The current investigation builds on this work to illuminate a previously unknown mechanism that might contribute to differences in overconfidence. We examine whether motivations to avoid negative feedback might lead entity theorists to allocate less attention to difficult problems and more attention to easy problems on intellectual tasks, compared to incremental theorists. No research has previously explored how attention allocation might influence overconfidence. We examine whether this biased pattern of attention allocation leaves entity theorists with more overconfident self-assessments than their incremental theorist peers. We focus on people's attention to the immediate selfgenerated feedback from feelings of ease or difficulty, understanding or confusion, rather than explicit feedback regarding success or failure. Facing difficulty while completing a task can serve as a cue that one is performing poorly, constituting implicit failure feedback. Similarly, experiences of ease when performing a task serve as implicit cues that one is succeeding or performing quite well. Indeed, superficial manipulations designed to inspire feelings of difficulty leave entity theorists, but not incremental theorists, feeling less confident about their performance (Miele & Molden, 2010) . As such, we suggest that entity theorists are likely to avoid difficult aspects of tasks that might require them to face up to the possibility that they are not performing well and, by extension, might not be smart. In short, relative to incremental theorists, we expect that entity theorists will allocate their attention in motivated ways-toward easy task aspects and away from difficult task aspects-and that, as a result, they will hold overconfident beliefs regarding how well they have performed on an intellectual task.

Indeed, superficial manipulations designed to inspire feelings of difficulty leave entity theorists, but not incremental theorists, feeling less confident about their performance.


In the present paper, we seek to better understand a specific type of overconfidence-overplacement. Overplacement refers to overly positive perceptions of how one compares to others (Moore & Healy, 2008) . Past research suggests that overplacement stems, in part, from the desire to view the self positively (Blanton et al., 2001) . However, there is often an indirect path from this self-enhancement goal to overconfidence in self-assessments. It would be hard to truly believe that one is brilliant based only on the fact that this belief feels nice to maintain. Instead, motivated processes are likely to be most effective when they are hidden from view (Gilovich, 1991) . Thus, selfenhancement motives often influence self-judgments indirectly by shaping the way that we attend to, interpret, and remember information (Kunda, 1990) .

Overplacement refers to overly positive perceptions of how one compares to others.

Past research suggests that overplacement stems, in part, from the desire to view the self positively.

Instead, motivated processes are likely to be most effective when they are hidden from view.

Thus, selfenhancement motives often influence self-judgments indirectly by shaping the way that we attend to, interpret, and remember information.


O'Brien reported that morbidly obese patients were often ventilated with significantly higher tidal volume based on the predicted body weight compared with patients of normal body weight, and that the need for greater tidal volume might not be physiological [35] . If the tidal volume is standardized by an identical study protocol, morbidly obese patients will receive the same tidal volume as the normal weight patients, but such a tidal volume is relatively smaller than that calculated by the individually predicted body weight. Accordingly, extra lower ventilation is applied as compared with that recommended by "lung protective ventilation", which is termed as "ultraprotective ventilation" [36] .

O'Brien reported that morbidly obese patients were often ventilated with significantly higher tidal volume based on the predicted body weight compared with patients of normal body weight, and that the need for greater tidal volume might not be physiological.

Accordingly, extra lower ventilation is applied as compared with that recommended by "lung protective ventilation", which is termed as "ultraprotective ventilation".


The data reported in this article were collected as part of a cross-sectional postal survey of clinical staff of substance misuse services in the former South Thames region of England in 2000. Staff from private clinics were excluded from this analysis. The survey questionnaire covered many areas including demographic details, job characteristics, measures of burnout, job stressors, visual analogue scales of job stress and job satisfaction and psychological morbidity. The relationships between job stress, burnout and job satisfaction have been reported previously in the development and validation of an occupational stress scale among substance misuse professionals [16] .

The relationships between job stress, burnout and job satisfaction have been reported previously in the development and validation of an occupational stress scale among substance misuse professionals.


Particulate matter (PM) is a crucial air pollutant in urban environments. It is of great importance not only due to its direct and indirect radiative forcing on climate but also due to its significant adverse health effects. Epidemiological studies have suggested a strong correlation between health effects and ambient fine particle concentrations, especially the submicron fraction (particles with a diameter < 1 µm, PM 1 ) that can penetrate into the alveolar region of the lungs [1] [2] [3] . Exposure to high concentrations of submicron particles has been found to result in more hospitalizations and higher mortality rates [4] [5] [6] . Additionally, health effects, light extinction caused by atmospheric aerosol particles is a serious aspect for visibility degradation. Highest particulate mass extinction efficiency lies in the size range of 0.1~1 µm [7] .

Epidemiological studies have suggested a strong correlation between health effects and ambient fine particle concentrations, especially the submicron fraction (particles with a diameter < 1 µm, PM 1 ) that can penetrate into the alveolar region of the lungs.

Exposure to high concentrations of submicron particles has been found to result in more hospitalizations and higher mortality rates.

Highest particulate mass extinction efficiency lies in the size range of 0.1~1 µm.


Coastal cities can benefit from facilities and tourism conditions for developing their economic situations and enhancement of regions image (Lee et al., 2005) . Hence, identification of incremental factors of tourism destination brand equity can be accounted as a challenge for tourism marketers and stakeholders. To measure brand equity, there are few tools based on consumers (Blain & Ritchie, 2005) . According to brand equity derived from costumers' perceptions, it is important for managers to measure and to evaluate this equity based on costumers .

Coastal cities can benefit from facilities and tourism conditions for developing their economic situations and enhancement of regions image.

To measure brand equity, there are few tools based on consumers.


Biochemical reaction networks are usually displayed as node-link diagrams, where chemical species are represented as vertex glyphs and reactions by arrows between them. The vertices and edges of a graph may be provided with domain-specific attributes, such as parameters, fluxes, and concentrations within BRNs, that describe properties of objects or relations. These can be mapped to visual attributes of vertices, such as their size, shape, color, or brightness, and visual attributes of edges, such as their length, thickness, color, or brightness [15] .

These can be mapped to visual attributes of vertices, such as their size, shape, color, or brightness, and visual attributes of edges, such as their length, thickness, color, or brightness.


In the fields of public health and health promotion there has been increasing interest in the health literacy (HL) of various age groups. HL as "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and the services needed to make appropriate health decisions" (Ratzan and Parker, 2000, vi) has been reported to be a clear risk factor for poor health (Volandes and Paasche-Orlow, 2007) . The development of HL among the population can be seen as an important means to decrease health disparities (Kickbusch et al., 2006) . The advancement of HL among the broader population requires a focus on HL, with age-appropriate measurements, across various age groups and settings (Kickbusch et al., 2013) . Children within schools comprise one such target.

HL as "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and the services needed to make appropriate health decisions" (Ratzan and Parker, 2000, vi) has been reported to be a clear risk factor for poor health.

The development of HL among the population can be seen as an important means to decrease health disparities.

The advancement of HL among the broader population requires a focus on HL, with age-appropriate measurements, across various age groups and settings.


The merit of using multicriteria decision making (MCDM) methods is their ability to solve complex and sophisticated problems. The MCDM methods provide powerful tools for determining the best alternative among the feasible alternatives according to the evaluation criteria. These methods are recommended as being helpful in reaching important decisions that cannot be determined in a straightforward manner (Wu et al. 2010) .

These methods are recommended as being helpful in reaching important decisions that cannot be determined in a straightforward manner.


Companies require managing their organizational resources to be equipped in facing with an ever-increasingly competitive and changeable environment. The process of working strategy refers to the procedures which can be used to develop working strategies in future. For this reason, companies should determine the pattern of strategic decisions and actions which set the role, objectives and activities of developing in the future. Therefore, the appropriate working strategy plays a significant role in increasing benefit, promoting the sustainability of company, minimizing risk, improving credibility and as a result achieving organizational goals and objectives. For achieving the aim, various strategic alternatives should be evaluated to the best ones be selected. This process is complex and challenging because various qualitative and quantitative criteria may affect each other mutually (Vahdani, Hadipour 2010) .

This process is complex and challenging because various qualitative and quantitative criteria may affect each other mutually.


The complexity of working systems makes it difficult to comprehensively manage such system by the help of a single set of guidelines. Application of a suitable decision process can help decision makers to reduce decision failures. The analytic network process (ANP), which is an extension of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), is a powerful methodology that deals with dependence and feedback (Saaty 1996) . Despite the fact that many conventional MCDM methods are based on the independence assumption, the ANP technique takes into account the dependence assumption among individual criteria that is more adapted with real world application.

The analytic network process (ANP), which is an extension of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), is a powerful methodology that deals with dependence and feedback.


First, we present a method for automated Web service composition which is based on the proof search in a fragment of propositional Linear Logic (LL) [8] . The main idea of the method is as follows. Given a set of existing Web services, the method finds a composition of atomic services that satisfies the user requirements. The reason why we use propositional LL here is that it provides the expressive power that allows us to describe both functionalities and non-functional attributes of Web services. Because of soundness of the logic fragment used the correctness of composite services is guaranteed with respect to the initial specification. Completeness of the logic fragment ensures that if a composable solution exists then it will be found . Second, the composition approach we present allows reasoning with types from a service specification using Semantic Web language. We introduce a set of subtyping rules that define a valid dataflow for composite services. The subtyping relationship between the classes or properties are defined in the domain ontology. Because we define the subtyping rules as logical implications, the interoperability is ensured between the LL theorem prover and the semantic reasoner.

First, we present a method for automated Web service composition which is based on the proof search in a fragment of propositional Linear Logic (LL).


