Similarly, patterns for the appeal Prosocial aspects of fame showed partial support of study hypotheses. It was anticipated that individuals who were more interested in Prosocial, otheroriented aspects of fame would show increased time spent on FB, spend more time reading and responding to others' posts, and follow more media figures on both FB and Twitter. Results supported predictions for overall FB use and for media "friends"/likes on FB; no support was found for the increased frequency of reading or responding to others' posts. Additional marginal associations emerged for FB-posting and frequency of responding to media figure tweets. Interestingly, the Prosocial fame factor showed the sharpest distinctions for cumulative social media account analyses. That is, individuals with both forms of social media accounts scored significantly higher on the appeal of Prosocial aspects of fame than those with one or none. Perhaps merely being plugged into the social networks associated with FB and Twitter reflects an increased investment in social relationships. In line with this idea, Pew research finds evidence that Facebook users report increased numbers of close social ties relative to nonusers (Hampton et al., 2011) .

In line with this idea, Pew research finds evidence that Facebook users report increased numbers of close social ties relative to nonusers.


Those using both FB and Twitter also scored higher on Visibility and Fame Fantasy than those using no social media, with marginal distinctions emerging between using both and using only one. Multiple social media networks not only enable connection to multiple social networks, but provide more opportunities to be seen and valued. These findings, along with the pattern that emerged for Prosocial aspects of fame, underscore the dual needs that social media may engage: the need to be seen/valued and the need to feel meaningfully and positively connected to others (Nadkarni & Hofmann, 2012) . Although such benevolent aspirations are still tied to fame, these findings should temper assumptions that both fame interest and social media use are merely symptoms of an increasingly narcissistic population.

These findings, along with the pattern that emerged for Prosocial aspects of fame, underscore the dual needs that social media may engage: the need to be seen/valued and the need to feel meaningfully and positively connected to others.


It is important to highlight that the use of anatomical characters as a source of information for systematics necessitates an understanding of the character variation that a single individual can represent among the specimens of a particular species, group, or related taxa. The structural variation may be documented quantitatively or qualitatively (Dickison 2000) . Thus, it is necessary to evaluate a higher number of specimens and, if possible, include specimens from collections in different locations.

The structural variation may be documented quantitatively or qualitatively.


Not surprisingly, environmental considerations have been found to top the list of manure management criteria. As a result, computerized decision-support systems that focus on environmental criteria are becoming increasingly popular and effective management tools. The second most important criterion has been found to be agronomic considerations for nutrient management. Environmental issues are coupled with social and health considerations. Recent research trend on manure management systems closely matches with the criteria obtained from the survey studies in the Canadian Prairies (Laguë, 2002) . Surface and ground water contamination and odour reduction have been identified as priority areas in manure management.

Recent research trend on manure management systems closely matches with the criteria obtained from the survey studies in the Canadian Prairies.


The choice of materials used in this industrial process plays an important role since they must have both good chemical and mechanical resistance. These two characteristics are not always easy to obtain and a tradeoff between these properties must be reached [5] . In this sense, austenitic stainless steels are a good choice for phosphoric media. In this study, a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel (UB6) has been used.

These two characteristics are not always easy to obtain and a tradeoff between these properties must be reached.


The favourable effect of these alloying elements on the corrosion resistance is attributed to the formation of a protective passive surface film [17, 18] . This film is stable, invisible, adherent, and self-repairing. In order to prevent corrosion, it is of paramount importance that stainless steels 2 International Journal of Corrosion have a stable passive film with rapid passivation even in severe corrosive environments [17] .

The favourable effect of these alloying elements on the corrosion resistance is attributed to the formation of a protective passive surface film.

In order to prevent corrosion, it is of paramount importance that stainless steels 2 International Journal of Corrosion have a stable passive film with rapid passivation even in severe corrosive environments.


Step 2) TOC removal criteria is established by determining the alum dosage when an additional 10 mg/l (or equivalent dosage for ferric coagulants) dose not decrease the TOC by at least 0.3 mg/l or the settled water SUVA is less than 2.0 (Cheng et al., 1995; Crozes et al., 1995 and Letterman et al., 1999) . The current investigation explores the use of enhanced coagulation with alum and ferric chloride in removing both turbidity and DBPs precursors. During this research which has been conducted at the Environmental Health Engineering Department of the Public Health School of Tehran University of Medical Science in 2004, NOM removal was examined in terms of the removal of TOC, DOC, and UV absorption at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV 254 ).

Step 2) TOC removal criteria is established by determining the alum dosage when an additional 10 mg/l (or equivalent dosage for ferric coagulants) dose not decrease the TOC by at least 0.3 mg/l or the settled water SUVA is less than 2.0.


In September 2016 a new study of the opportunities offered by the CERN's accelerator complex and its scientific infrastructure has been launched. The aim of the PBC project to focus on fundamental physics inquiries that are similar in substance to those referred to high-energy colliders, but that need different types of experiments and beams [1] . It will explore CERN's opportunities for a vision of some opened questions in high energy and particle physics.

The aim of the PBC project to focus on fundamental physics inquiries that are similar in substance to those referred to high-energy colliders, but that need different types of experiments and beams.


The maintenance of harbor waterways, which is absolutely necessary for the development of harbors, maintaining sufficient sailing depth, generates large amounts of dredged sediments. In France, materials dredged annually in the harbors and the channels represent about 50 million m 3 ; of that, 24 million m 3 concentrate on most of organic and inorganic contaminants (Benamar and Baraud 2011) . Dredged materials are no more systematically dumped at sea, to protect aquatic life from the potential toxic effects of sediment-bound contaminants. French guidelines (Geode regulations), dated on June 14, 2000, were adopted within the framework of the OSPAR convention and specify two guidance levels (N 1 and N 2 ) for the chemical contents. They have been established to facilitate the management of dredged sediments. When the concentration of many classes of contaminants is higher than a determined threshold (N 2 level), dredged sediments must be kept on chosen disposal sites to minimize their adverse impacts on the aquatic environment (Alzieu 2005) . Lots of these disposal sites are nearing capacity or are already full. As a consequence, reuse solutions, such as in civil engineering, can be proposed, but they generally require previous pretreatments (such as dehydration) and pollution remediation to reduce the amount of contaminants.

In France, materials dredged annually in the harbors and the channels represent about 50 million m 3 ; of that, 24 million m 3 concentrate on most of organic and inorganic contaminants.

When the concentration of many classes of contaminants is higher than a determined threshold (N 2 level), dredged sediments must be kept on chosen disposal sites to minimize their adverse impacts on the aquatic environment.


CD38 is a marker of unfavorable prognosis and an indicator of cell activation and proliferation that may prelude clonal evolution and ultimately a worse clinical outcome [10] . Indeed CLL is a disease in which the host's microenvironment promotes leukemic cell growth, leading to sequential acquisition and accumulation of genetic alterations [11] . Interestingly, there is also evidence that proliferation centers are enriched in CD38+ cells and that a high frequency of genetic lesions may accumulate at these sites [17] .

CD38 is a marker of unfavorable prognosis and an indicator of cell activation and proliferation that may prelude clonal evolution and ultimately a worse clinical outcome.

Indeed CLL is a disease in which the host's microenvironment promotes leukemic cell growth, leading to sequential acquisition and accumulation of genetic alterations.

Interestingly, there is also evidence that proliferation centers are enriched in CD38+ cells and that a high frequency of genetic lesions may accumulate at these sites.


Functions S p (E µ , E) and S He (E µ , E) are the partial differential energy spectra of muons in showers induced by primary protons and helium nuclei with fixed values of energy E. These spectra were calculated for 24 different fixed values of energy E of the primary protons. The energy distributions of muons induced by primary helium nuclei S He (E µ , E) have been also calculated and compared with simulations based on the hypothesis of superposition [36] . As direct results coincides with simulations in terms of the hypothesis of superposition, we will use this hypothesis.

The energy distributions of muons induced by primary helium nuclei S He (E µ , E) have been also calculated and compared with simulations based on the hypothesis of superposition.


Tyrosinase inhibitors such as mercury, hydroquinone, and kojic acid have been widely used as skin whitening or hyperpigmentationpreventing materials, but the study results have revealed that these compounds are toxic and even can cause cancer [3] . Another substance that can affect the synthesis of melanin is free radicals. Free radicals can originate outside the body and enter through sources such as UV radiation, pollution, or food. It can also come from metabolic processes or enzymatic oxidation in the body, including from the process of melanogenesis. Free radicals can cause DNA damage, induce melanocyte proliferation, and increase melanin production, leading to hyperpigmentation [4] . The negative effects can be overcome by antioxidant compounds. The antioxidants can reduce or inhibit the free radicals that might otherwise lead to excess melanin formation. Some examples of antioxidant compounds used as inhibitors of melanogenesis include vitamin C and reduced glutathione [5] .

Tyrosinase inhibitors such as mercury, hydroquinone, and kojic acid have been widely used as skin whitening or hyperpigmentationpreventing materials, but the study results have revealed that these compounds are toxic and even can cause cancer.

Free radicals can cause DNA damage, induce melanocyte proliferation, and increase melanin production, leading to hyperpigmentation.

Some examples of antioxidant compounds used as inhibitors of melanogenesis include vitamin C and reduced glutathione.


