The modelling of blade temperature field as a result of a simultaneous solution of a single package of problems of gas and coolant flows and heat transfer with conjugation of heat exchange conditions on the walls is an up-to-date design method. However, the accuracy of obtained results (and their matching to the experimental data) depend largely on a chosen turbulence model, an approach to three-dimensional modelling and a density of grid [9] [10] [11] . Figure 1 demonstrates an example of comparison results of calculated and measured temperature values in the middle section of a studied blade, which were obtained while selecting the most accurate calculating model. In particular areas, the discrepancy is up to 40 ∘ C while the gas temperature upstream the blade cascade is 614 ∘ C [12] . Verification of thermal and hydraulic models shall be performed by testing the full-size blade prototype manufactured according to a batch process by using the lost-wax casting [13] [14] [15] . Essential discrepancies of thermal and hydraulic parameters to calculated values determined during the test require correction of design and technological documentation, modification of a mould, or even production of a new one for pressing ceramic cores that hollow the blade during the casting [16, 17] . This results in significant additional costs and increases the time required for development of cooled blade as well as an engine as a whole.

However, the accuracy of obtained results (and their matching to the experimental data) depend largely on a chosen turbulence model, an approach to three-dimensional modelling and a density of grid.

In particular areas, the discrepancy is up to 40 ∘ C while the gas temperature upstream the blade cascade is 614 ∘ C.

Verification of thermal and hydraulic models shall be performed by testing the full-size blade prototype manufactured according to a batch process by using the lost-wax casting.

Essential discrepancies of thermal and hydraulic parameters to calculated values determined during the test require correction of design and technological documentation, modification of a mould, or even production of a new one for pressing ceramic cores that hollow the blade during the casting.


Hydraulic and thermal models of cooling passages providing the determination of boundary conditions from the side of gas and cooling air are used for the purpose of calculation of thermal state of a blade during operation. The adequacy of both hydraulic and thermal models of cooling passage, which are based on the values of hydraulic resistance of paths with turbulators and on criterion dependencies for calculation of heat transfer from the passage walls to cooling air, has an influence on the accuracy of obtained results. Possible inadequacy of thermal and hydraulic models of manufactured full-size blade prototype is related to the fact that the values of hydraulic resistance and criterion equations used for the design are usually obtained from models with constant cross section of a greater size than passages of a real blade while the modelling conditions significantly differ from the full-scale ones [5] [6] [7] [8] . There is almost no data of calculation of heat transfer in transitional parts of passage junctions, turns, and bifurcations. All of the above decrease the accuracy of calculation of temperature fields of a blade and hence the safety factor.

Possible inadequacy of thermal and hydraulic models of manufactured full-size blade prototype is related to the fact that the values of hydraulic resistance and criterion equations used for the design are usually obtained from models with constant cross section of a greater size than passages of a real blade while the modelling conditions significantly differ from the full-scale ones.


A gas turbine engine service life is mainly determined by lifespan of high-pressure turbine blades [1] . Creation of blade with effective cooling system is a complicated and labourintensive process. It includes selection and design of cooling loop as well as its optimisation; gas-dynamic, thermal, and strength calculations; experimental study; development of production technology; and evaluation of reliability [2] [3] [4] .

A gas turbine engine service life is mainly determined by lifespan of high-pressure turbine blades.

It includes selection and design of cooling loop as well as its optimisation; gas-dynamic, thermal, and strength calculations; experimental study; development of production technology; and evaluation of reliability.


Photocatalytic activity has been mostly studied using spherical or equiaxed nanoparticles, in which the catalytic efficiency indeed increases with decreasing particle size [7] . However, the recovery of nanoparticulate catalysts from the solution at the end of the reaction cycle may prove to be impractical. Also, spherical nanoparticles often tend to agglomerate into larger particles, thereby reducing their catalytic activity. Considerable effort has therefore gone into the search for low cost, high activity, and easily recyclable photocatalysts based on titanium oxide [8] [9] [10] . An elegant and practical solution to the above issues would be to obtain the photocatalyst in the form of an aligned array of 1D structures anchored to a substrate. Such a catalyst would be easy to handle and not allow aggregation to occur, 2 Journal of Nanomaterials thus permanently providing a high interfacial area for the reactants.

Photocatalytic activity has been mostly studied using spherical or equiaxed nanoparticles, in which the catalytic efficiency indeed increases with decreasing particle size.

Considerable effort has therefore gone into the search for low cost, high activity, and easily recyclable photocatalysts based on titanium oxide.


Here we report the first study of the photocatalytic activity of an aligned array of multiwalled H 2 Ti 3 O 7 nanotubes anchored to a substrate. This geometry provides comparatively greater exposure of the sample surface to the reacting environment than that of a random collection of nanotubes. We have synthesized a roughly aligned array of H 2 Ti 3 O 7 nanotubes by a hydrothermal technique and studied its use for the photochemical degradation of the rhodamine B (RhB) dye under UV light exposure. The catalytic efficiency of this material has been benchmarked against a standard industrial photocatalyst (P-25). We point out that RhB is accepted as a representative dye pollutant for such studies. While most dyes are resistant to biodegradation and direct photolysis, nitrogen-containing dyes such as RhB are particularly dangerous as they undergo a natural anaerobic degradation to yield potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines [17] .

While most dyes are resistant to biodegradation and direct photolysis, nitrogen-containing dyes such as RhB are particularly dangerous as they undergo a natural anaerobic degradation to yield potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines.


Glass artwork has long followed the human search by exquisite artistic pieces. Shapes, colors, and their ability to always "change" with different illumination make these pieces desirable to many artists. However, working with glass also presents some risk since thermal stress is always present when dealing with glass materials in spite of the techniques used, namely glass blowing, casting, or pâte de verre (a form of kiln casting [1] ).

However, working with glass also presents some risk since thermal stress is always present when dealing with glass materials in spite of the techniques used, namely glass blowing, casting, or pâte de verre (a form of kiln casting).


Combining (1) and (2), the stress equation is obtained: In the glass-related industry, polariscopes are the main instrument in the stress analysis of transparent pieces. These are essential instrument for the visualizing of strain patterns in most transparent materials. When a specimen exhibiting stress is illuminated with polarized light from a polariscope, a pattern of various colors appear which are directly proportional to the stresses within the material [12] . However, it only allows obtaining the qualitative evolution of stress in an object and cannot provide quantitative information of the phase retardation [2] . Usually, two polarizer filters allow the user to see compressive stresses as red-related areas while tensile stresses as bluish areas.

When a specimen exhibiting stress is illuminated with polarized light from a polariscope, a pattern of various colors appear which are directly proportional to the stresses within the material.

However, it only allows obtaining the qualitative evolution of stress in an object and cannot provide quantitative information of the phase retardation.


A proper annealing of the glass pieces is very important to eliminate the inside stresses. The methodology used by the artists is somewhat empirical, and knowing the transition temperature and the strain point would be very important. Depending on the glass type, shape, and thickness of the art pieces different firing schedules are being used by several artists in order to achieve the best results to avoid stress or fractures. Tables with annealing cycles can be found in the literature [9] [10] [11] .

Tables with annealing cycles can be found in the literature.


Another analysis was made on the impact of the thRGB parameter on the number of pixels identified as hazard ones. Figure 7 shows the number of determined hazard pixels and Figure 8 the evolution in their percentage as thRGB varies. Again, a threshold between 25 and 30% seems to be a proper value to achieve valid results since higher values, in general, do not have a major impact on the analyzed factors. Also, after testing the methodology for all the samples, with different thRGB values, even if the number of hazard points increases, the conclusions in their analysis remained from thresholds higher than 20%. Of course, hazard areas do not necessarily indicate points were the piece will break but just areas where stresses might lead to it when the piece is subjected to thermal shocks [8] .

Of course, hazard areas do not necessarily indicate points were the piece will break but just areas where stresses might lead to it when the piece is subjected to thermal shocks.


This article will limit its scope to direct inkjet printing as a method for fabricating ceramic parts by additive manufacture; this distinguishes it from earlier reviews of inkjet printing for manufacture and ceramic fabrication [5] [6] [7] [8] . It considers the drop-generation mechanism and the constraints this mechanism imposes on ink properties. In addition, this article discusses interactions between printed drops and the formation of 3D objects. An important consideration is the mechanisms that lead to defect formation during these processes, and whether inks can be designed to reduce their incidence.

This article will limit its scope to direct inkjet printing as a method for fabricating ceramic parts by additive manufacture; this distinguishes it from earlier reviews of inkjet printing for manufacture and ceramic fabrication.


The base years cover different time periods in the TSTRD: 1990 TSTRD: -1998 TSTRD: (1997 TSTRD: base year), 1999 TSTRD: -2002 TSTRD: (2001 TSTRD: base year), 2003 TSTRD: -2005 TSTRD: (2004 TSTRD: base year) and 2006 TSTRD: -2010 TSTRD: (2007 . Due to issues with the share of consumption in households compared to exports in the 1997 dataset, we excluded it in the analysis of beef. The 1997 version of Brazil's economic structural data in GTAP is based on data from 1985, and shows that a very high share of final consumption going to households compared to the other reference years, which is not consistent with more recent Brazilian data. Because of this, we use the 2001 dataset as a base for the years back to 1990 for calculations relating to beef. The base years are detailed and accurate representations of the global economy, and while the interpolated time-series is less accurate than the data for individual base years, it allows the robust assessment of trends (Peters et al 2011b) . The MRIO model has a high level of detail on agricultural and food products, and we assume that in Brazil the sector 'Oil seeds' is mostly soybeans, and 'Bovine cattle, sheep and goats, horses' is mostly cattle, which is a reasonable assumption in a Brazilian context.

