Third, being exposed to the biased distribution alone, without explicit information about it, did not lead to the same changes in performance compared to being informed about the biased distribution. However, these participants did not equal those with an unbiased distribution either. Most notably, they showed no bias on accuracy either in the first or second block. The process underlying this reduced interference effect is unclear. It might be that some, but only some, of the participants noticed that the distribution was biased, and formed an intention to react appropriately. Another possibility is that simply experiencing this increased number of incompatible trials resulted in an implicit learning process that muted the effect of compatibility (Betsch, Plessner, Schwieren, & Gütig, 2001; Goschke & Bolte, 2007; Reber, 1989) . Whether such an implicit learning can indeed lead to decreased interference effects remains a task for future research.

Another possibility is that simply experiencing this increased number of incompatible trials resulted in an implicit learning process that muted the effect of compatibility.


Contents lists available at ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jsvi Irvine's parameter λ 2 , whereby the sag increases the natural frequencies in the plane of the sag (in-plane) relative to those of a taut string or the cable in the out-of-plane direction. Much of the past research has been on taut strings (i.e. no sag, λ 2 ¼0) or cables in the crossover regions, the first of which occurs when λ 2 ¼4π 2 . At crossovers the natural frequency of an odd (symmetric) in-plane mode has been increased sufficiently by the sag that it equals that of an even (anti-symmetric) mode in each plane, leading to strong modal interactions [6] [7] [8] [9] . This situation is relevant to cables with significant sag such as electricity transmission lines. In contrast this paper deals with the vibration amplitudes of taut cables, i.e. those with very small sag (of which taut strings are a special case), with λ 2 rO(1). This applies, for example, to the inclined cables of cablestayed bridges. For these cables the natural frequencies and mode shapes are close to those for a taut string, i.e. a harmonic series, the sag causing just slight detuning of the natural frequencies of the odd in-plane modes relative to the corresponding out-of-plane modes. This then leads to interactions of different combinations of modes to those for cables in the crossover regions. At crossovers there are three modes with the same natural frequency (two in-plane and one out-of-plane) and one out-of-plane mode with half the natural frequency, whereas for taut cables there are two modes (one in each plane) with close natural frequencies and, where those are even modes, two more (also one in each plane) close to half the natural frequency.

At crossovers the natural frequency of an odd (symmetric) in-plane mode has been increased sufficiently by the sag that it equals that of an even (anti-symmetric) mode in each plane, leading to strong modal interactions.


For functions and distributions defined on R d it is well known under what circumstances it is possible to define the Wigner distribution and the ambiguity function [7] . This paper concerns the corresponding conditions when the function or distribution is replaced by a zero mean Gaussian scalarvalued stochastic process. Suppose the covariance function r ∈ S 0 (R 2d ). Then we prove that the Wigner distribution W (t, ξ) and the ambiguity function A(θ, τ ) exist as stochastic Riemann integrals of finite variance. Moreover W and A constitute a stochastic Fourier integral transform pair in a certain sense. We are also interested in Cohen's class of time-frequency representations, ie the stochastic convolution integral W * Φ(t, ξ) where Φ is a deterministic kernel function. If r ∈ S 0 (R 2d ) and Φ ∈ C(R 2d ), we prove that W * Φ(t, ξ) is a finite variance process. If moreover Φ ∈ S 0 (R 2d ) then W * Φ(t, ξ) can be expressed as a stochastic Fourier integral of the process A times the Fourier transform Φ . The reformulation of the stochastic convolution integral is useful for optimization of Φ when W * Φ is used for estimation of E(W ). This idea is due to Sayeed and Jones [18] .

For functions and distributions defined on R d it is well known under what circumstances it is possible to define the Wigner distribution and the ambiguity function.

This idea is due to Sayeed and Jones.


Another relation found recently is the large N duality via geometric transition, which is a topological incarnation of the open-closed duality or AdS/CFT correspondence. The A-model open string field theory on the Calabi-Yau spaces of the form T * M with N Lagrangian branes wrapped on M reduces to the U (N ) Chern-Simons theory on M [5] . In particular, Chern-Simons theory on S 3 describes the A-model open string theory on the deformed conifold, T * S 3 . Through the geometric transition, it is found to be equivalent to the A-model on the resolved conifold [6] [7] .

The A-model open string field theory on the Calabi-Yau spaces of the form T * M with N Lagrangian branes wrapped on M reduces to the U (N ) Chern-Simons theory on M.

Through the geometric transition, it is found to be equivalent to the A-model on the resolved conifold.


The symmetry comes from the holomorphic diffeomorphism of the Calabi-Yau spaces which preserves the holomorphic three form. All the relevant features of the B-model in this class of local Calabi-Yau threefolds can be obtained from the Riemann surface which satisfies H(x, y) = 0 . In this model the non-compact B-brane is identified as a fermion in the Riemann surface. There is a large N duality in the B-model as well. The B-model on a Calabi-Yau space Y with the flux on S 3 cycle is equivalent to the open B-model on N holomorphic branes wrapped on P 1 in the Calabi-Yau space Y which is related to Y via geometric transition. The B-model open string field theory on Y becomes Dijkgraaf-Vafa(DV) matrix model [13] .

The B-model open string field theory on Y becomes Dijkgraaf-Vafa(DV) matrix model.


There are many critical points regarding the instability in motorcycles that have been studied in literature. One of the most dangerous, known as wobble or shimmy, consists in a steering oscillation around the steering axis [5, 6] . Such instability, subsequently described in detail, is extremely dangerous and is perceived as a sudden reaction of the steering. If, in some cases, this phenomenon constitutes a simple noise to the ride, it is also true that, at high speeds, it is generated and amplified in a very short time, acting on frequencies too high to be controlled by the rider. In order to solve this instability, some commercial steering dampers are installed on many motorcycles. The main function of a motorcycle steering damper is in fact to stop the steering oscillations of the wobble with an adequate damping torque on the steering axis, causing however rider's wearying in normal riding conditions because of the higher hardness of the steering.

One of the most dangerous, known as wobble or shimmy, consists in a steering oscillation around the steering axis.


Interesting results are achieved in terms of PMF, where no significant differences between the scenarios are detected. According to a contribution analysis run for the PMF category, wood chips combustion affects the release of PM only for 15%. This is due to the characteristic of fuel: combustion of chips releases around 0.47 kg PM10 eq. per MWh, lower than the average 0.52 kg PM10 eq. for the wood logs [20] . A detailed inventory analysis was also run to determine which substances contribute most to PM for the whole scenario: primary particulate (e.g., PM > 2.5 and <2.5 µm) affects the category for 32% (mainly fine particulate, 19%), on the other hand 67% is due to secondary particles, which form starting from gases as NO x (59%) and SO 2 (14%). Even if considerations on each category are important, single score is useful to show which scenario is more sustainable if compared globally. As can be seen from Figure 4 , the centralized system using wood-based appliances seems more competitive. This trend is depicted by the performance pie chart ( Figure 5 ): it shows the overall impacts reduction of the alternative scenario if compared with the traditional decentralized system. The cumulative score is reduced by 38%, with considerable benefits for the community. However, it is interesting to notice that the potential benefits coming from possible future implementations (grey), could prevail.

This is due to the characteristic of fuel: combustion of chips releases around 0.47 kg PM10 eq. per MWh, lower than the average 0.52 kg PM10 eq. for the wood logs.


The exploitation of wood residues to produce renewable energy for a small Italian municipality was investigated by the use of LCA methodology. Burdens were evaluated considering all the negative effects on environment, resources depletion and human health within the entire biomass handling chain: from wood handling, up to its transportation and utilization to produce chips, and the burning in a dedicated appliance, to satisfy the heat requirements of some public buildings. Moving from a decentralized system based on fossil resources (e.g., NG) to a district heating system which implies the usage of local biomass residues, some global environmental impacts appear reduced, such as the GHGs emissions and the depletion of non-renewable fuels. Therefore, this approach based on the collection of the wood scraps deriving from pruning activities could help small communities achieve the targets fixed by European guidelines for 2020: 15% energy reduction and 20% GHGs mitigation. In addition, the consumption of local resources contributes to increase the energetic independence of these small territories, avoiding to be influenced by socio-economic fluctuations to which all feedstocks are subjected. However, as expected, biomass combustion results in the worst effects in terms of toxic substances emitted. This aspect should be investigated in depth by the use of dedicated monitoring campaigns, to collect primary and updated data to fill in the LCA models. Moreover, all the movements still represent a critical issue, in particular when diesel vehicles are used to cover the distances. Transportation contributes to the global impact by 98%, even if distances are restricted to a 30 km roundtrip. Thus, to meet EU targets for pollution mitigation, an implementation of more sustainable engines (e.g., NG, hybrid and full electric) is certainly recommended. The literature has already shown that the usage of NG-fueled or hybrid trucks, replacing traditional diesel-based vehicles, contributes significantly to GHGs reduction [30, 31] . Nevertheless, emissions from electric vehicles greatly vary depending on the electricity mix: when low-carbon energy grids are implemented, vehicles are close to neutral CO2 emissions, while if carbon-intensive electricity mix is used, biofuels usage leads to a lower carbon footprint than hybrid [32] . This is the reason why the sustainability should be evaluated case by case, taking into account all the variables and limitations (e.g., economic, geographical, social and political) which affect the system under investigation.

The literature has already shown that the usage of NG-fueled or hybrid trucks, replacing traditional diesel-based vehicles, contributes significantly to GHGs reduction.

