Stress vs. time in the reference case is shown in Figure 7a . Tensile stresses are positive in Figure 7a . Thus, an increase in stress means that the stress in cement becomes less compressive (if it was compressive before injection) or more tensile (if it was close to zero). At the maximum drop in temperature (25 h after the beginning of the simulation), the radial stress at the casing-cement interface has increased by 1.8 MPa with regard to the initial stress. If the initial stresses are close to zero, this radial stress is most likely to induce debonding at the interface since tensile strength of cement-steel interfaces is below 1-2 MPa (Dusseault et al., 2000) . Tensile strength may even be as low as zero, e.g. if oil-based mud was in the hole when the casing was run in, and the mud film was not properly removed from casing's outer surface before pumping cement.

If the initial stresses are close to zero, this radial stress is most likely to induce debonding at the interface since tensile strength of cement-steel interfaces is below 1-2 MPa.


Another cooling-related issue in CO 2 storage resevoirs are thermal stresses in the rock itself (Søreide et al., 2014; Holt et al., 2016) . Cooling reduces the compressive in-situ stresses in the reservoir, which may reduce the fracture gradient during drilling, facilitate fracturing during CO 2 injection, and possibly promote subsidence. Whether these effects are local (near-well) or reservoir-wide is still an open question and needs dedicated studies, both theoretical and experimental.

Another cooling-related issue in CO 2 storage resevoirs are thermal stresses in the rock itself.


The radial stress is only slightly lower at the cement-rock interface than at the at the casing-cement interface. However, the cement-rock bonding is expected to be stronger than the steel-cement bonding (Evans and Carter, 1961) . Therefore, the main concern in the reference case is debonding along the casingcement interface. In order to prevent debonding, an expanded cement formulation could be used. This should create sufficiently high compressive initial stresses that the radial stress does not turn tensile during subsequent CO 2 injection.

However, the cement-rock bonding is expected to be stronger than the steel-cement bonding.


The ranges and grouping of data points presented in Fig. 2 give an indication on the level of agreement between studies, while the total number of data points indicate the amount of evidence. Together, agreement and amount of evidence can be used to express and communicate confidence levels in a qualitative way, where the highest level of confidence is given for measures with high agreement and robust evidence (Mastrandrea et al., 2010) . While reviewing a sizeable total number of studies, there are fewer articles per measure. Combined with relatively low levels of agreement between studies, this affects negatively the confidence with which high-potential measures can be selected.

Together, agreement and amount of evidence can be used to express and communicate confidence levels in a qualitative way, where the highest level of confidence is given for measures with high agreement and robust evidence.


One approach to reconcile shipping emissions with international commitments on climate change is to treat the shipping sector as if it were a sovereign nation that contributes fair and proportionate to emissions budgets. Following this approach, a reduction of at least 85% relative to 2010 is necessary by 2050 (Anderson and Bows, 2012) . This implies that even in a nogrowth scenario the CO 2 emissions per unit freight transport from shipping will have to be reduced from approximately 25 to 4 g of CO 2 per ton-nautical mile, i.e. a reduction by a factor of five to six (Lindstad, 2013) .

Following this approach, a reduction of at least 85% relative to 2010 is necessary by 2050.

This implies that even in a nogrowth scenario the CO 2 emissions per unit freight transport from shipping will have to be reduced from approximately 25 to 4 g of CO 2 per ton-nautical mile, i.e. a reduction by a factor of five to six.


Cerebral infarction is caused by temporary or permanent occlusion of brain vessels, which leads to reduced intracerebral blood flow and decreased oxygen supply. Within minutes, irreversible tissue damage develops in brain areas which hemodynamically depend on the occluded vessels, and further extends into the periphery ('penumbra') with time (Dirnagl et al, 1999) . This secondary and delayed infarct growth has been attributed to increased excitotoxicity, inflammatory tissue damage and neuronal apoptosis (Dirnagl et al, 1999) . Salvation of the penumbra is of particular therapeutic interest in stroke research. Diffusion-weighted magneticresonance imaging (DW-MRI) provides valuable information regarding the extent of ischemic tissue damage, but cannot depict the underlying vessel occlusion (Warach et al, 1995) . Perfusion-weighted MRI (PW-MRI) in conjunction with DW-MRI gives an estimate of a potential mismatch between the infarct core and the surrounding tissue at risk (Schlaug et al, 1999; Neumann-Haefelin et al, 2000) . Development of MR techniques allowing direct in vivo assessment of intravascular thrombus formation may further facilitate distinction between primary and secondary tissue damage, and help to evaluate the effects of novel drugs with regard to the amount of ischemic tissue salvaged.

Within minutes, irreversible tissue damage develops in brain areas which hemodynamically depend on the occluded vessels, and further extends into the periphery ('penumbra') with time.

This secondary and delayed infarct growth has been attributed to increased excitotoxicity, inflammatory tissue damage and neuronal apoptosis.

Diffusion-weighted magneticresonance imaging (DW-MRI) provides valuable information regarding the extent of ischemic tissue damage, but cannot depict the underlying vessel occlusion.

Perfusion-weighted MRI (PW-MRI) in conjunction with DW-MRI gives an estimate of a potential mismatch between the infarct core and the surrounding tissue at risk.


Most empirical papers in this field commonly focus on relatively small increases in the nominal minimum wage, typically below 20 percent. For instance, in the US, the magnitude of the federal minimum wage hikes examined in empirical studiesincluding those published in the 1992 special issue of ILLRdid not exceed 30 percent. Similarly, each of the regular increases in the UK minimum wage between 1999 and 2007 did not exceed 15 percent (Dolton et al. 2012) . It is plausible that the absence of robust evidence regarding the employment effects of the minimum wage stems 3 from this particular feature of the empirical literature. Indeed, from the theoretical viewpoint, employers' adjustment costs may deter them from laying off low-wage workers in response to a small increase in the minimum wage. From the estimation perspective, small variation in the minimum wage can complicate econometric identification, especially when minimum wage hikes are regular and expected or when there are measurement errors in the data.

Similarly, each of the regular increases in the UK minimum wage between 1999 and 2007 did not exceed 15 percent.


ApEn indicates complexity of a signal. This parameter helps in understanding the non linearity of the signal and hence the non linear dynamics of the underlying generating system. ApEn is a very good measure for understanding biological signals [13] , [14] . EEG becomes more rhythmic during epileptic seizure. This property is used in detecting seizure in the proposed method. ApEn value indicates the irregularity of a signal; higher value indicates more complexity or irregularity. ApEn value drops during seizure. This property is used by some researchers [15] , [16] , [17] . ApEn measured in wavelet domain can also discriminate epileptic EEG from normal EEG [18] , [19] , [20] . ApEn is used to find localization of epileptic foci [21] .

ApEn indicates complexity of a signal.

ApEn is a very good measure for understanding biological signals.

ApEn value drops during seizure.

This property is used by some researchers.

ApEn measured in wavelet domain can also discriminate epileptic EEG from normal EEG.

ApEn is used to find localization of epileptic foci.


Much of the work on reproducing the gecko's adhesive system has focused on creating dry and selfcleaning adhesives. The gecko's adhesive structures are made from β-keratin (E ≈ 2GPa) [2] . Such a stiff material is not inherently sticky; however, because of the gecko adhesive's hierarchical nature and extremely small distal features (spatula are ≈ 200nm in size), the gecko's foot is able to intimately conform to the surface and generate significant attraction using van der Waals forces.

The gecko's adhesive structures are made from β-keratin (E ≈ 2GPa).


There is a parallel between point modules and standard objects in highest weight categories studied by Cline, Parshall, and Scott [12] . This is explained towards the end of this article. The notation ∆ G (α) reflects this connection.

There is a parallel between point modules and standard objects in highest weight categories studied by Cline, Parshall, and Scott.


The study of invariant manifolds is a key subject in the qualitative theory of dynamical systems. Usually, hyperbolicity is the tool used to establish the existence of stable, unstable and central invariant manifolds for perturbations of linear systems. In the study of difference and differential equations, hyperbolicity is seldom given by the existence of an (uniform) exponential dichotomy, notion that goes back to the seminal work of Perron [12] .

In the study of difference and differential equations, hyperbolicity is seldom given by the existence of an (uniform) exponential dichotomy, notion that goes back to the seminal work of Perron.


When there is one fin in the guide (L = 1) there is only one possible mode given by p = 0, and when L = 2 there are two independent modes given by p = 0 and p = 1. As has already been noted, the modes which correspond to p = 0 are equivalent to those found by Linton & McIver [13] . Those authors also found the mode for which L = 2, and p = 1. This mode spins with leading order azimuthal variation e iθ , and so there is an identical mode with azimuthal variation e −iθ and a suitable combination of these two modes leads to a mode which is zero on the extensions of the fins and satisfies the condition imposed by Linton & McIver [13] . Numerical calculations were checked against these results and good agreement obtained. In practice a rotational mode is more likely to be generated than a standing mode if there is some non-axisymmetric (58) is not optimal.

As has already been noted, the modes which correspond to p = 0 are equivalent to those found by Linton & McIver.

This mode spins with leading order azimuthal variation e iθ , and so there is an identical mode with azimuthal variation e −iθ and a suitable combination of these two modes leads to a mode which is zero on the extensions of the fins and satisfies the condition imposed by Linton & McIver.


Additionally, there is little information addressing how gender may differentially influence the relationship between perfectionistic attitudes and psychological adjustment. In the perfectionism literature, perfectionistic attitudes are described as either self or socially oriented. Self oriented perfectionism involves setting stringent self standards and evaluations to attain perfection; such individuals work hard to achieve goals. In contrast, socially oriented perfectionism involves individuals' perceived need to meet standards set by others and has strong associations with maladjustment and fear of negative evaluation (Blankstein & Dunkley, 2002; Flett & Hewitt, 2002a , 2002b Hewitt & Flett, 1991) . Understanding whether perfectionism type and intensity is related to adjustment measures could assist in the potential planning of interventions to enhance students' overall well being. It is possible that a specific type of perfectionism may be more associated with adjustment among students interested in athletics.

