Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent forms of adult liver cancer and is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide [1] . HCC accounts for over 80% of all liver cancers, with more than 600 000 people being diagnosed every year [2] [3] [4] . For patients, liver transplantation, surgical resection, and local ablation offer only limited options for HCC treatment [5] . However, due to surgical therapy limitations, advanced tumors can recur even after complete surgical resection; most patients with HCC are not suitable for surgical resection and fewer than 20% of patients respond to conventional chemotherapy [3] . Therefore, there is a need to develop effective new agents for HCC treatment.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent forms of adult liver cancer and is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.

HCC accounts for over 80% of all liver cancers, with more than 600 000 people being diagnosed every year.

For patients, liver transplantation, surgical resection, and local ablation offer only limited options for HCC treatment.

However, due to surgical therapy limitations, advanced tumors can recur even after complete surgical resection; most patients with HCC are not suitable for surgical resection and fewer than 20% of patients respond to conventional chemotherapy.


Alongside this work on retail spatial structure has been a focus on retailing from a cultural as distinct from an economic perspective. The emphasis here is on shopping as a form on consumption and on the ways in which this activity prompts the development of a variety of retail forms. In recent years, much has been written about "shopertainment" and the way in which retailing is not so much about satisfying basic needs as about providing venues for social activity (Pacione, 2005, p. 241) . Thus, planned shopping malls characteristically provide leisure facilities and novel consumption spaces. Specialised retail precincts have arisen where the emphasis is not on attracting particular tenants (eg chain stores) so much as on providing satisfying experiences for an often up-market clientele (Wrigley and Lowe, 2002) .

Specialised retail precincts have arisen where the emphasis is not on attracting particular tenants (eg chain stores) so much as on providing satisfying experiences for an often up-market clientele.


Lines of communication are also important, with suburban shopping centres often growing around railway stations and ribbon development appearing along highway corridors. In other places, specialised shopping centres develop around such themes as eating and entertainment. Hierarchies are often discerned for both nucleated centres and ribbon developments (Pacione, 2005) . Such complexity has led to suggestions that existing theory is of limited utility (Walmsley and Weinand, 1990) .

Hierarchies are often discerned for both nucleated centres and ribbon developments.

Such complexity has led to suggestions that existing theory is of limited utility.


Besides the dissolution patterns, another interesting feature has been demonstrated experimentally. It is now fully evidenced that the pore acid volume injected to breakthrough the core depends on the injection rate and goes through a minimum at the optimum injection rate [18, 40, 2] . It is reported that the optimum conditions are related to the formation of a dominant wormhole with little branching through the core and depends on several parameters, including the rock mineralogy (calcite or dolomite for carbonate formations), the temperature and the acid concentration. They have been worked out in detail by Bazin and Abdulahad [1] .

It is now fully evidenced that the pore acid volume injected to breakthrough the core depends on the injection rate and goes through a minimum at the optimum injection rate.

They have been worked out in detail by Bazin and Abdulahad.


Dynamic sonography must be the first imaging examination due to its low cost and ready availability [11] . However, as seen in our case, a fascial thinning is sometimes difficult to detect. It has been suggested the use of dynamic MR imaging in the evaluation of suspected muscle herniations to better delineate the fascial defect and the size of the muscle herniation, if dynamic sonography does not adequately define these features [26, 27] . It was hypothesized that MRI can be useful in planning operative treatment [28] . We used MRI to localize and confirm pathology in the area of pain.

Dynamic sonography must be the first imaging examination due to its low cost and ready availability.

It has been suggested the use of dynamic MR imaging in the evaluation of suspected muscle herniations to better delineate the fascial defect and the size of the muscle herniation, if dynamic sonography does not adequately define these features.

It was hypothesized that MRI can be useful in planning operative treatment.


Carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide yield ratio and toxicity of fires can be evaluated from small scale tests such as cone calorimeter or tube furnace (Purser furnace) methods [32, 33] . However the results obtained from these tests may differ because of the varying test conditions (e.g. vitiated combustion, rapid quenching of the fire gases, less-or wellventilated conditions etc). This work focuses on the flame retardant effect of APP/PU intumescent additive system in LDPE/ EVA based polymer matrix containing rubber waste, and on the environmental effect of the additive by analysing the evolved gases during combustion. The flammability was tested by LOI, UL 94 and mass loss calorimeter and the gas analysis was performed by FTIR attached in line to the mass loss calorimeter.

Carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide yield ratio and toxicity of fires can be evaluated from small scale tests such as cone calorimeter or tube furnace (Purser furnace) methods.


Two levels of full and fractional analyses have been analysed, [18] . It is necessary to point out, that the resulting data are the output of FE analysis and, therefore, there is no error associated with experimentation, because the FE results on the same model are unique. Given the summary above, it is now possible to define the objectives of this paper: (i) To establish which FE results can be analysed by individual effect; (ii) To establish which FE results should be analysed by interaction effect; (iii) To establish dominating factors for results from (i); (iv) To establish guidelines for future work, that will analyse final response probability.

Two levels of full and fractional analyses have been analysed.


In addition to predicting average disease trajectories, the PCA also successfully predicted variability amongst replicate epidemics of the R. solani -radish system. This reflects in part the stochastic nature of the model but also the nonlinearity of the biological system in which small differences in initial infection are amplified by secondary infection. Differences in primary infection come about due to the geometrical arrangement and germinability of the primary inoculum. The decay of the rate of primary infection with distance leads to a nonlinear relation between the position of the inoculum and the probability of initial infection. In those replicates where, by chance, primary infections occur later, secondary infections are delayed, causing a large scatter in the transient behaviour amongst replicate epidemics. The decline in the host susceptibility essentially 'freezes' the dynamics, and the variability in the transient behaviour, initiated by stochastic variation in primary infection, is reflected in the final state. Previous work has analysed this dynamically generated variability using a mean field model in which the underlying mechanisms are subsumed into simplified transmission parameters (Kleczkowski et al. 1996) . Here we have reproduced and tested the effect of interrupted transients using a spatially explicit model in which the mechanisms responsible for the scatter, at the level of the individual plant, are formally included in the transmission parameters.

Previous work has analysed this dynamically generated variability using a mean field model in which the underlying mechanisms are subsumed into simplified transmission parameters.


Second, let us comment on the connection to HPS [11] . At first glance, our calculation looks quite different from the discussion of HPS: we have regulated the calculation on spatial and timelike surfaces instead of working near null infinity; moreover, our order of limits is such that we never reach null infinity; and finally, our calculation is entirely at the level of the classical equations of motion. In fact, these are all superficial distinctions. Our result can be interpreted in the following way. We solve the classical equations of motion for large r and the near-horizon region. This allows us to canonically quantize using asymptotically flat modes and near-horizon modes. Then, we argue that there are two conservation laws that fix the Bogolyubov transformation between these two sets of modes. This is nothing but a Ward identity, since one could now use the Bogolyubov transformation to evaluate correlators with interior insertions. To wit, we have just worked out in explicit detail the HPS Ward identity in the background of a non-evaporating black hole.

Second, let us comment on the connection to HPS.


Safflower seed consists of a fibrous and callous hull, two cotyledons and an embryo. It is similar in appearance to sunflower seed, but smaller. Its hull proportion varies widely from 18 to 59% of the seed weight in different cultivars. This value is negatively correlated with the oil and protein content of the seed (Baümler et al., 2004; Ekin, 2005; Vosoughkia et al., 2011) . The lipid content of the dehulled seed is in the range of 36 to 43%. Safflower oil presents a higher refractive index, specific weight, density, iodine value and linoleic acid content than other common edible oils. It is an oil with reduced acidity, often preferred in northern countries due to its light taste. Safflower oil, rich in linoleic acid, is good for the skin and the intestinal mucosa; a favorable action in the prevention and treatment of rheumatic disorders is also ascribed to it (Dajue and Mündel, 1996) . Traditionally it is used as massage oil for muscle aches and injuries. From an industrial point of view, it is a drying or semi-drying oil, used in the manufacture of paints and other surface coatings. Because it is transparent, it was used in white and/or bright paints so that they do not turn yellow in the course of time (Lu et al., 2004) .

This value is negatively correlated with the oil and protein content of the seed.

Safflower oil, rich in linoleic acid, is good for the skin and the intestinal mucosa; a favorable action in the prevention and treatment of rheumatic disorders is also ascribed to it.

Because it is transparent, it was used in white and/or bright paints so that they do not turn yellow in the course of time.


Given their responsibilities at all levels of care, nurses play a determining role in service coordination and care delivery [14] . They are a key link in the development of service programs and the achievement of underlying transformations. Implementing service programs involves, for example, developing referral mechanisms or new care protocols, introducing new roles to optimize nurses' contribution, and developing renewed care activities that are more closely tailored to needs. It also includes developing collaborative practices that involve patients and families, nurses, as well as other service providers, levels of care, and organizations [15] . However, various studies have reported discrepancies between, on one hand, the imperatives of these integration processes and, on the other, nurses' training. Some authors point out that integration calls for specific skills and competencies related to practicing in a network, in which nurses currently have little training [15] [16] [17] .

Given their responsibilities at all levels of care, nurses play a determining role in service coordination and care delivery.

It also includes developing collaborative practices that involve patients and families, nurses, as well as other service providers, levels of care, and organizations.

Some authors point out that integration calls for specific skills and competencies related to practicing in a network, in which nurses currently have little training.


