It is generally agreed that the existence of an optimal solvent composition in aqueous solvents is due to the fact that phenolic compounds exhibit a wide range of solubilities in single mixture components and are often more soluble in solvents less polar than water [22, 34] . Thus, the observed differences in the extraction efficiencies by the two solvent systems can be primarily ascribed to differences in their affinity for the phenolic compounds present in BSG. An estimation of the contribution of affinity to the overall extraction yield can be made by comparing the Hansen solubility parameters of the solutes with those of the solvent. To this end, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid were selected as representatives of the whole class of BSG phenolics [27] . During plant development, these and other phenolic compounds accumulate in the husk of barley grain, where ferulic acid, accounting for approximately 68% of total phenolics, reaches concentrations from about 150 µg g −1 to over 400 µg g −1 [35] .

It is generally agreed that the existence of an optimal solvent composition in aqueous solvents is due to the fact that phenolic compounds exhibit a wide range of solubilities in single mixture components and are often more soluble in solvents less polar than water.

To this end, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid were selected as representatives of the whole class of BSG phenolics.

During plant development, these and other phenolic compounds accumulate in the husk of barley grain, where ferulic acid, accounting for approximately 68% of total phenolics, reaches concentrations from about 150 µg g −1 to over 400 µg g −1.


However, in media such as biological fluids the situation is more complex. Since 1970, it has been realized that a finite number of internal variables is not sufficient to account for the properties of absorption in biological media, [6] . Although the concept of a continuous distribution of relaxation degrees of freedom was put forward, over the next forty years no relaxation theory with continuous distribution of relaxation frequencies had been formulated in acoustics.

Since 1970, it has been realized that a finite number of internal variables is not sufficient to account for the properties of absorption in biological media.


Mid-infrared (MIR) supercontinuum (SC) fiber sources have attracted much attention due to their significant applications in spectroscopy, remote sensing, and hyper-spectral imaging. At present, visible and near-infrared spectral region covered from 300 nm to 2400 nm has been widely investigated based on silica fibers (high nonlinear fibers, photonics crystal fibers or double cladding fibers in rare earth doped fiber amplifiers) [1] - [10] . However, for the MIR spectral region, the transmission loss of silica fibers is enlarged by the strong material absorption. Fortunately, several non-silica glass fibers have been proposed to deliver MIR light, such as sapphire fiber, fluoride fiber, tellurite fiber, and chalcogenide fiber [11] , [12] . The long wavelength edge of SC generation by sapphire fiber has extended to 3.2 m [13] . For tellurite fibers, the spectra region from 1.5 m to 5 m has been obtained with an output power of 0.6 W [14] . Furthermore, chalcogenide fibers can transmit light out to 25 m which are more appropriate for ultra broad band MIR SC sources. And, the spectral covering from 1.4 m to 13.3 m has been reported pumped by a megawatt (MW) peak power optical parametric amplification (OPA) with a central wavelength around 6 m [15] . However, the output SC power was limited to milliwatt level due to the power of pump sources. To generated high power 2 m-5 m SC, commercialized fluoride fiber with the composition of ZrF 4 -BaF 2 -LaF 3 -AlF 3 -NaF (ZBLAN) would be the most suitable MIR fiber.

At present, visible and near-infrared spectral region covered from 300 nm to 2400 nm has been widely investigated based on silica fibers (high nonlinear fibers, photonics crystal fibers or double cladding fibers in rare earth doped fiber amplifiers).

Fortunately, several non-silica glass fibers have been proposed to deliver MIR light, such as sapphire fiber, fluoride fiber, tellurite fiber, and chalcogenide fiber.

The long wavelength edge of SC generation by sapphire fiber has extended to 3.2 m.

For tellurite fibers, the spectra region from 1.5 m to 5 m has been obtained with an output power of 0.6 W.

And, the spectral covering from 1.4 m to 13.3 m has been reported pumped by a megawatt (MW) peak power optical parametric amplification (OPA) with a central wavelength around 6 m.


Despite the demand to access expertise, the challenges of identifying domain experts on social media exist. Social media often contains plenty of noises such as the tags with which users describe themselves. Noises impose the inherent drawback on the feature-based learning methods (Krishnamurthy et al, 2008) . Data imbalance and sparseness also limits the performance of the promising latent semantic analysis methods such as the LDA-like topic models (Blei et al, 2003; Ramage et al, 2009) . When some topics co-occur more frequently than others, the strict assumption of these topic models cannot be met and consequently many nonsensical topics will be generated (Zhao and Jiang, 2011; Pal et al, 2011; Quercia et al, 2012) . Furthermore, not as simple as celebrities, the definition of experts introduces additional difficulties. Experts cannot be simply judged by the number of followers. The knowledge conveyed in what they say is essential. This leads to the failures of the network-based methods (Java et al, 2007; Weng et al, 2010; Pal et al, 2011) .

Noises impose the inherent drawback on the feature-based learning methods.

Data imbalance and sparseness also limits the performance of the promising latent semantic analysis methods such as the LDA-like topic models.

When some topics co-occur more frequently than others, the strict assumption of these topic models cannot be met and consequently many nonsensical topics will be generated.

This leads to the failures of the network-based methods.


In this article we argue that when people make decisions about their career choices, it is reasonable to assume that they have expectations and some idea of the roles and responsibilities that they see themselves fulfilling in their chosen career. Illustrated by this research we showed that a collection of prospective teachers entered the teacher education programme with rather sophisticated images about the teaching profession, influenced by belief systems based on personal life experiences, prior educational experiences, and visions of an interpreted social reality and learner needs. We also thought it reasonable to assume that the tapestry of experiences they encountered during the course of the programme could be powerful determinants in the process of forging new teacher images (Ben-Peretz, Mendelson, & Kron, 2003) .

We also thought it reasonable to assume that the tapestry of experiences they encountered during the course of the programme could be powerful determinants in the process of forging new teacher images.


Liberalized electricity market, environmental concerns with greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency, and diversified energy sources constitute the most important driving forces for the proliferation of distributed energy resource (DER) units in the electricity system. With the growing deployment of DER units, especially small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) plants and renewable energy sources (RES) based distributed generation (DG) units, distribution grids can no longer be considered as passive networks. The entire architecture of future electricity system must be redesigned to undertake increasingly complex operations. Three possible architectures are envisioned: Microgrids, Active Networks supported by ICT and the 'Internet' model [1] .

Three possible architectures are envisioned: Microgrids, Active Networks supported by ICT and the 'Internet' model.


Microgrids paradigm is becoming an increasingly attractive structure for the active distribution network. Microgrids connect multiple customers to multiple DER units including DG and distributed storage (DS) units as small distribution systems. Microgrids can operate in connection with the main grid and smoothly transfer to intentional or non-intentional islanding operation during grid disturbances such as grid faults and power quality events. To the utility a microgrid can be regarded as a controllable entity that operates as a single dispatchable load or generator, and provides power or ancillary services to meet the needs of upstream networks. To the customers microgrids provide both thermal and electricity needs and can meet their special demands, such as enhance local reliability, reduce feeder losses, improve power quality by supporting local voltage and reducing voltage sags, as well as offering uninterruptible power supply functions [2] , [3] . Therefore, the microgrid concept presents a system approach to facilitate the integration of DER units at the distribution level and maximize their benefits to customers and utilities in a coordinated manner. The extensive research on microgrids and a number of worldwide demonstration projects, e.g. CERTS microgrid in USA, EU More microgrid in Europe, NEDO microgrid in Japan, and Hydro-Quebec microgrid in Canada, have shown problems and solutions in the microgrid field [4] , [5] .

To the customers microgrids provide both thermal and electricity needs and can meet their special demands, such as enhance local reliability, reduce feeder losses, improve power quality by supporting local voltage and reducing voltage sags, as well as offering uninterruptible power supply functions.

The extensive research on microgrids and a number of worldwide demonstration projects, e.g. CERTS microgrid in USA, EU More microgrid in Europe, NEDO microgrid in Japan, and Hydro-Quebec microgrid in Canada, have shown problems and solutions in the microgrid field.


In recent years, power electronics technology experiences a rapid development. The intensive use of power electronics systems not only furnishes cost-effective and flexible DER interfaces to the networks but also enables microgrids to properly control and manage the power and energy flows [6] . Moreover, by using Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices at lower voltage level, novel microgrid configurations and operations have been proposed for some specific applications [7] . This paper gives a brief review of grid interactive ac microgrids configurations. This is followed by a discussion of control schemes of power electronics interfaced DER units in a grid interactive ac microgrid. Then systematical analysis of line frequency ac microgrid controls and power management strategies are presented. Finally, future trends are discussed with the conclusion.

The intensive use of power electronics systems not only furnishes cost-effective and flexible DER interfaces to the networks but also enables microgrids to properly control and manage the power and energy flows.

Moreover, by using Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices at lower voltage level, novel microgrid configurations and operations have been proposed for some specific applications.


Besides, the modeling is a very important phase for the synthesis of control laws and observers [6] . The accuracy of the model depends on the required objectives. For this reason, we can find several types of models for the same process and the choice among these models depends on its using and the purpose of control. For the synthesis of the control or observer, the chosen model must be simple enough to allow the realization of real-time control (or observer), but it must be precise enough to get the desired behavior [8] . To benefice the most enormous potential of the multicellular structure, the research is oriented in different directions. The modeling of multicellular converters is generally difficult. Indeed, it contains continuous variables (voltages and currents) and discrete variables (switches, or a discreet location) [1] .

