Thermally induced stress in thin films is one of the most critical factors that may lead to cracks, voids, delamination or other failure modes in semiconductor devices [1] [2] [3] . The stress evolution during temperature cycling characterizes film properties, e.g. elastic modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion and temperature-dependent yield stress. Moreover, plastic deformation mechanisms such as dislocation glide/climb and diffusion can be investigated by stress measurement during temperature cycling. The creep behavior of thin films can be studied by recording stress relaxation at stabilized temperatures.

Thermally induced stress in thin films is one of the most critical factors that may lead to cracks, voids, delamination or other failure modes in semiconductor devices.


It is important to make software engineering research useful and available to practitioners [2] . One way to make research more available to practitioners is to create assessment and improvement models that can be used to guide the daily work in a software development business. We propose that there is a need for an assessment and improvement model specifically aimed at software test automation. Hence, we propose further research to turn the explanatory model in Figure 4 into an assessment and improvement model for software development organizations working with test automation.

It is important to make software engineering research useful and available to practitioners.


As is well known, the Two-Higgs-Doublet model (2HDM) allows for extra sources of CP violation that originate in the scalar potential. This possibility opens interesting perspectives for cosmology [1] . Nevertheless, this option receives little attention in much of the literature [2] . The 2HDM can be formulated in any basis chosen for the Higgs doublets, e.g. any U(2) rotation acting upon the doublets (Φ 1 , Φ 2 ) would lead to an equivalent basis.

This possibility opens interesting perspectives for cosmology.

Nevertheless, this option receives little attention in much of the literature.


Scour may be defined simply as the removal of material from the bed and banks of streams by the erosive action of flowing water or tidal currents. The major damage to bridges at stream crossings occurs during floods. Damage is caused for various reasons, the main reason being streambed scour at the bridge foundations, namely piers and abutments, and is typically termed local scour. General scour, on the other hand, occurs irrespective of the existence of the bridge and can occur as either long-term or short-term scour; the two types are distinguished by the time taken for scour development (Melville and Coleman [1] ).

General scour, on the other hand, occurs irrespective of the existence of the bridge and can occur as either long-term or short-term scour; the two types are distinguished by the time taken for scour development (Melville and Coleman).


Faculty continues to be the most significant influence on student experience and satisfaction in universities. In this regard, universities have adopted student evaluation of teaching effectiveness to enhance student satisfaction. Student evaluation of teaching (SET) is among the most frequently used performance measurement instruments used by higher education institutions across the world (Pounder, 2007; Stratton, 1990) . Student evaluation of teaching (SET) questionnaire is a control device used to measure teaching effectiveness as stated by concerned students (Crumbley et al. 2001) . Historically, a number of studies confirmed that student teaching evaluation has provided reasonably valid multidimensional measures (Holtfreter, 1991; Marsh & Roche, 1997; McKeachie, 1987) . The main aim of the SET is to measure the teaching performance/effectiveness of faculties at a university. Moreover, this technique is used in educational institutions to assess the capabilities and competencies of academic staff and as a result, assessment score depicts that on what basis students perceive their teachers in their minds that directly affects their satisfaction.

Student evaluation of teaching (SET) is among the most frequently used performance measurement instruments used by higher education institutions across the world.

Student evaluation of teaching (SET) questionnaire is a control device used to measure teaching effectiveness as stated by concerned students.

Historically, a number of studies confirmed that student teaching evaluation has provided reasonably valid multidimensional measures.


Our findings shed important light on precursors to running away among young adolescents in the general population. This information is important because it may allow practitioners and other professionals to target high risk groups and to intervene before adolescents initially run from home. Additionally, identifying problems associated with running away, including family, environment, school, and/or peers, is important because problems left unchecked may result in repeated running, which may increase the likelihood of spending time on the street and consequently increase the risk for substance misuse, victimization, delinquency, and high-risk sexual behaviors (McMorris et al., 2002; Tyler, Hoyt, & Whitbeck, 2000; Tyler & Johnson, 2004) . Moreover, identifying precursors is important, as childhood difficulties with school and families as well as running from home are all associated with later adult difficulties including low earning potential and homelessness (Burt, Aron, Lee, & Valente, 2001) .