The Canidae Family has a wide range of social and physiological mechanisms that are unique to this taxonomic group (Asa et al., 1990) . Managing them in captivity can be a challenge and it is important that these mechanisms are taken into consideration for the welfare of the animals and those working with them. One area of focus is reproductive control, which is essential for population management in captivity. Currently it is known that all temperate Canidae species are monoestrous and usually seasonal, which can influence the management styles implemented for controlling reproduction (Asa et al., 1990) . These physiological differences between Canidae and other carnivores make it a challenge when developing a consistent plan for contraception practices. Controlling reproduction by reversible contraception is just one tool towards having a healthy and well-managed group in zoological institutions.

The Canidae Family has a wide range of social and physiological mechanisms that are unique to this taxonomic group.

Currently it is known that all temperate Canidae species are monoestrous and usually seasonal, which can influence the management styles implemented for controlling reproduction.


Good husbandry practices, such as weeding, manuring and mulching produce vigorous banana plants that have improved weevil tolerance (Feakin, 1971; Gowen, 2000) . Most of the farmers are not aware of the chemical hazards and do not have adequate knowledge of safety measures. Because of this, there is high level of negligence and misuse, while handling chemical pesticides. Chemical causes the long term effects such as effect in soil environment, human health, ground water contamination, pesticide resistance, pest resurgence and other ecological effect but these effects are being neglected by the farmers (Thapa and GC, 2000) . In simple term, IPM aims at combining all available methods or tools of insect pest control in a manner that minimizes insecticides use and disturbance to the ecosystem (Chatterjee, 1997) . It requires a level of analytical skill and certain basic training in crop monitoring and ecological principles, where farmers have been trained as experts (Bentley et al., 1993) .

Good husbandry practices, such as weeding, manuring and mulching produce vigorous banana plants that have improved weevil tolerance.

Chemical causes the long term effects such as effect in soil environment, human health, ground water contamination, pesticide resistance, pest resurgence and other ecological effect but these effects are being neglected by the farmers.

In simple term, IPM aims at combining all available methods or tools of insect pest control in a manner that minimizes insecticides use and disturbance to the ecosystem.

It requires a level of analytical skill and certain basic training in crop monitoring and ecological principles, where farmers have been trained as experts.


The modes of free vibration of a simply supported beam with rectangular cross-section and mid-span symmetric cracks have been studied. Results have been obtained for the lowest three natural frequencies and mode shapes in terms of crack depth. Results for the fundamental mode are compared to those of Christides and Barr [13] .

Results for the fundamental mode are compared to those of Christides and Barr.


In the above studies the local flexibility scalars and matrices were formulated from the stress intensity factors of the cracked structures considered. However, these stress intensity factors can be determined analytically or by experimental testing only for simple structures [12] . In genera1 they have to be evaluated by numerical techniques such as the finite element method.

However, these stress intensity factors can be determined analytically or by experimental testing only for simple structures.


In the present study, the TMT-SPS-MS3 approach was integrated with differential expression and coregulation analyses to investigate the global changes of protein complexes, in terms of abundance and protein-protein associations, in 27 optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound-embedded and cryopreserved clinical tissue specimens of primary PCa (i.e., 9 normal prostate, 9 low-grade/low-risk PCa, and 9 high-grade/high-risk PCa). Notably, recent studies have shown that, when properly handled and processed, OCT samples provide better protein recovery and MS identification than formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens [25, 26] . After stringent statistical analysis, the study revealed that certain protein complexes were significantly deregulated in low-grade and/or high-grade PCa, compared with normal prostate. Further exploitation of the deregulated protein complexes may shed new light on the molecular basis of PCa development and progression in vivo, as well as provide novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for better management of this leading male cancer.

Notably, recent studies have shown that, when properly handled and processed, OCT samples provide better protein recovery and MS identification than formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens.


Several of the dental adhesives examined were tested in vitro studies where various established cell-lines were used in vitro. The two primary advantages of this type of testing is the ability to control the environment in the laboratory and the subsequent ability to accurately meas-ure the response to the exposed cells. These tests prove to be rapid, inexpensive, sensitive and a repeatable means of ranking the cytotoxicity of dental materials [23] .

These tests prove to be rapid, inexpensive, sensitive and a repeatable means of ranking the cytotoxicity of dental materials.


MH exploitation has attracted great attentions since the total carbon content in MH is twice as large as that in petroleum, coal and methane gas available now [7] . Moreover, it is considered as a type of promising and hugely reserved clean energy which can alleviate the energy crisis to certain extent [8] [9] [10] [11] . Therefore, how to exploit MH safely and efficiently has become a worldwide focus [12] .

MH exploitation has attracted great attentions since the total carbon content in MH is twice as large as that in petroleum, coal and methane gas available now.

Moreover, it is considered as a type of promising and hugely reserved clean energy which can alleviate the energy crisis to certain extent.

Therefore, how to exploit MH safely and efficiently has become a worldwide focus.


The prevalence of obesity increases worldwide [1] . This severely affects public health due to associated comorbidities such as hypertension, type 2-diabetes, and increased cardiovascular risk [2] . Notably, overweight and obesity during midlife increases the risk of developing dementia later in life and at least one third of all Alzheimer disease (AD) cases may be attributed to modifiable risk factors including midlife obesity [3] [4] [5] . In addition to increased risk of dementia, obesity has also been associated with impaired episodic and semantic memory functions in non-demented middle-aged elderly men [6] . Importantly, there is also evidence that caloric restriction and weight loss may improve both memory and executive functions in middle-aged and elderly individuals [7, 8] .

The prevalence of obesity increases worldwide.

This severely affects public health due to associated comorbidities such as hypertension, type 2-diabetes, and increased cardiovascular risk.

Notably, overweight and obesity during midlife increases the risk of developing dementia later in life and at least one third of all Alzheimer disease (AD) cases may be attributed to modifiable risk factors including midlife obesity.

In addition to increased risk of dementia, obesity has also been associated with impaired episodic and semantic memory functions in non-demented middle-aged elderly men.

Importantly, there is also evidence that caloric restriction and weight loss may improve both memory and executive functions in middle-aged and elderly individuals.


In the 1990s Robin Forman developed a discrete version of Morse theory that turned out to be an efficient method for the study of the topology of discrete objects, such as regular cell complexes. As in the smooth setting, changes in the topology are deeply related to the presence of critical cells of a discrete Morse function. The analysis of the evolution of the homology of the cell complexes can be a very useful tool, for example in computer vision to deal with shape recognition problems by means of topological shape descriptors, and in topological data analysis, where new information can be extracted from the data. It can also be used for efficient computation of homology of the cell complex [7] , [10] . Many of the familiar results from the smooth theory apply in the discrete setting.

It can also be used for efficient computation of homology of the cell complex.


Dilatant strengthening has been proposed as a mechanism for SSE [4] [5] [6] [7] . Dilatancy, the tendency for pore space to increase under shear, is intrinsic to compacted granular materials, including fault gouges. Rate-state frictional weakening allows transient slip to nucleate. As the shear rate increases, pores dilate, and restricted pore fluid flow makes the fault zone increasingly undrained. This decreases pore pressure p, increasing the effective normal stressσ ≡ (σ − p), and so increases the frictional resistance to further slip. The faster the fault slips, the harder it is for fluid flow into the fault zone to keep up with dilatancy; thus the stabilizing effect increases with slip speed. However, if slip becomes fast enough, frictional heat is generated faster than can be removed by conduction, leading to thermal pressurization. The greater thermal expansivity of water relative to rock leads to an increase in p and so a decrease in frictional resistance.

Dilatant strengthening has been proposed as a mechanism for SSE.


Contrast and specificity may be improved by reducing background activity using new hypoxic tracers, such as [18F]-HX4 and [18F]DiFA [24, 25] . This study suggested that greater reductions in the background activity other than FMISO can improve the performance of hypoxia imaging for predicting local recurrence. These new tracers are expected to provide more information about hypoxia and be more useful for defining regions that will require greater doses to reduce local recurrence.

Contrast and specificity may be improved by reducing background activity using new hypoxic tracers, such as [18F]-HX4 and [18F]DiFA.


The restrictions on parameters that are imposed by supersymmetry breaking emerge in a very interesting manner: The equations of motion can be solved for all values of the parameters and the restrictions then emerge from the bubble equations, which require that there are no closed timelike curves near the supertube. While it has not been shown in general, there is good evidence that the bubble equations can be thought of as a condition of finding a local minimum of a potential for the supertube interaction. That is, the interactions between supertubes involve non-trivial forces between their magnetic dipoles and electric charges and the requirement of a static solution forces them to find an equilibrium configuration. More generally, a dynamic solution will involve some kind of oscillation around this equilibrium configuration [25, 26] . One way one can interpret the results presented here is that the supersymmetry-breaking holonomy modifies these forces and the potential and restricts the range of equilibrium configurations and indeed wipes out the minima if the supersymmetry breaking is too strong.

More generally, a dynamic solution will involve some kind of oscillation around this equilibrium configuration.


