion between redshifts and angles on the sky into Cartesian coordinates requires knowledge of the spacetime metric that describes the Universe, which in turn depends on the latter's matter and energy content. Any deviation from the true underlying cosmological parameters results in a distortion of tracer coordinates, which is known as the Alcock-Paczyński (AP) effect [13] . In cases where the underlying statistical arrangement of tracers is known, it can be used to constrain cosmology.

Any deviation from the true underlying cosmological parameters results in a distortion of tracer coordinates, which is known as the Alcock-Paczyński (AP) effect.


The reliability and availability of a CCPP depend on the perfect operation of all its systems (e.g., gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator, steam turbine and cooling system) [17] . So far researchers evaluated combined cycle power plant system reliability only at system level without making an allowance for the interactions of systems, and subsystems. Therefore, there is a need for extending the compass of reliability analysis for combined cycle power plants by taking care of interaction among different systems and subsystems.

The reliability and availability of a CCPP depend on the perfect operation of all its systems (e.g., gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator, steam turbine and cooling system).


Reliability analysis is an innate aspect of combined cycle power plant design and plays considerable role throughout the plant operation in terms of expenses (operating and maintenance) and optimal maintenance scheduling of its equipments. Reliability may be defined as the ability of an equipment, component, product, system, etc., to function under designated operating state of affairs for a specified period of time or number of cycles [1] . For a large and complex electricity generating system such as CCPP, reliability is the probability of generating electricity under operational conditions for a definite period of time. Reliability of a CCPP is function of maintenance (scheduled or forced) cost, which in turns depends upon the Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) and Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) of equipments or systems, and which are further dependent on complexity in design, state, age of the equipment or system and to some extent on the availability of spare parts.

Reliability may be defined as the ability of an equipment, component, product, system, etc., to function under designated operating state of affairs for a specified period of time or number of cycles.


Depending on the prevailing masonry conditions, grouts with different characteristics must be designed [10] [11] [12] . Although, most grout' characteristics like penetrability, rheology, mechanical strength, stability, and durability are characteristics that need measurement techniques and standards, many of which have yet to be undertaken. Nevertheless, when it comes to penetrability and rheology of natural hydraulic lime-based grouts, several research works have been done in the last decades [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Among the various grouts characteristics, fluidity appears as one of the most determinant characteristics in the grouting performance, since it is important to ensure that the grout can flow and fill well the cracks and voids in the masonry core. NHL-based grout is a suspension of particles in water and the NHL is the element that gives the grout its binder character. However, different elements, currently used by the cement and concrete industries, can be added to the grout, to either optimize its performance or lower the cost. In fact, it is the suspended particles that have an important contribution on the rheological behavior of the grout [20, 21] . The particles will influence the flow properties and set a limit to void size that can be penetrated. Notwithstanding, apart from the penetration issues due to particle size, understanding and controlling the rheology of the grout is essential for a successful grouting intervention. The knowledge will, under the prevailing conditions, facilitate the choice of additive, admixtures, grouting pressure, and temperature. The present paper reviews the current knowledge concerning the measurements of the rheological properties of NHL-based grouts, with emphasis on a contribution of different factors, additives, and admixtures on the rheology of injection grouts.

Depending on the prevailing masonry conditions, grouts with different characteristics must be designed.

Nevertheless, when it comes to penetrability and rheology of natural hydraulic lime-based grouts, several research works have been done in the last decades.

In fact, it is the suspended particles that have an important contribution on the rheological behavior of the grout.


To date, Haraguchi and others have provided information on 35 published cases of primary PA of the EAC. The age at presentation ranged from 15 to 80 years, with a mean age of 49.7 years. There was no sex predilection. Common symptoms related to primary PA of the EAC included obstruction of the EAC meatus, hearing loss, otalgia, and otorrhoea [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] .

There was no sex predilection.

Common symptoms related to primary PA of the EAC included obstruction of the EAC meatus, hearing loss, otalgia, and otorrhoea.


This study aims to comprehensively update the circumscription of colonist lineages for the Hawaiian angiosperm flora. We extensively reviewed the literature and evaluated phylogenetic studies to determine the most likely region of origin for each lineage from a defined set of source areas. We then evaluated these against putative dispersal modes to test hypotheses about how colonists from different regions may have arrived (Gillespie et al., 2012) . Considering dispersal, global climate, and geological history in concert, a new consensus of Hawaii's biogeographical status is emerging.

We then evaluated these against putative dispersal modes to test hypotheses about how colonists from different regions may have arrived.


As mentioned in Section 4, the expression of the expected final uncertainty is very similar to the notion of conditional min-entropy defined by Cachin [4] . Thus, we believe that our approach would coincide with the classical metric if we consider a channel where the observations are execution traces including scheduling decisions at steps along traces, and apply the Cachin's version of conditional minentropy to the resulting channel. However, a formal proof needs to be done.

As mentioned in Section 4, the expression of the expected final uncertainty is very similar to the notion of conditional min-entropy defined by Cachin.


Multiprocessor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs) is a solution that implements a multiple processing elements (PEs) in the same chip. Advancement in nanometer technology enables that a Future MPSoCs contained thousands of PEs in a single chip by 2015 [3] , [14] , [8] . MPSoCs are being increasingly used in complex embedded applications. The Network-On-Chip (NoC) has been introduced as a power-efficient, scalable intercommunication, interconnection mechanism between PEs [14] , [8] . Mapping is important phase in architectural exploration in NoC based MPSOC. The application and architectural platform are represented by processing model, application task graph and architectural graph respectively. Considering the moment when task mapping is executed, approaches can be either static or dynamic. Static mapping defines task placement at design time, having a global view of the MPSoC resources. As it is executed at design time, it may use complex algorithms to better explore the MPSoC resources, resulting in optimized solutions [24] , [9] , [16] , [7] , [12] , [23] , [19] . However, static mapping is not able to handle a dynamic workload, new tasks or applications loaded at run-time. To cope with this feature of actual MPSoCs, Dynamic (runtime) mapping techniques are required to map them onto the platform resources [4] , [21] , [13] , [5] , [6] , [17] , [15] .

Advancement in nanometer technology enables that a Future MPSoCs contained thousands of PEs in a single chip by 2015.

The Network-On-Chip (NoC) has been introduced as a power-efficient, scalable intercommunication, interconnection mechanism between PEs.

As it is executed at design time, it may use complex algorithms to better explore the MPSoC resources, resulting in optimized solutions.

To cope with this feature of actual MPSoCs, Dynamic (runtime) mapping techniques are required to map them onto the platform resources.


Control of the high IOP is the first line treatment in a phacomorphic angle closure case, followed by the reduction of corneal edema and cataract surgery. Initial antiglaucomatous medication usually includes beta-blockers, alpha agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Prostaglandin analogues use in such cases has not been reported on a large scale, most likely to avoid their pro-inflammatory effect [8] . Many cases require iv mannitol 20% and oral acetazolamide in order to lower the IOP and safely extract the cataractous lens.

Prostaglandin analogues use in such cases has not been reported on a large scale, most likely to avoid their pro-inflammatory effect.


Algebra, functional analyses and geometry are the building blocks for the construction of the language engineers currently want to use [7] [8] [9] [10] . The basic principles on which this proposed theory is developed are founded on these three pillars. The postulates are: 1) Electromagnetic energy, intended as intermediary, is continuous in systems of rational energy usage.

Algebra, functional analyses and geometry are the building blocks for the construction of the language engineers currently want to use.


An organism's ability to sense and react to its environment is crucial for its survival, and drives many of the evolutionary processes [5] . The speed and efficiency with which an organism can explore its physical environment are crucial factors in its ability to locate food, mate and avoid predators [16] . At a large scale (m-km) it is well established that habitat patchiness defines the clustering of certain species and much effort has taken place in this area of research. At the small scale (mµm) the issues of biodiversity, habitat patchiness are just as important. A major problem however, especially in soil systems, where the vast majority of the Earth's biodiversity resides, lies in our inability to observe organism-habitat relations. This is largely due to the opaque nature of soil and the ubiquitous spatial and temporal heterogeneity that is characteristic of the physical structure of soil [15] .

An organism's ability to sense and react to its environment is crucial for its survival, and drives many of the evolutionary processes.

The speed and efficiency with which an organism can explore its physical environment are crucial factors in its ability to locate food, mate and avoid predators.

This is largely due to the opaque nature of soil and the ubiquitous spatial and temporal heterogeneity that is characteristic of the physical structure of soil.