The base years are detailed and accurate representations of the global economy, and while the interpolated time-series is less accurate than the data for individual base years, it allows the robust assessment of trends.


On the other hand, nanomaterials show higher electrocatalytic activity, as a kind of special sensing material of chemically modified electrodes. Particularly, the gold nanoparticles have attracted much attention in recent decades, owing to their excellent optical and electronic properties, as well as biocompatible ability. Very recently, we reported the electrodeposition preparation of nanogold modified glassy carbon electrode and its application to simultaneous voltammetric determination of dihydroxyhenzene isomers [26] .

Very recently, we reported the electrodeposition preparation of nanogold modified glassy carbon electrode and its application to simultaneous voltammetric determination of dihydroxyhenzene isomers.


Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter molecule and an indispensable intermediate species in human metabolism [1] [2] [3] . The loss of DA may cause some serious diseases, such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease [4] . Similarly, ascorbic acid (AA) functions as a redox cofactor and catalyst in a broad array of biochemical reactions and processes. AA is used for the prevention of scurvy and treatment of common cold, mental illness, cancer and AIDS [5] . Uric acid (UA) is produced by xanthine oxidase from xanthine and hypoxanthine, which are, in turn, produced from purine. UA is more toxic to tissues than either xanthine or hypoxanthine because, at high concentrations, it may cause such diseases as hyperuricaemia, gout, and the Lesch-Nyan disease [6] . Usually DA, AA and UA are coexisting in our body fluids. Therefore, it is very important to develop simple and rapid methods for their simultaneous determination in routine analysis.

Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter molecule and an indispensable intermediate species in human metabolism.

The loss of DA may cause some serious diseases, such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.

AA is used for the prevention of scurvy and treatment of common cold, mental illness, cancer and AIDS.

UA is more toxic to tissues than either xanthine or hypoxanthine because, at high concentrations, it may cause such diseases as hyperuricaemia, gout, and the Lesch-Nyan disease.


Food industry, in general, generates a large quantity of biodegradable waste such as peels, seeds, pomace, rags, and kernels (Joshi and Attri, 2006) . Several million tons of apple pomace are generated during the processing of apple products, including apple juice, jelly, and cider (Bhushan et al., 2008) . Apple pomace is a rich source of nutrients like carbohydrates, dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamin C (Joshi, 1998) . As it is rich in carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and minerals, this waste is a good substrate for fermentation, and thus has the potential to support the growth of microorganisms. In addition, apple pomace has been used as a raw material in several applications such as the production of enzymes, organic acids, and ethanol, as well as pectin recovery and production of animal feed.

Food industry, in general, generates a large quantity of biodegradable waste such as peels, seeds, pomace, rags, and kernels.

Several million tons of apple pomace are generated during the processing of apple products, including apple juice, jelly, and cider.

Apple pomace is a rich source of nutrients like carbohydrates, dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamin C.


This issue has drawn the attention of researchers for many years. They focus mostly on identifying the determinants which are relevant to the decision of households to own or rent their housing as well as on establishing the degree of their impact. A host of authors view tenure choice as an independent decision. Nevertheless, a more common opinion has it that the choice of home type is only one part of all the other decisions households have to make in relation to consumption and investment (Turner & O'Neal, 1986) . Thus tenure choice is typically analysed in connection with household mobility, housing attributes (dwelling characteristics), household attributes or as an element of consumption and investment decisions.

Nevertheless, a more common opinion has it that the choice of home type is only one part of all the other decisions households have to make in relation to consumption and investment.


However, the disadvantages of plain concrete may be avoided by adding micro-fibers and other materials (Messan et al., 2011) . Many kinds of fiber are used to enhance the mechanical properties, including polyethylene fiber, Polypropylene (PP) fiber, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, carbon fiber, glass fiber and steel fiber, etc (Li et al., 1996; Debs et al., 2006; Corinaldesi et al., 2010) . Among all kinds of the fibers, PVA fiber caused more attention because of its good properties such as tensile strength, the similar Young's modulus with the concrete, the thin diameter and bargain price (Schwartzentruber et al., 2004; Kou and Poon, 2010) . The addition of fibers to a brittle concrete material substantially improves its tensile strength and reduces the tendency of cracking, which leads to enhanced ductility and toughness (Sun and Wu, 2005; Kakooei et al., 2012) . But if in large quantities, the fibers reduce the study ability of the concrete and reducing its elastic modulus.

However, the disadvantages of plain concrete may be avoided by adding micro-fibers and other materials.

Many kinds of fiber are used to enhance the mechanical properties, including polyethylene fiber, Polypropylene (PP) fiber, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, carbon fiber, glass fiber and steel fiber, etc.

Among all kinds of the fibers, PVA fiber caused more attention because of its good properties such as tensile strength, the similar Young's modulus with the concrete, the thin diameter and bargain price.

The addition of fibers to a brittle concrete material substantially improves its tensile strength and reduces the tendency of cracking, which leads to enhanced ductility and toughness.


Concrete is developing towards high performance, high strength, high toughness, high durability and good studyability since the Portland cement was invented in 1824, to meet the requirements from engineering (Tongaroonsri and Tangtermsirikul, 2009) . As a kind of brittle material, the shortcomings of concrete such as low tensile strength, small ultimate elongation and shrinkage are greatly limited the application of concrete (Sun et al., 2001; Valeria and Giacomo, 2011) . Increasing the ductility and toughness of concrete has been a major motivation for many research studys in recent years (Banthia et al., 1996) .

Concrete is developing towards high performance, high strength, high toughness, high durability and good studyability since the Portland cement was invented in 1824, to meet the requirements from engineering.

As a kind of brittle material, the shortcomings of concrete such as low tensile strength, small ultimate elongation and shrinkage are greatly limited the application of concrete.

Increasing the ductility and toughness of concrete has been a major motivation for many research studys in recent years.


In this paper we have initiated the analysis of the internal structure of rotating BHs with synchronized hair [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . Firstly we have argued, using linear theory, that imposing the synchronization condition on the outer horizon prevents strong spatial oscillations; but then, these oscillations cannot be avoided at the inner (Cauchy) horizon. We have exemplified this feature both for stationary scalar clouds around Kerr BHs and for similar clouds for an equal spinning D = 5 MP BH (in a cavity), establishing a parallelism between the two cases. Next we have addressed the fully non-linear problem, examining the internal structure of synchronized hairy BHs. Due to technical advantages we have used the MP case as our case study; but we anticipate the conclusions are more generic and, in particular, apply also the four dimensional Kerr case. We have provided evidence that there is no smooth Cauchy horizon; instead, a curvature singularity should form. Establishing the true nature of this singularity (say, if the shear or expansion of a congruence of geodesics diverges) is beyond the scope of this work and requires other types of techniques. But it seems clear that tidal forces diverge and hence there is a physical singularity beyond which the spacetime cannot be extended in a physical sense.

In this paper we have initiated the analysis of the internal structure of rotating BHs with synchronized hair.


Recent advances in the manufacturing process such as additive manufacturing (AM) have made it possible to tailor the design of a material more than ever before. These processes allow design of the microstructure of a material in order to get desired mechanical properties in a part. Design of the microstructure is achieved by systematic deposition of a material during fabrication of the part using AM processes. The additive manufacturing processes also change the mechanical properties of a material during fabrication of the part, meaning properties of final material of the part are different from the virgin material. An anisotropy in the properties of a material of the part by various AM processes are discussed by Kotlinkski [1] . One of the additive manufacturing processes, fused deposition modeling (FDM), is considered in this paper. In the FDM process, a plastic filament is melted in the liquefier and then molten material passes through the nozzle. Systematic movement of nozzle deposits the molten material on the bed, the material solidifies and diffuses with previously deposited material. The deposited molten material from nozzle solidifies on the bed, which resemble as a fiber and is referred as 'road'. In the FDM process, the parts are fabricated by layer upon layer deposition of a material and such parts behave as a laminate structures. The mechanical properties of the FDM processed parts are governed by the mesostructure, obtained during the process. The FDM process parameters such as layer thickness, deposition orientation, deposition rate and gap between adjacent roads influence the mechanical properties of the fabricated part. The correct elastic moduli of a material should be used for the analysis of finished parts to study their mechanical behavior. Therefore, the elastic moduli for a new mesostructure of the finished part by FDM are to be estimated.

An anisotropy in the properties of a material of the part by various AM processes are discussed by Kotlinkski.


Sannino and coworkers developed and patented a novel class of cellulose-based polyelectrolyte hydrogels, totally biodegradable and biocompatible, whose swelling capability can be modulated by adjusting several synthesis parameters [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Such hydrogels may thus absorb up to 1 litre of water or aqueous solutions per gram of dry material. The material can be produced in the dry state either in powder form or as a bulk with a well-defined shape (in this regard, it is worth noting that the material displays a strong memory of its shape after swelling). Additionally, the hydrogel can be loaded with small molecules, for example, nutrients, to be released in a controlled manner, depending on swelling-deswelling transitions [13] .

Sannino and coworkers developed and patented a novel class of cellulose-based polyelectrolyte hydrogels, totally biodegradable and biocompatible, whose swelling capability can be modulated by adjusting several synthesis parameters.

Additionally, the hydrogel can be loaded with small molecules, for example, nutrients, to be released in a controlled manner, depending on swelling-deswelling transitions.