Nevertheless, emissions from electric vehicles greatly vary depending on the electricity mix: when low-carbon energy grids are implemented, vehicles are close to neutral CO2 emissions, while if carbon-intensive electricity mix is used, biofuels usage leads to a lower carbon footprint than hybrid.


The exploitation of wood residues to produce renewable energy for a small Italian municipality was investigated by the use of LCA methodology. Burdens were evaluated considering all the negative effects on environment, resources depletion and human health within the entire biomass handling chain: from wood handling, up to its transportation and utilization to produce chips, and the burning in a dedicated appliance, to satisfy the heat requirements of some public buildings. Moving from a decentralized system based on fossil resources (e.g., NG) to a district heating system which implies the usage of local biomass residues, some global environmental impacts appear reduced, such as the GHGs emissions and the depletion of non-renewable fuels. Therefore, this approach based on the collection of the wood scraps deriving from pruning activities could help small communities achieve the targets fixed by European guidelines for 2020: 15% energy reduction and 20% GHGs mitigation. In addition, the consumption of local resources contributes to increase the energetic independence of these small territories, avoiding to be influenced by socio-economic fluctuations to which all feedstocks are subjected. However, as expected, biomass combustion results in the worst effects in terms of toxic substances emitted. This aspect should be investigated in depth by the use of dedicated monitoring campaigns, to collect primary and updated data to fill in the LCA models. Moreover, all the movements still represent a critical issue, in particular when diesel vehicles are used to cover the distances. Transportation contributes to the global impact by 98%, even if distances are restricted to a 30 km roundtrip. Thus, to meet EU targets for pollution mitigation, an implementation of more sustainable engines (e.g., NG, hybrid and full electric) is certainly recommended. The literature has already shown that the usage of NG-fueled or hybrid trucks, replacing traditional diesel-based vehicles, contributes significantly to GHGs reduction [30, 31] . Nevertheless, emissions from electric vehicles greatly vary depending on the electricity mix: when low-carbon energy grids are implemented, vehicles are close to neutral CO 2 emissions, while if carbon-intensive electricity mix is used, biofuels usage leads to a lower carbon footprint than hybrid [32] . This is the reason why the sustainability should be evaluated case by case, taking into account all the variables and limitations (e.g., economic, geographical, social and political) which affect the system under investigation.

Nevertheless, emissions from electric vehicles greatly vary depending on the electricity mix: when low-carbon energy grids are implemented, vehicles are close to neutral CO 2 emissions, while if carbon-intensive electricity mix is used, biofuels usage leads to a lower carbon footprint than hybrid.


In order to provide a comprehensive description of the methodology and a clear evaluation of the case study, the main text is structured as follows. Section 2 defines the methodology: after a general overview of LCA, a detailed description of the system boundaries and an inventory analysis stage is performed. Then, Section 3 collects the main results achieved by each scenario, following ReCiPe impact assessment method [11] . Final scores are discussed in detail and sensitivity analysis is also provided. Finally, in Section 4 the appropriate conclusions are drawn.

Then, Section 3 collects the main results achieved by each scenario, following ReCiPe impact assessment method.


In recent years great effort has been devoted to the study of applications of fractional calculus in the modelling and control of various real-world systems [1] [2] [3] . Fractionalorder models can more precisely describe systems that have responses with long memory transients. Moreover, it has long been recognized that many natural, biological, and practical engineering systems have inherent attributes that can be better explained by fractional-order models [4] [5] [6] . Therefore, controller-designing methods for systems modelled by fractional-order dynamics are among the most widely discussed issues in the literature. Using fractionalorder controllers is an appropriate procedure for controlling such systems due to their high performance and robustness [7, 8] . Since, in the most of control systems, stability is the first objective to be accomplished, and due to uncertain models caused by neglected dynamics, parametrical variations in time, uncertain physical parameters, and so on, robust stability and stabilization have become a fundamental issue for all control systems including fractional-order systems [9, 10] .

In recent years great effort has been devoted to the study of applications of fractional calculus in the modelling and control of various real-world systems.

Moreover, it has long been recognized that many natural, biological, and practical engineering systems have inherent attributes that can be better explained by fractional-order models.

Using fractionalorder controllers is an appropriate procedure for controlling such systems due to their high performance and robustness.

Since, in the most of control systems, stability is the first objective to be accomplished, and due to uncertain models caused by neglected dynamics, parametrical variations in time, uncertain physical parameters, and so on, robust stability and stabilization have become a fundamental issue for all control systems including fractional-order systems.


Sisal is one of the most widely used natural fibers, due to its outstanding characteristics related to its low cost and density, high specific resistance, good mechanical properties, and non-toxicity [1] . Recently, increasing interest has arisen towards exploring novel applications for sisal, namely as reinforcement of polymers, rubber, gypsum and cement matrices, creating a large range of technological applications. However, as it was for centuries, its main use nowadays is still as raw material for the rope industry.

Sisal is one of the most widely used natural fibers, due to its outstanding characteristics related to its low cost and density, high specific resistance, good mechanical properties, and non-toxicity.


Although dysfunctions of Tregs occurring only in the early stages of AD development cannot be fully uncovered, several studies show Tregs as a contributor to the pathogenesis of AD. A recent study showed that systemic transplantation of autologous Tregs from AβPPswe/ PS1dE9 double-transgenic mice after human umbilical cords-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) education attenuated the cognitive deficit, amyloid-beta deposits and microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease mice [31] . TGF-β1, mainly secreted by Treg cells, was found to possess anti-neuroinflammation activity in Aβ 1-42 induced AD model [32] . These findings emphasized the importance of Tregs in neurodegeneration.

A recent study showed that systemic transplantation of autologous Tregs from AβPPswe/ PS1dE9 double-transgenic mice after human umbilical cords-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) education attenuated the cognitive deficit, amyloid-beta deposits and microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease mice.

TGF-β1, mainly secreted by Treg cells, was found to possess anti-neuroinflammation activity in Aβ 1-42 induced AD model.


From the experimental results we obtain the machine response amplitude operator (RAO), which we combine with the numerically estimated RAO from the linear wavediffraction code DIFFRACT. We perform NewWave-type response statistics calculations to obtain the most probable extreme response of the machine in any sea-state (Tromans et al. 1991; Jonathan & Taylor 1997) . At field scale, the machine is sized to the mean wave period of 8.44 sec. This gives a total machine length of 94 m on the assumed water depth of 60 m. We then conduct extreme response statistics based on 54 years using the same NORA10 wave hindcast data from 1958 − 2011, which is available for every 3 hour sea-state, at a point to the west of the Orkney Islands to the north of Scotland.

We perform NewWave-type response statistics calculations to obtain the most probable extreme response of the machine in any sea-state.


The cylindrical data are found in many fields such as image processing, meteorology, and biology. Movements of plants and animals and wind direction with another environmental measure are typical examples of cylindrical data [1] . The most popular example of data in cylindrical coordinates is color defined in the HSV color model. The HSV color has three attributes that are hue (direction), saturation (radius), and value that means brightness (height). The HSV color model can represent hue information and has a more natural correspondence to human vision than the RGB color model [2] . The clustering method for cylindrical coordinates is useful for many fields, especially image processing.

Movements of plants and animals and wind direction with another environmental measure are typical examples of cylindrical data.

The HSV color model can represent hue information and has a more natural correspondence to human vision than the RGB color model.


Contrary to Hypothesis 5, Conscientiousness was not correlated with statistics anxiety. This was inconsistent with studies that found a positive relationship between Conscientiousness and statistics examination grades (Furnham & Chamorro-Premuzic, 2004) . The results suggest that conscientiousness students are able to circumvent, but not alleviate, statistics anxiety to do well in statistics examinations. Future research should examine the predictive ability of Conscientiousness on statistics examination grades while controlling for statistics anxiety to clarify the results of the current study.

This was inconsistent with studies that found a positive relationship between Conscientiousness and statistics examination grades.


Contrary to Hypothesis 3, Openness to Experience was negatively correlated with Worth of Statistics, Fear of Asking for Help, and Fear of Statistics Teachers. Openness to Experience refers to an inclination for a broad range of new experiences and students high in this trait might find statistics courses to be worth their time and effort. Consequently, these students might experience lesser anxiety in seeking help from their peers and instructors. However, the results were inconsistent with studies that found a negative relationship between Openness to Experience and statistics examination grades (Furnham & Chamorro-Premuzic, 2004) . Despite having lower statistics anxiety with regards to the aforementioned factors, students high in Openness to Experience might still be disadvantaged at statistics examinations. More research is needed to clarify the complex relationship between statistics anxiety, Openness to Experience, and statistics achievement.

However, the results were inconsistent with studies that found a negative relationship between Openness to Experience and statistics examination grades.


The Turk results came from 488 Americans, ranging from age 16-80 (mean: 34.49): see Appendix for data scrubbing procedures. The Turkers were from all over the US (about 25% each from the East and Midwest, about 31% from the South, the rest from the West and Alaska). They represented a range of education levels, though the majority had been to college: about 33.8% had bachelor's degrees, another 28.1% had some college but without a degree. By contrast, the lab data was gathered from 20 participants, all of whom were undergraduates at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in the mid-1990's (Reichle et al., 1998) . Further demographic information is not available. Both populations provided judgments on the same 488 words in the same 48 sentences.

By contrast, the lab data was gathered from 20 participants, all of whom were undergraduates at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in the mid-1990's.


Finally, the lack of association between CPs and HIV risk may be due to the poor quality of data on partnership concurrency. Until recently, empirical studies of CPs and HIV risk frequently used different definitions of concurrency [2] . This limited the interpretation of observed associations between measured CPs and HIV. It also prevented comparisons of study results across multiple populations. UNAIDS addressed this issue, by recommending that CPs be defined as ''overlapping sexual partnerships where sexual intercourse with one partner occurs between two acts of intercourse with another partner'' [33] .

