Pain due to spinal pathology has a worldwide lifetime prevalence of 54-80 % and an annual prevalence of 15-45 %, with intervertebral discs and facet joints accounting for 26-39 % and 27-40 % of cases respectively [1] [2] [3] . However, degenerative disease of the spine is a complex pathology involving not only the vertebral bodies, the intervertebral discs and the facet joints but all the spinal elements (flaval ligaments, interspinous ligaments and posterior vertebral elements) as well. In addition, degeneration of a specific spinal element or a group of elements can result in further degeneration elsewhere in the spine [4] . Correct diagnosis and treatment of spinal pain requires a combination of clinical examination and imaging studies [5] . This combination will reveal the pain source in order for the proper treatment to be selected.

Pain due to spinal pathology has a worldwide lifetime prevalence of 54-80 % and an annual prevalence of 15-45 %, with intervertebral discs and facet joints accounting for 26-39 % and 27-40 % of cases respectively.

In addition, degeneration of a specific spinal element or a group of elements can result in further degeneration elsewhere in the spine.

Correct diagnosis and treatment of spinal pain requires a combination of clinical examination and imaging studies.


The bioavailability and clearance of drugs primarily metabolized by the liver can be affected by liver cirrhosis [1] [2] [3] . This is especially true for drugs which have a high hepatic extraction (high-extraction drugs) [1, 4] . Per definition, high-extraction drugs are eliminated by more than 60% during the first passage across the liver, resulting in an oral bioavailability of less than 40% in healthy subjects. In patients with liver cirrhosis, the bioavailability of such drugs can reach 100% due to intra-and extrahepatic porto-systemic shunts [1, 5, 6] . High-extraction drugs must therefore be dosed very carefully in this population to avoid dosedependent adverse reactions [7] .

The bioavailability and clearance of drugs primarily metabolized by the liver can be affected by liver cirrhosis.

This is especially true for drugs which have a high hepatic extraction (high-extraction drugs).

In patients with liver cirrhosis, the bioavailability of such drugs can reach 100% due to intra-and extrahepatic porto-systemic shunts.

High-extraction drugs must therefore be dosed very carefully in this population to avoid dosedependent adverse reactions.


The first step to study about an appropriate control method in photovoltaic systems is to know how to model and simulate a PV system attached to the converter and power grid. In general, PV systems present nonlinear Power-Voltage (P-V) and Current-Voltage (I-V) characteristics which tightly depend on the receiving irradiance levels and ambient conditions. The mathematical model of the photovoltaic device is significantly valuable for studying the maximum power point tracking algorithms, doing research about the dynamic performance of converters, and also for simulating photovoltaic components by using circuit simulators [1] [2] [3] .

The mathematical model of the photovoltaic device is significantly valuable for studying the maximum power point tracking algorithms, doing research about the dynamic performance of converters, and also for simulating photovoltaic components by using circuit simulators.


Although, in the last years, health care costs have been rapidly rising, the quality of the provided service is not following the same trend and, in non rare situations, it is not only poor but simply inexistent [17] . Given this negative scenario, changes have to be made in the care provision area and new approaches to this problem need to be found and followed. One of these approaches may well be the use of the emerging technologies, as the exploitation of collaborative networks, especially in the health care sector, which have not been, yet, studied and applied in depth in this field. Undeniably, patients in a general way and the ones with chronic diseases in particular, have to be empowered through the use of ITenabled disease management processes, in order to allow them, in not rare cases, to take control of the situation and, under an economical perspective, lower treatment costs. Under this new scenario, they will stay at their own premises, being object of real time monitoring, leading to a continuous evaluation of critical data, allowing the achievement of the desired, and already mentioned, proactiveness. It is also believed that family and relatives should also be empowered, as they should have real time access to all the results of the collected information.

Although, in the last years, health care costs have been rapidly rising, the quality of the provided service is not following the same trend and, in non rare situations, it is not only poor but simply inexistent.


Under disturbed conditions, turbulences and small-scale irregularities in the ionosphere can constructively and deconstructively interfere with GNSS signals, leading to random and fast variations of signal amplitude and phase (Rino 1979) . This phenomenon, known as ionospheric scintillation, is particularly challenging for the carrier tracking stage of a GNSS receiver, the receiver link most sensitive to platform dynamics and signal attenuations. Even if scintillation usually involves just a portion of the sky, it can affect several satellite links at the same time, leading to outages in positioning and navigation. In the case of Ionospheric Scintillation Monitoring Receivers (ISMRs), designed to provide information about ionospheric disturbances by estimating a number of scintillation parameters, a decrease in the tracking performance will translate into poor scintillation monitoring capabilities. This is why ISMRs are usually based on high-grade geodetic receivers, heavily relying on the carrier phase information.

Under disturbed conditions, turbulences and small-scale irregularities in the ionosphere can constructively and deconstructively interfere with GNSS signals, leading to random and fast variations of signal amplitude and phase.


The main limitations of the study are the heterogeneity of study groups. Though there was no difference within the study in each group, there were variations among different studies based on various factors. The primary cancer treated was metastatic breast cancer in four trials, multiple myeloma in two trials, AIDS related Kaposi sarcoma in two trials and metastatic soft tissue sarcoma in one trial. Due to the different tumor types, the study drugs varied in the dose, frequency and number of treatment. However, the intergroup variations have a limited effect on our meta-analysis due to the fact that each trial is randomized and well controlled. There are no variations among the two groups within the studies. The existence of heterogeneity among the study group was evaluated using the chi-squared analysis. The extent of heterogeneity was assessed using the I-squared analysis. Moderate to high heterogeneity was noted among the study groups. To minimize the bias, we used random effects models for the studies with high heterogeneity, as recommended and performed by many statisticians and meta-analysis publications [29] [30] [31] .

To minimize the bias, we used random effects models for the studies with high heterogeneity, as recommended and performed by many statisticians and meta-analysis publications.


In a real practical situation, the harsh noise environment in the electrical system is one of the limiting factors in the detection of PD and electrical tree. Therefore, in order to obtain accurate detection of incipient fault, it is recommended that power quality recorders are to be used to record all abnormal conducted signals in the power systems. Power quality recorders with high sampling rate can detect and record minor abnormalities in the current and voltage waveforms. Signal processing techniques must then be used in processing the recorded signals. The selection of signal processing technique is very important as the waveforms recorded during the occurrence of PD are non stationary and noise polluted. The application of FFT for the detection of disturbances will be inaccurate as the FFT only gives the frequency components that exist in the signal [15] . Another relatively new signal processing technique known as the wavelet transform which gives time localization of the spectral components of signals has been applied for analyzing power quality disturbance signals [16] . However, it is reported that the performance of the wavelet transform is less superior compared to the new time frequency technique known as the S-transform (ST) [17] . In this paper, a novel approach to predict the existence of incipient fault in the existing underground cable system in Malaysia is proposed using the ST and the support vector regression (SVR) technique. The excellent time-frequency resolution characteristic of the ST makes it an attractive candidate for the analysis of power quality (PQ) disturbances under noisy condition [18] . The SVR is considered as a relatively new supervised learning technique for predicting the existence of incipient faults.

The application of FFT for the detection of disturbances will be inaccurate as the FFT only gives the frequency components that exist in the signal.

Another relatively new signal processing technique known as the wavelet transform which gives time localization of the spectral components of signals has been applied for analyzing power quality disturbance signals.

However, it is reported that the performance of the wavelet transform is less superior compared to the new time frequency technique known as the S-transform (ST).

The excellent time-frequency resolution characteristic of the ST makes it an attractive candidate for the analysis of power quality (PQ) disturbances under noisy condition.


The peak at 340 nm corresponds to naphthalene ring of the dye. The gradual decrease of intensity at this peak, during electrolysis indicates the degradation of naphthalene ring (Hanna et al., 2010) . This is also evidenced by COD removal efficiency of 90%. The UV spectra show the slight intensity at this wavelength even after electrolysis indicating the existence of small amount of few organic compounds. Furthermore, the peaks in UV-Visible spectra recorded for electrolyzed solution at different current densities indicated that higher percentage of degradation (80%) was achieved at lower current densities. Whereas, experiments at higher current densities contributes only 10% to the total COD removal efficiency of 90%.

The gradual decrease of intensity at this peak, during electrolysis indicates the degradation of naphthalene ring.


The dye solution after electrolysis under potentiostatic condition showed UV-Vis absorbance (455 to 506 nm) (Figure 7 ) which is similar to the results obtained in galvanostatic condition. Here also, the complete decolourization was noticed, whereas the peak intensity at 340 nm gradually reduced and reaches a limiting value which is higher as compared to galvanostatic condition. This implies considerable amount of organic compounds present in the electrolyzed solution. In addition, the COD removal efficiency is 55% and further supports the presence of considerable amount of organic compounds. The results of treatment under galvanostatic and potentiostatic conditions revealed that the former gives higher COD removal efficiency than the latter. The reason is obvious that under galvanostatic condition, the current kept constant and the potential of the electrode varies resulting in different electrochemical reactions. The various organic products formed during electrolysis may possess different decomposition potentials. When the electrode reaches that particular potential, the corresponding organic compound undergo electrochemical reaction and hence breakage of the molecule. During this, the concentration of the organic molecule reduced causing rise in the potential of the electrode. As a result, the other compound having corresponding potential undergoes electrode reaction. Also, the compounds which are inert in case, to electrochemical reaction, formed during treatment process undergo decomposition or breakage from the radicals which are generated at the anode (Henning and Hammerich, 2000) .

Also, the compounds which are inert in case, to electrochemical reaction, formed during treatment process undergo decomposition or breakage from the radicals which are generated at the anode.