The electrochemical exfoliation of graphite can be achieved by a one or two-step process. In a two-step process, in the first step, graphite electrode is activated in an electrolyte solution at a relatively low bias voltage. During this part of the process, the electrode expands due to the intercalation of electrolyte (usually Li + or Na + ) ions into the graphite lattice (Zhong and Swager, 2012) . The second step involves applying a higher bias voltage to ensure exfoliation of the expanded graphite electrode and separating Gr flakes into the solution (Qi et al., 2011; Su et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2012; Gee et al., 2013; Li et al., 2013) . For example, when lithium ion (Li + ) is used as an electrolyte, −3.0 V of static bias voltage is applied to intercalate Li + into graphite electrode (Wang et al., 2011) . In this work, we have electrochemically synthesized partially oxidized Gr (po-Gr) flakes to study its potential application in detecting mercury (Hg 2+ ) ions with PEDOT:PSS. The po-Gr/PEDOT:PSS conducting film readily conjugates with Hg 2+ in water and allowed us to do selective detection of Hg 2+ in real samples.

During this part of the process, the electrode expands due to the intercalation of electrolyte (usually Li + or Na + ) ions into the graphite lattice.

The second step involves applying a higher bias voltage to ensure exfoliation of the expanded graphite electrode and separating Gr flakes into the solution.

For example, when lithium ion (Li + ) is used as an electrolyte, −3.0 V of static bias voltage is applied to intercalate Li + into graphite electrode.


The case-based approach explicitly treats explanations as plausible reasoning chains that may be implicit. However, there is a lack of a theoretical treatment towards integration of deductive CBR and abductive CBR, although some researchers paid attention to an abductive basis for CBR [24] . There is also no unified treatment of the relationship between abduction, deduction, and CBR. This article attempts to show that abductive CBR and deductive CBR can be integrated in clinical process and problem solving. Then it provides a unified formalization for integration of abduction, abductive CBR, deduction and deductive CBR.

However, there is a lack of a theoretical treatment towards integration of deductive CBR and abductive CBR, although some researchers paid attention to an abductive basis for CBR.


The utilized treatments are presented in Table 1 . According to the standard ASAE S572 and information provided by the manufacturer Agricultural Machines Jacto S/A (Máquinas Agrícolas Jacto S/A), the utilized spray nozzles form small droplets (JACTO, 2013) . The experiment included four treatments (combination of factors), two nozzles and two working pressures with three repetitions. The test was conducted in wind tunnel with open loop, built in masonry, with square section of 2 m and 20 m of length. The ventilation was promoted by an axial fan of double helix, of 0.9 m of diameter, activated by a power takeoff (TDP) of a 65 kW engine power truck.

According to the standard ASAE S572 and information provided by the manufacturer Agricultural Machines Jacto S/A (Máquinas Agrícolas Jacto S/A), the utilized spray nozzles form small droplets.


A strong result, less known among practitioners, is Szemerédi's regularity lemma (SRL) [5] . SRL in a way supports a SBM-based approach to large data analysis, because it proves the existence of a SBM-like structure for any large graph, and has generalizations to similar objects like hypergraphs. SRL has been a rich source in pure mathematics-it appears as a key element of important results in many fields. We think that in more practical research it is also good to be aware of the broad context of SRL as a guiding principle and a source of inspiration. To emphasize this point, we call this kind of approach to SBM and a concrete way to fit data to it regular decomposition (RD).

A strong result, less known among practitioners, is Szemerédi's regularity lemma (SRL).


Frequent itemset mining (FIM) is a popular and practical research field of data mining. Techniques and algorithms developed here are used in the discovery of association rules, sequential patterns, episode rules, frequent trees and subgraphs, and classification rules. The set of frequent closed itemsets (F C) is an important subset of the frequent itemsets (F ) because it offers a compact representation of F . This means that F C contains fewer elements, and from F C we can completely determine the frequent itemsets [1] .

This means that F C contains fewer elements, and from F C we can completely determine the frequent itemsets.


The process for the identification of Weak Signals on mobile commerce consisted of a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, which range from technology mining, reviews and interviews to consultations through expert workshops. The methodology consisted of four main phases: The first step was concerned with the extraction of Weak Signals from a wide variety of sources. The procedure was designed to identify Weak Signals stemming from large academic, scientific and media databases by using data mining techniques. Global databases such as Web of Science publications database, Derwent patent database and Factiva media database were scanned in order to identify Weak Signals related to the world and then assess their impact on Russia. Besides these, domestic reports, policy documents, websites and other available information were analyzed in order to capture Weak Signals originating from inside Russia. In addition, global and national Horizon Scanning and Weak Signal portals, databases and forums at the global level and in Russia were reviewed. Further Weak Signals were extracted through interviews with the representatives of the private and public sector as well as researchers and academics working on mobile commerce. Outputs of a recent Foresight exercise for Information and Communications Technologies and Mass Media in Russia were also used as supplementary material (Kachkaeva & Kiriya, 2012) .

Outputs of a recent Foresight exercise for Information and Communications Technologies and Mass Media in Russia were also used as supplementary material.


Weak Signals refer to "the early signs of possible but not confirmed changes that may later become more significant indicators of critical forces for development, threats, business and technical innovation" (Saritas & Smith, 2011) . They represent the first signs of paradigm shifts, or future trends, drivers or discontinuities. In this respect, the study of Weak Signals aims at collecting and analyzing data for the purpose of providing early indications of potential developments in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI). The anticipatory intelligence gathered through the scanning of Weak Signals is used to provide stakeholders opportunities to develop early responses to capitalize on, protect against, or mitigate the impact of potential disruptions in the future.

Weak Signals refer to "the early signs of possible but not confirmed changes that may later become more significant indicators of critical forces for development, threats, business and technical innovation".


Since 2013, China has gradually introduced PM 2.5 and ozone (O 3 ) in the national air quality monitoring network and publicized real-time monitoring data. In addition, national morbidity data are available, along with the establishment of social health insurance schemes in China [19] . We therefore conducted a national study to examine the associations between short-term exposure to air pollution and daily hospital admissions for ischemic stroke in China during 2014-2016 under different circumstances.

In addition, national morbidity data are available, along with the establishment of social health insurance schemes in China.


The incidence of TAPVR has been reported to be 0.008% of live births, with an incidence of approximately 2.2% of patients with congenital heart disease [3] . It could be an isolated lesion or be associated with various cardiac abnormalities, such as single ventricle, truncus arteriosus, transposition of the great arteries, and cardiac disease with aplenia. TAPVR can be classified by the location of the abnormal drainage as being supracardiac (type I), cardiac (type II), infracardiac (type III) or mixed (type IV), and further designated as with or without obstruction [5] .

The incidence of TAPVR has been reported to be 0.008% of live births, with an incidence of approximately 2.2% of patients with congenital heart disease.

TAPVR can be classified by the location of the abnormal drainage as being supracardiac (type I), cardiac (type II), infracardiac (type III) or mixed (type IV), and further designated as with or without obstruction.


The scalar can be identified with the open string scalar field Φ r (corresponding to radial motion down the warped throat) in the Born-Infeld action for the D3-brane. It is well known that such scalar-tensor theories can classically violate the null energy condition, making a bounce possible. Related facts about scalar field theories coupled to gravity have been exploited previously by Bekenstein and several subsequent authors [22, 23, 24, 25] .

Related facts about scalar field theories coupled to gravity have been exploited previously by Bekenstein and several subsequent authors.


Like any other atmospheric variable, chemical species are governed by a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Some scales are much more pronounced than other scales, however, as can be observed by analyzing spectra. Variance spectra provide a decomposition of the total variance of a variable into contribution per time or length scale. One of the most interesting features of such spectra is the scale that contributes most to the variance, that is, the scale of the fluctuation that dom-inates the variance. Because this variance dominating scale is thought to carry the ''fingerprint'' of the underlying physical process that drives the fluctuationsfor example, turbulence, waves, etc.-it provides much information on the process under study (Feijt and Jonker 2000) .

Because this variance dominating scale is thought to carry the ''fingerprint'' of the underlying physical process that drives the fluctuationsfor example, turbulence, waves, etc.-it provides much information on the process under study.


A not so famous Ramsey-type result is the so called Brown's lemma [1, 2] . Observe that Gallai's theorem does not say nothing, apart its existence, about the scale factor λ. On the other hand, the multidimensional version of Brown's lemma asserts, roughly speaking, that one can take any λ once we allow "bounded perturbations" in the structure of the homothetic copies of F . In this paper, we give an application of a topological dynamics version of this result (Lemma 3, Section 4) to tiling theory (Theorem 3, Section 5). In order to avoid to treat separately the three distinguished cases considered by de la Llave and Windsor, we start by establishing, in Section 2, a new unifying setting for the study of tiling spaces which allows rather general group "actions".

A not so famous Ramsey-type result is the so called Brown's lemma.


The study adopted the descriptive survey design in collecting and analyzing data. Two Ghanaian public universities were purposively selected. In order to find women who were involved in work and family roles, only married academic women with children were considered for this study. Consequently, the convenient sampling technique was used in selecting 120 of such female academics from the Universities located in the Central Region of Ghana. Of the 120 sampled, 105 agreed to participate in the study, giving a response rate of 88%. The study used these academics because the main focus of the study was to explore the lived experiences of women in the academia and the conflicts that may arise due to the performance of their work while keeping with family roles and responsibilities (Levin-Epstein, 2006) . A four-point Likert-type questionnaire with both open-and closed-ended questions was used to collect demographic data, information on factors that affect female academics' job performance, and the influence of work-family roles of women lecturers on their health. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, means, standard deviations, percentages and graphs. Table 1 shows the summary of the demographic data of the respondents in terms of the distribution of the number and age range of children of respondents. Of the 105 female academics who took part in the study, all of them indicated that they had at least one child dependent on them. In all, 53% indicated they have at most three children and the rest, (49 of the respondents) indicated they had four or more children. Table 1 further indicates that about 31% have children between the ages 0-6 years, 31% have children whose ages ranges between 7 and 12 years, and 12% of the respondents have children who are 18 years or more. The results generally show that the female academics who took part in the study have relatively younger children as about 88% have children younger than 18 years. In terms of demands on time, it is found that the younger the children, the more intense the role and the conflict, and this might explain why a majority of the sample are below the rank of associate professor (see Figure 1 ).