The non-parametric detector proposed in this paper does not assume any statistical model of the sea floor and the target signals. The constraints on the two signals are quite general and are met in the majority of cases. In particular the object signal at low grazing angles is usually characterised by a highlight area of stronger intensity than the sea floor mean value, close to a shadow area at the sensor noise level. The detector extracts the highlight and the shadow areas from the input image by estimating adaptively the minimum and maximum levels of the seafloor background signal envelope through a series of morphological non-linear filters [1] . The false alarms within the highlight segmentation mask, due to the residuals of the disturbance, are then rejected by fusing the information provided by the shadow mask.

The detector extracts the highlight and the shadow areas from the input image by estimating adaptively the minimum and maximum levels of the seafloor background signal envelope through a series of morphological non-linear filters.


In this work, a study has been made to discuss and analyze the properties of the LHM structure and the performance of a single patch microstrip antenna with and without the LHM structure. The LHM structure's design consists of a combination of modified SRR and CLS, as illustrated in the diagram in Figure 1 . The CLS has an extra capacitance and produces a lower stop-band [18] . Both the LHM and antenna have been designed to operate at 2.4 GHz. The widths and gaps of the SRR transmission lines, W 2 and G 1 , are fixed to 0.5 mm. The gap between the two CLSs, G 3 , is 1 mm, and the width of CLS transmission lines, W 1 , is 1 mm. The gap between the SRR and CLS, G 2 , is 2 mm. The height of the CLS inclusions, L 1 , is 15.1 mm. The length of the full capacitance strips, L 4 , is 13.1 mm, and the length of the half strips, L 5 , is 6.55 mm. The length of the outer SRR, L 2 , is 9.1 mm, and the inner length of the SRR, L 3 , is 7.1 mm. The dielectric constant of the FR4 substrate is 4.7, with a thickness of 1.6 mm and tangential loss of 0.019.

The CLS has an extra capacitance and produces a lower stop-band.


Postoperation VAS was significantly lower at all follow-up times compared with initial values (P<.001), and the VAS change became evident in the first 3 months after kyphoplasty. Then, the scores remained constant at further follow-up intervals. The VAS did not increase much at 3-month follow-up or at 3-year follow-up. There was no significant correlation between the extent of pain and the vertebral compression height ratio. The VAS score, despite bias resulting from subjective assessment, is a very valuable evaluation tool that is easy to use for researchers, easily understood by patients, and provides instant results for data analysis. Before the operation, the vertebral height can be divided according to the compression ratio, and diagnosis of new OVCF is based on BME signal on MRI. After surgery, the VAS score decreased simultaneously, regardless of inconsistency of the vertebral height restoration for different patients [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

After surgery, the VAS score decreased simultaneously, regardless of inconsistency of the vertebral height restoration for different patients.


In most building works in which floor slabs are laid in situ, the shoring and striking of successive floors is the most often used method. The speeding up of construction times and the reduction of costs are mainly based on making available for re-use, as soon as possible, all or most of the components used in the process. The striking time depends on many factors, especially on the building system used, the characteristics of the work itself (type of concrete and loads) and even on the atmospheric temperature and humidity while the work is being carried out. In all cases, financial factors are subject to structural safety criteria, as a considerable number of building collapses take place during the construction process [1] [2] [3] .

In all cases, financial factors are subject to structural safety criteria, as a considerable number of building collapses take place during the construction process.


Field sequential color liquid-crystal-on-silicon (FSC LCOS) has been widely used in projection displays, wearable displays including near-eye display (Google Glass), and smart watch [1] [2] [3] . By eliminating the spatial color filters, both optical efficiency and resolution density can be tripled. A competitive wearable display should offer high ambient contrast ratio (ACR), low power consumption, compact size and light weight, and wide operation temperature range. To reduce the size and weight, we could replace the bulky and relatively heavy polarizing beam splitter (PBS) by front lighting, but the tradeoff is decreased ACR [4] .

Field sequential color liquid-crystal-on-silicon (FSC LCOS) has been widely used in projection displays, wearable displays including near-eye display (Google Glass), and smart watch.

To reduce the size and weight, we could replace the bulky and relatively heavy polarizing beam splitter (PBS) by front lighting, but the tradeoff is decreased ACR.


In contrast, indium tin oxide, commonly called ITO, is well known as a transparent conducting oxide. An ITO thin film is indispensable in electrical and optical devices such as flat panel displays (FPDs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), solar cells, touch -4-panels, and so on [8, 9] . An ITO thin film is commonly prepared by magnetron sputtering method with using ITO target, which is usually formed by heating a mixture of indium oxide and tin oxide powders above 1400 ˚C for more than 10 h. Therefore, in this paper, the properties of an ITO powder prepared by using the microwave heating method are compared with those of an ITO powder prepared by using a conventional furnace heating method, and the advantages and defects of the ITO synthesis with using the microwave heating are clarified in terms of the performance of the ITO powder and the reaction rate. Further, the effects of microwave irradiation on the progress of the solidphase reaction are investigated and the revised type microwave heating method is newly proposed in this study.

An ITO thin film is indispensable in electrical and optical devices such as flat panel displays (FPDs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), solar cells, touch -4-panels, and so on.


Within-host models have several advantages for study the evolution and spread of a disease [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . One of these advantages is that the host's health state is defined according to his/her internal population of pathogens. In transmission models, transitions among states are fixed parameters determined only by external factors. In contrast, in within-host models, transitions 2 among host's health states emerge naturally from changes in the host's pathogen populations.

Within-host models have several advantages for study the evolution and spread of a disease.


Overall, constraints were not rated high across all the items and types of hunters. This may be due to the fact that this sample of women had already purchased a hunting license and have been finding ways to successfully negotiate through constraints. One constraint that was relatively strong across all of the hunter types was lack of time, which is consistent with past research (Schroeder et al., 2012; Shaw, 1994; Miller & Vaske, 2003) . This is not a unique finding and there is little managers can do to change this. Scouting, travel to and from hunting locations, and actual time in the woods can be a real constraint for females. Just under half of the sample resided in suburban or city environments, which may be an influencing factor on the time constraint. Travel to and from hunting locations may be difficult for some females and weighing into their decisions to participate in hunting. Additionally, the time invested in a hunt compared to the likelihood of a successful harvest may also be a consideration. When given the option to hunt or do something else, females may be considering the time it takes to hunt and opt for less time consuming forms of recreation.

One constraint that was relatively strong across all of the hunter types was lack of time, which is consistent with past research.


Research on gender and leisure has increased over the past two decades (Henderson, 1996; Shaw, 1994) . Limited research, however, has focused on women in wildlife related activities, specifically hunting. The research that does exist has moved our understanding of females and hunting into the forefront (Martin & Miller, 2008; Schroeder et al., 2012; Thomas & Peterson, 1993) . In this article we examined constraints and negotiation strategies and how they differ for hunter types to help managers find ways to grow their female hunter population. This exploratory study should serve as a guide for future research and management efforts.

Research on gender and leisure has increased over the past two decades.

The research that does exist has moved our understanding of females and hunting into the forefront.


Negotiation strategies were used by our respondents to overcome constraints. Given the fact these women had already bought a hunting license, it is no surprise they are using negotiation strategies. Time management strategies were rated the highest across the sample. This suggests women are juggling life commitments with their desire to hunt. How females arrange hunting in their life is unknown and future research should examine specific details of time management strategies. Women also reported using skill acquisition strategies, most notably improving hunting skills. Since there are no women specific hunting programs in Oregon (e.g., Becoming an Outdoors Woman), females may be looking toward family members and friends to gain the skills they need to succeed in the field. This finding complements other constraints studies where females indicated lack of skills was preventing them from participating (Duda, 2001; Martin & Miller, 2008; Thomas & Peterson, 1993) .

This finding complements other constraints studies where females indicated lack of skills was preventing them from participating.


The all-around enthusiast reported high mean values on all of the experience outcomes including deer management. This type of hunter showed loyalty to the activity and enjoyed all aspects of hunting. They hunted to be with family and friends, to enjoy nature, for the challenge, and to help manage deer populations. The all-around enthusiast was likely to use negotiation strategies and often reported similar results as the family oriented hunter. This type of hunter is not a surprise; in fact other studies have reported an all-around enthusiast type (Gigliotti, 2000; Manfredo & Larson, 1993) . This group will likely continue to be engaged in the activity regardless of outreach. However, outreach strategies designed for other segments will likely reach all-around enthusiasts as well.