A questionnaire was developed to collect self-reported data concerning each company's information processing design choices and its strategy. Three to eight top executives at each company were surveyed: the chief operating officer (president) or a division vice president, chief information officer, and other top executives (e.g., directors of marketing, chief financial officers, and controllers). These executives should have an intimate knowledge of business and IT plans and practices, organizational structures and strategy, and other information relevant to the study [12, 46, 67] . The assistance of LIMRA (Life Insurance Marketing Research Associates), a major industry support group, was solicited to identify the names and titles of these executives and assist with the preparation of the survey instrument. Dun and Bradstreet information on executives in the industry was also obtained to supplement the LIMRA contact list. We were able to identify executives from 428 of the 500 largest companies in the life/health insurance industry.

These executives should have an intimate knowledge of business and IT plans and practices, organizational structures and strategy, and other information relevant to the study.


The major cell wall components of wood are composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, in which cellulose is first synthesized as crystalline cellulose microfibrils and then associated with hemicelluloses. Such carbohydrates are then encrusted with lignin to form lignocellulosic cell wall microstructure [1] . Lignin is a hydrophobic aromatic polymer, while cellulose is not only hydrophobic due to its crystalline nature by numerous hydrogen bonds but also hydrophilic because of its numerous hydroxyl groups over the surface of cellulose microfibrils. Although it has been expected that hemicelluloses mediate between these alien substances, their functions have not been elucidated in detail. Thus, it is of importance to know about the structure of the native hemicellulose.

Such carbohydrates are then encrusted with lignin to form lignocellulosic cell wall microstructure.


From the point of view of the resources, multi-core CPU node clusters, have become popular platforms to execute bioinformatics workflows applications and perform genomic data analysis. When executing workflows, different performance goals may be sought by multiple parties, such as applications users and platform administrators. Users' performance criteria generally involves minimizing the execution makespan or cost, with the purpose of meeting deadlines or budget constraints. Conversely, platform administrators usually focus on a much different criteria, such as maximizing resource efficiency and usage. Users and platform criteria are detrimental to one another and usually conflict. To meet users' and platform's conditions in so as far as possible, cluster resources must be properly allocated, accounting for the characteristics and resource usage of applications. Allocation of applications to resources is a NP-hard problem, which has been long-analyzed in previous research [7, 8] . Prior insight on the resources to be used by applications may become crucial to maximize performance.

Allocation of applications to resources is a NP-hard problem, which has been long-analyzed in previous research.


Responsible use, proper regulations, and a supportive or therapeutic milieu (including a safe and appropriate setting as well as well-informed expectations and mind-set) are essential caveats to any discussion of psychedelic substances. The current findings, which suggest that unsupervised psychedelic use can result in RSMEs with positive outcomes, are consistent with a growing body of data from laboratory settings (Griffiths et al., 2008; Grob et al., 2011) . However, our findings address only positive subjective feelings and experiences stemming from psychedelic use; therefore, conclusions regarding benefits or risks associated with other outcomes, such as physical health or psychological distress, cannot be drawn.

The current findings, which suggest that unsupervised psychedelic use can result in RSMEs with positive outcomes, are consistent with a growing body of data from laboratory settings.


The capability for psychoactive substances to exert profound psychological effects is notable for a number of reasons. First, the phenomenological aspects of such experiences are relatively brief-usually only several minutes or hours-compared with the duration of the experience's long-term personality and behavioral effects, which can persist for years or decades (Doblin, 1991; Forman, 1999; Griffiths, Richards, Johnson, McCann, & Jesse, 2008; MacLean, Johnson, & Griffiths, 2011) . Second, such experiences can be relatively easily induced in laboratory settings. Third, the experience is almost entirely subjective, with few changes in distinct bodily activity or behavior during the experiences-that is to say, all of these changes can occur during a few hours of lying on a couch. Fourth, such experiences are often interpreted in religious or spiritual terms, perhaps suggesting stable phenomenological qualities that cue religious and spiritual interpretations. Understanding the subjective qualities and content of such experiences, as well as the ways in which culture affects their interpretation, is thus a complicated yet necessary aim for further scientific inquiry with significant clinical implications.

First, the phenomenological aspects of such experiences are relatively brief-usually only several minutes or hours-compared with the duration of the experience's long-term personality and behavioral effects, which can persist for years or decades.


Religious or spiritual interpretations are common to psychedelic experiences. Reports of religious or spiritual imagery are common across a number of studies using psychedelic substances (Masters & Houston, 1966) . In the by guest on October 25, 2016 jhp.sagepub.com Downloaded from hallmark "Good Friday experiment," subjects attending a Christian religious service at Marsh Chapel at Harvard University had more intensely religious and spiritual experiences after being administered psilocybin than did those administered an inert control substance (Pahnke, 1966) . Notably, participants in the drug condition still found the experience meaningful decades later (Doblin, 1991) . Unfortunately, the most compelling findings from research conducted during this era of scholarship were overshadowed by the perception of ethical violations, unrestrained enthusiasm by a few early researchers in the field, and a reactionary ban on psychedelic substances even for research purposes (Baumeister & Placidi, 1983) .

Reports of religious or spiritual imagery are common across a number of studies using psychedelic substances.

In the by guest on October 25, 2016 jhp.sagepub.com Downloaded from hallmark "Good Friday experiment," subjects attending a Christian religious service at Marsh Chapel at Harvard University had more intensely religious and spiritual experiences after being administered psilocybin than did those administered an inert control substance.

Notably, participants in the drug condition still found the experience meaningful decades later.

Unfortunately, the most compelling findings from research conducted during this era of scholarship were overshadowed by the perception of ethical violations, unrestrained enthusiasm by a few early researchers in the field, and a reactionary ban on psychedelic substances even for research purposes.


The finding that psychedelic-induced experiences were rated as more spiritual than nonpsychedelic experiences was particularly surprising as psychedelic substances represent an obviously physical, rather than supernatural, causal trigger of the experience. However, as previous work on the topic has discussed at length, the psychedelic substance is often not considered the "cause" but rather the "occasion" of the experience (Griffiths et al., 2006; Hood, 2014; Huxley, 1958; Smith, 1964) . That is, psychedelic substances may provide a potent context for a genuinely spiritual experience, leading to enhanced feelings of spirituality.

However, as previous work on the topic has discussed at length, the psychedelic substance is often not considered the "cause" but rather the "occasion" of the experience.


To date, a variety of solid carbon sources (e.g., fresh chips, kinloch, karaka, dargaville, maize cobs, wood chips, hardwood, green waste, wheat straw, softwood, barley straw and palm leaf) have been investigated for nitrate removal in denitrification beds (Cameron and Schipper, 2011; Robertson, 2010; Schipper et al., 2010) . Nevertheless, it is still necessary to find a cost-effective and more economical carbon source. Sugarcane industries produce different types of solid and liquid wastes which cause serious environmental pollution due to the lack of sustainable solutions for their waste management (Bhatnagar et al., 2016) . Sugarcane bagasse is one of the by-products generated in sugar industries. Many developing countries produce enormous quantities of sugarcane bagasse and destroy or burn them inadequately causing pollution of the environment. However, many studies have shown the beneficial uses of sugarcane bagasse for different purposes (Makul and Sua-iam, 2016; Renouf et al., 2013) . Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of two substrates (i) soil alone and (ii) mixture of soil and sugarcane bagasse (as a new denitrification substrate) in the denitrification process and to determine the optimal hydraulic parameters to improve the performance of substrates containing sugarcane bagasse.

To date, a variety of solid carbon sources (e.g., fresh chips, kinloch, karaka, dargaville, maize cobs, wood chips, hardwood, green waste, wheat straw, softwood, barley straw and palm leaf) have been investigated for nitrate removal in denitrification beds.

Sugarcane industries produce different types of solid and liquid wastes which cause serious environmental pollution due to the lack of sustainable solutions for their waste management.

However, many studies have shown the beneficial uses of sugarcane bagasse for different purposes.


Soot particles are agglomerates of carbon containing particles, which are formed during incomplete combustion processes (Seinfeld and Pandis, 2006) . Soot particles contain absorbing graphite like carbon (black carbon, BC) and at the same time many other carbon containing substances (organic carbon, OC). From a morphological point of view, soot particles are fractals. They consist of chains of primary particles with internal voids, which may compact due to wetting with water or other fluids.

Soot particles are agglomerates of carbon containing particles, which are formed during incomplete combustion processes.


Road design consistency, that studies the road geometry's conformance with driver expectancy, is gaining an important role in road design (FHWA 2000a; Ng, Sayed 2004; Garach Morcillo et al. 2014) . Nowadays, the main criteria to evaluate the design speed are based on operating speed, often determined as the 85th percentile speed of a sample of vehicles (Sowmya et al. 2012) . Operating speed is the speed under which 85% of vehicles operate under free-flow condition on clean and dry road pavement (only 15% of the drivers exceeds the measured speed). Many researchers agree with considering this speed as a truer measure of the behaviour actually required by drivers (Camacho-Torregrosa et al. 2013) . Other authors retain that the lack of speed consistency in the road section is reflected also by the large amount of speed differential in the operating speed between the two successive elements along a road (Park, Saccomanno 2006) . The knowledge and management of the operating speeds seem to be a crucial point to enhance road safety conditions, because it allows the alignment of the road to be tested as a function of the potential heterogeneity in drivers' behaviour, as well as to highlight safety issues in the existing roads test of safety conditions (Atashafrazeh, Yadollahi 2013) .

Road design consistency, that studies the road geometry's conformance with driver expectancy, is gaining an important role in road design.

Nowadays, the main criteria to evaluate the design speed are based on operating speed, often determined as the 85th percentile speed of a sample of vehicles.