Until recently, empirical studies of CPs and HIV risk frequently used different definitions of concurrency.

UNAIDS addressed this issue, by recommending that CPs be defined as ''overlapping sexual partnerships where sexual intercourse with one partner occurs between two acts of intercourse with another partner''.


The relative importance of the various anatomical structures and substructures in causing radiation toxicity is the subject of current research [3, 4, 23] . Therefore, various OARs were analysed in this study. Toxicity was estimated in two ways: mean dose and NTCP. The constraint of mean dose lower than 60 Gy was analyzed since it has been shown that a dose limitation of 60 Gy to the larynx results in a low risk of aspiration [9] .

The relative importance of the various anatomical structures and substructures in causing radiation toxicity is the subject of current research.

The constraint of mean dose lower than 60 Gy was analyzed since it has been shown that a dose limitation of 60 Gy to the larynx results in a low risk of aspiration.


Microbial proteases dominate the worldwide enzyme market, accounting for a two-thirds share of the detergent industry [1] . Microbial protease is one of the most important groups of industrial enzymes that caters to the requirement of nearly 60% of the worldwide enzyme market [2] . Of these, the alkaline proteases are of interest from a biotechnological perspective and find numerous applications in the food industry and meat tenderization process, peptide synthesis, infant formula preparations, baking, and brewing. Furthermore, they are used in pharmaceutical and medical diagnosis, in the detergent industry as additives, and in textile industry in the process of dehairing and leather processing [3, 4] .

Microbial proteases dominate the worldwide enzyme market, accounting for a two-thirds share of the detergent industry.

Microbial protease is one of the most important groups of industrial enzymes that caters to the requirement of nearly 60% of the worldwide enzyme market.

Furthermore, they are used in pharmaceutical and medical diagnosis, in the detergent industry as additives, and in textile industry in the process of dehairing and leather processing.


Diabetes and its chronic complications have become serious public health problems, along with rapid economic development, increase in life expectancy, and changes of lifestyle. The International Diabetes Federation estimated that there were 415 million people with diabetes, and the number is expected to reach 642 million in 2040 [1] . The number of diabetic patients in China is the highest in the world, as diabetes affects about 101 million individuals among people aged between 20 and 79 years, and the number is expected to reach 151 million in 2040 [1] .

The International Diabetes Federation estimated that there were 415 million people with diabetes, and the number is expected to reach 642 million in 2040.

The number of diabetic patients in China is the highest in the world, as diabetes affects about 101 million individuals among people aged between 20 and 79 years, and the number is expected to reach 151 million in 2040.


Development and standardization of an MPX-PCR assay. The MPX-PCR assay for the simultaneous amplification of the HPV consensus L1 region and HPV-16 and -18, along with the b-globin gene as an internal control, was developed by using an equimolar mix of HPV-16 and -18 plasmids in a background of human genomic DNA. The developed assay was then applied to genomic DNA of tumour tissues. The primers used were MY09/MY11 targeting the HPV L1 consensus sequence, HPV-16 primers for the upstream regulatory region (URR), HPV-18 primers for the E6 gene and primers for the b-globin gene. The primers were custom-synthesized and HPLC-purified by Microsynth GmbH. The primer sequences along with the final concentration used and other characteristics are given in Table 1 . A common annealing temperature for all four primer pairs was standardized to 55 uC by performing gradient uniplex PCR for each primer set. PCR was carried out in a 25 ml reaction volume containing either~100 ng genomic DNA from biopsies or known copy numbers of HPV-16/-18 plasmid DNA, 10 mM Tris/HCl (pH 8.4), 50 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl 2 , 200 mM each dNTP, the indicated concentration of each oligonucleotide primer (Table 1 ) and 0.5 U AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase (Applied Biosystems). PCR was performed in a DNA Engine Tetrad with an initial denaturation at 95 uC for 9 min, followed by 35 cycles of 95 uC for 30 s, 55 uC for 30 s and 72 uC for 60 s, with a final extension for 7 min at 72 uC. Ten microlitres of PCR product was electrophoresed in a 3 % agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide (0.5 mg ml 21 ). Transilluminated gel images were digitized and analysed using an AlphaDigiDoc RT Gel Documentation System (Alpha Innotech). The sensitivity of the MPX-PCR was determined using a tenfold dilution series of HPV-16 and -18 plasmid mixture in a background of C33a cell DNA and the assay was calibrated using WHO international standards for HPV-16 and -18 developed under the WHO HPV LabNet programme (Wilkinson, 2008) .

The sensitivity of the MPX-PCR was determined using a tenfold dilution series of HPV-16 and -18 plasmid mixture in a background of C33a cell DNA and the assay was calibrated using WHO international standards for HPV-16 and -18 developed under the WHO HPV LabNet programme.


Real-time multimedia applications comprise a large and growing portion of all Internet traffic [4] . The characteristics of these applications, namely their tight latency bounds and interdependencies between messages, are unsupported at the transport layer. Consequently, developers are forced to reimplement common functionality, applications interact poorly with each other, and the stability of the network is compromised [15] [1] .

Real-time multimedia applications comprise a large and growing portion of all Internet traffic.

Consequently, developers are forced to reimplement common functionality, applications interact poorly with each other, and the stability of the network is compromised.


The variability in the calculated hygroscopic growth factors of the predicted condensed mixtures are first presented at each level of organic complexity, along with sensitivity to the choice of pure component vapour pressures (p 0 ) estimation technique and non-ideality (γ i ) treatment. This variability is then propagated through to predictions of CCN activation through calculation of the κ-value of the mixture. The sensitivity is finally propagated through to radiative forcing variability using a recently published parameterisation (Wang et al., 2008) . The variation in predicted multicomponent densities is presented in the Appendix.

The sensitivity is finally propagated through to radiative forcing variability using a recently published parameterisation.


Normal concrete is a composite material essentially made of Portland cement, aggregates (fine and coarse), water in particular quantities and admixtures. It hardens to a stony consistency over changeable lengths of curing times (Bamigboye et al., 2015) . It has a wide variability of properties like good compressive strength, resistance to deterioration in water action, resistance to fire and so on (Ede & Agbede, 2015; Li, 2011) . These excellent properties notwithstanding, concrete also have some shortcomings. Concrete has a high compressive strength but a very low tensile strength, about 10% of the compressive strength. The low tensile limiting property of concrete has been a major problem until the advent of steel reinforcement to meet the tensile and ductility demands of concrete structures. But, these days steel reinforcement is turning out to be increasingly costly and fails to meet full sustainability needs due to the non-renewable nature of its source and the negative impact of corrosion which has remained a major challenge for engineers (Pacheo-Torgal & Jalali, 2011) . These factors strengthens the need for the use of environmentally friendly materials to complement steel reinforcement usage in concrete for structural applications.

It hardens to a stony consistency over changeable lengths of curing times.

It has a wide variability of properties like good compressive strength, resistance to deterioration in water action, resistance to fire and so on.

But, these days steel reinforcement is turning out to be increasingly costly and fails to meet full sustainability needs due to the non-renewable nature of its source and the negative impact of corrosion which has remained a major challenge for engineers.


The world has advanced in construction materials corresponding to technological discoveries. This advancement transitted from the use of earth and mud bricks in ancient times of the Greeks to the implementation of Roman's pozzolana mortar and bricks. Further advancement in construction materials continued to the use of cast and wrought iron in the eighteenth century for bridge constructions in Europe. Furthermore, the advancemment continued in the period of industrial revolution of the nineteenth century where steel and reinforced concrete are majorly adopted for general purposes and high-rise buildings. Finally to modern buildings that respond to environmental stimuli via the use of various composite materials of the most recent times (Ede, Bamigboye, Olofinnade, & Shittu, 2016) . This continuous evolution of construction materials' has provoked novelties in the construction industry. Far-reaching researches and advances of new construction methods and materials are currently taking place all over the world. The crux of these recent advancements in construction is to achieved a safer, high quality, more economic and environmentally friendly structures for human comfort and business alike via sustainable materials which leads to the overall improvement of quality of life and working conditions (Bamigboye, Ede, Raheem, Olofinnade, & Okorie, 2016; Hoff, Bilodeau, & Malhotra, 2000; Mehta & Monteiro, 2005; Olofinnade, Ndambuki, Ede, & Booth, 2017; Yan & Chouw, 2014) .

Finally to modern buildings that respond to environmental stimuli via the use of various composite materials of the most recent times.

The crux of these recent advancements in construction is to achieved a safer, high quality, more economic and environmentally friendly structures for human comfort and business alike via sustainable materials which leads to the overall improvement of quality of life and working conditions.


Optimal Security-Aware Query Processing is a difficult problem: it is intractable even for conjunctive queries. Indeed, it is coNP-complete in terms of data complexity for boolean conjunctive queries and row-level security policies [11] . Despite that, optimal SAQP can still have practical applications. For instance, there are fragments of conjunctive queries for which optimal SAQP in the Non-Truman model is in PTIME in terms of data complexity for row-level policies [11] . This suggests that there might be other fragments of conjunctive queries for which optimal SAQP is tractable.

Indeed, it is coNP-complete in terms of data complexity for boolean conjunctive queries and row-level security policies.

For instance, there are fragments of conjunctive queries for which optimal SAQP in the Non-Truman model is in PTIME in terms of data complexity for row-level policies.