In contrast, socially oriented perfectionism involves individuals' perceived need to meet standards set by others and has strong associations with maladjustment and fear of negative evaluation.


It should be noted that the data is largely correlational and an experimental design would help to determine the direction of any causal relationship that exists. Furthermore, although participants were selected because they indicated that athletics was important to them, we did not obtain information regarding actual athletic membership or compare them to students not interested in athletics. It may be that those in this study were members of collegiate teams, club teams, or former high school athletes. The results could potentially be different depending on one's actual level of sports participation or interest in athletics. Additionally, the mechanism accounting for the apparent benefit of athletic identification on psychological adjustment remains unknown. It may be that enjoying competition increases one's sense of self-efficacy which, in turn, increases one's ability to manage the stress that is typically associated with elevated levels of anxiety and de ression. It may also be that p participation in athletics and athletic identification increases available social support which helps to improve psychological adjustment (Csikszentmihalyi, 1982) . Such issues will need to be explored in future studies. Nonetheless, the results from this study clearly suggest that men and women who value athletics are differentially impacted by their enjoyment of competition, although there was some positive benefit for both groups. These results, if supported in future research, suggests that promoting athletic participation and enjoyment will produce psychological benefits in the future. It may be that encouraging sports participation in school settings, community organizations, or through parental involvement teaches a specific set of coping skills (e.g., coping with adversity) that can have a lasting impact on the psychological development of a child.

It may also be that p participation in athletics and athletic identification increases available social support which helps to improve psychological adjustment.


We view the Gamma model not as a mechanistic learning account, but instead as a scientific tool for understanding the basic forces in early language acquisition. Unlike characterizations in terms of mean acquisition ages, the parameters s, k, and λ are psychologically meaningful in terms of a causal process that likely supports part of word learning, data accumulation (Hidaka, 2013) . Our analysis of empirical learning curves strongly suggests that data accumulation begins very early, that production may be delayed due to maturational factors, and that typical words take on the order of ∼ 10 ELIs to learn, not hundreds of occurrences and not a single occurrence or two. The model also suggests that the informative data points for word learning occur relatively infrequently, about once every two months, and that these occurrences are not strongly related to a word's overall frequency. Moreover, the mechanisms of data accumulation not only provide the best quantitative fit to learning curves, they explain nearly all of the variance in when children learn a word.

Unlike characterizations in terms of mean acquisition ages, the parameters s, k, and λ are psychologically meaningful in terms of a causal process that likely supports part of word learning, data accumulation.


We have investigated the vortex clusters found in turbulent channels with rough walls at moderate Reynolds numbers. As in the smooth-walled case, they separate into wall-attached and wall-detached families. We have payed special attention to those attached clusters that reach above the roughness sublayer and into the outer region of the flow. They play an important role in the dynamics of the turbulent outer layer (AJZM06), and have many characteristics in common with the constitutive elements of a number of models that represent that part of the flow by hierarchies of vortex loops emanating from the wall (Perry & Chong 1982; Perry & Marusic 1995) .

They play an important role in the dynamics of the turbulent outer layer (AJZM06), and have many characteristics in common with the constitutive elements of a number of models that represent that part of the flow by hierarchies of vortex loops emanating from the wall.


Computer simulation models are widely being used in problem solving and decision making [1] . In this paper a simulation model was used for temperature control. The temperature control of conditioning system is very complex system, because of the nonlinearities and uncertainties of a system [2] . There are many modes to regulate the temperature like, ON/OFF, proportional derivative (PD) and proportional integral derivative (PID) [3] . On late fuzzy logic control (FLC) has become very popular over the conventional control logic (CCL), mainly the process of FLC is simply to put the realization of human control strategy, where CCL heavily relies on the mathematical formulations [3, 4] . The motivation behind this research is to find an improved method and a new technique of control by exploring the fuzzy system in the area of temperature control.

Computer simulation models are widely being used in problem solving and decision making.

The temperature control of conditioning system is very complex system, because of the nonlinearities and uncertainties of a system.

There are many modes to regulate the temperature like, ON/OFF, proportional derivative (PD) and proportional integral derivative (PID).

On late fuzzy logic control (FLC) has become very popular over the conventional control logic (CCL), mainly the process of FLC is simply to put the realization of human control strategy, where CCL heavily relies on the mathematical formulations.


Currently available information indicates that the technique of steam curing is the most frequently employed technique among various production processes of prefabricated members [4, 5] . The benefits of steam curing are as follows: simple process, convenient operation, production with high early strength, short production cycle, and superior economic benefits [5] [6] [7] . The steam curing process includes the following four stages: the precuring stage, the heating stage, the thermostatic stage, and the cooling stage [8, 9] . The thermostatic temperature is generally less than 60 ∘ C during steam curing because of two reasons. Firstly, the growth of the late performance of concrete will be small if the thermostatic temperature is excessive during steam curing [10] [11] [12] . Secondly, the formation of ettringite produced by cement hydration in the case of a minimum curing temperature of 70 ∘ C is decomposed during steam curing and reformed during the service life. This process is called delayed ettringite formation (DEF), and it can substantially weaken the late performance of concrete [13] [14] [15] .

Currently available information indicates that the technique of steam curing is the most frequently employed technique among various production processes of prefabricated members.

The benefits of steam curing are as follows: simple process, convenient operation, production with high early strength, short production cycle, and superior economic benefits.

The steam curing process includes the following four stages: the precuring stage, the heating stage, the thermostatic stage, and the cooling stage.

Firstly, the growth of the late performance of concrete will be small if the thermostatic temperature is excessive during steam curing.

This process is called delayed ettringite formation (DEF), and it can substantially weaken the late performance of concrete.


Concrete is one of the most common construction materials. Cast-in-situ concrete and precast concrete are two techniques that housing developers and construction workers often adopt. However, precast concrete members have been increasingly utilized in civil engineering construction in recent years due to their advantages: reliable quality assurance, simple production process, faster construction speed, and environmentally friendly building operations [1] [2] [3] .

However, precast concrete members have been increasingly utilized in civil engineering construction in recent years due to their advantages: reliable quality assurance, simple production process, faster construction speed, and environmentally friendly building operations.


Butt tries to decrease the bit error rate of hard real-time traffic by retransmitting erroneous packets as long as they still will meet their hard deadline [4] . The solution is build upon an idle RQ approach and is only described on the packet level. Also, no queuing or scheduling analysis is provided. In contrast to idle RQ, which usually leads to a higher penalty in link utilization, our retransmission scheme is more similar to a continuous RQ protocol. Additionally, our delay bound analysis on real-time channel level, including queuing delay analysis, enables the provision of end-to-end delay guarantees.

Butt tries to decrease the bit error rate of hard real-time traffic by retransmitting erroneous packets as long as they still will meet their hard deadline.


Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in elderly men. Age is a relevant risk factor, with a proven histological PCa being found in 60% of men by the age of 70 years and 80% by the age of 80 [1] . In fact, PCa is considered a chronic disease, needing a long period for initiation, development, and progression, through the development of early and later precancerous modifications, such as highgrade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN), leading to the development of a clinically relevant cancer [2, 3] . Therefore, PCa is frequent in old men, likely becoming the prevalent cancer because of the ageing of population [4] .

Age is a relevant risk factor, with a proven histological PCa being found in 60% of men by the age of 70 years and 80% by the age of 80.

In fact, PCa is considered a chronic disease, needing a long period for initiation, development, and progression, through the development of early and later precancerous modifications, such as highgrade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN), leading to the development of a clinically relevant cancer.

Therefore, PCa is frequent in old men, likely becoming the prevalent cancer because of the ageing of population.


To conclude, we have examined eigenmodes of the boost-momentum operator, i.e., a generator of Lorentz boosts. Our modes are different from the boost eigenmodes considered in the point-form quantum field theory [25] [26] [27] [28] . The modes considered in this paper are simple functions of t − z or t + z , satisfying the 1D massless wave equation, while the previouslyconsidered modes are more complicated functions, initially defined only inside the forward light cone, and satisfying the 1D Klein-Gordon equation. Therefore, we argue that our eigenmodes, looking like step signals propagating with the speed of light, could be more suitable for the causal signal-propagation problems. The local frequency (wave vector) and particle density diverge near the signal front and decay away from it. This makes the boost modes scale-invariant and invariant under Lorentz boosts. Constructing a Gaussian-weighted superposition of boost modes with different eigenvalues removes the wavefunction discontinuity and the particledensity divergence, and allows one to trace transition from step-like signals to Gaussian-like wave packets (smooth but non-analytical at the signal front).

Our modes are different from the boost eigenmodes considered in the point-form quantum field theory.


In quantum mechanics or wave physics (we consider the first-quantization wave approach), physical quantities become operators, and now these operators and their eigenmodes play a fundamental role. In particular, the operators of the 10 conserved quantities mentioned above are generators of the corresponding Poincaré transformations of the spacetime [5, 7, 9, 11, 12] . Moreover, eigenmodes of these operators form the most useful sets of wave eigenmodes, which can be associated with the corresponding spacetime symmetries. Namely, eigenmodes of the energy-momentum operator (i) are plane waves, while eigenmodes of the angular momentum operator (ii) (in fact, its projection on a chosen axis or squared angular momentum) are cylindrical or spherical vortex modes [13] [14] [15] .

In particular, the operators of the 10 conserved quantities mentioned above are generators of the corresponding Poincaré transformations of the spacetime.