This type of hunter is not a surprise; in fact other studies have reported an all-around enthusiast type.


The exponents EX and EM are derived directly from the concurrently acquired extinction measurements. The power dependence of SERS emission, , is assumed to be 2, consistent with current | | 4 models of plasmon field enhancement of the incident and emitted beams [23] . Figure 8 illustrates representative corrected SERS versus AGGREGATE (830 nm) measurements for the three analytes. Note that in acquiring these data it is important that the SERS and absorption data are acquired at the same time because of the dynamic nature of the aggregation process. The spectral correction is also crucial as, without it, SERS is lower at high absorbance and exhibits negative deviation from linearity above > 0.05-0.1. This figure summarizes one of the more strikingly consistent aspects of Au@Ag SERS: the intense SERS signals in this system are clearly in direct proportion to the aggregate absorption bands intensities near 830 nm.

The power dependence of SERS emission, , is assumed to be 2, consistent with current | | 4 models of plasmon field enhancement of the incident and emitted beams.


In the case of MPY (Figure 3 , middle), the SERS response is both more gradual and more sensitive at low concentrations. For example, the MPY SERS spectrum is clearly detectable at 0.001 M (first injection), then steadily grows until about 0.4 M, and then gradually declines. MBA spectra (bottom), in contrast, never become highly intense in this setting but rather begin to generate a weak but detectable signal near 1 M which then gradually increases, reaching a peak intensity just below 10 M, but with signal levels ∼100 times lower than that observed for MPY. Selected peak wavenumbers for these three analytes are indicated in Figure 3 . Both the overall spectral fingerprints and the peak values agree well with literature reports of SERS using these molecules [13, 46, 47] . Figure 4 illustrates the corresponding optical (VIS-NIR, 400-1000 nm) extinction (absorbance plus scattering) spectra. The spectra are consistent with literature reports of similarly prepared Au@Ag: broad extinction at wavelengths less than 500 nm and a distinct, nearly Gaussian peak at ∼515 nm attributable to the dipolar localized surface plasmon resonance of noninteracting Au@Ag nanoparticles [2] . Over the course of the titrations, an exchange of extinction intensity was observed as the dipolar LSPR band decreased and a new and progressively broadening band, which originally appeared at ∼ 750-1000 nm, arose. This band presumably indicates nanoparticle dimers and higher aggregates. These spectral changes closely followed the SERS onsets. As was the case for SERS signals, R6G addition did not noticeably alter the optical spectra until [R6G] reached M levels, at which point the transformation from monomeric to aggregate spectra began abruptly. Optical spectra of the nanoparticle dipolar band were obscured above [R6G] ∼1 M because the strong R6G absorption at 515 nm overlapped the dipolar LSPR band. Notwithstanding this problem, NIR extinction was observed to evolve, increasing in overall intensity, broadening and red-shifting with each addition of R6G up to the maximum (2 M) concentration observed. MPY optical results were similar but far more gradual in onset. As extinction at 515 decreased steadily, NIR bands arose and red-shifted. Addition of MBA did not lead to gross spectral changes in contrast to both R6G and MPY but MBA did (see below) give rise to subtle shifts in SPR . Interestingly, there appears to be an approximately isosbestic point near 560 nm (see circle in Figure 4 , middle), indicating a possible direct exchange from monomeric nanoparticles to some new aggregate state or states that have similar extinction at this wavelength. The important spectral changes: rising SERS intensities (left ordinate) alongside rising NIR extinction (right) are displayed versus label concentration in Figure 5 . The two figures clearly change synchronously as titrant is added. The abrupt transition in SERS intensity for R6G is accompanied by an abrupt change in the NIR extinction of nanoparticle aggregates in the solution.

Both the overall spectral fingerprints and the peak values agree well with literature reports of SERS using these molecules.

The spectra are consistent with literature reports of similarly prepared Au@Ag: broad extinction at wavelengths less than 500 nm and a distinct, nearly Gaussian peak at ∼515 nm attributable to the dipolar localized surface plasmon resonance of noninteracting Au@Ag nanoparticles.


Success with smoking cessation is low among smokers with smoking-related chronic diseases, and the results with standard smoking cessation approaches and pharmaceutical monotherapy are less than impressive (Gritz et al., 2007) . Our data indicating a significant additional burden of other SUDs among these patients lend further support to the notion that the treatment of persistent smoking among those with smoking-related chronic disease is a much more complex problem, potentially requiring more than the standard smoking cessation intervention. One clinical trial among those with smoking-related chronic diseases reported that triple pharmacotherapy (nicotine patch, nicotine inhaler, and bupropion) for extended time as per patient need was associated with better smoking cessation rates at 26 weeks than standard 12-week nicotine patch treatment (35% vs 19%), although this difference is modest in magnitude. AUDs and DUDs were associated with poorer outcomes in this study on univariate analysis, but not after multiple adjustments (Steinberg et al., 2009) . The complex challenge of managing the risk burden of TUD among those with other SUDs has been increasingly recognized, and a focus of treatment has shifted towards an integrated concurrent management of TUDs and SUDs, especially within VHA (Kalman et al., 2005; Reid et al., 2008; Baca and Yahne, 2009; Shealy and Winn, 2014) . However, there are scant data regarding the simultaneous management of TUDs and SUDs among those with concurrent smoking-related chronic medical illness.

Success with smoking cessation is low among smokers with smoking-related chronic diseases, and the results with standard smoking cessation approaches and pharmaceutical monotherapy are less than impressive.

AUDs and DUDs were associated with poorer outcomes in this study on univariate analysis, but not after multiple adjustments.

The complex challenge of managing the risk burden of TUD among those with other SUDs has been increasingly recognized, and a focus of treatment has shifted towards an integrated concurrent management of TUDs and SUDs, especially within VHA.


Maize is the most widely cultivated cereal crop in Cameroon and other places in sub-saharan Africa. It is a staple food for humans and animals. Together with groundnuts, it is also one of the two crops in Africa at very high risk of mycotoxin contamination in the field and during storage, which is detrimental to human and animal health (Wagacha and Muthomi, 2008) . Effective drying of maize and control of insect damage can minimise the risk of mould infection and mycotoxin formation during storage. The primary maize harvest in Cameroon occurs during the rainy season (August to October), after which maize is often dried in huts using the smoke from small fires (firewood kitchens). This technique uses up precious resources of firewood, and can aggravate breathing difficulties among farm workers. In addition, drying facilities may be too small and/or located at distance away from maize fields; thus, space and transport limitations are a 'bottleneck' for any potential increased maize production per hectare, which would otherwise be of great benefit for the small-holding farmers.

Together with groundnuts, it is also one of the two crops in Africa at very high risk of mycotoxin contamination in the field and during storage, which is detrimental to human and animal health.


Rural tourism represents an important and very lucrative concept in contemporary economies. Despite numerous approaches in literature, rural tourism continues to provoke new and much diversified clashes. As it is argued in literature "sustainable tourism has achieved the status of being the superior goal of and it is attaining much attention in the international scientific and political discourse on tourism" [1] . On the other side, the controversial aspects have arisen, including the denial of existence of such concepts [2, 3] .

As it is argued in literature "sustainable tourism has achieved the status of being the superior goal of and it is attaining much attention in the international scientific and political discourse on tourism".

On the other side, the controversial aspects have arisen, including the denial of existence of such concepts.


Despite widespread consensus on the intervention's key objectives and subsequent global adoption of its use in emergency settings, little robust evidence exists related to programmatic outcomes and impacts [7, 8] . In a systematic review of published and grey literature, only ten studies were found meeting the inclusion criteria, with most displaying major design weaknesses that restricted the ability to robustly confirm positive change over time or attribute such change to programmatic efforts [7] . Recent broader review of the evidence base for humanitarian interventions addressing the mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of displaced populations echoes these findings, emphasizing the need for more rigorous, mixed methods research on the effectiveness of widely-used, group-based psychosocial interventions, particularly those aimed at children and adolescents, such as CFS [14] [15] [16] [17] .

Despite widespread consensus on the intervention's key objectives and subsequent global adoption of its use in emergency settings, little robust evidence exists related to programmatic outcomes and impacts.

In a systematic review of published and grey literature, only ten studies were found meeting the inclusion criteria, with most displaying major design weaknesses that restricted the ability to robustly confirm positive change over time or attribute such change to programmatic efforts.