The study used these academics because the main focus of the study was to explore the lived experiences of women in the academia and the conflicts that may arise due to the performance of their work while keeping with family roles and responsibilities.


In recent years, the development of new systems for monitoring the condition of rotating machines has become an important issue for different fields such as academia and industry. In particular, inductions motors have received more attention since they constitute about the 85% of the employed power in industrial processes [1] . The presence of a fault in an induction motor can lead to setbacks and substantial economic losses, therefore, early detection of faults becomes an important task. One of the most common faults in induction motors is a broken bar, representing about 10% of the total failures on induction motors [2] . The problem with the broken bar fault is that the motor can keep operating with apparent normality, however this fault can cause different problems: changes in the current consumption, unwanted vibrations, and damages to other bars [3] [4] [5] .

In particular, inductions motors have received more attention since they constitute about the 85% of the employed power in industrial processes.

One of the most common faults in induction motors is a broken bar, representing about 10% of the total failures on induction motors.

The problem with the broken bar fault is that the motor can keep operating with apparent normality, however this fault can cause different problems: changes in the current consumption, unwanted vibrations, and damages to other bars.


A typical multiplier in a full-custom integrated circuit has three stages. First, it uses Booth encoding to generate the partial products. Second, it uses one or more levels of Wallace tree compression to reduce the number of partial products to two. Third, it uses a final adder to add these two numbers and get the result. For such a multiplier, the third stage, performing the final add, generally takes about one-third of the total multiplication time [8] , [9] . If implemented using FPGAs, stage 3 could become an even greater bottleneck because of the carry propagation problem. It is hard to apply fast adder techniques to speed up carry propagation within the constraints of current FPGAs. In Xilinx 4000-series chips, for example, the fastest 16-bit adder possible is the hardwired ripple-carry adder [19] . The minimum delay of such an adder (in a ÀW speed grade XC4000xla part) is more than four times the delay of an SRAM-based, 4-input look-up table that forms the core of the configurable logic blocks. Since this carry propagation is such a bottleneck, it impedes pipelining long series of additions or multiplies in configurable hardware; the carrypropagation lies along the critical path, it determines the pipelined clock rate for the whole computation. Our work removes this bottleneck from the critical path so that stages 1 and 2 can run at full speed. This improves the performance of dot-products and other series calculations.

For such a multiplier, the third stage, performing the final add, generally takes about one-third of the total multiplication time.

In Xilinx 4000-series chips, for example, the fastest 16-bit adder possible is the hardwired ripple-carry adder.


The output power of the cascaded RRFL is shown in Fig. 2 as a function of input pump power. The generated power is high amounting to 16.4 W, 35.6 W, and 40.1 W for first, second, and third order random Stokes waves respectively. In this paper, the third order random lasing at pump side of the fiber, which is regarded as backward Stokes wave, is not split and measured because beam splitters such as high power wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) are not available. Therefore, we only measured the third order random lasing at the far end of the fiber which is regarded as forward Stokes wave, Actually, in the open cavity for the third order Stokes wave, the laser distribution would be significant changed with the parasitic reflection at the fiber end, which may cause the power of forward-lasing dominates and the power mainly output at the far end [17] . To clarify this situation in Fig. 2 . Output power of the cascaded RRFL as a function of input pump power. Points correspond to experimental data for residual pump (black), first order random Stokes (blue), second order random Stokes (green), the forward third order random Stokes (red), and total output power (purple). The solid lines are the fitting curves of the data.

Therefore, we only measured the third order random lasing at the far end of the fiber which is regarded as forward Stokes wave, Actually, in the open cavity for the third order Stokes wave, the laser distribution would be significant changed with the parasitic reflection at the fiber end, which may cause the power of forward-lasing dominates and the power mainly output at the far end.

To clarify this situation in Fig. 2 .


The spectra of the cascaded RRFL has been recorded in Fig. 3 . With the input pump power pumping, the power is gradually transferred from first order Stokes wave to higher order Stokes wave. Fig. 4 shows the spectra of the first three order Stokes wave under different pump power individually. We can find that the higher the pump and generated powers are, the wider the generation spectrum is. The significant broadening at increasing power comes from the interaction of Kerr nonlinearity and dispersion, similar to conventional Raman fiber lasers [18] , [19] .

The significant broadening at increasing power comes from the interaction of Kerr nonlinearity and dispersion, similar to conventional Raman fiber lasers.


Random Raman fiber lasers (RRFLs) have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. In contrast to conventional fiber lasers, RRFLs produce radiation by Rayleigh backscattering instead of a cavity [1] , [2] . RRFLs have been widely used in many fields, such as biomedical imaging, remote sensing, distributed amplification, and display technology [3] , [4] .

In contrast to conventional fiber lasers, RRFLs produce radiation by Rayleigh backscattering instead of a cavity.

RRFLs have been widely used in many fields, such as biomedical imaging, remote sensing, distributed amplification, and display technology.


An optical efficiency calculated as a ratio of the corresponding output power P si (i = 1, 2, 3) to the input pump power P i n [20] . The trends of the efficiency corresponding to first order Stokes, second order Stokes and third order Stokes are shown in Fig. 6 with the increasing pump power. The efficiency of first and second order random Stokes waves reaches 60%-level while the efficiency of third order random Stokes wave reaches 40%-level, which can be attributed to the following reasons. On the one hand, the loss of the tapered fiber is relatively higher than conventional single mode fiber (SMF) now. On the other hand, our target wave (third order random Stokes wave) is generated in a completely-open cavity, which produces both forward Stokes wave and backward Stokes wave [13] . In this paper, the backward high order Stokes wave is not split and measured because of the lack of beam splitters such as WDM. Still, the completely-open cavity guarantees that the target wave is generated in an authentic "FBG-free" or "mirror-free" cavity. It is also noteworthy that third order random Stokes wave is transparent in the absorption wave band of ytterbium-doped fiber, so the backward third order random Stokes wave has no influence on the pump YDFL. Meanwhile the efficiencies of first and second order random Stokes wave are higher than the efficiency of third order random Stokes wave. Also, the increasing speeds of the first and second, order random Stokes wave are faster than that of third order random Stokes wave. This may also be attributed to the lack of backward third order random Stokes wave measurement and the differences between half-open cavity and completely-open cavity.

An optical efficiency calculated as a ratio of the corresponding output power P si (i = 1, 2, 3) to the input pump power P i n.

On the other hand, our target wave (third order random Stokes wave) is generated in a completely-open cavity, which produces both forward Stokes wave and backward Stokes wave.


This study has some limitations that relate to the measurement and interpretation of results. The first limitation is the possibility of a common method bias by using a single questionnaire to measure all constructs, which may inflate the strength of the relationships among these constructs. Future researchers may apply different instruments than questionnaires to obtain their survey. The second limitation is that, in regard to helping others, this study has measured participants' intentions rather than their actual helping behaviour. However intentions are not necessarily good predictors of behaviour (Roozen et al., 2001) . The third limitation is the cross-sectional design employed in this study. Longitudinal studies in future research can provide complementary support to the inferences made in this study. For that reason the model developed and validated herein could benefit from being tested longitudinally. Future studies can try to improve the above shortcomings by directly observing the participants' actual helping behaviours over time. The genuine relationships between helping others and their antecedents among IM users may then be further revealed.

However intentions are not necessarily good predictors of behaviour.


In this paper a new, statistically oriented, discrete method for determining the minimal velocity of full fluidization v mff , regardless of the fluidized bed's material granulation, its height, tapper bed angle and operating temperature, is proposed. The primary interest was to develop a method for controlling the fluidized bed in industrial gasifiers and consequently to minimize the consumption of superheated steam as a gasification agent so as to increase the overall process efficiency. This method is not based on an analysis of the pressure fluctuation, as with previously mentioned methods [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . The proposed method statistically analyses pressure drops at specific, superficial gas velocities to identify a required parameter. This evaluation method is the main novelty in this field of research. It uses a natural phenomenon of a mainly constant pressure drop between the minimum bubbling fluidization velocity and the pneumatic transport velocity to help determine the minimum velocity of the fully fluidized bed. Laboratory and industrial tests have shown that the parameter identification can be relatively precise and reliable.

This method is not based on an analysis of the pressure fluctuation, as with previously mentioned methods.


CH497655 (RO4987655) is a new MEK inhibitor and is currently being evaluated in a Phase I trial. Although a study has been performed in healthy volunteers, no information has been provided about the effect of food on the absorption. PK in healthy volunteers with doses up to 4 mg showed rapid absorption (median t max of 1 h) and low variability [28] .

PK in healthy volunteers with doses up to 4 mg showed rapid absorption (median t max of 1 h) and low variability.


The band structures of the PbSe thin films with different lattice are similar, and only PbSe-50 is shown in Fig. 7(a) . The band gap of these three PbSe thin films varied from 0.005 eV to 0.079 eV and then to 0.072 eV as the lattice constant changed from 6.1845Å to 6.1404Å and then to 6.1522Å, which is in agreement with the variation trend of the experimental values shown in Table 1 . The underestimation of the calculated values is attributed to the generalized gradient approximation can not accurately describe the eigenvalues of the electronic states, however, the variation trend is reliable [36] . According to the DOS results shown in Fig. 7(b) , the variation of the band gap is mainly determined by the shift of the valence band maximum near the Fermi level, while the conduction band minimum is almost unchanged with the lattice constant.