The distribution of the phases of the cell cycle and apoptosis level were assessed using a FACS Calibur flow cytometer [32] . It has been shown that the negative effect of subtoxic concentration of cisplatin (3 mol/L) on the growth of histiocytic lymphoma cells U-937 is the same for both the soluble form of the drug and cisplatin encapsulated into polymer nanoparticles. Thus, cisplatin containing nanoparticles does not lose its growth-inhibitory effect on these cells.

The distribution of the phases of the cell cycle and apoptosis level were assessed using a FACS Calibur flow cytometer.


Macromolecules of soluble polymers, due to their biocompatibility with living cells and tissues and their possible load dosage forms, are used as nanocontainers or nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems [4] . The drug can be dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, or attached to a nanoscale polymer matrix which can be as a nanocontainer for drug delivery systems for clinical application, particularly in oncology [4, 6, 7] . Polymer can improve the stability of drugs and control targeting their delivery, allowing for a constant concentration at the site of a lesion and facilitation drug extravasation into the tumor system, thus reducing side effects [7] [8] [9] [10] .

Macromolecules of soluble polymers, due to their biocompatibility with living cells and tissues and their possible load dosage forms, are used as nanocontainers or nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems.

The drug can be dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, or attached to a nanoscale polymer matrix which can be as a nanocontainer for drug delivery systems for clinical application, particularly in oncology.

Polymer can improve the stability of drugs and control targeting their delivery, allowing for a constant concentration at the site of a lesion and facilitation drug extravasation into the tumor system, thus reducing side effects.


The nanoparticles (D-g-PAA(PE) and those combined with cisplatin) were tested for cytotoxicity by using both MTT assay and Trypan Blue staining [32] . MTT assay was carried out in triplicate and in the range of nanoparticle concentrations from 0.1 to 10 g/mL. Trypan Blue assay also has been done in triplicate but the concentration of 5 g/mL was used when U-937 and K-562 cells were evaluated for cell viability. The nanoparticles loaded with cisplatin at different concentrations in the range from 1 to 10 g/mL revealed a percentage of living cells between 28% and 76% for J-774 cell line using Trypan Blue assay.

The nanoparticles (D-g-PAA(PE) and those combined with cisplatin) were tested for cytotoxicity by using both MTT assay and Trypan Blue staining.


Currently, cancer research is focused on improving cancer diagnostic and treatment methods and nanotechnology, which involves the design characterization, production, and application of nanoscale drug delivery systems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . Polymeric nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carries, gold nanoparticles, and cyclodextrin complexes are promising tools for modern anticancer therapy [3, 4] . Recently there has been a considerable interest in the development of approaches for the delivery of drugs directly into the cells of the affected organs, without affecting intact cells [3, 4] . Controlled targeted delivery of the drug reduces the influence on nontarget cells and increases the effectiveness of treatment, reducing the side effects.

Currently, cancer research is focused on improving cancer diagnostic and treatment methods and nanotechnology, which involves the design characterization, production, and application of nanoscale drug delivery systems.

Polymeric nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carries, gold nanoparticles, and cyclodextrin complexes are promising tools for modern anticancer therapy.

Recently there has been a considerable interest in the development of approaches for the delivery of drugs directly into the cells of the affected organs, without affecting intact cells.


On the other hand, scalable coding formats supporting bitstream adaptations have been the subject of research for many years. The most widely used type of video scalability is temporal, where predicted frames (B-and P-type) may be dropped to reduce the frame rate and consequently the video's bitrate. For SNR and spatial scalability, a layered approach has been adopted in standardised codecs (MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.263), where, on top of a base layer, several enhancement layers may be added to provide an improvement in SNR quality or spatial resolution. A fine granular approach (Fine Granular Scalability, FGS) has been proposed and amended to the MPEG-4 Visual standard [18] . For image compression, the JPEG2000 standard uses wavelet transformation, which provides layered SNR, spatial, and colour scalability [9] .

A fine granular approach (Fine Granular Scalability, FGS) has been proposed and amended to the MPEG-4 Visual standard.

For image compression, the JPEG2000 standard uses wavelet transformation, which provides layered SNR, spatial, and colour scalability.


In recent times, the system controlled over networks has attracted more and more devotion of researchers [14, 15] . Contrary to classical control systems, networked control systems (NCSs) are closed via wired or wireless networks which transmit output data from sensors to controllers and input data from controllers to actuators. Due to the introduction of various networks, NCSs have advantages such as easy setup and maintenance, reduced weight and wiring. These distinct features of NCSs make them particularly suitable for several emerging applications including remote robot etc.

In recent times, the system controlled over networks has attracted more and more devotion of researchers.


As for networked ILC systems, a recent paper summarized the progress on ILC in the presence of data dropouts from three aspects including data dropout model, data dropout position, and convergence meaning [16] . When reviewing the contribution of existing papers from the perspective of data dropout position, authors pointed out it can be easily seen that the lost input data cannot be simply replaced by 0 because it would greatly damage the tracking performance, which means the lost input data must be compensated with suitable data to maintain the operation process of the plant. Authors further indicated there are two kinds of methods to solve the problem of lost input data: Kalman filtering and data compensation.

As for networked ILC systems, a recent paper summarized the progress on ILC in the presence of data dropouts from three aspects including data dropout model, data dropout position, and convergence meaning.


On the other hand, the environmental characteristics also influence ER processes. An abundance of researches indicated that the family care-giving environment plays a crucial role in children's development of ER skills (McWayne et al., 2008) . In school, the results of numerous correlative and longitudinal investigations have been conducted in different geographical locations with students in different developmental stages, which suggested that teacher-student relationship patterns are associated with social, emotional, and school related to adjustment and functioning (Murray & Malmgren, 2005) . Recently, people have started to become interested in classroom emotional aspects such as teacher empathy.

An abundance of researches indicated that the family care-giving environment plays a crucial role in children's development of ER skills.

In school, the results of numerous correlative and longitudinal investigations have been conducted in different geographical locations with students in different developmental stages, which suggested that teacher-student relationship patterns are associated with social, emotional, and school related to adjustment and functioning.


Plants are the major source involved in the synthesis of stable nanoparticles for large-scale production. In this study, Bauhinia tomentosa leaf extract acts as a bioreducing agent for the synthesis of ZnO NPs. The plant belongs to "Fabaceae" family, with 4 m height, multi-stemmed, slender branches, and contains elliptical shaped leaves with entire margin divided deeply at centre. The barks are grey colour with smooth and hairy texture; the flowers are yellowish bell-shaped structure with dark reddish brown patches at the base. The fruit is a pod-shaped and appears as pale brown colour. This plant is widely distributed in India, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique which contains therapeutic active components such as quercetin, isoquercetin, phytohemagglutinins, protocatechuic acid, and rutin [14] . The current study focussed on the green synthesis of ZnO NPs using Bauhinia tomentosa leaf extract and its characterization was investigated along with the evaluation of antibacterial property for the synthesized ZnO NPs.

This plant is widely distributed in India, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique which contains therapeutic active components such as quercetin, isoquercetin, phytohemagglutinins, protocatechuic acid, and rutin.


This method benefits from advantage of horizontal well technology which has a greater contact area to the reservoir. In this method two horizontal wells are drilled with vertical spacing about 5 m at the point with greatest height from the top of the reservoir to have a greater recovery. The bottom well is considered as producer while the upper one is injector. Heat will be transferred into the reservoir by injection of steam via injector. The formation and its contents will be heated up to the steam temperature gradually due to the high heat capacity of steam. Bitumen viscosity decreases by increasing temperature within the steam contacted area and forms a reverse triangle zone which is known as steam chamber area. This aforementioned region advances upward to reach to the top of the reservoir and then to the surrounding area (Butler, 1991) . Gravity drainage is the principal mechanism of recovery process that helps to recover melted, mobile bitumen together with the amounts of steam which are condensed due to contact with cold oil at the boundary of steam chamber via horizontal production well. The amount of required steam is measured based on cold water equivalents to recover each unit of produced bitumen. The economic range of CSOR in the field condition is in the range of 2-10 m3/m3 (Gates and Chakrabarty, 2006) . SAGD recovery method has been tested by several experimental works and afterwards it has been implemented in some pilot cases. Here, numerical simulation on SAGD process in field conditions has been performed to peruse the effect of different parameters. The results were compared based on the recovery factor.

This aforementioned region advances upward to reach to the top of the reservoir and then to the surrounding area.

The economic range of CSOR in the field condition is in the range of 2-10 m3/m3.


There is the absence of genuine local community and cultural involvement in heritage site management and in some cases interpretation. The approach of private and public agencies and the tourism development process itself has followed a pattern of commodification. Most seriously, it perpetuates a system in which national authorities and power groups (including heritage intermediaries) effectively collude in international agency and corporate foundation programmes and development aid, using the dualistic heritage tourism and conservation rationale for intervention. A greater impact on patrimony would certainly be achieved by a more equitable distribution to a larger number and range of heritage sites and monuments. This would have the effect of both benefiting more local communities and heritage assets and in time spreading tourism activity over a more diverse area -a more sustainable and Wise Use of Heritage than is currently the case (Evans, 1999) . Lord Rothschilds, former chairman of the Heritage Lottery Board in the UK, remarked in 1998 that a 'Global Heritage Lottery' might be established to distribute heritage and conservation funds more widely -the present situation highly skewed winners and losers scenario -not so fantastic a proposition when one considers that Lotteries gross over US$100 billion worldwide each year and the Heritage Lottery alone has distributed £1.7 billion to over 7500 projects in the UK (Evans, 2002b) .