Recent broader review of the evidence base for humanitarian interventions addressing the mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of displaced populations echoes these findings, emphasizing the need for more rigorous, mixed methods research on the effectiveness of widely-used, group-based psychosocial interventions, particularly those aimed at children and adolescents, such as CFS.


As mentioned before, the total loss in this experiment is 8.3%. However, in addition to losses, there are mixednesses which arose from the imperfections of the photon subtraction. The main sources of mixedness are fake counts and two photon subtraction. Fake counts can be measured directly, and probability of two photon subtraction can be calculated using the normalized pump amplitude x and reflectivity of beamsplitter R used in photon subtraction [12] . Here, we ignore the probability of subtracting more than two photons. The mixedness are shown in Table 2 . These imperfections mix the generated states with states with even photon number states, which degrades the Wigner negativities.

Fake counts can be measured directly, and probability of two photon subtraction can be calculated using the normalized pump amplitude x and reflectivity of beamsplitter R used in photon subtraction.

The mixedness are shown in Table 2 .


In this section, we show the experimental results in the following order. First, we show the estimation of the temporal mode of the generated states. Then, we show the Wigner functions estimated from the quadrature values which are obtained by using the estimated temporal mode. We can evaluate the quality of the states generated via photon subtraction by the value at the origin of the Wigner functions, which we call Wigner negativity. In the ideal case, the Wigner negativity is W(0, 0) = −1/π ≈ −0.318 which is due to the fact that the states generated by subtracting a single photon from squeezed vacuum have only odd photon numbers [12] . We also evaluate whether the effects of the experimental imperfections are consistent with degradation of the Wigner negativities of the estimated Wigner functions. Finally, to verify the success of the real-time measurement, we show the correlation plot between the quadrature values of post processing and real-time measurement. As a qualitative indicator, we also show the screen capture of oscilloscope recording the electric signals from homodyne detector.

In the ideal case, the Wigner negativity is W(0, 0) = −1/π ≈ −0.318 which is due to the fact that the states generated by subtracting a single photon from squeezed vacuum have only odd photon numbers.


The poultry sector is continuously searching for new feed additives in order to improve the feed efficiency and chicken health. Organic acids are promising alternative materials to antibiotics (Hyden, 2000) . Dietary organic acids and their salts are able to inhibit the growth microorganism in the feed and consequently preserve the microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, by modifying intestinal pH, organic acids also improve the solubility of the feed ingredients, digestion and absorption of the nutrients (Vogt et al., 1981; Patten and Waldroup, 1988 and Skinner et al., 1991) . Previous studies reported that organic acids such as fumaric, propionic and butyric acids and their salts have shown variable effects on egg production and egg quality. These discrepancies would be related to the source, the amount of organic acids used, location, environmental condition and the composition of the diets (Gama et al., 2000) . Therefore, the present research work with some organic acids was undertaken to know the effect of organic acids supplementation on laying performance, body fatness and egg quality and to recommend an optimum dose of organic acids for egg production in older hens.

Organic acids are promising alternative materials to antibiotics.

In addition, by modifying intestinal pH, organic acids also improve the solubility of the feed ingredients, digestion and absorption of the nutrients.

These discrepancies would be related to the source, the amount of organic acids used, location, environmental condition and the composition of the diets.


The disease fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome normally occurs over 40 weeks of age and results in reduced egg production and increased mortality. In older layers (over 40 weeks) there is a common observation of decreased digestive capacity due to impaired quality of the mucosal cells in the intestine and decreased length of the intestinal villi. This caused lower laying percentage, feed conversion and egg shell calcification (Schwarzer, 2006) . Organic acids play an important role by restoring the function of damaged cells that are resulted from fat deposition. Research has shown that organic acids, in particular butyrate, facilitate DNA repair enzymes (Langhout and Sus, 2005) . Organic acids also stimulate epithelial growth of the intestinal wall. Due to this, calcium metabolism and absorption might also be improved (Langhout and Sus, 2005) .

This caused lower laying percentage, feed conversion and egg shell calcification.

Research has shown that organic acids, in particular butyrate, facilitate DNA repair enzymes.

Due to this, calcium metabolism and absorption might also be improved.


The study portrays the experts in the Norwegian counselling system as distant and remote in relation to special education practice in preschools. Furthermore, it seems that preschools lack systems and procedures that enable them to maintain and share special education competence among the staff. Consequentially, employees that do have formal special education competence realistically remain solitary in this respect. In the professional debate of educational practice in Norwegian preschools it is pointed out that the division of labour in preschools is less ruled by formal competence and education, than it is by organizing each working day. Further, preschool activities are criticized because the educated preschool employees lack legitimacy, and are not recognized and heeded for their professional knowledge and formal competence (Steinnes and Haug 2013) .

Further, preschool activities are criticized because the educated preschool employees lack legitimacy, and are not recognized and heeded for their professional knowledge and formal competence.


On one hand, special needs education is criticised for assuming an overly narrow and diagnostically minded perspective, while special needs educational practice is criticised forby way of its special and individually adapted measures -contributing to amplifying differences and increasing the stigma on certain children (Simonsen 2012) . On the other hand, the strong focus on the inclusion principle is criticised for contributing to special needs education facilities becoming more fragmented, less visible, and harder to identify. As several special needs education programs are becoming more general, and more and more specialists are being replaced by generalists, a system that was established in order to maintain and develop special needs education competence and special needs education facilities in practice, is now becoming pulverised (Haug 2010) .

On one hand, special needs education is criticised for assuming an overly narrow and diagnostically minded perspective, while special needs educational practice is criticised forby way of its special and individually adapted measures -contributing to amplifying differences and increasing the stigma on certain children.

As several special needs education programs are becoming more general, and more and more specialists are being replaced by generalists, a system that was established in order to maintain and develop special needs education competence and special needs education facilities in practice, is now becoming pulverised.


Throughout the process, we identified different categories from the employees' descriptions and perceptions of the special educational practice. As a result of the entire analytical process, 'competence' and 'sense of mastery and self-understanding' were identified as the two main categories in the data. Then, the transcripts from the interviews were analysed all over again to see if a deductive approach, based on the two defined categories from the data, would contribute to a deeper insight in the matter (Nilssen 2012) .

Then, the transcripts from the interviews were analysed all over again to see if a deductive approach, based on the two defined categories from the data, would contribute to a deeper insight in the matter.


Due to versatile medicinal properties of S. chirayita, it is suffering from indiscriminate and unscientific harvesting from its natural habitats to fulfill national and international demands [2] . This has rendered S. chirayita to be listed as critically endangered in India and vulnerable in Nepal by CITES and IUCN [19] . Therefore, an urgent need has been felt to conserve the existing diversity of this valuable germ plasm of Nepal and protect its habitats from further destruction, for its long term and sustainable utilization. As the survival index of a species is greatly determined by the existing polymorphisms and gene flow between populations, assessing genetic diversity and natural distribution pattern are considered vital for formulating conservation strategies of vulnerable species such as S. chirayita [20] . For a species to survive against environmental pressures, the availability of a pool of genetic diversity is an essential prerequisite. Extinction would appear inevitable in its absence [21] . Phytochemical distinctiveness is also linked to the genetic diversity [22] .

Due to versatile medicinal properties of S. chirayita, it is suffering from indiscriminate and unscientific harvesting from its natural habitats to fulfill national and international demands.

This has rendered S. chirayita to be listed as critically endangered in India and vulnerable in Nepal by CITES and IUCN.

As the survival index of a species is greatly determined by the existing polymorphisms and gene flow between populations, assessing genetic diversity and natural distribution pattern are considered vital for formulating conservation strategies of vulnerable species such as S. chirayita.

Extinction would appear inevitable in its absence.

Phytochemical distinctiveness is also linked to the genetic diversity.


In Fig. 5 , we plot the calculated waveguide dispersion contribution (black) alongside the measured total dispersion with experimental errors (blue, green, red). Also shown is the calculated material dispersion (cyan, magenta, yellow), assuming an additive relation between the waveguide and material dispersion components. The errors were carried through the calculation and are plotted alongside the data. The plot shows the small contribution of the waveguide dispersion to the total measured dispersion, as expected from the literature [10] . Additionally, information about the ZDW of the waveguide can be extracted from these data. The ZDW of the waveguide is 1220.5 nm AE 0.3 nm. The contribution due to waveguide dispersion causes this to shift by 17.5 nm from the equivalent material dispersion ZDW.

The plot shows the small contribution of the waveguide dispersion to the total measured dispersion, as expected from the literature.