Namely, eigenmodes of the energy-momentum operator (i) are plane waves, while eigenmodes of the angular momentum operator (ii) (in fact, its projection on a chosen axis or squared angular momentum) are cylindrical or spherical vortex modes.


We restrict our scope to the management of scientific workflows executed in large-scale distributed heterogeneous computing environment, such as Grids [12] . Although there are many approaches, they seldom address the entire problem of workflow management, and typically, enactment is rarely in the focus. The enactment of scientific workflows require a complex coordination between activities of the workflow and entities of the distributed system. Such a coordination comprises resource, service, data discovery and selection, handling control and data dependencies of activities, preparing an activity for execution, possibly fault detection and recovery. All these elements of the coordination are carried out in a large, highly dynamic, fault prone environment.

We restrict our scope to the management of scientific workflows executed in large-scale distributed heterogeneous computing environment, such as Grids.


High-Throughput (HT)-SuperSAGE technology combined with next-generation sequencing is a method of digital gene expression profiling that allows isolation of 26-bp tag fragments from expressed transcripts. During the protocol, index sequences are employed to discriminate tags from different samples. Such index allows analyzing digital tags from transcriptomes of many samples in a single sequencing run by simply pooling the libraries. The major advantage of HT-SuperSAGE over other similar techniques is that 26-bp tag sequences can be isolated from each transcript, which is so far the longest tag sequence obtained from a defined position of transcripts. Additionally, this technology provided highly sensitive, reproducible and accurate digital gene expression data [22] .

Additionally, this technology provided highly sensitive, reproducible and accurate digital gene expression data.


Typically, a PGI consists of 4 components, namely, the parking lot monitoring, information dissemination, communication technology, and the control system [6] . The PGI systems use either smart sensors or cameras for monitoring lots occupancy. The sensors based monitoring is further classified as "On-Roadway" or "Off-Roadway". The on-road sensors are glued to the road surface; examples of such type of sensors are magnetic sensors and acoustic sensors. The offroad sensors are placed above the surface of the road; the examples are smart cameras for monitoring.

Typically, a PGI consists of 4 components, namely, the parking lot monitoring, information dissemination, communication technology, and the control system.


The samples were composed of 94 F 1 hybrids between 'Cravo' mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) and 'Pêra' sweet orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Hybrids were originated from controlled crossing, where 'Cravo' mandarin was the female parent. Morphological (petiole, leaves shape and plant vigor) and RAPD markers were used to select the hybrids from the nucellar plants (Oliveira et al., 2000) . The zygotic plants were identified using three pair of primers (OPG08, OPG13 and OPG19).

Morphological (petiole, leaves shape and plant vigor) and RAPD markers were used to select the hybrids from the nucellar plants.


Empirical research in this field mainly focuses on evidence for productivity differences between foreign direct investors and exporting firms (Head and Ries 2003; Girma, Kneller and Pisu 2005) . Here, a different question is addressed, namely, how productivity (and of course other firm characteristics) influence the probability of using one or the other strategies or both of them. Furthermore, how big is the impact of marginal changes in productivity and other firm characteristics on the probability of exports and FDI?

Empirical research in this field mainly focuses on evidence for productivity differences between foreign direct investors and exporting firms.


With the threshold value of the bubble contour, the grey level was transformed into voidage values, as is explained in Section 2. Fig. 6(a) shows the voidage at the bubble contour, ε bc , obtained for more than 100 different bubbles. The mean value is ε ̅ bc = 0.665. Fig. 6(b) gives the PDF of the data of ε bc for d p = 350 µm (dashed line), d p = 600 µm (dotted line) and both together (solid line), obtained applying again the maximum entropy method [27, 28] . The three group of data follow a normal distribution with the data distributed around the mean value µ with a standard deviation σ. Particles of higher mean diameter seem to obtain higher values of ε bc .

The mean value is ε ̅ bc = 0.665.

Fig. 6(b) gives the PDF of the data of ε bc for d p = 350 µm (dashed line), d p = 600 µm (dotted line) and both together (solid line), obtained applying again the maximum entropy method.


In the following section, the influence of the voidage distribution (Eq. (8)) on the throughflow passing the bubble is studied numerically. Higher values of voidage imply lower resistance to the gas flow. Consequently, the throughflow is higher than the one calculated assuming a constant voidage value ε =ε mf in the emulsion phase [8, 29] .

Consequently, the throughflow is higher than the one calculated assuming a constant voidage value ε =ε mf in the emulsion phase.


Molecular encapsulation of volatile or unstable food additives by using cyclodextrins (CD) has been commonly used to extend the product shelf-life by improving stability of these additives (Ciobanu, Landy, & Fourmentin, 2013; de Vos, Faas, Spasojevic, & Sikkema, 2010) . CD are cyclic oligosaccharides having truncated cone shaped molecular structures, and they have capability of forming non-covalent hostguest inclusion complexes (IC) with a variety of molecules such as antibacterials, antioxidants, fragrances/flavors and essential oils (Del Valle, 2004; Hedges, 1998; Marques, 2010; Szejtli, 1998) . When the guest molecules encapsulated in CD cavities, they can be protected from evaporation, degradation and oxidation, and moreover controlled/delayed release of these molecules is achieved (Del Valle, 2004; Hedges, 1998; Kant, Linforth, Hort, & Taylor, 2004; Kayaci & Uyar, 2011; Marques, 2010; Samperio, Boyer, Eigel, Holland, McKinney, O'Keefe, et al., 2010; Szejtli, 1998) . Thus, the enhanced viability of the complexed molecules is provided in CD-IC systems. The most common CD types are α-, β-, and γ-CD having α-1,4-linked 6, 7, and 8 glucopyranose units in the cyclic structure, and~6, 8, and 10 Å of cavity size, respectively; whereas the depth of the cavity for these CD is the same which~8 Å is ( Fig. 1a ) (Szejtli, 1998) .

Molecular encapsulation of volatile or unstable food additives by using cyclodextrins (CD) has been commonly used to extend the product shelf-life by improving stability of these additives.

CD are cyclic oligosaccharides having truncated cone shaped molecular structures, and they have capability of forming non-covalent hostguest inclusion complexes (IC) with a variety of molecules such as antibacterials, antioxidants, fragrances/flavors and essential oils.

When the guest molecules encapsulated in CD cavities, they can be protected from evaporation, degradation and oxidation, and moreover controlled/delayed release of these molecules is achieved.

The most common CD types are α-, β-, and γ-CD having α-1,4-linked 6, 7, and 8 glucopyranose units in the cyclic structure, and~6, 8, and 10 Å of cavity size, respectively; whereas the depth of the cavity for these CD is the same which~8 Å is ( Fig. 1a ).


In this study, as a first step we prepared solid CD-IC of geraniol (geraniol/CD-IC) by using α-CD, β-CD, and γ-CD. We have also performed the modeling studies for inclusion complexation between geraniol and CD (α-CD, β-CD, and γ-CD) by using ab initio techniques. Both experimentally and theoretically, we observed that γ-CD has shown higher complexation efficiency with geraniol, yielding 1:1 molar ratio (geraniol:γ-CD) of solid CD-IC crystals. Then, geraniol/γ-CD-IC was encapsulated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) NF via electrospinning in order to enhance thermal stability and durability of geraniol in the NF. Fig. 1b and c indicated the schematic representations of the formation of geraniol/CD-IC and electrospinning of PVA solution including geraniol/ γ-CD-IC (PVA/geraniol/γ-CD-IC), respectively. Here, the reason of the selection of PVA as a polymeric matrix is to be a proper polymer type in food packaging application due to its biodegradability (DeMerlis & Schoneker, 2003) . We observed that PVA NF could not preserve geraniol without the CD-IC, yet incorporation of geraniol/γ-CD-IC in PVA NF successfully yielded geraniol with long lasting durability and enhanced thermal stability, hence the resulting functional PVA electrospun NF incorporating geraniol/γ-CD-IC can be a quite appropriate material for functional food packaging.

Here, the reason of the selection of PVA as a polymeric matrix is to be a proper polymer type in food packaging application due to its biodegradability.


The RANSAC algorithm with the oriented constraints was tested on six standard image pairs, including wide-baseline stereo (experiments Juice, Shelf, Valbonne and the Great Wall) and narrow-baseline stereo (Leuven and Corridor). Obtaining tentative correspondences. By a tentative correspondence we mean a pair of points x ↔ x , where x is from the first image and x is from second image. The set of tentative correspondences contains both inliers and outliers. The tentative correspondences for the wide-baseline experiments were obtained automatically by matching normalized local affine frames [8] . Only mutually best candidates were selected as tentative correspondences.

Obtaining tentative correspondences.

The tentative correspondences for the wide-baseline experiments were obtained automatically by matching normalized local affine frames.


Inflationary cosmology is the leading paradigm for providing a casual mechanism to solve the horizon and the flatness problems of the standard model of cosmology. In addition, the quantum fluctuations of inflaton field provide the original seeds for the fluctuations in cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the formation of large scale structure. Simple models of inflation are based on a scalar field slowly rolling on a flat potential to yield a period of nearly 60 e-folds of inflation. These models predict nearly scale-invariant, nearly Gaussian and nearly adiabatic perturbations which are in good agreements with cosmological observations such as the Planck mission [1] .

These models predict nearly scale-invariant, nearly Gaussian and nearly adiabatic perturbations which are in good agreements with cosmological observations such as the Planck mission.


Clinically, aged skin may be thin, smooth and with only light wrinkles, but it can also appear thicker with deeply marked wrinkles and with irregular pigmentation [3, 4] . Skin ageing is characterized by an alteration of structural components of the connective tissue with the consequent formation of skin wrinkles consisting of a disorganization or damage of these skin structures due to a lack of collagen or to its modification, thinning and/or fractioning, caused by the stretching and repeated extension of some areas of the skin, especially the face [5] . The lack of elastin, for example, has an important role in the formation of wrinkles, due to the loss of elasticity [6] .