Bladder tumours invade the uterus, cervix and vagina in women and the prostate, seminal vesicles and the fatty tissue between the rectum and the bladder in men because of their neighbouring position in the pelvis [7] . Morphological changes related to tumour invasion or changes related to infiltration of the fat between the bladder and the seminal vesicles are useful in staging [8] . In particular, spread to wall surface muscle, minimal extravesical spread or earlystage invasion of neighbouring organs can cause difficulty in clinical staging performed by CT [9] [10] [11] . In addition, oedema and inflammation in the bladder wall after transurethral resection (TUR) can cause errors in staging by CT [12] . However, it has been shown that error rates for bladder cancer and perivesical fatty tissue invasion rates were much lower in studies using multidetector CT despite oedema and inflammation seen in the bladder wall and perivesical fatty tissue after TUR [6] .

Bladder tumours invade the uterus, cervix and vagina in women and the prostate, seminal vesicles and the fatty tissue between the rectum and the bladder in men because of their neighbouring position in the pelvis.

Morphological changes related to tumour invasion or changes related to infiltration of the fat between the bladder and the seminal vesicles are useful in staging.

In particular, spread to wall surface muscle, minimal extravesical spread or earlystage invasion of neighbouring organs can cause difficulty in clinical staging performed by CT.

In addition, oedema and inflammation in the bladder wall after transurethral resection (TUR) can cause errors in staging by CT.

However, it has been shown that error rates for bladder cancer and perivesical fatty tissue invasion rates were much lower in studies using multidetector CT despite oedema and inflammation seen in the bladder wall and perivesical fatty tissue after TUR.


The measurement of above-ground forest biomass is important for ecology, carbon storage estimation, forest research, etc. Currently airborne and satellite-based remote sensing is needed to estimate the biomass of large forest areas. These measurements require calibration based on good quality reference or ground truth data from test sites. Furthermore, it should be possible to measure the reference data quickly, cheaply, and nondestructively. The traditional way is to use allometry, but this can be problematic as errors can be in some cases over 30% (Calders et al. 2015) .

The traditional way is to use allometry, but this can be problematic as errors can be in some cases over 30%.


At seabird colonies, there is generally a high proportion of non-breeding adults (Aebischer, 1986; Pons and Migot, 1995; Warham, 1996; Grunsky-Schöneberg, 1998) . These are immatures and adults that skip breeding for a year (or more), which might extenuate energetic constraints and hence increase lifetime reproduction and overall fitness (Calladine and Harris, 1997; Cam et al., 1998; Bradley et al., 2000) . Again, owing to different demands and constraints, their diets likely differ from those of breeders. Diets may therefore differ within individuals over time, and between individuals at any one time and place given different constraints and opportunities (opportunistic feeding).

At seabird colonies, there is generally a high proportion of non-breeding adults.

These are immatures and adults that skip breeding for a year (or more), which might extenuate energetic constraints and hence increase lifetime reproduction and overall fitness.


In this article, for the first time, we propose to use these distributions to model the firm size distribution, and in particular, we propose logarithmic transformations of an SNP distribution (log-SNP), which are extensions of a lognormal distribution that enable an approximation of any empirical distribution through the introduction of additional parameters. With this transformation, we seek to maintain the parameter flexibility of the Gram-Charlier distributions while restricting the domain of positive values. We find that in comparison to the lognormal distribution, the log-SNP distribution provides a better fit in modeling the firm size distribution using different levels of industrial aggregation. We also show that the log-SNP distribution allows us to obtain a better fit in the upper quantiles without having to impose a minimum threshold. This aspect is important because understanding the behavior of the largest firms and those with the greatest weight in the market is essential for analyzing the economy as a whole [23] . Additionally, we extend the log-SNP to the multivariate context by providing an expression for the bivariate log-SNP distribution, whose marginal densities act as univariate distributions of the log-SNP. The advantage of developing a multivariate framework is based on the fact that more efficient estimations are obtained, making it possible to jointly analyze the behavior of variables that are highly correlated and testing differences in marginal specifications through traditional linear restrictions tests -likelihood ratio (LR), Wald or Lagrange multipliers (LM). This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 provides the definitions and main characteristics of both univariate and bivariate log-SNP distributions. Section 3 compares the performance of these distributions to their nested lognormal counterparts for studying the size of a sample of US firms in different industries and analyzes 'sales' and 'assets' for measuring firm size. The final conclusions are summarized in the last section.

This aspect is important because understanding the behavior of the largest firms and those with the greatest weight in the market is essential for analyzing the economy as a whole.

This paper is structured as follows.


The third implementation is a cryogenic ribbon extruded from a reservoir of solid hydrogen [25] . In contrary to the free standing targets, the ribbon is renewable and thus can be used for multiple shots. Since the amount of hydrogen injected into the chamber is low, no additional vacuum pumps have to be installed to the chamber. The ribbon target was tested successfully at a long pulse laser system with 0.3 ns pulse duration and an energy of 600 J per laser pulse [26] . Although these laser types are not normally used for particle acceleration, protons were accelerated to energies in the range of 1 MeV.

The third implementation is a cryogenic ribbon extruded from a reservoir of solid hydrogen.

The ribbon target was tested successfully at a long pulse laser system with 0.3 ns pulse duration and an energy of 600 J per laser pulse.


In addition to the mentioned possibilities, cryogenic hydrogen targets are promising candidates for proton acceleration. Due to the absence of other atomic species, intrinsically no debris is produced. Compared to the experiments with gas jets, cryogenic hydrogen is overcritical which enables the robust Target Normal Sheath Acceleration mechanism for laser-driven ion acceleration [3] . Up to now several different approaches have been implemented.

Compared to the experiments with gas jets, cryogenic hydrogen is overcritical which enables the robust Target Normal Sheath Acceleration mechanism for laser-driven ion acceleration.


In this paper we survey general properties of multiplicative arithmetic functions of several variables and related convolutions, including the Dirichlet convolution and the unitary convolution. We introduce and investigate a new convolution, called gcd convolution. We define and study the convolutes of arithmetic functions of several variables, according to the different types of convolutions. The concept of the convolute of a function with respect to the Dirichlet convolution was introduced by R. Vaidyanathaswamy [74] . We also discuss the multiple Dirichlet series and Bell series. We present certain arithmetic and asymptotic results of some special multiplicative functions arising from problems in number theory, group theory and combinatorics. We give a new proof to obtain the asymptotic density of the set of ordered r-tuples of positive integers with pairwise relatively prime components. Furthermore, we consider a similar question, namely the asymptotic density of the set of ordered r-tuples with pairwise unitary relatively prime components, that is, the greatest common unitary divisor of each two distinct components is 1.

The concept of the convolute of a function with respect to the Dirichlet convolution was introduced by R. Vaidyanathaswamy.


Miombo woodlands are distinguished from other African forest formations by the dominance of tree species in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, particularly in the genera Brachystegia, Julbernardia, and Isoberlinia [19, 23] . Based on these facts, tropical forests including miombo woodlands support much of the Earth's biological diversity and contribute substantially to global carbon balance [22, 24] . Between 0.5 and 0.9 tons of carbon ha −1 year −1 are being sequestered in miombo woodlands, with maximum sequestration in young miombo [20, 25] . Unfortunately, the capacity of tropical forests and particularly miombo woodlands to provide these services is decreasing rapidly each year due to deforestation and forest degradation [26] [27] [28] .

Miombo woodlands are distinguished from other African forest formations by the dominance of tree species in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, particularly in the genera Brachystegia, Julbernardia, and Isoberlinia.

Based on these facts, tropical forests including miombo woodlands support much of the Earth's biological diversity and contribute substantially to global carbon balance.

Between 0.5 and 0.9 tons of carbon ha −1 year −1 are being sequestered in miombo woodlands, with maximum sequestration in young miombo.

Unfortunately, the capacity of tropical forests and particularly miombo woodlands to provide these services is decreasing rapidly each year due to deforestation and forest degradation.


Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a vegetable edible oil made from healthy and intact fruits of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) only by mechanical means (crushing, malaxation, and centrifugation) and can be directly consumed unrefined. No chemicals are used in this extraction process, thus keeping its original characteristics and constituents which are lost in refined oils (Nieto, Hodaifa, & Lozano Peña, 2010) . EVOO has being extensively studied because of its biological and sensory properties, and because is an agricultural product of paramount reputation.

No chemicals are used in this extraction process, thus keeping its original characteristics and constituents which are lost in refined oils.


The principal component regression (PCR) and the partial least square regression (PLS-R) techniques are well-known statistical methods, often used in quantitative prediction methodologies based on spectroscopic data (Martens & Naes, 1989) . Both techniques have large acceptance in a wide range of scientific fields. The main reason is that they have been designed to meet the situation where there are many, possibly correlated, predictor variables and few samples: a situation that is common, especially in food science where developments in spectroscopy since the seventies have revolutionized chemical analysis. They are based on reduction of data dimensionality and inverse calibration, in systems where there is a possibility to calibrate for the desired component while implicitly modeling the other source of variation (Miller & Miller, 2005) . Both techniques can be applied to full infrared (IR) spectrum; however, some regions of the IR spectrum possess very little or irrelevant information. Useless signals coming from the interferences or instrumental drifts must be ignored (Centner et al., 1996; Wentzell & Vega Montoto, 2003) .

The principal component regression (PCR) and the partial least square regression (PLS-R) techniques are well-known statistical methods, often used in quantitative prediction methodologies based on spectroscopic data.

They are based on reduction of data dimensionality and inverse calibration, in systems where there is a possibility to calibrate for the desired component while implicitly modeling the other source of variation.

Useless signals coming from the interferences or instrumental drifts must be ignored.