The X-ray diffraction patterns of 500 ∘ C selenized Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 films without adding dopants (sample A) are shown in Figure 1 (a), and that of the films doped with sodium Figure 1 show the ratios of the intensity of the (112) peak to that of the (220/204) peak (I (112) /I (220/204) ) for four different samples. The ratio of I (112) /I (220/204) of sample A was 2.01. When sodium ions and bismuth ions were separately added to Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (samples B and C), the ratios of I (112) /I (220/204) were found to be increased. When sodium and bismuth ions were codoped (sample D), the ratio of I (112) /I (220/204) was greatly increased to 2.28. The above results indicated that the doping of sodium and bismuth ions might vary the preferred orientation of the prepared films. Moreover, Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 films with the preferred (112) orientation are reportedly suitable for lattice matching with the window layers of solar cells [16, 17] . Figure 2 illustrates the microstructural evolution of the obtained Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 films doped with various kinds of ions. The size of the grains of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 without dopants (sample A) was around 0.3 m (Figure 2(a) ). When sodium ions were incorporated (sample B), the particle size of the prepared films was significantly enlarged to 1 m (Figure 2(b) ). On the other hand, the size of the grains in the bismuthdoped films (sample C) was around 0.5 m (see Figure 2(c) ). Upon codoping sodium ions and bismuth ions (sample D), the microstructures became effectively densified, and the particle size was enlarged to around 2 m as seen in Figure 2 (d). Figure 3 shows the surface morphology of the corresponding films via the atomic force micrographs (AFM). The values of root-mean-square (RMS) roughness for samples A, B, C, and D were 86 nm, 68 nm, 60 nm, and 56 nm, respectively. It implies that the roughness of the films was greatly reduced as sodium and bismuth ions were codoped. When sodium ions are added to Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 films, sodium selenides are reported to be formed and act as a flux agent to facilitate the grain growth during the selenization process [18] . As bismuth ions are incorporated into Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 films, copper bismuth selenide compound is considered to be formed and plays a fluxing role according to our previous study [15] . Hence, the codoping of sodium and bismuth ions into Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 can effectively facilitate the densification process of the films and enlarge the grain sizes.

Moreover, Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 films with the preferred (112) orientation are reportedly suitable for lattice matching with the window layers of solar cells.

When sodium ions are added to Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 films, sodium selenides are reported to be formed and act as a flux agent to facilitate the grain growth during the selenization process.

As bismuth ions are incorporated into Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 films, copper bismuth selenide compound is considered to be formed and plays a fluxing role according to our previous study.


The topic of distributed tracking using sensor networks has received a considerable amount of attention recently. Most of this work is based on collaborative signal and information processing, sequential Bayesian filtering, and extended Kalman filtering [7, 8, 9] . Other solutions for tracking in a sensor network are based on a Kalman filter based approach [10, 11, 12] . These approaches attempt to estimate the future position of a target given its past and present positions. However, such estimation tends to require considerable computational resources and we are unaware of implementations that can run on the class of devices we consider for our sensor nodes [13] . The constraints of network reliability and load permit sending only a limited amount of data over the network, and in some extreme cases, even a single bit of data. Such binary networks have been used in previous work for tracking [14] . However, the robustness of these approaches in the presence of network unreliability is not demonstrated.

Most of this work is based on collaborative signal and information processing, sequential Bayesian filtering, and extended Kalman filtering.

Other solutions for tracking in a sensor network are based on a Kalman filter based approach.

However, such estimation tends to require considerable computational resources and we are unaware of implementations that can run on the class of devices we consider for our sensor nodes.

Such binary networks have been used in previous work for tracking.


In recent years, the long-term implications of decreased renal function (RF) as a result of renal cancer surgery have been increasingly recognized and various strategies to minimize the incidence of postoperative functional impairment have been reported [1] . Partial nephrectomy (PN) now represents the standard treatment for localized renal tumors over the complete removal of the organ [2] . In this surgical setting, volume of preserved parenchyma, ischemia time and quality of the operated kidney are the main factors that affect functional recovery [3] .

In recent years, the long-term implications of decreased renal function (RF) as a result of renal cancer surgery have been increasingly recognized and various strategies to minimize the incidence of postoperative functional impairment have been reported.

Partial nephrectomy (PN) now represents the standard treatment for localized renal tumors over the complete removal of the organ.

In this surgical setting, volume of preserved parenchyma, ischemia time and quality of the operated kidney are the main factors that affect functional recovery.


Lymphatic fistula is an uncommon but severe complication that may appear after thoracic, abdominal, or neck operations, but seldom after axillary surgery. Axillary lymph node dissection remains an integral part of surgical treatment in Figure 1 patients with breast cancer. The most usual complications are seroma, chronic lymphoedema, and sensitive alterations on the inner arm. Axillary chylous fistula is a complication with an incidence of less than 0.5%, according to authors such as Nakajima or Singh, unlike chylous fistula after neck dissection, which has an incidence of 1-3% [1] [2] [3] [4] .

Axillary chylous fistula is a complication with an incidence of less than 0.5%, according to authors such as Nakajima or Singh, unlike chylous fistula after neck dissection, which has an incidence of 1-3%.


The term apoptosis refers to the process of programmed cell death characterized by a stereotypic sequence of cellular events including cell shrinkage, caspase activation and degradation of cell content, blebbing and maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and condensation and fragmentation of DNA, followed by ordered removal by phagocytes [1] . Apoptosis was first described in 1972 as a vital biological phenomenon, with both physiological and pathological implications [2] . Apoptosis regulates cell number in tissues serving as a quality control mechanism in order to eliminate damaged and senescent cells, and it has been proven to be essential during development of multicellular organisms. In the proliferative environment of embryonic development, apoptosis helps to shape organs, drives morphogenesis and deletes structures that won't be required any longer; for instance, the formation of the four-chamber architecture of the heart is a consequence of this process [3] .

The term apoptosis refers to the process of programmed cell death characterized by a stereotypic sequence of cellular events including cell shrinkage, caspase activation and degradation of cell content, blebbing and maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and condensation and fragmentation of DNA, followed by ordered removal by phagocytes.

Apoptosis was first described in 1972 as a vital biological phenomenon, with both physiological and pathological implications.

In the proliferative environment of embryonic development, apoptosis helps to shape organs, drives morphogenesis and deletes structures that won't be required any longer; for instance, the formation of the four-chamber architecture of the heart is a consequence of this process.


The genetic architecture of quantitative indices for insulin resistance and beta cell functions varies greatly among both nondiabetics and diabetics [11] . This indicates that beta cell function often tends to supersede insulin resistance as a crucial factor of Type 2 diabetes [12] . Additionally, obesity is a critical insulin resistance determinant, where adiposity modulates the genetic aspects of insulin resistance, thus contributing to the Type 2 diabetes heterogeneity [13] . Hence, adiposity levels often have a potential to perturb the psychological milieu where genetic variants in insulin signalling pathways operates. Hence, fat in the pancreas, genetic variants, and major glucose recipient organs exacerbate insulin resistance that consequently impairs the beta cell functions. Obesity also increases the demands for insulin, due to which beta cell hyperfunction may result in exhausting beta cells, resulting in their dysfunction [14] .

The genetic architecture of quantitative indices for insulin resistance and beta cell functions varies greatly among both nondiabetics and diabetics.

This indicates that beta cell function often tends to supersede insulin resistance as a crucial factor of Type 2 diabetes.

Additionally, obesity is a critical insulin resistance determinant, where adiposity modulates the genetic aspects of insulin resistance, thus contributing to the Type 2 diabetes heterogeneity.

Obesity also increases the demands for insulin, due to which beta cell hyperfunction may result in exhausting beta cells, resulting in their dysfunction.


The risk for Type 2 DM increases due to prediabetes, which results in the susceptibility of different diabetesrelated complications, such as eye problems, kidney failure, nerve damage, stroke, and heart disease [15] . However, literature indicates that lifestyle modification for prediabetic patients can help reduce or prevent diabetes progression by 40-70%. This finding highlights the necessity for early diagnosis of diabetes [16, 17] . A study conducted in Florida suggested in the United States approximately 86 million people over 20 years of age were prediabetic [7] .

The risk for Type 2 DM increases due to prediabetes, which results in the susceptibility of different diabetesrelated complications, such as eye problems, kidney failure, nerve damage, stroke, and heart disease.

This finding highlights the necessity for early diagnosis of diabetes.

A study conducted in Florida suggested in the United States approximately 86 million people over 20 years of age were prediabetic.


Over the past decades, rail transit rapidly blooms and benefits the population in both urban and suburban areas. It is widely recognized as a promising mode to shift transport demand to public transport and further enhance urban sustainability [1] [2] [3] [4] . However, the difficulty in reaching transit service reduces a great amount of rail transit usage [5] [6] [7] . For many potential customers, if it requires driving to reach a rail transit station, they may just drive to their destinations directly. Such predicament is described as the "Last Mile" problem and is a key road block to improving the usage of urban rail transit. A number of solutions have been proposed to better contend with the difficulty. Among them, feeder buses which carry passengers from their own origin of choice to a connecting rail transit station ( Figure 1 ) are one of the most widely accepted solutions [8] [9] [10] [11] . The problem associated, which solves for the best feeder bus dispatching plan, is commonly referred to as the Feeder Bus Network Design Problem (FBNDP).

It is widely recognized as a promising mode to shift transport demand to public transport and further enhance urban sustainability.

However, the difficulty in reaching transit service reduces a great amount of rail transit usage.

Among them, feeder buses which carry passengers from their own origin of choice to a connecting rail transit station ( Figure 1 ) are one of the most widely accepted solutions.