Clinically, aged skin may be thin, smooth and with only light wrinkles, but it can also appear thicker with deeply marked wrinkles and with irregular pigmentation.

Skin ageing is characterized by an alteration of structural components of the connective tissue with the consequent formation of skin wrinkles consisting of a disorganization or damage of these skin structures due to a lack of collagen or to its modification, thinning and/or fractioning, caused by the stretching and repeated extension of some areas of the skin, especially the face.

The lack of elastin, for example, has an important role in the formation of wrinkles, due to the loss of elasticity.


There is a broader issue connected with increasingly precise experimental determinations of the inflationary power spectrum, namely, what is the shape of the inflaton potential which can generate a given spectrum [21, 22] ? One of the points of this paper is that an expansion of the potential around a point using slow-roll parameters, and integrating the slow-roll approximation of the inflaton equations of motion, are inadequate for accurately reproducing the desired spectral shape, if it runs at the level which we are considering, or otherwise departs from the slowroll approximation. In this work we present a simpler technique for reconstructing the potential, based on the Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of the inflaton equation of motion [23, 24] .

There is a broader issue connected with increasingly precise experimental determinations of the inflationary power spectrum, namely, what is the shape of the inflaton potential which can generate a given spectrum?

In this work we present a simpler technique for reconstructing the potential, based on the Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of the inflaton equation of motion.


Magnetic emulsions (material susceptible to external magnetic fields) have long been known but emulsions have been prepared using classical surfactants [7, 8] . A stable (o/w) magnetic emulsion was obtained by the emulsification of a ferrofluid in an aqueous solution of surfactants having appropriate hydrophilic-lipophilic balance [7] . The properties of emulsions with ferrofluid droplets dispersed in water have been studied in several works. A ferrofluid emulsion subjected to a magnetic field exhibits complicated structural behavior: droplets aggregate to form threedimensional solid structures [9, 10] . However, it is possible to obtain a stable magnetic emulsion without surfactant stabilization. Magnetic nanoparticles, for example, magnetite particles suspended in a ferrofluid, can be used to stabilize the Pickering emulsion [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . This is how a magnetic Pickering emulsion is formed. Pure particles or particles with a modified surface can be used in order to obtain the desired hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties. Many authors describe the use of magnetic particles modified by various substances, for example, silane, BSA, or a double layer of oleic acid [11, 13, 17] . In this paper oleic acid-modified magnetite nanoparticles were used to stabilize the transformer oil-in-water emulsion. The emulsions were obtained using high-energy ultrasound waves and a cavitation mechanism. In emulsification, ultrasound ranges used can be divided into high frequency/low energy ultrasounds and low frequency/high-energy power ultrasounds [18] . The low frequency ultrasounds use intensities higher than 1 W⋅cm −2 and frequencies to 1 MHz. The power available varies inversely with the frequency and only powerful ultrasounds (16-100 kHz, and, to a lesser extent, 100 kHz-1 MHz) interact with matter, producing physical and chemical changes [18] . The low energy ultrasounds have frequencies above 1 MHz at intensities below 1 W⋅cm −2 and are usually used as a nondestructive and rapid technique for measuring the properties of materials, such as composition and structure. Using high frequency ultrasound to produce an emulsion is also possible [18] . That study of the effect of high frequency ultrasounds on the formation of oil emulsions droplets showed a decrease in the size oil of particle formed due to the deformation and breakage of oil droplets during the propagation of an acoustic wave [18] .

Magnetic emulsions (material susceptible to external magnetic fields) have long been known but emulsions have been prepared using classical surfactants.

A stable (o/w) magnetic emulsion was obtained by the emulsification of a ferrofluid in an aqueous solution of surfactants having appropriate hydrophilic-lipophilic balance.

A ferrofluid emulsion subjected to a magnetic field exhibits complicated structural behavior: droplets aggregate to form threedimensional solid structures.

Magnetic nanoparticles, for example, magnetite particles suspended in a ferrofluid, can be used to stabilize the Pickering emulsion.

Many authors describe the use of magnetic particles modified by various substances, for example, silane, BSA, or a double layer of oleic acid.

In emulsification, ultrasound ranges used can be divided into high frequency/low energy ultrasounds and low frequency/high-energy power ultrasounds.

The power available varies inversely with the frequency and only powerful ultrasounds (16-100 kHz, and, to a lesser extent, 100 kHz-1 MHz) interact with matter, producing physical and chemical changes.

Using high frequency ultrasound to produce an emulsion is also possible.

That study of the effect of high frequency ultrasounds on the formation of oil emulsions droplets showed a decrease in the size oil of particle formed due to the deformation and breakage of oil droplets during the propagation of an acoustic wave.


Another method of emulsion stabilization is the use of solid particles. Already in 1907, Pickering showed that the adsorption of solid particles on the surface of droplets can effectively stabilize an emulsion [3] . Solid (nano-or micro-) particles function in a similar way to surfactant molecules but certain differences in behavior are inevitable; for example, particles do not assemble into aggregates in the same way that surfactant molecules form micelles so solubilization phenomena are absent in the case of particles [4] . Solid particles exhibit partial wettability in each of the colloid phases, which is a requirement for the creation of an emulsion; the particles reduce the free energy of the fluid-fluid interface and become kinetically trapped. It is therefore possible to create an emulsion stabilized solely by solid particles, where each droplet is coated with a layer of particles [4, 5] . The irreversible adsorption leads to extreme stability for certain emulsions and is in contrast to the behavior of surfactant molecules which are usually in a rapid dynamic equilibrium between the oil-water interface and the bulk phases. There is evidence that, in some systems, weak flocculation of particles improves emulsion stability [4] . That kind of an emulsion is called a Pickering emulsion. Particle-stabilized emulsions have a vast range of applications, notably in food processing, biomedicine, and petroleum industry [6] .

Already in 1907, Pickering showed that the adsorption of solid particles on the surface of droplets can effectively stabilize an emulsion.

Solid (nano-or micro-) particles function in a similar way to surfactant molecules but certain differences in behavior are inevitable; for example, particles do not assemble into aggregates in the same way that surfactant molecules form micelles so solubilization phenomena are absent in the case of particles.

It is therefore possible to create an emulsion stabilized solely by solid particles, where each droplet is coated with a layer of particles.

There is evidence that, in some systems, weak flocculation of particles improves emulsion stability.

Particle-stabilized emulsions have a vast range of applications, notably in food processing, biomedicine, and petroleum industry.


There are many risk factors for developing pelvic floor disorders including vaginal and instrumental deliveries, age, race, family history, and last but not least, overweight and obesity [3] . Women with obesity are at much higher risk as compared to normal-weight individuals for developing different types of incontinence and POP. It is estimated that over 50% of women with a BMI greater than 35 kg/m 2 report a PFD, compared with approximately 30% of women with a normal body mass index [4] .

There are many risk factors for developing pelvic floor disorders including vaginal and instrumental deliveries, age, race, family history, and last but not least, overweight and obesity.

It is estimated that over 50% of women with a BMI greater than 35 kg/m 2 report a PFD, compared with approximately 30% of women with a normal body mass index.


The role of the subjective norm as a motivational determinant in adopting the electric car is also confirmed. The influence of media is of greater importance than the influence of peers in this early adoption stage of the electric car. The media apparently provide an anchoring point for acceptable norms with respect to cars. Moreover, media also affect the emotions towards the electric car. The influence by peers is not yet a big issue. This may be explained by the fact that, in this stage, one is not yet exposed to electric cars in the streets. On the contrary, all peers are still driving a car with a combustion engine. Consequently, the electric car cannot yet contribute to one's self-image [118] .

Consequently, the electric car cannot yet contribute to one's self-image.


Car driving emotions are experienced in three main dimensions: Visceral, behavioural and reflective [73] . Especially reflective emotions are significant drivers of electric car usage intention. This is in line with earlier research on product category related emotions [8, 16] . Behavioural and especially visceral emotions have a positive effect on driving habits. Reflective emotions (based on cognitive considerations about the negative consequences of car driving) have a negative effect on habits. This is in line with our expectations of the reinforcement of habits through positive emotions with the product. However, these car driving habits do not have an effect on electric car usage intention. The electric car may not be perceived as a trigger for changing the car using habits one has. It does not change the routinized behaviour of choosing between taking the car automatically or considering another travel mode choice. Moreover, people seem to perceive driving an electric car as something that is not very different from driving a car with a combustion engine. Nevertheless, reflective car driving emotions have a significant, though relatively small, direct positive effect on electric car usage intention.

Car driving emotions are experienced in three main dimensions: Visceral, behavioural and reflective.

This is in line with earlier research on product category related emotions.


Past behaviour affects future behaviour [17] [18] [19] . The potential influence of habits on decision making is high [20] . Habits are the result of repeated pleasurable experiences in the same context. In general, it can be expected that positive emotions related to the habitual product experience of car driving will reinforce the habit and inhibit people to adopt a new travel mode, such as the electric car [21, 22] . Habits, and more particularly their emotional antecedents, so far have not been taken into account in explaining the usage intention of innovations in a context in which they may play an important role, such as car buying and car use.

Past behaviour affects future behaviour.

The potential influence of habits on decision making is high.

In general, it can be expected that positive emotions related to the habitual product experience of car driving will reinforce the habit and inhibit people to adopt a new travel mode, such as the electric car.