The method introduced in this paper involves measuring the few cms of waveguide available over a wide wavelength range in order to obtain information about the effective index of the waveguide. Several Bragg gratings are produced within the waveguide with central wavelengths over a large spectral range, the subsequent measurement of the reflected spectrum providing effective index data. The method is efficient, with all data taken in a single measurement step. The broadband nature of the technique and the direct effective index measurement implies the technique could potentially also be utilized in the design stages of parametric pair production in glass waveguides or fibers [5] .

The broadband nature of the technique and the direct effective index measurement implies the technique could potentially also be utilized in the design stages of parametric pair production in glass waveguides or fibers.


The resulting wavelength dependence of the effective index, including both the first-and secondorder Bragg reflections, is shown in Fig. 3 . The plot shows the fitted three-term Sellmeier equation to the measured data obtained using the least squares fit method where n is the refractive index, 0 the wavelength, and a i and b i the Sellmeier coefficients corresponding to absorption oscillators in the UV and mid infrared [8] . Fig. 3 shows the difference in the Sellmeier curves obtained when the additional second-order reflections from the gratings are included in the calculation. Inclusion of the two second-order grating responses increases the total measured index by 1:4 Â 10 À3 , improving significantly the accuracy of the method in this region. In order to obtain an accurate Sellmeier relation, additional data points are necessary. In this instance, the number of data points obtained is limited by the sources available to us for characterization of the waveguides.

The plot shows the fitted three-term Sellmeier equation to the measured data obtained using the least squares fit method where n is the refractive index, 0 the wavelength, and a i and b i the Sellmeier coefficients corresponding to absorption oscillators in the UV and mid infrared.


To address these problems and realize the optimized operation of stand-alone MG, this paper establishes a multi-objective optimized model for a stand-alone MG, consisting of PV, WT, FC, DE, MT and an energy storage system (ESS) based on the coordinated operation among sources-load-ESS and an improved dispatch strategy of the MT's CCHP operation mode. It should be pointed that multi-types of micro sources and ESS are considered at the same time so as to improve the stability and flexibility of stand-alone MG by providing various choices to satisfy the power balance and coping with emergency circumstances. And the installation cost increase of this structure is following therefore. Controllable load (CL) is taken into account as DR resources to improve the reliability. The optimized model is divided into two-time scales in order to deal with the uncertainty of load demand and renewable power generation. The first time scale model is day-ahead optimization, which is to seek a global optimal solution for all the generation resources, CL and ESS, based on the day-ahead predicted data. The renewable integration could be further optimized if storage systems are coupled with DR in order to enlarge load-shifting capacity [33, 34] . Therefore, the coordinating operation of ESS and CL are introduced into the second time scale model, called real-time optimization, to adjust the optimized schedule considering the real-time weather condition and demand based on the day-ahead scheduling.

The renewable integration could be further optimized if storage systems are coupled with DR in order to enlarge load-shifting capacity.


Electrokinetic, electrophoretic and adsorption properties of asphaltenes are studied through potentiometric and electrokinetic measurements in great details on various crude oils which firmly established its charge-bearing properties and streaming potential (Kokal et al. 1995; Leon et al. 2000; Gonzalez et al. 2003; Parra-Barraza et al. 2003) . Asphaltenes in aqueous solutions are found to possess surface charge as a result of protonation and dissociation reactions of functional groups enabling electrophoretic mobility (Janusz and Jablonski 2000) . Solventinduced polarity is seen to reverse the electrophoretic mobility of destabilized asphaltene particles. Dispersed in polar (water) media, the particles presented a negative electrophoretic mobility, whereas in toluene their mobility was positive. When resins were present in the precipitating medium, co-precipitation of resins occurred, indicating a binding process of the resins on the nascent asphaltene particles (Parra-Barraza et al. 2003) .

Electrokinetic, electrophoretic and adsorption properties of asphaltenes are studied through potentiometric and electrokinetic measurements in great details on various crude oils which firmly established its charge-bearing properties and streaming potential.

Asphaltenes in aqueous solutions are found to possess surface charge as a result of protonation and dissociation reactions of functional groups enabling electrophoretic mobility.

When resins were present in the precipitating medium, co-precipitation of resins occurred, indicating a binding process of the resins on the nascent asphaltene particles.


The centre academics were allocated to one of four specific programs. Program 1 (P1, Process and ecosystem modeling) included six ecosystem modeling specialists, one forest pathologist and one landscape ecologist. Program 2 (P2, Decline ecology) included tree and forest pathologists (3) and physiologists (5) . Program 3 (P3, Restoration ecology) included vegetation (3) and fauna (3) restoration ecologists, and Program 4 (P4, People, policy and communication) included two social scientists active in the fields of sociology and political science, and three environmental science education and communication specialists. In addition to fourteen disciplinary program specific projects, the mission of the centre was to create additional new integrative projects including academics and non-academics from different fields of expertise in an attempt to create integrated knowledge. For more details, see www.foresthealth.com.au [15] .

Program 2 (P2, Decline ecology) included tree and forest pathologists (3) and physiologists.

For more details, see www.foresthealth.com.au.


The wnt/β-catenin pathway is known to play an important role in maintaining cell homeostasis in normal cells and in embryologic cell development. In CRC, mutation in APC or β-catenin, component of the wnt signaling pathway, are well-known oncogenic factors in familial and some sporadic CRC cases. Recently, many researchers have suggested that the wnt signaling pathway is also involved in controlling cancer cell invasion and metastasis by interacting with the tumor microenvironment or other signal pathways [2] [3] [4] . However, most studies investigating the effects of the wnt pathway on CRC have focused on β-catenin, and the role of wnt3a (the initiator of wnt/β-catenin pathway) is not well understood.

Recently, many researchers have suggested that the wnt signaling pathway is also involved in controlling cancer cell invasion and metastasis by interacting with the tumor microenvironment or other signal pathways.


The VE estimates in our study are among the lowest reported for the live-attenuated MCV. Previous estimates in the Pacific region for MCV effectiveness from 1978 to 2003 ranged from 84%-92% for 1 dose and 95%-100% for 2 doses [16] [17] [18] . Vaccinations administered during the 2011 SIA targeting 1-to 6-year-olds were clearly effective because there was only 1 case reported in this cohort, most of whom fell into the 5-9 year age group 3 years later during the 2014 outbreak [7] . For MCV doses administered before 2010, VE was much lower compared with doses administered in 2010 or later. This low VE might be due to primary vaccine failure, in which a person does not develop protective immunity after vaccination, or secondary vaccine failure, in which a person develops an adequate initial immune response but immunity wanes over time to a nonprotective level, or a combination of the 2.

Previous estimates in the Pacific region for MCV effectiveness from 1978 to 2003 ranged from 84%-92% for 1 dose and 95%-100% for 2 doses.

Vaccinations administered during the 2011 SIA targeting 1-to 6-year-olds were clearly effective because there was only 1 case reported in this cohort, most of whom fell into the 5-9 year age group 3 years later during the 2014 outbreak.


For many years, many publications have been focused on investigating the inhibitory effect of polysaccharides during the flotation of sulfide minerals. Compared with the highly toxic inorganic modifiers, polysaccharides have significant advantages due to their nontoxic and selective inhibition properties [7] [8] [9] . It has been shown that the adsorption difference of Dextrin-WY on sulfide minerals and on the talc surface resulted in different densities of hydroxyl groups that were exposed to solution [4] . Additionally, the research showed that the molecular weight was a significant factor that affected the performance of polymers, and the larger molecular weight polymers were more selective towards hydrophilic gangue minerals at starvation dosage [10] [11] [12] [13] . In industry, guar gum is the most widely used depressant for hydrophobic gangue minerals. However, it still has drawbacks such as high cost and limited availability [5, 8, 13, 14] . To identify more economical depressants, attempts have been made by researchers to investigate new depressants such as galactomannan and foenumgraecum that are easier to obtain, have a high depression selectivity for magnesium silicates and little depression effect on nickel minerals [5, 15] . In this study, we would like to introduce a new polysaccharide depressant, konjac gum (KG), that is extracted from konjac, which is widely planted in the southwest and midwest of China. Compared with guar gum, konjac gum is more economical and more selective for the flotation separation of nickel-copper minerals [16] . Most importantly, the research on the depressive effect of konjac gum and the adsorption mechanism of konjac gum on minerals has not been previously reported.

Compared with the highly toxic inorganic modifiers, polysaccharides have significant advantages due to their nontoxic and selective inhibition properties.