Nowadays, the important role of energy in improving welfare is undeniable as a strategic asset. This topic is a multifaceted and very complex matter. Existence of numerous structural (systems components) and procedural (systems functions) factors and their relations and dynamism cause such a complexity. From a structural point of view, an energy system is a combination of different subsystems with numerous actors within them. As an example, renewable energies are just a subsystem of the energy system, in which diverse actors, in public, university and business sectors, could be identified (Karapidakis et al., 2010) . One can understand this complexity from a process oriented point of view. As an example, Research and Development, resource mobilization and market formation are just some illustrations of essential processes in these systems. Moreover, these processes have many sub-processes. On one hand, analysis of energy systems is impossible without restraining their complexity. On the other hand, making a right decision about a system is impossible without analyzing that system. Thus, using a rational procedure in taking a right picture of reality, then restraining complexity and as a consequence, making the right decision about the modeled system is necessary.

As an example, renewable energies are just a subsystem of the energy system, in which diverse actors, in public, university and business sectors, could be identified.


In WSN, sensor observations are exposed to various sources of errors during the course of sensing, processing, and communication. First of all, sensors may report readings with time-invariant bias known as systematic errors due to residual sensor calibration errors [4] . For example, in case of a light sensor, the biased readings can be incurred by sensor hardware or external factors such as dust particles on the protective lens of the sensor. After sensing and quantization, the data can still be disturbed by various soft errors on chips caused by thermal noise and cosmic ray radiations [5] . Afterward, the data samples again suffered from the wireless channel errors during the data reporting to sink node [6] . These kinds of errors are different in terms of severity, occurrence rates, and statistics.

First of all, sensors may report readings with time-invariant bias known as systematic errors due to residual sensor calibration errors.

After sensing and quantization, the data can still be disturbed by various soft errors on chips caused by thermal noise and cosmic ray radiations.

Afterward, the data samples again suffered from the wireless channel errors during the data reporting to sink node.


Recently, a new framework, referred to as compressive sensing (CS), for simultaneous sensing and compression has received considerable attention and has been successfully applied in many fields, such as signal/image processing, radar imaging, communication, geophysics, and remote sensing [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . In CS, it has been shown that a signal which is sparse or has a sparse representation in some bases can be recovered from a small number of random nonadaptive linear measurements. The original signal can be reconstructed with incomplete measurement data through convex optimization that uses the sparseness as a priori information. The capability of CS to reconstruct a sparse signal from far fewer nonadaptive measurements provides a new perspective for data reduction in spectrum recovery of targets without signal distortion. There have been several approaches that apply CS for radar signal processing [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . Based on this idea, the spectrum recovery of OTHR signal with incomplete measurements can be converted into an optimization of sparse signal reconstruction, where the sparse priority of targets in Doppler domain is exploited to reconstruct the missing data [27] . Current literatures show that OTHR signal of stably moving targets can be reconstructed based on Fourier dictionary via sparse optimization in an optimal manner.

Recently, a new framework, referred to as compressive sensing (CS), for simultaneous sensing and compression has received considerable attention and has been successfully applied in many fields, such as signal/image processing, radar imaging, communication, geophysics, and remote sensing.

There have been several approaches that apply CS for radar signal processing.

Based on this idea, the spectrum recovery of OTHR signal with incomplete measurements can be converted into an optimization of sparse signal reconstruction, where the sparse priority of targets in Doppler domain is exploited to reconstruct the missing data.


Although conic programming is relatively well-established, very few applications of it have been made in the field of plasticity. This is despite its obvious appeal for problems involving singular yield surfaces. In geomechanics such problems arise in the analysis of cohesive-frictional materials and, in particular, purely frictional materials where, in common boundary value problems such as the analysis of footings, a large number of the stress points can be expected to be located close to or at the apex of the yield surface. Of the few applications made we can mention the work of Makrodimopoulos and Martin (2005a,b) who have recently applied second-order cone programming (SOCP) to some traditionally difficulty problems with considerable success. Applications to smooth problems, where conic programming is less appealing but still applicable, have also been successful (Gilbert and Tyas, 2003; Makrodimopoulos, 2006; Bisbos et al., 2005) .

Applications to smooth problems, where conic programming is less appealing but still applicable, have also been successful.


Web spammers try to mislead search engines to make a high rank in search results [8] . In this context, hyperlink hiding techniques are often used to deceive search engines. Spammers hope that many small endorsements from these pages with hidden links result in a sizable PageRank for the target page. Several questions naturally arise: what link hidden techniques are the spammers using; how prevalent are hidden spam links on the Web; and are the hidden pages punished by the search engines? This paper attempts to answer those questions.

Web spammers try to mislead search engines to make a high rank in search results.


Quantified Boolean Formulas (QBF) are a PSPACE-complete extension of satisfiability (SAT) in which the propositional variables can be either universally or existentially quantified. The addition of quantifiers, and the arbitrary nesting of quantifiers, provides considerable additional representational power: QBFs can compactly represent a much wider range of problems than SAT. This can make QBF more effective than SAT for representing and solving some problems [1] .

This can make QBF more effective than SAT for representing and solving some problems.


On 11 June 2002, the 155 m long, decommissioned US Navy Landing Ship Dock 'Spiegel Grove' was intentionally sunk as an artificial reef in 40 m of water on sand substratum off Key Largo, Florida, USA. After discovering that sponges had recruited to the decks of the wreck, we surveyed them in November 2006. We then surveyed Dixie Shoals reef, the nearest hardbottom substratum located 800 m NW (inshore) of the wreck. Our prediction, based on the information above, was that the sponge community on the wreck would be dominated by palatable species, while the adjacent reef would have a mixed population of palatable and unpalatable sponge species characteristic of most Caribbean coral reefs (Pawlik et al. 1995) .

Our prediction, based on the information above, was that the sponge community on the wreck would be dominated by palatable species, while the adjacent reef would have a mixed population of palatable and unpalatable sponge species characteristic of most Caribbean coral reefs.


Many studies have shown that prey balance potentially risky important activities such as foraging and mating, in response to predation pressure (Lima and Dill, 1990) . A decrease in activity and in the use of refuges lower the risk of predation by decreasing the chance of detection and the probability of an encounter with a predator (Lima, 1998a; Skelly, 1994) . However, individuals should manifest trade-offs between vigilance to potential risk and essential activities through a correct risk assessment of the level of threat (Lima, 1998a, b) . Indeed the predation risk can present a high degree of spatial and temporal variability ).

Many studies have shown that prey balance potentially risky important activities such as foraging and mating, in response to predation pressure.

A decrease in activity and in the use of refuges lower the risk of predation by decreasing the chance of detection and the probability of an encounter with a predator.


Lie groupoids can be understood as atlases on certain singular spaces, specifically, differentiable stacks and (by the very definition of stack) two Lie groupoids are Morita equivalent if they give rise to the same differentiable stack [2] . This means that, when using Lie groupoids to model differentiable stacks, Morita invariants describe the intrinsic geometry of the stack. For instance, Lie groupoid cohomology, and the deformation cohomology of a Lie groupoid are Morita invariants, but there are more many examples. The terminology is motivated by the fact that the relationship between a Lie groupoid and its stack is analogous to the relationship between a ring and its category of modules.

Lie groupoids can be understood as atlases on certain singular spaces, specifically, differentiable stacks and (by the very definition of stack) two Lie groupoids are Morita equivalent if they give rise to the same differentiable stack.


Computerization and automation of fixture designs are required to lower the cost and lead time of product development in the field of fixture design. Thus, CAFD have been introduced and utilized as an integration of computer aided designs and manufacture (CAD/CAM) [5] . In addition, several artificial intelligence methods have also been introduced which enhances the extent of automation in the CAFD techniques. Several techniques have been utilized in the design of fixtures, namely, CBR, genetic algorithm (GA), rule based expert system, multiagent approach, geometric analysis, machine learning, and others [6] . However, fixture design is still an issue of concern in the present manufacturing field [2] . Thus, it is essential to identify and analyze all the intelligent methods as the main techniques in these areas in terms of their applications, strengths, and working principles based on the criteria of the fixture design. This would create a better understanding of the intelligent approaches as they can be easily compared and evaluated, which would assist in overcoming the current challenges found in CAFD.

Thus, CAFD have been introduced and utilized as an integration of computer aided designs and manufacture (CAD/CAM).

Several techniques have been utilized in the design of fixtures, namely, CBR, genetic algorithm (GA), rule based expert system, multiagent approach, geometric analysis, machine learning, and others.

However, fixture design is still an issue of concern in the present manufacturing field.


In spite of the quantitative successes of renormalized perturbation theory, no nontrivial quantum field theory (QFT) in four spacetime dimensions (4D) has been constructed rigorously. It is sometimes suggested that the Wightman axioms might be too restrictive, but most attempts at relaxing them lead to physically unacceptable consequences. E.g., a violation of causality cannot be exponentially small [14] . Admitting indefinite (physical) Hilbert spaces not only jeopardizes the statistical interpretation of correlations, but it makes statements about convergence of approximations delicate if not meaningless.

E.g., a violation of causality cannot be exponentially small.


GCI implies rationality of all correlation functions [13] . On one side, this is a desired feature since it allows to parameterize each correlation function by the coefficients of a finite set of admitted rational structures. The latter are determined by conformal invariance, and by the unitarity bound on the representations of the conformal group that possibly contribute to operator product expansions (OPE) giving rise to upper bounds on the pole in each pair of variables. The coefficients are then further restricted only by Hilbert space positivity. While the latter is highly nontrivial to control in general, there has been considerable progress at the four-point level [7, 10] .

GCI implies rationality of all correlation functions.

While the latter is highly nontrivial to control in general, there has been considerable progress at the four-point level.