The CF airways have long been known to harbor certain primary pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia complex, and Staphylococcus aureus [16] . More recently, as sequencing technologies and laboratory culture techniques advance, it has become appreciated that there are many additional bacterial members of the CF lung community which have the propensity to contribute to disease. For example, Stentrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter spp., Mycobacterium abscessus, Methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus (MRSA), and the Streptococcus Anginosus/Milleri group have been described as emerging CF pathogens [16] ; [17] [18] ; [19] ; [20] . Similarly, other non-bacterial members of the CF lung microbiome have been implicated in worsened prognosis such as the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus [16] ; [20] .

The CF airways have long been known to harbor certain primary pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia complex, and Staphylococcus aureus.

For example, Stentrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter spp., Mycobacterium abscessus, Methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus (MRSA), and the Streptococcus Anginosus/Milleri group have been described as emerging CF pathogens.

Similarly, other non-bacterial members of the CF lung microbiome have been implicated in worsened prognosis such as the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus.


Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk of suffering renal damage. End-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplantation develops in approximately one third of type 1 diabetes [1] . Early detection of diabetic nephropathy relies on tests of urinary excretion of albumin. Persistent proteinuria, urinary albumin excretion (UAE) [ 300 mg/day indicates frank diabetic nephropathy. Once nephropathy develops, renal function deteriorates rapidly and renal insufficiency develops. Treatment at this stage can retard the rate of progression, but not stop or reverse the renal damage [2] . A higher proportion of individuals with type 2 diabetes are found to have microalbuminuria and overt nephropathy shortly after the diagnosis of their diabetes [3] .

End-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplantation develops in approximately one third of type 1 diabetes.

Treatment at this stage can retard the rate of progression, but not stop or reverse the renal damage.

A higher proportion of individuals with type 2 diabetes are found to have microalbuminuria and overt nephropathy shortly after the diagnosis of their diabetes.


Fibrin is the activated form of a plasmatic molecule called fibrinogen. In fact, fibrinogen is the final substrate of all coagulation reactions. Being a soluble protein, fibrinogen is transformed into an insoluble fibrin by thrombin while the polymerized fibrin gel constitutes the first cicatricial matrix of the injured site [4] . PRF has to be considered as a fibrin biomaterial. Its molecular structure with low thrombin concentration is an optimal matrix for migration of endothelial cells and fibroblasts. It permits a rapid angiogenesis and an easier remodeling of fibrin in a more resistant connective tissue. Therefore, these PRF membranes can be used for all types of superficial cutaneous and mucous healing [13] .

Being a soluble protein, fibrinogen is transformed into an insoluble fibrin by thrombin while the polymerized fibrin gel constitutes the first cicatricial matrix of the injured site.

Therefore, these PRF membranes can be used for all types of superficial cutaneous and mucous healing.


Given that the treatment and control groups are similar in terms of their characteristics, the main threat to our identification strategy is the possibility that the control group could anticipate their future layoff and is thus partially treated. This concern is particularly pertinent since it is well known that laid-off workers begin to experience earnings declines several quarters prior to the layoff event, a feature often referred to as an Ashenfelter dip (Ashenfelter, 1978) . To the extent that this anticipation effect occurs, our estimates will be downwardly biased since the control group might be thought of as partially treated. We provide several pieces of evidence suggesting that this is not a major concern in our context. Most importantly, there is a large employment gap in the second year between our control and treatment group. Furthermore, we show that our estimates are broadly robust to several alternative identification strategies that could not be affected by anticipation effects.

This concern is particularly pertinent since it is well known that laid-off workers begin to experience earnings declines several quarters prior to the layoff event, a feature often referred to as an Ashenfelter dip.


Over the past 40 years, there has been an unprecedented rise in the fraction of college students who simultaneously enroll full time in school and work in the labor force. In 2011, 72 percent of college students worked and 20 percent of college students were employed full time (Davis 2012) . Given the relatively high labor force participation of today's college students, it is increasingly relevant to understand not only how college attendance impacts future labor market success, but also how contemporaneous labor market events impact college attendance. Our study explores such a question by considering how students' educational investments change as a result of layoff.

In 2011, 72 percent of college students worked and 20 percent of college students were employed full time.


One more definition is needed before stating the main result of this paper, Theorem 1.1. A Π-field F is a Π-universal field if for any Π-field E ⊂ F , finitely differentially generated over Q, any Π-finitely generated extension of E can be differentially embedded over E into F ( [12] , p. 133). Note that a universal field is differentially closed. Theorem 1.1 Let k be as above and G(k 0 ) the group of k 0 -points of a linear algebraic group G defined over k 0 .

A Π-field F is a Π-universal field if for any Π-field E ⊂ F , finitely differentially generated over Q, any Π-finitely generated extension of E can be differentially embedded over E into F (, p. 133).


While species with a large numerical abundance obviously contribute to the rumen microbial ecosystem outputs, minor species in the rumen community may possess important and yet unrecognized ecological functions. For example, Anaerovibrio species are a group of important rumen lipolytic bacteria that are able to produce propionate via the dicarboxylic acid pathway, similarly as in propionibacteria [31] . Initial hydrolysis of ingested lipids by the lipase secreted by Anaerovibrio species must take place before biohydrogenation ensues, a process by which unsaturated fatty acids in the diet are converted to saturated fatty acids in the rumen, that eventually end up in human bodies via the consumption of meat and dairy products [23] . The relative abundance of Anaerovibrio in the rumen of steers is greater in a grass diet than in a red clover silage-based diet and is affected by fish oil supplements [18] . However, our results showed that its abundance in the rumen of beef steers fed a Timothy grass-based diet was significantly lower than that observed in the rumen of dairy cows. The ecological implications of the observed shift remained unknown. Intriguingly, Acetobacter and Methylobacterium were moderate in their relative abundance but persistent the rumen of dairy cows. However, these genera were not detected in beef steers. Methylobacterium species are able to utilize oxalate, widespread two-carbon compounds produced in large quantity by certain plants [34] . Oxalate is toxic to mammals; and some rumen microorganisms in the rumen and colon in mammals possess the ability to degrade oxalate. Additionally, Methylobacterium has been shown to degrade nitroaromatic explosives, such as RDX [38] . Acetobacter species belong to a group of acetic acid bacteria and are aerobic. Acetobacter can be readily found in nature, especially in the alcohol-enriched environment [33] . At least one Acetobacter species is known to synthesize crystalline cellulose [42] . However, little is known about these 2 genera of rumen origin.

For example, Anaerovibrio species are a group of important rumen lipolytic bacteria that are able to produce propionate via the dicarboxylic acid pathway, similarly as in propionibacteria.

Initial hydrolysis of ingested lipids by the lipase secreted by Anaerovibrio species must take place before biohydrogenation ensues, a process by which unsaturated fatty acids in the diet are converted to saturated fatty acids in the rumen, that eventually end up in human bodies via the consumption of meat and dairy products.

The relative abundance of Anaerovibrio in the rumen of steers is greater in a grass diet than in a red clover silage-based diet and is affected by fish oil supplements.

Methylobacterium species are able to utilize oxalate, widespread two-carbon compounds produced in large quantity by certain plants.

Additionally, Methylobacterium has been shown to degrade nitroaromatic explosives, such as RDX.

Acetobacter can be readily found in nature, especially in the alcohol-enriched environment.

At least one Acetobacter species is known to synthesize crystalline cellulose.


The border-based approach focuses on the weight of the non-sensitive itemsets to reduce support of the sensitive itemsets while protecting the support of non-sensitive itemsets [21] . An extended approach of initial border-based approach, called Max-Min, has been proposed to decrease the sideeffects, then two algorithms namely Max-Min1 and Max-Min2 have been proposed based on new extended approach. These algorithms select an itemset from non-sensitive itemsets as Max-Min itemset and modify the victim item indicated by the Max-Min itemset in such a way that the support of Max-Min itemset, if possible, is not to be changed [20] .

The border-based approach focuses on the weight of the non-sensitive itemsets to reduce support of the sensitive itemsets while protecting the support of non-sensitive itemsets.

These algorithms select an itemset from non-sensitive itemsets as Max-Min itemset and modify the victim item indicated by the Max-Min itemset in such a way that the support of Max-Min itemset, if possible, is not to be changed.


The refrigerant vapour extracted from the generator is no pure ammonia due to its thermodynamic equilibrium with the solvent water. In order to increase the refrigerant's purity, the vapour is partially condensed in a dephlegmator. In this process, water is predominantly separated, accumulates in the liquid phase and is fed back to the generator. As heat sink for the dephlegmator, the strong solution at high temperature can be used for high exergetic efficiency (5→6) [6] . The refrigerant vapour (11) is liquefied in the condenser at the temperature level of the customer heating flow where another part of the useful heat is extracted from the process. Via an expansion valve, the liquid refrigerant's pressure is reduced to the low pressure of the heat pump (13→14). At the low pressure, the refrigerant can be evaporated at a low temperature level (14→15). This effect is used to extract heat from the district heating return and thus to achieve the return temperature reduction. The refrigerant heat exchanger (RHX) is used to increase the efficiency in the process: the refrigerant vapour (15→1) is superheated and the liquid refrigerant is subcooled after the condenser (12→13).

As heat sink for the dephlegmator, the strong solution at high temperature can be used for high exergetic efficiency (5→6).


The temperature level of customer heating systems is subject to a constant change, e.g. due to decreasing heat consumption along with energy-efficiency retrofits or refurbishments of existing buildings. In district heating systems, however, higher operating temperatures and exergy levels are available. While, in customer heating systems, temperatures up to 70°C are required for providing domestic hot water and room heating, temperatures range from 70°C up to 140°C in district heating systems in Germany [1] . An improved cooling of the district heating water leads to a reduction of the return temperature. Thus, heat distribution losses are reduced, the integration of low temperature (waste) heat sources are supported and the heat supply is increased [2, 3] . It also allows to reduce the mass flow rate or increases the capacity of the district heating system significantly [4] .