Considering the high impact of health and personal economic situation for actual retirement, these factors may blunt the relationship between psychosocial work environment factors and retirement in observational studies using actual retirement as an endpoint. So a study like this using intention to quit one's job without hindrance by economic considerations as an endpoint may have the advantage that the impact of this major confounder is minimized. However, results from studies on de facto retirement may identify a broader spectrum of 'risk factors' for retirement, occupational as well as others. For example, it has been shown that being a current smoker is a strong predictor of retirement [14] . In the present study, the intention to quit was practically the same among smokers and non-smokers. So the hypothetical question on intention to quit used in this study may be a cheap and easily applied method as a measurement tool for not only identifying individuals who would like to quit their job but also evaluating the psychosocial quality of a given work or workplace. In addition, a study like this may identify which of the many psychosocial factors included have the strongest association with the wish of quitting one's job if economically possible.

For example, it has been shown that being a current smoker is a strong predictor of retirement.


The fabrication of an array of microfibers with nanoscalestrunctured film consists of drawing microfibers, forming nanoscale-structured film using dip coating process and assembling an array of microfibers. The system of fabrication of microfibers is illustrated in Figure 4 . We fabricated microfibers with micrometer-order diameter using hydrogen-oxygen flame-heated scanning fiber drawing method [15] . A standard single-mode fiber is placed into the flame. The location of single-mode fiber in the flame can be controlled by using 2D translation systems precisely. Single-mode fiber was fixed on two 3D translation systems controlled by high-precision stepper motor. The entire experimental setup placed in airtight environment was fixed at a heavy platform in order to ensure the stability of the setup. The flame-heated scanning drawing method has certain advantages compared with laser drawing method; both theoretical and experimental results show that the laser power required for drawing microfibers with a uniform diameter is impractically large [18] .

We fabricated microfibers with micrometer-order diameter using hydrogen-oxygen flame-heated scanning fiber drawing method.

The flame-heated scanning drawing method has certain advantages compared with laser drawing method; both theoretical and experimental results show that the laser power required for drawing microfibers with a uniform diameter is impractically large.


There is no need to debate whether heuristic scenarios or empirically tested formal models are better because they have different roles (Schwarz et al., 1982) . Rather Delphi and other heuristic scenario methods could provide new ideas regarding important factors and mechanisms which could be incorporated into 'what-if' models. The qualitative arguments included in a quantitative cluster varied considerably, however. This restricts the formation of consistent scenarios directly from the data. It seems appropriate to conclude that the disaggregative Delphi approach of this study can be used to form the core of a set of scenarios but it is still necessary to use some heuristic common sense to solve the remaining inconsistencies.

There is no need to debate whether heuristic scenarios or empirically tested formal models are better because they have different roles.


The other researchers have paid attention on relationship between employment suburbanization and the growth of reversed commuting in the weekday travel behavior of working residents in the Paris (Aguiléra et al., 2009) . The findings of the research have confirmed that the choice of transport mode depends on the workplace, and the gentrification of the municipality of Paris which was linked to its capacity to attract high qualified jobs and to its proximity to sub-centres. If public transport quality remains insufficient, the high-income residents have been greater access to car. The research recommended that public authorities should be aware of this spatial mismatch which has negative environmental and social consequences.

The other researchers have paid attention on relationship between employment suburbanization and the growth of reversed commuting in the weekday travel behavior of working residents in the Paris.


The first issue related to accessibility of resident in the suburban areas with improvement of public transport. The previous research has been conducted to find out the current accessibility of the residents' trip in Surabaya City (Herijanto et al, 2006) . Hence, the improvement will effect on the distance and time traveled for each purpose of each trip in each zone.

The previous research has been conducted to find out the current accessibility of the residents' trip in Surabaya City.


General research in data stream algorithms tries to establish lower bounds for data stream algorithm classes or present specific applications that are modeled by using data stream algorithms [2, 10] . In WSNs, the network can be considered as a distributed database where some functions (e.g. maximum, minimum, and average) are computed in-network or they use the resources available at a sensor database and apply them to extract management information from the WSN, such as energy and location of nodes [4, 9] . Current sensor databases are not suitable for WSNs, since nodes have too few resources and real-time aspects are not considered.

General research in data stream algorithms tries to establish lower bounds for data stream algorithm classes or present specific applications that are modeled by using data stream algorithms.

In WSNs, the network can be considered as a distributed database where some functions (e.g. maximum, minimum, and average) are computed in-network or they use the resources available at a sensor database and apply them to extract management information from the WSN, such as energy and location of nodes.


In some applications for WSNs, data usually arrives in an online fashion, is unlimited, and there is no order in the arrival of data to be processed. Data with these features are called data streams [10] . Due to the constraints of sensor networks, sending a large amount of data can take a lot of time. As a consequence, a high delay will probably not meet real-time requirements of a given application. Therefore, we must provide techniques to control the amount of data through the network and its consequent delay. In order to do this, many data stream techniques that can be used in WSNs. In this work, we use a sampling data stream technique to reduce the data traffic.

Data with these features are called data streams.


Efficiency is the ratio of output to input in general manner and deals with the operational performance of a firm (at micro level) or country (at macro level) (Joppe & Li, 2016) . The processes which produce more outputs per input have bigger efficiency. If the largest possible output per input is provided, optimum efficiency will be achieved. Without using new technologies or making various changes, it is impossible to increase the efficiency (Sherman & Zhu, 2006) .

Efficiency is the ratio of output to input in general manner and deals with the operational performance of a firm (at micro level) or country (at macro level).

Without using new technologies or making various changes, it is impossible to increase the efficiency.


In recent years, a considerable amount of study has been done on efficiency and productivity analysis in the tourism literature. Both its economic contributions and increasing competition in the global tourism market have promoted the number of studies on tourism efficiency. However, the majority of the tourism efficiency studies is bounded by travel agents, hospitality industry and food & beverage facilities (micro-level) (Hadad et al., 2012) . When it is considered that efficiency measurement is usually carried out for commercial businesses, countries in this paper are considered as commercial businesses aiming to produce maximum output managing their inputs effectively. The efficiency of the tourism industry at the macro level has been discussed in few studies. Unlike most studies evaluating the efficiency of tourism establishments, the study is thought to contribute to the related literature as it evaluates relative efficiencies of the countries at the macro level for tourism industry. In addition, it is one of the few publications within the scope of European countries based on data envelopment analysis.

However, the majority of the tourism efficiency studies is bounded by travel agents, hospitality industry and food & beverage facilities (micro-level).


Increases in worldwide agricultural and ecoenvironmental problems related to soil salinity have received considerable attention recently, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Soil salinity is a major threat to food production because it limits crop yields and restricts the use of previously uncultivated land. At the moment, various factors, such as intensive agronomic practices, poor water management, irrigation without sufficient drainage systems, limited rainfall, high evapo-transpiration, and high temperature, have affected nearly 20% of the world's cultivated land and nearly half of irrigated lands by salinity (Parvaiz and Satyawati, 2008) . Thus, studying salt stress is an important means to elucidate plant biochemical and physiological mechanisms. The direct and indirect effects of salinity on plant tissues may include the following characteristics: 1) reduced water availability as a consequence of high soluble salts in the soil; 2) ion-specific effects that result from an excessive accumulation of toxic ions (Na + and Cl -) in plants; and 3) salt-induced secondary stress, e.g., oxidative bursts that are caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (Abogadallah, 2010) . Moreover, plant responses to salt stress may also lead to differences in nitrogen (N) metabolism, namely ion uptake, N assimilation, and amino acid and protein synthesis, which all influence each level of plant function from metabolism to resource allocation, growth, and development (Kusano et al., 2011) . Plant physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress have been extensively studied, but their underlying mechanisms are still not well understood.

At the moment, various factors, such as intensive agronomic practices, poor water management, irrigation without sufficient drainage systems, limited rainfall, high evapo-transpiration, and high temperature, have affected nearly 20% of the world's cultivated land and nearly half of irrigated lands by salinity.

The direct and indirect effects of salinity on plant tissues may include the following characteristics: 1) reduced water availability as a consequence of high soluble salts in the soil; 2) ion-specific effects that result from an excessive accumulation of toxic ions (Na + and Cl -) in plants; and 3) salt-induced secondary stress, e.g., oxidative bursts that are caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species.

Moreover, plant responses to salt stress may also lead to differences in nitrogen (N) metabolism, namely ion uptake, N assimilation, and amino acid and protein synthesis, which all influence each level of plant function from metabolism to resource allocation, growth, and development.


Soil salinity is a prevalent abiotic stress for plants. Growth inhibition is a common response to salinity, and plant growth is one of the most important agricultural indices of salt stress tolerance, as has been indicated by a number of studies (Abogadallah, 2010) . Cotyledon fresh and dry weights showed no significant changes when exposed to 50 mM NaCl stress in this study. However, the fresh weight significantly decreased when exposed to 100 mM NaCl, and the dry weight decreased at days 2 and 6 compared with the control. The RWC has been reconsidered to be an indicator of phytotoxicity after salt stress occurred in some plant species. Because the RWC indicates the water status of plant tissues, a reduced RWC seems to indicate disturbed plant homeostasis in response to NaCl stress. Earlier studies have suggested that the RWC is correlated with the concentration and phytotoxicity of salt in plants (del Martínez-Ballesta et al. 2006) . A decreased RWC may be explained by the changes in leaf fresh weight in response to a salt concentration of 100 mM.

Growth inhibition is a common response to salinity, and plant growth is one of the most important agricultural indices of salt stress tolerance, as has been indicated by a number of studies.

