The concept of thermoplastic forming has been broadly adopted for BMGs, which enabled a wide span of geometries on a ten orders of magnitude length scale [16] . This phenomenon has lately been utilized in a variety of micro-to nano-meter-scale applications, which can combine multiple length scale features in one component with easiness and precision via a thermoplastic forming (TPF) process [16, 17] . The intrinsic properties in BMGs (i.e., dramatic decrease in viscosity and increase in the formability at high temperatures) enhance the competitiveness of different TPF-based amorphous alloy processing within the commercial production routes [18] .

The concept of thermoplastic forming has been broadly adopted for BMGs, which enabled a wide span of geometries on a ten orders of magnitude length scale.

This phenomenon has lately been utilized in a variety of micro-to nano-meter-scale applications, which can combine multiple length scale features in one component with easiness and precision via a thermoplastic forming (TPF) process.

The intrinsic properties in BMGs (i.e., dramatic decrease in viscosity and increase in the formability at high temperatures) enhance the competitiveness of different TPF-based amorphous alloy processing within the commercial production routes.


The versatility in deformation behavior of BMGs is inherently related to the size effects, where the deformation is solely controlled by Newtonian flow behavior. Particularly interesting is the region where the deformation of the macro-sized samples, defined by global catastrophic fracture, turns into localized shear-induced deformation [6, 7] . In this contribution, the toughening mechanism of the porous BMGs in terms of the mechanical and structural changes is investigated. The structural changes in the vicinity of shear bands and crack surfaces of the actual samples are sought to determine the influence of compositional alterations over the mechanical properties. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations will be carried out under uniaxial tension to understand the influence of porosity on the nanometer scale.

Particularly interesting is the region where the deformation of the macro-sized samples, defined by global catastrophic fracture, turns into localized shear-induced deformation.


This paper describes and evaluates the design and implementation of lazy verification in the PASIS storage system [11] . Several techniques are introduced for reducing the impact of verification on client reads and writes, as well as bounding the read-time delay that faulty clients can insert into the system. For example, a subset of updated storage-nodes can verify a write operation and notify the others, reducing the communication complexity from O(N 2 ) to O(bN) in a system of N storage-nodes tolerating b Byzantine failures; this reduces the number of messages by 33% even in the minimal system configuration. Appropriate scheduling allows verification to complete in the background. Indeed, in workloads with idle periods, the cost of verification is hidden from both the client read and write operation. Appropriate selection of updates to verify can maximize the number of verifications avoided (for writes that become obsolete). The overall effect is that, even in workloads without idle periods, the lazy verification techniques implemented provide over a factor of four higher write throughput when compared to a conventional approach that proactively performs verification at write-time.

This paper describes and evaluates the design and implementation of lazy verification in the PASIS storage system.


When introducing a new repeat-purchase product into the market, the firm faces a complicated demand pattern. First, the new product diffuses in the market and more and more consumers begin to adopt the product. The Bass model assumes that consumers are influenced by two kinds of communication: mass media and word of mouth [1] . The first consumer group is only influenced by mass media (also called "external influence"), while the other group is only influenced by word of mouth (also called "internal influence"). The external influence reflects the initiative of consumers in adopting the new product, while the internal influence characterizes the imitation behavior in adoption. Second, the demand consists of two parts: the trial purchase from the new adopters and the repeat purchase from the existing adopters [2] . Finally, price decisions also influence how the product diffuses [3] . If the firm charges a lower price, it earns less for a unit product but harvests more sales volumes derived from the trial and repeat purchase. Thereby, the firm should get an in-depth understanding of the demand evolution and carefully choose the price level.

The Bass model assumes that consumers are influenced by two kinds of communication: mass media and word of mouth.

Second, the demand consists of two parts: the trial purchase from the new adopters and the repeat purchase from the existing adopters.

Finally, price decisions also influence how the product diffuses.


The firm can use dynamic lot sizing strategy to deal with dynamic demands derived from the diffusion process, that is, reviewing the inventory periodically and deciding whether to replenish products. The firm makes ordering decisions with regard to the demand at each period, which partly depends on the firm's pricing decisions. Thus, both the ordering and pricing decisions are essential for new repeatpurchase products. We consider two scenarios: (1) two-stage decision scenario, in which the sales division determines a price to maximize the gross profit and the purchasing division makes ordering decisions to minimize the total cost subsequently, and (2) joint decision scenario, in which the firm makes pricing and ordering decisions simultaneously to maximize the profit. In each scenario, we consider how 2 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society the new product diffusion patterns and repeat-purchase rate influence ordering and pricing decisions. Usually, the ratio of the internal influence to the external influence has large variation for different products while the sum of these two influences does not [4] . Hence, we focus on the effects of the following two factors: the ratio of internal influence to the external influence and the repeat-purchase rate.

Usually, the ratio of the internal influence to the external influence has large variation for different products while the sum of these two influences does not.


The potential of serious games to help increase the effectiveness of training and learning has been a subject of recent debate in the field of learning [1] [2] . While the literature-based evidence for research into the field of game-based learning is increasing, many of the studies being conducted have not produced conclusive results. This has led to a lack of high quality empirical evidence [1] . The research described in this paper, aims to address this lack of evidence and aims to help to establish when it may be appropriate to use game-based technology for training and learning.

The potential of serious games to help increase the effectiveness of training and learning has been a subject of recent debate in the field of learning.

This has led to a lack of high quality empirical evidence.


Triage Trainer is a serious game 1 designed to improve the accuracy in applying the triage protocols defined by the Advanced Life Support Group (ALSG) and to provide increased opportunities for practice to address the issue of skill fade. The Advanced Life Support Group is a UKbased charity organisation with the mission to preserve life by providing training and education in life saving techniques. They deliver training in triage as part of a three-day training course covering the medical management of major incidents [3] . The prototype of Triage Trainer covers the triage sieve protocol.

They deliver training in triage as part of a three-day training course covering the medical management of major incidents.


All the data involved into the published database were obtained on forest sample plots on which sample trees were taken and the biomass data on the area were calculated by allometric method. Methodical peculiarities were given in the published database (Usoltsev, 2001; 2007; 2010) . As plots for estimating biomass of forest stands are usually established in typical 'background' habitats, that are representative in relation to one and other type of forestforming species, one can make on their basis a preliminary geographical analysis of biomass gradients of pine forests.

Methodical peculiarities were given in the published database.


As mentioned above, PV modules are degraded by ambient temperature and humidity; moreover, these factors can accelerate the degradation. This degradation is mainly caused by corrosion [4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11] . It can be assumed that the temperature of a PV module is uniform; however, moisture concentration in a PV module is not uniform. Therefore, it is difficult to predict moisture-induced degradation.

This degradation is mainly caused by corrosion.


The degradation of PV modules is accelerated by temperature and humidity [1, 4, 5, 10, 11] . It can be assumed that the temperature in a PV module is uniform. However, the moisture concentration is not uniform [13] . Therefore, we used a Type 1 module with a EVA/cell/EVA structure for uniform humidity in the module.

The degradation of PV modules is accelerated by temperature and humidity.

However, the moisture concentration is not uniform.


At the corresponding region on chromosome 3, the putative QTL for shoot iron concentration was detected using the lines derived from a cross between a japonica cultivar, Gimbozu, and an indica cultivar, Kasalath (Shimizu et al., 2005b) . Kasalath alleles were associated with decreased shoot iron concentration in Gimbozu/Kasalath inbred lines (Shimizu et al., 2005b) . However, in the present study, such alleles in Kasalath increased the shoot iron concentration. If the same locus is responsible for these effects, then one explanation is that they are multiple allelic; the Kasalath alleles have an iron accumulation effect weaker than that of Gimbozu alleles, but stronger than that of Koshihikari alleles. Another possibility is that the QTL found in the Gimbozu/Kasalath line is different from the QTL encountered in the present study. Further fine mapping is necessary to check whether these QTLs are located on the same chromosomal region.

At the corresponding region on chromosome 3, the putative QTL for shoot iron concentration was detected using the lines derived from a cross between a japonica cultivar, Gimbozu, and an indica cultivar, Kasalath.

Kasalath alleles were associated with decreased shoot iron concentration in Gimbozu/Kasalath inbred lines.


The biomechanical behavior of the sutures was examined based on the results of prior studies performed in human patients by other authors [33] . According to these authors, traction measurements on the linea alba indicate a higher tensile strength along the longitudinal axis than the transverse axis. The forces that act upon a closed linea alba tend to pull apart the sutured edges of the incision. This is due both to effects of intraabdominal pressure and the cylindrical shape of the abdominal cavity. According to the law of Laplace, force vectors distributed transversely across cylinder walls cause the most medial margins of a cylinder to separate [34] . When this model is translated to the abdominal cavity, the anterior medial margin is the midline or linea alba. Our biomechanical tests were thus performed on strips of tissue including the whole suture line and traction was applied to an axis perpendicular or transverse to this line. These tests were designed to reliably determine the behavior of the sutures made along the linea alba. By interrupting the suture in three zones of the linea alba, we were able to include the whole suture line in each test without the need to cut each suture line into sections.

The biomechanical behavior of the sutures was examined based on the results of prior studies performed in human patients by other authors.

According to the law of Laplace, force vectors distributed transversely across cylinder walls cause the most medial margins of a cylinder to separate.