Besides, the modeling is a very important phase for the synthesis of control laws and observers.

For the synthesis of the control or observer, the chosen model must be simple enough to allow the realization of real-time control (or observer), but it must be precise enough to get the desired behavior.

Indeed, it contains continuous variables (voltages and currents) and discrete variables (switches, or a discreet location).


Employees around the world have reported that they feel increasingly stressed at work . However, the majority of studies on job stress have been undertaken in Western countries, especially in the UK and the USA, and also in Canada and Australia (Spector et al., 2002a) . In contrast, such studies are lacking in developing countries (Chopra, 2009; Kortum et al., 2008) . Additionally, most job stress theories have originated in Western economies.

However, the majority of studies on job stress have been undertaken in Western countries, especially in the UK and the USA, and also in Canada and Australia.

In contrast, such studies are lacking in developing countries.


Most of the existing literature considers the minimum data rate requirements and capacity trade-off and aims to balance this trade-off sequentially [13] , [15] . This approach implies that priority will always be given to the subscriber with the highest instantaneous rate requirements. This may lead to excessive use of available resources by a single subscriber if that subscriber is in a deep fade. Thus, the aggregate capacity is degraded.

Most of the existing literature considers the minimum data rate requirements and capacity trade-off and aims to balance this trade-off sequentially.


License or copyright restrictions may apply to redistribution; see https://www.ams.org/journal-terms-of-use Our theorem, whose proof for the case of finite p-groups (p > 0) is particularly simple, may be used to derive Alperin's results. This map plays an important role in Quillen's proof. It is easy to see that / is well defined and that it is a (restricted, if p > 0) Lie-homomorphism [6] .

It is easy to see that / is well defined and that it is a (restricted, if p > 0) Lie-homomorphism.


Energy conservation techniques for ad hoc networks can be broadly classified into two categories: power mode control and transmission power control. A power mode control protocol aims to put wireless nodes into periodical sleep state in order to reduce the power consumption in the idle listening mode. Transmission power control manages energy consumption by adjusting transmission ranges during actual transmission [2] .

Transmission power control manages energy consumption by adjusting transmission ranges during actual transmission.


Ontologies can nowadays be considered a standard for knowledge representation. An ontology is an explicit and formal specification of the concepts, individuals and relationships that exist in some area of interest, created by defining axioms that describe the properties of these entities [20] . Ontologies can provide semantics to data, making knowledge maintenance, information integration, and reuse of components easier. The current standard language for ontology representation is OWL 2 (Web Ontology Language) [24] .

An ontology is an explicit and formal specification of the concepts, individuals and relationships that exist in some area of interest, created by defining axioms that describe the properties of these entities.

The current standard language for ontology representation is OWL 2 (Web Ontology Language).


Particle or grain size distribution is an important parameter in many processes and its precise measurement is required to accurately control the course of these processes. Measurement of the particle/grain size distribution is important, for example, in such industries as, chemical (e.g., catalysts), cosmetic, pharmaceutical, electronic (semiconductor manufacturing), ceramic, and photographic. Thus, the grain size distribution (GSD) determination became the fundamental measurement when dealing with the nanomaterials, because properties of these materials depend on diameter of nanoparticles [1] [2] [3] [4] . In materials having particle sizes below 100 nm, a strong dependence of physical and chemical properties on the particle sizes is observed [5, 6] . Determining of the average particle size as a parameter characterizing the material is insufficient and that information should be supplemented by grain size distribution.

Thus, the grain size distribution (GSD) determination became the fundamental measurement when dealing with the nanomaterials, because properties of these materials depend on diameter of nanoparticles.

In materials having particle sizes below 100 nm, a strong dependence of physical and chemical properties on the particle sizes is observed.


Assumptions of the model were expressed mathematically, and model calculations concerning the processes occurring in the course of the reaction in the system of nanocrystalline solid-gas were carried out in order to verify the model assumptions by comparing the obtained model results with experimental data [22] . As a result of modeling, values of some process parameters were estimated that are impossible or difficult to determine on the basis of experimental data. In this way, the values of such parameters as the parameters of thermodynamic functions, the degree of surface coverage of solid state with a gas, and changes of concentrations in crystallites were set, and the influence of parameters of size distribution of crystallites on the rate of the process was estimated [22] .

Assumptions of the model were expressed mathematically, and model calculations concerning the processes occurring in the course of the reaction in the system of nanocrystalline solid-gas were carried out in order to verify the model assumptions by comparing the obtained model results with experimental data.

In this way, the values of such parameters as the parameters of thermodynamic functions, the degree of surface coverage of solid state with a gas, and changes of concentrations in crystallites were set, and the influence of parameters of size distribution of crystallites on the rate of the process was estimated.


Freshwater habitat has played an imperative role for human civilization imparting massive ecological usefulness for livelihood in all the continents of the world (Junk, 2002) . Globally, wetlands are characterized by a large number of ecological niches which harbour a significant percentage of world's biological diversity and are amongst the most productive ecosystems comparable to rainforests and coral reefs (Thomas and Deviprasad, 2007) . Zooplanktons community is an important link in the transformation of energy from producers to consumers due to their large density, drifting nature, high group or species diversity and different tolerance to the stress factors. This plankton group is cosmopolitan in nature, which inhabits all freshwater habitats of the world (Jalilzadeh et al., 2008) . Monitoring of zooplankton communities is needed to predicatively model the ecosystem (Deborah and Condon, 2009) . The zooplanktons are known not only to form an integral part of the lentic community but also contribute significantly to the biological productivity of the lentic ecosystem (Wetzel, 2001) . The diversity of zooplankton is one of the most important ecological parameter which is an intermediate linkage between phytoplankton and fish; plays a key role in cycling of organic materials in an aquatic ecosystem. Discharge of anthropogenic wastes and surface run-off cause deleterious effect on flora and fauna and other aquatic organisms (Sah et al., 2000) .

Freshwater habitat has played an imperative role for human civilization imparting massive ecological usefulness for livelihood in all the continents of the world.

Globally, wetlands are characterized by a large number of ecological niches which harbour a significant percentage of world's biological diversity and are amongst the most productive ecosystems comparable to rainforests and coral reefs.

This plankton group is cosmopolitan in nature, which inhabits all freshwater habitats of the world.

Monitoring of zooplankton communities is needed to predicatively model the ecosystem.

The zooplanktons are known not only to form an integral part of the lentic community but also contribute significantly to the biological productivity of the lentic ecosystem.

Discharge of anthropogenic wastes and surface run-off cause deleterious effect on flora and fauna and other aquatic organisms.


Grapes are highly perishable commodities and thus length of storage is limited. Major factors limiting grape storage and shelf life and causing important economic losses to the industry are cluster dehydration (berry water loss and rachis browning), skin colour changes, accelerated softening and microbial spoilage, especially gray mould decay caused by the pathogen Botrytis cinerea (Soylemezoglu, 2001) . Appropriate environmental conditions during storage or transportation and the use of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) technologies have successfully alleviated these problems. Despite its efficacy, the SO 2 technology may compromise fruit taste and can cause damage to the grape which is manifested as cracks and bleaching. In addition, hypersensitivity reaction was reported in humans justifying the search for alternative technologies . Several preservation technologies have been suggested to enhance the postharvest life of fresh horticultural produce. Recently, biologically active natural products have started to become an effective alternative to synthetic fungicides in maintaining fruit quality during storage (Tripathi and Dubey, 2004) .

Major factors limiting grape storage and shelf life and causing important economic losses to the industry are cluster dehydration (berry water loss and rachis browning), skin colour changes, accelerated softening and microbial spoilage, especially gray mould decay caused by the pathogen Botrytis cinerea.

Recently, biologically active natural products have started to become an effective alternative to synthetic fungicides in maintaining fruit quality during storage.


The sampled neighbourhoods were a mix of those defined as having access to the two major chain supermarkets (Coles and Woolworths) nearby and those without. However, when considering all four major chains (Coles, Woolworth, Aldi and IGA) only three of the 56 Table 2 Linear mixed models for distance from home to food purchase location (log transformed) Nb participants lived further than 3 km of any supermarket and it is plausible that the presence of a supermarket may be a proxy for the presence of other food retailers. It is therefore unlikely that the lack of nearby food retailers was the key reason that over 60% of all food purchase and over 50% of supermarket purchases occurred more than 3 km from the home. Distances from home were greatest when the food being purchased was hot takeaway food, cold takeaway food, or meals within sit down restaurants. The location of both the workplace and social activities are likely to be key contributors to this as would an individual's preference for a particular cuisine which may require them to travel a greater distance. US studies have also reported a higher distance to sit down restaurants compared to other store types [17, 19] .

US studies have also reported a higher distance to sit down restaurants compared to other store types.


Recently, the geometry of vector fields has been considered from another point of view. Let T 1 M be a unit tangent bundle of M endowed with the Sasaki metric [15] . If ξ is a unit vector field on M , then one may consider ξ as a mapping ξ : M → T 1 M . The image ξ(M ) is a submanifold in T 1 M with metric induced from T 1 M and one may apply the methods from the study of the geometry of submanifolds to determine geometrical characteristics of a unit vector field. A unit vector field ξ is said to be minimal if ξ(M ) is a minimal submanifold in T 1 M . A unit vector field on S 3 tangent to the fibers of the Hopf fibration S 3 S 1 −→ S 2 is a unique unit vector field with globally minimal volume [11] . This result fails in higher dimensions. A lower volume is achieved by a vector field with one singular point, namely the inverse image under stereographic projection inverse image of a parallel vector field on E n [14] . The lowest volume is reached for the North-South vector field with two singular points [6] .