Hu and Goodman present further research in developing faulttolerant analog circuitry using genetic programming [6] . They use a bond tree representation to design analog filters while taking advantage of a hierarchical fair competition algorithm to maximize sustainability. While their method is promising, the bond tree structure limits the freedom of the evolutionary algorithm, and they do not apply their algorithm to control tasks.

Hu and Goodman present further research in developing faulttolerant analog circuitry using genetic programming.


Often, real-world processes require stochastic behaviour to be incorporated in their description. Early PAs doing so, employed exponentially distributed stochastic delays. Modeling with exponential distributions greatly simplifies the treatment of parallel composition, because of the memoryless property. Prominent Markovian PAs include EMPA, PEPA and Algebra of IMC [5] [6] [7] . The first two associate exponential rates with actions, whereas the latter clearly distinguishes between actions and rates.

Prominent Markovian PAs include EMPA, PEPA and Algebra of IMC.


We use a between-subjects design to compare responses to three games: the ''Decision problem'', the ''Risky dictator game'' and the ''Trust game'', in order to assess different causes for distrust (Bohnet & Zeckhauser, 2004) . The decision problem (DP) measures people's willingness to accept general risk. In the DP, people are confronted with a certain payoff and a gamble yielding one outcome higher and one lower than the certain payoff. In our study, the certain payoff is worth $10, whereas the gamble yields either $15 or $8.

We use a between-subjects design to compare responses to three games: the ''Decision problem'', the ''Risky dictator game'' and the ''Trust game'', in order to assess different causes for distrust.


One limitation of this study is the small patient sample due to the limited number of children on CSII in Bulgaria, but it includes more than 57% of all the CSII users in the country, which ensures reliable results for the whole group. The number of the patients is twice as high as Wilsons' study [8] . We did not calculate the cost-effectiveness of CSII pumps related to the second observed outcome-BMI, because an increase in children's weight as a result of their normal developmental growth was observed in the both groups.

The number of the patients is twice as high as Wilsons' study.


Figs. 6b and 6c are the web browsers and client OS that students used while doing the experiment. All these information are captured through the HTTP User Agent [26] . The various of web browsers and OS used by students during doing the experiment, which contain most of the current popular browsers and OS, shows that WeFiLab has much compatibility. Fig. 6d shows the type of clients based on the questionnaire. The goal of WeFiLab is to let students do experiments on real devices through webpage. It allows students to use both desktop computers and mobile devices to access the system. The results show that most of the students used desktop/laptop PC, or Mac to do the experiment. However, there are still 1 percent records which students used WeFiLab on iPad and smartphones, i.e., iPhones. The iPad has the size and weight fell between those of smartphones and laptops, but shares the same OS as the iPod Touch and iPhone.

All these information are captured through the HTTP User Agent.


Generally, there are mainly two approaches for online laboratories: virtual laboratories and remote laboratories [10] . Virtual laboratories are based on software to simulate experiments environment, while in remote laboratories experiments are conducted and controlled remotely through Internet, using real components or devices. One of the very important features of virtual laboratories is to let the students learn from failures without causing any real damages. However, virtual laboratories limit students learning activities due to the missing of reality [11] . While remote laboratories are designed to provide real-time experiments to students via Internet, gives students the opportunity to work on the remote real devices, which will eventually provide students real laboratory experience.

Generally, there are mainly two approaches for online laboratories: virtual laboratories and remote laboratories.

However, virtual laboratories limit students learning activities due to the missing of reality.


On the other hand, most of the existing methods for the swarm robot formation problem are based on small-scale robot formation where the number of robots is around or less than 10 [21] [22] [23] . There is little research on formation control of large-scale problems except some theoretical results regarding optimization; for example, Derenick and Spletzer use convex optimization to make one hundred robots form a certain formation [24] . In this paper, we extend the behaviorbased navigation method to swarm robot systems and focus on two kinds of important formation control problems (i.e., initial formation and formation control while avoiding obstacles). In particular, for the initial formation problem, we 2 Mathematical Problems in Engineering present an improved algorithm named classification-based searching for initial formation. This algorithm is suitable for large-scale robot formation where the number of robots is more than one hundred. Based on the initial state of the robots, the algorithm will classify robots to different types and use different methods and processing sequences to handle these types, which can significantly reduce the time complexity. These studies have potential applications for practical swarm robot systems.

On the other hand, most of the existing methods for the swarm robot formation problem are based on small-scale robot formation where the number of robots is around or less than 10.

There is little research on formation control of large-scale problems except some theoretical results regarding optimization; for example, Derenick and Spletzer use convex optimization to make one hundred robots form a certain formation.


With the development of the robot technology, the swarm robot system has a wide application prospect in theoretical research and engineering applications because of its robustness, flexibility, and scalability [1] . Formation control is one of the most important research areas for swarm robot systems and has many applications (e.g., industrial production, aerospace, and military affairs) [2] [3] [4] [5] . The control design of swarm robot systems is quite complex because a lot of issues should be considered, such as formation keeping, communication, and coordination between robots. In addition, when the number of the robots reaches a certain degree (hundreds or even more), the computation of the system will be staggering.

With the development of the robot technology, the swarm robot system has a wide application prospect in theoretical research and engineering applications because of its robustness, flexibility, and scalability.

Formation control is one of the most important research areas for swarm robot systems and has many applications (e.g., industrial production, aerospace, and military affairs).


Studies on health must be multi-dimensional [10] . The impact of neighborhood environment on older adults' health is not isolated. Instead, it affects the health of older adults by influencing their lifestyle and behaviors. In particular, outdoor activity is deemed to play the most prominent and distinctive facilitating role in the older adults' health. Therefore, most research lists outdoor activity as a mediator of the relationships between neighborhood environment and older adults' health [11, 12] . Although social participation was used as a mediator in few studies, it has received increasing attention due to its importance to active aging [13, 14] . According to existing literatures, scholars studied from different perspectives on the relationships between neighborhood environment, lifestyle, and health of older adults, and have achieved fruitful results. However, few studies regarded the different dimensions of lifestyle, such as outdoor activities and social participation, as mediators simultaneously.

Studies on health must be multi-dimensional.

Therefore, most research lists outdoor activity as a mediator of the relationships between neighborhood environment and older adults' health.

Although social participation was used as a mediator in few studies, it has received increasing attention due to its importance to active aging.


Han, Li and Guo studied how one agent can influence the direction in which an entire flock of agents is moving [5] . Similarly to our work, in their work each agent follows a simple control rule based on its neighbors. However, unlike our work, they only consider one influencing agent with unlimited, non-constant velocity. This allows their influencing agent to move to any position in the environment within one time step, which we believe is unrealistic.

Han, Li and Guo studied how one agent can influence the direction in which an entire flock of agents is moving.


Mothers and fathers faced with their newborn's admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) endure a particularly difficult experience that may include parental anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress [10, 11] . Factors contributing to the parents' psychological state are their dependence on caregivers, the NICU's rules and organization, and uncertainty about the child's prognosis [12] [13] [14] . In addition, very preterm children and their parents have few opportunities to start developing a reciprocal relationship during the first weeks of life [15] . Finally, the father's support to the mother appears essential to the latter [15] .

Mothers and fathers faced with their newborn's admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) endure a particularly difficult experience that may include parental anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress.

Factors contributing to the parents' psychological state are their dependence on caregivers, the NICU's rules and organization, and uncertainty about the child's prognosis.

In addition, very preterm children and their parents have few opportunities to start developing a reciprocal relationship during the first weeks of life.

Finally, the father's support to the mother appears essential to the latter.


A summary of our approach follows. During the offline processing of the Web crawl, we generate 16 topic-sensitive PageRank vectors, each biased (as described in Section 2) using URLs from a top-level category from the Open Directory Project (ODP) [2] . At query time, we calculate the similarity of the query (and if available, the query or user context) to each of these topics. Then instead of using a single global ranking vector, we take the linear combination of the topic-sensitive vectors, weighted using the similarities of the query (and any available context) to the topics. By using a set of rank vectors, we are able to determine more accurately which pages are truly the most important with respect to a particular query or query-context. Because the link-based computations are performed offline, during the preprocessing stage, the query-time costs are not much greater than that of the ordinary PageRank algorithm. An illustration of our topic-sensitive PageRank system is given in Figure 2 .

A summary of our approach follows.

During the offline processing of the Web crawl, we generate 16 topic-sensitive PageRank vectors, each biased (as described in Section 2) using URLs from a top-level category from the Open Directory Project (ODP).


The basic BoAW method is illustrated in Figure 1 . There are numerous basic variations to the illustrated pipeline, such as the codebook size and classifier parameters. Results from exploring these variations are presented in our previous work [7] . The BoAW approach first generates a set of "words" (referred to as a codebook) via a clustering algorithm. This codebook is then used to quantize the features by replacing each feature with the index of the word it is closest to in the codebook. The histogram is then generated by counting the number of occurrences of each codeword in the document file.

Results from exploring these variations are presented in our previous work.


The ability of farmers to adapt to changing climate conditions includes modifying their methods or replacing their crop. Breeding a new strain of a crop is a non-trivial process and the rate at which developments are made does not necessarily translate to changes in the cultivated crop. Providing a new variety of a crop can take up to 30 years in Africa, and with accelerating changes in climate, this means that farmers are likely to be left behind . Another response to climate change is to cultivate a different species, either because it generates more money or because the previous species is no longer viable. It is estimated that a large faction of the maize cultivated area will transition into other crops during the twenty-first century (Rippke et al. 2016) .

It is estimated that a large faction of the maize cultivated area will transition into other crops during the twenty-first century.