While, in customer heating systems, temperatures up to 70°C are required for providing domestic hot water and room heating, temperatures range from 70°C up to 140°C in district heating systems in Germany.

Thus, heat distribution losses are reduced, the integration of low temperature (waste) heat sources are supported and the heat supply is increased.

It also allows to reduce the mass flow rate or increases the capacity of the district heating system significantly.


The literature on economic impacts continues to grow, and there are significant new studies that are not covered here. Some of these studies provide important insights. For example, a recent US Department of Agriculture study addresses heat stress effects on dairy production (looking at this effect in more detail than prior studies) and assesses national economic implications, including effects on prices (Key, Sneeringer, & Marquardt, 2014) . As discussed later, this category of effects is sometimes excluded from agriculture sector studies; the inclusion of these effects combined with a welfare economic framework that explicitly estimates partial equilibrium consumer and producer surplus effects, makes this an important new study. Nonetheless, a good argument can be made that the CIRA or Risky Business initiatives at least partially reflect this effect. As noted above by providing a consistent framework applied across multiple sectors, these initiatives also have potential to generate meaningful general equilibrium estimates of economic impact.

For example, a recent US Department of Agriculture study addresses heat stress effects on dairy production (looking at this effect in more detail than prior studies) and assesses national economic implications, including effects on prices.


Recently, a motor diagnosis manner was generally used in industries, which is called time-based maintenance (TBM) [23] . The TBM is maintenance performed on equipment based on calendar schedules. This means that the schedules will be important for routine maintenance. However, the TBM may result in over maintenance to prevent considerable waste of manpower and resources.

Recently, a motor diagnosis manner was generally used in industries, which is called time-based maintenance (TBM).


To further confirm that our simulation results are not biased by our method of simulating epistasis, we compared our detection method to simulated evolution generated by Coev (Dib et al., 2014) . These results (see Supplementary Text) show that both specificity and precision are comparable with the PHASE simulations, while sensitivity is reduced ( Figure S15 ). These findings reflect the particularities of how epistasis was simulated and confirm the excellent specificity and precision of our method. Importantly, these properties are found even when epistasis is simulated at very weak levels ( Figure S15 ).

To further confirm that our simulation results are not biased by our method of simulating epistasis, we compared our detection method to simulated evolution generated by Coev.


Hypotony maculopathy is most commonly seen after filtering surgery and clinically presents with macular folds, optic disc edema, and hypotony. The use of antimetabolites during filtering surgery, as well as young age, myopia, and a primary filtering procedure are risk factors for hypotony maculopathy [1] [2] [3] . Typically, intraocular pressure is <9 mm Hg in hypotony maculopathy; however, there have been cases of maculopathy occurring in patients with higher intraocular pressures [1, 4] .

The use of antimetabolites during filtering surgery, as well as young age, myopia, and a primary filtering procedure are risk factors for hypotony maculopathy.

Typically, intraocular pressure is <9 mm Hg in hypotony maculopathy; however, there have been cases of maculopathy occurring in patients with higher intraocular pressures.


Improving patient safety in the OR has gained increased awareness over last decade. However, much has to be done to reach the same safety levels as, for instance, commercial aviation where the safety risk is 10 -6 versus 10 -3 for surgery [36] . Besides the solutions described above, healthcare organizations have to stress the importance of shared or organizational learning from process failure, in order to become a 'learning organization' [17, 20, 31, 37, 38] . A learning organization is 'one that is successful at acquiring, cultivating, and applying knowledge that can be used to help it continually adapt to change' and has "created the environment and culture for quality and safety, which foster team building, innovation, learning, and, most of all, open communication throughout the organization" [15] . This requires an environment of psychological safety in which team members can speak up and report errors without being blamed or data being used for medical malpractice legal cases [5, 6, 11, 17, 38] . It also requires leadership that propagates a persuasive vision to motivate and communicate urgency for change [38] .

However, much has to be done to reach the same safety levels as, for instance, commercial aviation where the safety risk is 10 -6 versus 10 -3 for surgery.

Besides the solutions described above, healthcare organizations have to stress the importance of shared or organizational learning from process failure, in order to become a 'learning organization'.

A learning organization is 'one that is successful at acquiring, cultivating, and applying knowledge that can be used to help it continually adapt to change' and has "created the environment and culture for quality and safety, which foster team building, innovation, learning, and, most of all, open communication throughout the organization".

This requires an environment of psychological safety in which team members can speak up and report errors without being blamed or data being used for medical malpractice legal cases.

It also requires leadership that propagates a persuasive vision to motivate and communicate urgency for change.


Due to the attack of S. zeamais, corn seeds grow with viability loss and declining nutritional quality (Danho, Gaspar, & Haubruge, 2002) . How to control against S. zeamais during maize seed stored is to regulate the seed moisture content, sanitation warehouses also conducted periodic fumigation. The excesses that arise from the use of insecticides in deposits is the residue material in seeds, costly and it can kill non-target organisms (Cherry, Banito, Djegui, & Lomer, 2004) . To reduce the negative effects, it is needed another safe way to control the environment, namely the use of corn genotypes that are resistant to S. zeamais. The aim of this research was to evaluate the resistance character of maize genotypes in Indonesia against S. zeamais based on the index of susceptibility.

Due to the attack of S. zeamais, corn seeds grow with viability loss and declining nutritional quality.

The excesses that arise from the use of insecticides in deposits is the residue material in seeds, costly and it can kill non-target organisms.


Our learning model is a two-stage semi-supervised learning model [16] . The semantic information used in our model is derived from word clusters which are, in turn, built from a large unannotated data by an unsupervised learning algorithm, the Brown algorithm [3] . After that, we use those word cluster-based information in a supervised learning model. The key of our approach is the way of integrating the word clustering information into the learning model. We encode word cluster-based information as features in a discriminative learning model. The learning algorithm used in this research is based on the Perceptron learning algorithm because of its simplicity, powerful and high speed. Especially, it is appropriate for structured learning tasks.

Our learning model is a two-stage semi-supervised learning model.

The semantic information used in our model is derived from word clusters which are, in turn, built from a large unannotated data by an unsupervised learning algorithm, the Brown algorithm.


For the IE method, no boundary condition needs to be defined since Green's function satisfies the boundary condition intrinsically and accurately. The IE method mainly has two types, the surface IE (SIE) method, and the volume IE (VIE) method. The SIE method is efficient for piecewise homogeneous scatterers whereas the VIE method provides the most accurate calculations for general inhomogeneous scatterers [2] . The reason for the high accuracy using the VIE is that it takes the interactions of different parts of the scatterer into consideration. However, its calculation speed is compromised, which is well known. In this study, the accelerated weak-form VIE is proposed with calculation accuracy for an MRI system.

The SIE method is efficient for piecewise homogeneous scatterers whereas the VIE method provides the most accurate calculations for general inhomogeneous scatterers.


Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious infection of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals, which can be transmitted from animals to humans. It is caused by a filterable RNA-containing aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae. On the basis of antigenic structure, seven serotypes of the FMD virus (FMDV) have been identified, each of which includes several variants (about 80 in total) [1] . The number of recorded FMD outbreaks has been increasing significantly since the early 2010, and in Russia, there were 14 outbreaks in five regions in the first half of 2013 alone.

On the basis of antigenic structure, seven serotypes of the FMD virus (FMDV) have been identified, each of which includes several variants (about 80 in total).


Potatoes are used in the food industry to produce food products such as potato flakes, potato chips, and French fries. In each instance, potatoes are presorted before being introduced to the processing line. Consequently, the composition of the potato must be measured for variables such as dry matter, carbohydrate, and reducing sugar content (fructose and glucose) prior to determining its correct use, handling, and processing [1] [2] [3] . In the fried products industr y, the determination of the reducing sugars content is par ticularly impor tant because the presence of high levels of reducing sugars not only causes browning, but also generates acr ylic amide by the Maillard reaction with asparagines during the high temperature heating process. Acrylic amide is believed to be carcinogenic and poisonous to the nervous system and is therefore a highly undesirable attribute for consumers.

Consequently, the composition of the potato must be measured for variables such as dry matter, carbohydrate, and reducing sugar content (fructose and glucose) prior to determining its correct use, handling, and processing.


Although not reported in bevacizumab specifically, there may be safety concerns for the use of angiogenesis inhibitors in SQCLC that extend beyond hemoptysis. ESCAPE was a randomized, phase III trial of chemotherapy with or without sorafenib in advanced lung cancers [22] . SQCLC patients (223/926 enrolled, 24 %) receiving sorafenib had an increased risk of death compared to patients with SQCLC receiving placebo (HR 1.85 95 % CI 1.22-2.82). This was not attributable to hemorrhage as the rate of hemorrhage was the same across SQCLC patients regardless of treatment received. These data suggest that patients with SQCLC were harmed with sorafenib by heretofore unknown mechanisms.

ESCAPE was a randomized, phase III trial of chemotherapy with or without sorafenib in advanced lung cancers.


This paper contains part of my doctoral thesis [12] . I am grateful to my supervisor Colin Rourke, and to Alan Robinson, Ronald Brown, and Simona Paoli for many interesting discussions and much helpful advice over the past few years. I also thank the referees for their kind comments and helpful suggestions.

This paper contains part of my doctoral thesis.


Production of marama flours involves processes such as dry heating the beans (roasting), oil extraction and milling (Maruatona, Duodu and Minnaar, 2010) . These processes can affect the nutritional quality of the resultant flour. This will in turn affect the nutritional value of composite flours and porridges if marama flour is used in composite foods. Such processing can also affect phenolic content and antioxidant activity. This study aims at evaluating the potential of full fat and partially defatted marama bean flours in improving the nutritional quality of sorghum porridge, and also the effect on phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

Production of marama flours involves processes such as dry heating the beans (roasting), oil extraction and milling.