Based on a recent report sponsored by the World Bank, many countries have increasingly recognized structural policies, such as entrepreneurship training, to be effective means of equipping their citizens-especially the youth-with necessary entrepreneurial competencies (Valerio et al., 2014) . However, there is a dearth of research on entrepreneurial education in secondary schools (Sánchez, 2013; Moberg, 2014; Elert et al., 2015) . Our findings offer insights that contribute to the development of a comprehensive theory of entrepreneurship education and training (Pittaway and Cope, 2007; Martin et al., 2013) .

Based on a recent report sponsored by the World Bank, many countries have increasingly recognized structural policies, such as entrepreneurship training, to be effective means of equipping their citizens-especially the youth-with necessary entrepreneurial competencies.

However, there is a dearth of research on entrepreneurial education in secondary schools.

Our findings offer insights that contribute to the development of a comprehensive theory of entrepreneurship education and training.


As compared to neat alumina, with a Vickers hardness of 15.4 GPa, decreases in hardness values were observed for CB, CNT and GNP nanocomposite samples (i.e. 11.3, 12.3 and 12.4 GPa respectively). This is primarily due to the lubricant nature of carbon nanofillers which is responsible for deeper penetration on the Vickers indenter during the indentation. These observations for the hardness of nanocomposites are in consistent with the studies conducted by different groups [3, 7, [37] [38] . It is interesting to note that there is no significant difference in hardness for the different types of nanocomposites. However, because of the significant differences in the dimensions and geometry of carbonaceous fillers, their respective nanocomposites have very different damage sensing capabilities (i.e. irreversible change in electrical conductivities after damage).

These observations for the hardness of nanocomposites are in consistent with the studies conducted by different groups.


By introduction of functional groups, polymers can be designed to selectively swell and shrink, thereby changing mass and elasticity, as a function of analyte concentration. The ion-exchange properties of conducting polymers are of special interest for potentiometri-sensor development [6, 7, 8] . Conducting polymers are ideally suited for sensor applications because they not only exhibit high conductivity and electroactivity but they could also be used as a general matrix and can be further modified with other compounds in order to change selectivity [9] . Compared to conductive polymers, nonconductive polymers usually have a high selective response and a high impedance, which is important for eliminating interference by other electroactive species [10] .

The ion-exchange properties of conducting polymers are of special interest for potentiometri-sensor development.

Conducting polymers are ideally suited for sensor applications because they not only exhibit high conductivity and electroactivity but they could also be used as a general matrix and can be further modified with other compounds in order to change selectivity.

Compared to conductive polymers, nonconductive polymers usually have a high selective response and a high impedance, which is important for eliminating interference by other electroactive species.


It seems quite natural to consider differential games where the pursuer has additional control capabilities comparing with dynamics (2) . Namely, the pursuer can instantaneously change the value of his linear velocity within some bounds. In other words, Isaacs-Dubins' car turns into Reeds-Shepp's type car. The present paper is devoted to the investigation of such a differential game.

It seems quite natural to consider differential games where the pursuer has additional control capabilities comparing with dynamics.


One of the most well-known model problems in the theory of differential games is the homicidal chauffeur problem proposed by R. Isaacs in 1951 (see [9] ; [10] ). The pursuer P (a car) and the evader E (a pedestrian) are moving in the plane. The dynamics are: P :ẋ p = w sin θ E :ẋ e = v 1 y p = w cos θẏ e = v 2 θ = w u/R, |u| ≤ 1; |v| ≤ ρ.

One of the most well-known model problems in the theory of differential games is the homicidal chauffeur problem proposed by R. Isaacs in 1951 (see;).


Recently, global firms have recognized the importance of environmental sustainability as a key part of their strategy and are pursuing initiatives way beyond "green washing" efforts (Siegel, 2009) . Within the supply chain context, "green" initiatives are far more encompassing and include raw material/component selection, materials sourcing, production, packaging, distribution, recycling, and reverse logistics business processes (Closs et al., 2011) . Environmental sustainability is also a multi-stakeholder issue that has captured the attention and continuing lobbying efforts of government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, social activists, consumers, firms, sustainability special interest groups, etc. Regulatory, political, and commercial actions driving environmental sustainability now have a more compelling force in the marketplace and increasingly, firms are responding to them. More proactive firms, though, have risen beyond the compliance stage and are using sustainability as a platform for creating more innovative products and services that bring competitive advantage.

Recently, global firms have recognized the importance of environmental sustainability as a key part of their strategy and are pursuing initiatives way beyond "green washing" efforts.

Within the supply chain context, "green" initiatives are far more encompassing and include raw material/component selection, materials sourcing, production, packaging, distribution, recycling, and reverse logistics business processes.


Information technology (IT) has a key role to play in supporting firms' sustainability initiatives. While there are many possible avenues for using IT in supporting a firm's environmental management information system (EMIS), this study will pay particular attention to the implementation of a decision support system (DSS) to enable sustainability. An EMIS is an "…organizational-technical system for systematically obtaining, processing, and making available relevant environmental information available in companies…." (El-Gayar & Fritz, 2006, p. 2) . On the other hand, an environmental management system or EMS is a set of management policies, business processes, and metrics for improving a firm's environmental performance (Pun et al., 2002) .

On the other hand, an environmental management system or EMS is a set of management policies, business processes, and metrics for improving a firm's environmental performance.


On the other hand, Grice defines maxim violation as "is quiet and unostentatious". Later Thompson asserts that he is not having an affair with another girl but with another man, but Ginny cannot help believing him on the basis of information he provides (Thomas, 1995) . The fact is that Thompson is having an affair with another man, but he does not want to reveal such information; therefore, he misleads Ginny and, according to Grice's framework, violates conversational maxims.

Later Thompson asserts that he is not having an affair with another girl but with another man, but Ginny cannot help believing him on the basis of information he provides.


Farm animal welfare schemes which incentivise participants to implement certain practices aspire to long-term behavioural change after a scheme's conclusion. There are a number of attitudinal factors which may influence the successful implementation of a government-incentivised welfare scheme. Whay observed that a successful intervention requires the implementers (i.e. the farmers) to be motivated to change their practices [20] . Findings from this study showed that the Scheme increased farmer awareness of the benefits of certain new practices and suggested that farmers will be incentivised to continue certain practices after it ends, namely the minimum calving age, meal-feeding in advance of weaning and gradual separation of cows from calves at weaning. Our findings relating to the Scheme's long-term behavioural impacts are largely supported by findings from a recent review [2] . However our results highlighted the challenges faced when improvements in welfare are perceived to be financially-, or logistically-questionable, as well as the difficulties involved in providing appropriate education to large cohorts of farmers of differing ages and/or prior training. Our research also demonstrated the importance of stakeholder participation in the design stage of welfare initiatives to ensure that scheme measures are practical and relevant, to anticipate and address any perceived contradictory measures, to inform the focus of any related training, and to seek ways to add value to schemes, possibly in terms of public opinion and/ or market share.

Whay observed that a successful intervention requires the implementers (i.e. the farmers) to be motivated to change their practices.

Our findings relating to the Scheme's long-term behavioural impacts are largely supported by findings from a recent review.


An ideal phantom is easily fabricated, low-cost, anatomically realistic, mechanically and electrically stable, and accurately models the physical phenomena of interest, which in the case of MWD are the dielectric properties of the tissues of interest [5] . Such a phantom also needs to allow modelling of other characteristics of interest. For example, if testing a tumour detection system, then the ability to implant tumour phantoms at known locations within the head phantom would be desirable. The exact requirements of a phantom will depend on the diagnostic technology being investigated, and the desired test scenarios for the technology to face.

An ideal phantom is easily fabricated, low-cost, anatomically realistic, mechanically and electrically stable, and accurately models the physical phenomena of interest, which in the case of MWD are the dielectric properties of the tissues of interest.


To date, most phantoms have modelled important structural features, both in terms of anatomy and tissue properties. In contrast, there has been very few efforts to emulate physiological functionality [6] . Ultimately a phantom would be more realistic and closer to the ideal of a live subject if it incorporated both structural and functional features. An important physiological system in the brain is the circulatory system, with the flow of blood representing a potential noise source to imaging systems like MWD.

In contrast, there has been very few efforts to emulate physiological functionality.


A piece of narrow rubber tubing, in the shape of a smooth arc and of diameter 4 mm with a 3 mm lumen was used to create a simplified model circulatory loop. The principal arterial structure serving the brain, the Circle of Willis, and the major vessels distal and proximal to it such as the basilar artery, internal carotid artery and the cerebral arteries are all of similar vessel dimensions [33] . The tubing was placed posterior to the plugs in a symmetrical loop across the midline with the apex half way into the brain cavity depth.

The principal arterial structure serving the brain, the Circle of Willis, and the major vessels distal and proximal to it such as the basilar artery, internal carotid artery and the cerebral arteries are all of similar vessel dimensions.


An emerging modality in the field of biomedical imaging is that of microwave diagnostics (MWD), which relies on the contrast in dielectric properties of biological tissues: relative permittivity (ε r ) and conductivity (σ) [4] . This technology has the potential to be translated into non-invasive, portable, low-cost devices, free from harmful ionising radiation, and could be valuable in the diagnostic pathway of neurological patients. Developing such a technology involves testing of devices using methods that range from computer simulations to trials on animal and human subjects. The former suffers from the difficulty of modelling all the complexity associated with the head and the microwave device. The latter, though near ideal, is slow, costly, involves ethical considerations, and may expose the entire developing system to a potential excess of variables too soon. Hence, system testing with phantoms, physical objects that emulate the properties of human tissues and organs, is a vital step in the technology development process. Experiments with phantoms allow controlled testing to be performed on a physical real world object.