Self-employed workers face large problems when sickness absent: not only does the continuity of their business suffer but also this group does not receive sick pay similar to what wage-earners do [1] . These aspects negatively influence the financial situation of the self-employed. Few studies address work disability in this economically important group of the workforce despite the fact that both in the EU and in the USA the self-employed form an important segment of the workforce (over 30 million self-employed in the European Union and nearly 15 million in the USA) [2, 3] .

Self-employed workers face large problems when sickness absent: not only does the continuity of their business suffer but also this group does not receive sick pay similar to what wage-earners do.

Few studies address work disability in this economically important group of the workforce despite the fact that both in the EU and in the USA the self-employed form an important segment of the workforce (over 30 million self-employed in the European Union and nearly 15 million in the USA).


Because there were no significant differences in young fruit number across treatments, the lowest number of flowers in previously drought-stressed trees in 2007 and 2009 was compensated for by the highest fruit set. In addition, although previously droughtstressed trees set a lower number of fruitlets in 2008, there were no differences in yield in 2009. This implies that there was less subsequent fruit drop in previously droughtstressed trees than in well-watered trees. There are many well-known compensating relationships among flowering, fruit set, and yield in citrus (Albrigo and Galán-Saúco, 2004; Guardiola, 1997) .

There are many well-known compensating relationships among flowering, fruit set, and yield in citrus.


These idiosyncratic shocks to a collective, or group, activity in these communities are independent of a shock to a private activity, and motivated the shock treatments in our experimental design. That is, the return on investment to the private activity is certain whereas environmental risk is added to existing strategic risk in the group activity. As with private goods, the idiosyncratic shock introduces risk to individuals which can be pooled over the group. But, unlike private goods, a shock within a social dilemma can affect the aggregate level of resources available to the group. Because idiosyncratic shocks can affect a member's ability to contribute to the production of group benefits, it complicates the strategic environment of the collective action and potentially undermines cooperation by all members. For example, when other group members observe low levels of participation in the group activity, it may be difficult to discern whether this is due to free-riding or a negative shock such as illness. Historical evidence suggests that shirking via feigned illness may have been common in the early American colonies and resulted in widespread food shortages (Bradford 2006) . However, when idiosyncratic risk exists within a social dilemma, voluntary risk sharing can not only smooth individual income levels, but can also maintain cooperation by reducing or eliminating the riskiness of the group activity. Questions arise about whether groups can effectively pool risk to smooth income when the income is derived from group resources, and whether sharing can overcome the adverse effects of risk on the collective production of those resources.

Historical evidence suggests that shirking via feigned illness may have been common in the early American colonies and resulted in widespread food shortages.


Subsistence communities, in low-income and high-income countries alike, rely on the yields of natural resources that are susceptible to both covariate shocks (which impact an entire community, e.g., droughts or floods) and idiosyncratic shocks (which impact an individual within a community, e.g., illness, injury or disabled equipment). Although incomplete insurance and credit markets limit the ability of households to insure against risk, meaningful risk sharing (or risk pooling) does arise through informal mechanisms both within and across communities. Covariate shocks are difficult to insure locally, but idiosyncratic risk can often be pooled within communities. A variety of informal risk sharing mechanisms have been documented in remote rural communities around the world, including gift-giving, food sharing, remittances, rotating savings and unstructured loans (Fafchamps 2003) . These risk pooling arrangements are facilitated through a transfer of resources among group members, and can therefore also be referred to as resource pooling or resource sharing. In this paper, we describe results from a laboratory experiment designed to test the conditions under which idiosyncratic risk is pooled. We focus on idiosyncratic risk and voluntary sharing within a social dilemma, which is representative of many types of activities in a rural context.

A variety of informal risk sharing mechanisms have been documented in remote rural communities around the world, including gift-giving, food sharing, remittances, rotating savings and unstructured loans.


It is not uncommon for a network member contributing equipment, cash or labor in preparation for the harvest to be unable to participate in harvesting or processing due to illness, injury or other unforeseen circumstance. Similarly, because salmon is dried on fish racks and stored in elevated platforms, animals sometimes enter camp and destroy a household's store of harvested food. These events are independent of shock to a private activity, such as a wage-paying job. Finally, although not the primary focus of this study, the yield from harvesting subsistence resources is stochastic, and as a result some groups may be more successful than others. In such cases, as in other remote regions, other community members must decide how much of the collective catch should be allocated to other community members (Fienup-Riordan 1986) .

In such cases, as in other remote regions, other community members must decide how much of the collective catch should be allocated to other community members.


Rocuronium bromide, an aminosteroid non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, is widely used for clinical anesthesia because of its short onset time and intermediate duration of action [5] . It's reported that hepatic uptake and biliary excretion were the main mechanisms for its metabolism [6] . It is accepted that drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics undergo changes in hepatic and renal disease states [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . However limited data are available on the influence of OJ on pharmacodynamics and the blood concentration of rocuronium.

Rocuronium bromide, an aminosteroid non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, is widely used for clinical anesthesia because of its short onset time and intermediate duration of action.

It's reported that hepatic uptake and biliary excretion were the main mechanisms for its metabolism.

It is accepted that drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics undergo changes in hepatic and renal disease states.


Although LBC was initially promoted as offering improved sensitivity and disease detection compared with conventional cytology, this has not been consistently supported by the published literature (Ronco et al, 2007; Siebers et al, 2009) . Nonetheless, LBC collection is widely used, and offers an important advantage as it supports both hrHPV DNA testing and cytology from a single sample. Authors have noted that one reason for reluctance to switch to hrHPV screening may be that the previous clinical trials comparing hrHPV testing and cytology used conventional Pap smears, as opposed to LBC, and thus the benefits of HPV testing may have been over-estimated (Castle, 2010) . The HPV FOCAL study offers an important opportunity to compare hrHPV testing against LBC, and will help to inform this important discussion. Liquid-based cytology also offers other benefits compared with conventional smears for HPV-based primary cervical cancer screening. Women can simply have one specimen taken, and reflex testing can be done on the specimens, avoiding the need for either a repeat visit or dual specimen collection. In addition, liquid-based specimens could provide opportunities for other testing, such as cervical cancer biomarkers and sexually transmitted infections.

Although LBC was initially promoted as offering improved sensitivity and disease detection compared with conventional cytology, this has not been consistently supported by the published literature.

Authors have noted that one reason for reluctance to switch to hrHPV screening may be that the previous clinical trials comparing hrHPV testing and cytology used conventional Pap smears, as opposed to LBC, and thus the benefits of HPV testing may have been over-estimated.


Along with the skills to use technology generally, the study also clearly indicates that lecturers will also need specific skills to use the technology in the classroom. General use of technology does not necessarily translate its effective use inside the classroom. Specific skills and pedagogies are needed to translate this general literacy in using ICT in teaching. In addition to these skills, the lectures' attitudes toward the inclusion of ICT into the classroom will play a mediating role on their behavioral intention to implement mobile learning. This study confirms that teachers who fail to see the value of technology in the classroom will resist its introduction. They are therefore less likely to seek out new technology and integrate it into their teaching (Duncan-Howell & Lee, 2007) .

They are therefore less likely to seek out new technology and integrate it into their teaching.


ICT anxiety also influences the digital literacy of lecturers. As found in other research, as a user becomes more experienced with computers they are more likely to form a positive attitude to them (Shih, Munoz, & Sanchez, 2006) . Anxiety typically arises from the fear of the unknown and the confidence to cope with changes (Beckers, Rikers, & Schmidt, 2006) . When individuals become more secure and positive about their technology usage, they are more likely to relax and not feel as anxious about its use (Beckers & Schmidt, 2003; Cowan & Jack, 2011) . This is because they have developed an assurance that they can cope with learning new technology and can solve issues that may arise.

As found in other research, as a user becomes more experienced with computers they are more likely to form a positive attitude to them.

Anxiety typically arises from the fear of the unknown and the confidence to cope with changes.

When individuals become more secure and positive about their technology usage, they are more likely to relax and not feel as anxious about its use.


The results of this paper confirm the role of perceived ease of use and usefulness on the acceptance of mobile learning. These two factors were shown to have a positive effect on the behavioral intention to use mobile learning. This meant that lecturers who see mobile learning as a way to offer a substantial advantage to students' learning or their own teaching will adopt mobile learning. Though perceived ease of use was not shown to have a direct influence on behavioral intention, the study did indicate that it had a mediating effect on perceived usefulness. This result was not necessarily surprising. A number of studies have shown that perceived ease of use does not necessarily have a direct effect on behavioral intention (Akour, 2009; Donaldson, 2011; Huang, Lin, & Chuang, 2007; Wang et al., 2009) . It is however, more likely to have a direct impact on the perceived usefulness. The perceived benefits of new technology will often be influenced by how much effort users feel is needed to use and learn to use new technology. This therefore highlights the importance of how lecturers perceive mobile learning. Lectures need to feel that the technology is easy to use and beneficial to their teaching and students' learning. These two findings highlight the need for developers and instructional designers, researchers, and teaching institutions to focus on ease of use and to highlight the benefits of mobile learning. Designers need to remove technical obstacles to ensure that all mobile learning initiatives are as easy to use as possible with little initial learning needed. While institutes and researchers need to provide effective IT support and access to training and pilot initiatives before a major rollout, institutions also need to promote the benefits of the mobile learning initiative so that they are clear and evident to all parties. This can be done by ensuring lecturers are aware of the advantages of mobile learning has to support their students' learning and their teaching. Opportunities should also be provided to lecturers to enable them to explore mobile learning on their own.

A number of studies have shown that perceived ease of use does not necessarily have a direct effect on behavioral intention.