Colorectal cancer is a multi-factorial disease, and its development can be influenced by genetics, diet, inflammation, environment, and other factors [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Unfortunately, the etiology of colorectal cancer remains unclear; thus, barriers exist to develop approaches to prevent and treat the disease [7] [8] [9] . Controlled animal studies are an important approach to understand colorectal cancer biology and to test promising strategies for disease prevention and treatment. As such, an optimal animal model of colorectal cancer should capture the pathological changes, molecular mechanisms, and clinical symptoms presented in the human disease. In addition, the cancer effect should be limited to colon to avoid the confounding effect of cancer in other tissues. Many animal models have been developed for colorectal cancer research, and they have been reviewed in several recent comprehensive reviews [10] [11] [12] . Our laboratory previously generated a transgenic mouse model for colorectal cancer research with large-intestine-specific Cre recombinase (Cre) transgene expression, i.e., the C57BL/6-Tg(Car1-cre)5Flt or CAC mouse [13] . In colon epithelial cells of CAC mice, Cre is expressed in approximately 10 % of the epithelium. Here we report that Cre expression in colon epithelial cells of CAC mice can be increased during dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. In addition, our data suggest that these recombination events induce a persistent effect that can be used to study genes involved in the epithelial response to colitis or in colitis-associated colon cancer.

Colorectal cancer is a multi-factorial disease, and its development can be influenced by genetics, diet, inflammation, environment, and other factors.

Unfortunately, the etiology of colorectal cancer remains unclear; thus, barriers exist to develop approaches to prevent and treat the disease.

Many animal models have been developed for colorectal cancer research, and they have been reviewed in several recent comprehensive reviews.

Our laboratory previously generated a transgenic mouse model for colorectal cancer research with large-intestine-specific Cre recombinase (Cre) transgene expression, i.e., the C57BL/6-Tg(Car1-cre)5Flt or CAC mouse.


Antigen processing and presentation take place by MHC class I and MHC class II pathways. It is clear that development of machine learning methods to predict the epitopes can reduce the number of the high-cost assay needed to identify T-cell epitopes. This prediction is important for vaccine design and immunotherapy for diseases such as cancer [2] .

This prediction is important for vaccine design and immunotherapy for diseases such as cancer.


For machine learning approaches we need to extract features from amino acid sequences. Different computational methods were introduced for this purpose. One of them is Composition-Transition-Distribution (CTD). In this method, in order to apply machine learning method, peptides with different-lengths are mapped to fixed lengths [3] . Another proposed method is k-spectrum kernel. If the similarity between two sequences is high, these sequences have a great k-spectrum kernel value. This means that they have many common k-mer subsequences [4] . In another work, the Local Alignment (LA) kernel was suggested for prediction. In this method, local alignment with gaps is applied to sequences and a score is obtained. This score is used to measure the similarity between these sequences [5] .

In this method, in order to apply machine learning method, peptides with different-lengths are mapped to fixed lengths.

This means that they have many common k-mer subsequences.

This score is used to measure the similarity between these sequences.


Considering demographic characteristics of the perpetrators identified in our sample, participants with adolescent contacts emerged to be a fairly young group. This may have caused the inclusion of several age-appropriate contacts as solicitation. Still, the present study adhered to the age ranges for youth and offenders that were used in previous youth surveys assessing potential victimization (Livingstone et al. 2011; Wachs et al. 2012; Wolak et al. 2006) . Moreover, many offenders emerged to be young adults in prior studies (Finkelhor et al. 2000; Wolak et al. 2006) .

Still, the present study adhered to the age ranges for youth and offenders that were used in previous youth surveys assessing potential victimization.

Moreover, many offenders emerged to be young adults in prior studies.


It is noteworthy that the majority of participants soliciting minors, specifically children, were from the small subsample from pedophiliarelated websites. While we neither assumed all of these participants to have sexual interest in prepubescent children, nor that none of the participants from general websites did, this finding indicated that the subsample from pedophilia-related websites posed a higher risk. Surprisingly, when comparing participants from pedophilia-related websites to those recruited on other websites, there was no increased probability of having multiple victims or achieving sexual outcomes. Nonetheless, as they were recruited in pedophilia-related websites, these participants evidently frequented websites addressing deviant interests. It has been discussed that engaging with deviant Internet content shapes attitudes and behavior (Holt, Blevins, and Burkert 2010; Quayle et al. 2012) . Similarly to off-line offender networks, virtual communities provide access to specialist skills, potential victims, abuse locations, and psychological rewards for deviant behavior (Cockbain, Brayley, and Sullivan 2014; Wortley and Smallbone 2012) . A critical offender-focused prevention may thus be restricting access to such websites (Wortley and Smallbone 2012) .

It has been discussed that engaging with deviant Internet content shapes attitudes and behavior.

Similarly to off-line offender networks, virtual communities provide access to specialist skills, potential victims, abuse locations, and psychological rewards for deviant behavior.

A critical offender-focused prevention may thus be restricting access to such websites.


As expected, application of fungicide resulted in a greater grain weight per panicle due to the decrease in infected spikelets (Table 3) . However, genotypes UFRGS 19 and UFRGS 995036-1 did not respond to treatment with fungicide, possibly because these two genotypes showed variation in the timing of anthesis, which may have lowered the efficiency of the fungicide treatment. Oat plants are known to show uneven anthesis, which starts at the apical spikelet and ends at the basal spikelets of the panicle about 8 to 10 days later (Rajala & Peltonen-Sainio, 2011) . This feature of oat flowering may have introduced a small level of uncontrolled variability in the results for genotypes UFRGS 19 and UFRGS 995036-1. In contrast, genotype UFRGS 995090-2 showed a higher incidence of infected spikelets when treated with fungicide (Table 3) , possibly due to variation in the exposure of anthers of this genotype during flowering. This could have compromised the effectiveness of the fungicide and explain our result with this genotype, although we saw no variation in anther exposure when this genotype was sprayed.

Oat plants are known to show uneven anthesis, which starts at the apical spikelet and ends at the basal spikelets of the panicle about 8 to 10 days later.


In addition, deep understanding about teaching needs to be distilled from reflection. This is a mental process of structuring or restructuring experiences to obtain knowledge or insights (Korthagen, 1999) . A pre-service CFL teacher needs opportunities to reflect on what has occurred when solving problems. Additionally, reflection is essential to develop reflective practitioners (Schön, 1987) . Through reflective thinking, a pre-service CFL teacher may develop an awareness of her/his behaviour and activity in the online synchronous teaching environment, and consequently develop meta-competency, which in this research is defined as knowledge of and about teaching practice (Guichon, 2009) .

This is a mental process of structuring or restructuring experiences to obtain knowledge or insights.

Additionally, reflection is essential to develop reflective practitioners.

Through reflective thinking, a pre-service CFL teacher may develop an awareness of her/his behaviour and activity in the online synchronous teaching environment, and consequently develop meta-competency, which in this research is defined as knowledge of and about teaching practice.


The extent of lipid peroxidation in liver tissue was determined by measuring the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxides (HP). In the present study, significantly elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products such as TBARS and HP were observed in ethanol administered rats, which might be due to excessive formation of free radicals and activation of peroxidation system resulting in hepatic and other cellular damage by ethanol (McCord et al., 2000) . Alcohol consumption is known to cause fatty infiltration and cirrhosis. It enhanced lipid peroxidation produced during the microsomal metabolism of ethanol. The significant decrease in the levels of TBARS and HP in plasma and liver of livomap administered rats might be due to reduced lipid peroxidation and or elevation of the levels of tissue antioxidant defense enzymes. It's well known that, Ayurvedic medicines could reduce the generation of free radicals and increase free radicals scavenging mechanism.

In the present study, significantly elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products such as TBARS and HP were observed in ethanol administered rats, which might be due to excessive formation of free radicals and activation of peroxidation system resulting in hepatic and other cellular damage by ethanol.


In this paper we address the problem of automatic refactoring of actionnoun labels to verb-object labels. A key challenge is the identification of actions and business objects in action-noun labels. As activity labels in process models are only sentence fragments, we use contextual information from neighboring control flow elements instead of standard natural language parsing techniques. The approach has been implemented and evaluated using the SAP Reference Model, a large collection of real-world business process models [10] . The results emphasize the potential of our approach.

The approach has been implemented and evaluated using the SAP Reference Model, a large collection of real-world business process models.


Business process modeling is an integral part of process management in large enterprises. Many of these companies design and maintain up to several thousand models to capture their operations [17] . Nowadays, laymen and casual modelers design a great share of these process models with detrimental consequences for model quality. In this context, there is growing demand for automatic techniques to check and improve the quality of these models.

Many of these companies design and maintain up to several thousand models to capture their operations.


A consistent application of the verb-object style increases understandability of labels [15] . Verb-object labels are verb phrases headed by an infinitive and succeeded by a noun phrase. The verb captures an action and the noun phrase a business object. An action-noun label states the action as a noun, which can often be confused with a business object. We propose to refactor labels of potential ambiguity by analyzing and transforming action-noun labels.

A consistent application of the verb-object style increases understandability of labels.


The low response rate to the questionnaire may have skewed the respondent group, although we are not able to say in what way. The sample pool is seen to be strongly representative of Australians with diabetes, since is it estimated that it includes between 80 and 90% of all people diagnosed with diabetes in Australia [15] . Those not included may be those who manage their diabetes without medication or need for testing; or who choose to buy non-subsidised diabetes products. We noted that a small number of respondents did not identify themselves as having diabetes, despite this being a requirement for membership of the NDSS, which we believe may reflect different 'names' used by both doctors and patients for the condition.

The sample pool is seen to be strongly representative of Australians with diabetes, since is it estimated that it includes between 80 and 90% of all people diagnosed with diabetes in Australia.