Additionally, identifying problems associated with running away, including family, environment, school, and/or peers, is important because problems left unchecked may result in repeated running, which may increase the likelihood of spending time on the street and consequently increase the risk for substance misuse, victimization, delinquency, and high-risk sexual behaviors.

Moreover, identifying precursors is important, as childhood difficulties with school and families as well as running from home are all associated with later adult difficulties including low earning potential and homelessness.


Our results indicate that SES, being African American or Hispanic, and monitoring were significantly predictive of a decrease in the mean rate of running away in midadolescence. Being female, neighborhood victimization, personal victimization, school suspension, and delinquency all significantly increased the expected frequency of running away when controlling for other influences. In terms of our background variables, one consistent finding, regardless of race/ethnicity, is that females are more likely to run away from home compared to their male counterparts. Although we are limited in our ability to measure experiences with abuse and neglect, one possible explanation for this gender difference is that because females experience higher rates of sexual abuse, they may be more likely to run away to avoid future harm (GAO, 1989; Tyler et al., 2001) . Additionally, we find that African American and Hispanic adolescents are less likely to run away compared to White adolescents. Much of the prior research on running away has been unable to examine race/ethnic differences; therefore, we cannot attest to whether this is a consistent finding. Because minority youth are more likely to live in disadvantaged contexts compared to White youth, this finding is surprising. We give greater attention to this anomaly below. Finally, consistent with previous literature, adolescents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to run away.

Although we are limited in our ability to measure experiences with abuse and neglect, one possible explanation for this gender difference is that because females experience higher rates of sexual abuse, they may be more likely to run away to avoid future harm.


Among the vast array of potential applications, safety messages propagation has been the major task of VCPSs. The majority of the VCPSs safety applications require that each vehicle broadcasts safety messages to all the surrounding vehicles. There are two main types of safety messages broadcast by each vehicle, namely, beacon and event-driven message [9, 10] . The former is automatically sent by each vehicle at regular intervals to inform others about its current position, speed, and direction of movement. The latter is broadcast by certain vehicles only in case of an unexpected event. When on-board sensors detect an accident or a sudden brake, the vehicle immediately generates an emergency message and broadcasts it to the following vehicles to notify other drivers before they reach the potential danger zone. A relatively small 2 Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing reduction in the driver's reaction time may potentially avoid the trigger of an accident. Thus, message transmission delay is a main quality-of-service (QoS) metric for safety application in VCPSs. However, data communication in VCPSs is a challenging task due to the highly dynamic network topology and intermittent connectivity caused by the high mobility and speed of vehicles [11] [12] [13] [14] .

There are two main types of safety messages broadcast by each vehicle, namely, beacon and event-driven message.

However, data communication in VCPSs is a challenging task due to the highly dynamic network topology and intermittent connectivity caused by the high mobility and speed of vehicles.


Visionary leadership, prudent, diversified investment policies and skillful branding gave Qatar, Abu Dhabi and Dubai a substantial amount of soft power, and has led them to occupy top positions on the international rankings for GDP per capita [6, [15] [16] [17] . Moreover, the populations of these three giants have expanded from a few dozen thousands in the 1970s to a few million each by 2020. The percentages of foreign workforce in their economies have risen from virtually none to over 80% in each. The figures in the other emirates are significantly lower, but there too GDP per capita, population and percentage of imported workers have witnessed a dramatic increase [15, 18] .

Visionary leadership, prudent, diversified investment policies and skillful branding gave Qatar, Abu Dhabi and Dubai a substantial amount of soft power, and has led them to occupy top positions on the international rankings for GDP per capita.

The figures in the other emirates are significantly lower, but there too GDP per capita, population and percentage of imported workers have witnessed a dramatic increase.


In fact, a much more credible explanation for their success has been a combination of personal, visionary and determined autocratic leadership in absolute monarchies, prudent, daring and diversified investment policies and skillful branding activities based on the revenues earned through oil and gas [11] . It is typically these features that differentiate them from Kuwait, which acquired its independence from Britain at an earlier stage and was far more developed at that time. The latter of the three partial explanations, branding, took the shape of constructing modern infrastructure hubs such as hypermodern ports and airports, establishing world-class airlines, developing landmark office towers, museums and shrines, offering homes to the wealthy and famous on iconic areas obtained through land reclamation, staging stunning world events like large exhibitions and sports championships, and boosting a powerful tourist industry by offering luxury resorts that lean on sea, sun, sand, camels and an expanding assortment of sophisticated and extreme shopping malls, and entertainment parks [9, [12] [13] [14] .