An emerging modality in the field of biomedical imaging is that of microwave diagnostics (MWD), which relies on the contrast in dielectric properties of biological tissues: relative permittivity (ε r ) and conductivity (σ).


Bridges, in general, are experiencing accelerated deterioration and are becoming more and more exposed to wear and tear as time progresses because they were designed when the demand for transportation facilities was not as high as it is today. The vehicles' weight and the traffic increase are critical aspects [2] . The maintenance works related to structural problems like joints and bearings are critical because experience has shown that these are the equipments that suffer from premature wear, thus requiring careful and regular maintenance procedures [3] . Other common problem in bridges is the loss of sediments around and under the bridge footing due to scour that can lead to excessive pillar movement, creating an unwanted stress in the bridge structure that may eventually lead to failure or collapse [2] . The human error is also a critical issue in the structures healthy. In Korea several man-made disasters were registered in the 1990s, as a consequence of the country modernization without a corresponding integrative moral basis [4] .

The vehicles' weight and the traffic increase are critical aspects.

The maintenance works related to structural problems like joints and bearings are critical because experience has shown that these are the equipments that suffer from premature wear, thus requiring careful and regular maintenance procedures.

Other common problem in bridges is the loss of sediments around and under the bridge footing due to scour that can lead to excessive pillar movement, creating an unwanted stress in the bridge structure that may eventually lead to failure or collapse.

In Korea several man-made disasters were registered in the 1990s, as a consequence of the country modernization without a corresponding integrative moral basis.


Atmospheric overvoltages create a series of problems to power systems, resulting in damages and/or failures of the equipment, interruption of the power supply, and potential life endangerment. Overhead transmission and distribution lines are susceptible to direct and indirect lightning hits, involving traveling waves that, even though they are of short duration, can result in overvoltages that exceed the insulating capabilities of transmission and/or distribution lines. This can lead to severe damage to the equipment as well as power supply interruptions [1] [2] [3] . So, for a variety of reasons, including reliability issues, the improvement of the lightning performance of power systems is of great importance in ensuring uninterrupted power supply of a high quality.

This can lead to severe damage to the equipment as well as power supply interruptions.


Trans fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids with at least one double bond in the trans form, are formed during the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils. This process changes vegetable oils to semisolid fats, which can be used in margarines and commercial cooking. The average consumption of industrially produced How to cite this paper: Shimizu, F., Ishii, Y., Ogawa, M., Takao, T., Koba, S. and Takada 798 Food and Nutrition Sciences trans fatty acids in US is 2% to 3% of total calories consumed [1] .

The average consumption of industrially produced How to cite this paper: Shimizu, F., Ishii, Y., Ogawa, M., Takao, T., Koba, S. and Takada 798 Food and Nutrition Sciences trans fatty acids in US is 2% to 3% of total calories consumed.


Most trans fats in the US diet are produced industrially during the partial We found that IP-trans fatty acids were lower in Japan vs the US [8] . The reported intake of IP-TFA is 0% in Japan, again supporting the observed differences in biomarker levels. Circulating 18:2 trans fatty acids were shown to be most adversely associated with total mortality, mainly due to the increased risk of CVD [9] . It was also positively associated with total mortality and CHD. In a recent study from Germany, total trans fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes were shown to be inversely associated with mortality, but this was mainly driven Japan, whereas insufficient intakes of n6 PUFAs had about the same impact on risk in both countries [13] .

Most trans fats in the US diet are produced industrially during the partial We found that IP-trans fatty acids were lower in Japan vs the US.

Circulating 18:2 trans fatty acids were shown to be most adversely associated with total mortality, mainly due to the increased risk of CVD.

In a recent study from Germany, total trans fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes were shown to be inversely associated with mortality, but this was mainly driven Japan, whereas insufficient intakes of n6 PUFAs had about the same impact on risk in both countries.


The development of reliable anthropogenic emission inventories is crucial to understanding air pollution sources and designing effective emission abatement measures (Day et al., 2019) . Emission inventories are also key inputs for air quality research and forecasting applications and represent one of the largest source of uncertainty in the air quality modelling chain (Russell and Dennis, 2000) . For their use in atmospheric chemistry models, emissions need to be spatially distributed over a gridded domain, temporally resolved with (typically) hourly intervals and mapped to the species defined in the gas-phase and aerosol chemical mechanisms of the atmospheric chemistry model.

The development of reliable anthropogenic emission inventories is crucial to understanding air pollution sources and designing effective emission abatement measures.

Emission inventories are also key inputs for air quality research and forecasting applications and represent one of the largest source of uncertainty in the air quality modelling chain.


Another possible source of heterogeneity is the relationship of ALT activity and in-vivo concentration of pyridoxal phosphate. It has been proven that the in-vivo activity of ALT correlates with the pyridoxal phosphate levels; however, this correlation is only partially clinically significant. In one study, which involved geriatric patients, only 36.7% with pyridoxal phosphate deficiency had ALT activity below reference value [26] . Pyridoxal phosphate deficiency is also more common with advanced age or alcohol abuse [27] . In our study, we included young patients (median age 34.7 years) and excluded patients with significant alcohol use; therefore, the potential bias caused by pyridoxal phosphate deficiency is minimal.

In one study, which involved geriatric patients, only 36.7% with pyridoxal phosphate deficiency had ALT activity below reference value.

Pyridoxal phosphate deficiency is also more common with advanced age or alcohol abuse.


The need to be able to predict urban air quality, regulate emissions from industrial plants and predict the consequences of unexpected releases of hazardous materials, has led to the development of a large number of atmospheric transport and dispersion (AT&D) models of varying levels of complexity. However, in order for these models to be applied with confidence it is necessary to demonstrate their fitness-for-purpose, through some form of evaluation process. This had led to the development of a wide range of metrics and a significant body of literature on the results of model comparisons. It has also led to the development of initiatives, such as harmonisation within atmospheric dispersion modelling for regulatory purposes (HARMO), in order to promote the standardisation and development of AT&D models, and the development of best practice guides and model evaluation protocols, such as that developed under the Cooperation in Science and Technology Action 732 [1] .

It has also led to the development of initiatives, such as harmonisation within atmospheric dispersion modelling for regulatory purposes (HARMO), in order to promote the standardisation and development of AT&D models, and the development of best practice guides and model evaluation protocols, such as that developed under the Cooperation in Science and Technology Action 732.


Reasons for poor retention in HIV care are diverse and span individual (e.g. depression, stigma), interpersonal (e.g. patient-provider relationship), and structural (e.g. insurance eligibility) factors [8] . Evidence-based interventions to promote retention in care and virologic suppression include adherence counseling, medical case management, intensive outreach, and peer or paraprofessional patient navigation [9] . In addition, studies have shown that prompts and reminders are effective tools for both antiretroviral and appointment adherence [10] [11] [12] . Moreover, the randomized, multi-site Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Retention in Care project, demonstrated that patients receiving enhanced personal contact in addition to usual clinic practice exhibited a significant improvement in appointment attendance [13] .

Reasons for poor retention in HIV care are diverse and span individual (e.g. depression, stigma), interpersonal (e.g. patient-provider relationship), and structural (e.g. insurance eligibility) factors.

Evidence-based interventions to promote retention in care and virologic suppression include adherence counseling, medical case management, intensive outreach, and peer or paraprofessional patient navigation.

In addition, studies have shown that prompts and reminders are effective tools for both antiretroviral and appointment adherence.

Moreover, the randomized, multi-site Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Retention in Care project, demonstrated that patients receiving enhanced personal contact in addition to usual clinic practice exhibited a significant improvement in appointment attendance.


We evaluated the accuracy of imputation from dense genotypes to sequence variants using a population of 1577 sequenced animals which is a four-to eight-fold increase in sample size compared to previous studies in cattle [2, 17, 18] . Our findings are likely to be relevant for many cattle populations because we considered animals from two breeds with different effective population sizes as validation panel and inferred sequence variants on six chromosomes that reflect a broad spectrum of LD [44] . The accuracy of imputation was the correlation between imputed and sequenced genotypes (r IMP,SEQ ), which is a measure that depends less on the allele frequencies of the sequence variants than e.g., the proportion of correctly imputed genotypes [45] . However, the cross-validation procedure that was applied in our study yields reliable results only when the quality of the sequence data is high. Low fold sequencing coverage and sequencing or assembly errors may result in flawed genotypes [46] .

We evaluated the accuracy of imputation from dense genotypes to sequence variants using a population of 1577 sequenced animals which is a four-to eight-fold increase in sample size compared to previous studies in cattle.

Our findings are likely to be relevant for many cattle populations because we considered animals from two breeds with different effective population sizes as validation panel and inferred sequence variants on six chromosomes that reflect a broad spectrum of LD.

The accuracy of imputation was the correlation between imputed and sequenced genotypes (r IMP,SEQ ), which is a measure that depends less on the allele frequencies of the sequence variants than e.g., the proportion of correctly imputed genotypes.

Low fold sequencing coverage and sequencing or assembly errors may result in flawed genotypes.


In this paper we take a different approach: we create heavy differences in meaning by generating questions with their meaning negated, and observe system outputs. Our initial hypothesis was that verbs together with nouns should be of paramount importance to the system, as they are the main creators of meaning in language. We find that reversing verb meaning disturbs system output in 9.5% of cases, with little influence on decision certainty. We then proceed to explain this phenomenon by observing the behavior of deep net architecture and the characteristics of the SQuAD dataset (Rajpurkar et al., 2016) itself.