It has been shown that the adsorption difference of Dextrin-WY on sulfide minerals and on the talc surface resulted in different densities of hydroxyl groups that were exposed to solution.

Additionally, the research showed that the molecular weight was a significant factor that affected the performance of polymers, and the larger molecular weight polymers were more selective towards hydrophilic gangue minerals at starvation dosage.

However, it still has drawbacks such as high cost and limited availability.

To identify more economical depressants, attempts have been made by researchers to investigate new depressants such as galactomannan and foenumgraecum that are easier to obtain, have a high depression selectivity for magnesium silicates and little depression effect on nickel minerals.

Compared with guar gum, konjac gum is more economical and more selective for the flotation separation of nickel-copper minerals.


These are used only for producing Fig. A2 , since all our analysis presented in this paper is based on MCMC runs in the amplitude parametrization. However, we have checked against a MCMC run using the index parametrization, that its results agree with the dotted black curves in Fig. 1 (which were obtained from the MCMC run using amplitude parametrization by correcting for the prior with the Jacobian (A.13)). For Fig. A2 we chose the above ranges of spectral indices to match this check run and our previous study [4] . As indices are not symmetric around the scale invariance (n = 1), we can see mild asymmetries in Fig. A2 . The parameters α cor and α T are derived parameters and therefore their prior distributions are not flat in either parametrization. We demonstrate the situation with α cor in Fig. A3 . The situation for α T should be similar. We see that α cor as well as the parameters n iso , γ, and α (see Fig. A1 ) are not well enough determined by the data to make their likelihood functions insensitive to the choice of priors. The solid blue curve in Fig. A3 is the ratio of the posterior and prior likelihoods for α cor , and illustrates what the likelihood of α cor could be, if α cor had a flat prior probability density. The actual likelihood of course depends also on the other priors.

For Fig. A2 we chose the above ranges of spectral indices to match this check run and our previous study.


A smart μLED display-VLC system for NFC between portable devices is demonstrated and characterized in this paper. The transmitter is a 400 × 240 GaN μLED display SoC integrated with a VLC modulator to enable simultaneous display and VLC functions. Two different receivers are implemented, including a PD-based and a smartphone camera-based receiver. Experimental results show that the PD-based system can achieve a higher data rate, but it is more sensitive to angular misalignment compared to the camera-based system. Another difference between the two systems is that, the data rate of the camera-based system is reduced with increased communication distance (when the projected area of the display does not occupy the entire CIS), which is not the case in the PD-based system (although its BER will be affected). In the future, the smart μLED display-VLC technique can be applied to establish an optical NFC link for data transfer between portable devices equipped with μLED displays, such as two smartphones, or a smartphone and a smartwatch. A higher transmission speed can be achieved by optimizing the display driver and the μLED array. In addition, since larger μLED displays are required for practical applications, the data rate and distance will be further improved. Moreover, for the PD-based system, a larger display can also be partitioned into sub-sections to support multiple-input multiple-out communication with higher throughput; for the camera-based system, the data rate can be further improved if cameras with dedicated communication pixels are employed [17] . Therefore, it is important to integrate high-speed optical detectors into portable consumer electronics to enable future display-based OWC.

Moreover, for the PD-based system, a larger display can also be partitioned into sub-sections to support multiple-input multiple-out communication with higher throughput; for the camera-based system, the data rate can be further improved if cameras with dedicated communication pixels are employed.


This paper introduces a smart μLED display-VLC system for near-field communication (NFC) between portable devices equipped with μLED displays. In the transmitter, a VLC modulator is integrated into a 400 × 240 gallium nitride (GaN) μLED display of which the pixel size is 30 × 30 μm 2 [7] . In the receiver, a PD-based and a smartphone camera-based receiver are implemented [11] , [16] . The whole system is demonstrated and characterized by varying the distance and the angle between the transmitter and the receiver. This is the first demonstration of a smart μLED display-VLC system with both a PD-based and a smartphone camera-based receiver for potential NFC applications [16] . The rest of the paper is organized as follows: the design and implementation of the system is presented in Section 2, including the system overview, the μLED display as the transmitter, and the PD-based/camera-based receiver. The implemented system is demonstrated in Section 3, along with various experimental results. Finally, a conclusion is drawn is Section 4.

In the transmitter, a VLC modulator is integrated into a 400 × 240 gallium nitride (GaN) μLED display of which the pixel size is 30 × 30 μm 2.

In the receiver, a PD-based and a smartphone camera-based receiver are implemented.

This is the first demonstration of a smart μLED display-VLC system with both a PD-based and a smartphone camera-based receiver for potential NFC applications.


Although the sensitivity of the proposed method still requires an optimisation for its practical application with cereal-based food for human consumption and the presence of other drawbacks (i.e. selectivity), its possible use as a screening tool for feed samples presents several advantages over other screening approaches. A direct electrochemical measurement which does not involve the use of any biological recognition element (antibody) seems particularly suitable for a portable, easy-to-handle and fast tool not affected by stability problems which sometimes afflict immunoassays. Also, the use of an immunosensor, even if it is often accompanied by a good sensitivity, is usually accompanied by several drawbacks. A calibration curve is always needed to obtain a final result and the measurement procedure is complicated by several immunoassay steps (Ricci et al., 2007) . Usually, in fact, depending on the immunoassay format employed (sandwich or competitive) two to three incubation steps are required leading to an overall time-consuming procedure. The use of a straightforward electrochemical platform and the coupling of a 96-well electrochemical plate allows the processing of a high number of samples in a limited time thus overcoming these drawbacks. Moreover, the optimisation of a fast microwave hydrolysis procedure is a further element which makes this approach particularly advantageous. As a rapid and reliable method which can give a yes/no answer or semi-quantitative results, the proposed method represents a valuable alternative to classic immuno-based approaches with promising features for practical application. Further optimisation of this approach is under investigation for its application with cereal-based products for human consumption.

A calibration curve is always needed to obtain a final result and the measurement procedure is complicated by several immunoassay steps.


Recently, the use of SPE has also been associated with a new measuring platform which is very similar to the classic 96-well plate used for the spectrophotometric ELISA assay (Delibato et al., 2006; Piermarini et al., 2007) . However, in this case the bottom of each well is an SPE which could be connected to an instrument capable of measuring 96 wells in a very limited time. The electrochemical procedure adopted with this format is called Intermitted Pulsed Amperometry (IPA) and consists of the use of small amplitude potential pulses and the measuring of the resulting current at the end of each pulse. The 96-well electrochemical plate combines the advantages already discussed for SPEs (low cost, low sample volume needed, etc.) with the well-known positive characteristics of the 96-well plate, which include the possibility of measuring a wide number of samples in a short time with the possibility of many replicates in the same plate. Moreover, the present paper describes the possibility of adopting a new hydrolysis procedure, which will be based on the microwave technique thus allowing a reduction in the overall analysis time. Results obtained with this new approach will be presented together with preliminary results on wheat samples.

Recently, the use of SPE has also been associated with a new measuring platform which is very similar to the classic 96-well plate used for the spectrophotometric ELISA assay.


Commuting constitutes a typical daily activity for most workers, placing significant demands on our transportation systems, and is linked to their sub-optimal performance (Horner, 2004) . As cities grow and urban structure changes, the spatial dynamics and volume of commuter flows have significant implications for transport and land use planners. Congestion has become a global reality in urbanised areas and urban structure is seen as a 'solution', amongst many, for managing travel demand (Rickwood and Glazebrook, 2007) . At the same time, employment decentralization has been occurring in many Western cities, much of it unplanned and marketled, changing commuting patterns. Along with increasing challenge for urban transport, key transport issues are also affecting workers in the rural and regional areas including lower access to employment, longer commutes to work and increased transport energy cost. Such transport issues in the rural commuting are often overlooked by journey-to-work (JTW) studies. Developing an understanding of the broad relationship between a worker's residence to their locale of work and commuting behaviour in a given region, its variation over space and time and how this differs according to industry sector and travel mode are central to the search for solutions to transport problems.

Commuting constitutes a typical daily activity for most workers, placing significant demands on our transportation systems, and is linked to their sub-optimal performance.

Congestion has become a global reality in urbanised areas and urban structure is seen as a 'solution', amongst many, for managing travel demand.