This would have the effect of both benefiting more local communities and heritage assets and in time spreading tourism activity over a more diverse area -a more sustainable and Wise Use of Heritage than is currently the case.

Lord Rothschilds, former chairman of the Heritage Lottery Board in the UK, remarked in 1998 that a 'Global Heritage Lottery' might be established to distribute heritage and conservation funds more widely -the present situation highly skewed winners and losers scenario -not so fantastic a proposition when one considers that Lotteries gross over US$100 billion worldwide each year and the Heritage Lottery alone has distributed £1.7 billion to over 7500 projects in the UK.


It is well-known that textile industries, pulp mills, and dyestuff manufacturing discharge a considerable amount of colored wastewaters, which has provoked serious environmental concerns all over the world [1] . Its removal is therefore of prime importance. Owing to their complicated chemical structures, dyes are difficult to treat with municipal waste treatment operations. There are many treatment processes such as chemical precipitation, membrane filtration, and alum coagulation of which adsorption is considered the most effective method widely employed to treat wastewater containing different classes of dyes.

It is well-known that textile industries, pulp mills, and dyestuff manufacturing discharge a considerable amount of colored wastewaters, which has provoked serious environmental concerns all over the world.


This paper proposes the design of a quick battery charger. Using the phase-shift method, a DC-DC converter is designed to charge a battery and a type-2 controller is presented to control the voltage. For the grid connection, three parts needed include an LCL-filter, an activedamping method for supplementing the LCL-filter, and a current controller for the inverter [9] . A compensation method for the current offset caused by switch failure and the circuit problem is proposed in this paper. This method does not require additional sensor or passive elements; instead it merely uses digital control to eliminate the offset of the input-side inverter. In this paper, simulation and experiments have been performed on a battery charger with 50kW that is suitable for vehicles. The results of the simulation and experiment are presented to verify the proposed method and its superiority over conventional systems. Fig. 1 shows the system configuration of the battery charger used in this paper. The input side inverter constitutes a two-level inverter with a grid-connected filter converting the AC grid voltage into DC voltage. Furthermore, the full-bridge type converter on the output side converter contains a high-frequency transformer the charges the battery using the DC-link voltage.

For the grid connection, three parts needed include an LCL-filter, an activedamping method for supplementing the LCL-filter, and a current controller for the inverter.


To charge the battery, the quick battery charger consists of an AC-DC inverter and DC-DC. The AC-DC inverter is grid and it controls the DC-link voltage and power-factor [7] . On the output side, the converter charges the battery using DC-link voltage with various DC-DC converter structures used. The performance difference between using a switching device in the inverter and the interior problem in a circuit generates a current offset in the power conversion process. The current offset problem causes a ripple of 60Hz in the DC-link voltage. The ripple component existing in the DC-link voltage does not disappear throughout the power conversion process [8] . A ripple component existing in the output voltage and the current of the DC-DC converter has a detrimental influence on the battery. For example, the ripple component of an output voltage generates over-current and overheating, with a drop observed in the component's charging efficiency. This problem directly reduces the life of a battery. As a result, economic loss arises from the decreasing replacement cycle of the high-capacity battery.

The AC-DC inverter is grid and it controls the DC-link voltage and power-factor.

The ripple component existing in the DC-link voltage does not disappear throughout the power conversion process.


Multiaxial warp-knitting (stitch-bonding) technology is an extremely productive technology in terms of the quantity and quality of fabrics produced [18] . Research activity in this field of technology has been carried out to realise an optimal and precise fiber placement through yarn manipulation in accordance to the load distribution [19, 20] . The initial work on warp yarn manipulation technology at the Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Technology, Technische Universita¨t Dresden dates back to 1986 where controllers for warp yarns were first developed for the warp-knitting machine Malimo 14016 [21] . However, a halt in production of such type machines together with far too little yarn guide tubes, stepper motor, and a production rate similar to the creep speed of modern machines leads to the conclusion that this technology is outdated. But the concept of warp yarn manipulation in itself offers a great flexibility to adapt the textile reinforcements according to the applied loads. Unlike the normal fiber placement technology, the fibers need not be laid beforehand and can be manipulated in a larger production scale. Integration of functional and sensor yarns in-line during the production can lead to the creation of a new generation of cost-efficient innovative and adaptive composite structures.

Multiaxial warp-knitting (stitch-bonding) technology is an extremely productive technology in terms of the quantity and quality of fabrics produced.

Research activity in this field of technology has been carried out to realise an optimal and precise fiber placement through yarn manipulation in accordance to the load distribution.

The initial work on warp yarn manipulation technology at the Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Technology, Technische Universita¨t Dresden dates back to 1986 where controllers for warp yarns were first developed for the warp-knitting machine Malimo 14016.


The global approach to treating horizons tends to work well in fully equilibrium thermodynamics, especially so with a priori non-dynamical assumptions (i.e. constant energy flux) [61] . It is well-known that the non-equilibrium cases are not so easy to formulate using the traditional methods [66] . A practical outcome of this paper has been to show how robust the traditional methods can be when the horizon is removed from the start. Non-equilibrium dynamical conditions follow suit, however the system can still achieve equilibrium, for an arbitrary extended amount of time. With a consistent scaling (κ in Domex and Omex are the same scaled parameter relative to thermal emission), we have explicitly used the global geometric properties of the spacetime, and in the case of particle creation, only localized after solving for the global beta Bogoliubov coefficients.

The global approach to treating horizons tends to work well in fully equilibrium thermodynamics, especially so with a priori non-dynamical assumptions (i.e. constant energy flux).

It is well-known that the non-equilibrium cases are not so easy to formulate using the traditional methods.


Energy storage enables the functioning of electrical systems and modern utility configured with renewable energy sources. The electro-chemical battery and super-capacitor are two major technologies nowadays for energy storage systems (ESSs). In many applications of battery or super-capacitor based ESSs, like electric vehicles (EVs), stationary storage in backup systems, such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) and online systems interfacing renewable generation or electrical grids, a huge number of energy storage cells are connected in series to achieve adequate voltage and power ratings. Due to the manufacturing tolerance and variations of the environmental conditions, the charge-discharge operation of the battery or super-capacitor as a whole string induces state-of-charge (SOC) inequality among individual cells. The imbalance in the SOC can push specific cells beyond the normal operating condition, degrade the lifespan of the energy storage devices, and, eventually, accelerate the failure of the system [1] [2] [3] [4] . Therefore, charge equalization plays an important role in the management and maintenance of ESSs [2] [3] [4] [5] .

The imbalance in the SOC can push specific cells beyond the normal operating condition, degrade the lifespan of the energy storage devices, and, eventually, accelerate the failure of the system.

Therefore, charge equalization plays an important role in the management and maintenance of ESSs.


Besides, there are several studies on active vibration control using fuzzy logic controller. Rao and Prahlad carry out a prestudy on rail vehicles by applying an adjustable fuzzy logic controller [20] . In another study, FLC and conventional PID controller performances are compared using 11 degrees of freedom half-rail vehicle model with sinusoidal rail disturbance [21] . A fuzzy control application is achieved on a LRT system in use in Istanbul traffic by using real parameters [22] . Furthermore, secondary suspensions of rail vehicle are controlled actively by using a conventional PID control and FLC to improve the passenger comfort comparatively. The vertical motions of railway vehicle body and passenger seats are investigated at 140 km/h operating speed on random rail irregularity. All parameters of both controllers are achieved by the use of genetic algorithm for the same simulation condition and performance criteria. In conclusion, the ride comfort is improved greatly by adding an intelligent FLC between the rail vehicle body and bogie [23] .

Rao and Prahlad carry out a prestudy on rail vehicles by applying an adjustable fuzzy logic controller.

In another study, FLC and conventional PID controller performances are compared using 11 degrees of freedom half-rail vehicle model with sinusoidal rail disturbance.

A fuzzy control application is achieved on a LRT system in use in Istanbul traffic by using real parameters.

In conclusion, the ride comfort is improved greatly by adding an intelligent FLC between the rail vehicle body and bogie.


We have studied QNM frequencies of a spin 1 2 , massless Dirac field perturbations of a black hole in massive gravity. First we computed frequencies ω with the 6th order WKB approximation. The parameters in the theory, λ, M, Q and µ are varied to obtain the relations with ω. For small values of λ, both ω R and ω I increases. When λ gets larger, ω R reaches a stable value; ω I keep increasing to a maximum and then decreases to a stable value. The stable value corresponds to the ω of the Schwarzschild black hole. Similar behavior was observed for the massless scalar field perturbations around the black hole [37] .

Similar behavior was observed for the massless scalar field perturbations around the black hole.


Massive gravity is an alternative theory to General Relativity where the graviton, which is a spin two field, acquire a mass. There are several reasons to study massive gravity theories: one of the reasons being able to explain the acceleration of the universe without introducing the cosmological constant or dark energy. It is speculated that by introducing mass for the graviton, the gravity can be modified at the infrared in a such a way as to produce the acceleration of the universe. The first attempt to include mass for the graviton was done by Fierz and Pauli in 1939 [1] . In comparison with GR where the graviton has two degrees of freedom, in a massive gravity theory the graviton has five degrees of freedom.

The first attempt to include mass for the graviton was done by Fierz and Pauli in 1939.


The gross properties of wood are significantly influ enced by the ultrastructural composition (supramolecular architecture) of the polymers in the cell wall. In this context, the MFA is the most often applied parameter in correlating properties to the ultrastructure. Such correla tions were also found for wood hygroexpansion (Meylen 1968; Skaar 1988) . Another parameter considered in this regard was the crystallite size of the crystalline cellulose (Washusen and Evans 2001) . The hygroexpansion prop erty of wood strongly depends on its sorption behavior. Therefore, the concept of crystallinity was often applied for quantifying fractions of accessible and nonaccessible cellulose in moisture sorption (Rowell et al. 2005) .