We then proceed to explain this phenomenon by observing the behavior of deep net architecture and the characteristics of the SQuAD dataset itself.


It is known from the literature that CO can reduce the surface CeO 2 even at lower temperature compared with H 2 , although it is generally considered that CO is a weaker reducing agent than H 2 . This can be clearly seen by comparison of Figs. 4 and 5 (CeO 2 profiles). As reported in the literature, the reason may be that the dissociation of adsorbed H 2 is necessary for the reduction by H 2 , while CO can directly attack the surface oxygen in CeO 2 [9] . However, if the amount of surface carbonates with different degree of stability is high, the CO ability to interact with the surface of the oxides could be affected. This relationship seems very clear for pure praseodymia, because it presents the highest amount of carbonates among the catalysts studied. Regarding the evolved CO 2 profiles on Fig. 2b , decomposition peaks of surface carbonates (between 320 and 430°C) are nearly coincident with the shoulder and main peak observed in CO-TPR for CO consumption (seen in Fig. 4 as CO 2 generation) . The amount of carbonates on the surface of the oxides plays an important role in CO-PROX reaction. This could be the explanation for the low catalytic activity shown by PrO 2-d towards CO-PROX. On the other hand, the reducibility order as determined by H 2 -TPR of the catalysts is in accordance with the activity of H 2 oxidation during the CO-PROX process. As discussed in CO-PROX results, PrO 2-d exhibits the lowest O 2 selectivity to CO 2 but the highest O 2 selectivity for H 2 oxidation, which means that the rest of O 2 was consumed by H 2 oxidation and H 2 oxidation is dominant during CO-PROX reaction. For Ce x Pr 1-x O 2-d mixed oxides, H 2 -TPR reduction temperature decreases, CO conversion also decreases. At the same time, the O 2 selectivity to CO 2 also decreases, suggesting that H 2 oxidation is more favourable. To summarize, CO oxidation in CO-PROX process follows the same order of CO-TPR, while H 2 oxidation in CO-PROX process is related to the catalysts' reducibility in H 2 -TPR. For this reason, PrO 2-d shows the lowest activity for CO oxidation during PROX process, however it is more active for H 2 oxidation and NO oxidation to NO 2 , even after calcination at 1000°C.

As reported in the literature, the reason may be that the dissociation of adsorbed H 2 is necessary for the reduction by H 2 , while CO can directly attack the surface oxygen in CeO 2.


To get further insight into the quantification of the oxygen species lability and in an attempt to determine the degree of lattice oxygen release in these materials, TG-MS experiments under inert atmosphere were carried out for all the catalysts calcined at 500°C. All the evolved products were registered. The use of an inert atmosphere is justified, because it is deduced from TPR experiments (discussed below) that the commonly used reducing agents might present different degree of interaction with these mixed oxides' surface sites. In this sense, the catalysts' O 2 evolution profiles were obtained and depicted in Fig. 2a (solid lines correspond to fresh catalysts and dotted lines to pretreated catalysts). Figure 2a provides extremely interesting information, because pure ceria is not able to release oxygen under inert atmosphere up to 950°C, and both surface and sub-surface oxygen is not labile enough to evolve under these experimental conditions. However, O 2 evolution is observed as a broad band for Ce 0.8 Pr 0.2 O 2-d . From Ce 0.5 Pr 0.5 O 2-d composition to PrO 2-d , the corresponding peaks become sharper and profiles become more complex, especially for pure PrO 2-d , whose multi-modal profile can be related to the surface and bulk praseodymia reduction, and could also be related to phase segregation: PrO 2 , Pr 6 O 11 and PrO 1.83 (identified by XRD), as discussed in a previous article [8] . It is worth noting the sharp peak appearing at low temperature for Ce 0.2 Pr 0.8 O 2-d , which could be ascribed to very labile oxygen species, partially responsible of the NO oxidation to NO 2 at low temperature (Fig. 1a) .

From Ce 0.5 Pr 0.5 O 2-d composition to PrO 2-d , the corresponding peaks become sharper and profiles become more complex, especially for pure PrO 2-d , whose multi-modal profile can be related to the surface and bulk praseodymia reduction, and could also be related to phase segregation: PrO 2 , Pr 6 O 11 and PrO 1.83 (identified by XRD), as discussed in a previous article.


The corresponding mixed oxides, Ce x Pr 1-x O 2-d , can undergo more oxygen exchange at a lower temperature than pure ceria and it is also known that the Ce-Pr-O compositions are more promising than the trivalent rareearth substituted ceria formulation. It could be assumed that Pr-containing mixed oxides should exhibit intermediate and close to optimal combination of capacity, stability and reactivity with respect to reversible oxygen evolution/ uptake, but in catalytic oxidation reactions with practical application not all the reactive oxygen can be available and the establishment of redox-catalytic performances relationships in different environmental reactions could be of special interest [5] . The present work is devoted to prepare and characterize a series of Ce x Pr 1-x O 2-d and to analyze the trends in catalytic activities towards the NO oxidation to NO 2 under O 2 rich atmospheres and the preferential oxidation of CO in H 2 rich stream (CO-PROX). The correlations between catalytic performances obtained and redox properties are explored and connected to the catalysts' composition.

It could be assumed that Pr-containing mixed oxides should exhibit intermediate and close to optimal combination of capacity, stability and reactivity with respect to reversible oxygen evolution/ uptake, but in catalytic oxidation reactions with practical application not all the reactive oxygen can be available and the establishment of redox-catalytic performances relationships in different environmental reactions could be of special interest.


We examined the optical properties of phosphor-filled polymer layers on glass. We varied such parameters as the refractive index of the binder, particle size distribution and particle volume concentration (PVC) in the layers. We estimated how these parameters influence optical transmittance of the layers and confirmed the experimental results with simulations using our computational model CROWM [22, 23] . Our aim was to achieve the highest possible transmittance of visible light with the exception of the phosphor absorption region. Finally we calculated the optical transmittance through such phosphor-filled layers with silicon wafers as a substrate. Our results show that scattering by phosphors particles can enhance the light-coupling into the silicon and prove that our concept has promise.

We estimated how these parameters influence optical transmittance of the layers and confirmed the experimental results with simulations using our computational model CROWM.


Modern solar cell devices cannot use the entire incident solar spectrum [2] . This is due to the fact that the optimum efficiency requires a certain band gap. This leads to thermalization losses in the UV-and near-UV spectral region.

Modern solar cell devices cannot use the entire incident solar spectrum.


Photovoltaics is one of the most promising solutions to the world's energy demand problem. By the year 2050, it is expected to provide about 16% of the entire global electricity [1] . The increase in efficiency and the drop in the production costs of solar modules are, therefore, of great importance.

By the year 2050, it is expected to provide about 16% of the entire global electricity.


Luminescent down-shifting (LDS) is known for decades as an approach to improve the conversion efficiency of various devices in the short-wavelength spectral region [3, 4] . Separate layers or blocks of polymer filled with photoluminescent materials are put in front of the device to modify the incident spectrum. The layer converts the UV and near-UV photons into photons in the visible spectrum via photoluminescence process, thus, increasing the amount of incident "useful" photons.

Luminescent down-shifting (LDS) is known for decades as an approach to improve the conversion efficiency of various devices in the short-wavelength spectral region.


Phosphors form the third group of possible luminescent materials for LDS layers [11] . Typically, they have large Stokes shift, high photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY), and long-term stability. Phosphors have a high refractive index n from 1.6 to 2.6 depending on the crystal lattice. This is why their usual particle sizes of several µm represent the main drawback for photovoltaic application: adding phosphors to transparent polymer binder results in strong light scattering and, therefore, reflection losses.

Phosphors form the third group of possible luminescent materials for LDS layers.


Cryptography is the science of protection of private information from unauthorized access, ensuring data integrity, authentication, and other related features. In order to succeed in achieving this goal, a cryptography algorithm is employed to produce a cryptogram which includes some additional information that finally determines which key is used. Classical cryptography is divided into two main types depending on the actions of the two conventional parties Alice and Bob. The first type is a symmetrical system with Alice and Bob using the same key. The second type, the asymmetrical system, is so named when Alice and Bob use a different key. The onetime-pad algorithm also belongs to classical cryptography [1] . Quantum cryptography is an emerging technology based on quantum mechanics and the phenomena and the properties of light. Quantum cryptography was developed in 1984 by the physicist Charles Henry Bennett when he developed what he claimed was an unconditionally secure quantum key distribution protocol called BB84 which guaranteed secure communication between parties who had not initially shared secret information [2] . The science is grounded in the uncertainty principle and was proven scientifically in 1992 [3] . Over the following years this science began to evolve rapidly and to have significant effects. Recently, a quantum encryption algorithm has been proposed but it has been noticed that the quantum encryption algorithm is very similar to the classical encryption algorithm with the crucial difference that the quantum algorithm is based on quantum laws whilst the classical algorithms are based on mathematical ones [4] [5] [6] [7] . This development in the field of quantum computation may threaten and replace traditional encryption systems by utilizing algorithms such as Shor's quantum factoring algorithms, discrete algorithms, and Grover's algorithm. Thus, we should be looking to design new algorithms to resist the attacks against quantum algorithms whose contribution and progress in this field has become of significant importance and crucial necessity in the protection of information. Unlike classical algorithms, where Eve can be detected easily, the defining characteristics of quantum 2 Advances in High Energy Physics algorithms provide a much more secure system because the nonorthogonal quantum states protect the information from reliable detection. Unlike classical algorithms, where Eve can be detected easily, the defining characteristics of quantum algorithms provide a much more secure system because the nonorthogonal quantum states protect the information from reliable detection [8] . In other words, in practical terms an unconditionally secure algorithm is of far greater significance and value as a protection system of information than the classical algorithm approach wishing to achieve the same goal. Therefore, the quantum algorithms are the best candidates to provide for these needs. In this paper we will propose a novel and practical quantum block encryption algorithm based on a quantum shift register.