Earlier studies have suggested that the RWC is correlated with the concentration and phytotoxicity of salt in plants.


The ammonium that is produced by NiR activity is then incorporated into an organic form, primarily by the GS enzyme. Ammonium assimilation is mainly accomplished through the enzymatic activities of the GS/GOGAT cycle. In this pathway, the NH 4 + that originates from NO 3 -reduction is incorporated as an organic form by GS, which catalyzes the conversion of the amino acid glutamate into the amide glutamine. The GOGAT then catalyzes the reductive transfer of the amide group of glutamine that is formed by GS to 2-oxoglutarate and yields two molecules of glutamate (Miflin and Habash, 2002; Kusano et al., 2011) . The activity of GS at the three germinating stages generally tended to decrease with increased salt treatments. GOGAT is responsible for the reductive transfer of amide N to α-oxoglutarate for the generation of two molecules of glutamate, one of which is recycled for glutamine biosynthesis (Forde and Lea, 2007) . Earlier reports have shown that salt stress may regulate the GS/GOGAT cycle and their activities and promote the degradation of organic N in plant tissues (Wang et al., 2007; Surabhi et al., 2008) . Our results indicated that increased GS and GOGAT activities in the developing cotyledons might be involved in ammonium detoxification under NaCl stress.

The GOGAT then catalyzes the reductive transfer of the amide group of glutamine that is formed by GS to 2-oxoglutarate and yields two molecules of glutamate.

GOGAT is responsible for the reductive transfer of amide N to α-oxoglutarate for the generation of two molecules of glutamate, one of which is recycled for glutamine biosynthesis.

Earlier reports have shown that salt stress may regulate the GS/GOGAT cycle and their activities and promote the degradation of organic N in plant tissues.


These previous studies generally support the hypothesis that the pilot adopts a -based strategy during guidance tasks. However, there are several potential barriers to the acceptance of such a hypothesis. First, within the psychology community, while there are advocates for theory, there are also its detractors, mainly due to very limited information known about perceptual timing [22] . Second, the use of time-to-contact and the associated -guides result in a fundamentally non-linear system that, at face value, adds mathematical complexity to the development of a guidance system and its subsequent analysis. Third, the use of -guides to control vehicle motion does not appear to be useful for pursuit guidance because of their apparent open-loop control structure. Finally, it is still an open research question as to how pilots use time-to-contact whilst having to adapt to the different vehicle dynamics that they encounter.

First, within the psychology community, while there are advocates for theory, there are also its detractors, mainly due to very limited information known about perceptual timing.


Appropriate nutrient intake, in quantity, bioavailability, and timing in infancy are essential for optimal growth and development. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months and then the introduction of nutritious complimentary or solid foods, while breastfeeding continues, contributes to the prevention of acute and chronic diseases in early and later life [1] . Most reviews have concluded that "exclusive breastfeeding" for the first six months of life provides sufficient nutrients for infants for around six months, and then appropriate "complementary foods" should be introduced with continued breastfeeding, preferably until around two years of age or longer [2] [3] [4] . Both breastfed and infant formula fed infants should be introduced to safe and nutritious "complementary foods" at around six months to prevent retardation of growth and to minimize the risk of nutrient deficiencies [5] .

Exclusive breastfeeding for six months and then the introduction of nutritious complimentary or solid foods, while breastfeeding continues, contributes to the prevention of acute and chronic diseases in early and later life.

Most reviews have concluded that "exclusive breastfeeding" for the first six months of life provides sufficient nutrients for infants for around six months, and then appropriate "complementary foods" should be introduced with continued breastfeeding, preferably until around two years of age or longer.

Both breastfed and infant formula fed infants should be introduced to safe and nutritious "complementary foods" at around six months to prevent retardation of growth and to minimize the risk of nutrient deficiencies.


Understanding the structure of the higher derivative terms is crucial because they hold a lot of information about the unitarity and renormalizability properties of the theory in question. With attractor mechanism and entropy function formalism, a lot of interesting aspects of Lovelock terms, Chern-Simons terms, Born-Infeld terms etc., can be studied [2] , [21] - [23] . They are also important from the point of view of the need to introduce a small amount of non-extremality, in certain situations involving higher derivative terms [24] . So far, compared with extremal black holes, non-extremal ones are relatively less investigated. Recently, more attention has been paid to unattractor and entropy function for non-extremal black holes [1] , [7] , [25] - [27] . Since the Einstein field equations are a set of second order coupled nonlinear partial differential equations which are free of time derivatives in this letter, we expect that initial conditions including the first coefficient of the scalar series expansion determine all the coefficients of the field series expansion. So it is natural that non-extremal black holes show unattractor behavior. In this paper, we pay more attention to the 'degree of unattractor' and find that our naive intuition for the first coefficient of the scalar field series expansion to increase monotonically with its value at the horizon does not hold generically when Born-Infeld term is considered.

With attractor mechanism and entropy function formalism, a lot of interesting aspects of Lovelock terms, Chern-Simons terms, Born-Infeld terms etc., can be studied.

They are also important from the point of view of the need to introduce a small amount of non-extremality, in certain situations involving higher derivative terms.

Recently, more attention has been paid to unattractor and entropy function for non-extremal black holes.


Morality is an elusive term. Its content is culturally determined and time and space contingent. There exists, however, a basic consensus that harming others in an unjustified and intentional way is considered as immoral (Haidt and Kesebir, 2010) . It is this notion that motivates our research paradigm. In the experiments subjects were facing the trade-off between receiving money and killing a mouse versus not receiving money and saving the life of a mouse.

Morality is an elusive term.

There exists, however, a basic consensus that harming others in an unjustified and intentional way is considered as immoral.


It is possible to argue that what happened in the early childhood education services in this study is the separation of the needs of children from those of their teachers, and the separation of the needs of the teachers from those of the policy makers. It is important that the control over learning and teaching shifts to the teachers themselves. Educational reforms need to stress the responsibility of teachers to promote the learning and development of children (Richter, Kunter, Klusmann, Ludtke, & Baumert, 2011) .

Educational reforms need to stress the responsibility of teachers to promote the learning and development of children.


The discrepancy between teachers' learning and children's learning is not only an issue within the context of early childhood education in ChangChun. This research raises questions that could be relevant to other places (Villegas-Reimers, 2003) . The ways in which teachers advance their professional ranks need to be considered. To add to what has been known, policy makers should try to achieve an alignment between teachers' career advancement and their capacity to make a difference in children's lives. It is necessary that the national and local educational authorities in China explore the possibility of developing an improvement agenda for teachers' professional performances, rooted in a rejection of competitions and a teaching-oriented system.

This research raises questions that could be relevant to other places.


The present pressure towards a competitive system in teaching evaluation is an example of change (Liu & Teddlie, 2003) . The main change should be in a more democratic approach which substitutes the ability to teach for an ability to lead to educational reforms. The passion of the participating teachers for learning holds out promising and exciting prospects. However, if early childhood education is to function to promote learning of young children, it will be necessary for teachers to see the clear links between their learning and children's learning, and that they gain benefits from making these links.

The present pressure towards a competitive system in teaching evaluation is an example of change.


Abilities to perform in tests and open class demonstrations constituted effective teaching in the early childhood services where the teachers worked. This should have come from the widespread uptake in early childhood services of the competition regime (Wu, Young & Cai, 2012) . There has been evidence that professional development was defined by the teachers in terms of skills or characteristics such as having the ability and confidence to perform teaching in open classes. The teachers did not see the professional development as a way of accomplishing a child-centred inspiration in early childhood education but rather a means to improve their own teaching abilities (Li, Wang & Wong, 2011) .

This should have come from the widespread uptake in early childhood services of the competition regime.

The teachers did not see the professional development as a way of accomplishing a child-centred inspiration in early childhood education but rather a means to improve their own teaching abilities.


A further aspect of the teachers' accounts of their learning, which connected up to their teaching practice, was their relationships with parents. It is clear in this study that a problem existed in the teachers' work that what they did was entangled with the high, if not unreasonable expectations of parents (Guo & Qu, 2012) . The necessity of appearing competent to parents was taken up by the teachers in relation to their professional learning.

It is clear in this study that a problem existed in the teachers' work that what they did was entangled with the high, if not unreasonable expectations of parents.


The values obtained for the material properties involved and also for the rest of parameters of the simulation are reasonable compared with the bibliographic values. More information about these values is included in a previous version of this paper [10] . Fig. 6 shows the results obtained for the Inconel 718 case. In this case the preliminary model used as base includes the values previously adjusted in the Hastelloy X case, excepting the alloy material properties. As can be observed, once the Inconel 718 material properties has been adjusted, simulation results fit well the experimental data. The values obtained for the Inconel 718 material properties are reasonable compared with bibliographic data as well.

More information about these values is included in a previous version of this paper.


Although very successful, Time of Flight cameras are prone to a lot potential errors. One of these is a multiple return problem [4] . In essence, this means that light incident to a single pixel on a chip does * The University of Edinburgh;M.Mutny@sms.ed.ac.uk † This work has been supported by DAAD RISE Scholarship ‡ HCI -Heidelberg University not come from a single reflection point but from multiple points. Thus light beams incident from distinctive reflection points have different phase shifts making it difficult to interpolate the right depth. Through clever processing this effect can be mitigated as amplitudes of unwanted reflections are differ from the desired. Thus, this problem can be interpreted in this scenario as noise removal problem. A prime example where this effect is greatly pronounced is when capturing sharp corners made of specular materials. In this instance, light from one plane of the corner is reflected to the other and vice versa creating a difficult scene to measure correctly.