Let T 1 M be a unit tangent bundle of M endowed with the Sasaki metric.

A unit vector field on S 3 tangent to the fibers of the Hopf fibration S 3 S 1 −→ S 2 is a unique unit vector field with globally minimal volume.

This result fails in higher dimensions.

A lower volume is achieved by a vector field with one singular point, namely the inverse image under stereographic projection inverse image of a parallel vector field on E n.

The lowest volume is reached for the North-South vector field with two singular points.


Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is one of the most promising types of concrete, which has been developed in the last decade [1] [2] [3] . This innovative high-tech material is characterized by a dense microstructure, which presents both ultra-high compressive strength and ultra-high durability [4] [5] . The main composition of UHPC contains a large amount of cement, usually between 800 and 1100 kg/m 3 , which is around three to four times more than the quantity of cement in normal concrete [5] . Therefore, the blending of cement with high pozzolanic fine materials, such as nanosilica (nS), can be a suitable option to reduce the high volume of cement in the UHPC proportioning.

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is one of the most promising types of concrete, which has been developed in the last decade.

This innovative high-tech material is characterized by a dense microstructure, which presents both ultra-high compressive strength and ultra-high durability.

The main composition of UHPC contains a large amount of cement, usually between 800 and 1100 kg/m 3 , which is around three to four times more than the quantity of cement in normal concrete.


The use of ingredients and products from genetically modified plants in animal nutrition raises many questions and issues such as the role of a nutritional assessment of the modified feed or feed additive as part of safety assessment and the possible influence of genetically modified products on animal health and product quality. Other important issues are the persistence of the recombinant DNA and of the ›novel‹ protein in the digestive tract and tissues of food-producing animals (Flachowsky et al. 2005) . The European public opinion is clearly concerned about potential risks for human health and the environment. In relation to this discussion, an experiment was conducted based on four generations of Japanese quails which were subjected to three different diets: two containing GMOs and one control group fed without GMOs.

Other important issues are the persistence of the recombinant DNA and of the ›novel‹ protein in the digestive tract and tissues of food-producing animals.


Tax compliance achieved by encouraging tax reforms towards a fairer system is the next goal after the main objective of the tax amnesty that is to repatriate assets from abroad into the country (Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun, 2016, Article 2 (2)). With reference to the implementation of the United States' tax amnesty in 1985 that was not followed by a thorough improvement of the tax system, it will result in reduced tax compliance (Alm and Beck, 1993; Alm et al., 1990; Parle and Hirlinger, 1986) . On the other hand, with reference to Russia's tax amnesty in the 1990s, it will only increase tax revenues but not be able to increase tax compliance (Alm et al., 2009) . It is, therefore, a matter of concern whether taxpayer compliance will increase following taxpayers' participation in the tax amnesty.

With reference to the implementation of the United States' tax amnesty in 1985 that was not followed by a thorough improvement of the tax system, it will result in reduced tax compliance.

On the other hand, with reference to Russia's tax amnesty in the 1990s, it will only increase tax revenues but not be able to increase tax compliance.


Certainly, achieving voluntary compliance is not a simple task. The Ministry of Finance's efforts in granting a tax amnesty to tax evaders through the tax amnesty policy along with the self-assessment system (taxpayers are granted the freedom to calculate, pay, and report their tax liability) raises an excessive freedom (Darmayasa, 2017) . In fact, the main objective of the tax amnesty, namely repatriation, can only achieve 14.7% of the target (Prastowo, 2017) . The Law of Tax Amnesty (UU PP) and its implementing regulations are part of the legislation that was made during the reform era that does not refer to the values of Pancasila (Darmayasa et al., 2016) . The absence of Pancasila values in the tax amnesty policy makes the realisation of tax compliance less likely in accordance with the character of Indonesian society.

The Ministry of Finance's efforts in granting a tax amnesty to tax evaders through the tax amnesty policy along with the self-assessment system (taxpayers are granted the freedom to calculate, pay, and report their tax liability) raises an excessive freedom.

In fact, the main objective of the tax amnesty, namely repatriation, can only achieve 14.7% of the target.

The Law of Tax Amnesty (UU PP) and its implementing regulations are part of the legislation that was made during the reform era that does not refer to the values of Pancasila.


Single-flux-quantum (SFQ) circuits are known to realize a function of generating accurate analogue voltages that are defined by the Josephson relationship. This feature is expected to realize a new generation of AC voltage standards [1] [2] [3] . We have been developing digital-to-analogue converters (DACs) consisting of SFQ circuitry, and demonstrated several DACs of the pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) type [4] .

This feature is expected to realize a new generation of AC voltage standards.

We have been developing digital-to-analogue converters (DACs) consisting of SFQ circuitry, and demonstrated several DACs of the pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) type.


The errors should be less than a few parts of 10 -7 V for voltage standard applications [11] . Unfortunately, in this measurement, the voltage values are not as accurate as our previous results [7] . The higher oscillation frequency could increase operation errors and deteriorate the accuracy, although further investigation is necessary for determining the origin of errors.

The errors should be less than a few parts of 10 -7 V for voltage standard applications.

Unfortunately, in this measurement, the voltage values are not as accurate as our previous results.


The implementation of well accomplishment with high quality in BL courses and study plan programs needs both planning and steps design. The mediums of learning identified are computer-based; video conferencing; satellite, webcast and CD-ROM. The education technology involves many learning types different from online communication, wiki chat, and different Google services (Joseph, 2012) .

The education technology involves many learning types different from online communication, wiki chat, and different Google services.


Many small private businesses are important cornerstones to the flow dynamics of the current Chinese economic development. At the end of 2013, the statistical data demonstrated that there were 44.36 million small private businesses in China, and their money amounted up to 2.43 trillion Yuan [30] . However, most Chinese small private businesses were faced with the difficulty of raising funds due to their poor financial structures. The Chinese government has led financial innovation by supporting the small private businesses via carrying out a series of Pratt & Whitney financial measures. However, the default rates of small private businesses were very high for several reasons. One of the major reasons is that the credit rating system of microfinance for small private business is not sound at all, and most banks in China even have not yet established this rating system. And another primary reason is that the real default status of customers is not taken into account in existing credit rating systems.

At the end of 2013, the statistical data demonstrated that there were 44.36 million small private businesses in China, and their money amounted up to 2.43 trillion Yuan.


When the monitored materials are undergoing deformation, the internal cracks may generate and further extend, which will severely endanger the safety and reliability of the monitored structure. The acoustic emission (AE) monitoring technology is an excellent means for structural health monitoring (SHM) [1] [2] [3] . The AE sensors collect AE signals produced by the defects of the monitored structures. Through analyzing the feature parameters of the AE waveform, such as event count, amplitude, and duration, the position and severity of the AE source can be evaluated. In the situation of some SHM areas, the AE monitoring technique is required under the high temperature condition.

The acoustic emission (AE) monitoring technology is an excellent means for structural health monitoring (SHM).


Grid provides a mechanism to share and use distributed resources harmoniously, in order to establish managed sharing virtual systems [5] . But control policies and performance of these integration systems deeply rely on global structure and state knowledge, which lead to contradictions between the need for complete state of contemporary systems and the difficulty to acquire it. Besides, these systems usually cannot be flexibly tailored and assembled.

Grid provides a mechanism to share and use distributed resources harmoniously, in order to establish managed sharing virtual systems.


The economic costs and benefits, assessed for the reference period of 10 years, are shown on an annual basis in Table 4 for the interventions I1a, I1b, and I1c. For each intervention, there are both the incoming and outgoing cash flows and it is possible to calculate the payback time (PBT) and the net present value (NPV) [32] . In Figure 7a ,b, the values of NPV, as a function of time, are shown in the case of the interventions realized with an investment by own funds and a discount rate of 4%. The economic benefits linked to the interventions are significant. It is possible to note that the NPV values at the tenth year are 22,500 € for the replacement of incandescent lamps with fluorescent lamps (Figure 7a ), 25,900 € for the replacement of incandescent lamps with LED lamps (Figure 7a ) and 65,900 € for the replacement of both incandescent and fluorescent lamps with LED lamps (Figure 7b ). In this latter case, the reduced installed power of the LED, combined with their long life time, allows a significant reduction of the operating and maintenance costs in the analysed period. Comparing the trends indicated in Figure 7a , it can be observed that in the replacement of incandescent lamps, despite the higher initial cost of LED lamps, the intervention I1b (replacement with LED lamps) is more advantageous than the intervention I1a (replacement with fluorescent lamps) from the third year. Given the intensive use of the indoor lighting system, the values of the PBT (time for which NPV = 0) are also encouraging, as they reflect (see Figure 8 ) four and six months, respectively, for the replacement of incandescent lamps with fluorescent and LED lamps, and 16 months for the replacement of both incandescent and fluorescent lamps with LED lamps. Comparing the trends indicated in Figure 7a , it can be observed that in the replacement of incandescent lamps, despite the higher initial cost of LED lamps, the intervention I1b (replacement with LED lamps) is more advantageous than the intervention I1a (replacement with fluorescent lamps) from the third year. Given the intensive use of the indoor lighting system, the values of the PBT (time for which NPV = 0) are also encouraging, as they reflect (see Figure 8 ) four and six months, respectively, for the replacement of incandescent lamps with fluorescent and LED lamps, and 16 months for the replacement of both incandescent and fluorescent lamps with LED lamps. As for the outdoor lighting system, using the calculation model, the evaluation of the energy consumption by considering the electrical installed power for lighting and the nocturnal time usage was conducted. From the calculation results, it was possible to observe that the interventions O1 and O2 enable, respectively, a reduction percentage of the electrical energy consumption for outdoor lighting of 25% and 5%, with electric energy savings, respectively, of 5.3 and 1.1 MWh/year. The values of the PBT are 20 and 10 months, respectively, for interventions O1 and O2. Figure 8 summarizes, for the seven considered interventions, the annual energy savings achieved (MWh/year) and the PBT values (months). It is interesting to note that the interventions of lamp replacement for the indoor lighting system (most significant interventions at points I1a, I1b, and I1c in Figure 8 ) are characterized by a very similar ratio between PBT and electrical energy saving, of about 0.4 months/(MWh/year), as it is possible to see from the black line in Figure 8 .