The onetime-pad algorithm also belongs to classical cryptography.

Quantum cryptography was developed in 1984 by the physicist Charles Henry Bennett when he developed what he claimed was an unconditionally secure quantum key distribution protocol called BB84 which guaranteed secure communication between parties who had not initially shared secret information.

The science is grounded in the uncertainty principle and was proven scientifically in 1992.

Recently, a quantum encryption algorithm has been proposed but it has been noticed that the quantum encryption algorithm is very similar to the classical encryption algorithm with the crucial difference that the quantum algorithm is based on quantum laws whilst the classical algorithms are based on mathematical ones.

Unlike classical algorithms, where Eve can be detected easily, the defining characteristics of quantum algorithms provide a much more secure system because the nonorthogonal quantum states protect the information from reliable detection.


The c-theorem suggests that the effective number of degrees of freedom in the CFT increases in a generic solution as it evolves towards an asymptotically dS regime in the future. We would like to point out, however, that this does not necessarily correspond to the number degrees of freedom accessible to observers in experiments. Here we are thinking in terms of holography and Bousso's entropy bounds [28] . Consider a four-dimensional inflationary model with k=0 and consider also the causal domain relevant for an experiment beginning at t= − ∞ and ending at some arbitrary time t=t o . For a sufficiently small t o , it is not hard to show that the number of accessible states is given by 3π/GΛ initial . Naively, one expects that this number of states will grow to 3π/GΛ f inal as t o → ∞. However, this behavior is not universal. It is not hard to construct examples 9 where in fact the initial cosmological constant still fixes the number of accessible states for arbitrarily large t o . This behavior arises because the apparent horizon is spacelike in these geometries. Hence in such models, the number of degrees of freedom required to describe physical processes throughout a given time slice grows with time while the number of states that are accessible to experimental probing by a given physicist remains fixed.

Here we are thinking in terms of holography and Bousso's entropy bounds.


X-rays have been extremely important to a very broad range of research fields since their discovery by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895 [1] . The importance of this discovery is not exaggerated by Röntgen receiving the very first Nobel prize for physics, in 1901, as a consequence. The X-rays generated by Röntgen were far from coherent when compared to those generated by sources available today. The contrast between Röntgen's source and a free electron laser is similar to that between a low power incandescent globe and an optical laser. Just as the laser enabled a revolution in optical imaging, so too have coherent X-ray sources.

X-rays have been extremely important to a very broad range of research fields since their discovery by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895.


The modern theory of this problem was founded by Federer and Fleming [3] . They defined integral p-currents, which roughly correspond to formal sums of p-dimensional submanifolds, except for sets of p-dimensional Hausdorff measure zero. Federer and Fleming showed that for any M and [Σ], there exists an integral p-current Σ min representing [Σ] that has minimal volume. With some laxity of language, we refer to this minimal current as a minimal cycle. Applied to string theory compactified on M , the minimal cycle Σ min plausibly describes the configuration of a Euclidean brane in the class [Σ], up to corrections from worldvolume fields beyond the embedding coordinates.

The modern theory of this problem was founded by Federer and Fleming.


The quiver Grassmannian Gr e (M) is a closed subscheme of the product ∏ Gr(e v , m v ) of the usual Grassmannians over all vertices v of Q. We cite two general facts about quiver Grassmannians. Theorem 1.1 (Reineke, [15] ). Every projective k-scheme is isomorphic to a quiver Grassmannian.

Theorem 1.1 (Reineke,).


Our observation that maternal smoking may influence InB and LH levels indirectly through BMI warrants further investigation. It has been documented that in utero exposure to tobacco smoke influences early childhood growth, most often evidenced by a decrease in birth weight and a later increase in weight gain and child BMI [39] . In addition, it has been reported that girls with greater BMI often experience earlier age at menarche, a late-stage pubertal event [18, 19] . However, it remains unclear if girls with greater childhood BMI develop breast changes as a consequence of mild increases in estrogen stimulation, actually enter puberty earlier as defined by increased hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian activity, or instead, progress through the pubertal stages quicker, thereby experiencing the late-stage pubertal event, menarche, earlier [40] . Our results may suggest that a greater BMI at age 6-11 years of age is inversely associated with InB levels ( table 3 ) but positively associated with LH levels  ( table 2 ) , and this contrasting effect has been observed in adult fertile women and those with polycystic ovarian syndrome [41, 42] . Therefore, the relationship between maternal smoking and child growth and adiposity may differentially influence reproductive development as manifested through LH and InB pathways.

It has been documented that in utero exposure to tobacco smoke influences early childhood growth, most often evidenced by a decrease in birth weight and a later increase in weight gain and child BMI.

In addition, it has been reported that girls with greater BMI often experience earlier age at menarche, a late-stage pubertal event.

However, it remains unclear if girls with greater childhood BMI develop breast changes as a consequence of mild increases in estrogen stimulation, actually enter puberty earlier as defined by increased hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian activity, or instead, progress through the pubertal stages quicker, thereby experiencing the late-stage pubertal event, menarche, earlier.

Our results may suggest that a greater BMI at age 6-11 years of age is inversely associated with InB levels ( table 3 ) but positively associated with LH levels  ( table 2 ) , and this contrasting effect has been observed in adult fertile women and those with polycystic ovarian syndrome.


Even if our derivation relies on certain assumptions, this striking result strongly suggests that it might be possible to recover the entropy of the BTZ black hole from threedimensional loop quantum gravity. Furthermore, it is very interesting to notice that the techniques used here in three dimensions are very similar to the ones that were used to compute the entropy of four-dimensional black holes [28] . In this sense, there is a kind of universality that certainly deserves to be explored in more details. Our proposal raises many questions that we should investigate more carefully. We now list a few of them, together with tentative answers.

Furthermore, it is very interesting to notice that the techniques used here in three dimensions are very similar to the ones that were used to compute the entropy of four-dimensional black holes.


The sixth hypothesis empirically tested the impact of extraversion on continuance commitment. The findings supported the hypothesis in which there was a negative link between these two variables ( β ¼ −0.2103, t ¼ 2.774). As discussed, individuals high in extraversion have the traits of sociableness, gregariousness, assertiveness, talkativeness, and are active (Barrick and Mount, 1991) . The current study presumed that Pakistani employees who are more extraverted are more likely to have low continuance commitment. The reason for this hypothesis was due to the assumption that extraverts would have higher degrees of network activities, which also means they will develop more networks with other organizations, which could assist them to discover additional substitute employment opportunities compared to introverts.

As discussed, individuals high in extraversion have the traits of sociableness, gregariousness, assertiveness, talkativeness, and are active.


In H8, this study predicted a positive link between neuroticism and continuance commitment. As opposed to these expectations, a negative link was found between these two variables ( β ¼ −0.1737, t ¼ 2.566). Thus, high neuroticism in Pakistani employees shows decreased continuance commitment. As discussed previously, material benefits the organization offers are the strong motivation and attraction factors for neurotic individuals (Furnham et al., 1999) . Thus, a positive link between neuroticism and continuance commitment was expected. Also, due to the tendency for neurotic employees to experience more negative life events compared to other individuals, they may fear the costs related to quitting their current position , which means higher continuance commitment.

As discussed previously, material benefits the organization offers are the strong motivation and attraction factors for neurotic individuals.


In order to answer third research questions, participants were divided into two groups with high and low ambiguity tolerance based on the criteria of scores above 1 standard deviation and below -1 (McLain, 1993) . The mean for low ambiguity tolerance group is 105, which is slightly higher than the mean for high ambiguity tolerance group which is 102 as shown in Table 3 . An independent samples t-test was run using the scores of ambiguity tolerance and translation belief and the result shows no significant difference between high ambiguity tolerance group and low ambiguity tolerance group on their belief about translation , t(28)=.458 , p=.650.

In order to answer third research questions, participants were divided into two groups with high and low ambiguity tolerance based on the criteria of scores above 1 standard deviation and below -1.


This approach neglects the indirect flows that are needed to produce a good but which become unobservable once goods cross a border. The mass of imported steel can be measured, for instance, but the coal used to reduce the iron ores is not observed. Indirect flows become increasingly important in a globalised world (Wiedmann et al., 2013) .

Indirect flows become increasingly important in a globalised world.


One important aspect that has not been well studied in the existing literature is the non-asymptotic approach to the estimation, prediction and variables selection in the varying coefficient model. Here, we refer to the situation where both the number of unknown parameters and the number of observations are large and the former may be of much higher dimension than latter. The only reference that we are aware of in this setting, is the recent paper by Klopp and Pensky [21] . Their method is based on some recent developments in the matrix estimation problem. Some interesting questions arise in this non-asymptotic setting. One of them is the fundamental question of the minimax optimal rates of convergence. The minimax risk characterizes the essential statistical difficulty of the problem. It also captures the interplay between different parameters in the model. To the best of our knowledge, our paper presents the first non-asymptotic minimax study of the sparse heterogeneous varying coefficient model.

The only reference that we are aware of in this setting, is the recent paper by Klopp and Pensky.