One of these is a multiple return problem.


Time of Flight (ToF) cameras are one of the few possible models for successful depth measurement of a scene that accompany the usual 2D technology. The usual ToF camera contains an illumination light which emits IR light of stable frequency f m (usually 30kHz) [7] . These beams are reflected from objects that are being captured and returned back to the camera recording chip. Here, according to the phase shift at a given pixel on the chip the depth of a pixel can be calculated. ToF technology is becoming increasingly more popular and has recently penetrated to mainstream marked via Kinect device for Xbox manufactured by Microsoft [11] .

The usual ToF camera contains an illumination light which emits IR light of stable frequency f m (usually 30kHz).

ToF technology is becoming increasingly more popular and has recently penetrated to mainstream marked via Kinect device for Xbox manufactured by Microsoft.


Due to the similarity of gamma and electron electromagnetic showers, we cannot rule out a significant contamination of gamma-ray events within our electron data. However, Fermi-LAT has now measured the diffuse extragalactic gamma-ray flux up to ∼800 GeV and finds it orders of magnitude below their own CRE measurement [18] . They additionally find evidence for a cutoff in the diffuse gamma-ray spectrum above a couple hundred GeV.

However, Fermi-LAT has now measured the diffuse extragalactic gamma-ray flux up to ∼800 GeV and finds it orders of magnitude below their own CRE measurement.


Despite contributing only a small fraction of the overall cosmic-ray flux, cosmic-ray electrons and positrons (CREs) provide an important and unique probe of our local Galactic neighborhood. CREs lose energy rapidly via inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron processes while propagating in the Galaxy, effectively placing a maximal propagation distance for TeV electrons of order ∼1 kpc [1] . CREs at TeV energies provide a direct measurement of the local cosmic-ray accelerators and diffusion.

CREs lose energy rapidly via inverse Compton scattering and synchrotron processes while propagating in the Galaxy, effectively placing a maximal propagation distance for TeV electrons of order ∼1 kpc.


In the real world, many systems can be abstracted as a network, such as the Internet, interpersonal relationship networks, disease transmission networks, and scientist cooperation networks. A large number of studies have shown that community structure exists in complex networks. Nodes are connected closely within the community, while the connections between the communities are relatively sparse. Community structure plays an increasing important role in the complex networks. It can help us understand the function of the complex networks, find the potential law, and predict the behavior of complex networks [1] . For example, community structure represents the group with the same interests and hobbies in the social networks; in the field of Web, Web pages have more links within the same community; in the literature network, literatures within the same community have related research topic. In a word, it has important theoretical significance and practical value to study the community structure of complex networks.

It can help us understand the function of the complex networks, find the potential law, and predict the behavior of complex networks.


In this paper, we propose a classification algorithm based on the design of an optimized TFR from a timefrequency ambiguity plane in order to extract the feature vector. The optimal size of feature vectors is realized by the PSO algorithm. The PSO technique can generate highquality solutions within shorter calculation time and stable convergence characteristic than any other stochastic methods [15] [16] [17] .

The PSO technique can generate highquality solutions within shorter calculation time and stable convergence characteristic than any other stochastic methods.


Epidemiological studies have connected diets high in vegetables with reduced cancer risks [1] . Chlorophylls and chlorophyll related compounds are among the best candidates for the chemicals responsible for the general protection afforded by vegetables. Chlorophyll compounds are highly abundant in green vegetables, and they have been shown to prevent carcinogenesis through multiple chemical mechanisms. Biological studies using purified chlorophyll compounds have been able to replicate some of the dietary benefits of eating green vegetables [2] .

Epidemiological studies have connected diets high in vegetables with reduced cancer risks.

Biological studies using purified chlorophyll compounds have been able to replicate some of the dietary benefits of eating green vegetables.


Using chlorophyllins, pheophorbides, and chlorophylllides, we recently observed the reduction of free radicals and the protection of cultured human lymphocytes against oxidative DNA damage [12] . Here we study chlorophylls and pheophytins with respect to the protection of lymphocytes against oxidative DNA damage by H 2 O 2 , and explore whether they can act as direct reducers of free radicals or as chelators of Fe(II). We further test if the natural chlorophylls can prevent lipid peroxidation of lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL), as does the semisynthetic chlorophyllin [13, 14, 16] .

Using chlorophyllins, pheophorbides, and chlorophylllides, we recently observed the reduction of free radicals and the protection of cultured human lymphocytes against oxidative DNA damage.

We further test if the natural chlorophylls can prevent lipid peroxidation of lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL), as does the semisynthetic chlorophyllin.


The adoption of this generalist diet probably involved a diversification of feeding activities, so complex tasks may have become more and more commonplace in this increasingly cruder environment. These conditions may have involved the management of meat, wood, and vegetation, probably requiring cutting actions, which are always CRD tasks. This may be the starting point in human evolution from which cutting tasks become habitual and essential actions. As highlighted by Schick and Toth, cutting tasks are not usually needed in the world of apes [104] . But, cutting actions, like all other CRD tasks, elicit the most both hand laterality and the use of tools.

As highlighted by Schick and Toth, cutting tasks are not usually needed in the world of apes.


The effective geometry of an expanding fluid seems a promising route to model an expanding spacetime, e.g., of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) type. However, an expanding fluid alone is not a sufficiently powerful tool for modeling an expanding spacetime of general relativity. At best, the fluid flow can be manipulated to provide a coordinate transformation to an arbitrary curved coordinate frame, with the spacetime remaining flat. For example, a boost-invariant Bjorken-type spherical expansion provides a map of the Minkowski to the Milne spacetime -a homogeneous, isotropic, expanding universe with the cosmological scale proportional to t and negative spatial curvature [9] .

For example, a boost-invariant Bjorken-type spherical expansion provides a map of the Minkowski to the Milne spacetime -a homogeneous, isotropic, expanding universe with the cosmological scale proportional to t and negative spatial curvature.


A side benefit of our proposal in this paper is that it potentially enables co-simulation between classical ODE simulators and a relatively newer way of modeling continuous dynamics called "quantized-state systems" (QSS) [25] . QSS simulators model continuous dynamics using discrete events, and sometimes the resulting simulations are more accurate (because of the use of symbolic computation) and more efficient than classical ODE solvers [31] . Since our proposed technique facilitates interoperability between continuous-time solvers and discrete-event systems, and QSS is based on discrete-event systems, it potentially enables interesting hybrid simulation techniques, where QSS can be used where it is most beneficial.

A side benefit of our proposal in this paper is that it potentially enables co-simulation between classical ODE simulators and a relatively newer way of modeling continuous dynamics called "quantized-state systems" (QSS).

QSS simulators model continuous dynamics using discrete events, and sometimes the resulting simulations are more accurate (because of the use of symbolic computation) and more efficient than classical ODE solvers.


The advancement of society and development of technology bring the convenience of people's life along with the daily raising fuel crisis and environment pollution. The research done by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shown that the transportation sector accounted for 27 % of total world energy use, produced 6.7 Gt-CO 2 direct emissions and represented 14 % of GHG (global greenhouse gas) emissions, 7.0 Gt-CO 2 -eq [1] . Moreover, road transportation dominated among the overall transportation sector CO 2 emissions [2] . As a significant contributor to the global environmental impact, and more specifically greenhouse gas emissions, the automotive industry's current position is clearly unsustainable, and also less and less acceptable to modern environmentally aware societies. In recent years, there have been growing concerns over fuel consumption and pollution caused by the increasing number of automobiles, and the automotive industry was under great pressure to reduce fuel consumption and emissions [3] [4] [5] [6] .

The research done by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shown that the transportation sector accounted for 27 % of total world energy use, produced 6.7 Gt-CO 2 direct emissions and represented 14 % of GHG (global greenhouse gas) emissions, 7.0 Gt-CO 2 -eq.

Moreover, road transportation dominated among the overall transportation sector CO 2 emissions.

In recent years, there have been growing concerns over fuel consumption and pollution caused by the increasing number of automobiles, and the automotive industry was under great pressure to reduce fuel consumption and emissions.


For road transportation, vehicles have shown themselves as being the most carbon-intensive means of personal transportation on land while road freight is the dominant medium for goods transportation throughout the world without any question. Especially, many researchers predict that road freight activity will remain being of underlying importance to the society and economy alike during a long time [6] . Built with extensive use of iron and steel, most road freight transportation relies on internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and fueled with oil products. Thus, road freight transportation poses a global challenge in terms of energy consumption, GHG and local pollutant emissions.

Especially, many researchers predict that road freight activity will remain being of underlying importance to the society and economy alike during a long time.


When T boundary condition is imposed, the temperature rise is no longer linear as seen in Figs. 7(a)-7(c) . This is because under constant temperature boundary condition, the wall heat flux decreases along the flow direction and eventually becomes zero as the fluid temperature equals that of wall (350 K). The temperature variation is clearly asymptotic as shown in Figs. 7(a)-7(c) for all aspect ratios. However, higher aspect ratio leads to a faster rise in axial temperature as depicted in the figures. Figures 8(a)-8(c) show the average fluid temperature variation along the length of the microchannel for PCM fluid under H1 boundary condition. The average fluid temperature at a specific cross section is the mass weighted average of temperature as given by Eq. (11) .

The average fluid temperature at a specific cross section is the mass weighted average of temperature as given by Eq..


Heat transfer in microchannel flow has been an important area of research in the heat transfer community in the last decade. Modern electronics equipment requires large heat flux removal from small areas, and microchannels have been found to be effective in such applications. Many geometric configurations with different boundary conditions have been studied with single phase fluids [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Also, PCM fluids have been studied in various configurations at the macroscale [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . However, the use of PCM fluids in microchannels has not yet been studied thoroughly [16] [17] [18] .