For each intervention, there are both the incoming and outgoing cash flows and it is possible to calculate the payback time (PBT) and the net present value (NPV).


From the results obtained in the previous steps, techno-economic proposals for reducing energy consumptions of the indoor and outdoor lighting systems were analysed. The proposal that are described and discussed in detail arise from a broader evaluation conducted by the authors on a total of 37 possible interventions or combinations of interventions concerning not only the lighting systems, but also the building envelope and the air-conditioning system. The interventions on the lighting systems, however, are of easier implementation, also from the point of view of the manager of the building, because they have a greater reduced cost compared to other types of interventions and they have advantageous payback times. All of the analysed interventions are such as to enable improved energy efficiency without reducing the average comfort conditions currently present and, in some cases, enhancing aspects of health and safety in the workplace, which are fundamental requirements especially in building used for public functions [26] [27] [28] .

All of the analysed interventions are such as to enable improved energy efficiency without reducing the average comfort conditions currently present and, in some cases, enhancing aspects of health and safety in the workplace, which are fundamental requirements especially in building used for public functions.


Cannibalism is prevalent in most animal groups, including fishes, and is regarded as one of the most important events regulating population dynamics (Fox 1975) . Cannibalism is a size-selective form of predation, and therefore has consequences on both the abundance and size structure of the entire population. Both inter-cohort (reported as a common occurrence) and intra-cohort cannibalism (less commonly reported) affect year class strength in various fish species (Smith & Reay 1991) . While the predator to prey size ratio is likely the most important factor governing rates of cannibalism, other additional factors may also be important, such as food availability, fish density, size variation, kinship and/or genetics (Smith & Reay 1991) .

Cannibalism is prevalent in most animal groups, including fishes, and is regarded as one of the most important events regulating population dynamics.

Both inter-cohort (reported as a common occurrence) and intra-cohort cannibalism (less commonly reported) affect year class strength in various fish species.

While the predator to prey size ratio is likely the most important factor governing rates of cannibalism, other additional factors may also be important, such as food availability, fish density, size variation, kinship and/or genetics.


The BBB is essential for the normal function of the CNS. It is formed by specially modified endothelial cells that confer the BBB with low permeability and high TEER. Under physiological conditions, the integrity of the BBB is protected from oxidative stress because the BBB has high levels of antioxidant enzymes [55] . Oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms responsible for the disruption of the BBB. This disruption allows the passage of toxic substances into the brain, leading to the development of and progression of various neurological diseases [56] . It was, therefore, crucial to determine the potential for Pb or Cd to alter hCMEC/D3 permeability. Pb induced a dose-dependent decrease in TEER with a corresponding increase in permeability. However, for Cd, an increase followed by a decrease in TEER was observed, along with modulation in permeability. This can be explained by an initial Cd-induced increase in TEER to counteract the stress. However, at higher doses, this defense mechanism fails and therefore, decrease in TEER occurs. These results indicate the potential for Pb and Cd to disrupt cellular homeostasis and BBB integrity under severe oxidative stress conditions.

Under physiological conditions, the integrity of the BBB is protected from oxidative stress because the BBB has high levels of antioxidant enzymes.

This disruption allows the passage of toxic substances into the brain, leading to the development of and progression of various neurological diseases.


Analog electronics course is an important fundamental course for the undergraduates of electric profession and non-electric profession to get to know the electronic technologies [1] . This course helps students to learn the basic knowledge, theory and skills in Analog electronic technologies through learning the common electronic components, analog circuits and the way of systemic analysis and design, so that they can find a good basis for further study in analog electronic technologies as well as better application in their specialties. Analog electronics course is so difficult to learn and its content is so hard to comprehend and master that many students are not interested in studying the course and the learning effect is poor [2] . The teachers are confronted with the question of how to in-spire the students' interest and which way should the teachers take to help students master the basic theories and skills of this course [3] [4] [5] [6] . Nowadays, many schools use multimedia techonology to make teaching coursewares to assist with teaching in analog electronics course and have received remarkable effect. However, most of the teach-ing courseware in analog electronics course are designed by powerpoint software, which could only show some static words and pictures of circuits instead of the demon-stration of dynamic processes. By contrast, the teaching courseware that designed by flash technology can vividly explain the abstract knowledge and dynamically demonstrate the motion situation of analog circuits, such as the motion of electronic, the effect of the waves of in-put and output and the movement of the currents in the circuit [7] . In this way, it can enhance students' studying of the theoretical knowledge, give students a further understanding of the content and improve the students' skill of learning, so it could receive much more better learning effect.

Analog electronics course is an important fundamental course for the undergraduates of electric profession and non-electric profession to get to know the electronic technologies.

Analog electronics course is so difficult to learn and its content is so hard to comprehend and master that many students are not interested in studying the course and the learning effect is poor.

The teachers are confronted with the question of how to in-spire the students' interest and which way should the teachers take to help students master the basic theories and skills of this course.

By contrast, the teaching courseware that designed by flash technology can vividly explain the abstract knowledge and dynamically demonstrate the motion situation of analog circuits, such as the motion of electronic, the effect of the waves of in-put and output and the movement of the currents in the circuit.


The modeling of the intervention is based on concepts, such as communication training or prescribing feedback, that have already proven their efficiency in reducing non-indicated antibiotic prescribing in general practice [13, 14] . By performing narrative in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with dentists, these concepts have been adapted to the specific setting of dentistry. Dentist-patient communication, for example, is subject to specific constraints: During treatment, patients usually have few possibilities to talk to their dentist. As a consequence, gestures and facial expressions as well as communication at the beginning and at the end of the consultation are especially important. The intervention seminar takes these specific conditions into account.

The modeling of the intervention is based on concepts, such as communication training or prescribing feedback, that have already proven their efficiency in reducing non-indicated antibiotic prescribing in general practice.


The widespread production of food and nonfood cash crops in tropical rural areas often provides more prosperity to producers than subsistence crops (Sayer et al., 2012) . However, in the past few decades, land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes for the production of cash crops, such as oil palm and rubber, have led to the conversion of forests, peatlands, rice fields and the agricultural lands of local communities (Gibbs et al., 2010; Wicke et al., 2011; Susanti & Burgers, 2012; Inoue et al., 2013; Abood et al., 2014; Laurance et al., 2014) . Such LULC change can be classified as 'unwanted' because it leads to decreased carbon stocks, diminished biodiversity, reduced local food production and the displacement of local communities (Fargione et al., 2008; Koh & Wilcove, 2008; Hooijer et al., 2010; Sodhi et al., 2010; Abood et al., 2014; Immerzeel et al., 2014; Laurance et al., 2014) .

The widespread production of food and nonfood cash crops in tropical rural areas often provides more prosperity to producers than subsistence crops.

However, in the past few decades, land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes for the production of cash crops, such as oil palm and rubber, have led to the conversion of forests, peatlands, rice fields and the agricultural lands of local communities.

Such LULC change can be classified as 'unwanted' because it leads to decreased carbon stocks, diminished biodiversity, reduced local food production and the displacement of local communities.


The CDC also reported that children identified with emotional problems were more likely to receive special education services (41%), see a general doctor for mental health (47%) or see a mental health professional such as a psychiatrist or licensed counselor (58%). Eight in ten children (80%) with emotional problems had received at least one of these services [87] . The four lines in Table 3 under the heading "Treatment/Service Use" compare children with opposite-sex and same-sex parents on these four variables.

Eight in ten children (80%) with emotional problems had received at least one of these services.


Despite the null finding of "no differences", there has been a lively interchange in the literature regarding what mechanisms might affect child outcomes with parents of different sexual orientations. The current study tests four hypotheses deriving from this debate. These are not mutually exclusive; all may pertain to some extent. The most common claim is that social stigma faced by same-sex families may affect child well-being. Children who have two mommies or two daddies may suffer higher teasing, isolation, or bullying from their peers, leading to greater emotional distress. Same-sex persons and their children report suffering stigma in many social settings [31] . Recently Crouch and colleagues, reporting on the Australian Study of Child Health in Same-Sex Families, observed: "Numerous studies have found that when there is perceived stigma, experienced rejection or homophobic bullying, children with same-sex attracted parents are more likely to display problems in their psychosocial development" [32] . Their study confirmed that stigma can be a "key factor" affecting the health and well-being of children in same-sex families. Accordingly, the present study tests the hypothesis that bully victimization accounts for at least part of any differential distress for children with same-sex parents compared to those with opposite-sex parents.