The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the main steps which have characterized the evolution of air and rail transportation systems from a historical and institutional point of view. Section 3 describes the main elements composing the infrastructure of the two systems. Section 4 presents the process implemented for allocating infrastructure capacity in the strategic planning, which typically takes place months or years in advance (Barnhart et al., 2012) . Section 5 details the research trends and current practice for what concerns real-time intervention. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.

Section 4 presents the process implemented for allocating infrastructure capacity in the strategic planning, which typically takes place months or years in advance.

Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper.


Rice straw is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, silica, and ash contents. Conversion of rice straw to fermentable sugar is a very complicated process due to the presence of complex structure of lignin and hemicelluloses with cellulose [6] [7] [8] . A pretreatment process is required as it can remove cellulose and hemicellulose, reduce cellulose crystallinity, and increase the porosity of the materials [9] . Vast varieties of pretreatment methods are available such as steam explosion, liquid hot water, dilute acid, flow through acid pretreatment, lime, wet oxidation and ammonia fiber/freeze explosion, milling and grinding, microwave energy, wet oxidation, and high energy radiation [10, 11] .

Conversion of rice straw to fermentable sugar is a very complicated process due to the presence of complex structure of lignin and hemicelluloses with cellulose.

A pretreatment process is required as it can remove cellulose and hemicellulose, reduce cellulose crystallinity, and increase the porosity of the materials.

Vast varieties of pretreatment methods are available such as steam explosion, liquid hot water, dilute acid, flow through acid pretreatment, lime, wet oxidation and ammonia fiber/freeze explosion, milling and grinding, microwave energy, wet oxidation, and high energy radiation.


In recent times, due to increase in concerns for climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, research work has been inclined towards the development of sustainable and renewable energy resources. The atmospheric CO 2 levels increased from ∼275 to ∼380 ppm [1] . From renewable resources, ethanol has been of great interest as an alternative fuel or oxygenate additive for fossil fuels. In 2005 and 2006, worldwide production capacity of ethanol was about 45 and 49 billion litres, respectively, and the total projected demand in 2015 is over 115 billion litres [2] . Lignocellulosic materials are abundant, cheap, and renewable and may be used as a substrate for ethanol production through microbial intervention [3] . Cereal straws are the most abundant resource which can serve as a potential feedstock for the production of biofuel [4] . Rice contains 23% straw of its total weight. Usually, farmers burnt the rice straw left on the field in order to clear the field for the next crop. In India, open-field burning of rice straw contributes up to 0.05% of total GHG emissions [5] .

The atmospheric CO 2 levels increased from ∼275 to ∼380 ppm.

In 2005 and 2006, worldwide production capacity of ethanol was about 45 and 49 billion litres, respectively, and the total projected demand in 2015 is over 115 billion litres.

Lignocellulosic materials are abundant, cheap, and renewable and may be used as a substrate for ethanol production through microbial intervention.

Cereal straws are the most abundant resource which can serve as a potential feedstock for the production of biofuel.

In India, open-field burning of rice straw contributes up to 0.05% of total GHG emissions.


Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls, and has been utilized in the paper, textile and plastics/chemicals (as derivatives) industries [1] . Due to its renewable character, cellulose utilization is expected to expand in broad areas of technology. For example, use of cellulose as a reinforcing material for plastics attracts a great deal of attention because of its favorable mechanical properties such as high tensile strength [2] [3] [4] .

Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls, and has been utilized in the paper, textile and plastics/chemicals (as derivatives) industries.

For example, use of cellulose as a reinforcing material for plastics attracts a great deal of attention because of its favorable mechanical properties such as high tensile strength.


We also found that reducing sugars were stabilized in polyether against thermal degradation including browning and polysaccharides and char formation [15] . This unexpected result was explained by the action of the ether oxygens as proton acceptors. This prevents proton donation to the oxygen atoms of the sugar through intra-and intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which may inhibit acid-catalyzed glycosylation and dehydration reactions. Such a stabilization effect is also expected at the cellulose reducing ends when heat treatment of cellulose is conducted in polyether.

We also found that reducing sugars were stabilized in polyether against thermal degradation including browning and polysaccharides and char formation.


We reported previously that the reducing ends of Avicel PH-101 microcrystalline cellulose were converted into glycosides by heat treatment with alcohols at temperatures >140 °C [14] . Interestingly, the resulting alcohol-treated cellulose samples resisted discoloration on reheating at 240 and 280 °C. These results suggest that the cellulose reducing end is a reactive site in discoloration of cellulose at these temperatures.

We reported previously that the reducing ends of Avicel PH-101 microcrystalline cellulose were converted into glycosides by heat treatment with alcohols at temperatures >140 °C.


The developed software compensation method modifies CNC part programs based on the relationship between volumetric errors and motion along the axes of movement, and thus can be applied to conventional CNC machines. The design concept on which the software compensation method is based involves calculating the volumetric error caused by movement along the axes and applying compensation to the axial motion commands by applying the calculated volumetric error. The volumetric error of the CNC machine must be carefully measured in advance and an interpreter and interpolator are required to interpret the NC codes in the part programs and to perform fine interpolation for motion along the axes of movement. CNC machine simulation is employed in this study to generate precise motion commands to which compensation has been applied using the calculated volumetric error. The precisely compensated motion commands are used instead of the original ones to provide motion that is more precise. In this way, the original CNC part programs are modified. In contrast to existing approaches, not only can the developed software compensation method be applied directly to conventional CNC machines that do not support volumetric error compensation, but it also utilizes the concept of iterative learning control to more precisely calculate motion commands by referring to the obtained volumetric error. Iterative learning control (ILC) is a methodology that was originally used to address the problem of transient response in control systems that operate repetitively [12] . Because the ILC algorithm is computationally efficient and it is simple to implement, the ILC algorithm was selected and employed in this study to repetitively and precisely calculate motion commands. Because a modified motion command would induce new volumetric errors that cannot be neglected when a machine tool moves in response to that command, the volumetric compensation performance is limited, if no consideration is given to the newly generated volumetric errors that could accumulate when the machine tool moves sequentially according to the modified CNC part programs. Therefore, in this study, ILC is employed to repetitively and precisely calculate motion commands so as to significantly reduce the volumetric errors that would lead to deviations from the planned machining contours described by the CNC part program. The developed software compensation method was implemented with a LEADWELL MCV-OP CNC milling machine, and an OPTODYNE MCV-500 LDDM instrument was used to measure the volumetric error. To test the developed software compensation method, a circular contour on the X-Y plane and a spiral contour in the machine volume were divided into several parts to generate motion command points. The experimental results indicate that the developed software compensation method significantly reduces the volumetric errors during axial motion of the CNC machine, with a reduction of 77.99% for the circular contour and 87.59% for the spiral contour. Thus, the experimental results validate the developed software compensation method for volumetric error compensation of CNC machines and also demonstrate the feasibility of this method as a means of significantly improving the spatial motion accuracy of CNC machines.

Iterative learning control (ILC) is a methodology that was originally used to address the problem of transient response in control systems that operate repetitively.


There are many geometric factors that affect the machining accuracy of CNC machines, such as the straightness and flatness of the guideways, pitch error, and backlash in the motion axes. However, pitch error compensation for each axis, which is generally used in CNC machines, cannot provide any further improvement in the machining accuracy due to the existence of volumetric errors in the machine volume [4] , [7] , [18] , [22, 23] . For a machine tool with three orthogonal motion axes, movement along one motion axis would incur six errors, including a position error, vertical straightness error, horizontal straightness error, as well as pitch, yaw, and row errors. The three motion axes would incur three squareness errors if the cutting tool were to move synchronously on the XY, YZ, and XZ planes. Therefore, there are a total of twenty-one errors that constitute the volumetric error in the machine volume of a three-axis machine tool [3] , [18] . Conventionally, two types of error are classified and considered in CNC machine applications, namely, linear displacement errors and volumetric errors. A linear displacement error is the positioning error in the axial direction; usually, this error is caused by pitch errors in the leadscrews or linear encoders. A volumetric error is a positioning error in a spatial direction but not necessarily in an axial direction; usually, this type of error is given by a vector and its components are a linear error, vertical straightness, and horizontal straightness [18, 19] . Because the measured linear displacement error in the diagonal directions of the machine volume is sensitive to any error parallel and perpendicular to the linear motion axes, a reduction in the linear displacement error cannot completely eliminate the volumetric error. Some international and American standards, such as ISO230-6 and ASME B5.54, further define and describe a verifiable process for determining the volumetric error of CNC machines so that the manufacturers of these tools can follow these standards, evaluate the motion accuracy, and validate the precision of their machines [2, 3] . Therefore, to ensure precise machining by CNC machines, both the measurement of, and compensation for, volumetric errors must be carefully considered.

However, pitch error compensation for each axis, which is generally used in CNC machines, cannot provide any further improvement in the machining accuracy due to the existence of volumetric errors in the machine volume.

Therefore, there are a total of twenty-one errors that constitute the volumetric error in the machine volume of a three-axis machine tool.

A volumetric error is a positioning error in a spatial direction but not necessarily in an axial direction; usually, this type of error is given by a vector and its components are a linear error, vertical straightness, and horizontal straightness.

Some international and American standards, such as ISO230-6 and ASME B5.54, further define and describe a verifiable process for determining the volumetric error of CNC machines so that the manufacturers of these tools can follow these standards, evaluate the motion accuracy, and validate the precision of their machines.