Many geometric configurations with different boundary conditions have been studied with single phase fluids.

Also, PCM fluids have been studied in various configurations at the macroscale.

However, the use of PCM fluids in microchannels has not yet been studied thoroughly.


Many literature references discuss the production of porous nanofibers in the electrospinning process. There are a lot of methods, such as the extraction of a component from bicomponent nanofibers, phase separation during electrospinning, and production of porous nanofibers under specific process conditions (temperature, humidity). These methods are technically difficult and demand two step production or special additional device [1] [2] [3] .

These methods are technically difficult and demand two step production or special additional device.


The relationship between resource availability and productivity is expressed in the following equation: Production = supply + resource capture efficiency + resource use efficiency. Thus, productivity is strongly influenced by the resource supply and is dependent on the efficiency of the plant in capturing and using these resources [10, 11] . Resource use efficiency is an indication of how plants use resources (e.g., biomass produced per unit of resource consumed) and is a determining factor in wood growth. Growth efficiency, e.g., the amount of wood growth per unit of leaf area, also express how active are the leaves in converting carbon into biomass; this process is strongly influenced by leaf nutritional status [12] .

Thus, productivity is strongly influenced by the resource supply and is dependent on the efficiency of the plant in capturing and using these resources.

Growth efficiency, e.g., the amount of wood growth per unit of leaf area, also express how active are the leaves in converting carbon into biomass; this process is strongly influenced by leaf nutritional status.


In region 1, the climate has extended dry periods and the soils are sandy, which resulted in the lowest productivity (Table 4) . Soil physical properties, particularly the clay content, are directly correlated with wood quality (lignin and holocellulose content) and the productive capacity of a site [34] . In this region, where water is a limiting factor, the extra addition of nutrients did not lead to an extra amount of wood, confirmed by the positive correlation between the FR and sand content.

Soil physical properties, particularly the clay content, are directly correlated with wood quality (lignin and holocellulose content) and the productive capacity of a site.


The empirical analysis of the private savings in SSA and other regions over 1970-95 permits the following broad conclusions. First, accounting for other determinants of private savings, regional dummies for SSA and LAC were included in the regressions to test whether the two regions differ systematically from that of Asia. The results show that the Africa shift dummy is non-significant at the 10% level while that of Latin America is negative and significant at the 1% level. Second, our results suggest that both of per capita GPDI and its growth as well as the growth in terms of trade have positive and significant coefficients. Both the young-age dependency ratio and urbanization have negative and significant coefficients. Third, the public savings coefficient is negative and highly significant, with an offset coefficient of about -0.6% points. General government consumption, on the other hand, has a positive and significant coefficient so that the private sector places positive value on government consumption (Edwards, 1995) . The ex post real rate of interest coefficient is positive and significant while the private sector credit ratio has a negative and significant coefficient. Both inflation and the foreign aid have negative and significant coefficients.

General government consumption, on the other hand, has a positive and significant coefficient so that the private sector places positive value on government consumption.


However, the higher spin systems are expected to admit generalized BH's carrying different charges, other than the mass and angular momentum carried in the BTZ case [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . The issue then arises to study matter fluctuations in their background and possibly identify the spectrum of the corresponding QNM. Unlike for the BTZ background, one expects in general the "folding" procedure to give rise to a differential equation of order higher than two for the matter scalar field and it is not to be expected to be able to solve it analytically.

However, the higher spin systems are expected to admit generalized BH's carrying different charges, other than the mass and angular momentum carried in the BTZ case.


A distinctive feature of Black Holes (BH), in both asymptotically flat or asymptotically (A)dS space-times, is the existence of "Quasi Normal Modes" (QNM): if one perturbs a Black Hole one finds damped modes, i.e. modes whose frequencies are complex, signalling the fact that the corresponding field can decay by falling into the Black Hole. In the AdS case these modes have an interpretation in the dual CFT as describing the approach to equilibrium of the perturbed thermal state [1] [2] [3] . This phenomenon has been studied extensively, especially after the proposal of the AdS/CFT correspondence, in the ordinary (super)gravity context in various dimensions. In particular, for gravity coupled to various matter in D = 3, the case of the BTZ BH has been studied in detail.

In the AdS case these modes have an interpretation in the dual CFT as describing the approach to equilibrium of the perturbed thermal state.


We will be interested in generalising the problem to the context of higher spin systems in D = 3. Such systems, with finite number of higher spins ≤ N , can be formulated via Chern-Simons theories based on SL(N ) algebras, but, like ordinary 3D gravity, they do not contain propagating degrees of freedom and, moreover, they do not allow coupling to propagating matter. In order to introduce (scalar) matter coupled to the higher spin sector, one formulates the theory in terms of a flat connection (A,Ā) for the infinite dimensional algebra hs(λ) × hs(λ) [4] [5] [6] . The matter fields are packaged in an algebra valued master field C, a section obeying the horizontality condition with respect to the flat connection, in a way that will be detailed below. It turns out that if one embeds the BTZ BH in this system, one can follow a "folding" procedure to reduce the equation of motion for C in the BTZ background to an ordinary second order equation for the lowest, scalar, component of the field C, with a λ dependent mass, m 2 = λ 2 − 1. Therefore the corresponding QNM are the usual ones one finds for a massive scalar field coupled to BTZ in the ordinary gravity case.

In order to introduce (scalar) matter coupled to the higher spin sector, one formulates the theory in terms of a flat connection (A,Ā) for the infinite dimensional algebra hs(λ) × hs(λ).


Passionate teachers are characterized by excitement about ideas that can change the world for the better, enthusiasm that can make a difference to achievement of learners and commitment to their intellectual capacities and work performance. Thus, passionate teachers always seek to bring about change not only in their teaching profession but also promoting learning. They like the job they are performing (Zehm & Kottler, 1993) . It should be noted that passion is one of the most critical factors for effective education. Passion sustains enthusiasm and energy of teachers for the teaching profession. It contributes to creativity; hence passionate teachers have more thinking skills and can come up with new ideas. A strong connection between passion and teacher commitment has been drawn (Day, 2004) . Teacher commitment includes commitment to the school, students, teaching profession and professional knowledge (Tyree, 1996; Yong, 1999; Huber, 1999) .

They like the job they are performing.

A strong connection between passion and teacher commitment has been drawn.

Teacher commitment includes commitment to the school, students, teaching profession and professional knowledge.


Heat can be lost from the thermosphere in several ways. The three important chemical heat loss processes are from atomic oxygen, nitric oxide and carbon dioxide cooling. Radiative cooling of the thermosphere by 63 m atomic oxygen was previously included in CTIP as an explicit calculation . Global concentrations of nitric oxide are not calculated within CTIP, and consequently cooling by 5.3 m NO has not been previously included as a part of the CTIP model. The concentration of NO, at a fixed altitude, increases by 3-4 times from winter to summer. There is a similar increase in the nitric oxide cooling rate (Richards et al., 1982) . The 63 m cooling rate decreases by 30% due to the decrease in atomic oxygen density (Richards et al., 1982) . Nitric oxide cooling is up to five times larger, at altitudes of 100-200 km, than atomic oxygen cooling in the summer hemisphere. The inclusion of radiative heat loss from vibrationally excited nitric oxide will have a large effect on the upper atmosphere, especially in the summer hemisphere.

There is a similar increase in the nitric oxide cooling rate.

The 63 m cooling rate decreases by 30% due to the decrease in atomic oxygen density.


After the invention of the ammonia synthesis process, catalysis as an industrial and scientific activity developed rapidly. As we will sketch in the next section many new industrially important processes followed. Initially, those processes were mainly coal based, later processes used oil as a raw material. Practical catalysis remained and still is largely a highly empirical activity. The early period led to many breakthroughs in physical chemistry, some of them recognized with Nobel prizes (Table 1) . Engineering requirements demand kinetic models for reactor design. This need in combination with the rapidly increasing general understanding of kinetics created kinetics as a catalytic subdiscipline. Kinetic equations of catalytic reactions were based on the proposed reaction mechanisms [2] . The parameters required were usually obtained by fitting to the experiment. This established a long tradition in catalysis research to search for catalyst performance-structure relations. It gave rise to a need for catalyst characterization.

Kinetic equations of catalytic reactions were based on the proposed reaction mechanisms.


After establishing that participants expected more middle initials for intellectual organizations compared to non-intellectual organizations, we next tested whether higher status was signaled by the name with middle initials compared to the name without middle So far, the results indicate that: (1) middle initials are more expected to be used in the context of intellectual organizations compared to non-intellectual organizations, (2) names with middle initials signal higher status compared to names without middle initials, and (3) the organizations that we grouped as intellectual were indeed perceived to be more intellectual compared to those that we grouped as non-intellectual. Do people expect the names with middle initials to be used in intellectual organizations because these names signal social status? Inspection of the zero-order correlations revealed that the more status participants assigned to the name with middle initials, the more they expected it to be used in the context of the intellectual organizations (r = .57, p < .001). No significant correlation was found between the status signaled by the name without middle initials and the expected use the middle initial name in the context of intellectual organizations (r = -.24, p = .10), a correlation that was significantly different from the previous, Williams' t(45) = 5.70, p < .001 (Hittner & May, 1998) . The frequency of middle initials expected in non-intellectual organizations did not significantly correlate with the status associated with the name when it had (r = -.04, p = .81) or had no (r = -.06, p = .69) middle initials, two correlations that did not significantly differ, Williams' t(45) = 0.12, p = .90.