Same-sex persons and their children report suffering stigma in many social settings.

Recently Crouch and colleagues, reporting on the Australian Study of Child Health in Same-Sex Families, observed: "Numerous studies have found that when there is perceived stigma, experienced rejection or homophobic bullying, children with same-sex attracted parents are more likely to display problems in their psychosocial development".


To cope with the limitations of individual biometrics, researchers have proposed using multiple biometric traits concurrently for verification. Such systems are commonly known as multimodal verification systems [1] . Multicue biometrics helps improve system reliability. For instance, while background noise has a detrimental effect on the performance of voice biometrics, it does not have any influence on face biometrics. Conversely, although the performance of face recognition systems depends on lighting conditions, lighting does not have any effect on voice quality. As a result, audio and visual (AV) biometrics has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years.

Such systems are commonly known as multimodal verification systems.


In addition to describing an algorithm to decide if any two events in Schwarzschild are connected by a causal curve, we implement this prescription as a 'thorn' (module) in the Cactus high performance computing framework [14] . An advantage of doing so is that others can easily make use of the code, without having to write their own implementation of the algorithm, nor having to understand the details of the representation of the causal set on the computer. This paper is organized as follows. In section 2 we briefly describe the equations governing the null geodesics we will employ, and describe how to use them to determine if two events are causally related or not. In section 3 we present some of the causal relations as computed by our algorithm, and pictures which illustrate the causal sets which arise by sprinkling into a region of Schwarzschild spacetime. Section 4 contains some concluding remarks. In Appendix A we give a proof that the null geodesics we integrate to determine the causal relations are those that arrive earliest. In Appendix B we describe the details of our implementation of this method, including how to sprinkle into the Schwarzschild geometry with uniform density.

In addition to describing an algorithm to decide if any two events in Schwarzschild are connected by a causal curve, we implement this prescription as a 'thorn' (module) in the Cactus high performance computing framework.

This paper is organized as follows.


The primary motivation for this work comes from discrete quantum gravity, in particular the causal set approach, for which the fundamental variables can be regarded as the causal ordering of randomly selected events in spacetime [4, 5, 6] . More specifically the causal set is a discrete set of 'atoms of spacetime', which possesses a partial order relation which corresponds to causal ordering in spacetime. Because of this straightforward interpretation of the fundamental variables, it is relatively easy to extract phenomenological predictions from the theory on the effects of fundamental spacetime discreteness. Perhaps the most famous of these is the prediction of a small but non-zero fluctuating cosmological constant, whose current order of magnitude matches its observed value [7] .

The primary motivation for this work comes from discrete quantum gravity, in particular the causal set approach, for which the fundamental variables can be regarded as the causal ordering of randomly selected events in spacetime.

Perhaps the most famous of these is the prediction of a small but non-zero fluctuating cosmological constant, whose current order of magnitude matches its observed value.


Much is understood about the causal structure of the Schwarzschild black hole spacetime, e.g. in the sense that the collection of all null geodesics has been completely classified [1] . However, what is missing is a complete specification of the causal relations, namely the set of ordered pairs of events in Schwarzschild which are connected by a causal curve. It is the purpose of this paper to provide exactly such a prescription: Given an arbitrary ordered pair of events in Schwarzschild spacetime, does there exist a future directed causal curve from the first to the second?

Much is understood about the causal structure of the Schwarzschild black hole spacetime, e.g. in the sense that the collection of all null geodesics has been completely classified.


The technique we present here, of deducing the causal relation from a classification of the null geodesics of a spacetime, can be generalized to other spacetimes as well. The most obvious example is the ReissnerNordstrom black hole. It remains spherically symmetric, which considerably simplifies the analysis, and its null geodesics are completely classified [1] . Presumably one could also analyze the Kerr black hole in this way, though the broken spherical symmetry will be considerably more complicated. Note also that one must avoid any regions which contain closed timelike curves (or consider a more general ordered substructure), since the causal set description breaks down there.

It remains spherically symmetric, which considerably simplifies the analysis, and its null geodesics are completely classified.


The slow electrodeposition process at a current density of 0.01 A cm À2 results in a low electron transfer. Therefore, only a few Zn 2+ were reduced and deposited on the substrate. However, the rate of deposition increased with increasing current density, which results in a large amount of Zn 2+ being reduced to form a dense and planar structure of the nuclei. The formation of dendrites is enabled at higher current densities when the Zn nuclei start to overlap and agglomerate together to maintain a lower surface energy (Li et al., 2007) . The irregular growth of Zn deposits is also accompanied by the evolution and adsorption of hydrogen bubbles, as shown in Eq. (4).

The formation of dendrites is enabled at higher current densities when the Zn nuclei start to overlap and agglomerate together to maintain a lower surface energy.


In recent years, the solar radiation absorption and heating of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofluids containing NPs, including the steam nanobubbles formation, became an important area of photothermal solar energy conversion [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . These phenomena are used in application of NPs and nanofluids in solar energy harvesting, radiation chemistry and catalysis, the use of steam in autoclaves, etc. Successful applications of NPs and nanofluids for solar energy trapping and conversion are based on their appropriate optical and other properties, among them first of all, the high radiation absorption by NPs because of plasmon resonance [13, 14] . The attempts to search for the appropriate NPs from suitable materials for successful applications in solar energy harvesting are ongoing [15] [16] [17] .

In recent years, the solar radiation absorption and heating of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanofluids containing NPs, including the steam nanobubbles formation, became an important area of photothermal solar energy conversion.

Successful applications of NPs and nanofluids for solar energy trapping and conversion are based on their appropriate optical and other properties, among them first of all, the high radiation absorption by NPs because of plasmon resonance.

The attempts to search for the appropriate NPs from suitable materials for successful applications in solar energy harvesting are ongoing.


Gatekeeping is frequently suggested as a policy option to strengthen the function of primary care facilities [6, 7] . Gatekeeping has been defined as an arrangement between primary care providers and specialists which involves a generalist (primary care doctor, family medicine doctor, general practitioner, etc.) who controls access to specialist care and coordinates care for patients [8] . Despite repeated claims of use, effects of gatekeeping have been found to be mixed in high-income countries, while little has been understood about the functioning of gatekeeping in low-and middle-income settings [9] .

Gatekeeping is frequently suggested as a policy option to strengthen the function of primary care facilities.

Gatekeeping has been defined as an arrangement between primary care providers and specialists which involves a generalist (primary care doctor, family medicine doctor, general practitioner, etc.) who controls access to specialist care and coordinates care for patients.

Despite repeated claims of use, effects of gatekeeping have been found to be mixed in high-income countries, while little has been understood about the functioning of gatekeeping in low-and middle-income settings.


Through the hydroprocessing process, it can be used to remove oxygen from triglyceride oils to obtain diesel range hydrocarbons. There are three pathways in the process, i.e. (1) the first pathway, decarbonylation produces CO and H2O, (2) the second pathway, decarboxylation produces CO2, and (3) the last pathway, hydrodeoxygenation produces H2O [4, 5] . After removal of oxygen, the process was followed by hydrocracking that breaks carbon-carbon bonds and reduces average molecular weight and produces higher yields of fuel. The type of catalyst can control the route and products from the reaction [6] . Scheme of simple reaction is shown in Figure 1 [7] .

There are three pathways in the process, i.e. (1) the first pathway, decarbonylation produces CO and H2O, (2) the second pathway, decarboxylation produces CO2, and (3) the last pathway, hydrodeoxygenation produces H2O.

The type of catalyst can control the route and products from the reaction.

Scheme of simple reaction is shown in Figure 1.


The remaining portion of the sample was analyzed for identification and enumeration of algae taxa. Soft-body algae (live nondiatom algae) were identified and enumerated in a Palmer Counting Chamber at 400X magnification using a microscope. We identified a total of 300 algal counting units (live soft-body algae and diatoms) and enumerated them at 400X magnification under the microscope. For colonial algae, each colony was counted as a single algal unit for purposes of tallying 300 counting units in a count. For thin, filamentous bluegreen algae in which cross-walls are often difficult to detect, we counted a 10-μm length of trichome as 1 algal unit. Individual diatom cells were counted as 1 counting unit. Periphyton samples were processed with concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate for diatom analysis (Patrick and Reimer 1966) . After numerous rinses with distilled water, cleaned diatom frustules were mounted in mounting medium to make permanent slides. A total of 600 diatom valves (300 diatom frustules or cells) were enumerated at 1000X magnification and identified to the species level whenever possible, using current taxonomic references. Chlorophyll-a and identification and enumeration of algae were conducted at Portland State University, Oregon, under the direction of Dr. Yangdong Pan.

Periphyton samples were processed with concentrated sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate for diatom analysis.


Of the species with autecological information available, all were indicative of streams with abundant dissolved oxygen, little organic pollution, and dilute water chemistry (low specific conductance and low concentrations of dissolved chloride). The observation that pH optima varied widely among the taxa suggests that stream acidification was not a major problem in these drainages because pH-sensitive taxa would disappear and acid-tolerant taxa would dominate the assemblage. This inference is consistent with studies of Sierra Nevada lakes that indicate no change or very slight changes in pH over the last 60-250 years (Whiting et al. 1989) . The mixture of nutrient optima and species associated with different trophic conditions gives no clear indication regarding nutrient conditions in the KREW streams.

This inference is consistent with studies of Sierra Nevada lakes that indicate no change or very slight changes in pH over the last 60-250 years.