Such correla tions were also found for wood hygroexpansion.

Another parameter considered in this regard was the crystallite size of the crystalline cellulose.

Therefore, the concept of crystallinity was often applied for quantifying fractions of accessible and nonaccessible cellulose in moisture sorption.


Another feature of the texture analysis is its applica tion for the determination of the inverse pole figures (IPFs). An IPF is an angular distribution of a chosen sample direc tion with respect to the crystal coordinate system (Engler and Randle 2010) . Therefore, the IPFs are directly related to the main anatomical directions of wood (i.e., the L, R, and T ones). The IPFs may be used to identify the spatial organization of wood compounds having different crystal lographic organization (i.e., cellulose and hemicelluloses) and relate their contribution to the anatomical directions. Thus, it might explain the anisotropy of some wood prop erties at the ultrastructural level. The combination of such analysis with sorption and hygroexpansion properties of wood components would have special importance for explaining the shrinkage anisotropy of wood.

An IPF is an angular distribution of a chosen sample direc tion with respect to the crystal coordinate system.


At the polymer level, the cell walls consist of cellu lose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, which are accompanied by minor amounts of extractives and mineral substances. The cell wall is an interconnected network or, in other words, a 3D biopolymer composite (Rowell et al. 2005) . These polymers have different hygroscopic properties due to their chemical composition as well as ultrastructural organization. In general, wood shrinkage is governed by the chemical composition, ultrastructure (supramolecu lar architecture), and gross anatomy. In normal wood, the longitudinal (L) shrinkage from the green to the oven dried condition is equal to approximately 0.1%-0.3%, and it can be considered as negligible for practical purposes. The transverse shrinkage has distinctly higher values, and it reveals a significant anisotropy, that is, tangential (T) shrinkage is usually 1.5-2.5 times that of the radial (R) shrinkage (Spear and Walker 2006) .

The cell wall is an interconnected network or, in other words, a 3D biopolymer composite.

The transverse shrinkage has distinctly higher values, and it reveals a significant anisotropy, that is, tangential (T) shrinkage is usually 1.5-2.5 times that of the radial (R) shrinkage.


In order to evaluate the channel characteristic of OWC, comprehensive models are required. Up to now, OWC channels based on practical light sources are inadequately studied. In radiometry, radiation pattern is adopted to describe the relative light intensity in any direction from the light source. In conventional infrared light based OWC, it is often assumed to emit a Lambertian pattern [1] - [3] , [7] - [11] . This assumption is approximately valid in some particular circumstances. For instance, the transmitter uses a cluster of laser diodes (LDs) whose output is passed through a translucent plastic diffuser [12] , [13] . A typical indoor scenario with one Lambertian source fixed on the ceiling is shown in Fig. 1 . This transmitter configuration cannot describe all cases of visible light based OWC, utilizing white light-emitting diode (LED)-based illumination infrastructure [7] - [9] , [14] - [16] . As a matter of fact, both reported measurement work and datasheets from manufacturers show that the radiation patterns of LEDs span a wide range [17] .

In conventional infrared light based OWC, it is often assumed to emit a Lambertian pattern.

For instance, the transmitter uses a cluster of laser diodes (LDs) whose output is passed through a translucent plastic diffuser.

This transmitter configuration cannot describe all cases of visible light based OWC, utilizing white light-emitting diode (LED)-based illumination infrastructure.

As a matter of fact, both reported measurement work and datasheets from manufacturers show that the radiation patterns of LEDs span a wide range.


Wireless local area networks (WLANs) and wireless personal area networks (WPANs) have become indispensable and integral parts of our everyday lives, either in a home environment or at public places like hotels, restaurants, and office buildings. Apart from any service requirements, the demand for higher transmission rates is ever increasing, but the established systems will soon reach the capacity limits. Near infrared and visible light based optical wireless communications (OWC) are attractive transmission solutions for WLAN [1] - [6] .

Near infrared and visible light based optical wireless communications (OWC) are attractive transmission solutions for WLAN.


In fact, these radiation patterns provide a novel freedom to optimize the OWC system performance. Moreover, availability of diverse radiation patterns facilitates system designers to choose the right set of LED patterns according to a range of the pattern-dependent channel descriptions. By replacing the conventional pattern by the selected pattern with better inherent characteristics against multipath dispersion, the link quality and LED coverage can be improved. Meanwhile, packet overhead traditionally adopted to eliminate multipath induced inter-symbol interference (ISI) can be significantly reduced. However, to the best of our knowledge, the OWC channel characteristics under various radiation patterns have not been investigated. In this paper, channel characteristics are compared among one Lambertian source and two typical commercial LEDs, NSPW345CS from Nichia, and LUXEON Rebel from Lumileds Philips, respectively [17] . In particular, impulse response, optical path loss (OPL), root mean square (RMS) delay spread, and transmission bandwidth under different radiation patterns are analyzed. Although we are unable to cover all possible radiation patterns of various commercial LEDs, the channel characteristic dependence to typical radiation patterns are sufficiently revealed for the first time. Numerically, the standard deviation reduction of OPL and RMS delay spread can be up to more than 3.1 dB and 0.138 ns for two practical LED sources, while the respective dynamic ranges of the conventional Lambertian pattern are just 5.1 dB and 0.67 ns. It is noteworthy that the radiation pattern from Lumileds Philips LEDs provides almost uniform transmission characteristics independent of the receiver position. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, source radiation patterns for three cases are presented. In Section 3, channel characteristics with and without transmitter simplification are compared. The conclusion is given in Section 4.

In this paper, channel characteristics are compared among one Lambertian source and two typical commercial LEDs, NSPW345CS from Nichia, and LUXEON Rebel from Lumileds Philips, respectively.

The conclusion is given in Section 4.


Overall, approximately 30% of MDS progresses to acute leukemia, typically AML. The risk of transformation into AML differs among MDS subtypes according to WHO classification. In less than 5% and up to more than 50% of cases, MDS eventually progresses to AML after 5 yr [6] . However, progression of MDS to ALL is rare, occurring in less than 1% of adult cases, and even fewer in the pediatric population [7] . To our knowledge, there has been no case report of childhood MDS transforming into ALL in Korea, and there are only a few case reports worldwide [8] [9] [10] . Here, we report a rare case of an 8-yr-old Korean girl who presented with childhood MDS-refractory cytopenia that transformed into ALL 3 months after the initial diagnosis of MDS.

In less than 5% and up to more than 50% of cases, MDS eventually progresses to AML after 5 yr.

However, progression of MDS to ALL is rare, occurring in less than 1% of adult cases, and even fewer in the pediatric population.

To our knowledge, there has been no case report of childhood MDS transforming into ALL in Korea, and there are only a few case reports worldwide.


CdMgSe crystals are important optoelectronics materi− als as their energy gap can be tuned by the change of the concentration of Mg. Cd 1-x Mg x Se alloys are considered to be promising for fabrication of full colour visible optical devices since band−gap energies of CdSe and MgSe are 1.74 eV and 4.2 eV, respectively [5] . Moreover, Cd 1-x Mg x Se alloy has been successfully applied as graded injector in constructing green−light−emitting structures [6] . The optical, thermal and electrical properties of these crystals were studied in papers [7] [8] [9] .

Cd 1-x Mg x Se alloys are considered to be promising for fabrication of full colour visible optical devices since band−gap energies of CdSe and MgSe are 1.74 eV and 4.2 eV, respectively.

Moreover, Cd 1-x Mg x Se alloy has been successfully applied as graded injector in constructing green−light−emitting structures.

The optical, thermal and electrical properties of these crystals were studied in papers.


The PTR signal arises as a result of the infrared emission from the semiconductor due to the thermal and plasma waves propagation. The thermal and plasma waves are the result of the illumination of the sample by the intensity mod− ulated beam of light. The theory and experiment of the PTR method was described in papers [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . The PTR method was used to obtain information about carrier transport parameters such as carrier recombination lifetimes, surface recombination velocities and carrier diffusion coefficients. Most of the papers concerned especially semiconductors exhibiting indirect band transitions such as Si and Ge what caused a long lifetime of carriers, of the order of 10 μs or longer, and the frequency of modulation 10 5 Hz was suffi− cient. This paper is an attempt of the estimation of a much shorter lifetime of carriers for semiconductors exhibiting the direct band to band transitions with the PTR method.

The theory and experiment of the PTR method was described in papers.


Many reports have demonstrated that young age, proteinuria, systolic blood pressure, hypoalbuminemia, initial eGFR, and severe pathological grade are predictive factors in IgA nephropathy progression [17] . The present study identified the presence of glomerular tip adhesions as an additional predictive factor. Sampling bias, resulting in 30 out of 57 patients (52.6%) with less than 1.0 g/day of urinary protein and 10 out of 57 patients (17.5%) with more than 2.0 g/day of urinary protein in the present study, may have contributed to proteinuria was not being identified as a risk factor. These results suggest that the presence of glomerular tip adhesions is a more important factor than proteinuria in the early stages of IgA nephropathy.

Many reports have demonstrated that young age, proteinuria, systolic blood pressure, hypoalbuminemia, initial eGFR, and severe pathological grade are predictive factors in IgA nephropathy progression.


Finally, we also examined a nonverbal-choice behavior sometime after the delayed attitudes were assessed. When a delayed attitude reactivates the initial attitude, this should enhance the accessibility of the underlying attitude and inflate attitude-behavior correspondence (Kardes, Allen, and Pontes 1993) . This is an interesting theoretical notion because it suggests that the intervening act of measuring a delayed attitude can have a profound and perhaps residual effect on the initial attitude: the act of measuring the attitude changes it.