Reactions in condensed phase are typically described by the potential energy profile along the reaction coordinate of a double-well character. Therefore, definitions of probabilities or rate constants related to scattering eigenstates are inapplicable. The flux-based approaches involving time-correlation functions are not formally guaranteed to reach a plateau (and do not reach it in one-dimensional models) at long times without inclusion of other degrees of freedom. In the fulldimensional treatment the other "bath" degrees of freedom are responsible for the wavefunction decoherence and for the energy dissipation from the reactive degree of freedom. The plateau behavior of correlation functions is required for a rigorous definition of thermal reaction rate constants. It has been argued, though not formally proven, that already in two degrees of freedom oscillatory behavior of correlation functions is sufficiently damped with time to make the fluxbased approaches work [13] . Of course, high-dimensional models give more realistic representation of reactions in condensed phase but are often impractical. If the coupling of the reaction coordinate to the bath degrees of freedom is weak, or the bath degrees of freedom are not involved in rearrangement of atoms, then a reliable estimate of quantum tunneling probability as a characteristic of the barrier and of the potential energy profile along the reaction coordinate is important in itself. Given that significance of QM tunneling is the highest in the regime of just a few reactant/product eigenstates contributing to reactivity, a simple expression for the QM tunneling probabilities, which can be implemented by solving the time-independent Schrodinger equation, is useful. In the time domain, treating a chemical reaction as an event proceeding from reactants to products, rather than the transition state flux, can be useful as well, especially if the potential depends on time, for example, mimicking the effect of substrate motion in reactions on surfaces [14] .

It has been argued, though not formally proven, that already in two degrees of freedom oscillatory behavior of correlation functions is sufficiently damped with time to make the fluxbased approaches work.

In the time domain, treating a chemical reaction as an event proceeding from reactants to products, rather than the transition state flux, can be useful as well, especially if the potential depends on time, for example, mimicking the effect of substrate motion in reactions on surfaces.


Most of the studies reported on tracking techniques are based on a single acquisition point and so, either a line or an area had to be scanned, addressing a number of predefined positions sequentially. Basically, it was developed on the concept of a conventional step mode similar to the one performed on non rotating targets. The use of tracking techniques was developed to measure vibrations of rotating bladed discs. Three techniques: (i) Point Tracking, (ii) LineScan Tracking and (iii) AreaScan Tracking, respectively, were devised to perform such measurements and all of them have been packaged as a software platform called Caiser Mymesis [17] . The success of tracking measurements using SLDV methods depends on some fundamental contributions: the scanner is embedded into the laser head and the synchronization of the laser spot with the rotating target by means of tachometers, which output the angular position in the form of electrical signals readable by an electronic card.

Three techniques: (i) Point Tracking, (ii) LineScan Tracking and (iii) AreaScan Tracking, respectively, were devised to perform such measurements and all of them have been packaged as a software platform called Caiser Mymesis.


In the last decade, the recent development of an Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) as a non-invasive sensing tool for soils or man-made structures has opened opportunities to provide more structural information and quantitative dielectric characteristics [1] [2] [3] . As our applications are mainly concerned with civil engineering to perform supervision, inventory, and soil characterization, improvements are needed in resolution and depth penetration. In general, a GPR system is composed of a pair of antennas (bistatic system), one for transmission and the other one for reception, that are moved linearly above the soil surface to scan non-destructively the sub-surface. In this study, a stepped-frequency continuous wave (SFCW) radar, working from 460 MHz to beyond 4 GHz in air and operating very close (a few cm) to the ground surface has been designed. As compared to air-coupled radar that suffers from a significant reflection at the ground interface, ground-coupled radar increases energy transfer of electromagnetic radiation in the sub-surface and penetration depth. On a common soil (ε s = 5.5; σ s = 0.01 S · m −1 ), we hope that the lower frequency is close to 250 MHz. The major key component in the present GPR system is the antenna geometry and its radiation characteristics; it has to operate in an UWB, show a compact size to be used easily on sites, and shall not have a late-time ringing phenomenon in its time response that will cause the deterioration in the down range resolution of the system.

In the last decade, the recent development of an Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) as a non-invasive sensing tool for soils or man-made structures has opened opportunities to provide more structural information and quantitative dielectric characteristics.


It was also argued that there is a compromise between the linear computational efficiency model and non-linear computational complex model when MP based algorithm was applied for the trajectory planning and control [15] . The linear simplified model is usually utilised as the high level path planner for the long prediction horizon, while the non-linear complex model is implemented as the low level path follower or trajectory tracking controller for the short prediction horizon. For example, a path planner chose a group of predefined paths from the lookup table in the high level and a 6-DOF non-linear bicycle model was applied for the trajectory tracking in the low level [16] . Similarly, a point-mass vehicle model was used to model the non-linear MP path planner and a more detailed vehicle dynamics model was applied for the trajectory tracking controller [17] . Few of the studies in the literature have considered integrating the trajectory planner and trajectory controller together based on MP algorithm. The computational efficiency can be improved due to the simplified and integrated control structure.

It was also argued that there is a compromise between the linear computational efficiency model and non-linear computational complex model when MP based algorithm was applied for the trajectory planning and control.

For example, a path planner chose a group of predefined paths from the lookup table in the high level and a 6-DOF non-linear bicycle model was applied for the trajectory tracking in the low level.

Similarly, a point-mass vehicle model was used to model the non-linear MP path planner and a more detailed vehicle dynamics model was applied for the trajectory tracking controller.


Regarding the VNet design there are mainly two types of works in the literature. The first one is on routing the services in a VNet according to quality of service or availability requirements [9, 10] . It is assumed that the VNet is already existing and mapped onto the physical substrate. However, in this paper we deal with the problem of designing a new VNet for a VNO according to the given requirements. Unlike the overlay or VPN services where the customer needs to pay only per usage, a VNO would need to pay for the setup and maintenance of its VNet. Therefore, it is very important from the beginning to design a cost-efficient VNet, which can offer the required service quality.

The first one is on routing the services in a VNet according to quality of service or availability requirements.


A PIP is the owner of the physical infrastructure, which can be e.g. a transport network, wireless access network, IT resources like processing or storage units or any combination of them. The PIP is in the position to monitor all of its physical and virtual resources and has the knowledge of the usage and physical location of its virtual resources. Given a PIP with existing resources, its incentive would be optimizing the utilization of its resources to maximize its revenue according to a chosen strategy, e.g. minimizing the used capacity or load balancing, by allocating the virtual resources accordingly. In this paper we focus on the PIPs owning transport networks and IT resources. In the remainder of the paper, if there is a need for distinguishing, the PIPs owning only network resources will be called nPIPs and the ones having only DC or a combination of both will be called dcPIPs. A VNO can operate one or several VNets, which are mapped onto the physical infrastructure of possibly one or more PIPs. A VNet can consist of both virtual network and IT resources. The interfaces and information sharing between the VNO and the PIP would depend on their internal business models and the contract between them [2] . Without loss of generality, we assume that for the VNet setup the available virtual resources of the PIPs are advertised to the VNO. The VNO can negotiate with various PIPs and compute an optimal VNet according to its specific needs. These can be e.g. either minimizing the cost of the VNet or optimizing the VNet design to provide minimum latency for the running services.

The interfaces and information sharing between the VNO and the PIP would depend on their internal business models and the contract between them.


There is a high prevalence of extraction errors. This might cause relevant bias in effect estimates [8, [15] [16] [17] . However, there are only a few studies on the influence of different data extraction methods, reviewer characteristics and reviewer training on data extraction quality. Thus, the evidence base for the established standards of data extraction seems sparse because the actual benefit of a certain extraction method (e.g. independent data extraction) or the composition of extraction team (e.g. experience) is not sufficiently proven. This is surprising given that data extraction is a very crucial step in conducting a systematic review. More comparative studies are needed to get deeper insights into the influence of different extraction methods. In particular, studies investigating training for data extraction are needed because there is no such analysis, to date. Similar studies were recently published for risk of bias assessment [28] . The application of methods that require less effort without threating the internal validity would result in a more efficient utilization of scientific manpower. Increasing the knowledge base would also help to design effective training strategies for new reviewers and students in the future.

This might cause relevant bias in effect estimates.

Similar studies were recently published for risk of bias assessment.


Comparison of different methods used to evaluate the growth of E. huxleyi-Growth of E. huxleyi in f/2 medium was evaluated from the concentrations of Chl a and from the cell numbers. The two parameters gave very close correlation (correlation coefficient Ն 0.99) during the exponential phase, suggesting that either method was acceptable. Repeated experiments showed that the exponential growth phase started normally after 3-4 days of incubation and was maintained for 3-4 days, after which the stationary phase occurred. The results were similar to those obtained previously for the same algae and medium (Plavsic et al. 1997) .

The results were similar to those obtained previously for the same algae and medium.


Variation of the N/P concentrations in the medium during the growth of E. huxleyi-The N and P concentrations were measured in the culture medium (filtrate of a control culture) on the first day of the incubations (before growth was initiated), on day 7 (at the beginning of the exponential phase), and on day 11 (end of the exponential phase). These concentrations decreased significantly with culture age (Table  1) : from 174 to 101 M N and from 7.61 to 0.18 M P. The low final P concentration suggests that the yield of the culture was controlled by P limitation. The initial N/P ratio in the medium was 23. In the cells, the N/P ratio was nearly constant during the incubation period, at 8.7 in the beginning and 9.8 at the end of the exponential phase. The amount of N taken up per cell at the end of the exponential phase (0.45 pmol N cell Ϫ1 ) was similar to that taken up per cell (0.44 pmol cell Ϫ1 , determined by elemental analyzer) by an E. huxleyi culture in ''normal'' f/2 medium, suggesting that the cultures did not become N limited. Nevertheless, the N/P ratio in these E. huxleyi cultures was lower than a more normal ratio of 16 for marine phytoplankton (Sunda 1995) .