Two paired cameras have also been used to capture images for measuring the weld pool surface [9] . The paired images are rectified using calibration parameters obtained through the stereo calibration procedure. Then by using stereo processing algorithms the weld pool shape is rendered in three dimensions. It is unclear how the effect of the bright arc and the specular surface on imaging can be eliminated to acquire quality images which can give reasonably accurate results.

Two paired cameras have also been used to capture images for measuring the weld pool surface.


Of the 44 patients evaluated, 4 (one for Group A, and three of Group B) were excluded for previous gastrointestinal disease. Two patients of Group A and one of Group B refused to continue the study; one patient of Group A and one of Group B were excluded because their oesophageal motility studies were considered technically inadequate; finally two patients of Group A with nerve phrenic crush during surgery were excluded. That was because the LES and diaphragmatic sphincter are anatomically superimposed on each other, and therefore it is difficult to discern whether the intraluminal pressure is related to LES or diaphragmatic sphincter contraction [12, 13] .

That was because the LES and diaphragmatic sphincter are anatomically superimposed on each other, and therefore it is difficult to discern whether the intraluminal pressure is related to LES or diaphragmatic sphincter contraction.


In this paper, we present a stochastic model of a thermallymanaged MC system (which we shall call TMS, for short) using a Markov decision process (MDP) model. Recall that MDP, which provides a robust theoretical framework for resource management problems, is a theory of modeling the sequential decision making process [7] . The key rationale for utilizing MDP for solving the DTM problem in MC systems is to manage the stochastic behavior of the temperature states of the system under dynamic re-configuration of its micro-architecture (which may take place in response to application program characteristics), while maximizing the system performance subject to the constraint that a critical temperature threshold is not exceeded locally or globally.

Recall that MDP, which provides a robust theoretical framework for resource management problems, is a theory of modeling the sequential decision making process.


Much of the past work has examined techniques for thermal modeling and management, but these techniques may be ineffective to reduce chip temperature of multi-core (MC) systems because the configurability of the micro-architecture depending on the target application and the uncertainty in temperature measurement (erroneous or noisy temperature reports) have often not been considered. Furthermore, thermal models, based on equivalent circuit models, cannot adequately model heat generation and diffusion in structures with complex shapes and boundary conditions. Indeed, it is extremely difficult to obtain the exact solution of the heat equations that arise from realistic die conditions [6] . These difficulties render the problem of identifying hot spots stochastic.

Indeed, it is extremely difficult to obtain the exact solution of the heat equations that arise from realistic die conditions.


Our findings are consistent with the idea that emotional support diffuses through relational interdependencies in adolescent peer networks, a system which is also affected by the broader context of not only the peer network, but also the perceived support from youths' parents and that support which their peers perceive from their own parents. Taken together, these findings suggest that emotional support is transacted through an interdependent contextual system, comprised of both peer and parental effects, with the latter also having distal indirect effects onto youths' friends. The provision of support to peers depended on numerous network properties, including the number of people youth provide support to, and whether or not support is reciprocated. Findings also suggest a hierarchical, unidirectional, flow of support provision, given the effects of transitive triplets and 3-cycles. The findings suggest some youth may act as sources of support, while others receive considerably more than they give, and in a non-linear fashion. We also observed homophily effects in the provision of support, with youth providing support to others in the same grade and of the same gender. Moreover, we observed evidence that parental emotional support was important: adolescents provided more support to peers if they received more emotional support from their own parent or to peers who received more support from their own parent. This is consistent with literature indicating that youth who have received support from their own parents are able to provide support to their friends [9, 11] . We also observed a selection effect for support provision, indicating that youth had a tendency to provide emotional support to those who smoked at similar levels. Concurrently, we found that peer influence affected smoking, with youth being more likely to mimic the smoking behavior of peers who provide them emotional support. Moreover, we observed a positive relationship between a parental home environment favoring smoking and smoking behavior, mirroring past studies [31] . We also found that youth exhibiting depressive symptoms were more likely to smoke. Overall, our findings suggest a social milieu in which support provision cascades through network structures, in a hierarchical and transitive fashion, interdependently with parental support effects, which work through both direct and indirect pathways.

This is consistent with literature indicating that youth who have received support from their own parents are able to provide support to their friends.

Moreover, we observed a positive relationship between a parental home environment favoring smoking and smoking behavior, mirroring past studies.


Techniques for water network simulation are well developed and widely implemented. The simulation problem is to find the flow and pressure distribution on a network of known design (e.g. pipe topology and size) and known operating plan (e.g. valve settings and pump schedules). One popular tool for network simulation is EPANET (Rossman 2000) . In contrast, a network optimization problem is to make the best decision regarding design or operation with respect to some objective and subject to some constraints.

One popular tool for network simulation is EPANET.


Change has always shaped urban retail, and supply and demand have been its main architects. Consumers are constantly renewing their needs, wants and desires, changing their behaviors and lifestyles, with direct consequences on shopping activities. For their part, in order to survive and grow in a highly competitive environment, shopkeepers have to renew their strategies, introducing new retail concepts, innovative shopping environments and different types of goods and services (Borchert, 1998) . In recent decades, these changes have not only intensified their pace but also broadened their scope, creating serious imbalances in the structure and spatial organization of the urban retail systems. Often, these shifts challenge the viability of retail facilities and jeopardize the sustainability of cities. The decline of small businesses at the expense of large corporations, the weakened role of the city centre over the suburbs, the disappearance of neighborhood stores in contrast to the growth of out-of-town mega-projects, and the devaluation of utilitarian premises in favor of the ''spectacular'' shopping spaces are now common features shared by cities with different positions in the urban hierarchy (Urban-Net, 2010) .

For their part, in order to survive and grow in a highly competitive environment, shopkeepers have to renew their strategies, introducing new retail concepts, innovative shopping environments and different types of goods and services.

The decline of small businesses at the expense of large corporations, the weakened role of the city centre over the suburbs, the disappearance of neighborhood stores in contrast to the growth of out-of-town mega-projects, and the devaluation of utilitarian premises in favor of the ''spectacular'' shopping spaces are now common features shared by cities with different positions in the urban hierarchy.


Organic agriculture (OA) is defined by the worldwide umbrella organization International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) as a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people, by relying on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of non-organic, chemical-synthetic inputs. OA also promotes fair relationships in the value chain, reflected in IFOAM's four basic principles of Health, Ecology, Fairness and Care [13] . IFOAM defines "sustainable" as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, conserving an ecological balance by avoiding depletion or destruction of natural resources [14] .

OA also promotes fair relationships in the value chain, reflected in IFOAM's four basic principles of Health, Ecology, Fairness and Care.

IFOAM defines "sustainable" as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, conserving an ecological balance by avoiding depletion or destruction of natural resources.


To summarize, the organic sector needs to further develop various breeding approaches that fit with the principles of the IFOAM. This will also require political dialog and public intervention in agricultural research to support new concepts of organic plant breeding in which the whole value chain up to the final consumers are included [99, 100] . To facilitate such developments, interdisciplinary research is needed to integrate knowledge from the technical and social sciences [7] . A pluriformity in breeding approaches suited for OA considering different agro-ecological and socio-economic contexts will allow breeding for local adaptation and niche markets. This will contribute to the maintenance of diversity of our crop plants and, thus, lower risks of total crop failure due to extreme weather events expected due to climate change.

This will also require political dialog and public intervention in agricultural research to support new concepts of organic plant breeding in which the whole value chain up to the final consumers are included.

To facilitate such developments, interdisciplinary research is needed to integrate knowledge from the technical and social sciences.


OA is a rapidly growing sector worldwide. A total of 43.7 million hectares were organically managed by 2.3 million organic producers at the end of 2014 which is approximately 1% of the worldwide agricultural land [15] . The global sales of organic food and drink reached 80 billion US dollars in 2014 [15] . With 11.6 million hectares, Europe covers 27.6% of the world's organic farmland with the largest areas in Spain, Italy, France and Germany. This area almost doubled since 2004. The European market for organic products in 2014 was valued €26.2 billion with a growth rate of 8%. European countries have top rankings for market share and per capita consumption worldwide [15] . For many countries the market demand is growing faster than domestic production. In a recent published vision of IFOAM called "Organic 3.0" it was estimated that the organic sector could potentially grow up to 20% worldwide of the total agricultural area [14] .

A total of 43.7 million hectares were organically managed by 2.3 million organic producers at the end of 2014 which is approximately 1% of the worldwide agricultural land.

The global sales of organic food and drink reached 80 billion US dollars in 2014.

This area almost doubled since 2004.

European countries have top rankings for market share and per capita consumption worldwide.

In a recent published vision of IFOAM called "Organic 3.0" it was estimated that the organic sector could potentially grow up to 20% worldwide of the total agricultural area.


For many years, the organic sector was considered the frontrunner of sustainable agriculture and the spin-off it had to the development of sustainability in conventional agriculture was the reason at the beginning of 2000 for many European governments to invest in OA. To maintain that leadership position of the organic sector, IFOAM calls for a continuous improvement in the sector towards more and more implementing best practices to develop "truly sustainable food and farming systems" [14] . This implies an integrated approach to make organic food and farming systems not only ecologically sound, but also economically viable, socially and culturally diverse and transparently accountable.

To maintain that leadership position of the organic sector, IFOAM calls for a continuous improvement in the sector towards more and more implementing best practices to develop "truly sustainable food and farming systems".