When a delayed attitude reactivates the initial attitude, this should enhance the accessibility of the underlying attitude and inflate attitude-behavior correspondence.


We believe this study is the first to evaluate the effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA specifically for patients with de novo OAB symptoms after MUS surgery. Our results demonstrate that the efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA injections is comparable with efficacy for idiopathic OAB, providing tape malposition is excluded. The primary endpoint of complete dryness measured at 12 weeks, observed in almost 39 % of de novo OAB patients, demonstrated a high cure rate for UUI, with clinically relevant and statistically significant improvements in all secondary outcomes. Women in the de novo group reported reductions in both the daily number of UUI episodes and the frequency of voiding, with an increase in voided volume >90 ml. These objective findings are similar to data from recent randomized trials of onabotulinumtoxinA (100 U) injections in patients with idiopathic OAB [15, 18] . We also observed improvement All data presented as mean±standard deviation. Differences between pre-and posttreatment values within each group were statistically significant (all p<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between groups Fig. 2 Change from baseline in number of daily micturitions, urge incontinence episodes, and pads used in patients with idiopathic and de novo overactive bladder (OAB) at week 12 after onabotulinumtoxinA injections. There were no statistically significant differences between idiopathic vs de novo OAB groups Fig. 3 Change from baseline in voided volume in patients with idiopathic and de novo overactive bladder (OAB) at week 12 after onabotulinumtoxinA injections. There was no statistically significant difference between idiopathic and de novo OAB groups in all domains of the KHQ in both groups, and again our results are consistent with published observations from large RCTs investigating idiopathic OAB [15, 16] . We observed UTIs in 4 % of patients only, a rate considerably lower than in previous clinical trials [15] . The incidence of elevated PVR volumes was similar to results of previous trials [15, 16] . Therefore, the low incidence of UTI may be attributable to our routine use of antimicrobial prophylaxis before and after cystoscopy and use of prophylaxis for all patients with elevated PVR volumes.

These objective findings are similar to data from recent randomized trials of onabotulinumtoxinA (100 U) injections in patients with idiopathic OAB.

There was no statistically significant difference between idiopathic and de novo OAB groups in all domains of the KHQ in both groups, and again our results are consistent with published observations from large RCTs investigating idiopathic OAB.

We observed UTIs in 4 % of patients only, a rate considerably lower than in previous clinical trials.

The incidence of elevated PVR volumes was similar to results of previous trials.


Rapid growth of wireless communication technology in millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum have got tremendous attention. Due to the scarcity of frequency spectrum below 6 GHz, millimeter wave frequency band ranging from 10 GHz to 100 GHz is considered as a potential candidate for the next generation 5G technology. According to Friss formula, the free space loss increases as the frequency increases [1] . Therefore, there is a need of designing new antennas that are not only more efficient and compact in design but also offer higher gain to compensate the additional incremental losses at higher frequencies.

According to Friss formula, the free space loss increases as the frequency increases.


We demonstrate how to directly check whether CSP processes satisfy predicates expressed in Lowe's temporal logic using ProB, which is a tool that facilitates LTL model checking for a number of formalisms including CSP [5] . Not all of the operators offered by ProB for LTL model checking match the intended meaning of their counterpart in the grammar defined by Lowe. However, we shall show how one can express Lowe's temporal logic in ProB. By using ProB to check that a CSP process P satisfies a formula S , written in Lowe's grammar, we can be sure that checking P RT P in FDR guarantees that P |= S . This is necessary when P |= S cannot be expressed as a simple refinement check Spec(S ) P in RT or any other semantic model M that FDR can handle.

We demonstrate how to directly check whether CSP processes satisfy predicates expressed in Lowe's temporal logic using ProB, which is a tool that facilitates LTL model checking for a number of formalisms including CSP.


In our study we have integrated the approaches of clonal analysis of mature leaves with an anatomical analysis of developing leaves in order to assess the role that cell lineage plays in leaf vein formation in the variegated C 4 grass Stenotaphrum secundatum. This species is native to subtropical and tropical America and is widely used in the southeastern United States as a turf grass (Jones, 1985) . The variegated form of Stenotaphrum secundatum was included in an earlier survey of the clonal makeup of common variegated monocot species (Stewart and Dermen, 1979) . The striping defect of the species is thought to be the result of a GWG (green L1, albino L2, and green L3 layers) periclinal chimera within the shoot apical meristem (Stewart and Dermen, 1979) . Photosynthesis has been well studied in both the green and variegated forms (Jones, 1985; Suzuki et al., 1986) . In the variegated form, albino tissue lacks ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity, has reduced phosphoenolpyruvate activity, and displays rudimentary plastid ultrastructure (Suzuki et al., 1986) . Stenotaphrum belongs to the same subfamily (Panicoideae) and possesses the same C 4 biochemical subtype (NADPmalic enzyme) as maize, thus allowing for a direct comparison to be made between a genetic model organism and a related species. Such comparisons can provide a test of generalizations made based on observations of the genetic model alone (Kellogg and Birchler, 1993) . In this study we use clonal analysis of this GWG periclinal chimera to infer the lineage relationships between the precursors of vascular and adjacent ground tissue at the time of vascular pattern formation. We combine clonal analysis and developmental anatomy to investigate lineage relationships between vascular and adjacent tissues during the cell proliferation stage of growth. We also characterize phenotypes of green and white sectors to test for evidence of developmental interaction between lineages.

This species is native to subtropical and tropical America and is widely used in the southeastern United States as a turf grass.

The variegated form of Stenotaphrum secundatum was included in an earlier survey of the clonal makeup of common variegated monocot species.

The striping defect of the species is thought to be the result of a GWG (green L1, albino L2, and green L3 layers) periclinal chimera within the shoot apical meristem.

Photosynthesis has been well studied in both the green and variegated forms.

In the variegated form, albino tissue lacks ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity, has reduced phosphoenolpyruvate activity, and displays rudimentary plastid ultrastructure.

Such comparisons can provide a test of generalizations made based on observations of the genetic model alone.


Marination of poultry meat has been an active topic of research because of its potential to extend the versatility of processed products (Guerrero-Legarreta and Hui, 2010) . In industry, marinades are based on weak acids (acetic, lactic, citric acid...), generally supplemented with NaCl (Goli et al., 2007; Lemos et al., 1999; Yusop et al., 2010) . The most required functions of poultry meat marination are the extension of shelf life and the improvement of the microbiological culinary and technological quality (taste, tenderness, water retention and mass yield) (Okolocha and Ellerbroek, 2005) . Marinade ingredients such as salt, phosphates, acids, tenderizers, sugar, seasonings, and flavouring have been reported to have various functions when applied to chicken.

Marination of poultry meat has been an active topic of research because of its potential to extend the versatility of processed products.

In industry, marinades are based on weak acids (acetic, lactic, citric acid...), generally supplemented with NaCl.

The most required functions of poultry meat marination are the extension of shelf life and the improvement of the microbiological culinary and technological quality (taste, tenderness, water retention and mass yield).


With the development of coal mining technology and stringent requirement for colliery safety, the automation control of fully mechanized coal face has become an inexorable trend. As the core mining equipment, shearer plays a decisive function in achieving safe and high-efficiency exploitation, and its automation control is always an interested research subject in coal mining field [1] . With years of development, many researchers have proposed the technology of memory cutting to achieve the automation control of shearer [2] [3] [4] [5] . However, the control effect of memory cutting depends on the performance of hydraulic adjustment height system of shearer drum. As one of the most important constituent parts in shearer automation control system, its performance directly affects the efficiency and reliability of coal mining. It is noteworthy that hydraulically driven shearer drum lifting has become one of the key technologies to improve the performance of hydraulic system [6] .

As the core mining equipment, shearer plays a decisive function in achieving safe and high-efficiency exploitation, and its automation control is always an interested research subject in coal mining field.

With years of development, many researchers have proposed the technology of memory cutting to achieve the automation control of shearer.

It is noteworthy that hydraulically driven shearer drum lifting has become one of the key technologies to improve the performance of hydraulic system.


In the system of hydraulically driven shearer drum lifting, hydraulic cylinder is a crucial component converting the fluid power into linear motion and achieving the adjustment of drum height. Recently, hydraulic cylinders are used widespread with the proportional valves, which are electronically controlled. The important required functions of the above hydraulic system are accurate position control and fast response. In order to achieve these functions, it is necessary to apply convenient control strategies. In industrial applications, conventional control methods such as PD and PID are commonly used. However, traditional control methods have linear characteristics and imperfect control effect. Therefore, they are insufficient to overcome nonlinearities which exist in the nature of this hydraulic system [7, 8] .

Therefore, they are insufficient to overcome nonlinearities which exist in the nature of this hydraulic system.


The reasons for this gap between 'policy' and 'practice' are not fully understood. A body of research based upon clinicians' accounts of their decision-making processes suggests that a complex constellation of factors may influence the decision to detain (Bagby, Thompson, and normally without the benefit of formal training in legal principles, has been cited as an explanation of the discrepancy between policy and practice (Wand & Wand, 2013) . However, there is limited recent observational research describing the processes by which actual decisions to admit are made (Holstein, 1988; Quirk, Lelliot, Audini, & Buston, 2000) .

A body of research based upon clinicians' accounts of their decision-making processes suggests that a complex constellation of factors may influence the decision to detain (Bagby, Thompson, and normally without the benefit of formal training in legal principles, has been cited as an explanation of the discrepancy between policy and practice.