No significant correlation was found between the status signaled by the name without middle initials and the expected use the middle initial name in the context of intellectual organizations (r = -.24, p = .10), a correlation that was significantly different from the previous, Williams' t(45) = 5.70, p < .001.


The authors previously investigated the physiological effects of forest environments on the frequency components of HRV in 625 male subjects [6] . Approximately 79% of the subjects had increased HF upon exposure to forest environments, and the remaining 21% had opposite responses. Additionally, 64% of the previous subjects had decreases in LF/HF and 34% had increases upon exposure to forest environments. On the other hand, the ratio of positive and negative responders to the forest was approximately 60:40 in the present study on salivary cortisol. A comparison of the results of HRV and salivary cortisol showed that HRV (especially HF) might be more responsive to natural environments than salivary cortisol.

The authors previously investigated the physiological effects of forest environments on the frequency components of HRV in 625 male subjects.


Firstly, algebraic geometers have been attempting to understand string theory. The conformal field theory associated to a variety in string theory contains a huge amount of non-trivial information. However this information seems to be packaged in a categorical way rather than in directly geometric terms. This perhaps first became clear in Kontsevich's famous homological mirror symmetry conjecture [30] . Building on Kontsevich's work, it is now understood that the derived category of coherent sheaves appears in string theory as the category of branes in a topological twist of the sigma model. This means that many dualities in string theory can be described mathematically as equivalences of derived categories.

This perhaps first became clear in Kontsevich's famous homological mirror symmetry conjecture.


Of the many important contributions not discussed in detail here, we must at least mention Kuznetsov's beautiful work on semi-orthogonal decompositions for Fano varieties. As well as specific results on Fano threefolds, Kuznetsov has obtained a general theory of homological projective duality with many applications to derived categories of varieties of interest in classicial algebraic geometry. The theory also leads to some extremely interesting derived equivalences between non-commutative varieties. For more details we refer the reader to the original papers [31, 32, 33, 34] .

For more details we refer the reader to the original papers.


Root canal's configuration has its important significance in endodontics because the entire canal system must be adequately debrided and filled to achieve a healthy response following root canal treatment [1] . Therefore, clinicians must have an understanding of the complexity of the root canal system and its possible variations in order to achieve a technically satisfactory outcome [2] . False assumptions about root and canal configuration may lead to incomplete debridement and obturation with eventual endodontic failure [1] .

Root canal's configuration has its important significance in endodontics because the entire canal system must be adequately debrided and filled to achieve a healthy response following root canal treatment.

Therefore, clinicians must have an understanding of the complexity of the root canal system and its possible variations in order to achieve a technically satisfactory outcome.

False assumptions about root and canal configuration may lead to incomplete debridement and obturation with eventual endodontic failure.


Previously, an SU-8 fabrication process to create complex multilayer microstructures using successive waferlevel bonding and releasing steps using polyimide film has been presented [15] . However, polyimide has fair adhesion with SU-8 so that high forces were required to release the free-standing devices, which may delaminate the bonded SU-8 structures. Furthermore, polyimide is not optically transparent which limits the ability to align or to expose using UV after bonding.

Previously, an SU-8 fabrication process to create complex multilayer microstructures using successive waferlevel bonding and releasing steps using polyimide film has been presented.


The results from this study demonstrated the strong antibacterial activity of resveratrol at concentrations of at least 50 lg/mL (Fig. 1) . These findings are consistent with prior studies which have demonstrated inhibition of P. acnes biofilm formation at slightly higher concentrations of 200 lg/mL [23] . By further investigating the nature of this antibacterial activity, we found that resveratrol is bacteriostatic in nature, possessing strong inhibitory activity that limits the growth of P. acnes ( Fig. 2a ). Its bactericidal activity was relatively weak in terms of reduction of viable bacteria, but the antibacterial activity was sustained over time. This indicates that resveratrol creates a gradual disruption of normal bacterial cellular function, resulting in cell death over a period of several days. Our findings suggest that resveratrol reaches a critical concentration around 50-75 lg/mL, at which point a threshold for major growth inhibition is passed and resveratrol becomes bactericidal for a sustained period. In contrast, benzoyl peroxide's bactericidal activity was strong initially, but was not sustained beyond the first 24 h (Fig. 2b) . This is in accordance with benzoyl peroxide's mechanism of action, whereby free radicals are formed via symmetrical fission, resulting in a short halflife [24] . When both resveratrol and benzoyl peroxide were combined, benzoyl peroxide's strong bactericidal effect coupled with resveratrol's high inhibitory activity resulted in low levels of bacteria throughout the experiment (Fig. 2c) . Thus, this combination shows promise for clinical treatment of acne vulgaris. Electron microscopy of P. acnes treated with resveratrol revealed altered bacterial morphology, with the bacteria displaying intramembranous edema and disrupted intracellular structural integrity (Fig. 3) . As a membrane permeable compound, this innate characteristic of resveratrol may allow it to alter the bacterial membrane structure of P. acnes and disrupt intracellular machinery.

These findings are consistent with prior studies which have demonstrated inhibition of P. acnes biofilm formation at slightly higher concentrations of 200 lg/mL.

This is in accordance with benzoyl peroxide's mechanism of action, whereby free radicals are formed via symmetrical fission, resulting in a short halflife.


Fluoroscopy has been reported to be 35-45% of the total effective patient dose in CBCT-guided needle interventions [14, 15] . Reducing fluoroscopy time by employing laser guidance can serve to reduce the radiation exposure to the patient. Laser guidance was previously reported in CBCTguided needle interventions in a laboratory setting using a phantom [16] . The results of the laboratory study showed a similar percentage of reduction in fluoroscopy time as the RF ablation in this clinical study. Here, the fluoroscopy time reduction itself is attributable to the visualization of the planned drill trajectory, leading to more efficient positioning of the drill, a reduced number of corrective manipulations of the drill, and less switching between entry point view and progress view as reflected by the significantly reduced time to guide the drill.

Fluoroscopy has been reported to be 35-45% of the total effective patient dose in CBCT-guided needle interventions.

Laser guidance was previously reported in CBCTguided needle interventions in a laboratory setting using a phantom.


For the the case of the Spin(32)/Z 2 Heterotic string the masses of BPS states for specific values of the Wilson lines were analysed in detail. In particular, we considered the enhancements: SO(8) × SU(2) × U(1) × U(1) G → E 7 and (SU(2) × U(1)) 2 × SO (8) . In both cases we identified the dual BPS string junctions responsible for the enhancement on the Type IIB side and computed their masses finding complete agreement between the two sets of states.

In particular, we considered the enhancements: SO(8) × SU(2) × U(1) × U(1) G → E 7 and (SU(2) × U(1)) 2 × SO.


Recently, apelin has been detected in several tissues, such as white adipose tissue, kidney, heart, and vessel [12, 13] . Apelin is initially synthesized as preproapelin, which consists of 77 aminoacid residues. Following enzymatic cleavage, the C-terminus is released into the circulation as the biologically active fragment, apelin [14] . Apelin acts via APJ receptor in the expressing endothelial cells [12, 13] . Clinical evidence suggests that plasma apelin levels are generally lower in patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure and hypertension [15, 16] . In animal studies, apelin administration decreased blood pressure in normal and hypertensive rats [17] [18] [19] . This effect was blocked in the presence of a NOS inhibitor, suggesting that apelin causes vasodilation through a mechanism that involves NO [17] . In the APJ-deficient mice, the hypotensive effect to apelin was blocked with the downregulating eNOS phosphorylation in the endothelial cells [17] . Therefore, reduced plasma apelin levels may be associated with reductions of NO bioavailability in older adults, and this may in turn result in increased arterial stiffness. Additionally, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, regular exercise training elevates circulating apelin levels, and higher levels of physical activity caused larger increases in apelin levels than lower levels of activity [20, 21] . Furthermore, a study in hypertensive rats showed that exercise training promotes mRNA expression and tissue concentration of apelin in the aorta [22] .

Recently, apelin has been detected in several tissues, such as white adipose tissue, kidney, heart, and vessel.

Following enzymatic cleavage, the C-terminus is released into the circulation as the biologically active fragment, apelin.

Apelin acts via APJ receptor in the expressing endothelial cells.

Clinical evidence suggests that plasma apelin levels are generally lower in patients with cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure and hypertension.

In animal studies, apelin administration decreased blood pressure in normal and hypertensive rats.

This effect was blocked in the presence of a NOS inhibitor, suggesting that apelin causes vasodilation through a mechanism that involves NO.

In the APJ-deficient mice, the hypotensive effect to apelin was blocked with the downregulating eNOS phosphorylation in the endothelial cells.

Additionally, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, regular exercise training elevates circulating apelin levels, and higher levels of physical activity caused larger increases in apelin levels than lower levels of activity.

Furthermore, a study in hypertensive rats showed that exercise training promotes mRNA expression and tissue concentration of apelin in the aorta.


High voltage direct current (HVDC) is widely used for bulk power transmission with lower energy loss and flexible control ability [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Thus, in the last decade, more than 20 HVDC projects have been completed in China. It is inevitable for line commutate converter (LCC) thyristor valves to experience a commutation failure when a fault occurs around the inverter AC network, especially under conditions in which the inverter AC bus is 10% to 15% below the rated voltage [7] .

High voltage direct current (HVDC) is widely used for bulk power transmission with lower energy loss and flexible control ability.

It is inevitable for line commutate converter (LCC) thyristor valves to experience a commutation failure when a fault occurs around the inverter AC network, especially under conditions in which the inverter AC bus is 10% to 15% below the rated voltage.