In fact, a much more credible explanation for their success has been a combination of personal, visionary and determined autocratic leadership in absolute monarchies, prudent, daring and diversified investment policies and skillful branding activities based on the revenues earned through oil and gas.

The latter of the three partial explanations, branding, took the shape of constructing modern infrastructure hubs such as hypermodern ports and airports, establishing world-class airlines, developing landmark office towers, museums and shrines, offering homes to the wealthy and famous on iconic areas obtained through land reclamation, staging stunning world events like large exhibitions and sports championships, and boosting a powerful tourist industry by offering luxury resorts that lean on sea, sun, sand, camels and an expanding assortment of sophisticated and extreme shopping malls, and entertainment parks.


The observation that the organdistribution kinetic curves for lung, liver, muscle, kidneys and brain all paralleled the blood-clearance curve convinces us that these organ concentrations reflect primarily the blood pool. If *I-fibrinogen were damaged initially it would accumulate in the liver and cause an early rise in that organ's concentration (Coleman et al., 1974) . Therefore, the absence of accumulation in the liver further reflects the good quality of the radiopharmaceutical. Lung and brain did not accumulate *I-fibrinogen despite the thrombogenic factors within these tissues (Wortman et al., 1976) .

If *I-fibrinogen were damaged initially it would accumulate in the liver and cause an early rise in that organ's concentration.

Lung and brain did not accumulate *I-fibrinogen despite the thrombogenic factors within these tissues.


At first glance, the U.K.'s low-carbon energy policy area appears to have expanded to accommodate the complexity and evolution of the sector. New strategies have been published, along with new instruments, to support renewable energy development. However, on closer inspection, significant steps have been taken to scale back the generosity of subsidies. Policy-makers and media reports have described them as a poor deal for consumers, or in other words as a growing policy bubble that needed to be checked. These changes appear to have been driven by a short-term cost cutting agenda -linked to the political salience of high consumer bills at a time of low real-terms wages -rather than by reforming their long-term efficacy (Parkes, 2012; Wood & Dow, 2011; Woodman & Mitchell, 2011) . Tellingly, the discursive framing moved away from an ambitious renewables-led transformation towards a 'needs must' mix of options including nuclear and shale gas (Corner et al., 2011) . Such pragmatic sounding arguments for a flexible portfolio of cost-effective options sound economically rational, but they also mask the political nature of 'picking winners', for example, Conservatives appealing to their core constituencies and business allies by blocking on-shore wind development and investing in new nuclear (Stirling, 2014) .

These changes appear to have been driven by a short-term cost cutting agenda -linked to the political salience of high consumer bills at a time of low real-terms wages -rather than by reforming their long-term efficacy.

Tellingly, the discursive framing moved away from an ambitious renewables-led transformation towards a 'needs must' mix of options including nuclear and shale gas.

Such pragmatic sounding arguments for a flexible portfolio of cost-effective options sound economically rational, but they also mask the political nature of 'picking winners', for example, Conservatives appealing to their core constituencies and business allies by blocking on-shore wind development and investing in new nuclear.


The crude fiber content in Momordica charantia (23.418%) was high, compared to some Nigerian vegetables (8.5 to 20.9%) (Ifon and Bassir, 1980) . The major drawback to the use of vegetables in human nutrition is their high fiber content, which invariably causes intestinal irritation and hence lowers the nutrient bioavailability. Thus, large quantities of plant vegetables have to be consumed to provide adequate level of nutrients (Aletor and Adeogun, 1995) . On the other hand, intake of dietary fiber can lower the serum cholesterol level, the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, constipation, diabetes, colon and breast cancer (Ishida et al., 2000) . The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of fiber for children, adults, pregnant and lactating mothers are 19 to 25, 21 to 38, 28 and 29%, respectively. Thus, M. charantia can be considered as a valuable source of dietary fiber in human nutrition (Table 2) .

The crude fiber content in Momordica charantia (23.418%) was high, compared to some Nigerian vegetables (8.5 to 20.9%).

Thus, large quantities of plant vegetables have to be consumed to provide adequate level of nutrients.