Many researchers agree with considering this speed as a truer measure of the behaviour actually required by drivers.

Other authors retain that the lack of speed consistency in the road section is reflected also by the large amount of speed differential in the operating speed between the two successive elements along a road.

The knowledge and management of the operating speeds seem to be a crucial point to enhance road safety conditions, because it allows the alignment of the road to be tested as a function of the potential heterogeneity in drivers' behaviour, as well as to highlight safety issues in the existing roads test of safety conditions.


Since its inception in the 1800s, reciprocating piston engines have been widely used to drive motor vehicles. However, even with all the progress and innovations in the reciprocating engine technology, there are still issues and challenges facing the engine design. To overcome these, there have been attempts to come up with new engine designs. Rotary engines have been proposed as a possible design alternative. As compared to a reciprocating engine, rotary engines are usually more compact and have less number of components with better vibration and noise characteristics. In response, Wankel developed a rotary piston engine in the 1960s which has been adopted by Mazda to drive its sport vehicles. However, leakage is one of the main issues with this engine design [1] . More recently, Sakita introduced a new rotary machine design called the "cat and mouse type" rotary engine [2] . Shen and Hwang adopted the sliding vane machine design for an air-powered motorcycle [3] .

However, leakage is one of the main issues with this engine design.

More recently, Sakita introduced a new rotary machine design called the "cat and mouse type" rotary engine.

Shen and Hwang adopted the sliding vane machine design for an air-powered motorcycle.


In 2006, a new rotary machine design concept called the revolving vane (RV) mechanism was introduced by Teh and Ooi [4] . An improved version was later proposed to improve the mechanical efficiency of the machine [5] . Unlike the more common rotary machines which use stationary cylinders, the RV machine lets the cylinder move together with the rotor. This significantly reduces the frictions of the machine. In addition, it is also found that the RV machine exhibits better volumetric performance as compared to a rolling piston machine [6] . The machine was first introduced as a compressor but has subsequently been used in expander and air engine applications too [7] [8] [9] .

In 2006, a new rotary machine design concept called the revolving vane (RV) mechanism was introduced by Teh and Ooi.

An improved version was later proposed to improve the mechanical efficiency of the machine.

In addition, it is also found that the RV machine exhibits better volumetric performance as compared to a rolling piston machine.

The machine was first introduced as a compressor but has subsequently been used in expander and air engine applications too.


A simulation code to model the exergy behaviour of an RV engine was developed in MATLAB programming language. This code was coupled to the existing RV engine models mentioned at the beginning of this section. Whenever required, a general convergence criterion of 1% was used throughout the simulation. The benchmark operating conditions and major dimensions of the RV engine are shown in Table 1 . The design configuration of the RV engine studied is shown in Figure 2 . These follow those used in the validation of the RV engine models reported previously [25] .

These follow those used in the validation of the RV engine models reported previously.


Following the benchmark analysis, a parametric study was conducted to analyse how different parameters affect the exergy behaviours. The parameters to be examined were suction reservoir pressure, operational speed of engine, and rotational cylinder inertia. These parameters were selected because they were found to affect the performance of the engine significantly in previous studies [7] . Moreover, these parameters can be changed independently without affecting the other parameters during the study.

These parameters were selected because they were found to affect the performance of the engine significantly in previous studies.


The Gene Ontology project (GO) is a bioinformatics initiative to characterize all the important features of genes and gene products within a cell [2] [3] . GO is composed of three controlled vocabularies structured as mostly-separate subontologies: biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Each GO sub-ontology is structured as a directed acyclic graph of features (nodes) and ontological relationships (edges). In January 2014, GO contained 39,000 terms with more than 25,450 biological processes, 2,250 cellular components, and 9,650 molecular functions. However, GO annotations are constantly being revised and added as new experimental evidence is produced.

The Gene Ontology project (GO) is a bioinformatics initiative to characterize all the important features of genes and gene products within a cell.


A useful technique to overcome this limitation is femtosecond pump-probe microscopy with a pulse-limited temporal resolution of the order of the laser pulse duration [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Based on microscopy, time-resolved optical data are acquired in the form of a series of 2-D microscopy images of the irradiated region at different time delays of the probe pulse, illuminating the excited region. The additional spatial resolution of this experimental technique (in a few micron range), compared to conventional pumpprobe approaches, allows obtaining precise information of the dynamics of these processes at each position of the intensity distribution of the pump spot. This technique has already been employed for the study of femtosecond laser irradiated fused silica [10, 11] .

A useful technique to overcome this limitation is femtosecond pump-probe microscopy with a pulse-limited temporal resolution of the order of the laser pulse duration.

This technique has already been employed for the study of femtosecond laser irradiated fused silica.


The 30 min red or white light treatments greatly reduced spore germination in L. clavatum, but did not eliminate it as the 20 min exposures did for Ophioglossum (Whittier, 2006) . Exposing the spores of L. clavatum to a 12 hr photoperiod of white light prevented their germination. This raises the possibility that an exposure to red light longer than 30 min is necessary to eliminate spore germination in L. clavatum.

The 30 min red or white light treatments greatly reduced spore germination in L. clavatum, but did not eliminate it as the 20 min exposures did for Ophioglossum.


GaAs based heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are widely used for power amplifiers in today's wireless communication systems. This technology offers high power density, high efficiency and high linearity. But the increasing demand for high performance puts a stringent requirement for the device ruggedness [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . A clear understanding of the devices' SOAs and an accurate way to characterize them are extremely important.

But the increasing demand for high performance puts a stringent requirement for the device ruggedness.


The medicinal plant, Ruellia patula (L.) (Acanthaceae) is commonly known as 'kiranthinayagam' or 'kayappacchilai'. It is a medicinal plant traditionally used in the treatment of wounds. In folklore remedies, the leaves are used to treat cuts, wounds, cure eye sore, gonorrhea, syphilis and renal infections and poisonous bites (Akhtar et al., 1992) . The plant is commonly distributed on Africa, Arabia and South West India wastelands. The leaves are used for treating itches, insect bites, sores, eye diseases, tumors, skin diseases, rheumatic complaints, renal affections, dental problems and insect bites. Pharmacological studies indicated its cardio tonic; wound healing, antiulcer and antioxidant activities. Aim of the present work, is to analysis the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the medicinal plant R. patula L. against different organisms.

In folklore remedies, the leaves are used to treat cuts, wounds, cure eye sore, gonorrhea, syphilis and renal infections and poisonous bites.


Plants have been an important source of medicine for thousands of years. The World Health Organization estimates that around 80% of the world population in developing countries relies on traditional plant medicines for primary healthcare needs, of which a major proportion corresponds to plant extracts or their active principle (Salatino et al., 2007) . They are also the source of many modern medicines. It is estimated that approximately one fourth (1/4 th ) of the prescribed drugs contain plants extracts or active ingredients obtained from the plant substances.

The World Health Organization estimates that around 80% of the world population in developing countries relies on traditional plant medicines for primary healthcare needs, of which a major proportion corresponds to plant extracts or their active principle.


These novel cloud-based message queueing services, however, pose some serious performance and reliability challenges. For example, online payment services rely on messaging services which can provide high reliability and high performance so as to support the acquisition and processing of real-time data and also help to provide better application services and strive for greater market share for enterprise customers. For commercial cloud queueing services, an effective method is urgently needed to measure and predict the performance of services as well as their reliability and scalability. Specially, when facing system updating, it is essential that cloud services are subjected to a rigorous performance analysis before the launch of new version in order to make sure that the update will not bring up performance decline in some aspects. Moreover, because of the flexibility and loose coupling of CMQSs, performance monitoring and analysis should better be conducted continuously when providing services, so as to acquire customer feedback timely and make adjustments adaptively to achieve optimal performance accordingly. Common performance metrics of interest are the expected event notification latency as well as the utilization and message throughput of the various system components [11] . In addition, the issue of message consistency, one of the most essential features of message queueing services, is also discussed in this paper when modeling CMQSs, and two types of message consistency options are provided in the model.

Common performance metrics of interest are the expected event notification latency as well as the utilization and message throughput of the various system components.


Following the 1st cycle, (Fig. 4b) , significant fracturing and deformation can be seen to occur within the Si particles (denoted by yellow arrows in the reconstructed cross section and observed in the 3D particle rendering in Fig. 4b ) as a result of volume change caused by lithiation and de-lithiation processes. In addition to particle fracturing, the Si particles begin to lose the (greyscale) intensity around their edges, with the presence of a relatively low intensity/low attenuation phase observed around the outer surface of the particles. This decrease in greyscale intensity directly correlates with a decrease in X-ray absorption or a change in material density [24] . The formation of the low attenuating phase can be attributed to the phase transformation that occurs due to the alloying of Li and Si, as well as the significant formation of SEI-based products from electrolyte breakdown. Excessive SEI formation in Si electrodes can be controlled through the use of electrolyte additives [35, 39] .

This decrease in greyscale intensity directly correlates with a decrease in X-ray absorption or a change in material density.

Excessive SEI formation in Si electrodes can be controlled through the use of electrolyte additives.