S. aureus is surrounded by a capsule that inhibits phagocytosis by polimorphonuclear leukocytes, and a slime layer composed of monosaccharides, peptides, and proteins, which allow its attachment to different tissue receptors and other external devices, such as catheters, suture and prosthesis. Also, S. aureus produces a variety of toxins that work as virulent factors [17] . Clinical diseases are triggered by S. aureus producing toxins or direct invasion and destruction of tissues. Notwithstanding that clinical manifestations of disease rely almost exclusively on toxin activity, in minor situations it can also be due to bacterial proliferation that forms abscess and tissue destruction. It also presents resistance against the currently used antimicrobials [18] .

Also, S. aureus produces a variety of toxins that work as virulent factors.

It also presents resistance against the currently used antimicrobials.


The formation of silk structure is driven by Tyr residues, which have a strong effect not only locally but also long-range intermolecular interactions [4] . Upon its double functionalization with l-Cys, SF structure might have adopted such an altered folding due to covalent bonding at Tyr residue. This might be the reason why the sample SF-g-l-Cys/Tyr-g-l-Cys functionalized at pH 9.5 90 • C showed significant decrease of the FT-IR absorption band at 3300 cm −1 . Nevertheless, it is possible to conclude that the diffusing capacity of l-Cys in the fiber was high, >80%, which means l-Cys has the ability to bind covalently to the fiber surface easily and strongly. Also, high exhaustion rates meant a low quantity of l-Cys required to achieve an effective antimicrobial activity.

The formation of silk structure is driven by Tyr residues, which have a strong effect not only locally but also long-range intermolecular interactions.


AD, also known as eczema, is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory pruritic skin disorder which causes lichenification, papules, and excoriations. AD has been increasing over the past decades, reaching prevalence of about 20% in children and 3% in adults worldwide [11] . A combination of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors may be the main causes for the development of AD, whose consequences can be psychologically traumatic, leading to emotional stress and decreasing substantially the quality of life. AD is characterized by a combination of T-helper type (Th) 2 immune activation, skin infection/colonization by Staphylococcus aureus, and skin barrier dysfunction. AD prevalence rise may be explained by today's lifestyle and nutrition [11] . The cleaner environment in upbringing as well as antibiotics abusing during early childhood has induced more often Th 2 immune responses, which are related to allergic responses, instead of Th 1 immune responses, which respond to infections [12] . Likewise, immune system responds to superantigens of cell walls of S. aureus inducing IgE allergic response [13] . After an AD trauma, an uncontrolled rising in body temperature and dehydration can lead to heart failure and death [14] . AD is a 2-step pathogenesis. First an allergic antigen-antibody (IgE) reaction takes place, and then a microbial infection takes over and maintains or exacerbates the disease [15] . AD patients often have more S. aureus ratio on the skin, diseased and normal, when comparing to non-diseased individuals. Furthermore, wounded skin can be colonized up to 1000× more S. aureus when compared to normal skin [16] .

AD has been increasing over the past decades, reaching prevalence of about 20% in children and 3% in adults worldwide.

AD prevalence rise may be explained by today's lifestyle and nutrition.

The cleaner environment in upbringing as well as antibiotics abusing during early childhood has induced more often Th 2 immune responses, which are related to allergic responses, instead of Th 1 immune responses, which respond to infections.

Likewise, immune system responds to superantigens of cell walls of S. aureus inducing IgE allergic response.

After an AD trauma, an uncontrolled rising in body temperature and dehydration can lead to heart failure and death.

AD is a 2-step pathogenesis.

First an allergic antigen-antibody (IgE) reaction takes place, and then a microbial infection takes over and maintains or exacerbates the disease.

Furthermore, wounded skin can be colonized up to 1000× more S. aureus when compared to normal skin.


In the present paper, the inversion formula is found (in which only algebraic operations are present like addition or multiplication) for the algebras mentioned in the Abstract. We generalized the approach of the paper [3] . The prime characteristic case is more difficult than the characteristic zero case and many more situations occur.

We generalized the approach of the paper.


The main objective of this work was to conduct an exhaustive review and synthesize the body of current research addressing GSD project management with respect to its planning, control, and monitoring practices. The classification of related activities should be based on the main SPM bodies of knowledge and standards. We conducted a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) to facilitate our summary of the approaches proposed for the management of distributed software projects and to address SPM deficiencies with respect to GSD [12] . Via the SMS process, we identified the most frequently addressed SPM approaches in the GSD context. The SMS study results also revealed whether the authors of selected papers based their solutions on criteria for project management, decision models, or computational techniques. Our intention in this project was to help identify suitable results and gain insight into topics to then provide an overview and a set of leading recommendations. The articles identified in this study generally present a single SPM topic related to the GSD problem, or cover two to three types of the areas in question. Moreover, the papers we reviewed address how to deal with problems associated with SPM for GSD by introducing techniques and methods, and sometimes by describing these methods and their impact on the project results.

We conducted a Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) to facilitate our summary of the approaches proposed for the management of distributed software projects and to address SPM deficiencies with respect to GSD.


The advances achieved in the development of antipsychotic drugs over the past 30 years have been revamped with the clinical use of various SGA (Table 1) . SGA have notably improved the quality of life of psychiatric patients and have contributed decisively to weaken the stigmatization that has traditionally accompanied psychiatric disorders [7] . After receiving their first licensed indication in treating schizophrenia-related disorders, and with their increasingly recognized efficacy in treating bipolar disorder, research on SGA have advanced considerably as translated into the considerable increase in SGA publications worldwide.

SGA have notably improved the quality of life of psychiatric patients and have contributed decisively to weaken the stigmatization that has traditionally accompanied psychiatric disorders.


Rooting has been a controversial topic in mobile world since 2009 and back to the birth of Unix Operating System [10] . The act of rooting stands on the boundary between user experience and device security. Rooting evasion allows applications to run on rooted devices, despite not being supposed to do so for security reason. While banking and security companies are trying to harden their root checking modules, a large community, however, is doing the opposite [11] . The strong support on both parties makes it difficult to put an end to this controversy. Being inspired by an arms race between rooting and antirooting, we conducted several studies regarding the Android OS. Starting from "how rooting works" and "what are the risks of rooting" to "why Google and banking, finance companies frequently raise concerns about this topic," we try to understand current situation of evasion and detection techniques and then revisit the work of rooting detection in Android 4.4 and later versions. We also perform a large-scale analysis on different datasets of Android applications in order to have a better understanding of the characteristics of Android applications in recent years.

Rooting has been a controversial topic in mobile world since 2009 and back to the birth of Unix Operating System.

While banking and security companies are trying to harden their root checking modules, a large community, however, is doing the opposite.


The use of plastic products is increasing to date. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has become the second most frequently used general plastic worldwide. Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) is used for PVC synthesis. In China, use of acetylene as a raw material to produce VCM still dominates local practices [1] . Mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) supported on activated carbon (AC) is used as the catalyst in the current industrial production process. This approach holds major shortcomings: the catalyst loses volatile active components during the reaction, while its high toxicity is harmful to human health and seriously pollutes the environment. On the other hand, the catalyst cannot generally be reactivated after deactivation. To achieve the efficient and clean production of VCM, the development of new non-mercury catalyst must be urgently addressed [2] .

In China, use of acetylene as a raw material to produce VCM still dominates local practices.

To achieve the efficient and clean production of VCM, the development of new non-mercury catalyst must be urgently addressed.


Also many other scientific infrastructures share the demand for data-related services and that is one of the reasons why we conducted the EUDAT User Forum [12] . Other architectural approaches and synergies have been discussed and that will lead to more closer collaboration and new EUDAT service cases beyond those introduced in Section "Data replication service use case". The following examples of related work are based on findings obtained from some of the participating projects to the forum while a complete survey is not possible due to page limits.

Also many other scientific infrastructures share the demand for data-related services and that is one of the reasons why we conducted the EUDAT User Forum.


Hydraulic hybrid technology is developed as an alternative solution for heavy-duty vehicles. The main feature of hydraulic hybrid systems is their high power density [27] . Hydraulic accumulators can function as mechanical batteries, which are capable of quick recharge to or discharge from very high pressure without compromising their efficiency. For example, at 5000 psi pressure, the power density of an accumulator is 3 kW/kg, and that of a hydraulic pump/motor unit is 5 kW/kg [14, 16, 27] . Hydraulic fluid has a wide range of working temperature from −54 • C to 236 • C. This technology is also environmentally friendly since no toxic chemicals are used in any components. Regular transmission fluids are being used as hydraulic fluids, and they can be recycled after being used for hydraulic hybrid purposes. Therefore, hydraulic hybrid technology is suitable for heavy vehicles such as shuttle buses, refuse trucks, and delivery trucks where high power is needed to propel the vehicle and a large amount of energy is available for harvesting from braking.

The main feature of hydraulic hybrid systems is their high power density.

For example, at 5000 psi pressure, the power density of an accumulator is 3 kW/kg, and that of a hydraulic pump/motor unit is 5 kW/kg.


Writing apprehension is associated with the tendency of people to approach or avoid writing (Faigley, Daly and Witte, 1981: 16) . Studies conducted on writing apprehension suggest that such a reaction against writing bears negative effects on the quality and success of writing and leads to avoidance of writing and lack of desire for writing (Hettich, 1994; Cheshire, 1984; Matthews, 2001) . Daly (1985: 43) has argued that the students with writing apprehension did not like lessons that involved written expression skills so much so that they perceived writing as a form of punishment.

Studies conducted on writing apprehension suggest that such a reaction against writing bears negative effects on the quality and success of writing and leads to avoidance of writing and lack of desire for writing.