Users' beliefs and attitudes have been shown to have a major influence on the acceptance of new technology (Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, & Davis, 2003) . A number of models and frameworks have been developed to measure these influences on users' acceptance and model adoption. One of the most widely adopted adoption models is the technology acceptance model (TAM) (Venkatesh, et al., 2003) . The TAM has been used and modified to explore the adoption a range of educational technologies. Since mobile technology offers different affordances to traditional and elearning environments, factors that influence other educational technologies may not necessarily apply. It is important, therefore to establish the pattern of influences on the adoption of mobile technology.

Users' beliefs and attitudes have been shown to have a major influence on the acceptance of new technology.

One of the most widely adopted adoption models is the technology acceptance model (TAM).


In 2006, the National Institute of Ecology of Mexico (INE for its acronym in Spanish) published a national e-waste management manual, which has since then been updated to 2010 through regional studies [5, 6] . Subsequently, several studies on e-waste were published between 2012 and 2014, based on integral management guides and recycling programs [5] [6] [7] [8] . The Federal Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Mexico (SEMARNAT), in cooperation with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), currently carries out studies on integral e-waste management, and in 2017, SEMARNAT-UNDP published an inventory of e-waste generation in Mexico with the base year 2015 [9] . Within this framework, the CE is starting to be considered in the electronic products sector in Mexico and it is envisioned that the new e-waste law will include this new circular economic industrial model.

In 2006, the National Institute of Ecology of Mexico (INE for its acronym in Spanish) published a national e-waste management manual, which has since then been updated to 2010 through regional studies.

Subsequently, several studies on e-waste were published between 2012 and 2014, based on integral management guides and recycling programs.

The Federal Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Mexico (SEMARNAT), in cooperation with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), currently carries out studies on integral e-waste management, and in 2017, SEMARNAT-UNDP published an inventory of e-waste generation in Mexico with the base year 2015.


The circular economy (CE) is a concept that has been around for more than two decades and currently has many definitions. Some researchers state that the CE should target the following dimensions of impact: Environmental, economic, and social [1] . Other leading groups emphasize the need for new business models that facilitate the transition from open production systems towards closed systems that reuse resources and reduce energy consumption [2] .

Some researchers state that the CE should target the following dimensions of impact: Environmental, economic, and social.

Other leading groups emphasize the need for new business models that facilitate the transition from open production systems towards closed systems that reuse resources and reduce energy consumption.


The modern way of life obliges individuals to reduce the time dedicated to prepare meals to the minimum possible. Under such circumstances, microwave oven is increasingly an indispensable utensil in modern kitchens. These equipment's have the capacity to rapidly transmit heat, due to microwaves high penetration power, are easy to use, and allow to reduce time, effort and energy comparatively to conventional culinary methods [10] . Meanwhile, microwave oven applications showed to be harmful to vegetable oils, being possible to observe their deterioration in few minutes. Several reports highlight vegetable oils quality degradation, reduction in bioactive compounds and properties, fatty acids degradation, pigments destruction, sensorial changes, and color modifications, as well as physical and rheological changes [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . In fact, comparatively to a conventional oven heating, microwave heating induces higher and faster oils deterioration [21] [22] [23] .

These equipment's have the capacity to rapidly transmit heat, due to microwaves high penetration power, are easy to use, and allow to reduce time, effort and energy comparatively to conventional culinary methods.

Several reports highlight vegetable oils quality degradation, reduction in bioactive compounds and properties, fatty acids degradation, pigments destruction, sensorial changes, and color modifications, as well as physical and rheological changes.

In fact, comparatively to a conventional oven heating, microwave heating induces higher and faster oils deterioration.


Kinds of sensors are used to obstacle detection and recognition, and all of them have both advantages and disadvantages. The principle and structure of visual sensor are similar to the human sensory organs, and machine vision sensor has the advantages of small volume, low cost, and convenient installation [9] [10] [11] . Compared with other sensors, because it belongs to the passive measurement, its concealment is better, and it also has the advantages of having wide detection range and containing rich information [12] . Based on the requirements of research topic and hardware, the main work of this paper is to research obstacle detection and recognition technology based on monocular vision in cross-country environment. This paper mainly researches the detection and recognition technology of trunk and shrub. And shrubs are divided into high shrubs and dwarf shrubs. The types of obstacles researched in this paper are shown in Figure 1 .

The principle and structure of visual sensor are similar to the human sensory organs, and machine vision sensor has the advantages of small volume, low cost, and convenient installation.

Compared with other sensors, because it belongs to the passive measurement, its concealment is better, and it also has the advantages of having wide detection range and containing rich information.


The primary objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of employing another promising AI technique, SVR, to develop HMA stiffness predictive models. Compared to BPNN, SVR uses a set of linear functions and loss functions to carry out risk (error) minimization for nonlinear regression analysis (Tay and Cao 2001) . As a consequence, SVR is able to provide efficient generalization performance, unique, optimal and nearer to global solutions. The SVR algorithm and the development and performance of SVR based |E * | predictive models are discussed in the following sections.

Compared to BPNN, SVR uses a set of linear functions and loss functions to carry out risk (error) minimization for nonlinear regression analysis.


Periodic truss type structures have a load bearing performance greatly superior to stochastic foams and comparable to honeycombs when used as the core material for sandwich panels [25] . Using techniques such as investment casting, deformation forming and additive layer manufacture intricate trusses can be generated to exacting tolerances at acceptable costs. The topologies investigated for the purpose of this investigation were selected for their determinate properties and as an illustration of the selection methods to both large and small scale problems, using similar methods the selection techniques may also be applied to three-dimensional truss arrangements. By selection of the appropriate truss topology and geometry it may be possible to provide an efficient load bearing structural solution with integrated morphing control using a periodic truss system. Additional functional benefits of an open cell system may be realized by integrated liquid storage or by heat transfer into a coolant fluid. In order to find appropriate locations in which to make an actuator substitution in a previously passive element two objective functions were defined. A geometric type objective defined a set of nodal deflections based on the perturbation of the aerofoil mean line, this target deflection remained constant throughout the selection process. A shape type objective was also proposed whereby the target deflection was a function of the location of the structure at that particular phase in the selection process. This was achieved by formulating an approximation of the minimum distance between a structural joint on the surface and the target surface. This approximation offers a direct solution without the requirement of iterative root finding analysis. It was found that, except for those cases in which the SFS method was chosen, the shape objective offered improved performance.

Periodic truss type structures have a load bearing performance greatly superior to stochastic foams and comparable to honeycombs when used as the core material for sandwich panels.


The mission adaptive compliant wing (MACW) makes use of compliant structures to configure a variable geometry trailing edge flap. Wind tunnel testing of a long endurance aerofoil with a conventional trailing edge flap demonstrated increased drag due to flow separation in the aft portion of the aerofoil. This region of flow separation was induced by the sharp change to the curvature of the aerofoil surface as the flap was rotated. Wind tunnel data for an adaptive compliant trailing edge flap developed by Flexsys Inc. was observed to have consistently low drag as the flap was deflected, achieved by removal of sharp changes in the surface curvature of the aerofoil [6] . Flight testing of the Flexsys concept has reported preliminary results that suggest reduced fuel consumption, reduced weight and possible gust load alleviation benefits [7] .

Wind tunnel data for an adaptive compliant trailing edge flap developed by Flexsys Inc. was observed to have consistently low drag as the flap was deflected, achieved by removal of sharp changes in the surface curvature of the aerofoil.

Flight testing of the Flexsys concept has reported preliminary results that suggest reduced fuel consumption, reduced weight and possible gust load alleviation benefits.


The DARPA/AFRL/NASA Smart Wing programme investigated the application of smart materials to aircraft control surface design. The first phase of the investigation incorporated shape memory alloy (SMA) based smoothly contoured trailing edge control surfaces and wing twist mechanisms [3] . Phase 2 focused on the use of higher bandwidth piezoelectric based actuation systems integrated into a larger scale full span model [4] . Wind tunnel test results demonstrated roll moment improvements of the smooth contour trailing edge flap when compared with a discrete flap system [4] . An analytical investigation of conformal control surfaces for aerodynamic control compared with a discrete articulation recorded improvements for C L at a range of flap length to chord ratios [5] .

The first phase of the investigation incorporated shape memory alloy (SMA) based smoothly contoured trailing edge control surfaces and wing twist mechanisms.

Phase 2 focused on the use of higher bandwidth piezoelectric based actuation systems integrated into a larger scale full span model.

Wind tunnel test results demonstrated roll moment improvements of the smooth contour trailing edge flap when compared with a discrete flap system.

An analytical investigation of conformal control surfaces for aerodynamic control compared with a discrete articulation recorded improvements for C L at a range of flap length to chord ratios.


Variable camber control was demonstrated by the mission adaptive wing (MAW) programme. Here variable camber leading and trailing edge flaps enabled a smooth, variable camber by the use of hydraulic motors and mechanical actuators. The goal of the system was to permit L/D optimization, roll control, manoeuvre load control, increased lift without increased angle of attack and gust load alleviation. Secondary benefits included terrain following improvements as a result of lift alteration at constant angle of attack, reduced radar cross section and parasitic drag reduction [1] . Additional benefits lie with cruise camber control in maximizing vehicle efficiency during straight and level flight. Based on a study of a subsonic transport aircraft at low speed and cruise flight regimes the benefits of camber optimization are discussed with reference to the L/D ratio. The return from such systems appeared to be more apparent at increased lift coefficients (C L ) where increased camber is used to attain maximal L/D as C L increases [2] .