The underestimation of the calculated values is attributed to the generalized gradient approximation can not accurately describe the eigenvalues of the electronic states, however, the variation trend is reliable.


For demonstration and further development of CRA we employ the IAM MIND-L (Model of Investment and Technological Development including Learning) (Edenhofer et al. 2005; Lorenz et al. 2012b) . The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: the theoretical framework of CRA is detailed in Section 2 and the application is treated in Section 3. We conclude and discuss our results in Section 4. Online Resource 1 includes background calculations and further substantiating figures.

For demonstration and further development of CRA we employ the IAM MIND-L (Model of Investment and Technological Development including Learning).


While static checkers are effective at finding bugs, they can produce a large number of false positives in their results. Therefore, the ordering in which the results of a static bug checker are presented may have a significant impact on its usefulness. Checkers that have their false positives scattered evenly throughout their results can frustrate users by making true errors hard to find. Previous work on better ordering of results has focused on analyzing the code that contains the flagged error [11] . Unlike previous work, we will look at data collected over the entire project and historical trends to rank our error reports.

Previous work on better ordering of results has focused on analyzing the code that contains the flagged error.


PIT telemetry using 12-mm tags appears to be an appropriate tool for locating and studying amphibians during their aquatic phase. The technique is a useful alternative to standard radiotelemetry in small-scale environments because 12-mm PIT tags can be implanted in smaller-bodied animal species, with virtually no negative impacts on animals provided the organism is sufficiently large (Acolas et al. 2007) . By contrast to radiotelemetry, where sample sizes are often limited by financial considerations, a large number of individuals over a wide size range can be PIT-tagged (Bubb et al. 2006) . PIT technology has been shown to be effective at facilitating mark-recapture studies, with a reduced number of tagged individuals required and higher detection efficiency than conventional tools (Skalski et al. 1998; Roussel et al. 2000; Keeler et al. 2007) . Additionally, PIT telemetry is less time-consuming for field operators and less disruptive for the animal by reducing potential injuries due to repeated handlings (Keeler et al. 2007) .

The technique is a useful alternative to standard radiotelemetry in small-scale environments because 12-mm PIT tags can be implanted in smaller-bodied animal species, with virtually no negative impacts on animals provided the organism is sufficiently large.

By contrast to radiotelemetry, where sample sizes are often limited by financial considerations, a large number of individuals over a wide size range can be PIT-tagged.

PIT technology has been shown to be effective at facilitating mark-recapture studies, with a reduced number of tagged individuals required and higher detection efficiency than conventional tools.

Additionally, PIT telemetry is less time-consuming for field operators and less disruptive for the animal by reducing potential injuries due to repeated handlings.


NOMI has been associated with a wide range of conditions, such as patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass or are undergoing hemodialysis [9] . Drugs such as cocaine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, vasopressin, and digoxin may cause splanchnic vasoconstriction resulting in NOMI [10, 11] . While the majority of patients with acute mesenteric ischemia have abdominal pain, some patients with NOMI do not experience pain presenting only with abdominal distension [3] . Patients with NOMI benefit from early diagnosis but establishing the diagnosis may be difficult. Plain X-rays, duplex sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging have limited value. Angiography is still the only test to definitively establish the diagnosis of NOMI [10] .

NOMI has been associated with a wide range of conditions, such as patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass or are undergoing hemodialysis.

Drugs such as cocaine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, vasopressin, and digoxin may cause splanchnic vasoconstriction resulting in NOMI.

While the majority of patients with acute mesenteric ischemia have abdominal pain, some patients with NOMI do not experience pain presenting only with abdominal distension.

Angiography is still the only test to definitively establish the diagnosis of NOMI.


While the approach might work well for small sized fields, it becomes economically intractable for larger fields owing to the labor intensive nature of the work. Additionally, the manual counting mechanism is performed just before harvest. Over the past few years, our research group has focused on developing a vision-based system for automatic fruit detection and high resolution yield-estimation [1] [2] . However, this does not include two of the major components of yield estimation and crop management, namely shoot density and leaf area and count measurements.

Over the past few years, our research group has focused on developing a vision-based system for automatic fruit detection and high resolution yield-estimation.


The deterioration of social conditions may be due to a wider use of temporary contracts. Another common feature of the four countries, which can largely explain the situation of their labour markets, is the low level of education of the population compared to the Eurozone average. For example, in Portugal and Spain, the shares of the population aged 16 to 64, who completed at least upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, were half the Eurozone average in the years following the financial crisis: 20.9 and 23.6%, compared to 43.2% (Eurostat, 2018) .

For example, in Portugal and Spain, the shares of the population aged 16 to 64, who completed at least upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education, were half the Eurozone average in the years following the financial crisis: 20.9 and 23.6%, compared to 43.2%.


Prosthetic bypass graft failure is most frequently a result of intimal hyperplasia (IH) at the distal anastomosis [1] . IH is the result of an excessive wound healing response of an injured vessel wall after bypass grafting or angioplasty. Hallmarks of IH are endothelial activation followed by the ad luminal migration of synthetic smooth muscle cells that secrete significant amounts of extracellular matrix. This eventually leads to a hemodynamically relevant luminal narrowing of the conduit. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET has been used for arterial bypass grafts for over 60 years in woven or knitted constructs, both of which require sealants to prevent blood seepage through the graft wall. None of these structural variants have provided a scaffold that mimicked extracellular matrix (ECM), a major component of a blood native vessel onto which cells can grow.

Prosthetic bypass graft failure is most frequently a result of intimal hyperplasia (IH) at the distal anastomosis.


Electrospinning is a versatile technology that can yield nanofiber materials. Interestingly, the materials' ultrastructure resembles that of ECM [2] . Electrospinning can be used for controlled fiber modification and nanocomposite substrate integration [3, 4] . The materials' ultrastructure characteristically consists of crisscrossing nano-to micrometer thick fibrils, resembling extracellular matrix. This ultrastructure not only results in a large surface area, which could be utilized for drug delivery, but also allows cellular trafficking.

Interestingly, the materials' ultrastructure resembles that of ECM.

Electrospinning can be used for controlled fiber modification and nanocomposite substrate integration.


Coelectrospinning of the PET with PGA results in the least reduction of tensile strength as compared to a single solution electrospin. This strength data validates that blending the solutions results in comingling of fibers that may ultimately reduce overall device strength. More importantly, a compound can be incorporated and released upon ePGA degradation as indicated by DyLight release. The molecular weight of the DyLight molecule is similar to that of bioactive agents such as antiproliferative drugs and siRNA. Even after PGA degradation, there were no strand breaks observed in ePET/ePGA-d materials after 21 days in solution, which is reassuring in regard to the tensile strength of the polymer. Given that ePET/ePGA-d polymer contains a nondegradable and load-bearing component in the form of ePET, mechanical failure of the proposed graft is not a concern, especially when compared to fully degradable bypass grafts [3, 11, 12] .

Given that ePET/ePGA-d polymer contains a nondegradable and load-bearing component in the form of ePET, mechanical failure of the proposed graft is not a concern, especially when compared to fully degradable bypass grafts.


TG-ase is a unique enzyme that catalyzes the formation of isopeptides between glutamine and lysine residues in proteins, and cross-linkages among proteins can be formed (Folk & Chung, 1973; Ikura et al., 1980; Tsai et al., 1996) . This enzyme was reported to be important for the setting of surimi product (Wan et al., 1995) . The binding properties of fish mince were improved when TG-ase was used and the mixture was kept at the low temperature of 4˚C, suggesting that change in chemical structure of proteins catalyzed by TG-ase contributed to the increase in the binding properties.

TG-ase is a unique enzyme that catalyzes the formation of isopeptides between glutamine and lysine residues in proteins, and cross-linkages among proteins can be formed.

This enzyme was reported to be important for the setting of surimi product.


In the experiment with apple trees, we stated that the mite infestation on non-treated trees of the Close cv. was twice as high as the mite infestation on the Jester cv. The probable reason may be that the cultivar Jester possesses a higher level of constitutive resistance to mites as compared to the Close cultivar. In our former experiment conducted in field conditions, the trees of Jester revealed a lower level of mite infestation than the trees of Close. In that former study we stated that both of the cultivars varied in the anatomical and morphological traits of their leaves as well as in the level of their phenolic compounds (Warabieda et al. 1997) .

In that former study we stated that both of the cultivars varied in the anatomical and morphological traits of their leaves as well as in the level of their phenolic compounds.


In this section, we recall standard notations and results used in the DPW method. We work in the "untwisted" setting. For a comprehensive introduction to the DPW method, we suggest [6] .

We work in the "untwisted" setting.

For a comprehensive introduction to the DPW method, we suggest.


Complexity of the NN being used in speech processing applications is increasing as well. Graphics processing units and large distributed systems have made training DNN with tens of millions of parameters and thousands of output units routine for many ASR tasks. Alternative, more complex architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNN) offer promising gains over DNN, especially in joint architectures with DNN trained on SA features [11] . Furthermore, ensembles of various deep architectures are also being explored [12] . Larger models and some newer architectures offer improved accuracy but are also more difficult to deploy for many applications due to increased computational cost at recognition time.

Alternative, more complex architectures such as convolutional neural networks (CNN) offer promising gains over DNN, especially in joint architectures with DNN trained on SA features.