In the strong coupling or (semi)classical domain integrability manifests itself by the existence of a spectral parameter dependent flat connection [5] . The corresponding parallel transporter can be evaluated on a non-trivial closed loop, which defines the monodromy matrix, whose trace is time independent and generates an infinite family of conserved charges. Even more, the logarithm of the eigenvalues of the monodromy matrix (quasi momenta) form an eight-sheeted Riemann surface: the spectral curve [6] . The spectral curve provides a very elegant description of the finite energy classical configurations. By requiring the right analytical properties for the quasi momenta allows to find the classical curve for each solution and to determine its energy without explicitly constructing the solution itself [7] . Moreover, the curve can be used to characterize the small fluctuations around the classical solutions and by this way to describe their semiclassical corrections [8] .

In the strong coupling or (semi)classical domain integrability manifests itself by the existence of a spectral parameter dependent flat connection.

Even more, the logarithm of the eigenvalues of the monodromy matrix (quasi momenta) form an eight-sheeted Riemann surface: the spectral curve.

By requiring the right analytical properties for the quasi momenta allows to find the classical curve for each solution and to determine its energy without explicitly constructing the solution itself.

Moreover, the curve can be used to characterize the small fluctuations around the classical solutions and by this way to describe their semiclassical corrections.


We then analyze the curve form different point of views. For simplicity we restrict the investigations for the Y = 0 brane boundary conditions as in this case both the asymptotical Bethe Ansatz and the Y-system solutions are available [23, 27] . We obtain and characterize the curve as the semi-classical limit of these descriptions. We also construct explicitly the spectral curve for the BMN state and for circular open strings. Finally, we show how the spectrum of small fluctuations can be determined.

For simplicity we restrict the investigations for the Y = 0 brane boundary conditions as in this case both the asymptotical Bethe Ansatz and the Y-system solutions are available.


The quantum spectrum of particles in a large volume can be described by specifying their dispersion relations and momentum quantization conditions, called the asymptotic Bethe Ansatz equations [9] . These equations are valid for any coupling provided the volume is large. The obtained spectrum can be compared at weak coupling to the spectrum of the dilation operator of gauge theory, while at strong coupling to the energies of the classical string solutions. The spectral curve can be also recovered in the strong coupling limit as Bethe roots condense and form the expected cuts [10] .

The quantum spectrum of particles in a large volume can be described by specifying their dispersion relations and momentum quantization conditions, called the asymptotic Bethe Ansatz equations.

The spectral curve can be also recovered in the strong coupling limit as Bethe roots condense and form the expected cuts.


The classical integrability of open strings can be shown by constructing the analogue of the monodromy matrix. In the open case the parallel transporter can be used to move from one boundary to the other. At the boundary gluing automorphism has to be introduced, such that when combined with the transporter a so called double row monodromy matrix is obtained [18, 19] . Its trace is time independent and generates an infinite family of conserved charges [19] .

At the boundary gluing automorphism has to be introduced, such that when combined with the transporter a so called double row monodromy matrix is obtained.

Its trace is time independent and generates an infinite family of conserved charges.


A variety of conformal boundary conditions (branes) for the Monster CFT are known [11] . The lowest value of the boundary entropy among these branes is s=0 (g=1). The known g=1 branes are the boundary conditions that respect the full chiral algebra. The incoming chiral fields are transformed by an element of the Monster symmetry group and reflected into outgoing chiral fields. They all have the same boundary spectrum h j = 2, 3, 4, · · · , with the same multiplicities.

A variety of conformal boundary conditions (branes) for the Monster CFT are known.


In 1987, Marshall Cohen and Martin Lustig studied the paths of closed geodesics on hyperbolic surfaces with boundary [4] [5] . They gave a precise combinatorial algorithm for computing the geometric self-intersection number of a closed geodesic. Closed geodesics are in one-to-one correspondence with conjugacy classes of fundamental groups. In 2009, Moira Chas ran a computer program to calculate the self-intersection number of all conjugacy classes of a given word-length for the doublypunctured plane. She plotted the distribution of the self-intersection numbers of all (approximately) 4,000,000 curves and found it to be remarkably Gaussian in appearance. She consulted Steven Lalley and informed him of the discovery. At first he was doubtful that it could really be a Gaussian until she showed him the histogram. He said that it was the best Gaussian he'd ever seen and so they immediately got to work proving it. In August of 2011, they proved that, for a closed hyperbolic surface with boundary, the distribution of the self-intersection number (when suitably rescaled) approaches a Gaussian as the word-length of the curves approaches infinity [3] .

In 1987, Marshall Cohen and Martin Lustig studied the paths of closed geodesics on hyperbolic surfaces with boundary.

In August of 2011, they proved that, for a closed hyperbolic surface with boundary, the distribution of the self-intersection number (when suitably rescaled) approaches a Gaussian as the word-length of the curves approaches infinity.


Although HRM practices has been consider as one of the influential variables seems to increase business performance, most of the Malaysian private business organization really not practicing HRM into their business (Chew, 2005) . It is unclear on how to change the mindset of the Malaysian business organization practicing HRM into their businesses. In order to understand what influence business performance as well we must first find out the HRM practices that are influencing business performance. Therefore, it is replicated with references to the HRM practices related research in developed countries. In this study six factors have identified and they are training and development, teamwork, compensation/incentives, HR planning, performance appraisal, and employee security.

Although HRM practices has been consider as one of the influential variables seems to increase business performance, most of the Malaysian private business organization really not practicing HRM into their business.


We believe that researchers and managers should acknowledge the variable status of caribou in the Central Arctic region which are currently considered to be a distinct herd (Cameron and Whitten, 1979) . If this variability is ignored, interpretation of research conducted in the region may be in serious error. The dynamic nature of the population must also be considered in management decisions affecting caribou found in the Central Arctic region.

We believe that researchers and managers should acknowledge the variable status of caribou in the Central Arctic region which are currently considered to be a distinct herd.


This study aims to improve the understanding of membrane wetting in the presence of surfactants and oil. A commonly used surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, was used to investigate the effect on surface tension, contact angle and membrane wetting in membrane distillation. The validity of a simple methodology correlating the surface tension, contact angle and liquid entry pressure to membrane wetting in membrane distillation was investigated for different concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Moreover, different membranes were used to investigate the influence of surface chemistry. Finally, a standard oil-in-water emulsion was prepared and tested with MD. The composition simulates the composition of produced water, which is a common waste stream in the oil and gas production [29] .

The composition simulates the composition of produced water, which is a common waste stream in the oil and gas production.


To the best of our knowledge, the research on the VIV of cylinder group is far from complete because of the large number of parameters to be analyzed. In this study, numerical simulations are performed to investigate the VIV of three cylinders in equilateral-triangle arrangement at Reynolds number Re = 150 using the finite element method. All cylinders are free to vibrate in both transverse and in-line directions. Figure 1 shows the layout of the three cylinders (Cylinders 1, 2, and 3) and the definition of the flow incidence angle . The dynamic responses of the cylinders are studied systematically for three flow incidence angles (i.e., = 0 ∘ , 30 ∘ , and 60 ∘ ). The gap spacing between the cylinders is set as 4 . At this spacing, vortex shedding behind three stationary cylinders can be fully developed and the flow interference is mainly dominated by the wake effect [18] . In the present VIV simulations, to excite large amplitude vibration, the structural damping coefficient is set to be zero. The mass ratio of the cylinders is = 2.0. The reduced velocity ranges from 3 to 12 with a step increment of 1.

At this spacing, vortex shedding behind three stationary cylinders can be fully developed and the flow interference is mainly dominated by the wake effect.


The temperature and the entropy remain related to the surface gravity and area of the black hole as in equations (1) . The q i are gauge charges, and J i are angular momenta, while Φ i and Ω i are their conjugate potentials and angular velocities, respectively. The black holes may have other parameters and they enter additively with their conjugates to the First Law (2) in the usual way. This formalism works in multiple dimensions. Interestingly, for the static black holes, the thermodynamic volume V is just the naive "geometric" volume of the black holes: the volume of the ball of radius r + (our notation for the horizon radius in this paper) 3 .

The temperature and the entropy remain related to the surface gravity and area of the black hole as in equations.


Cosmic shear is obtained by correlating the average distortion of galaxy images induced by gravitational lensing at different positions on the sky, and it effectively measures the projection of the total matter power spectrum. Because cosmic shear is a projected quantity, it combines different physical scales at different redshifts, and hence for its interpretation it is important to be able to understand and correctly model even rather small, nonlinear scales. Future wide-field imaging surveys, especially the ESA mission Euclid, will have enough statistical power to measure the full matter clustering with the astounding precision of a few percent [2] .

Future wide-field imaging surveys, especially the ESA mission Euclid, will have enough statistical power to measure the full matter clustering with the astounding precision of a few percent.


The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we briefly describe the two simulations that have been used here. In Section 3 we discuss the mass fractions measured in the simulations and their modeling. In Section 4 we compare the power spectra of each mass component produced by the simulations to the results of the SAM, and draw some information on the abundance and distribution of baryons within individual structures. Our conclusions are discussed in Section 5. For consistency, we used the cosmological parameters of the OWLS project, although several of them are slightly offset with respect to the latest Planck results [17] . They correspond to a flat ΛCDM cosmology with Ω m,0 = 0.238, Ω b,0 = 0.042, h ≡ H 0 /(100h km s −1 Mpc −1 ) = 0.730, σ 8 = 0.740, and n = 0.951, where n is the scalar spectral index.

For consistency, we used the cosmological parameters of the OWLS project, although several of them are slightly offset with respect to the latest Planck results.