Secondary benefits included terrain following improvements as a result of lift alteration at constant angle of attack, reduced radar cross section and parasitic drag reduction.

The return from such systems appeared to be more apparent at increased lift coefficients (C L ) where increased camber is used to attain maximal L/D as C L increases.


In the past decade, big data or massive data has drawn dramatically increasing attention all over the world. It was in the 2009 ASA Data Expo competition when people found out that no statistical software was available to analyze the massive Airline ontime performance data. At that time, the airline data file, about 12GB in size, consists of 123,534,969 records of domestic flights in the United States from October 1987 to April 2008 (Kane et al., 2013) . Up to February 2017, the airline on-time performance data collected from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics consists of 353 files and N = 169, 609, 446 valid records in total.

At that time, the airline data file, about 12GB in size, consists of 123,534,969 records of domestic flights in the United States from October 1987 to April 2008.


We evaluated the teratogenic and genotoxic effects of Cd in pregnant mice and their embryos, as well as the potential protection provided by AM treatment. The intraperitoneal administration of Cd to ICR mice (at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg on GD7) produced exencephaly, micrognathia, ablephary, microphthalmia, and clubfoot in the offspring, indicating embryonic sensitivity to low levels of the teratogenic agent. Contrarily, there was no increase in the aforementioned parameters with the administration of AM alone (800 mg/kg) compared to the control group or AM (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) plus Cd compared to the group treated with Cd only. These results demonstrate that teratogenicity owed itself only to the direct effect of Cd (and not of AM) on embryonic development and thus coincide with the exencephaly found in a previous study, in which Cd exposure before neurulation caused an opening in the anterior neural pore [1] . However, the frequency of this alteration has been variable in different studies due to distinct experimental conditions.

These results demonstrate that teratogenicity owed itself only to the direct effect of Cd (and not of AM) on embryonic development and thus coincide with the exencephaly found in a previous study, in which Cd exposure before neurulation caused an opening in the anterior neural pore.


Aftersight is the related work that is closest in spirit to DOUBLE-TAKE [10] . It separates analysis from normal execution by logging inputs to a virtual machine and exporting them to a separate virtual machine for detailed (slow) analysis that can run offline or concurrently with application execution. Aftersight monitors applications running in a virtual machine, which adds some amount of workload-dependent overhead. VM-based recording alone adds additional runtime overhead, an average of 5% on the SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks. Aftersight's dynamic analyses are offloaded to unused processors, which may not be available in some deployments. Unlike Aftersight, DOUBLETAKE does not require the use of a virtual machine, does not rely on additional processors for dynamic analyses, and incurs lower average overhead.

Aftersight is the related work that is closest in spirit to DOUBLE-TAKE.


Record and replay: Several replay-based approaches target software debugging and/or fault tolerance [6, 19, 36, 37, 39, 40] . Flashback supports replay debugging by employing a shadow process to checkpoint the state of an application, and recording the results of system calls to facilitate the replay. Triage uses replay to automate the failure diagnosis process for crashing bugs [40] . Both Flashback and Triage need custom kernel support.

Record and replay: Several replay-based approaches target software debugging and/or fault tolerance.

Triage uses replay to automate the failure diagnosis process for crashing bugs.


Dynamic analysis tools are widely used to find bugs in applications. They are popular among programmers because of their precision-for many analyses, they report no false positives-and can pinpoint the exact location of errors, down to the individual line of code. Perhaps the most prominent and widely used dynamic analysis tool for C/C++ binaries is Valgrind [28] . Valgrind's most popular use case, via its default tool, MemCheck, can find a wide range of memory errors, including buffer overflows, use-after-free errors, and memory leaks.

Perhaps the most prominent and widely used dynamic analysis tool for C/C++ binaries is Valgrind.


In time, a gradual loss of cells from the heart was observed with BLI, but functional benefits seen after two weeks were still detected seven weeks postoperatively [22, 23, 26, 27] . BLI has a high sensitivity to detect luciferase-expressing cells and was preferred over physical labeling of cells with MR-contrast agents such as iron oxides. Iron oxide labeling cannot report on cell viability and importantly several studies have observed MR hypoenhancement originating from leukocytes that phagocytized dead iron-laden cells [28] [29] [30] . Additionally, iron oxide disturbs the anterolateral myocardial contrast required for segmentation of the epi-and endocardium and interferes with LGE evaluation of infarct size [31] . MRI enabled detailed analysis of cardiac function and remodeling, because of its superior ability to visualize the endoand epicardium compared to other imaging modalities [32] [33] [34] .

In time, a gradual loss of cells from the heart was observed with BLI, but functional benefits seen after two weeks were still detected seven weeks postoperatively.

Iron oxide labeling cannot report on cell viability and importantly several studies have observed MR hypoenhancement originating from leukocytes that phagocytized dead iron-laden cells.

Additionally, iron oxide disturbs the anterolateral myocardial contrast required for segmentation of the epi-and endocardium and interferes with LGE evaluation of infarct size.

MRI enabled detailed analysis of cardiac function and remodeling, because of its superior ability to visualize the endoand epicardium compared to other imaging modalities.


For this reason, BP modeling should be extended with new features for the identification (and, possibly, modeling) of such business entities as business terms, facts and constraints. Business constraints describe the conditions of BP execution with different level of complexity (restrictions, initiations, inhibitions) [5] . Basically, the term "constraint" falls under the broader understanding of so called business rules (BR), which define the semantics of business concepts, reactions to business events, constraints and preconditions on tasks and activities, as well as the rights and obligations of business actors. In other words, business rules guide and constrain various aspects of business, including the sequence and timing of activities [6] .

Business constraints describe the conditions of BP execution with different level of complexity (restrictions, initiations, inhibitions).

In other words, business rules guide and constrain various aspects of business, including the sequence and timing of activities.


Strongyles are inadvertently ingested by their hosts as infective third-stage larvae on vegetation. The overall high prevalence and load of strongyle nematodes indicates a high potential for faecal−oral transmission of parasites and pathogens in Bornean elephants. The high prevalence of strongyles is particularly concerning as parasites whose transmission is facilitated by close contact have been shown to be more likely to increase the risk of extinction compared with those transmitted by other routes (Pedersen et al. 2007) .

The high prevalence of strongyles is particularly concerning as parasites whose transmission is facilitated by close contact have been shown to be more likely to increase the risk of extinction compared with those transmitted by other routes.


However, this makes the quality control of the process affected by unreliable human factors. Since many information of the cooling process can not be measured online, it is very difficult to apply conventional feedback control on the supervision level (Guan, et al., 1997) . It is noted that most existing control methods only apply to thinner slabs and the performance quickly deteriorates when the slab becomes thicker, which causes economic losses to manufacturers (Guan, et al 1997) .

Since many information of the cooling process can not be measured online, it is very difficult to apply conventional feedback control on the supervision level.

It is noted that most existing control methods only apply to thinner slabs and the performance quickly deteriorates when the slab becomes thicker, which causes economic losses to manufacturers.


In response to increasing energy demand, new substations and consumers are added to existing grids. Equipping conventional grids with today's computer and network technology provides the basis of a new generation of grid structure within the definition of "smart grid", which aims to achieve a reliable and sustainable energy supply [1] . Existing grid structures have significant drawbacks, such as manual fault detection, independent voltage regulation, nonoptimized power flow, and limited power management. Besides, such conventional grid infrastructures are extremely dependent on each other. Hence, a fault or any other undesirable event that occurs in any location of the grid can rapidly affect a huge part of the system and this problem may cause more damage to the total grid [2] . In order to solve this problem, the disadvantages of grids must be eliminated and improved grid solutions must be implemented [3] .

Equipping conventional grids with today's computer and network technology provides the basis of a new generation of grid structure within the definition of "smart grid", which aims to achieve a reliable and sustainable energy supply.

Hence, a fault or any other undesirable event that occurs in any location of the grid can rapidly affect a huge part of the system and this problem may cause more damage to the total grid.

In order to solve this problem, the disadvantages of grids must be eliminated and improved grid solutions must be implemented.


We emphasized that the surgical measures alone necessary to create a clinically relevant experimental model of chronic volume-overload, as present in many congenital cardiac defects with an anatomic shunt, might disturb postischemic myocardial function. This effect, however, would increase the sampling error. Thus, we employed an experimental model that mimics the conditions of chronic volume-overload non-invasively: neonatal rats were subjected to a diet low in iron for approximately 4 weeks. This measure was described as leading to the rapid development of cardiac hypertrophy by compensatory hypercirculation [22] . The histologic evaluation of hearts from anemic rats and the measurements of hemoglobin, hematocrit and myocardial weight indicated (1) that severe iron deficiency anemia occurred under our experimental conditions and (2) that this was followed by rapid development of myocardial hypertrophy. We therefore regarded this experimental model as clinically relevant to simulate chronic volumeoverload in early infancy.

This measure was described as leading to the rapid development of cardiac hypertrophy by compensatory hypercirculation.


Not all people respond in the same manner to particular colours or make the same psychological associations with colours. Marketers should be aware of the perceived importance of colours and people's interpretation of colour in particular countries and particular cultures. Colour may be used as a marketing tool to influence an individual's attitude towards a brand (Lichtle, 2007) . Colour plays an important role when it comes to products, services, packaging, logos and displays. Colour is also helpful in creating a differentiated position in highly competitive market places and it may aid in highlighting a product's attributes if used strategically (Aslam, 2006) .

Colour may be used as a marketing tool to influence an individual's attitude towards a brand.

Colour is also helpful in creating a differentiated position in highly competitive market places and it may aid in highlighting a product's attributes if used strategically.