Furthermore, ensembles of various deep architectures are also being explored.


For offline applications where all the adaptation data is available prior to recognition, such as broadcast news transcription and telephone transcription, multiple pass architectures running in real-time are common [29, 30] . First an initial SI decoding pass is done to generate hypotheses used for estimating a fMLLR transform, followed by a speaker-dependent decoding pass. Statistics used for cepstral mean and variance normalization, as well as fMLLR transform estimation, are computed in batch over a whole conversation side. Therefore, this approach excludes many applications we are interested in where minimum latency is important and we cannot wait until all speech has been received before starting decoding.

For offline applications where all the adaptation data is available prior to recognition, such as broadcast news transcription and telephone transcription, multiple pass architectures running in real-time are common.


This rare case of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder had several unusual features including young age at presentation, marked leukemoid reaction, elevated G-CSF levels (ten times the normal limit), nephrotic range proteinuria and very rapid progression of disease to death within 6 months of the onset of the leukemoid reaction. Urothelial carcinoma in this case showed squamous differentiation which has been reported to have elevated G-CSF levels [4] [5] [6] . A possible mechanism for development of leukemoid reaction and rapid metastatic spread of the tumor is that the high-grade urothelial carcinoma harbored both paraneoplastic production of G-CSF and expression of functional G-CSFR. This may have stimulated the bone marrow with increased myelopoiesis and leukemoid reaction. The stimulation of tumor growth may have been due to the expression of functional G-CSFR by the neoplastic cells, creating a positive feedback cycle. This mechanism has been demonstrated in in vitro studies [1, 9, 11] . Consistent with this mechanism, the above unusual features normalized after removal of the tumor (Table 1 and Figure 1 ). Similar post-surgical normalization of the leukemoid reaction and G-CSF has been previously observed in bladder cancer [5, 13] . Three months later, with recurrence of tumor, there was elevated WBC and G-CSF. Hence, G-CSF could be used to follow the evolution of cancer and as a potential future prognostic marker. Of note, this case also exhibited nephrotic range proteinuria which improved after tumor removal, thereby clinically seemed to be paraneoplastic, but biopsy showed features of diabetic nephropathy. Minimal-change glomerulopathy associated with urothelial carcinoma has been rarely reported in the literature [14, 15] . However, this may have been masked by her pre-existing diabetic nephropathy.

Urothelial carcinoma in this case showed squamous differentiation which has been reported to have elevated G-CSF levels.

This mechanism has been demonstrated in in vitro studies.

Similar post-surgical normalization of the leukemoid reaction and G-CSF has been previously observed in bladder cancer.

Minimal-change glomerulopathy associated with urothelial carcinoma has been rarely reported in the literature.


The most important limitation of the method described in this paper, is the fact that in its present form the method is only applicable to the systems with short-range interaction forces. A rigorous extension of the method that would include the Coulomb forces, could be done in a way similar to the one described in Ref [16] . This however would require a modified, much more complicated expression for the Jost matrix where all the non-analytic factors (square-root and logarithmic branching points etc.) are explicitly factorized.

A rigorous extension of the method that would include the Coulomb forces, could be done in a way similar to the one described in Ref.


Our study is subject to a number of limitations. First, we examined the cross-listing status of Chinese companies, which tend to pay relatively high dividends (Lam et al., 2012) . Cross-listing by companies from other emerging markets may not influence the free cash flow/dividend policy and growth opportunities/dividend policy relationships in the same way. Second, in addition to free cash flow and growth opportunities, cross-listings could influence the relationship between dividend policy and other factors such as the ownership structure and profitability. An extension of this paper could examine the moderating effect of cross-listings on the relationship between these variables and dividend policies. Finally, we did not attempt to measure share repurchases, which are viewed as a substitute for dividends by some researchers in the US market (Grullon & Michaely, 2002) . These limitations represent opportunities for future research.

First, we examined the cross-listing status of Chinese companies, which tend to pay relatively high dividends.

Finally, we did not attempt to measure share repurchases, which are viewed as a substitute for dividends by some researchers in the US market.


The constant λ is called the character, and it is easy to show that λ ≥ 0 for all independent Stanley sequences. If κ is taken as small as possible, then a 2 κ is called the repeat factor. Informally, κ is the point at which the sequence begins its repetitive behavior. Rolnick and Venkataramana proved that every sufficiently large integer ρ is the repeat factor of some independent Stanley sequence [4] .

Rolnick and Venkataramana proved that every sufficiently large integer ρ is the repeat factor of some independent Stanley sequence.


With the S-T instability mechanism, the overall effect is to enhance the destabilizing mechanism by providing an increased viscous force in the product gas. The instability behaviour in the small amplitude regime was found to be inherently hydrodynamic such that the wave number selection was qualitatively similar to the D-L mechanism, consistent with the previous experimental study [10] . However, the results in the nonlinear, large-amplitude regime suggested that there are distinct characteristic timescales associated with D-L and S-T mechanisms, such that the longer-timescale S-T effect survives after the D-L effect has vanished. This timescale disparity was found to be more pronounced with longer waves. The quantitative analysis showed that the S-T effect is expected to be noticeable for relatively smaller Peclet numbers, approximately 50. For sufficiently smaller Peclet numbers, the overall flame speed is significantly affected by the S-T mechanism.

The instability behaviour in the small amplitude regime was found to be inherently hydrodynamic such that the wave number selection was qualitatively similar to the D-L mechanism, consistent with the previous experimental study.


More recently, yet another instability mechanism has been investigated by the experimental study of premixed flame propagation through a narrow gap between two parallel plates, called the Hele-Shaw cell [10] . This study demonstrated that the viscous effect in the fluid between the plates can provide an additional instability mode at different length scales. The important parameter of this physical process is represented by the Peclet number, Pe = S L h/α, where S L is the laminar flame speed, h is the gap thickness, and α is the thermal diffusivity of the upstream gas. In this paper, however, while recognizing the viscous effect as a third instability mechanism, the experimental results showed that the flame speed is little affected by a wide range of Peclet numbers (up to 250), making the quantitative assessment of the overall effect rather inconclusive. A part of this may be attributed to the difficulties in undertaking the experiments with a smaller gap size for which the heat loss effect becomes dominant. Therefore, one of the main objectives of this paper is to investigate this issue by a systematic numerical experiment.

More recently, yet another instability mechanism has been investigated by the experimental study of premixed flame propagation through a narrow gap between two parallel plates, called the Hele-Shaw cell.


There have been studies involving the use of dexamethasone using the intramuscular route of administration [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . The irrational use of this drug can lead to an adrenal insufficiency and care should be taken during the use of this drug and the factors to be monitored are the duration and the dosage of the drug. Since the action of the drug is required in a local area, the systemic administration may not be required.

There have been studies involving the use of dexamethasone using the intramuscular route of administration.


In this paper we first consider the 3D cross power spectrum of the HI 21-cm maps and large scale Ly-α forest. We discuss the possibility of detecting the signal using the upcoming SKA-mid phase1 telescope and future Ly-α forest surveys with very high quasar number densities. Finally we consider the possibility of estimating cosmological parameters using such measurements. The fiducial model is chosen to be the ΛCDM spatially flat cosmology with parameters taken from the WMAP 7 [37] . The cosmological parameter Ω Λ is the only free parameter for a flat ΛCDM model. We choose this along with the redshift space parameters for the 21-cm signal and Ly-α observations. Further, the global amplitude of the cross-power spectrum is sensitive to the HI neutral fraction in the post reionization epoch and is chosen as a free parameter. Noting that cosmological parameters are well constrained from CMBR data, our primary focus in this work is to investigate how the upcoming observations, which allows us to measure the cross-correlation power spectrum, may put strong constraints on the bias parameters for the Ly-α forest and 21-cm signals.

The fiducial model is chosen to be the ΛCDM spatially flat cosmology with parameters taken from the WMAP 7.


The two signals being tracers of the underlying large scale structure are expected to be correlated on large scales. However foregrounds and other systematics from two distinct experiments are believed to be uncorrelated between the two independent observations. Hence, the cross correlation signal if detected is more likely to ascertain its cosmological origin. The 2D and 3D cross correlation of the HI 21-cm signal with other tracers of the large scale structure such as the Ly-α forest, the Lyman break galaxies have been proposed as a means to avoid some of the observational issues [33, 34] . The effectiveness of the cross-correlation technique has been demonstrated by successfully detecting HI 21-cm emission at redshift ∼ 0.8 using cross correlations of HI 21-cm maps and galaxies [35] . The foregrounds in HI 21-cm observations shall appear as noise in the cross correlation and hence, a certain degree of foreground cleaning is still required for a statistically feasible detection.

The 2D and 3D cross correlation of the HI 21-cm signal with other tracers of the large scale structure such as the Ly-α forest, the Lyman break galaxies have been proposed as a means to avoid some of the observational issues.

The effectiveness of the cross-correlation technique has been demonstrated by successfully detecting HI 21-cm emission at redshift ∼ 0.8 using cross correlations of HI 21-cm maps and galaxies.


Deterioration of the natural and artificial stone materials used in industrial and historical constructions is caused by the simultaneous interaction of different factors such as environmental contamination, weather (humidity, freeze and thaw etc.) and presence of different water-soluble salts. Solutions of salts may crystallize in pores of the stone material causing an increased pressure and formation of micro-cracks or interact chemically with material constituents (Carretero et al. 2006) . Therefore, a large part of the preventative and restoration activities are devoted to decreasing the salt concentration in building materials. Different methods are available for this purpose depending on particular environmental conditions, physical and chemical properties of the contaminated object as well as its historical background. The most common desalination technique is desalination poultices made of a mixture of clay minerals (zeolite, kaolinite or bentonite), sand and cellulose (Lubelli and Hees 2010) . Desalination process can be performed by two main mechanisms: diffusion and advection. The pore size distribution and volume of the pores both in substrate and poultice plays an important role in desalination process. In order to achieve fast and effective desalination it is recommended to perform it by the advection mechanism with simultaneous wetting function.