Nevertheless, the N/P ratio in these E. huxleyi cultures was lower than a more normal ratio of 16 for marine phytoplankton.


Comparative cultures with and without 0.01 M HEPPS buffer (pH 8) showed (Fig. 2a) that growth was higher (almost 10-fold) in the absence of the buffer. Apparently, buffer with this pH can have a deleterious effect, in agreement with previous work suggesting that a buffer of similar pH (HE-PES) can affect algae by increasing copper toxicity, albeit that that work was carried out at very high copper concentrations (Lage et al. 1996) . The pH of the E. huxleyi cultures without pH buffer did not vary significantly over the course of the experiments, presumably because of the simultaneous production of organic matter and calcite coccoliths, so the subsequent culture media did not include a pH buffer.

Apparently, buffer with this pH can have a deleterious effect, in agreement with previous work suggesting that a buffer of similar pH (HE-PES) can affect algae by increasing copper toxicity, albeit that that work was carried out at very high copper concentrations.


The growth of E. huxleyi in N/P-enriched seawater was slower than that in f/2 medium. The exponential phase started after 6-7 d of incubation, was maintained for 5-6 d, and then decreased. The growth trend was similar to that in f/2 medium, but the growth was delayed by 3 d. Furthermore, the final yield was much less, approximately 10% of that achieved in the f/2 medium, and the final cell numbers (up to about 2 ϫ 10 5 cells ml Ϫ1 ) were similar to those found in a natural bloom of E. huxleyi (van der Wal et al. 1995) . In view of a low final P concentration, these cultures may have ultimately become P limited. The slower growth may have been due to factors other than copper, in view of the absence of EDTA and vitamins.

The growth trend was similar to that in f/2 medium, but the growth was delayed by 3 d. Furthermore, the final yield was much less, approximately 10% of that achieved in the f/2 medium, and the final cell numbers (up to about 2 ϫ 10 5 cells ml Ϫ1 ) were similar to those found in a natural bloom of E. huxleyi.


Furthermore, the aqueous extracts of S. chrysanthemoids are used in the folk medicine as antipyretic and calmative (Qureshi et al., 2007) . The results of antioxidant activity of S. chrysanthemoids were found to correlate with total phenols (Table 2) . However, higher IC 50 values in the DPPH assay could be due to the slow rate of reaction of the antioxidants contained by the extracts (Table 1) . In several studies, it has been demonstrated that cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) catalysis the synthesis of prostaglandins which mediates fever. The role of antioxidants to control the activity of COX-2 is also well established (Jiang et al., 2000) . Therefore, the traditional use of S. chrysanthemoids in fever can be attributed to its antioxidant activity.

Furthermore, the aqueous extracts of S. chrysanthemoids are used in the folk medicine as antipyretic and calmative.

The role of antioxidants to control the activity of COX-2 is also well established.


Cellular damage caused by the free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) now appears to be the fundamental mechanism involved in a number of human neurodegenerative disorder, inflammation, diabetes, viral infections, digestive system disorders and autoimmune pathologies (Atawodi, 2005) . In living systems, free radicals are generated through normal metabolism of drugs, environmental chemicals and other xenobiotics as well as endogenous chemicals, especially stress hormones (adrenalin and noradrenalin) (Sini et al., 2010) . ROS can be scavenged through chemoprevention utilizing natural antioxidant compounds present in medicinal plants. Natural antioxidants such as phenolic compounds, are gaining importance due to their benefits for human health, decreasing the risk of degenerative diseases by reduction of oxidative stress and inhibition of macromolecular oxidation (Silva et al., 2004; Pulido et al., 2000; Tseng et al., 1997) .

Cellular damage caused by the free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) now appears to be the fundamental mechanism involved in a number of human neurodegenerative disorder, inflammation, diabetes, viral infections, digestive system disorders and autoimmune pathologies.

In living systems, free radicals are generated through normal metabolism of drugs, environmental chemicals and other xenobiotics as well as endogenous chemicals, especially stress hormones (adrenalin and noradrenalin).

Natural antioxidants such as phenolic compounds, are gaining importance due to their benefits for human health, decreasing the risk of degenerative diseases by reduction of oxidative stress and inhibition of macromolecular oxidation.


Since our algorithms were developed and validated using the MarketScan Medicare Supplemental and Coordination of Benefit database, they may not be applicable to other claims databases. The MarketScan database has unique characteristics. It is a collection of coordination of benefits claims, which means that if a service claim was paid completely by Medicare, it may not be in the Coordination of Benefit database. This scenario is likely to happen with Medicare qualified skilled nursing facility stays since Medicare covers full cost for the first 20 days. In addition, the subjects in this study cohort may be different from the general elderly Medicare population. They are, on average, likely to be younger and have better income, education, and health [5] .

They are, on average, likely to be younger and have better income, education, and health.


The measured DC I-V output and transfer characteristics of the AlGaN/GaN HEMT are shown in Figs. 5(a) and 5(b), respectively. It shows almost saturated drain currents reaching more than 320 mA/ mm at U GS = 2 V when normalized to the transistor gate width of 2 × 100 µm. A tiny decline seen in the output characteristics at higher gate voltages is caused by the heating effects which disappears in pulsed I-V characteristics [14] . The pinch-off voltage was measured at around -3.2 V and that was the similar value found from the C-V characteristics of the Schottky diodes (see also Fig. 4(a) ). The leakage currents dependence on drain voltage was expected after the discussion about the performance of Schottky diodes (see the text above). The HEMT transconductance was found to be more than g m = 100 mS/ mm at used bias of U GS = 0 V and U DS = 6.0 V. The performance of the fabricated 2.5 μm gate length HEMTs was still up to three times worse in comparison to the HEMTs fabricated using more advanced submicron photolithography or nanolithography procedures [10, [14] [15] .

A tiny decline seen in the output characteristics at higher gate voltages is caused by the heating effects which disappears in pulsed I-V characteristics.

The HEMT transconductance was found to be more than g m = 100 mS/ mm at used bias of U GS = 0 V and U DS = 6.0 V. The performance of the fabricated 2.5 μm gate length HEMTs was still up to three times worse in comparison to the HEMTs fabricated using more advanced submicron photolithography or nanolithography procedures.


Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability [1] . A significant proportion of strokes are caused by thromboembolic occlusion of major intracerebral vessels such as the middle cerebral artery (MCA). The complex cellular and molecular processes underlying the development of ischemic brain lesions are incompletely understood [2, 3] . This also applies to the situations in which extended and clinically severe strokes evolve despite ''favorable'' removal of the vessel occluding clot either spontaneously or by thrombolysis giving rise to reperfusion [4, 5] .

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability.

The complex cellular and molecular processes underlying the development of ischemic brain lesions are incompletely understood.

This also applies to the situations in which extended and clinically severe strokes evolve despite ''favorable'' removal of the vessel occluding clot either spontaneously or by thrombolysis giving rise to reperfusion.


To improve performance on sparse data we introduce a hierarchical prior on alignment values, parameterized by both marker and dyad (speaker/replier pair). In doing so, we introduce an assumption that, unless the data argues strongly otherwise, dyads are likely to have similar alignment behaviors on a given marker. This leads to more accurate estimates of marker frequency and alignment in sparse data dyads, since they are influenced by the alignment found in the dataset as a whole. This kind of hierarchical regularization has proven extremely valuable in a wide variety of applications [18] .

This kind of hierarchical regularization has proven extremely valuable in a wide variety of applications.


The erection process of elastic grid shells induces thus that the double curved shape corresponds to a pre-stressed state of the structure which is expected to decrease its performance. It has already been pointed out that, much like continuous shells, grid shells are particularly sensitive to buckling [6] . It is known that increasing the curvature of an arch or a shell increases its buckling capacity [7] . However, increasing the curvature of the elements in an elastic grid shell also means increasing the initial bending moment and compression forces in the structure, which has a negative effect on the buckling load. No simple calculation allows the comparison of these competing effects of the deformation of an initial geometry.

It has already been pointed out that, much like continuous shells, grid shells are particularly sensitive to buckling.

It is known that increasing the curvature of an arch or a shell increases its buckling capacity.


Numerical methods are the preferred tool to quantify the stability of grid shells [6] , [8] . This work puts emphasis on the use of finite element analysis, and more specifically of the linearized buckling analysis with the software ADINA. The approach chosen is to conduct a parametric study for a unique grid topology (an initially flat circular grid) with different levels of pre-stress and grid density. This choice of geometry is natural, because the dome typology is a common feature of architecture. Moreover, it has much symmetry that decreases the number of parameters to take into account. The problem is expressed in a dimensionless form, and the non-dimensional buckling capacity of the pre-stressed structure and unstressed structure are compared. The values of the parameters are chosen after study of existing designs in order to have reasonable values.

Numerical methods are the preferred tool to quantify the stability of grid shells.


The general problem that inspired radio labeling is what has been known as the channel assignment problem: the goal is to assign radio channels in a way so as to avoid interference between radio transmitters that are geographically close. The problem was first put into a graph theoretic context by Hale [2] , [4] . The approach is to model the location of the transmitters via a graph with the transmitters corresponding to the vertices of the graph. Labels corresponding to the frequencies are assigned to the vertices so that vertices that are close to each other in the graph receive labels with large absolute difference. Exactly how large this absolute difference is varies in different models giving rise to several different kinds of labelings that are collectively known as k-radio labelings.

The problem was first put into a graph theoretic context by Hale.