T. caries in wheat calli spreads in intercellular space of loosely located parenchyma-like cells [8] . Possibly condensation of plant tissues and strengthening of the plant cell wall is an important component of the increase of calli resistance to the pathogen. As it is known, differentiation of cells is accompanied by growth inhibition, mediated by accumulation in a cellular wall of lignin [27] .

T. caries in wheat calli spreads in intercellular space of loosely located parenchyma-like cells.

As it is known, differentiation of cells is accompanied by growth inhibition, mediated by accumulation in a cellular wall of lignin.


Standards or guideline values for boron concentration in drinking water vary widely around the world, ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 mg/L [6] . These standard or guideline values of boron in drinking water seem to be based on the tolerance of plants which can be assumed to be most sensitive to boron contents. For instance, Israel has a very stringent boron standard because citrus -a boron sensitive plant species -is agriculturally important [7] . Available boron removal technologies can also affect the regulations. In 1990, the World Health Organisation (WHO) established a guideline of 0.3 mg/L for boron content in drinking water. This level was raised to 0.5 mg/L in 1998 due to a lack of financially viable boron removal technologies. In 2009, the WHO revised the recommended boron level in drinking water to 2.4 mg/L in accordance with the latest data from the UK and US on dietary intakes. It is noteworthy that the WHO guideline has been formulated based exclusively on human health consideration. Because drinking water may also be used for gardening and landscaping purposes, it is expected that boron standards in drinking water set by water authorities will be more stringent than that of the recent WHO guideline. In fact, most current seawater desalination plants using RO technology have proactively set very low boron targets, typically at 1 mg/L or lower [6] .

Standards or guideline values for boron concentration in drinking water vary widely around the world, ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 mg/L.

For instance, Israel has a very stringent boron standard because citrus -a boron sensitive plant species -is agriculturally important.

In fact, most current seawater desalination plants using RO technology have proactively set very low boron targets, typically at 1 mg/L or lower.


Let Ω be a rectangular domain in R 2 and let ∂Ω be its boundary. In this paper, we will be interested in the resolution of a system of type with V = −m(u)∇p, (1.2) subject to the initial condition u(0,x) = u 0 (x), x ∈ Ω, (1.3) and the following boundary condition for the variable u: u(t,x) = 1 on Γ in (1.4) together with the conditions for p: p = 1 on Γ out , V · n = −m(u) ∂p ∂n = g on ∂Ω \ Γ out (1.5) and where Γ in and Γ out are as defined below. Copyright Equations (1.1)-(1.3) represent a simplified model for an incompressible flow in some porous medium, analogous to the Buckley-Leverett model used in oil reservoir simulations [9] . In this context, the system represents a water-oil displacement model, that is, oil trapped in Ω is pushed towards Γ out by injection of water at Γ in , see Figure 1 .1. In our case, the variable u represents the saturation of the water phase, the vector V is the total flux density of the two fluids, and p is the pressure. See next paragraph for the derivation of the model.

Copyright Equations (1.1)-(1.3) represent a simplified model for an incompressible flow in some porous medium, analogous to the Buckley-Leverett model used in oil reservoir simulations.


Typical Raman spectra of graphitic carbon (G band around 1580 cm -1 and D band around 1350 cm -1 ) were obtained in all our samples. Figure 1 shows the spectra obtained at the 532 nm-laser power of 2-6 mW. The highest density fraction C1-8K (2.2-2.3 g/cm 3 ) has the G and D bands of graphite in five spots. However, two spots show no peak at these bands but have Raman peaks at low wavenumbers (the fourth and the fifth data from the top in Fig. 1d ), indicating the presence of silicate at the highest density fraction of the floating fraction. The other fractions show only G and D bands of graphite. The G and D bands are commonly observed in carbonaceous material in carbonaceous chondrites (Bonal et al., 2006 (Bonal et al., , 2007 Busemann et al., 2007; Arnold et al., 2008) .

The G and D bands are commonly observed in carbonaceous material in carbonaceous chondrites.


This is the first nationwide study in Taiwan among dentists to address important aspects of the epidemiology of and factors contributing to NSIs. Our findings indicate that dentists are at high risk for NSIs, but the overall awareness of infection-control procedures is insufficient. Only a limited number of studies on the occupational hazards of dentists have been published to date, and those only described the frequency of NSIs [17, 24, 25] . Additionally, most published studies analyzed NSI exposures of all healthcare workers, and it is difficult to identify the actual risk of NSIs for dentists [16, [28] [29] [30] . Furthermore, no studies analyzed related risk factors of NSIs for dentists. The present study clearly demonstrates the need for increased awareness of the risks of occupational exposure to NSIs among dentists in Taiwan.

Only a limited number of studies on the occupational hazards of dentists have been published to date, and those only described the frequency of NSIs.

Additionally, most published studies analyzed NSI exposures of all healthcare workers, and it is difficult to identify the actual risk of NSIs for dentists.


Motivated by the deficiencies mentioned above, in this paper, the ADP techique via reinforcement learning (RL) is used to solve the finite-horizon optimal regulation problem for a linear discretetime systems with unknown system dynamics in a forward-in-time and online fashion without performing PI or VI. The system is tranformed into an input/output form such that the control policy can be obtained by using only measured input/output data [19] . The Bellman equation is investigated with an online approximator such that the requirement on the system dynamics is relaxed. An additional error term corresponding to the terminal state constraint is defined and minimized overtime so that the terminal constriant can be properly satisfied as the system evolves. Lyapunov stability is utilized to demonstrate the stability of our proposed algorithm.

The system is tranformed into an input/output form such that the control policy can be obtained by using only measured input/output data.


Optimal regulation of linear systems with quadratic cost function (LQR) has been addressed in the literature by solving the Riccati equation (RE) in a backward in time manner from the terminal weighting matrix S N with known system dynamics [1] [2] . To solve the LQR for infinite-horizon case, the algebraic Riccati equation (ARE) is utilized wherein the control gain becomes a constant. In contrast, for the finite-horizon case, the solution to the RE becomes inherently time-varying and the control gain matrix is also varies with time. In the presence of uncertainties in system dynamics, the solution to the RE cannot be found.

Optimal regulation of linear systems with quadratic cost function (LQR) has been addressed in the literature by solving the Riccati equation (RE) in a backward in time manner from the terminal weighting matrix S N with known system dynamics.


PPH plays an important role in IRT. In fact, few IRT systems operate without taking PPH as their initial and final legs [12] . The flexibility and convenience of PPH that takes place by truck is unmatched by any other mode. The truck can go almost everywhere and is significantly competitive in the short-distance transport demand. In Europe, the distance of most PPH operations around inland terminals is 0 -25 km, with only a few cases over a longer distance than 100 km [15] . Therefore it is the most predominant modal choice in the PPH operation. However, the cost of PPH is also comparably high.

PPH plays an important role in IRT.

In fact, few IRT systems operate without taking PPH as their initial and final legs.

In Europe, the distance of most PPH operations around inland terminals is 0 -25 km, with only a few cases over a longer distance than 100 km.


Akshap (Mussaenda roxburghii) is a perennial shrub that belongs to the family Rubiaceae cultivated in the foothills and moist areas and known for its high level of fiber content and vitamins [3] . The leaves are cooked and served as vegetables. Iridoid and shanzhiol were reported from the aerial part of Mussaenda roxburghii and showed antibacterial activity against the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [4] . Roots are useful in jaundice, skin diseases, cuts, wounds, and so forth [5, 6] . Leaves are utilized to treat bone fractures [7] . Leaf extracts of Mussaenda roxburghii 2 Advances in Biology were evaluated for preliminary antimicrobial activity against the various pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria and Gramnegative bacteria [8] .

Akshap (Mussaenda roxburghii) is a perennial shrub that belongs to the family Rubiaceae cultivated in the foothills and moist areas and known for its high level of fiber content and vitamins.

Iridoid and shanzhiol were reported from the aerial part of Mussaenda roxburghii and showed antibacterial activity against the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Roots are useful in jaundice, skin diseases, cuts, wounds, and so forth.

Leaves are utilized to treat bone fractures.

Leaf extracts of Mussaenda roxburghii 2 Advances in Biology were evaluated for preliminary antimicrobial activity against the various pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria and Gramnegative bacteria.


Often one is interested in computing Hecke eigenvalues associated to modular forms as opposed to computing Fourier coefficients. In our work we are mainly interested in computing Fourier coefficients but now mention recent work that allows for the computation of Hecke eigenvalues. It is possible to compute Hecke eigenvalues by a purely cohomological approach. Until now this has been particularly useful in the case of vector-valued Siegel modular forms [15, 16] . The trace of the Hecke action on the full cohomology can be determined by counting curves modulo p. These calculations are demanding in terms of theory and raw computational power.

Until now this has been particularly useful in the case of vector-valued Siegel modular forms.


In this paper, we present an aerosol-CCN closure study on data taken during a campaign in the high Arctic on board the Swedish ice breaker Oden in summer 2008. The study focuses on a three-week period, where the ship was drifting passively moored to an ice floe at a latitude >87 • N, thus during the most biological active period into autumn freeze up conditions. Closure was tested by comparing measured CCN number concentrations with CCN number concentrations calculated from combined mass spectrometer chemical mass and particle number size distribution data, using κ-Köhler theory (Petters and Kreidenweis, 2007) . Conclusions can then be drawn on the assumptions made (e.g. concerning the hygroscopicity of the particles and their components) based on the outcome of the closure.

Closure was tested by comparing measured CCN number concentrations with CCN number concentrations calculated from combined mass spectrometer chemical mass and particle number size distribution data, using κ-Köhler theory.