Solutions of salts may crystallize in pores of the stone material causing an increased pressure and formation of micro-cracks or interact chemically with material constituents.

The most common desalination technique is desalination poultices made of a mixture of clay minerals (zeolite, kaolinite or bentonite), sand and cellulose.


The present review is only one step towards an enhanced understanding of the nature of male-on-male sexual assault and the abolishment of a number of myths that surround this type of offence. More research is needed in order to encourage victims to come forward and, in turn, increase public awareness and support services for male victims of sexual assault. A recent newspaper article by a male rape victim expressed that the support service Survivors, the main support service available solely for male victims of sexual assault in the UK, was 'instrumental in saving my life' (Alexander, 2015) . Such facilities need to be made more readily available, in order to save more victims.

A recent newspaper article by a male rape victim expressed that the support service Survivors, the main support service available solely for male victims of sexual assault in the UK, was 'instrumental in saving my life'.


Companies are increasingly focused on managing customer relationships, the customer asset, or customer equity [7] . Customer relationship management (CRM) explicitly recognizes the long-run value of potential and current customers, and seeks to increase revenues, profits, and shareholder value through targeted marketing activities directed towards developing, maintaining, and enhancing successful company-customer relationships [8] . These activities require an in-depth understanding of the underlying sources of value the firm both derives from customers and delivers to them [9] . The objectives of the customer relationship management are: to create customer loyalty, maintaining profitable relationships with customers, increase the productivity of the firm, meeting the customer needs and demands, and enabling cost minimization and harmonious activities [10] . Hence, customer relationship management is an approach that makes it necessary to form long-term relationships with customers for the purpose of increasing the profitability and productivity of the enterprise [11] . Therefore, a modest attempt has been made in this study to measure the impact of CRM on the customers of Jordan Ahli Bank and Bank Al Etihad on the following five variables:  Reliability.

Companies are increasingly focused on managing customer relationships, the customer asset, or customer equity.

Customer relationship management (CRM) explicitly recognizes the long-run value of potential and current customers, and seeks to increase revenues, profits, and shareholder value through targeted marketing activities directed towards developing, maintaining, and enhancing successful company-customer relationships.

These activities require an in-depth understanding of the underlying sources of value the firm both derives from customers and delivers to them.

The objectives of the customer relationship management are: to create customer loyalty, maintaining profitable relationships with customers, increase the productivity of the firm, meeting the customer needs and demands, and enabling cost minimization and harmonious activities.

Hence, customer relationship management is an approach that makes it necessary to form long-term relationships with customers for the purpose of increasing the profitability and productivity of the enterprise.


Customer relationship management (CRM) has attracted the attention of academicians, practitioners and scholars in the past few years [1] . Companies are applying customer-centric strategies, programs, tools, for efficient and effective customer relationship management and realizing the need for comprehensive customer knowledge in order to build harmonious relationships with their customers [2] . The customer relationship management (CRM) literature recognizes the long-run value of potential and current customers. Increased revenues, prof- its, and shareholder value are the result of marketing activities directed toward developing, maintaining, and enhancing successful company-customer relationships [3] . CRM is an integral part of a company's strategy, and its input should be actively considered in decisions regarding the development of organizational capabilities, the management of value creation, and the allocation of resources [4] . It is a combination of people, processes and technology that seeks to understand a company's customers [5] . It has been researched that successful implementation of CRM results in customer loyalty and long run profitability [6] .

Customer relationship management (CRM) has attracted the attention of academicians, practitioners and scholars in the past few years.

Companies are applying customer-centric strategies, programs, tools, for efficient and effective customer relationship management and realizing the need for comprehensive customer knowledge in order to build harmonious relationships with their customers.

Increased revenues, prof- its, and shareholder value are the result of marketing activities directed toward developing, maintaining, and enhancing successful company-customer relationships.

CRM is an integral part of a company's strategy, and its input should be actively considered in decisions regarding the development of organizational capabilities, the management of value creation, and the allocation of resources.

It is a combination of people, processes and technology that seeks to understand a company's customers.

It has been researched that successful implementation of CRM results in customer loyalty and long run profitability.


Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder; its aetiology is associated with environmental insults, genetic susceptibility or interactions between both causes (Thomas and Beal, 2007) . The major clinical symptoms in PD are tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability and rigidity, symptoms that result from the severe dopaminergic denervation of the striatum caused by the progressive death of dopaminergic neurones of the substantia nigra pars compacta (Nagatsu and Sawada, 2007) . Major symptoms in PD (e.g. bradykinesia) can be attenuated with dopaminergic replacement therapy (Thomas and Beal, 2007) . However, this therapy does not work for all PD patients, and when used for more than 5-10 years, it provokes an irreversible dyskinetic state (Pezzoli and Zini, 2010) . Therefore, the search for novel symptomatic therapies, as well as for treatments effective in delaying the progression of nigrostriatal damage in PD, is still the major challenge in PD therapy.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder; its aetiology is associated with environmental insults, genetic susceptibility or interactions between both causes.

The major clinical symptoms in PD are tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability and rigidity, symptoms that result from the severe dopaminergic denervation of the striatum caused by the progressive death of dopaminergic neurones of the substantia nigra pars compacta.

Major symptoms in PD (e.g. bradykinesia) can be attenuated with dopaminergic replacement therapy.

However, this therapy does not work for all PD patients, and when used for more than 5-10 years, it provokes an irreversible dyskinetic state.


We also applied network analysis in Lexis-DAGs, proposing a new centrality metric that can be used to identify the most important intermediate nodes, corresponding to substrings that are both relatively long and frequently occurring in the target sequences. This network analysis connection raises an interesting question: are there certain topological properties that are common across Lexis-DAGs that have resulted from long-running evolutionary processes? We have some evidence that one such topological property is that these DAGs exhibit the hourglass effect [3] .

We have some evidence that one such topological property is that these DAGs exhibit the hourglass effect.


In this paper, we propose an optimization framework, referred to as Lexis, 1 that designs a minimum-cost hierarchical representation of a given set of target strings. The resulting hierarchy, referred to as "Lexis-DAG", shows how to construct each target through the concatenation of intermediate substrings, which themselves might be the result of concatenation of other shorter substrings, all the way to a given alphabet of elementary symbols. We consider two cost functions: minimizing the total number of concatenations and minimizing the number of DAG edges. The choice of cost function is application-specific. The Lexis optimization problem is related to the smallest grammar problem [6, 14] . We show that Lexis is NP-hard for both cost functions, and propose an efficient greedy algorithm for the construction of Lexis-DAGs. Interestingly, the same algorithm can be used for both cost functions. We also consider the problem of identifying the set of intermediate nodes (substrings) that collectively form the "core" of a Lexis-DAG. This is the minimal set of DAG nodes that can cover a given fraction of source-to-target paths, from alphabet symbols to target strings. The core of a Lexis-DAG represents the most central substrings in the corresponding hierarchy. We show that the Lexis framework can be applied in diverse applications such as optimized synthesis of DNA fragments in genomic libraries, hierarchical structure discovery in protein sequences, dictionary-based text compression, and feature extraction from a set of documents.

The Lexis optimization problem is related to the smallest grammar problem.


During the last years, carbon-derived materials have been designed as interesting supports for palladium nanoparticles due to their chemical stability as well as large specific surface area. This type of catalyst has been mainly used in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] . However, to the best of our knowledge, only very recently has some attention been paid to the immobilization of palladacycles to graphene materials, with two studies having been reported so far using covalent immobilization strategies [63, 64] .

This type of catalyst has been mainly used in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction.

However, to the best of our knowledge, only very recently has some attention been paid to the immobilization of palladacycles to graphene materials, with two studies having been reported so far using covalent immobilization strategies.


We initially chose GO as support for oxime palladacycles 1-3 ( Figure 1 ) since this carbon material shows interesting hydrophilicity and stability properties in liquid phase reactions due to the abundant oxygen-containing functional groups on its surface. A non-covalent immobilization strategy, through hydrogen-bond and π-stacking interactions between the pre-formed palladacycles and the functionalized carbon support was selected to prepare the new catalytic materials. This approach should integrally preserve the palladacycle structure, avoiding an uncontrolled generation of other Pd(II) or Pd(0) species, as demonstrated by other authors when using a post-palladation strategy [17] . Furthermore, we expect the carbonaceous support to act as a reservoir and stabilizing medium for the in situ generated Pd NPs, which could extend the catalyst lifetime.

This approach should integrally preserve the palladacycle structure, avoiding an uncontrolled generation of other Pd(II) or Pd(0) species, as demonstrated by other authors when using a post-palladation strategy.


Catalysts 2017, 7, 94 9 of 16 Figure 6 shows the reasons why 1-GO undergoes a loss of catalytic activity along the successive reaction cycles. The Pd3d X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum (Figure 6a ) indicated the presence of two different Pd(II) entities. The component at the higher binding energy was assigned to oxime palladacycle 1, while the component at the lower binding energy [336.2 (Pd3d5/2) and 341.8 (Pd3d3/2) eV] was assigned to PdO due to the surface oxidation of the Pd NPs generated from the palladacycle during the catalytic cycles [80] . C1s XPS analysis also showed a marked decrease of the oxygen content in 1-GO after the fifth run: Fresh 1-GO (O/C: 0.714); 1-GO after the fifth cycle (O/C: 0.371). The low catalytic activity of palladium oxide, especially being agglomerated as demonstrated by the TEM analysis (Figure 6b) , would account for the observed decrease of the catalytic activity of the 1-GO system. Also, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis of the washings after the fifth run showed 67 ppb of Pd leaching.