However, there is limited recent observational research describing the processes by which actual decisions to admit are made.


Furnace slag is generally treated and stabilized to replace natural aggregates in concrete manufacturing. Different aggregate grading (10÷20, 8÷12, 4÷8, 0÷4 mm) is produced by crushing solid slag blocks and sieving [14] . Natural aggregate replacement is obviously economical for both the concrete producer for whom it reduces raw material utilization and for the steel industry in terms of the reduction of waste disposal.

Different aggregate grading (10÷20, 8÷12, 4÷8, 0÷4 mm) is produced by crushing solid slag blocks and sieving.


According to the hypothesis that traditional political institutions have been "hollowed out", one should expect the views of politicians to support this view in the sense that they would rank themselves as less powerful than other actors. We could especially expect that newcomers into politics will get a more pessimistic view of the local council"s power during the election period. Contrary to this hypothesis, local politicians place themselves together with the local administration and, to a lesser extent, the state level firmly in the power core of the municipalities. The picture emerging from the data is not of a core of the politicians having all the power, but rather a power shared with two other actors: the local administration and the state level. That these three actors are perceived almost equivalent in power can hardly be interpreted as the local political institutions have been hollowed out by the administration and the state. If that was the case, we should expect that local politicians would report themselves inferior in power to these two actors. That the local politicians share power with the administrative leaders is hardly surprising. This only supports the long-established fact that public bureaucracies in fact do have a great amount of power, also in local authorities (Mouritzen & Svara 2002) .

This only supports the long-established fact that public bureaucracies in fact do have a great amount of power, also in local authorities.


Fossil fuels release harmful gases to the atmosphere; in addition, they have limited resources that will be exhausted in the early future. Such a fact makes the world face a serious crisis in the 21st century. An increase in earth temperature and seriousness of greenhouse gases may burden extra costs on industries and the economy of those countries with high per capita consumption. Due to fossil fuel depletion, increasing fuel prices, and energy demand the use of high efficiencies power plants is very important. In traditional power generation systems a large amount of heat is lost by exhaust gases. Consequently using of waste heat increases power plant's efficiency. The combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) is a system that can produce power, heating, and cooling from a common energy source such as natural gas, oil, or sun. In a CCHP system, waste heat drives heating and cooling devices. The waste heat can be used for space heating, domestic hot water production, or production of steam. The waste heat can be used for cooling by driving a refrigeration system like an absorption chiller. The overall energy efficiency of a trigeneration plant can attain 80% [1] . Through the absorption chiller and heat recovery steam generator in these systems, the extra heat releasing from the gas turbine can provide the needed cryogenic and thermal energies of a given site and supply the electricity without any separate consumption of fuel.

The overall energy efficiency of a trigeneration plant can attain 80%.


The results presented show significant differences in the compositions such as total N, lipid, carbohydrate and minerals, and bioactivities of six formulations of diverse origin and also highlight the complexity of research utilising a range of mixes of poorly defined constituents. A mixture of major and minor constituents can stimulate complex biological activities at low concentrations which can be difficult to explain. Recommended application rates for Rygex and Algavet listed in Table 1 would, given the nitrogen concentrations found in these products (Table 2) , supply the equivalents of 1.25 kg N/ha and 11.37 g N/ha, respectively. These rates are considerably lower than the recommended fertilisation rates for most crops and would be expected to have a minimal effect on crop growth. Therefore, the increased vigour in response to biostimulant treatment of crops is due to the bioactive compounds present in the formulations rather than fertilisation. The maximum efficiency of biostimulants occurs at low dosage of treatments and is dependent on plant species, cultivars and growth phase of the crop plant [58, 59] .

The maximum efficiency of biostimulants occurs at low dosage of treatments and is dependent on plant species, cultivars and growth phase of the crop plant.


The overall success rate which obtained from this research study was 70.19% for the 6 test cases whereas the success rate of the prevailing international software gives 60% [22] . Since the accuracy level of the proposed approach could reach to the success rate of available international software, it is obvious that this solution can be used in the identification of suspects through facial composite in Sri Lanka. According to the evaluation phase, test cases 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 have taken the higher accuracy rate than the success rate gain from international software solutions. In the proposed solution, the facial feature templates were constructed using the medically defined indexes which were ideal for Sri Lankan people and the aesthetic aspects were also considered when placing the facial templates for the ultimate composite image. These well accepted measurements and aesthetic aspects were put together in constructing facial composite image via this process. Therefore this has become one major reason behind the highest accuracy rate achieved from the proposed process.

The overall success rate which obtained from this research study was 70.19% for the 6 test cases whereas the success rate of the prevailing international software gives 60%.


In the occurrence of crime incidents, the law enforcement agencies and police officers often depend on eyewitness testimony in order to establish the complete view of the crime situation. Eyewitness testimony is an account given by a victim unfolding the occurrence of a criminal activity [1] . The most prominent usage of the eyewitness testimony is when the investigators are impotent to find a pathway to carry out the interrogation as no threat of physical evidence is found at the scene.

Eyewitness testimony is an account given by a victim unfolding the occurrence of a criminal activity.


From 1990, feature based selection method was used for most of the composite software solutions. The products such as FACES, Mac-a-Mug Pro are commonly used software by the United States [12] . Similarly as EvoFit, FACES was also used by thousands of law enforcement agencies including FBI and CIA [12] . Generally it consists of features like eyes, mouth, nose, eyebrows, lips, mouth lines, tattoos and scars.

The products such as FACES, Mac-a-Mug Pro are commonly used software by the United States.

Similarly as EvoFit, FACES was also used by thousands of law enforcement agencies including FBI and CIA.


The study of gravitational radiation in general relativity relies in an essential way on sophisticated approximation methods. It is important to understand the relation between the approximate models and the exact theory. Many of the issues arising in this context have recently been surveyed by Blanchet [3] . The relation between the exact and approximate equations is relatively straightforward. What is much more difficult is to establish a relation between solutions of the two sets of equations.

Many of the issues arising in this context have recently been surveyed by Blanchet.


The manufacturing industry in India today is ever growing, and to remain competitive and grow alongside this industry Indian manufacturing SMEs have to focus on providing high standards of QCD to their OEMs. A major factor to achieve this is a company's ability to effectively implement a philosophy that allows it to continually and systematically improve its processes and enhance its overall operational performance. Lean manufacturing is one of the leading philosophies used by a number of organisations worldwide to improve and enhance their overall operational performance (Taj, 2008) . However, the academic literature indicates that the application of lean principles and tools in the Indian manufacturing industry, especially among SMEs, is limited. In particular, although there is evidence that some manufacturing companies in India have adopted lean manufacturing practices and VSM as improvement approaches, several studies and authors argue that this application is either feeble or has not been fully successful. Thus, this paper provides evidence that nowadays the application of lean manufacturing in the Indian manufacturing sector is growing, and that its successful implementation could represent an important strategy for SMEs to meet the challenges of a growing industrial market.

Lean manufacturing is one of the leading philosophies used by a number of organisations worldwide to improve and enhance their overall operational performance.


Finally, we checked the emulsion stability against Ostwald ripening in the case of volatile oils (limonene and xylene) that exhibit pronounced solubility in the aqueous phase. At concentrations greater than 0.1 wt% (and oil = 30%), HFBII completely blocks the Ostwald ripening in the limonene-in-water emulsions (Fig. 11) . In comparative experiments, the worst stability was observed for the emulsions with SMP, in which well pronounced Ostwald ripening was observed (Fig. 12) . BLG and Tween 20 could also block the Ostwald ripening at sufficiently high concentrations. In this respect, HFBII has the advantage that it not only suppresses the exchange of oil molecules between the drops (that causes the Ostwald ripening), but also forms solidified capsules which can be used for retention of soluble and/or volatile compounds (e.g. fragrances, flavors, colors and preservatives) in the aqueous phase [43] . The HFBII adsorption layers are impermeable for the transfer of volatile oils even at a higher temperature, 60 • C, as indicated by the experiment with xylene-in-water emulsions (Fig. 13) .

In this respect, HFBII has the advantage that it not only suppresses the exchange of oil molecules between the drops (that causes the Ostwald ripening), but also forms solidified capsules which can be used for retention of soluble and/or volatile compounds (e.g. fragrances, flavors, colors and preservatives) in the aqueous phase.


It should be noted that none of the above studies presents systematic data for the effect of protein concentration and oil volume fraction on the oil-drop distribution and longevity of hydrophobin stabilized emulsion. The present article is the first systematic study of the properties of HFBII as emulsifier. First, we investigate whether the hydrophobin adsorption layers solidify on the oil/water interfaces, as this is observed at the air/water interface. The threshold interfacial tension at solidification is determined (Section 4). Next, in experiments with o/w/o emulsion films we study the interaction of two HFBII adsorption layers across the aqueous phase. One of our goals is to verify whether S-bilayers can be formed also with emulsion films (Section 5). Further, by optical observations we investigate the shape and size distribution of the drops in HFBII stabilized emulsions; calculate the mean drop radii, R 10 and R 32 , and study their dependence on the protein concentration, oil volume fraction and emulsion storage time, up to 50 days (Section 6). It turns out, that the emulsions with HFBII are very stable at rest, but they can be easily destabilized upon stirring. This is due to the fact that the solidified structure of adherent oil drops covered by hydrophobin adsorption layers is destroyed by the shear stresses. It is demonstrated that if the emulsion drops are wrapped with a second layer of conventional protein (like ␤-lactoglobulin), the emulsions become stable upon stirring and centrifugation (Section 7). Finally, we investigated whether the dense hydrophobin adsorption layers can block the Ostwald ripening, which is one of the main destabilizing factors in emulsions where the disperse phase is oil that exhibits pronounced water solubility [46] . Two such oils, limonene and xylene, have been investigated and the stabilizing performance of HFBII was compared with that of other emulsifiers (Section 8).