Magnetoresistive (MR) biochips can be used to perform immunoassays, in analogy with the classical enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), namely to detect microorganisms such as bacteria. As exemplified in Fig. 1 , in a MR biochip, the enzymatic label of the ELISA assay is replaced by a magnetic nanoparticle. MR bioassays can be constructed in the format of a sandwich assays, with probe antibody (Ab), target cell, secondary Ab and magnetic nanoparticle (MNP). Therefore, the reaction is based on the use of magnetically labeled antibodies (Abs) to attach the bacteria, which are specifically recognized on the biochip surface by a secondary Ab and subsequently detected on MR sensors [5] . The molecular interaction between MNP and pathogens is monitored in real-time, through the variation of the electrical resistance of the sensor, with the magnetic stray fields created by the magnetic labels [6, 7] . In fact, MR biochips appear as a new solution that has the potential of providing sensitivity, miniaturization, scalability and portability. These platforms could be an alternative to the currently available Xpert®MTB/RIF test, particularly by increasing the sensitivity of the diagnosis. MR sensors have been used to integrate biorecognition assays using probe biomolecules (e.g. Ab, oligonucleotides, bacteriophages, among others) marked with MNP for the detection of biological samples [6, 8] .

Therefore, the reaction is based on the use of magnetically labeled antibodies (Abs) to attach the bacteria, which are specifically recognized on the biochip surface by a secondary Ab and subsequently detected on MR sensors.

The molecular interaction between MNP and pathogens is monitored in real-time, through the variation of the electrical resistance of the sensor, with the magnetic stray fields created by the magnetic labels.

MR sensors have been used to integrate biorecognition assays using probe biomolecules (e.g. Ab, oligonucleotides, bacteriophages, among others) marked with MNP for the detection of biological samples.


It is commonly known that the stannous octoate SnOct 2 is the most often used catalyst in the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters. It is preferred for biomedical applications because of its low toxicity, too. The SnOct 2 has been permitted as a food additive by the US FDA [1] . During the past 20 years, the mechanism of the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters using the SnOct 2 has been the subject of much debate in the literature. It must be used together with a nucleophilic compound (generally an alcohol) to initiate the reaction if a controlled synthesis of the polymer is to be obtained [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] .

The SnOct 2 has been permitted as a food additive by the US FDA.

It must be used together with a nucleophilic compound (generally an alcohol) to initiate the reaction if a controlled synthesis of the polymer is to be obtained.


Aliphatic polyesters are probably the most important examples of biodegradable or bioresorbable polymers. Polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), and poly(ecaprolactone) (PCL) are regarded as a soft and hard-tissue compatible material, which has found use in resorbable sutures, drug-delivery systems, and bone graft substitutes [1] [2] [3] [4] . For their synthesis, various cationic or anionic initiators, catalysts, and enzymes have been used [1, [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

Polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), and poly(ecaprolactone) (PCL) are regarded as a soft and hard-tissue compatible material, which has found use in resorbable sutures, drug-delivery systems, and bone graft substitutes.

For their synthesis, various cationic or anionic initiators, catalysts, and enzymes have been used.


Synthesis, modification, and validation of appropriate biocompatible substances have been widely studied during the past decades [6] [7] [8] . Since first artificial bone replacing grafts and implantable drug delivery systems were realized, focus has been laid on further improvement of these material classes. Amongst them, calcium phosphate minerals like hydroxylapatite and biodegradable polymers such as thermoplastic aliphatic poly(esters) represent the most potential options [6, 7, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .

Synthesis, modification, and validation of appropriate biocompatible substances have been widely studied during the past decades.

Amongst them, calcium phosphate minerals like hydroxylapatite and biodegradable polymers such as thermoplastic aliphatic poly(esters) represent the most potential options.


One particular example is AdS 3 , so we establish the no-ghost theorem in the BRST quantization of AdS 3 . We heavily use the previous results on the old covariant quantization of AdS 3 [3, 4, 5, 6] . In particular, we impose the restriction on the SL(2, IR) spin j for the discrete series representations.

We heavily use the previous results on the old covariant quantization of AdS 3.


Resilience, as a generic concept concerned with how individuals cope with stress and how they recover from trauma, is considered positive development, inclining towards the future and hope, such as positive coping, harmony/compliance and competence (Murphy, 1987) . Resilience, in a more general sense, is described as having a successful adaptation capacity, showing a great effort and thus becoming successful despite compelling and menacing conditions. Accordingly, resilience is used to define three main facts in literature. The first one is used to describe, in spite of problems (under high risk) -the characteristic that enables individuals overcoming difficulties and exhibiting a better development than expected to survive or the belief that they have a personal talent. The second fact indicates the ability of the individual to rapidly adjust in the face of stressful living experiences. The point on which some research focused, on the other hand, can be the study of more than one stress agents having taken place recently at the same time. Such kind of studies examine the protective factors, reducing the negative effects of different stress sources on children and on their behavior or the factors increasing their vulnerabilities. The third phenomenon of resilience is to recover from the trauma. The studies regarding the third group are the studies examining the individual characteristics and differences, which play an important role regarding the recovery from possible effects of trauma. The destructive living experences are expected to decrease the individual's living quality. Even though the concept of invulnerability has been used from the past to the present, nobody is really "invulnerable". When the sources of stress are excessive or reach the extents that will threaten life, resilience leaves its place to new traumatic life (Masten, 1994) .

Resilience, as a generic concept concerned with how individuals cope with stress and how they recover from trauma, is considered positive development, inclining towards the future and hope, such as positive coping, harmony/compliance and competence.

When the sources of stress are excessive or reach the extents that will threaten life, resilience leaves its place to new traumatic life.


Self-respect states the personal and total feelings of self-value, self-confidence or self-acceptance (Leory, 1996) . Self-respect is an evaluation of the information contained in the concept of self (Kılıççı, 2006) . In the concept of self, people believe that they are talented, successful, worthy and important (Salami, 2010) . Self-respect focuses on the person's need to evaluate himself or positively evaluate himself. Positive self-resepect is described as person's accepting, appreciating and trusting himself entirely as an individual (Salmivalli et al., 1999) .

Self-respect states the personal and total feelings of self-value, self-confidence or self-acceptance.

Self-respect is an evaluation of the information contained in the concept of self.

In the concept of self, people believe that they are talented, successful, worthy and important.

Positive self-resepect is described as person's accepting, appreciating and trusting himself entirely as an individual.


Since the chemical composition of edible oils is very complex, different analytical methods have been proposed to isolate, identify and quantify different compounds that characterise oils. Highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) connected to different detection systems was successfully used for the identification and quantification of fatty acids, triacylglycerols, sterols, tocopherols and hydrocarbons (Cao et al., 2014; Gliszczyńska-Świgło, Sikorska, Khmelinskii & Sikorski, 2007; Murkovic, Piironen, Lampi, Kraushofer & Sontag, 2004; Zeb & Murkovic, 2010) . Furthermore, gas chromatography (GC) is the technique of choice for the analysis of fatty acids, usually coupled with a flameionization detector (FID) or for the analysis of volatile compounds (Haiyan, Bedgood, Bishop, Prenzler & Robards, 2007; Murkovic et al., 1996) . GC or HPLC in combination with mass spectrometry, as sophisticated techniques allowing structural identification and quantification by single-ion monitoring (SIM) or multiple-ion monitoring (MIM) of different classes of compounds, are used for the analysis of different classes of compounds present in the oils (Haiyan et al., 2007; Ma et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014) . Recently, a headspace comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Headspace GC × GC-TOF/ MS) was used for the classification of volatiles from vegetable oils in order to build a statistical model that should help to identify adulteration of oils (Hu et al., 2014) .

Highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) connected to different detection systems was successfully used for the identification and quantification of fatty acids, triacylglycerols, sterols, tocopherols and hydrocarbons.

Furthermore, gas chromatography (GC) is the technique of choice for the analysis of fatty acids, usually coupled with a flameionization detector (FID) or for the analysis of volatile compounds.

GC or HPLC in combination with mass spectrometry, as sophisticated techniques allowing structural identification and quantification by single-ion monitoring (SIM) or multiple-ion monitoring (MIM) of different classes of compounds, are used for the analysis of different classes of compounds present in the oils.

Recently, a headspace comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Headspace GC × GC-TOF/ MS) was used for the classification of volatiles from vegetable oils in order to build a statistical model that should help to identify adulteration of oils.


We built our Opo prototype around the EPIC platform [17] . From the three candidate op-amps in our survey (Figure 1 ), Micrel's MIC861/863 provides the best amplification to power tradeoff. We select the Prowave 400PT120 transducer for its tight 40 kHz center frequency. We empirically derive the transducer response time to establish a baseline offset and subtract 15 cm from raw TDoA range calculations. Our evaluation in Section 6.1.1 finds our constant offset to be consistent between transducers. Our schematic and software stack are available at github.com/lab11/opo.