In this work, the number of participants (72) is relatively small compared to the number of companies in Guangdong province, which results in some limitations to the work. First, we have not controlled for specific sizes or industry type (e.g., construction, textile, electronics), which would have been useful. Second, the SWOT analysis was performed in groups and not independently. If, on the one hand, it has stimulated the discussion, it may have also hidden the opinions of some participants. Finally, the level of awareness on EMSs among the workshop participants was uneven and not possible to quantitatively address. This might have biased the results by highlighting the factors of the participants with more expertise. The above points are interesting directions for future study when more data is available. However, apart from its theoretical contribution, the results of the study can have positive implications for practitioners, researchers and policy-makers. Accordingly, future studies could deepen the analysis by adding further categories of classification factors to the SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, internal opportunities, internal threats, stimulants, counter stimuli, external opportunities, external threats), as proposed by Nazarko and colleagues [109] . Moreover, the use of the qualitative results obtained in this and related studies could provide valuable inputs to direct relevant quantitative analysis aiming at providing useful data for computing performance indicators (e.g., return on investment (ROI)) and comparing different alternatives for environmental and sustainable management. The paper's findings can help sustainability and environmental managers to anticipate potential difficulties in the implementation of the standard and maximize benefits that ISO 14001 can bring to a company in the form of improved efficiency of internal processes, increased international reputation and trust, and reduced legal and environmental risks. The paper also provides a description of topics companies need to pay attention to in order to maintain and improve their sustainability performance. Future studies could analyze the different perceptions of ISO 14001 in China based on the industrial sector and provinces, and test whether the findings are in line with the results of this paper.

Accordingly, future studies could deepen the analysis by adding further categories of classification factors to the SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, internal opportunities, internal threats, stimulants, counter stimuli, external opportunities, external threats), as proposed by Nazarko and colleagues.


The past few decades have witnessed the rapid development of China, which has developed as the second economy in the world. However, the long-term economy-oriented development characterized as "high input, high consumption and high emissions" was achieved at the expense of the environment [1] . With the ongoing global climate change, shortage of national resources and environmental deterioration, China's moves on environmental protection have drawn the world's attention.

However, the long-term economy-oriented development characterized as "high input, high consumption and high emissions" was achieved at the expense of the environment.


Currently, there are no clinically available effective treatments for the prevention or treatment of this doselimiting painful neuropathy. In order to find possible drugs for the prevention of PINP considerable research is being undertaken to understand its pathophysiology. The mechanism for the development of PINP is not clear, but various factors have been proposed, including the disruption of microtubule functions in axons, the generation of free radicals, glial cell activation, cytokine production and the upregulation of MMPs and activation of proteinase-activated receptors [3, [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] 21] .

The mechanism for the development of PINP is not clear, but various factors have been proposed, including the disruption of microtubule functions in axons, the generation of free radicals, glial cell activation, cytokine production and the upregulation of MMPs and activation of proteinase-activated receptors.


From the perspective of queen conch conservation, our results are potentially disturbing since the basis of management in many areas, including the Bahamas, is a ban on the exploitation of conch until they have reached morphological maturity, as indicated by the presence of a 'well-formed' flaring lip. Our experimental findings indicate that young adult queen conch, which are legally exploited, may not be functionally mature even at lip thickness values up to 11 mm (Fig. 5) . Hence, a large fraction of the population of queen conch may be subject to exploitation before reproducing, particularly young adult queen conch that are not functionally mature and that occur at low density in shallow seagrass habitats. This situation was modelled as the 'Rep' treatment in our simulations, with delayed reproduction and immediate exploitation of adults that do not reproduce. In this case, moderate levels of fishing mortality led to non-linear collapses in equilibrium population size, indicating that this species may be much more vulnerable to exploitation and population collapse than previously thought. In fact, population collapses have been common in heavily exploited queen conch populations (Berg & Olsen 1989) . Moreover, the likelihood of restoration success may be diminished substantially by a combination of Allee effects and delayed functional maturity. Thus, conservation efforts must be directed at those habitats that support young adults at low density, and not only to habitats where older functionally mature adults are at high density and not susceptible to Allee effects.

In fact, population collapses have been common in heavily exploited queen conch populations.


The natural radiation environment in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) differs significantly in composition and energy from that found on Earth. It consists of protons and heavier ions from Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR) of energies up to 10 20 eV, as well as protons and electrons trapped in the Earth's radiation belts having energies up to 600 MeV and 7 MeV, respectively. Protons and heavier particles with energies up to several gigaelectron-volts (GeV) emitted in occasional Solar Particle Events (SPEs) increase the complexity of the radiation field. The radiation field in LEO is dependent on altitude and inclination of the spacecraft orbit and changes with the solar activity. Particles of all sources are capable of entering the spacecraft. The interactions of the particles with the atoms of the spacecraft material and the human body lead to a release of orbital electrons due to ionization as well as to production of new particles such as mesons, pions, secondary protons, neutrons and heavy ions through fragmentation of the primary particles or target fragmentation through nuclear collisions. As a result, the exposure the crew receives during an extended spaceflight significantly exceeds exposure limits for terrestrial radiation workers (Reitz 2008) .

As a result, the exposure the crew receives during an extended spaceflight significantly exceeds exposure limits for terrestrial radiation workers.


However, in reality, human mobility is so complex or diverse that no simple rule or model can fully capture its characteristics. This is why different studies have reported different scaling exponent values based on different mobility datasets, although they have all identified the Levy flight characteristic. Our model can mimic the observed Levy flight characteristic of volunteer mobility, but it lacks the power to generate a wide range of mobility patterns in terms of different exponent values. Given this complexity and shortcoming, we add another ingredient to the model to allow a better understanding of the human mobility pattern: the jumping factor (JF), which is similar to the damping factor in the PageRank algorithm [33] . This factor supposes that in reality one person might have a probability of canceling the regular mobility schedule and immediately make a decision to move to another place, and here it refers to the probability of going to a random low level cluster. To test the influence of the jumping factor on the mobility pattern, we carry out simulations for each specified jumping factor value and then obtain the corresponding exponent value.

Given this complexity and shortcoming, we add another ingredient to the model to allow a better understanding of the human mobility pattern: the jumping factor (JF), which is similar to the damping factor in the PageRank algorithm.


Let us try to make this more precise and consider first Theorem A. The key observation is that the derived category D(G) of a Grothendieck category G is well generated in the sense of Neeman [30] . Thus one can choose a small set A of generators for G such that D(G) is naturally equivalent to the quotient D(A)/L, where D(A) is the derived category of A, seen as a dg category, and L is an appropriate localizing subcategory of D(A). This is carried out in Section 5.1, where we also explain that Theorem A follows easily once we prove the following general criterion.

The key observation is that the derived category D(G) of a Grothendieck category G is well generated in the sense of Neeman.


The OPTIC study protocol has previously been reported [21] . It includes the development of the T3 by OPTIC researchers and decision-makers, the OPTIC conceptual framework of the transition tracking process across three care settings (NH to ED via EMS and then return to NH via inter-facility transport services) and definitions of key terms in the T3. This transition process mapping from NH to ED was done to guide the study design, data collection, and analyses [21] .

The OPTIC study protocol has previously been reported.

This transition process mapping from NH to ED was done to guide the study design, data collection, and analyses.


BIM process data flows are varied and include the transfer of structured/computable, semi-structured, or nonstructured/non-computable data between computer systems (Halfawy & Froese, 2002) . As such, BIM data flows do not only include sending and receiving 'semantically rich' objects, but also the sending and receiving of document-based information (Succar, 2009) . The data flow can help by managing and communicating electronic product and project data among collaborating firms and by implementing and managing collaborative relationships among members of crossdisciplinary build teams that enable integrated project execution (Young Jr. et al., 2007) .

BIM process data flows are varied and include the transfer of structured/computable, semi-structured, or nonstructured/non-computable data between computer systems.

As such, BIM data flows do not only include sending and receiving 'semantically rich' objects, but also the sending and receiving of document-based information.

The data flow can help by managing and communicating electronic product and project data among collaborating firms and by implementing and managing collaborative relationships among members of crossdisciplinary build teams that enable integrated project execution.


The Institute for BIM in Canada, 2011 concluded that the BIM environment reduces the need for different types of paper documents. They also stated that the quality of communication between stakeholders is crucial for enabling the effective use of BIM. Normally, the design team exports every object with every possible attribute from the designer models; there can be just too much data. Very large amounts of data can be overwhelming and sometimes unnecessary (Jellings, 2012) . As a solution, Reddy, 2011 mentioned that owners should provide specifications in the area of data standards. Data standards are very important for developing key performance indicators (KPIs) and benchmarking. Data can become very complex, and adherence to a standard simplifies the process. The National Institute of Building Sciences, 2007 emphasized that information has to be added by the party, creating the model before the receiving party can see it. To avoid frustration, the team should start the project by agreeing on what information will be added to the model and when. Each party can then plan its work, knowing what and when to provide and to expect information through the model. Such process planning will avoid duplication, enable efficiencies, and realize the benefits from BIM adoption.

Very large amounts of data can be overwhelming and sometimes unnecessary.


This exploratory research found reported occurrence of waste in current VDC practices. There are big opportunities for project teams to introduce Lean Methods in VDC practice, with the goal to reduce waste and create a more efficient VDC processes. The synergy between Lean Construction and VDC is not new. Multiple investigations concur on the potential that is achieved by implementing both initiatives (Dubler, Messner, & Anumba, 2010; Sacks et al., 2010a) . Furthermore, VDC provides the means and methods to implement Lean Principles and incorporate management principles that help to eliminate waste, reduce costs, improve productivity, and create positive results for projects. The literature survey suggests that VDC practice is informal and VDC practitioners may benefit from careful attention to their VDC management processes to reduce waste. If Lean principles, systems and tools are applied through every single phase of VDC practice the AEC industry can take better advantage of both powerful approaches to design and construction. The results presented in this paper are part of an ongoing research project on VDC implementation strategies; future research will further explore VDC implementation approaches using the Lean Thinking perspective.