When it comes to presentation, quality characteristics of fresh culinary herbs, such as chives, are largely visual and include appearance of freshness, uniformity of size, form and color and lack of defects (damaged or yellowed leaves, decay, insect damage, wilting) (Cantwell and Reid 2006) . Character istic flavor is essential for culinary herbs quality as well. Because essential oils and aroma generally decrease during storage, the formal quantitation of the effects of storage on herb quality is crucial. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality changes in packaged and refrigerated chives. We have focused on fresh chives stored at 0 and 4C for 21 and 14 days, respectively.

When it comes to presentation, quality characteristics of fresh culinary herbs, such as chives, are largely visual and include appearance of freshness, uniformity of size, form and color and lack of defects (damaged or yellowed leaves, decay, insect damage, wilting).


The most abundant genera, Stenotrophomonas, Zavarzinella, and Aquaspirillum, are not generally classified as thermophiles. However, specific species from genera such as Thiobacillus and Meiothermus have been found in thermal springs elsewhere (Pires et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2002) . Although, the dominant groups are more emphasised, it is worth noting that the microorganisms found in low abundance in rare or extreme environment are important individuals of the community that could constitute an unexplored reservoir of genomic variation and novelty (Sogin et al., 2006) .

However, specific species from genera such as Thiobacillus and Meiothermus have been found in thermal springs elsewhere.

Although, the dominant groups are more emphasised, it is worth noting that the microorganisms found in low abundance in rare or extreme environment are important individuals of the community that could constitute an unexplored reservoir of genomic variation and novelty.


The prevailing bacterial diversity in a habitat can be affected by physical and chemical environmental variables. Temperature is one of the most important factors governing microbial distribution (Abou-Shanab, 2007; Takacs-Vesbach et al., 2008) . In this study, physical and chemical parameters at the time of sampling were determined. The study also seeks to relate these to the bacterial members of the community identified.

Temperature is one of the most important factors governing microbial distribution.


As a global conclusion of this study, with regard to the proposed goals, the group of aggressors incarcerated for PV generally present greater alteration in the target variables of the study than the group of aggressors sentenced to alternative measures. However, we identified the final logistic regression model by selecting three variables: use of weapons, drug use, and diagnosis of personality disorder. The presence of these variables in the aggressor increases the probability of belonging to the group of prison inmates, that is, of committing more serious aggressions. These results complement the diverse studies of the etiological factors of PV, in contrast to risk variables in the aggressor, as a function of the dangerousness of the violent acts committed (Cavanaugh & Gelles, 2005) . Likewise, it has allowed us to identify delinquent variables, which, although noteworthy in the group of prison inmates, are more relevant in the mandatory community, mainly concerning penal records and exerting violence. Another goal addressed is the study of nonpathological personality and personality disorders, and we obtained higher incidence than other studies, providing results to reflect on the diagnostic method.

These results complement the diverse studies of the etiological factors of PV, in contrast to risk variables in the aggressor, as a function of the dangerousness of the violent acts committed.


We wish to present the main limitations of this investigation, focusing particularly on the sample size. A more extensive sample in future studies would ratify whether the mixed methodology to measure variables, with supervision of case files and the clinical interview as the diagnostic instrument of personality disorders, is more reliable than self-reports. Regarding the sample, another proposal is to expand the study of these common factors to other criminal typologies, such as common delinquents or sexual aggressors, identifying the differences with partner aggressors. The results obtained for personality disorders, with a clear difference between the two groups, suggest that in future studies the typologies of aggressors should be identified as a function of their provenance, prison or alternative measures, due to its therapeutic impact (Arce & Fariña, 2010) . Another aspect concerning psychopathological characteristics is to expand the investigation to the diagnosis of psychopathy because of the results found in the prison inmates, who had a high incidence in factors denoting psychopathic tendencies, with scarce empathy or emotional coldness, such as the case of violence towards relatives (Fernández-Montalvo & Echeburúa, 2008; Hare, 2002) . Lastly, it would be interesting to address the specific risk factors for PV after describing the common factors, such as type of aggression employed, chauvinistic attitudes, and attitudes favoring violence against women, jealousy, and characteristics of the partner relationship, among others (Cattlet, Toews, & Walilko, 2010; Cunradi, Ames, & Moore, 2008) .

The results obtained for personality disorders, with a clear difference between the two groups, suggest that in future studies the typologies of aggressors should be identified as a function of their provenance, prison or alternative measures, due to its therapeutic impact.

Another aspect concerning psychopathological characteristics is to expand the investigation to the diagnosis of psychopathy because of the results found in the prison inmates, who had a high incidence in factors denoting psychopathic tendencies, with scarce empathy or emotional coldness, such as the case of violence towards relatives.

Lastly, it would be interesting to address the specific risk factors for PV after describing the common factors, such as type of aggression employed, chauvinistic attitudes, and attitudes favoring violence against women, jealousy, and characteristics of the partner relationship, among others.


Chitin is insoluble in water and grouped as functional fibre to lower blood lipids [50, 51] . However, chitin needs to be converted to chitosan to lower plasma lipid levels [52] . The process of converting chitin to chitosan is by alkaline hydrolysis (45% NaOH, 100˚) [53] . Hence this conversion is unlikely to have occurred in vivo, and therefore chitin is unlikely to explain the reduction in plasma TAG in this study.

Chitin is insoluble in water and grouped as functional fibre to lower blood lipids.

However, chitin needs to be converted to chitosan to lower plasma lipid levels.

The process of converting chitin to chitosan is by alkaline hydrolysis (45% NaOH, 100˚).


This research is similar to Jin and Mukherjee's work [6] . Jin and Mukherjee proposed methods to model the sewer blockage failures in an effort to support the system's management. By using a set of blockage failure data from a city, they used the stochastic approach to characterize the failure arrivals. Methods to verify the process were presented with preliminary data analysis and hypothesis test. The results show that for the annual data set, the arrivals can be best described with a homogeneous Poisson process, while for the entire data set, the nonhomogenous factors start to have significant impacts on the fitting. They further conducted the reliability analysis over the data set. Based on the analysis, they proposed a schematic survival curve from the life cycle perspective. The developed methods were also successfully applied on the failure data set of a water pipeline system.

This research is similar to Jin and Mukherjee's work.


This paper focuses on the storm water overflows instead. The aim of this paper is to investigate the underlying arrival pattern of storm water overflows to assist facility management. The data set is obtained from an entire separate storm water system. Very often, those failures are regarded as random arrivals, which are featured with a Poisson process. Such Poisson process has been applied in many areas [17] - [20] . This study explores such arrival pattern of storm water overflows. The results would assist stakeholders in the decision making process.

Such Poisson process has been applied in many areas.


In a Poisson process with a constant arrival rate of λ, the inter-arrival times between events are exponentially distributed. The proof of this statement can be found in Ross [21] . Therefore, in order to verify whether the arrival of overflows follows a Poisson process, one direct method is to check the distribution of the inter-arrival times.

The proof of this statement can be found in Ross.


The systematic presence of interaction effects found with the sensitivity analysis (Fig. 4) illustrated that trait interactions are common. Such results highlight the importance of focusing on collections of traits rather on individual traits [76] . Furthermore, the close and complex genetic, physiologic, and agronomic links between carbon, water, and nitrogen transfers within crops are experimentally difficult to assess while being important. For instance, efficiencies in water-and nitrogen-use can be either unrelated, positively (synergy) or negatively (trade-off) related depending on the environment, the genotype, the level of organization, and the time scale at which such efficiencies are defined [52, 77, 78] . Overall, the complexity of crop systems highlights the potential of using modeling approaches. Together with genetic criteria (e.g. availability of genetic variability, pleiotropy and heritability) and technical criteria (rapid, cost-effective, and reliable phenotyping), model-based approaches (assuming the relevance of the process-based model, of the genetic range tested and of the TPE) could help breeding to improve crop performance under changing environments [2, 52] .

Such results highlight the importance of focusing on collections of traits rather on individual traits.

For instance, efficiencies in water-and nitrogen-use can be either unrelated, positively (synergy) or negatively (trade-off) related depending on the environment, the genotype, the level of organization, and the time scale at which such efficiencies are defined.

Together with genetic criteria (e.g. availability of genetic variability, pleiotropy and heritability) and technical criteria (rapid, cost-effective, and reliable phenotyping), model-based approaches (assuming the relevance of the process-based model, of the genetic range tested and of the TPE) could help breeding to improve crop performance under changing environments.


The primary type of receiving coastal water is different in the Arctic Ocean (fjords and fjärds), the Atlantic Ocean (tidal systems), Indian Ocean and Pacific (tidal systems and small deltas) and the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea (small deltas) ( figure 4(a) ). The nitrate transport via SGD per kilometer of shoreline is particularly high in coastal seas with large rivers bypassing the near shore coastal zone except for the Pacific Ocean (figure 4(b) ). In the Atlantic Ocean the nitrate transport per km of shoreline is also high in tidal systems. These estimates agree with fluxes of 400-100 000 kg of N per kilometer of shoreline measured in various coastal areas in the world (Paytan et al 2006) .

These estimates agree with fluxes of 400-100 000 kg of N per kilometer of shoreline measured in various coastal areas in the world.