The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimated there will be 2240 new cases of male breast cancer (MBC) in the United States in 2013, and ~410 males will die from this disease [1] . The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry has recorded 5494 cases of MBC between 1973 through 2005, with a median age at diagnosis of ~67 years, and an age-specific incidence rate demonstrating a single peak age at ~75 years [2] . Male breast cancers are typically diagnosed with greater tumor size, more frequent lymphatic involvement, and advanced tumor stage compared to females, which is at least in part the result of no defined screening programs for at-risk males and almost no public education on this topic [2] [3] . Given the rarity of MBC, large-scale familial, genetic, and environmental epidemiologic studies have proven difficult to conduct. This paper critically examines the existing literature on male populations at high risk for breast cancer, and provides specific screening recommendations for these populations.

The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimated there will be 2240 new cases of male breast cancer (MBC) in the United States in 2013, and ~410 males will die from this disease.

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry has recorded 5494 cases of MBC between 1973 through 2005, with a median age at diagnosis of ~67 years, and an age-specific incidence rate demonstrating a single peak age at ~75 years.

Male breast cancers are typically diagnosed with greater tumor size, more frequent lymphatic involvement, and advanced tumor stage compared to females, which is at least in part the result of no defined screening programs for at-risk males and almost no public education on this topic.


In spite of this limitation, the multi-scale model presents an advantage over Darcy-scale models, which rely on the cubic law to solve for flow in the fracture. This 2D simplification has already shown to produce results that diverged from those of a 3D pore-scale model when local inhomogeneities appeared during fracture evolution (Starchenko et al. 2016) . Here, similar discrepancies were observed between the multi-scale and a reduced-dimension model (Deng et al. 2016) . In a domain such as the Duperow fracture experiment, characterized by a preferential flow path, the multi-scale model-more specifically, its pore-scale componentprovided a sharper velocity contrast and sharper concentration results.

This 2D simplification has already shown to produce results that diverged from those of a 3D pore-scale model when local inhomogeneities appeared during fracture evolution.

Here, similar discrepancies were observed between the multi-scale and a reduced-dimension model.


Technical solutions applied at the plot level are used to reach these two objectives. The production period can be prolonged by increasing the number of lettuce cycles per year (Navarrete et al., 2003) . Solarisation, i.e. heating up the soil by exposing to sunlight a wet soil covered with plastic mulch for about 2 months, can be used as a chemical-free method to disinfect the soil, thereby reducing the risks associated with chemical residues (Stapleton, 2000) . However, the farmers in a major production basin such as the Roussillon area, studied here in 1999 and 2000, have not always adopted these practices. The survey showed that only a third of the farms were producing lettuce for 8 months of the year and 40% had adopted solarisation.

The production period can be prolonged by increasing the number of lettuce cycles per year.

Solarisation, i.e. heating up the soil by exposing to sunlight a wet soil covered with plastic mulch for about 2 months, can be used as a chemical-free method to disinfect the soil, thereby reducing the risks associated with chemical residues.


Our examples are also examples of local (1 + ε)-quasiminimizers which are not quasiminimizers, showing that being a quasiminimizer is not a local property. We show that this is not surprising and that there are plenty of such examples. As far as we know there is only one explicit example in the literature in this direction, due to Judin [14] .

As far as we know there is only one explicit example in the literature in this direction, due to Judin.


Nowadays the semiconductor photocatalysis has attracted attention of numerous researchers for removal of hazardous and toxic materials, and pollutions such as dyes and organic compounds from environment [1] . In photocatalytic activities, when a semiconductor exposes to the proper light sources which their energy is equal to or greater than the energy band gap of the semiconductor material, the electronehole pairs are produced. These pairs participate in various oxidationereduction reactions and generated strong oxidizers like hydroxyl radical (OH*) and anions such as superoxide (O 2À ) which are responsible for the mineralization of the toxic inorganic compounds [2] . The preparation of suitable light sources with proper efficiency and time-responding, generally have been one of the necessities for photocatalytic studies. Fluorescent UV lamps (such as black lights and germicidal UV lamps), mercury arc lamps, and etc. are the most commonly used as light sources. A Fluorescent UV lamp consists of two alkaline-tungsten electrodes at either end of the cylindrical thin bubble of glass or quartz that is filled by a noble gas like argon and a very small amount of mercury. Some drawbacks of these lamps are their fragility, danger of explosion for their high pressures and working temperatures, their inner gas leakage, and their problems after lamp failure in eliminating the risks associated with mercury hazardous and toxic substances. Furthermore, the life span of these lamps is about 500e2000 h, and they work at high temperatures, so the heat dissipation during the reaction consumes a lot of energy.

Nowadays the semiconductor photocatalysis has attracted attention of numerous researchers for removal of hazardous and toxic materials, and pollutions such as dyes and organic compounds from environment.

These pairs participate in various oxidationereduction reactions and generated strong oxidizers like hydroxyl radical (OH*) and anions such as superoxide (O 2À ) which are responsible for the mineralization of the toxic inorganic compounds.


Beside the industry efforts, this issue also draws attention to academic field. Some researchers have been looking at the online visualization tools [36] . Others focus on visual and perceptual level, assessing quality, clarity, visual salience and perceptual attention [26] . It has also been found that the more appealing and interesting the product display is, the higher the purchase intentions [30] . However, despite the great variations in clothing presentation, only few researchers have looked at content quality from product presentation perspective, and its connection with shopping attitude and emotions. So far, related work are still extremely limited. Most of them are based on small user group experiments and are often not targeted for fashion area.

Some researchers have been looking at the online visualization tools.

Others focus on visual and perceptual level, assessing quality, clarity, visual salience and perceptual attention.

It has also been found that the more appealing and interesting the product display is, the higher the purchase intentions.


However, from the comparison of the gasification behaviors of chars under different reaction conditions, the question may be raised as to why much larger differences between the reactivities of chars from the parent coals and from the respective acid treated ones were obtained in the flow reactor with steam stream at atmospheric pressure as compared to those in the autoclave reactor under high pressure of gaseous products. One reason could be caused by different forms of calcium species produced in different reactors and this can be interpreted in terms of a calcium carbonate-calcium oxide cycle mechanism [8] . Under reaction conditions at 700˚C, a mobile thermodynamic equilibrium between these calcium species is strongly controlled by CO 2 pressure. Therefore at the atmospheric pressure in a tubular reactor with the steam in nitrogen flow where the gaseous products were removed continuously, calcium oxide was probably the predominant species that effectively catalysed reaction. On the other hand, calcium carbonate (which are probably catalytically less active as compared to calcium oxide) predominanted during the gasification in the autoclave under high pressure of CO 2 . Apart from this, the gaseous products CO 2 , H 2 and CH 4 accumulated in the autoclave may inhibit steam gasification due to stronger adsorption and lower specific reactivity [11, 39] .

One reason could be caused by different forms of calcium species produced in different reactors and this can be interpreted in terms of a calcium carbonate-calcium oxide cycle mechanism.

Apart from this, the gaseous products CO 2 , H 2 and CH 4 accumulated in the autoclave may inhibit steam gasification due to stronger adsorption and lower specific reactivity.


Surfing is a high skill demand sport that requires a considerable amount of time in a variety of ocean conditions to help develop the fundamental techniques. It has been reported that recreational and competitive surfers spend as much as 6.6 ± 4.4 and 12.3 ± 2.8 hours of surfing per week, respectively [20] . In comparison, resistance training has been reported as total durations of 1.5 ± 2.7 and 0.5 ± 0.6 hours per week for recreational and competitive surfers, respectively [20] . With this in mind, resistance training does not appear to be a priority within the surfing community, as more time is spent in the water to improve surfing ability. Anecdotally, surf coaches and adolescent surfers believe spending more time surfing, in the absence of resistance training, is a sufficient stimulus to maintain physical capabilities. Due to the inconsistency of the environment, the priority of the athlete is to surf when the conditions are favourable and resistance train when the conditions are poor [6] . This surf mantra might make it challenging for surfing athletes to be consistent with a periodised resistance-training program because they are busy chasing favourable surfing conditions. Currently, there are no research published on the effects of detraining on strength, power, and sensorimotor abilities in competitive surfing athletes. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate adaptations from resistance training, and then cease training to determine whether surfing in the absence of resistance training is a sufficient stimulus to maintain physical characteristics.

It has been reported that recreational and competitive surfers spend as much as 6.6 ± 4.4 and 12.3 ± 2.8 hours of surfing per week, respectively.

In comparison, resistance training has been reported as total durations of 1.5 ± 2.7 and 0.5 ± 0.6 hours per week for recreational and competitive surfers, respectively.

Due to the inconsistency of the environment, the priority of the athlete is to surf when the conditions are favourable and resistance train when the conditions are poor.


In light of these findings, adolescent surfers experienced a reversal effect when resistance training was discontinued for four weeks. These results demonstrate that surfing, in the absence of resistance training, is not a potent enough stimulus to maintain performance parameters. The results of this study will increase awareness within the surfing community of the deleterious impact of detraining on strength, power, and sensorimotor ability. Competitive adolescent surfers with a relatively low training age should strive to maintain consistent resistance training in conjunction with surf training to avoid the negative decrements in power, strength, and sensorimotor ability, as these are likely to reduce physical capabilities. Therefore, by continuing resistant training in adolescent surfers, training age increases and continued gains in strength, power, and sensorimotor abilities can be continued and therefore more likely to be able to contribute to increased performance during surfing or decreased injury risk and ability to tolerate surfing training loads. Regarding the safety and recommendations for resistance training progressions, junior surfing athletes should seek a qualified strength and conditioning coach and refer to the Strength Training for Young Athletes book for appropriate training intensity, volume and correct exercise technique [19] .