Finally, we investigated whether the dense hydrophobin adsorption layers can block the Ostwald ripening, which is one of the main destabilizing factors in emulsions where the disperse phase is oil that exhibits pronounced water solubility.


In the present study, the class II hydrophobin HFBII was used. The structure of HFBII determined from crystallized samples shows that it is a single-domain protein with dimensions of 24 × 27 × 30 Å [14] . In aqueous solutions, it forms aggregates, which are predominantly tetramers at mg/mL concentrations [15] [16] [17] [18] . Because of the adhesive interactions between the HFBII molecules in water, these aggregates can irreversibly grow with time and can reach micrometer sizes [19] [20] [21] . The formed large aggregates can be destroyed by ultrasound treatment (sonication). The adsorption of HFBII at air/water and liquid/solid interfaces has been also studied [22] [23] [24] . Not only the hydrophobic, but also the hydrophilic parts of HFBII molecules attract each other in aqueous medium, which is evidenced by the strong adhesion between the surfaces of foam films (contact angle >50 • ) and the spontaneous formation of self-assembled protein bilayers (S-bilayers) of thickness 6 nm [20, 25] .

The structure of HFBII determined from crystallized samples shows that it is a single-domain protein with dimensions of 24 × 27 × 30 Å.

In aqueous solutions, it forms aggregates, which are predominantly tetramers at mg/mL concentrations.

Because of the adhesive interactions between the HFBII molecules in water, these aggregates can irreversibly grow with time and can reach micrometer sizes.

The adsorption of HFBII at air/water and liquid/solid interfaces has been also studied.

Not only the hydrophobic, but also the hydrophilic parts of HFBII molecules attract each other in aqueous medium, which is evidenced by the strong adhesion between the surfaces of foam films (contact angle >50 • ) and the spontaneous formation of self-assembled protein bilayers (S-bilayers) of thickness 6 nm.


A second question is whether constant-gain beliefs can be self-confirming. The stated motivation for using a constant-gain algorithm is a nonstationary environment, but constant-gain learning is often used in models that are stationary. In these models, if agents were to use decreasing gain, their expectations would be validated just as well as they are validated when they use constant-gain expectations [Chakraborty and Evans (2008)] .

In these models, if agents were to use decreasing gain, their expectations would be validated just as well as they are validated when they use constant-gain expectations.


We started by characterizing the optical frequency response experienced by the pump wave as a result of its interaction with the probe waves. In order to perform this measurement we devised the experimental setup in Fig. 9 , which is a modification of that in Fig. 7 . The idea was to deploy the technique for optical transfer function measurement based on the use of optical single-sideband (OSSB) modulation [10] . We modified the upper branch of the setup in Fig. 7 to generate a OSSB signal whose sideband could be tuned in the range of frequencies of the pump pulse. Then, this OSSB signal counter-propagates with the probe waves so as to make the sideband experience the same transfer function that the pump pulse would experience. Finally, the OSSB signal is extracted at the far end of the fiber using a circulator and detected in a microwave bandwidth photodetector, which translates the optical transfer function from the optical to the electrical domain [10] . In addition, a 20-GHz electrical vector network analyzer (VNA) is used to scan the frequency of the OSSB sideband and measure the optical transfer function.

The idea was to deploy the technique for optical transfer function measurement based on the use of optical single-sideband (OSSB) modulation.

Finally, the OSSB signal is extracted at the far end of the fiber using a circulator and detected in a microwave bandwidth photodetector, which translates the optical transfer function from the optical to the electrical domain.


Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensors have been commonly deployed to ensure the integrity of structures such as oil and gas pipelines or high voltage transmission lines. These, and other applications have a common need for distributed sensors that can monitor large distances. However, the attenuation of the optical fiber ultimately limits the sensing length of BOTDA sensors due to its effect on the counterpropagating pump and probe waves that are deployed in these systems. The pump pulse attenuates as it propagates along the fiber so that the Brillouin gain experienced by the probe wave at far away locations becomes very small, hence leading to a reduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the measurement and large measurement errors. This can be compensated to some extent by increasing the pump pulse power, but non-linear effects, particularly modulation instability (MI), typically limit the maximum power to a few hundred milliwatts. Solutions to the problem of pulse attenuation have been proposed using distributed amplification based on Raman as well as Brillouin scattering [1] , [2] .

Solutions to the problem of pulse attenuation have been proposed using distributed amplification based on Raman as well as Brillouin scattering.


CaCO 3 is one of the most commonly used inorganic fillers in thermoplastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and PP [25] . The particle size of commercial grade CaCO 3 is in the range of micrometer. Minimal strength enhancement observed in micro-sized CaCO 3 filled composites was largely attributed to lack of surface interaction between the filler and the matrix. Attempt have been to improve the surface interactions of CaCO 3 /PP composite through use of nano-size particles [23, 26] . However, homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles in the thermoplastic matrix is a difficult process [26] . There is also the tendency for the production of craze associated with nanoparticles. These together with the extra cost of producing nanoparticles have made industrial utilization of nanoparticles relatively unattractive.

CaCO 3 is one of the most commonly used inorganic fillers in thermoplastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and PP.

Attempt have been to improve the surface interactions of CaCO 3 /PP composite through use of nano-size particles.

However, homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles in the thermoplastic matrix is a difficult process.


Although, many studies showed significant early benefit of intra-articular injections on pain and shoulder ROM, no differences were found after three months between various treatments. They may be more efficacious in the early inflammatory stage without substantial capsular contracture however this finding has yet to be proven with higher level studies [27, 28] . The combination of steroid injection with physiotherapy appeared more effective than physiotherapy or steroid injections alone in the recovery of range of motion [47] .

They may be more efficacious in the early inflammatory stage without substantial capsular contracture however this finding has yet to be proven with higher level studies.

The combination of steroid injection with physiotherapy appeared more effective than physiotherapy or steroid injections alone in the recovery of range of motion.


Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents the arrhythmia with the highest prevalence, accounting for one-third of hospitalisations related to cardiac rhythm disturbances [1] . The main risk factors to develop AF include age, cardiac surgery, valvular heart disease, congestive heart disease, ischaemic cardiomyopathy, obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. These risk factors cause atrial stretch and dilation and condition the heart for AF [1] . Patients with AF are frequently encountered in daily clinical practice. The goal of therapy in AF is, ideally, to abolish AF episodes and to restore sinus rhythm. This in turn re-establishes atrioventricular synchrony and improves atrial function. Despite extensive research, treatment of AF remains difficult, which is rooted in the persistent and progressive nature of this arrhythmia. An initiator, trigger and substrate are mandatory for develAbstract Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common agerelated cardiac arrhythmia accounting for one-third of hospitalisations. Treatment of AF is difficult, which is rooted in the progressive nature of electrical and structural remodelling, called electropathology, which makes the atria more vulnerable for AF. Importantly, structural damage of the myocardium is already present when AF is diagnosed for the first time. Currently, no effective therapy is known that can resolve this damage.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) represents the arrhythmia with the highest prevalence, accounting for one-third of hospitalisations related to cardiac rhythm disturbances.

These risk factors cause atrial stretch and dilation and condition the heart for AF.


The possibility of unintentional bias or potential repetition of mistakes in study logic or procedures because of author overlap is an additional limitation (Makel & Plucker, 2014) . Author overlap occurs when the same research team is responsible for and carries out replications of their original research (Coyne et al., 2016) . The same research team conducted the original and current investigations of ROOTS. Concerns with author overlap in the current study are largely mitigated given that an independent evaluator conducted the statistical analysis and an external entity from the Boston metropolitan area collected all student achievement and direct observation data. It is important to note that our research team oversaw these data collection efforts. Additionally, both ROOTS RCTs used school-based personnel to implement the intervention. We believe this approach more closely resembles the conditions studied in large-scale evaluation projects. Efficacy trials typically have research team members implement the intervention in order to provide a more controlled "ideal" setting and maximize treatment effects. Thus, our estimates of intervention impact may be closer in approximation to routine classroom conditions.

The possibility of unintentional bias or potential repetition of mistakes in study logic or procedures because of author overlap is an additional limitation.

Author overlap occurs when the same research team is responsible for and carries out replications of their original research.


It is likely that juveniles react to flow heterogeneity on smaller distances of centimeters to body length. This scale was, however, unidentifiable at the resolution available for both fish positioning and the velocity measurements in this study. Therefore, we can only speculate that Atlantic salmon parr may be using microhabitat refuges (e.g., behind protuberant boulders) characterized by reduced turbulence. Furthermore, the variability observed in habitat use among individuals with respect to turbulence may be due to other habitat variables, which may override habitat selection based on turbulence (Heggenes 2002) . Alternatively, there may be a strong preference for specific turbulence characteristics, but an individual may be forced by competition to use alternative habitat characterized by flow conditions other than those preferred (McLaughlin and Grant 1994; MacLean et al. 2005; Kemp et al. 2006) . Whereas Atlantic salmon parr seem to react and respond to turbulence on a smaller microhabitat scale, the application of dynamic hydraulic variables on reach scale seem to not provide a useful tool for fisheries and habitat managers.

Furthermore, the variability observed in habitat use among individuals with respect to turbulence may be due to other habitat variables, which may override habitat selection based on turbulence.

Alternatively, there may be a strong preference for specific turbulence characteristics, but an individual may be forced by competition to use alternative habitat characterized by flow conditions other than those preferred.