The component at the higher binding energy was assigned to oxime palladacycle 1, while the component at the lower binding energy [336.2 (Pd3d5/2) and 341.8 (Pd3d3/2) eV] was assigned to PdO due to the surface oxidation of the Pd NPs generated from the palladacycle during the catalytic cycles.


The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a regulator of innate and acquired immunity. MIF has a significant effect on the response and behavior of macrophages and lymphocytes. The results of many research groups have indicated that the MIF cytokine also plays key roles in reproductive biology [12] . The MIF protein has been identified in a number of reproductive tissues of mammals including an ovary, fallopian tube, uterus and placenta [13] . Many research groups determined the expression of MIF in female reproductive tissues -evidence for expression in follicular fluid and granular cells was obtained in mice and humans. The function performed by MIFs in the ovary and fallopian tube has not yet been clearly defined. However, administration of anti-MIF antibodies to mice significantly reduced the follicles development and maturation. In the case of cattle, it was shown that MIF maintains a population of macrophages in the early yellow body. In humans, pigs and cattle, the presence of MIF in myometrium cells has also been demonstrated [14] .

The results of many research groups have indicated that the MIF cytokine also plays key roles in reproductive biology.

The MIF protein has been identified in a number of reproductive tissues of mammals including an ovary, fallopian tube, uterus and placenta.

In humans, pigs and cattle, the presence of MIF in myometrium cells has also been demonstrated.


The formation of fully mature oocytes occurs through complex biochemical, molecular and metabolic processes called nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation. Nuclear maturation involves chromatin remodeling and changes in the chromosome configuration, leading to the formation of MII oocytes. Cytoplasmic maturation is the accumulation of mRNA and proteins in the cytoplasm of the cells, which are matrices for further embryo development [1] . It includes events that complete nuclear maturation, fertilization, as well as early embryogenesis.

Cytoplasmic maturation is the accumulation of mRNA and proteins in the cytoplasm of the cells, which are matrices for further embryo development.


In vitro maturation of oocytes (IVM) varies significantly between individual mammalian species. The results of the study prove that although porcine embryo has been successfully grown in vitro, the percentage of gametes that have reached the MII stage after 44h of culture is still unsatisfactory [2] . In recent years, several modifications of nutrient supplementation have been introduced to increase the number of pig oocytes that reach the MII stage after IVM. Studies show that only oocytes that are sealed by both cumulus cells (CCs) and granulosa cells (GCs) are able to achieve full maturity [3] . It has been unequivocally demonstrated on several species of mammals, including pigs, that only fully mature gametes allow further embryo growth and development in the perimplantation stages. Although the enzymes involved in the metabolism of mammalian oocytes are mostly known, it is still unclear whether and which ones are involved in the regulation of oocyte maturation capacity [4] .

The results of the study prove that although porcine embryo has been successfully grown in vitro, the percentage of gametes that have reached the MII stage after 44h of culture is still unsatisfactory.

Studies show that only oocytes that are sealed by both cumulus cells (CCs) and granulosa cells (GCs) are able to achieve full maturity.

Although the enzymes involved in the metabolism of mammalian oocytes are mostly known, it is still unclear whether and which ones are involved in the regulation of oocyte maturation capacity.


A 2,4 -Dienoyl-CoA Reductase 1 (DECR1) gene encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that participates in beta-oxidation and controls the rate of fatty acids metabolism in order to energy production. It participates in the metabolism of unsaturated enoyl-CoA fatty esters having double bonds in both even and odd positions [7] . Congenital deficiency of DECR1 in mammals causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which is manifested by severe encephalopathy with neurological and metabolic disorders [8] . Excessive lipid accumulation in oocytes and the regenerating endometrium reduces fertility by reducing embryonic survival and increasing inflammatory changes [9] .

It participates in the metabolism of unsaturated enoyl-CoA fatty esters having double bonds in both even and odd positions.

Congenital deficiency of DECR1 in mammals causes mitochondrial dysfunction, which is manifested by severe encephalopathy with neurological and metabolic disorders.

Excessive lipid accumulation in oocytes and the regenerating endometrium reduces fertility by reducing embryonic survival and increasing inflammatory changes.


The utility grid, once passive and static with a limited number of distributed generators, is now more active and dynamic because of integration of distribution energy resources [1] - [2] . Therefore, solutions such as energy storage systems are required to improve grid reliability and stability [3] . Bidirectional dc-dc converters, which can interface energy storage systems to power conversion systems, have gained increasing attention [4] - [7] . Due to its small number of components, symmetrical structure, isolation capability and soft switching properties, the Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter has become a popular topology for bidirectional dcdc power conversion [7] .

The utility grid, once passive and static with a limited number of distributed generators, is now more active and dynamic because of integration of distribution energy resources.

Therefore, solutions such as energy storage systems are required to improve grid reliability and stability.

Bidirectional dc-dc converters, which can interface energy storage systems to power conversion systems, have gained increasing attention.

Due to its small number of components, symmetrical structure, isolation capability and soft switching properties, the Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter has become a popular topology for bidirectional dcdc power conversion.


Modern civilization has been developed in a city-oriented manner, and infrastructure has gained increasing importance to maintain the functions of cities. Sewage pipelines are crucial city OPEN ACCESS infrastructure. Pipelines are analogous to blood vessels in our body; water pipes are like the main arteries, and sewage pipelines are like veins that act as the lifeline of the city. Once sewage pipelines are constructed, they are expected to remain in use for 20 years as a highly critical national infrastructure to carry wastewater and rainfall to sewage treatment plants or reservoirs [1] .

Once sewage pipelines are constructed, they are expected to remain in use for 20 years as a highly critical national infrastructure to carry wastewater and rainfall to sewage treatment plants or reservoirs.


Since silica has much larger heat capacity than pure UF resin, its addition leads to the increase of heat capacity of the resin. As a result, the amount of heat ΔH Tp released in the course of resin condensation is considerably reduced. There are a lot of research works on the effect of type, size, dispersion degree and concentration of nanoparticles on the heat capacity of various nanomaterials [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] . They all show that nanostructures formed in various materials are responsible for the growth in their heat capacity [38] . Researchers also found out that nanocomposites with a high degree of nanoparticles dispersion were characterized by much larger heat capacity than systems containing their agglomerates [40, 41] . It can be explained by the relation between the value of enthalpy ΔH Tp and the degree of silanization of silica. The gradual increase in the modification degree of silica, as well as using high sheer stress in the homogenization process of mixed adhesive, resulted in the continuing improvement of the adhesive homogeneity, high level of nanoparticles dispersion and growth of their specific surface area. Consequently, the number of nanosilica agglomerates decreased and the heat capacity of the investigated adhesives became larger. As a result, we recorded a decrease in the amount of heat released in the curing process of the resin. Along with the reduction in the amount of released heat ΔH Tp we recorded a decrease in the conversion degree in the curing process. It results from the fact that nanoparticles of silica constitute a steric hindrance, which restricts the motion of polymer chain of the resin. The surface modification of silica nanoparticles leads to the fragmentation of their agglomerates, which results in the increase in their specific surface area in relation to the volume of nanoparticles introduced to the resin. Therefore, joining shorter or longer polymer chains becomes more difficult and the cross-linking level of the resin decreases. The process is made even more difficult by the presence of amine groups inoculated on the surface of silica. According to Jesionowski and Krysztafkiewicz they take part in the formation of hydrogen bonds between the neighbouring particles of modified silica [42] .

There are a lot of research works on the effect of type, size, dispersion degree and concentration of nanoparticles on the heat capacity of various nanomaterials.

They all show that nanostructures formed in various materials are responsible for the growth in their heat capacity.

Researchers also found out that nanocomposites with a high degree of nanoparticles dispersion were characterized by much larger heat capacity than systems containing their agglomerates.

According to Jesionowski and Krysztafkiewicz they take part in the formation of hydrogen bonds between the neighbouring particles of modified silica.


It is known that liquidity is an important aspect of trading because, in a less liquid market, traders take higher losses because of increased bid-ask spreads (Hull, 2015) . As FTT is imposed in part due to raising revenue for future support of the financial sector, the burden of FTT should be laid on financial institutions only (Matheson, 2011) . Since all traders pay for the increased bid-ask spreads, including businesses and individuals, policy makers should take it into account for future consideration.

It is known that liquidity is an important aspect of trading because, in a less liquid market, traders take higher losses because of increased bid-ask spreads.

As FTT is imposed in part due to raising revenue for future support of the financial sector, the burden of FTT should be laid on financial institutions only.


Dynamic soft computing represents a significant paradigm shift in the strict definition of computing. It demonstrates the feasibility of storing and processing information in a manner tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty and approximation. The basic ideas underlying the standard soft computing incarnation were influenced by Zadeh's work on fuzzy sets, analysis of complex systems and decision processes, as well as the possibility theory and soft data analysis. Soft Computing (SC) has Fuzzy Logic (FL), Neural Computing (NC), Evolutionary Computation (EC), Machine Learning (ML) and Probabilistic Reasoning (PR) as principal constituents [13] .

Soft Computing (SC) has Fuzzy Logic (FL), Neural Computing (NC), Evolutionary Computation (EC), Machine Learning (ML) and Probabilistic Reasoning (PR) as principal constituents.