When considering the scores of the 285 water samples, the contribution of organic components can be noticed. TSS and turbidity are influenced by the total discharge of the river and increase during flood event when higher erosion rates are observed (El Azzi et al., 2016) . However, dissolved solids are more concentrated during summer season when only groundwater is contributing to the total discharge. In fact, the dissolved elements are diluted by surface and sub-surface runoffs during rain episodes and are therefore less concentrated during the winter season (Probst, 1992) . This can explain the high levels of DOC during low-water periods. In addition, in-stream DOC production is important during low flow periods. In fact, the algal activity in spring as well as the leaf litter entering the stream in autumn can be responsible for DOC maxima during low flows (Mulholland and Hill, 1997) . DOC has also been proven to increase during snowmelt periods (spring and summer) when runoff is mostly done via subsurface flow which activates new soil organic matter fluxes (Laudon et al., 2004) .

TSS and turbidity are influenced by the total discharge of the river and increase during flood event when higher erosion rates are observed.

In fact, the dissolved elements are diluted by surface and sub-surface runoffs during rain episodes and are therefore less concentrated during the winter season.

In fact, the algal activity in spring as well as the leaf litter entering the stream in autumn can be responsible for DOC maxima during low flows.

DOC has also been proven to increase during snowmelt periods (spring and summer) when runoff is mostly done via subsurface flow which activates new soil organic matter fluxes.


Principal Component Analysis was executed on the data matrix X (285 × 28) in the purpose of identifying temporal trends in the analyzed samples with regards to the 28 tested parameters. First, the data matrix was standardized to avoid any inappropriate discriminations that could be caused by vast variances in data measurements (Ringnér, 2008) . Second, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett's tests were done in order to check the appropriateness of this data for performing PCA. Data was recognized to be adequate for PCA (KMO = 0.81, indicating that PCA may be useful and significance level = 0, showing the presence of important relations between the variables) (Shrestha and Kazama, 2007) .

First, the data matrix was standardized to avoid any inappropriate discriminations that could be caused by vast variances in data measurements.

Data was recognized to be adequate for PCA (KMO = 0.81, indicating that PCA may be useful and significance level = 0, showing the presence of important relations between the variables).


Thus, from this study, E. faecium DBFIQ ID: E36 strain was selected to produce the enzyme L-arabinose isomerase, which had not yet been studied in this genus. This strain belongs to the lactic acid bacteria which are considered by FAO and WHO as GRAS organisms. Consequently, it can be directly employed in industrial bioprocesses for production of value-added products from cheese whey or other industrial by-products (Rhimi et al., 2007) . Finally, current studies are centered on non-recombinant L-arabinose isomerase production, purification and characterization from chosen wild-type strains.

Consequently, it can be directly employed in industrial bioprocesses for production of value-added products from cheese whey or other industrial by-products.


There are various costs associated with the adoption of sound corporate governance mechanisms. First are transaction costs associated with greater disclosure, including the cost of changing company charters, setting up nominating committees, paying outside directors and external auditors, and disseminating financial information to enhance corporate transparency. Second are private costs for controlling shareholders associated with a reduced ability to extract private benefits from the firm at the expense of minority shareholders (Doidge et al., 2004) . These costs may lead controlling shareholders to push for less than sound corporate governance.

Second are private costs for controlling shareholders associated with a reduced ability to extract private benefits from the firm at the expense of minority shareholders.


Our aim is not to assess which factors determine governance norms and practices, 3 nor to study the optimal design of corporate governance, 4 but rather to investigate the relationship between firmlevel governance attributes and valuation by taking governance attributes as given. Theory offers at least two reasons why firms adopt sound governance mechanisms, despite the costs associated with adoption. Adoption of governance attributes could act as a signaling device to ensure prospective investors that the firm is well-governed. Such signals could enable the firm to access external funds on better terms, which enhances firm valuation. Governance provisions could also act as a bonding device, where firms commit to investors to adhere to better governance standards (Licht, 2003; Doidge et al., 2004) .

Governance provisions could also act as a bonding device, where firms commit to investors to adhere to better governance standards.


Second, countries differ in their firm-level governance norms. Country scores based on minimally accepted criteria vary much across countries, from a low of zero for Canada and France to a high of 6 for New Zealand. The minimum country score for the U.S. increased from 1 in 2003 to 3 in 2005, possibly as a result of the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act that imposed stricter governance standards on firms (Chhaochharia and Grinstein, 2007; Hochberg et al., 2007) .

The minimum country score for the U.S. increased from 1 in 2003 to 3 in 2005, possibly as a result of the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act that imposed stricter governance standards on firms.


Despite ever increasing understanding of the molecular processes that trigger fibrosis across different organs there are only few therapies available and most of them only indirectly target fibrotic processes (Rockey et al., 2015) . TGF-β1 binding to the receptors on the plasma membrane leads to the phosphorylation of R-SMADs, their translocation into the nucleus and transcription of pro-fibrotic genes. Given the importance of TGF-β signaling and the phosphorylation of R-SMADs in fibrosis, the identification of phosphatases, able to switch off the TGF-β pathway, has been of interest in the past ten years since they could also be targets for anti-fibrotic drugs.

Despite ever increasing understanding of the molecular processes that trigger fibrosis across different organs there are only few therapies available and most of them only indirectly target fibrotic processes.


Furthermore, a major success factor for the WoT is driven by the prevalence of web expertise. The Internet networking infrastructure and the existing standards for data storage, visualization, and sharing are, indeed, pillars of the WoT vision. Nevertheless, these standards and techniques must be extended, revised, and/or revolutionized in order to meet the operational requirements of the RWT and allow them to integrate the Web and mutually exchange web services. These services should be easy to publish, discover, compose, and execute. The traditional web service paradigm should then be enriched by promoting the web from both cyber and physical worlds [6] . Because of their hardware and software limitations, it would be beneficial to the RWT to collaboratively provide services going beyond their individual capabilities. We then argue that these RWT should organize themselves into clusters where Web-enabled devices could act as proxies allowing other RWT to connect to the Internet and share their services.

The traditional web service paradigm should then be enriched by promoting the web from both cyber and physical worlds.


The Internet of Things (IoT) could be defined as a global networking infrastructure that uses data capturing devises and communication resources to link virtual and physical objects [4] . It can, therefore, be perceived as an amalgamation of a variety of sensing, communication, and networking devices and systems in order to connect people and things with common interests. In this configuration, anybody can efficiently access the information of any object and any service, at any time and any place, regardless the heterogeneity of communication protocols and devices [5] . The Web of Things (WoT) is a subset of the IoT where web standards are used to seamlessly integrate and connect physical objects and information resources [6] . The emerging development of WoT is expected to offer solutions in a wide variety of domains, including transportation management, energy monitoring, logistics and supply chain management, military and rescue scenarios, and healthcare applications. This is expected to be facilitated thanks to the increasing abundance of smart devices with web-enabled capabilities.

The Internet of Things (IoT) could be defined as a global networking infrastructure that uses data capturing devises and communication resources to link virtual and physical objects.

In this configuration, anybody can efficiently access the information of any object and any service, at any time and any place, regardless the heterogeneity of communication protocols and devices.

The Web of Things (WoT) is a subset of the IoT where web standards are used to seamlessly integrate and connect physical objects and information resources.


As it can be seen clearly, the challenges of the WoT concern several levels and issues. We believe that autonomy, flexibility, and intelligence must be integrated to any approach addressing these challenges, and we argue that techniques from the artificial intelligence field would allow the creation of efficient candidate solutions. In this perspective, few approaches have been proposed [7] [8] . However, the integration of intelligence into RWT has not been clearly investigated.

In this perspective, few approaches have been proposed.


In recent reviews the possible important role of HIF-1 in RA is extensively discussed [6, 13] . Especially the presence of both hypoxia and inflammatory proteins in RA both leading to HIF-1α stabilization and subsequent HIF-1 activation seems to warrant an important role for HIF-1α. Recently new small molecular drugs that have inhibitory effect on HIF-1α have been tested in arthritis models. Effects of 2 ME-2 (methoxyestradiol) were investigated in a rat CIA model and in a rat AIA model [14, 15] . In the CIA model a marked suppression of synovial gene expression of bFGF and VEGF was observed, with parallel reduction of synovial blood vessels, whereas in both CIA and AIA the severity of disease was reduced. Inhibitors of Hsp90 have been shown to inhibit HIF-1 activity and were investigated in vitro and in vivo in arthritis models. They showed to inhibit paw swelling and to improve body weight. Scores for inflammation, pannus formation, cartilage damage, and bone resorption returned to normal [16] .

In recent reviews the possible important role of HIF-1 in RA is extensively discussed.

Effects of 2 ME-2 (methoxyestradiol) were investigated in a rat CIA model and in a rat AIA model.

Scores for inflammation, pannus formation, cartilage damage, and bone resorption returned to normal.


A special case is given by the higher genus multi-point current algebras [21] , [22] , [19] , [18] . They consist of g-valued meromorphic functions on the Riemann surface with poles only at a finite number of fixed points. In higher genus and in the multi-point case in genus zero the central extensions are essentially non-unique. In fact for a simple g they are in one-to-one correspondence with the elements of H 1 (Σ \ supp(D), R).

A special case is given by the higher genus multi-point current algebras.


In this research, we will consider a platform design problem as a module selection problem that identifies a module or modules that establishes a viable product platform and associated product family. The primary trade off is minimising production cost while maximising accessibility of the universal product family. We will use market-based decision-making approaches to consider dynamic design and market environments. Specifically, a Bayesian game is employed to model uncertainty in market environments and determine strategic equilibrium solutions in the universal product family platform. Game theoretic approaches provide a rigorous framework for managing and evaluating strategies to achieve players' goals using their complete or incomplete information and knowledge (Gibbons, 1992; Osborne and Rubinstein, 2002) .