On the other hand, intake of dietary fiber can lower the serum cholesterol level, the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, constipation, diabetes, colon and breast cancer.


We found that the occurrence of secondary progressive disease course is by far the most important negative predictor of long term outcome. A patient developing SPMS has a 500-fold higher risk of being severely disabled within 10 years after MS onset as compared to a patient remaining relapsing-remitting. This is consistent with findings of three large natural history studies (Lyon, Gothenborg and London, Ontario), although the overall rate of patients developing SPMS in our cohort was considerably lower [3, 4, 15] . This may be explained by the follow up period of 10 years from onset, which is likely to cause an underestimation of SPMS conversion rates.

This is consistent with findings of three large natural history studies (Lyon, Gothenborg and London, Ontario), although the overall rate of patients developing SPMS in our cohort was considerably lower.


In this paper, we experimentally determine the thirdorder nonlinear optical properties of a waveguide core made of a nonintermixed 14:14 monolayer GaAs/ AlAs superlattice at wavelengths below its half-bandgap. The linear properties are examined to estimate their impact on the nonlinear behavior of these waveguides. Measurements of TPA are carried out by using the inverse transmission method [1] . Nonlinear refraction is examined for the case of SPM involving one linear polarization, and XPM involving the interaction between both polarizations. Coefficients for SPM and XPM are obtained from observations of SPM-and XPM-induced spectral broadening and comprehensive modeling of nonlinear pulse propagation. In the case of XPM, we account for the group velocity mismatch between the TE and TM modes that causes the spectrum to broaden asymmetrically about the center wavelength. For both TPA and nonlinear refraction, we also isolate the nonlinear behavior of the superlattice layer from the waveguide structure by accounting for the nonlinear behavior of the cladding layers.

Measurements of TPA are carried out by using the inverse transmission method.


Over the past few decades, many III-V semiconductor materials and devices have been grown using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) methods [90] [91] [92] [93] . The properties of antimonide materials have When compared with GaAs and InAs NWs, the research into GaSb and related alloy nanowires is still insufficient. Current studies are focused on the preparation of the NWs, and there are many challenges to be overcome. Therefore, more research is needed on antimony-based NW growth and characteristics.

Over the past few decades, many III-V semiconductor materials and devices have been grown using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) methods.


Over the past few decades, many III-V semiconductor materials and devices have been grown using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) methods [90] [91] [92] [93] . The properties of antimonide materials have been studied intensively. Infrared lasers and detectors based on MBE-grown materials have been widely investigated, and their performances have been adequate for their intended applications [94, 95] . The variable temperature PL properties of antimonide films and nanostructures have also been reported, and the origins of the PL peaks have been determined. The PL of antimonide alloys is usually dominated by surface states, bound carrier recombination and vacancy defect-related emissions [96, 97] . Surface passivation can improve the optical properties of these materials because it eliminates surface dangling bonds and oxides [8] . Low-dimensional antimonide alloy structures were then grown as the MBE technology matured. The controllable growth of GaSb-based NWs has already been realized by some research groups [98] . The optical properties of NWs are similar to those of thin films, but the surface states in NWs are comparatively enormous; this can be attributed to their high surface-to-volume ratios. Establishing the relationship between the growth conditions and the optical properties of these structures is highly significant for the investigations of low-dimensional structures. On this basis, the research efforts into one-dimensional semiconductor devices remain ongoing and are still in their initial stages.

Infrared lasers and detectors based on MBE-grown materials have been widely investigated, and their performances have been adequate for their intended applications.

The PL of antimonide alloys is usually dominated by surface states, bound carrier recombination and vacancy defect-related emissions.

Surface passivation can improve the optical properties of these materials because it eliminates surface dangling bonds and oxides.

The controllable growth of GaSb-based NWs has already been realized by some research groups.


As we know, two-dimensional or layered materials may also offer remarkable optical performances, showing potential applications in a range of fields including hydrogen evolution, transistors and optoelectronic devices [102, 103] . To date, two-dimensional GaN has been grown by a migration-enhanced encapsulated growth technique that uses epitaxial graphene [104] . Additionally, As-and Sb-based two-dimensional materials, called arsenene and antimonene, respectively, have been synthesized [105] . Although 2D materials based on GaSb have not been realized, many experts have already carried out the theoretical research of GaSb two-dimensional structures [106] [107] [108] . Therefore, GaSb 2D materials should also be realized in the future and represent another important research direction. While there have been no reports of two-dimensional GaSb structures to date, major research efforts should be made in this area.