We built our Opo prototype around the EPIC platform.


A new approach using Cross-wavelet transform (XWT) based analysis for condition monitoring of different engineering systems has been recently developed and applied to health monitoring of high voltage systems [28, 29] . Cross-wavelet transform method, which may be considered as an extension of wavelet analysis, gives a measure of correlation between two waveforms in time-frequency domain. In the aforesaid works, some features are extracted from the cross-wavelet spectrum of two waveforms to make a judgment on the conditions of electrical insulation by employing a classification algorithm. Moreover, it has also been established in these works that XWT has an ability to nullify the effect of small random noises present in the data which are often introduced in measured time series during data acquisition [28, 29] .

A new approach using Cross-wavelet transform (XWT) based analysis for condition monitoring of different engineering systems has been recently developed and applied to health monitoring of high voltage systems.

Moreover, it has also been established in these works that XWT has an ability to nullify the effect of small random noises present in the data which are often introduced in measured time series during data acquisition.


In the case of e 7 and the 28 bitangents the notion of Steiner complexes of bitangents make a natural appearance. They are special sets of 12 bitangents which can be put in correspondence with positive roots, and also with points of a 5-dimensional projective space over F 2 . This space is endowed with a natural symplectic form, and indeed the Weyl group of E 7 is closely connected with the finite symplectic group Sp(6, F 2 ). This leads to a very interesting finite symplectic geometry whose lines are known to correspond to the so called syzygetic triads of Steiner sets. We prove that planes in this geometry are in correspondence with what we call Fano heptads of bitangents. The upshot is a finite geometry modeling the symplectic geometries related to the third line of Freudenthal Magic Square, whose last term is precisely e 7 [27] .

The upshot is a finite geometry modeling the symplectic geometries related to the third line of Freudenthal Magic Square, whose last term is precisely e 7.


A solution to the problem of obtaining replications for statistical analysis is to bootstrap the time series (Härdle, Horowitz, and Kreiss 2003) . A popular method is the block bootstrap; that is, divide a multivariate time series into (possibly overlapping) time blocks, sample the blocks randomly with replacement, and lay them end to end. There are several difficulties with using bootstrapped time series and this is an active area of statistical and econometric research.

A solution to the problem of obtaining replications for statistical analysis is to bootstrap the time series.


The study was conducted in Dessie town, located 400 km from North east of Addis Ababa, capital of Ethiopia. It is divided to 10 urban and 6 rural Kebeles (lowest administrative unit in Ethiopia). According to the 2014 Dessie town health office estimate, there were 195,661 residents in the town and 52% of them were females. Using the conversion factor of 3.37% to estimate the number of women having children less than one years old, the estimated number of postpartum women were 6594 [23] . The town had four hospitals and eight health centers providing maternal and other health services to the population.

Using the conversion factor of 3.37% to estimate the number of women having children less than one years old, the estimated number of postpartum women were 6594.


The PCVs programme has showed a significant impact on invasive disease and AOM in children aged <5 years both at a national level and in those regions with a longer vaccination history, with nearly a 40% reduction of hospitalizations for both outcomes. A Danish nationwide population-based cohort study observed a 71% reduction (95% CI: 62%-79%) in IPD incidence in children aged <2 years [23] . In a study from Norway, a reduced risk of maternal report of AOM was identified among children who had received three or more PCV7 immunizations by 12 months of age (RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.81-0.91) and by 18 months (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.90-0.94), respectively, when compared with nonimmunized children [24, 25] . In contrast, hospitalization rates for PP have increased in the most recent years. A main aspect influencing this data is that the number of hospitalizations for pneumonia has showed a peak in all age groups during and after the flu pandemic in 2009 [10] .

A Danish nationwide population-based cohort study observed a 71% reduction (95% CI: 62%-79%) in IPD incidence in children aged <2 years.

In a study from Norway, a reduced risk of maternal report of AOM was identified among children who had received three or more PCV7 immunizations by 12 months of age (RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.81-0.91) and by 18 months (RR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.90-0.94), respectively, when compared with nonimmunized children.

A main aspect influencing this data is that the number of hospitalizations for pneumonia has showed a peak in all age groups during and after the flu pandemic in 2009.


There has been much recent work on business transactions in Web services environment with relaxed atomicity properties, such as the proposed standards WS-Coordination, WS-Transactions [23] . They provide highly desirable application level mechanisms for arranging coordinated recovery and compensation. Our approach can be seen as providing complimentary consistency mechanisms intended mainly for controlling lower level message interactions.

There has been much recent work on business transactions in Web services environment with relaxed atomicity properties, such as the proposed standards WS-Coordination, WS-Transactions.


In this section we describe how a synchronisation mechanism like the two shown in Fig. 5 can be implemented easily using the publish/subscribe facility of a MoM. We will describe a generic synchronisation service (see Fig. 9 ) under the understanding that it can be used for both or any of the two. As suggested by the figure, the corner stone of our solution is a conventional MoM which works as a messaging server and to which a buyer, seller and our synchronisation service (SynService) subscribe as clients. In our prototype, we use an implementation of the Java Message Service (JMS) [15] .

In our prototype, we use an implementation of the Java Message Service (JMS).


Another impact of work-induced stress on an organization is reduced productivity. Reduced productivity can also result when a workforce is experiencing negative work-induced stress. Employees under stress are much less inclined to channel energy into continuous improvement initiatives or creative problem solving pursuits. While in selfpreservation mode when dealing with stress, individuals tend to spend their time and energy doing the bare minimum to keep up. As well, an over-stressed team will have less energy to begin with as studies have shown that stress depletes energy stores and a person's physical and mental capabilities (Beheshtifar & Nazarian, 2013) .

As well, an over-stressed team will have less energy to begin with as studies have shown that stress depletes energy stores and a person's physical and mental capabilities.


Organizations as open systems exist in environment that is complex and uncertain. To survive and make profit, organizations need to adapt Indexed African Journals Online: www.ajol.info continuously to the different levels of environmental uncertainty. Environmental uncertainty represents an important contingency for organization structure and internal behaviours (Daft, 1998) . Organizational effectiveness has always measured how successfully organizations achieve their missions through their core strategies. Organizational effectiveness studies are concerned with the unique capabilities that organizations develop to assure that success. Given the increasingly complex environments in which all organizations operate now, the capabilities that supported past performance will not work as well in the future.

Environmental uncertainty represents an important contingency for organization structure and internal behaviours.


The conversion of photoenergy into electrical energy is generally considered as the most potential way to resolve the world energy crisis, owing to its huge reserves. The inorganic silicon based solar cells are being currently used on a commercial scale because of their high efficiency. However, the need of highly purified silicon, use of toxic chemicals in their manufacture, and the high cost have restricted their worldwide use. These constraints encouraged the search for low cost and environmentally friendly solar cells. In this context, dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received widespread attention in recent years because of their easy processing and low cost [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] .

In this context, dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received widespread attention in recent years because of their easy processing and low cost.


Examples of observed irradiance sweeps at 500 nm are shown in Fig. 3 , which focus on the irradiances within 658 of the sun. Each raw sweep is corrected for incidence angle sensitivity (Harrison et al. 1994) . Initially, as the shadowband moves across the sky, the signal from the sensor head is the global value (unoccluded) minus the irradiance of the strip of sky that is occluded by the band. Then, as the band approaches the sun, it gradually occults more of the solar aureole, gradually reducing the signal to the detectors until the whole solar disk is occulted (signal minimum). As the band continues, less of aureole is occulted and the signal rises. Compared to clear skies, the part of the sweep with reduced signal becomes broader and less sharply defined during cloud events (Fig. 3) . During thin-cloud events, the shape of the shoulder and dip in successive scans can be markedly different, indicating the degree of cloud variability that can be captured by the instrument within only 40 s (i.e., two successive 28 sweeps).

Each raw sweep is corrected for incidence angle sensitivity.


In this work, HTS levitation system is used in SLIM to replace the slide rails, so that the SLIM secondary rotor can move without any friction force. The correlation technique of HTS magnetic levitation system has been introduced in other papers [4] [5] [6] . In this paper, the design, electromagnetic characteristics and the running resting results of the longprimary SLIM are introduced.

The correlation technique of HTS magnetic levitation system has been introduced in other papers.