Game theoretic approaches provide a rigorous framework for managing and evaluating strategies to achieve players' goals using their complete or incomplete information and knowledge.


Mass customisation offers an avenue to provide persons with disabilities a wide array of products. Using mass customisation methods, companies are increasing their efforts to reduce cost and lead-time for developing new products and services while satisfying individual customer needs. Mass customisation depends on a company's ability to provide customised products or services based on economical and flexible development and production systems (Silveria et al., 2001) . By sharing and reusing assets such as components, processes, information, and knowledge across a family of products and services, companies can efficiently develop a set of differentiated offerings by improving flexibility and responsiveness of product and service development (Simpson, 2004) . Product family design is a way to achieve cost-effective mass customisation by allowing highly differentiated products to be developed from a common platform while targeting products to distinct market segments (Shooter et al., 2005) .

Mass customisation depends on a company's ability to provide customised products or services based on economical and flexible development and production systems.

By sharing and reusing assets such as components, processes, information, and knowledge across a family of products and services, companies can efficiently develop a set of differentiated offerings by improving flexibility and responsiveness of product and service development.

Product family design is a way to achieve cost-effective mass customisation by allowing highly differentiated products to be developed from a common platform while targeting products to distinct market segments.


Although our review has focused on the potential of different pathways and technologies, it is important to recognize that certain pathways and particular technologies have differential appeal and effectiveness depending on people's access, preferences, needs, skills, and experiences. Said another way, we have stressed how certain technologies and their functions may be good matches to particular pathways, but likewise, there is selection bias involved and certain pathways and technologies may better fit certain people. For instance, engaging in technologies serving experiential functions requires a motivation and desire for interactivity [120] . Similarly, continued use also strongly depends on the technology itself [160] . There are also sociostructural factors related to disparities in technological access, skill, and use, conceptualized as the "digital divide" [15, 29, 111, 112] . Although research suggests that inequalities in physical access to online technologies are narrowing, significant differences in skill and the nature of use remain [161] . It is pertinent for research to identify ways (e.g., via international agencies, governments, practitioners) to engage different groups of people in online technologies [15] . Therefore, communication and organizational efforts that capitalize on the primary functions specific to Web 2.0 and social media technologies can be expected to be most effective in promoting action when they are captivating, engaging, and simultaneously tailored to the populations (i.e., targets) of interest.

For instance, engaging in technologies serving experiential functions requires a motivation and desire for interactivity.

Similarly, continued use also strongly depends on the technology itself.

There are also sociostructural factors related to disparities in technological access, skill, and use, conceptualized as the "digital divide".

Although research suggests that inequalities in physical access to online technologies are narrowing, significant differences in skill and the nature of use remain.

It is pertinent for research to identify ways (e.g., via international agencies, governments, practitioners) to engage different groups of people in online technologies.


Clutches are locking devices that are widely used in robotic systems. They switch between enabling and preventing the relative motion of two parts, above all for energy management, reconfiguration, and safety reasons. In addition to the conventional use of clutches for engaging and disengaging the driven components from the driving source, they are also used to lock and unlock robot motions and facilitate reconfiguration [1] . For example, in modular and reconfigurable robots, the use of clutches reduces the number of actuators and consequently results in lighter weight modules [2, 3] . Similarly, in underactuated systems, the use of clutches enables high degrees of configurability to be achieved with a low number of actuators [4] . Using clutches as an essential component for decoupling from actuators and impedance control enables robots with rigid arms to achieve softer and safer interactions with the environment [5] .

In addition to the conventional use of clutches for engaging and disengaging the driven components from the driving source, they are also used to lock and unlock robot motions and facilitate reconfiguration.

For example, in modular and reconfigurable robots, the use of clutches reduces the number of actuators and consequently results in lighter weight modules.

Similarly, in underactuated systems, the use of clutches enables high degrees of configurability to be achieved with a low number of actuators.

Using clutches as an essential component for decoupling from actuators and impedance control enables robots with rigid arms to achieve softer and safer interactions with the environment.


The high elongation ratio of the proposed device (up to 33%) and the relatively fast response time of the clutches expand its possible application to many different fields, such as wearable robotics. For example, the TBC clutches can be integrated into a soft exosuit to limit and control the joint motions for assistive and rehabilitation applications [32] . In such applications, the flat configuration and softness of the developed clutch permit a high adaptability to the wearer's body and ease of integration to textile based garments.

For example, the TBC clutches can be integrated into a soft exosuit to limit and control the joint motions for assistive and rehabilitation applications.


For the analysis of such problems, one solution is to use a mixed formulation in which different approximation spaces are used for the displacement and pressure fields interpolation. Although numerous mixed formulations may be developed, only those that are stable are useful in practice [12, 11] . The solvability, stability and optimality of mixed formulations are related to a compatibility condition, the so-called LBB (or inf-sup) condition [4] . The analytical proof whether the inf-sup condition is satisfied for a specific formulation is, however, difficult, and this has spurred the use of a numerical inf-sup test [17, 4, 9] .

Although numerous mixed formulations may be developed, only those that are stable are useful in practice.

The solvability, stability and optimality of mixed formulations are related to a compatibility condition, the so-called LBB (or inf-sup) condition.

The analytical proof whether the inf-sup condition is satisfied for a specific formulation is, however, difficult, and this has spurred the use of a numerical inf-sup test.


One way to explain this pattern of results is that participants formed associations that are more specific even in the absence of knowing the exact context that would constitute the task change. Perhaps the outcome in this experiment is a function of introducing participants to the notion that contextual associations can be used to improve prospective memory performance; they might not know this on their own. Alternatively, participants might not attempt to make such associations without some degree of certainty about the ordering of multiple tasks. Previous work showed that an incorrect contextual association hurts prospective memory is a strong demonstration that people who are introduced to using associations tend to rely on them to execute their intended actions (Cook et al., 2005) . In those experiments, participants often reported an annoyance when they discovered that experimenters had misinformed them about the context they would be in when they needed to complete a time-based intention. In such instances, predicting an incorrect context is worse than not predicting one at all.

Previous work showed that an incorrect contextual association hurts prospective memory is a strong demonstration that people who are introduced to using associations tend to rely on them to execute their intended actions.


In-line microscopy without lenses (or lensless microscopy) was originally proposed by Gabor as a method to overcome the limitations introduced by lenses in electron microscopy [1] . Basically, Gabor's concept is based on an in-line architecture, where the sample is illuminated by a coherent beam and a recording device, which is placed behind the sample, records the produced diffracted wavefront which is known as Gabor's hologram. In this configuration, the non-diffracted light plays the role of a reference beam that interferes with the diffracted components generated by the sample. Thus, it is possible to recover the object's complex wavefront by using classical holographic tools in the reconstruction process. However, Gabor's concept needs to be applied under severe sample constraints: the samples must be considered as weak diffractive. Only in this case, can the sample's diffracted light be considered as a perturbation of the reference beam and Gabor's underlying principle become true. Otherwise, the amount of light blocked by the object is significant and the diffraction which dominates the process will prevent the sample's complex wavefront from being accurately recovered.

In-line microscopy without lenses (or lensless microscopy) was originally proposed by Gabor as a method to overcome the limitations introduced by lenses in electron microscopy.


Our abiotic models predict changes in tundra vegetation structure, supporting warming-induced expansion of woody species [61, 62] . In addition, warming increases total species richness, modifies species compositions and causes local extinctions. These predictions are all in line with earlier (experimental) studies demonstrating diversity loss [e.g. 62, 63]-when recognising that here the increase in the total predicted vascular plant species richness is mostly due to the increase of shrub richness ( figure 4) .

Our abiotic models predict changes in tundra vegetation structure, supporting warming-induced expansion of woody species.


Of course, there are some drawbacks like low moisture resistance, problems with compatibility when compounding with a hydrophobic polymer matrix or inconsistence in chemical composition. Like most of the fibres used in polymer composites manufacturing, natural fibres are also prone to forming aggregates and have to be modified accordingly in order to prevent that phenomena. One other drawback that is specific to natural fibres is the influence of their origin on the fibres properties. As they are not manufactured, but rather grown, there are some farming related factors having an impact on crop end properties [6] [7] [8] . For now also the cost effectiveness of natural fibres when compared to synthetic equivalents is rather low but recent life cycle analyses have proven natural composites more ecologically favorable as they require 30% less energy when compared to their synthetic counterparts [9] .

As they are not manufactured, but rather grown, there are some farming related factors having an impact on crop end properties.

For now also the cost effectiveness of natural fibres when compared to synthetic equivalents is rather low but recent life cycle analyses have proven natural composites more ecologically favorable as they require 30% less energy when compared to their synthetic counterparts.


A complete analysis of the vacuum structure in any quantum field theory needs a consideration of the effective potential to all orders which is more than an honorable task. Important contributions to the effective potential in the Standard Model and supersymmetrized versions at one and way more loops have been (partially) determined [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . The more loops the more difficult is also the task to find the global minimum which shall determine the vacuum state of the theory. Numerical solutions to that problem exist in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) where both the effective potential as well as the (expected-to-be) global minimum are calculated and determined purely numerically [7, 8] .

Important contributions to the effective potential in the Standard Model and supersymmetrized versions at one and way more loops have been (partially) determined.

Numerical solutions to that problem exist in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) where both the effective potential as well as the (expected-to-be) global minimum are calculated and determined purely numerically.