Multiple investigations concur on the potential that is achieved by implementing both initiatives.


The first example of a nondistinguished Köthe echelon space was given by Grothendieck and Köthe [5] . It is a Köthe echelon space of order one kx(A) with the Köthe matrix A -(an)neN on the index set 7 = N x N given by a"(i J) '•-J if ' < ", an(i'J) := 1 if / > « + 1. In this case Grothendieck constructed a linear form on k{(A)'b which is locally bounded but not continuous (see [5] , p. 88). Consequently the topological duals of (Ax(A))'b and of its associated bornological space do not coincide. An example of Komura (see e.g. [6, p. 292] ) shows that there are nondistinguished Fréchet spaces F such that every locally bounded linear form on Fb is continuous.

The first example of a nondistinguished Köthe echelon space was given by Grothendieck and Köthe.

In this case Grothendieck constructed a linear form on k{(A)'b which is locally bounded but not continuous (see, p. 88).


The development of high-rate reactors, based in anaerobic granular sludge, was the key feature that allowed for a great increase in the use of anaerobic technology for the treatment of a growing variety of industrial wastewaters [1] . Anaerobic granules are particulate biofilms, formed spontaneously by self-immobilization of anaerobic bacteria in the absence of a support material [1] . Hence, each granule is a functional unit comprising all the different microorganisms necessary for methanogenic degradation of organic matter. Consequently, uncoupling the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from the solids retention time allowed the application of high organic loading rates (OLRs), and therefore the use of compact and economical wastewater treatment plants. However, these systems are designed with reference to a nominal operating condition, in which the OLR is assumed to be constant in time. Also, some compounds can have inhibitory or toxic effects to the microbial populations, such as detergents and solvents. These facts, coupled with the long start-up periods imply the need to monitor the anaerobic granular sludge stability in order to achieve an appropriate control and sustainability of the process.

The development of high-rate reactors, based in anaerobic granular sludge, was the key feature that allowed for a great increase in the use of anaerobic technology for the treatment of a growing variety of industrial wastewaters.

Anaerobic granules are particulate biofilms, formed spontaneously by self-immobilization of anaerobic bacteria in the absence of a support material.


With the rapid development of instrumental methods the amount of diverse data generated in an environmental process monitoring and/or control is increasingly drastically [3] [4] [5] . This advance guide analysts and researchers to gathering further more multivariate data. Concurrently, with computer science and technology developments, apply computers and advanced statistical and mathematical methods to analyse this data became easier.

With the rapid development of instrumental methods the amount of diverse data generated in an environmental process monitoring and/or control is increasingly drastically.


The Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) was introduced in Chile during the 80´s. The planting surface in 1995 increased three times on a global level and increases every year. The surface area under Blueberries for year 2012 was 13.162 ha with about 3.000 ha in the X and XIV Regions (González Zagal, 2013) . Most of these plantations are under volcanic soils, and have a high input of technology, particularly, pressured irrigation systems. The increasing surface of Blueberries under irrigation drives that the pressure on water resources becomes stronger every year. This means that the precision farming, which aims to crop-oriented cultivation methods with site-specific actions, becomes increasingly important.

The surface area under Blueberries for year 2012 was 13.162 ha with about 3.000 ha in the X and XIV Regions.


Hybrid rice is a modern technology which gives 15-30% yield advantage over inbreeds rice. It is obviously proved that hybrids show better performance under adverse conditions like drought and saline conditions. If we can develop high yielding stable hybrid rice adopted on diverse environments, we can find most diverse stable heterotic hybrid combinations to increase food production for increasing world population. But grain yield depends on genotype, environment and management practices and their interaction with each other (Messina et al., 2009) . Under the same management conditions, variation in grain yield is principally explained by the effects of genotype and environment (Dingkuhn et al., 2006) . So information of genotype × environment interaction leads to successful evaluation of stable genotype, which could be used for general cultivation.

But grain yield depends on genotype, environment and management practices and their interaction with each other.

Under the same management conditions, variation in grain yield is principally explained by the effects of genotype and environment.


Health inequalities between different population groups worldwide and in Europe exist due differences in factors that influence health, such as health related-behaviours, occupational class, education and income [1] [2] [3] . Apart from the health impacts of such disparities, the stakes are high even from an economic standpoint. According to the European Parliament, the estimated losses linked to health inequalities had cost around 1.4% of GDP within the European Union in 2011 [4] .

Health inequalities between different population groups worldwide and in Europe exist due differences in factors that influence health, such as health related-behaviours, occupational class, education and income.

According to the European Parliament, the estimated losses linked to health inequalities had cost around 1.4% of GDP within the European Union in 2011.


For example in commercial photo archiving systems such as Picassa or Flickr, the notion of indexing photographs on a timeline and reviewing them at different speeds in a photo slideshow is now commonplace. The slideshow is also the default mode of presentation on dedicated photo display devices or screen-saver software. Things get more complicated in systems like Facebook which relate photographs and other media for multiple users (friends) over time. The traditional visualisation for this is a transcript or log of interaction, although individual video summaries and have recently been introduced by Facebook to envision selective photo narratives. The manual construction of multimedia narratives in 'digital stories' constitutes another approach to visualising the timecourse of events, and is represented by a new crop of apps such as Adobe Voice, Storehouse and Com-Phone. However, most of these existing approaches are individualistic, in the sense of visualising the photo stream of individual users, rather than relating them to each other. In the work presented here, we seek to address a demand for supporting better photo sharing and visualisation within small groups (Ojala and Malinen (2012) ). The work is based on a new paradigm for multi-photo display on a dedicated device or service, reported at the HCI 2012 conference. In particular, we take up a recommendation of that paper to refine the way multiple synchronised photo streams are dynamically displayed.

In the work presented here, we seek to address a demand for supporting better photo sharing and visualisation within small groups).


The change in color was more or less the same in all the samples except the control sample. Formation of silver nanoparticles by reduction of the aquous sol of silver nitrate on exposure to hesperidin solution was observed from the change in color of the reaction mixture. Silver nanoparticles exhibit a yellowish brown color in aquous solution due to excitation of surface plasmon vibrations [34] . The change in color indicated the formation of silver nanoparticles. This suggests that there is a formation of elemental silver having nanodimensions from the silver ions in the silver nitrate solution. The basis of synthesis can be explained in two steps. In the first step silver atoms (Ag0) are formed initially due to the reduction of various complexes with Ag+ ions followed by the second step in which there is a formation of oligomeric clusters due to agglomeration and these clusters eventually lead to the formation of colloidal Ag particles [12] . UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis was done in the wavelength range of 300 nm to 700 nm. The absorption peak (wavelength at mean maximum optical density) was obtained to be 420 nm (for 100 gm/ml hesperidin solution combinations) and 430 nm (300 gm/mL hesperidin solution combinations) for the samples taken after the complete change of color except control. Typical absorption band for silver nanoparticles was observed in visible light region for silver nanoparticles [35] . The plasmon peak and the full-width of half-maximum (FWHM) depend on the extent of colloid aggregation [35] .

Silver nanoparticles exhibit a yellowish brown color in aquous solution due to excitation of surface plasmon vibrations.

In the first step silver atoms (Ag0) are formed initially due to the reduction of various complexes with Ag+ ions followed by the second step in which there is a formation of oligomeric clusters due to agglomeration and these clusters eventually lead to the formation of colloidal Ag particles.

Typical absorption band for silver nanoparticles was observed in visible light region for silver nanoparticles.

The plasmon peak and the full-width of half-maximum (FWHM) depend on the extent of colloid aggregation.


Finally, additive partitioning represents a contrast to source-sink and metapopulation approaches because it is a multispecies method of analyzing biodiversity. In some cases, the patterns of species richness and diversity-not the processes that determine them-will be more useful for determining conservation strategies. The species-area relationship, for example, simply describes species richness as a function of area without making assumptions about the processes that may be driving the relationship, even though it is clear that colonization, species coexistence, and numerous scale-specific processes can affect the shape of the curve ( MacArthur & Wilson 1967; Shmida & Wilson 1985; Palmer & White 1994 ) . Similarly, additive partitioning will be useful in situations where researchers wish to describe change in species richness or diversity over spatial or temporal scales without invoking specific processes. Source-sink and metapopulation models will continue to be more useful in single-species studies, in which processes such as dispersal and mortality are critical for determining conservation strategies. These differences suggest that additive partitioning is a valuable tool for conservation biologists because it complements existing approaches while providing a unique way to understand community diversity over space and time.

The species-area relationship, for example, simply describes species richness as a function of area without making assumptions about the processes that may be driving the relationship, even though it is clear that colonization, species coexistence, and numerous scale-specific processes can affect the shape of the curve.