As we know, two-dimensional or layered materials may also offer remarkable optical performances, showing potential applications in a range of fields including hydrogen evolution, transistors and optoelectronic devices.

To date, two-dimensional GaN has been grown by a migration-enhanced encapsulated growth technique that uses epitaxial graphene.

Additionally, As-and Sb-based two-dimensional materials, called arsenene and antimonene, respectively, have been synthesized.

Although 2D materials based on GaSb have not been realized, many experts have already carried out the theoretical research of GaSb two-dimensional structures.


The mid-infrared (MIR) spectral region is of great research interest because the practical realization of optoelectronic devices that operate in the 2-5 µm wavelength region would bring potential applications in a wide range of areas, including optical gas sensing, environmental monitoring, free-space optical communications, infrared countermeasures, and thermal imaging [1] [2] [3] . Research into MIR semiconductor devices has thus become a focus of research attention worldwide. Groups III-V semiconductors are the most promising candidate infrared materials for use in lasers and detectors, owing to their high absorption coefficients, high carrier mobilities and widely tunable band gaps [1, 4] . Among these materials, gallium antimonide (GaSb)-based alloys and compounds offer a wide range of electronic band gaps, band gap offsets and electronic barriers along with extremely high electron mobility; these materials would thus enable a variety of devices that are much faster than the equivalent InP-and GaAs-based devices and infrared light sources, and would facilitate lower power consumption [5, 6] . Therefore, GaSb materials in the forms of epitaxial layers, multi-element alloys, quantum wells, superlattices and low-dimensional nanostructures have been attracting considerable attention. Additionally, based on the GaSb materials described above, a variety of advanced optoelectronic devices, including laser diodes, detectors, and transistors, have been realized [1] [2] [3] [4] .

The mid-infrared (MIR) spectral region is of great research interest because the practical realization of optoelectronic devices that operate in the 2-5 µm wavelength region would bring potential applications in a wide range of areas, including optical gas sensing, environmental monitoring, free-space optical communications, infrared countermeasures, and thermal imaging.

Groups III-V semiconductors are the most promising candidate infrared materials for use in lasers and detectors, owing to their high absorption coefficients, high carrier mobilities and widely tunable band gaps.

Among these materials, gallium antimonide (GaSb)-based alloys and compounds offer a wide range of electronic band gaps, band gap offsets and electronic barriers along with extremely high electron mobility; these materials would thus enable a variety of devices that are much faster than the equivalent InP-and GaAs-based devices and infrared light sources, and would facilitate lower power consumption.

Additionally, based on the GaSb materials described above, a variety of advanced optoelectronic devices, including laser diodes, detectors, and transistors, have been realized.


While GaSb-based ternary and quaternary alloys have also been grown by MBE, other multicomponent alloys, such as quinary alloys, must be studied for practical applications. Component segregation, aggregation and diffusion processes are more likely to occur in quinary alloys; this has great value for component control research. For one-dimensional GaSb materials, it is also necessary to control the component ratio. While the optical properties of alloy NWs have been reported by several groups, a further comprehensive study of the relationships among the surface states, the defects and the emission spectra is required. Additionally, improvement of the optical properties of these materials is also an important research direction. New methods should be developed in addition to surface passivation. Meanwhile, besides the above-mentioned research direction, with the lattice and coefficient of thermal expansion ability, GaSb is a desirable substrate candidate for epitaxial growth of mid-wave infrared (MWIR) materials and devices, such as HgCdTe on GaSb. The results indicate that the lattice misorientation/misfit dislocations in HgCdTe could be greatly suppressed by using a GaSb substrate [99] [100] [101] . Therefore, it is widely considered that MBE growth of HgCdTe on GaSb substrates should be important for application in next generation infrared detectors.

The results indicate that the lattice misorientation/misfit dislocations in HgCdTe could be greatly suppressed by using a GaSb substrate.