Marama bean Tylosema esculentum (Burch) A. Schreib is a wild underutilised legume in southern Africa and is used as a food source by the rural communities of the Kalahari desert (Jackson, Duodu, Holse, Lima de faria, Jordaan, Chingwaru, Hansen, Cencic, Kandawa-schultz, Mpotokwane, Chimwamurombe, de Kock and Minnaar, 2010) . Marama bean is a good source of protein (29-38%) and fat (32-42%) (Holse, Husted and Hansen, 2010) . It can potentially be used to enhance the nutritional quality of cereal products such as sorghum.

Marama bean Tylosema esculentum (Burch) A. Schreib is a wild underutilised legume in southern Africa and is used as a food source by the rural communities of the Kalahari desert.

Marama bean is a good source of protein (29-38%) and fat (32-42%).


Internet forums open the door to an inner world where neither the writers nor the messages are there explicitly for research purposes. This provides an opportunity to follow imperceptibly a conversation in its authentic environment. The clear difference between the positive and negative groups is in the strength of the emotions the writers describe. It is interesting to observe what major consequences small and sporadic experiences can have. It would be interesting to know what the true implications might be of the writers being hidden behind a screen. Sometimes a person's own uncertainty or ambivalence regarding his/her self-esteem underlies negative experiences (Fox & Corbin, 1989) . To obtain the most inclusive view of these phenomena different data collection methods should be used in combination.

Sometimes a person's own uncertainty or ambivalence regarding his/her self-esteem underlies negative experiences.


If that is the case, it might mean that these individuals have difficulties coming to terms with the normal and natural effects of their own body and feel uncomfortable with it. Since the participants write anonymously, it is impossible to discover their cultural background, race, schooling, gender or age. In Finland, in most cases from the third grade (8 -9 years of age) onwards girls and boys do PE separately: this may have influenced the view of some of the writers. Owing to these limitations, issues concerning the writer's personal background were not in focus in this study, and should therefore be examined in future research. In relation to discussions forums it is important to understand that a limited population segment find such sites, read the messages and react. In Finland, however, quite a large number of people use the Web forums (Statistics Finland, 2011) . The present results are based on all the messages posted in nine Web forums during a specific period. The Internet is one way of listening to peoples' voices. When decoding the data one challenge is to be able to reach the writer's feelings. Another challenge is to understand and construe a message the way the writer intended. The smilies and other emoticons used in the messages helped to confirm the interpretation of the writer's feelings. Since people are not physically active enough, it is important to find out and analyze in more detail what lies behind this. Our findings imply that physical education does not provide everyone with enjoyable experiences and happy memories. It would be helpful for teachers and teacher educators to be aware of the feelings that PE arouses in order to develop PE pedagogy and the PE learning environment to the advantage of all students. PE teachers make valuable and challenging work with sensitive students. Today's new school-going generation may have a different relationship with their bodies; if so, this challenges PE teachers to find new ways to encourage students to adopt a physically active lifestyle.

In Finland, however, quite a large number of people use the Web forums.


The unit of analysis refers to the level of unity of data collected during the data analysis stage further (Sekaran, 2009) . The units of analysis in this study are Islamic Banks (BUS) registered with the OJK during 2011-2015 by using comparative quantitative approach. While the comparative study is a study that is comparing, the variables are the same as independent variables research, but sampling more than one or in a different time. The population is a whole group of people, events, or interests of research object (Sekaran, 2009) . In conducting this research, the study population is used all listed Islamic banks listed and unlisted ones during 2011-2015.

The unit of analysis refers to the level of unity of data collected during the data analysis stage further.

The population is a whole group of people, events, or interests of research object.


The role of the financial sector in the economy is crucial, particularly in the provision of funds for financing the economy (especially investment). Banking is one of the financial areas that expected to play an active role in national and regional economic development. Economic growth of a country is determined by many factors, one of them is the banking sector which has the principal function as an institution of the public fund (Kuncoro, 2002) .

Economic growth of a country is determined by many factors, one of them is the banking sector which has the principal function as an institution of the public fund.


Signaling theory used as the main argument in this study that states that management will naturally intentionally send signals to the market. The financial reporting and disclosure are potentially important means for management to communicate firm performance and governance to outside investors (Healy and Palepu, 2001) . The most profitable bank will provide complete information and better for the market (Bini, et.al, 2011) .

The financial reporting and disclosure are potentially important means for management to communicate firm performance and governance to outside investors.

The most profitable bank will provide complete information and better for the market.


It is well established that HBV/D is the principal genotype in India and has a wide range of subgenotypes including HBV/D1, HBV/D2, HBV/D3, HBV/D4, HBV/D5, and HBV/D9 [47] [48] [49] . In our previous study, as well as in this analysis, HBV/D2 was the most common subgenotype among the HBsAg positive HIV-infected patients [34, 50] . The phylogenetic analysis of the occult HBV strains from HIV patients showed that~82% of them belonged to HBV/D. However, they differed from their overt counterpart in the subgenotype distribution as majority of OBI/HIV+ isolates belonged to HBV/D1 (Fig 3) . At the molecular level, the occult HBV/ D1 strains were much more conserved and distinct from the chronic HBV/D1 strains isolated from HIV/HBV co-infected patients. Interestingly, previous studies from our lab reported high prevalence of HBV/D3 among OBI cases from blood donors without HIV infection [47, 51, 52] . These HBV/D3 isolates exclusively carried the sT125M mutation in their surface gene and were different from the HBV/D3 isolates found among HBsAg positive patients [47, 51] . Thus, the predominance of HBV/D1 among the OBI/HIV cohort of eastern India was rather unique. The possible reason for such drift in prevailing subgenotype remains unclear due to lack of sufficient data on OBI/HIV co-infection from India. It might be related to the influence of HIV on HBV epidemiology; however, this requires further investigation.

It is well established that HBV/D is the principal genotype in India and has a wide range of subgenotypes including HBV/D1, HBV/D2, HBV/D3, HBV/D4, HBV/D5, and HBV/D9.

In our previous study, as well as in this analysis, HBV/D2 was the most common subgenotype among the HBsAg positive HIV-infected patients.

Interestingly, previous studies from our lab reported high prevalence of HBV/D3 among OBI cases from blood donors without HIV infection.

These HBV/D3 isolates exclusively carried the sT125M mutation in their surface gene and were different from the HBV/D3 isolates found among HBsAg positive patients.


For the aggregated indicator formation the socalled point method was chosen (Jílek, 1998) . The principal requirement of the method is to fi nd for each of the indicators that region where the indicator given reaches its maximum value (if growth of the indicator is understood progressive), or its minimum value (in case, decrease of the indicator is desirable). The indicator obtains 1,000 points for such a region and the other regions then obtain number of points from 0 to 1,000 according to the percentage reached. In case, minimum value is the basis of the valuation, reciprocal value of this ratio is established. The sum of points for all the separate indicators is then obtained for each region and these sums characterize levels (orders) of regions as to the quality considered. Besides the sum of points, level of the indicator can also be described using the average number of points per one indicator. The method is comparatively simple, its advantage is in its capacity of summing up indicators expressed in diff erent units. Based on the numbers of points obtained this way, the order of rank can be established and the size of diff erences in the indicators given between separate regions can be assessed (e.g., how many times the level of living is higher in one region as against the other one).

For the aggregated indicator formation the socalled point method was chosen.


In order to select suitable indicators, areas representing population's living conditions quality have been established fi rst and then relevant measures have been selected within separate areas. Originally, 39 indicators had been selected and the number was later reduced based on the assessment of merits (importance of the indicator) and the indicator's variability in the regions. Variation was assessed using the coeffi cient of variation (Hendl, 2004) . The region of Prague Capital was excluded from processing regarding its specifi cities that may cause signifi cant diff erences sometimes, in the values of the measures. This way, 8 areas were established, by means of which the living conditions can be characterized.

Variation was assessed using the coeffi cient of variation.


For G = SP (2N), N > 1, we use the generalized symmetry transformations for the type II elliptic hypergeometric integral on the BC N -root system established by Rains [18] . These transformations are described again by the Weyl group W (E 7 ). By interpreting the latter integral as a superconformal index, we conjecture again existence of 72 self-dual theories. Only one of the corresponding dualities was found earlier in the literature [14] . Here we present two new different classes of dualities employing the antisymmetric tensor matter field. The 't Hooft anomaly matching conditions are satisfied for all our dualities (for smaller flavour groups). The details, as well as a full list of known dual theories and related superconformal indices, are described in a separate paper [19] .

For G = SP (2N), N > 1, we use the generalized symmetry transformations for the type II elliptic hypergeometric integral on the BC N -root system established by Rains.

Only one of the corresponding dualities was found earlier in the literature.

The details, as well as a full list of known dual theories and related superconformal indices, are described in a separate paper.


Geothermal energy is hot water, steam, gas or thermal energy within hot dry rocks that has accumulated under pressure at a variety of depths in the crust. In other words, geothermal energy may be defined as thermal energy of the globe [1] . It is estimated that the crust has 5.4 billion EJ of thermal energy. If just 0.1% of this energy could be used, world energy consumption needs for 10,000 a variety of topics to make appropriate decisions related to the approach to be used and research methods [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . Currently characterization of energy resources, power plant design and engineering optimization topics require creation of a conceptual framework comprising the knowledge of the latest available technology and current research. Consequently, energy inputs to the electricity power plant requiring knowledge related to available geothermal resources in the world, in general, should be accurately estimated. During the process of geothermal power plant design, design and modelling research should be fully understood, requiring detailed investigation of operating and continuing power plants. Also, conscious and correct decisions should be made relating to application of the most appropriate optimization techniques. This requires detailed investigation of the literature emphasizing techniques to bring energy power plants or thermal systems to the best state and optimization methods for engineering applications. The majority of scientific studies have focused on design optimization, selection of appropriate fluid, exergy/energy analyses and a variety of techno-economic research. Additionally, a common characteristic of ORC-based systems is the multiple nature of working conditions. The majority of application areas experience variations in thermal resource (or cooling processes) over time and the system should adapt to the working regime to ensure optimum performance. There are few studies related to control aspects and off-design performance of ORC systems [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] . Thus, all the following studies are related to low temperature ORCs.