In this study we have dealt with the effect of a low temperature annealing (LTA) process after POCl 3 diffusion processes and could detect a significant influence on the density of the electrically inactive P in the emitter. We assume that the LTA process leads to dissolution of less stable P-O complexes in the near-surface region. The reduction of electrically inactive P caused by the LTA process has direct influence on the emitter's recombination activity. Measurements of emitter saturation current density on different emitter structures with and without LTA process confirmed this hypothesis. The fact that the LTA process appears to have no particular influence on the electrically active P concentration can likewise be explained by low process temperatures, well below the usual diffusion temperatures. In case of the presence of a highly doped PSG layer during the LTA process, no change in j 0E could be detected. This fact indirectly shows that the PSG layer can also be regarded as an active layer at low process temperatures. In this case, less as a source layer for the electrically active P concentration in the emitter, but rather more as a source layer for the diffusion of P-O clusters from the PSG on the silicon surface. The LTA process can without hesitation be integrated into the process of manufacturing solar cells, whereby this process can also be very well integrated in the arrays of low temperature gettering [12, 13] .

The LTA process can without hesitation be integrated into the process of manufacturing solar cells, whereby this process can also be very well integrated in the arrays of low temperature gettering.


Today, most screen printed solar cells have highly doped emitters which include a non-negligible fraction of electrically inactive phosphorus on the emitter surface [1] . Here, one must distinguish between stable P-precipitates and less stable complex phosphorus-oxygen structures. Furthermore, it can be assumed that Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination in the near surface emitter region is strongly correlated with the density of these electrically inactive P complex structures [2] .

Today, most screen printed solar cells have highly doped emitters which include a non-negligible fraction of electrically inactive phosphorus on the emitter surface.

Furthermore, it can be assumed that Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination in the near surface emitter region is strongly correlated with the density of these electrically inactive P complex structures.


Next, the impact of bidirectional transmission after 6 km (5 km feeder + 1 km drop) of SSMF is assessed. We observe that these configurations are aligned with the B2B case, achieving capacities around 51 Gb/s per flow at the received power threshold for downstream. For upstream transmission, the capacity is about 34 Gb/s for both flows at the same threshold, as in the B2B case. However, the upstream maximum capacity at -22 dBm is limited to 47 Gb/s mainly due to the Rayleigh backscattering and eventual reflections of the downstream signal caused by bidirectional transmission over a single fiber [9] . The optical signal to Rayleigh ratio (OSRR) measured is of 41.9 dB for downstream and 25.3 dB for upstream.

However, the upstream maximum capacity at -22 dBm is limited to 47 Gb/s mainly due to the Rayleigh backscattering and eventual reflections of the downstream signal caused by bidirectional transmission over a single fiber.


The per capita EF of a nature reserve can be compared with its per capita BC. If the EF is bigger than the available BC, which is often interpreted as 'ecological deficit', it defines a situation where human consumption exceeds the ecological limits [14, 30] . Alternatively, if the per capita EF is smaller than the per capita BC, this is considered to be an 'ecological surplus'.

If the EF is bigger than the available BC, which is often interpreted as 'ecological deficit', it defines a situation where human consumption exceeds the ecological limits.


Seedling quality is one of the major concerns among farmers, and grafted watermelon seedlings are mainly produced by professional nurseries instead of individual farmers. Many factors influence quality evaluation and, therefore, it is difficult to define and categorize seedlings of different qualities. Seedlings of high-quality should have uniformity in terms of size and traits [3] .

Seedlings of high-quality should have uniformity in terms of size and traits.


The objective of this research is to comprehend what mathematical modelling and emerging models contribute to the construction of specific linear algebra content (spanning set and span). This involves creating an instructional design and research as to how this supports students in their transition from their preconceptions to formal mathematical reasoning. Given these considerations, the chosen methodology for this study is design research since it corresponds to a family of methodological approaches in which the instructional design and research are interdependent (Cobb & Gravemeijer, 2008) . This type of research consists in three phase cycles: design, the teaching experiment and the retrospective analysis (Gravemeijer & Cobb, 2013) .

Given these considerations, the chosen methodology for this study is design research since it corresponds to a family of methodological approaches in which the instructional design and research are interdependent.

This type of research consists in three phase cycles: design, the teaching experiment and the retrospective analysis.


Figs. 6 and 7 that the CGSM always gets the minimum normalized propagation factor. The influences of the oceanic turbulence on the propagation factor are easy to be explained, the increase of ω and χ T or the decrease of ε contributes to the stronger turbulence strength, then the turbulenceinduced phase is larger, as a result, the wavefront distortion gets enhanced, and the degradation of beam quality becomes severe, the analysis in Fig. 4 agrees well with the results in Figs. 5-7. In addition, the GSM vortex beams manifest the advantage in weakening the degradation of beam quality in the atmosphere turbulence comparing with the GSM non-vortex beams [35] . Similarly, when the vortex is imposed on the partially coherent model beams, the beam quality can also be improved in the oceanic turbulence.

In addition, the GSM vortex beams manifest the advantage in weakening the degradation of beam quality in the atmosphere turbulence comparing with the GSM non-vortex beams.


Quantum Field Theories (QFT) can be defined via Renormalization Group (RG) flows between Conformal Field Theory (CFT) fixed points. The QFT action can be written as the sum of a high-energy CFT action, S CF T , plus a set of relevant operators O i with coefficients φ (0) i defined at the high-energy scale Λ. Major insight can be gained by promoting this unique scale Λ → Λe −τ (x) to a spacetime dependent background dilaton field [1] [2] [3] [4] . The effective τ action is constrained by symmetry, and certain terms can be determined by anomaly matching. Alternatively, the full action may be directly computed in particular examples.

The QFT action can be written as the sum of a high-energy CFT action, S CF T , plus a set of relevant operators O i with coefficients φ (0) i defined at the high-energy scale Λ. Major insight can be gained by promoting this unique scale Λ → Λe −τ (x) to a spacetime dependent background dilaton field.


People suffer various subjective sorts of discomfort such as headache, insomnia, fatigue, nervousness, joint aches, high blood pressure, which decrease work productivity. It has been recognised that these discomforts appear when there is a higher number of positive ions in the air where the person is [3] . The positive ions prevail in industrial areas and densely populated places (housing estates, busy downtown sections, etc.) and enclosed rooms, which means in the places where we spend most of our lives. One of the causes is presented especially by artificial materials which surround us (PVC flooring, synthetic carpets, and plastic windows), modern appliances (printers, copy machines, fluorescent lamps, TV sets, LD monitors, mobile phones), chemical cleaning agents, polluted air and cigarette smoke.

It has been recognised that these discomforts appear when there is a higher number of positive ions in the air where the person is.


Negative ions have positive effects on humans and they are said to be air vitamins. Their presence is highest especially in the nature after a storm, in caves, in the forest, near waterfalls, at a sea coast, etc. Negative ions are a significant and important source of energy for a human body. They support the immune system and mental well-being. Thanks to them we feel happy, relaxed and we can breathe easy. This results in good mood, better work productivity, and peaceful sleep [4] .

This results in good mood, better work productivity, and peaceful sleep.


Protection of the native biodiversity is the major aim of conservation biology (Frankham et al., 2004) . The knowledge of genetic variations within and between remaining populations is an essential prerequisite for the protection of species (Avise, 2004; Riffel and Schreiber, 1995; Haig, 1998) . The genetic analysis of the surviving populations in terms of their internal diversity, illustrating the level of adaptation to the environment and also is necessary to choose best parents for crayfish which become restocking material.

Protection of the native biodiversity is the major aim of conservation biology.

The knowledge of genetic variations within and between remaining populations is an essential prerequisite for the protection of species.


The prevalence of plastic litter in the environment is well known. Synthesis of decades of trawling data concluded that there are between 5 and 50 trillion plastic particles on the ocean surface, with a combined mass from 32,000 to 236,000 metric tonnes . It has been estimated that 8300 million metric tons (Mt) as of virgin plastics have been produced to date (Geyer, Jambeck, and Law, 2017) . Packaging, i.e. items designed for single use and then disposed, represent $42% of total non-fibre plastic production (Geyer et al., 2017) .

It has been estimated that 8300 million metric tons (Mt) as of virgin plastics have been produced to date.

Packaging, i.e. items designed for single use and then disposed, represent $42% of total non-fibre plastic production.


The dominant compartments where different plastics accumulate is linked to polymer physicochemical characteristics, such as size, density and hydrophobicity (Andrady, 2017) . Therefore, the main aim of this study was to use information about the physicochemical properties of widespread polymers, combined with occurrence data for microplastics in seawater and freshwater, to inform a discussion about the predicted environmental fate of different types of plastics. A secondary aim was to highlight areas in which experimental methods used to isolate and identify polymers in environmental samples can be improved.

The dominant compartments where different plastics accumulate is linked to polymer physicochemical characteristics, such as size, density and hydrophobicity.


The artificial insemination stations should have some indication of the fertilizing capacity of the semen and they need to monitor the performance of the boars prior to and during their service. For research on sperm physiology and semen preservation, it is also important to be able to study the viability of the sperm and their fertilizing ability in vitro. In vitro assessment methods pertain to criteria of the sperm that are believed to be relevant for the fertilizing ability of the sperm. Examples of such criteria are motility, acrosome integrity, membrane integrity, stress sensitivity, rate of metabolic fluxes, metabolite concentrations, and various parameters that relate to sperm-oocyte interaction. The simple visual estimation of sperm motility remains a useful tool for routine semen assessment for research purposes and in the artificial insemination industry. The percentage of cells with an intact acrosome is regarded as an important semen quality parameter (Pursel et al., 1972a) . Also other features with respect to the acrosome and acrosome reaction are used to measure semen quality or to predict boar ability.