The corrosion products of systems components are transferred by the coolant to the reactor active zone. Here they form deposits on the surfaces of the equipment and are activated by high neutron fluxes. Due to erosion, these activated particles pass to the coolant, and due to its circulation they are deposited on the surfaces of the equipment located outside the reactor's active zone. Corrosion particles may not deposit on the walls of the equipment in the active zone, but they are activated during circulation through the active zone and form a layer of contaminated deposits on the surfaces of the equipment located outside the boundaries of the active zone [6] . Corrosion and erosion products of the activated equipment located in the active zone are another source for contamination of the equipment. In case there are defects in fuel rods, fission products in the nuclear fuel can migrate through damaged fuel claddings and pass to the coolant flowing in MCC. Fission products are also additionally ∘ C generated during the fission of "tramp" uranium, whose particles are deposited on the outside of the fuel components' claddings (contaminated during manufacturing of the fuel). During operation, the coolant could be contaminated with these particles too [7] . Spectrum of the fission products of the "tramp" uranium is analogous to the spectrum of fission products in nuclear fuel. Radioactive contamination of the components is surface contamination since the activated particles deposit on the surfaces of the equipment.

Corrosion particles may not deposit on the walls of the equipment in the active zone, but they are activated during circulation through the active zone and form a layer of contaminated deposits on the surfaces of the equipment located outside the boundaries of the active zone.

During operation, the coolant could be contaminated with these particles too.


Among the otolaryngology residents in our sample, there was a striking absence of formal empathy training during residency. While a majority of the residents had been introduced to courses in medical school that included patient-doctor communication skills, interviewing techniques, management of challenging patient encounters and physician emotional wellbeing, they did not receive formal training in these subjects at the graduate medical education level. Instead, an informal education in empathy -both positive and negative -emerged from observation of the behaviors and attitudes of senior residents, attendings and nurses [18] . Clearly, there is a need for standardization and teaching of effective empathic and interpersonal skills.

Instead, an informal education in empathy -both positive and negative -emerged from observation of the behaviors and attitudes of senior residents, attendings and nurses.


The present study assesses quantitative and qualitative responses to the training at 1-year follow-up. The original study found high receptivity to the training with greater than 83% of residents reporting that the training was interesting, helpful, easily applied to patient care and motivated residents to try new techniques [10] . The present study investigates: (1) qualitative responses to the training; (2) the impact on empathy of professional, personal and socio-cultural factors and (3) quantitative assessment of retention of empathy knowledge and skills.

The original study found high receptivity to the training with greater than 83% of residents reporting that the training was interesting, helpful, easily applied to patient care and motivated residents to try new techniques.


The premia in terms of markups and TFPR seem to behave very similarly, especially when firm fixed effects are included. In this sense, our work reinforces the argument that levels and especially changes in TFPR are mainly driven by markups (Foster et al., 2008; Marin and Voigtländer, 2013) . Changes in physical productivity mainly affect TFPR via markups.

In this sense, our work reinforces the argument that levels and especially changes in TFPR are mainly driven by markups.


Poly(acrylic acid), PAA, is a useful material for medical and pharmaceutical applications. This polyelectrolite is characterised by high swelling degree, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, pH-sensitivity and mucoadhesive properties. It is a versatile polymer, which can play the role of drug delivery and protection system. Unfortunately, high water solubility of PAA critically limits its use as a mucoadhesive drug carrier. This problem can be resolved by PAA modification leading to macrochain complexation or crosslinking [1] [2] [3] .

This problem can be resolved by PAA modification leading to macrochain complexation or crosslinking.


In this study we describe the influences of windwave exposure on the distribution and abundance of newly recruited reef fishes. Patterns are described using in situ diver-surveys conducted over several weeks of a summertime period in windward and leeward sectors of shallow back reefs at Kure and Pearl and Hermes atolls. Prior surveys at Kure had suggested that recruit fish abundances are greater on windward vs. leeward sectors of the back reef in late summer (Walsh et al. 2002) . The specific predictions we tested in our study were: (1) recruit densities should be higher on sheltered back reefs adjacent to wind-wave "exposed" (windward) sectors of the atolls experiencing greater water transport; (2) such patterns should be magnified for smaller, younger recruits that have settled more recently; and (3) we should observe prior detected patterns again at Kure and, if spatially general, these should be further observable at Pearl and Hermes. In conclusion, implications of the observed spatial patterns are discussed in terms of dispersal among reef fish metapopulations in the NWHI and throughout the Hawaiian Archipelago.

Prior surveys at Kure had suggested that recruit fish abundances are greater on windward vs. leeward sectors of the back reef in late summer.


Based upon the reciprocity condition, Joshi and Tsai developed a procedure to express Jacobian matrix J of limited dof parallel manipulators, comprises both constraint and actuation wrenches [14] . In this paper, this matrix is named the extended Jacobian matrix J E . The rows of J E are composed of n linearly independent actuation wrenches plus (6-n) linearly independent constraint wrenches.

Based upon the reciprocity condition, Joshi and Tsai developed a procedure to express Jacobian matrix J of limited dof parallel manipulators, comprises both constraint and actuation wrenches.


The primary concern of the conceptual design is the generation of physical solutions to meet certain design specification [1] . The concept generated at this phase affects the basic shape generation and material selection of the product concerned. In the subsequent phase of detailed design, it becomes exceedingly difficult, or even impossible to make a correction the shortcomings of a poor design concept formulated at the conceptual design stage [2] . Therefore, the conceptual design of parallel manipulators (PMs) is crucial task which aims at defining the architectures of the associated kinematic chains. In this paper, the focus of conceptual design process is the Schoenflies Motion Generators (SMGs).

The primary concern of the conceptual design is the generation of physical solutions to meet certain design specification.

In the subsequent phase of detailed design, it becomes exceedingly difficult, or even impossible to make a correction the shortcomings of a poor design concept formulated at the conceptual design stage.


A random permutation can be made from at most n transpositions chosen systematically. This systematic scan consists of transposing in order the number in each position with itself or a later position uniformly at random. If instead the transpositions are chosen uniformly at random, as in the transposition walk, a random permutation takes 1 2 n log(n) + cn transpositions to build [4] . The largest impediment is a coupon collector problem of never choosing a transposition containing a large fraction of numbers by 1 2 n log(n) − cn steps. These never moved numbers are fixed points of the permutation, resulting in insufficiently random permutations. On the other hand, generating the random even permutation from a walk generated by fixed point free involutions, takes 3 steps of the walk or 3 2 n transpositions [9] . In the involution walk by letting p vary, one can study this transition from the minimum of O(n) transpositions to O(n log(n)) to build a random permutation. The analysis here holds for fixed p ≥ 1 2 and n sufficiently large. In all such cases it takes O(n log(n)) transpositions to build a random permutation.

If instead the transpositions are chosen uniformly at random, as in the transposition walk, a random permutation takes 1 2 n log(n) + cn transpositions to build.

On the other hand, generating the random even permutation from a walk generated by fixed point free involutions, takes 3 steps of the walk or 3 2 n transpositions.


The upper-bound lemma gives a bound on that the total-variation distance between the walk on a group and its uniform stationary distribution using its eigenvalues expressed in terms of the groups representations [2] . The version below is specialized to conjugacy class walks on the symmetric group, in which every element of a conjugacy class is equally likely. Partitions of n index the non-trivial irreducible representations of the symmetric group as well as the eigenvalues of the walk; the representation for the partition λ has dimension d λ .

The upper-bound lemma gives a bound on that the total-variation distance between the walk on a group and its uniform stationary distribution using its eigenvalues expressed in terms of the groups representations.


In particular, there is controversy about the effects of general anesthesia (GA) and regional anesthesia (RA) on the incidence of postoperative delirium after THRA. Elderly patients that received general anesthesia displayed more frequent cognitive impairment during the immediate postoperative period compared with those who received regional anesthesia [5] . The mean score of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) decreased significantly only in patients who received general anesthesia. According to other reports, however, the use of neuraxial anesthesia during surgery did not reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction compared with general anesthesia [6, 7] . Even in elderly patients, there was no significant difference in the incidence of cognitive dysfunction three months after the use of either general or regional anesthesia [8] .

Elderly patients that received general anesthesia displayed more frequent cognitive impairment during the immediate postoperative period compared with those who received regional anesthesia.

According to other reports, however, the use of neuraxial anesthesia during surgery did not reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction compared with general anesthesia.

Even in elderly patients, there was no significant difference in the incidence of cognitive dysfunction three months after the use of either general or regional anesthesia.


In addition, an assessment of the economic competitiveness of flexible polygeneration systems should include a quantification of the economic trade-offs associated with operational flexibility. Greater flexibility typically implies not only higher revenues but also higher cost of capacity due to larger equipment size [7, 8] . We address this topic by deriving metrics that capture the economic impacts of flexible polygeneration, illustrating that production diversification and flexibility need not always result in economic gains [7] .

Greater flexibility typically implies not only higher revenues but also higher cost of capacity due to larger equipment size.

We address this topic by deriving metrics that capture the economic impacts of flexible polygeneration, illustrating that production diversification and flexibility need not always result in economic gains.


In this study we borrowed heavily from Young and Rubicam's Brand Asset Value (BAV) measure. BAV operationalises 'Shared Value Creation' by looking at the key components of brand equity, namely differentiation, relevance, esteem, and knowledge. BAV is the most extensive worldwide study of brands and their relationships and has proven validity and reliability (Kotler and Keller, 2006) .

BAV is the most extensive worldwide study of brands and their relationships and has proven validity and reliability.