In other words, geothermal energy may be defined as thermal energy of the globe.

If just 0.1% of this energy could be used, world energy consumption needs for 10,000 a variety of topics to make appropriate decisions related to the approach to be used and research methods.

There are few studies related to control aspects and off-design performance of ORC systems.


In the past, a significant progress has been made in understanding the drying kinetics of porous materials, especially focusing on the pore level (Prat, 2007; Prat and Bouleux, 1999) . It is widely mentioned that for irregular pore geometry thick liquid films provide an efficient transport of liquid to the surface (Chauvet et al., 2009) . The pores inside the brick are generally not perfectly cylindrical and have edges; consequently thick liquid films will be present. These films are known to contribute significantly to the mass transport phenomenon during stage-1 of drying (Laurindo and Prat, 1998) . The films supply water to isolated liquid clusters, thereby enhancing the mass transfer in comparison to the vapor diffusion transport mechanism (Laurindo and Prat, 1998) . The standard drying behavior of water saturated porous material is well documented in the literature (Hall and Hoff, 2002) . However, the drying behavior of the porous material in the presence of salt is still a topic of discussion, especially with regard to the impact of salt crystallization on drying. By varying the mean pore size of the porous material, it has been shown that the crystallization of the salt at the porous material surface could either severely reduce the evaporation rate compared to pure water or have no impact at all (Eloukabi et al., 2013) . This led to identify two main types of efflorescence, referred to as patchy (or non-blocking) and crusty (or blocking). As we shall see, distinguishing these two main types of efflorescence is also a key factor for analyzing our results.

In the past, a significant progress has been made in understanding the drying kinetics of porous materials, especially focusing on the pore level.

It is widely mentioned that for irregular pore geometry thick liquid films provide an efficient transport of liquid to the surface.

These films are known to contribute significantly to the mass transport phenomenon during stage-1 of drying.

The films supply water to isolated liquid clusters, thereby enhancing the mass transfer in comparison to the vapor diffusion transport mechanism.

The standard drying behavior of water saturated porous material is well documented in the literature.

By varying the mean pore size of the porous material, it has been shown that the crystallization of the salt at the porous material surface could either severely reduce the evaporation rate compared to pure water or have no impact at all.


In this context, the DEA technique analyzes the level of efficiency with which the inputs enable the achievement of certain outputs. However, this method is a powerful tool that can be applied to other types of multidimensional analyses including the construction of synthetic indices [45] . Such indices, which date back to the early 1990s, feature prominently in the literature [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] . In the process of constructing the synthetic indicator, traditional inputs are replaced by variables of a negative nature (the higher the value, the worse the result), while the outputs are represented by positive variables. By maximizing Equation (1) for a given university, we calculated the set of weights that assigned the highest possible value of the synthetic indicator to that observation.

However, this method is a powerful tool that can be applied to other types of multidimensional analyses including the construction of synthetic indices.

Such indices, which date back to the early 1990s, feature prominently in the literature.


In conclusion, at subtropical temperatures (19.8 to 25.5 'C) in the surf zone, Perna perna is an unusually productive organism. Not only does it have a faster growth rate than most temperate mussel species but it is very shortlived -only 0.1 % of the population on the OR1 Reef survive into their third year. It attains high density and biomass; the mean dry biomass for OR1 Reef mussel beds is 1720 g m-' with a mean annual P/B of 4.8 (Berry, 1978) . Consequently, a feature of this study is the high value obained for each component of the energy budget.

It attains high density and biomass; the mean dry biomass for OR1 Reef mussel beds is 1720 g m-' with a mean annual P/B of 4.8.


Dayasari Residential College (DRC), located at the University of Malaya (UM) in Kuala Lumpur, is acknowledged as a natural ventilated building with the most considerate implementation of bioclimatic design strategies that minimise the electricity consumption for lighting and cooling (Jamaludin et al., 2014) . Thus, it showed amongst the lowest Energy Efficiency Index (34.52 kWh/m2/year) compared to other residential colleges in UM; which are in the range of 40 to 125 kWh/m2/year (Jamaludin et al., 2013) . Unfortunately, the lowest consumption of electricity is not the ultimate criteria of a successful implementation of bioclimatic design strategies, especially if residents are to bare with unconducive environments. With regards to these conditions, POE is recognised as one of the ways to validate the successfulness of implementation of bioclimatic design strategies in providing conducive indoor environment for the residents (Preiser, 1995) . This study aims to promote sustainable living through the efficiency of natural ventilated residential college buildings in UM. The objective is to evaluate on performance criteria of building: the architectural elements, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, visual comfort, acoustic comfort and landscape elements, with the purpose of justifying the residents' perception and satisfaction with the implemented bioclimatic design strategies.

Dayasari Residential College (DRC), located at the University of Malaya (UM) in Kuala Lumpur, is acknowledged as a natural ventilated building with the most considerate implementation of bioclimatic design strategies that minimise the electricity consumption for lighting and cooling.

Thus, it showed amongst the lowest Energy Efficiency Index (34.52 kWh/m2/year) compared to other residential colleges in UM; which are in the range of 40 to 125 kWh/m2/year.

With regards to these conditions, POE is recognised as one of the ways to validate the successfulness of implementation of bioclimatic design strategies in providing conducive indoor environment for the residents.


A distinctive aspect of a services orientation is that consumers are inherently involved in the co-production of the service itself. In the context of higher education, students are for example, inherently and dynamically involved in the creation of the educational experience (Hill, 1995) . The learning process is an inseparable, two-way exchange of information, which requires students' cognitive efforts, highlighting the interaction between educator and the educated. A recently espoused view also recognises students as customers and co-producers of the university experience (Kotze & du Plessis 2003; Vargo & Lusch 2004) . Since the student is a key partner in the co-creation of the core service, the student's perspective of the educational experience as a whole is important. It is consequently important for organisations to understand the nature of the student-university relationship. This evolution in strategic orientation has seen the need to adopt a highly customer-oriented strategy, with relationship marketing emerging as a widely accepted approach within the industry (Helgesen, 2008; Ng & Forbes 2009) . Organisations now seek to develop educational relationships with students, rather than simple transactional deals between the exchange partners (Gibbs 2001) .

In the context of higher education, students are for example, inherently and dynamically involved in the creation of the educational experience.

A recently espoused view also recognises students as customers and co-producers of the university experience.

This evolution in strategic orientation has seen the need to adopt a highly customer-oriented strategy, with relationship marketing emerging as a widely accepted approach within the industry.

Organisations now seek to develop educational relationships with students, rather than simple transactional deals between the exchange partners.


In order to respond to these challenges, higher education institutions have shown an increasing interest in the adoption of a marketing orientation within the sector (Thomas & Cunningham 2009; Mansfield & Warwick 2006; Helgesen 2008) . By adopting a marketing orientation, higher education providers can increase their international presence, and enhance their profile (Ramachandran 2010) . This may in turn, assist in the attraction and retention of the student base. In addition, many institutions now recognise the need to adopt a services orientation in the industry (Nicholls, Harris, Morgan, Clarke & Sims, 1995; Ng & Forbes 2009) . Given the extended nature of the higher education service encounter, management of the service experience is essential to ensuring positive outcomes for both the student and the institution (Umashankar 2001) .

In order to respond to these challenges, higher education institutions have shown an increasing interest in the adoption of a marketing orientation within the sector.

By adopting a marketing orientation, higher education providers can increase their international presence, and enhance their profile.

In addition, many institutions now recognise the need to adopt a services orientation in the industry.

Given the extended nature of the higher education service encounter, management of the service experience is essential to ensuring positive outcomes for both the student and the institution.


A notable breakthrough is to employ memories in neural networks. The representative model is named the memory network [28] . The key of memory network is to store historical sentences in a memory pool. The model is trained to look for related sentences when a question comes. Then based on the related sentences, an answer is predicted for the question. Memory network remembers all sentences it has read so that it can look for useful ones when facing questions. This model and its variants have been proved useful in a series of tasks [28, 25, 1] .

The representative model is named the memory network.

This model and its variants have been proved useful in a series of tasks.


Recently the emergence of deep neural networks and distributed representations sheds light on such methods. Representing all the features using vectors provides a unified representational form for all the necessary information. Outside knowledge learnt from large corpus can be encoded into word vectors. Information obtained locally is also represented using vectors. Deep neural network models with many layers are designed to fuse information obtained from different sources [4, 7] .

Deep neural network models with many layers are designed to fuse information obtained from different sources.


Because the immune system competes for resources with sexually selected ornaments, the mechanism proposed by the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) is another way to consider signal honesty in the mate choice context (Folstad and Karter 1992) . It suggests that testosterone serves a dual role in mediating both sexual signal expression and immunosuppression. The immunosuppressive effect of testosterone can be explained by the indirect action promoting the allocation of energy to reproduction-behavior and metabolism-rather than maintenance of the immune system . As a consequence, high testosterone levels result not only in full sexual signal expression but also in a concomitant reduction of immunocompetence. Therefore, only high-quality males can afford to both fully express sexual traits and be able to resist or tolerate parasite/pathogen attack.

Because the immune system competes for resources with sexually selected ornaments, the mechanism proposed by the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis (ICHH) is another way to consider signal honesty in the mate choice context.