The percentage of cells with an intact acrosome is regarded as an important semen quality parameter.


In February 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated a 3.1-10.6 GHz band for unlicensed use of ultra-wide band (UWB) systems [1] . Since then, considerable research efforts have been put into ultra-wideband (UWB) radio technology worldwide. For the indoor use, the UWB frequency band of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz may be interfered by the wireless local area network radio signals. So a communication system working in this UWB frequency band required a bandpass filter (BPF) with a notched band to avoid being interfered by the WLAN radio signals.

In February 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated a 3.1-10.6 GHz band for unlicensed use of ultra-wide band (UWB) systems.


In order to analyze the processes within the rocks after CO 2 injection, textural and detailed mineralogical-petrographic investigations were performed on the rock samples before and after the tests that were conducted in the presence of carbon dioxide and brines. The following parameters, which can be sensitive to the changes caused by CO 2 , were measured: specific BET surface area, average diameter of pores, and pore size distribution (ranging from 0.2 to 300 nm) [17] . For mineralogical investigations, SEM-EDS and transmitted light observations, as well as XRD analyses were carried out. Additional XRD analyses of the sediments deposited at the bottom of the reactors after the experiments were conducted. In this supplementary study, we used similar experimental procedures and the same samples as were previously used by Tarkowski and Wdowin [18] .

The following parameters, which can be sensitive to the changes caused by CO 2 , were measured: specific BET surface area, average diameter of pores, and pore size distribution (ranging from 0.2 to 300 nm).

In this supplementary study, we used similar experimental procedures and the same samples as were previously used by Tarkowski and Wdowin.


We demonstrated that king eider tissues can be assigned to a region in the Bering Sea with high accuracy. This approach could also be applied to a variety of birds and mammals using the Bering Sea and feeding on similar prey as king eiders, such as other sea ducks, loons, gulls, walrus Odobenus rosmarus, or gray whales Eschrichtius robustus. We recommend that the model presented here be validated by analyzing prey items across large spatial and temporal scales to establish isotopic baselines of the geographic regions in the Bering Sea (Inger & Bearhop 2008) . Isotope analysis of sea duck feathers can then be used to estimate remote molting and wintering locations and explore whether breeding performance varies for sea ducks wintering in different regions. Knowing wintering regions for sea ducks is essential for evaluating causes of changes in population size or developing management actions to recover populations.

We recommend that the model presented here be validated by analyzing prey items across large spatial and temporal scales to establish isotopic baselines of the geographic regions in the Bering Sea.


Another way of improving the microstructure of ITZs in the resulting concrete would be to remove pollutants from the surfaces of ballast aggregates. However, the cleaning process requires additional time and cost, and it produces environmental pollutants such as dust and noise (Lee 2010) . Hence, the effects of different cleanness levels of ballast aggregates need to be examined to minimize the construction time and cost while meeting the strength and durability requirements of concrete.

However, the cleaning process requires additional time and cost, and it produces environmental pollutants such as dust and noise.


We evaluate our method on the KITTI object detection benchmark [7] . Experiments show that our method surpasses current state-of-the-art methods using only a single RGB image and is even comparable to those using stereo data. To facilitate comparison with our works, we make our results on val 1 and val 2 available 1 .

We evaluate our method on the KITTI object detection benchmark.


In the low M case, the observed asymmetry can be obtained, and the stringent limits from the modification of the tt and dijet cross sections due to axigluon exchange satisfied, provided the coupling is relatively small, e.g., g q,t A ∼ g s /3, and the axigluon width is large (e.g., Γ/M ∼ 10 − 20%). A large width and weak coupling of course requires additional colored decay channels, and it was assumed that the coupling is purely axial (to avoid interference contributions to the total cross section). Very light (M ∼ 50 − 90 GeV) axigluons have also been proposed [25] .

Very light (M ∼ 50 − 90 GeV) axigluons have also been proposed.


Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) are good candidate to multiobjective optimization problems due to their abilities, to search simultaneously for multiple Pareto optimal solutions and, perform better global search of the search space [1] . The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a swarm intelligence method that models social behavior to guide swarms of particles towards the most promising regions of the search space [2] [3] [4] [5] . Generally, PSO is characterized as simple in concept, easy to implement, and computationally efficient. Unlike the other heuristic techniques, PSO has a flexible and well-balanced mechanism to enhance and adapt the global and local exploration abilities. It usually results in faster convergence rates than the Genetic Algorithms [6] . The PSO has been applied to different single objective optimization problems with impressive success [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Although PSO's performance, in single-objective optimization tasks, has been extensively studied, a little work has been done for multiobjective optimization problems thus far.

Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) are good candidate to multiobjective optimization problems due to their abilities, to search simultaneously for multiple Pareto optimal solutions and, perform better global search of the search space.

The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a swarm intelligence method that models social behavior to guide swarms of particles towards the most promising regions of the search space.

It usually results in faster convergence rates than the Genetic Algorithms.

The PSO has been applied to different single objective optimization problems with impressive success.


With the continued intensification of global competition and development of information technology, nowadays employers seldom implement the traditional nine-to-five schedule, and it has become increasingly arduous for employees to draw physical and psychological boundaries between their work and family life [1] . Therefore, work-family conflict becomes a prominent issue for the career people, which could cause a negative impact on individuals, families and organ-man resource management. Organization commitment is a psychological link between employees and their organizations, which makes it less likely for employees to voluntarily leave the organization [6] . Job performance is typically conceptualized as "actions and behaviors that are under the control of the individual that contribute to the goals of the organization" [7] . Both are all highly related to the development of an organization. So the improvement of employee's organizational commitment and job performance is always a priority for organizations. Up to now, the relevant empirical study aimed at the influence of family-friendly human resource practice on organizational commitment and job performance is limited. So studies on the influence have an important practical significance to the development of organizations and employees, and should be encouraged to offset the limitation of the previous research.

With the continued intensification of global competition and development of information technology, nowadays employers seldom implement the traditional nine-to-five schedule, and it has become increasingly arduous for employees to draw physical and psychological boundaries between their work and family life.

Organization commitment is a psychological link between employees and their organizations, which makes it less likely for employees to voluntarily leave the organization.

Job performance is typically conceptualized as "actions and behaviors that are under the control of the individual that contribute to the goals of the organization".


In order to capture the most recent patterns of healthseeking behaviour, we analysed the circumstances surrounding the most recent birth in the recall period. The overall response rate to the EDHS 2008 survey was high (98.8%). However, this analysis faced several limitations. The DHS collected information on the health-seeking behaviours surrounding women's most recent live birth in the recall period. Health-seeking behaviours of women whose most recent pregnancies resulted in a stillbirth are not represented in these data. The cross-sectional and observational design of this study limits our ability to assess causal relationships between SEP and health-seeking behaviours. In addition, the data were collected before the dramatic changes in socio-political situation in early 2011, which may have influenced the patterns of both supply and demand for care, thereby potentially limiting the generalisability of our findings [34] .

In addition, the data were collected before the dramatic changes in socio-political situation in early 2011, which may have influenced the patterns of both supply and demand for care, thereby potentially limiting the generalisability of our findings.


This study looked at the "dark side" personality correlates of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (Briggs & Myers, 1987) . The concept of "dark side" traits has come to be associated with measures of subclinical personality disorders or derailers (Hogan & Hogan, 2001; Moscoso & Salgado, 2004) . Dark side traits measured by the Hogan Development Survey (HDS) have been investigated recently in a large number of studies (De Fruyt, Wille, & Furnham, 2013; Furnham, Hyde, & Trickey, 2013; Harms, Spain, & Hannah, 2011; Zibarras, Port, & Woods, 2008) .

This study looked at the "dark side" personality correlates of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI).

The concept of "dark side" traits has come to be associated with measures of subclinical personality disorders or derailers.

Dark side traits measured by the Hogan Development Survey (HDS) have been investigated recently in a large number of studies.


The final set of regressions attempted to overcome some Type II errors by using the "higher order" classification of the HDS as done in other studies (Carson et al., 2012) . In one set of regression the HDS factors were the independent variables and the four MBTI dimensions the dependent variables and in the other analysis this was reversed. For nearly all, the amount of incremental variance accounted for after demographic variable and impression management was small (usually less than 5%) suggesting little overlap between these measures. Second, the results were always perfectly understandable in terms of the description of the types and traits. Thus, for instance, Introversion was associated with moving away from people.

The final set of regressions attempted to overcome some Type II errors by using the "higher order" classification of the HDS as done in other studies.


The study reported here provides compelling evidence that we have established a valid pig model that allows transplantation of large autologous skin analogues and also warrants the site of operation be kept undisturbed for at least 3 weeks after transplantation. The following pivotal profile properties of this large animal model deserve to be addressed in more detail. First, the model permits transplantation of sizeable grafts measuring 7 9 7 cm. This size is suitable for largescale transplantation as it equals for instance the usual size of commercially available cultured epidermal autografts for clinical use [8] . Also, it has similar dimensions as conventional split thickness skin grafts applied on human patients, especially on children [9] .

This size is suitable for largescale transplantation as it equals for instance the usual size of commercially available cultured epidermal autografts for clinical use.

Also, it has similar dimensions as conventional split thickness skin grafts applied on human patients, especially on children.