Regarding the safety and recommendations for resistance training progressions, junior surfing athletes should seek a qualified strength and conditioning coach and refer to the Strength Training for Young Athletes book for appropriate training intensity, volume and correct exercise technique.


Although surfing is performed in a dynamic environment, the surfer is relatively stable as the speed of the board increases [25] . In response to sensorimotor ability [TTS during drop and stick] following four weeks of detraining, the athletes took significantly [p=0.004] longer to stabilize from a drop landing. However, relative peak landing force was not significantly [p>0.05] altered. Interestingly, strength performance significantly decreased with an associated increase in TTS, however, athletes were able to maintain relative peak landing force.

Although surfing is performed in a dynamic environment, the surfer is relatively stable as the speed of the board increases.


We have developed an algorithm which provides a flexible new approach to measuring engagement in outpatient HIV care. It is, to our knowledge, the first measure that adapts to the changing treatment and health status of the patient, reflecting the reality described to us by physicians and giving it strong face validity [6] . The EIC algorithm can also be easily modified at a clinic level and/or over time to reflect changes in service delivery or treatment criteria, or when comparing EIC across different sites with different monitoring frequencies.

It is, to our knowledge, the first measure that adapts to the changing treatment and health status of the patient, reflecting the reality described to us by physicians and giving it strong face validity.


In this paper, we show that there exists a discrete version of nonlinear d'Alembert formula for discrete PS surfaces: Decomposing the discrete extended frame F by loop group decompositions (Birkhoff decompositions), that is F = F + F − and F = G − G + , the discrete extended frame F induces a pair of discrete potentials (ξ + , ξ − ) with ξ + = F −1 + (n, m)F + (n + 1, m) and ξ − = G −1 − (n, m)G − (n, m + 1). It will be shown that ξ + and ξ − depend only on n ∈ Z and m ∈ Z, respectively, see Theorem 2.1. Conversely using the loop group decomposition and a pair of ordinary difference equations F + (n+1) = F + (n)ξ + (n) and G − (m+1) = G − (m)ξ − (m), one has the discrete extended frame F of the original discrete PS surface, see Theorem 2.2. Finally derivative of the discrete extended Frame reproduces the original discrete PS surface. We call this construction a nonlinear d'Alembert formula for discrete PS surfaces. Moreover using the nonlinear d'Alembert formula, we consider two examples of discrete PS surfaces in detail. It is interesting that difference equations obtained by these examples (see equations (3.2) and (3.10) ) are the same difference equations obtained by previous works [19, 13] . This paper is organized as follows: In Section 1, basic results about smooth/discrete PS surfaces will be recalled. In particular we will recall the nonlinear d'Alembert formula for smooth PS surfaces in Theorem 1.3. In Section 2, we will give a nonlinear d'Alembert formula for discrete PS surfaces using loop group decompositions. Theorems 2.1 and 2.2 are the main results of this paper. In Section 3, two examples of discrete PS surfaces are discussed in detail. In Appendix A, we will discuss a relation between a smooth/discrete flow of constant torsion space curves and a smooth/discrete PS surface in E 3 .

It is interesting that difference equations obtained by these examples (see equations (3.2) and (3.10) ) are the same difference equations obtained by previous works.


Other than symptom change, a benefit of the VTP was that none of the veterans dropped out of treatment. This finding is important since dropout is typically high in studies of group treatments for people with PTSS (Sloan et al., 2013) . To increase retention, a retreat-style group was used, increasing convenience for veterans compared to weekly meetings and recreating the military cohesion lost following military separation. While it is unknown what facilitated 100% treatment completion, the lack of dropout is cause for optimism regarding retreat-style group interventions.

This finding is important since dropout is typically high in studies of group treatments for people with PTSS.


Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an essential mechanism through which many types of chemotherapeutic agents inhibit tumor growth [24, 25] . As shown in Figure 2 (a), cell population with annexin V positive and PI negative are considered as an early apoptotic population, whereas a cell population with both annexin V and PI positive is considered as a late apoptotic/necrotic population [26] . Our results firstly demonstrate that LC induces both early and late apoptosis in H460 cells in dose-dependent manner. In addition, cells undergoing apoptosis may lead to characteristic morphological changes, such as cell shrinkage, ruling, and chromatin condensation [27, 28] . So Hoechst 33342/PI double staining was used to identify the morphological changes in apoptotic nuclei. As shown in Figure 2(b) , the nuclei of cells treated with LC was darkly stained, and thus fluoresced brightly, indicating the condensation of chromatin.

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an essential mechanism through which many types of chemotherapeutic agents inhibit tumor growth.

As shown in Figure 2 (a), cell population with annexin V positive and PI negative are considered as an early apoptotic population, whereas a cell population with both annexin V and PI positive is considered as a late apoptotic/necrotic population.

In addition, cells undergoing apoptosis may lead to characteristic morphological changes, such as cell shrinkage, ruling, and chromatin condensation.


As the integration of global economy, maritime transport, communication and tourism are booming, maritime search and rescue and related problems have become the focus of governments and economic entities [1] . Nowadays the rapid development of business, the terrestrial environment deteriorating, and the scarcity of resources are difficult problems. The vast ocean and its rich species have become the key to sustainable economic development. However,the frequent occurrence of marine disasters and a variety of marine disasters caused by inadequate management or training have become an urgent problem [3] . The highoccurrence shipwreck not only brings countless property loss and personal injury, but also causes serious pollution of the marine environment. In recent years, the global shipwrecks are too numerous to mention. In 2000, there was a major shipwreck in Lusi fishery of Jiangsu province.When No. 03127 fishing boat was at berth, it was sunk in a fishing boat form Zhejiang, besides 3 rescuedpeople, 9 people were missing in 12 people [4] . Accidents at sea can cause the immeasurable loss, which highlights the importance of maritime rescue [5] . The efficiency of maritime search and rescue has a very important role. The property and the life security are closely related to the benefits of the broad masses, every action of maritime search and rescue will affect the nerves of masses [6] .

As the integration of global economy, maritime transport, communication and tourism are booming, maritime search and rescue and related problems have become the focus of governments and economic entities.

However,the frequent occurrence of marine disasters and a variety of marine disasters caused by inadequate management or training have become an urgent problem.

When No. 03127 fishing boat was at berth, it was sunk in a fishing boat form Zhejiang, besides 3 rescuedpeople, 9 people were missing in 12 people.

Accidents at sea can cause the immeasurable loss, which highlights the importance of maritime rescue.

The property and the life security are closely related to the benefits of the broad masses, every action of maritime search and rescue will affect the nerves of masses.


The sunspot numbers are the major targets which describes the solar activity level. The solar activity influences the human health and living environment on earth. Long-term prediction of sunspot activity can provide important reference information for aerospace, communication, disaster prevention, and so on [1] . Therefore, the research of sunspot number time-series prediction method has been an important and hot topic in this field [2] . The data of annual and monthly sunspot activity is considered as typical nonlinear, non-Gaussian, and nonstationary time series, which has obvious characteristics of chaotic sequences [3, 4] . The accurate prediction of sunspot numbers has great research significance [5, 6] . It is difficult to predict using the traditional method and the accuracy is not high.

Long-term prediction of sunspot activity can provide important reference information for aerospace, communication, disaster prevention, and so on.

Therefore, the research of sunspot number time-series prediction method has been an important and hot topic in this field.

The data of annual and monthly sunspot activity is considered as typical nonlinear, non-Gaussian, and nonstationary time series, which has obvious characteristics of chaotic sequences.

The accurate prediction of sunspot numbers has great research significance.


Chemically modified CDs (i.e., hydroxypropyl-, methyl-, carboxymethyl-CDs) are of importance in terms of their high water solubility when compared to native CDs [7, 8] . CDs are used as molecular encapsulation agents since they can form inclusion complexes with variety of hydrophobic compounds (drugs, essential oils, organic compounds, food and cosmetic additives, etc.) [6] [7] [8] . The cyclodextrin inclusion complexation facilitates the high thermal stability for volatile compounds and enhances the water solubility of the hydrophobic guest molecules [6] [7] [8] .

Chemically modified CDs (i.e., hydroxypropyl-, methyl-, carboxymethyl-CDs) are of importance in terms of their high water solubility when compared to native CDs.

CDs are used as molecular encapsulation agents since they can form inclusion complexes with variety of hydrophobic compounds (drugs, essential oils, organic compounds, food and cosmetic additives, etc.).

The cyclodextrin inclusion complexation facilitates the high thermal stability for volatile compounds and enhances the water solubility of the hydrophobic guest molecules.


In general, electrospinning involves polymeric solutions in which active agents like food additives, drugs, etc., can be incorporated into polymeric nanofibrous matrix [3, 4] . Nevertheless, we have shown that electrospun polymeric nanofibrous matrices are sometimes not very effective to preserve the volatile additives [9] [10] [11] [12] . Therefore, in our recent studies, cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (CD-ICs) of many volatile/hydrophobic compounds were incorporated into electrospun polymeric nanofibers previously to overcome the volatility and stability problems associated with these active agents [9] [10] [11] [12] .

In general, electrospinning involves polymeric solutions in which active agents like food additives, drugs, etc., can be incorporated into polymeric nanofibrous matrix.

Nevertheless, we have shown that electrospun polymeric nanofibrous matrices are sometimes not very effective to preserve the volatile additives.

Therefore, in our recent studies, cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (CD-ICs) of many volatile/hydrophobic compounds were incorporated into electrospun polymeric nanofibers previously to overcome the volatility and stability problems associated with these active agents.