The major parameter that determined the cost of RDT-based patient management was cost of the test supplemented by the personnel cost for giving the service. The current price of RDT (US$0.84) at point of use is still high, although it has decreased over time. Previous reports have used RDT costs ranging from US $1.30 to US$1.50 [15, 16] . In the current paper, the use of RDT increased the cost of diagnosis by US$ 0.67 (about 108% increase) in comparison with the presumptive technique. An increase in provider cost with introduction of RDTs as a diagnostic service was also reported in Tanzania [2, 13] . This increase is however likely to be offset by its superior effectiveness if clinicians adhere to test results. The cost of radical drug treatment normally occurred with all strategies. However, the unit cost of outpatient treatment visit was lower than that of microscopy but higher than in the presumptive method. Microscopy was less effective compared to RDT. The cost of microscopy diagnostic service was however higher (US$1.53) than that of RDT (US$1.29). In malaria microscopy, the major cost input was the personnel salary constituting 57.5% while laboratory supplies and equipment constituted only 17.9% of the diagnostic service. Laboratory-related capital costs (laboratory space, equipment, etc) were additional costs which were not inputs in the RDT or presumptive arms. This paper focussed on the evaluation of the cost effectiveness of the three strategies at point of care in rural settings. A study in Thailand that extended the analysis to include the pre-service training reported microscopy to be even more expensive [26] . In the Thailand study, however, the presumptive arm was non-existent while blood smears were drawn from patients and transported to static centres for microscopic investigations constraining appropriate comparison with the current findings.

Previous reports have used RDT costs ranging from US $1.30 to US$1.50.

An increase in provider cost with introduction of RDTs as a diagnostic service was also reported in Tanzania.

A study in Thailand that extended the analysis to include the pre-service training reported microscopy to be even more expensive.


Coal fly ash (CFA) is a solid incombustible residue that is mainly produced during the combustion of pulverized coal in thermoelectric power stations. Eskom, the main power generator in South Africa, consumed 124.7 Mt of coal producing 36.2 Mt of CFA in 2011 [1] . Only about 5% of CFA is currently recycled, mostly in the form of building materials such as bricks and as a cement extender, while the unused CFA is disposed of either in dry or slurry form in ash-handling dams which require maintenance and eventual rehabilitation. SASOL Synfuels generates an additional 4 million tons per annum [2] .

Eskom, the main power generator in South Africa, consumed 124.7 Mt of coal producing 36.2 Mt of CFA in 2011.

SASOL Synfuels generates an additional 4 million tons per annum.


The regional patterns of change over the NEESPI region simulated by the IGSM-CAM and IGSM-HFD approaches are then investigated. Figures 3 and 4 show maps of, respectively, 21st century changes in temperature and precipitation for the low, median and high simulations. Regional patterns of temperature changes agree well between the IGSM-CAM and IGSM-HFD, with the largest warming in the northern parts of the NEESPI region. For precipitation, there is also a broad agreement in the pattern of drying/moistening between the two downscaling approaches, with some drying in Eastern Europe and the southern parts of the NEESPI region and moistening in the northern parts. The IGSM-CAM simulations show similar patterns of temperature and precipitation changes, with larger magnitudes for higher climate sensitivities and emissions. This is because the IGSM-CAM relies on a single atmospheric model and because figures 3 and 4 show the average over the five initial conditions. Averaging over the different initial conditions filters out most of the natural variability, leaving only the human induced climate response, which displays similar patterns of change even with different values of climate sensitivity [35] . On the other hand, the IGSM-HFD simulations show larger differences in the patterns of change because they consider multiple models and thus include structural uncertainty. Figure 5 shows the impact of the initial conditions within the IGSM-CAM framework. Maps of 21st century changes in temperature and precipitation for the median simulation under the stabilization scenario and for different initial conditions reveal the significant role of natural variability in future climate projections over Northern Eurasia. With different initial conditions, the simulations show similar magnitudes in temperature and precipitation changes but very different patterns. The location of the maximum warming can differ significantly, from European Russia (initial condition 3) to Eastern Siberia (initial condition 5). Precipitation patterns are also strongly influenced by the initial conditions, with a significantly different extent of the drying pattern found over Eastern Europe and the southern parts of the NEESPI region. The location of the maximum moistening can vary widely, from Scandinavia (initial condition 4) to Northern China (initial condition 2). The impact of the model pattern in the IGSM-HFD approach is analyzed by plotting the median simulation under the stabilization scenario and the four surrounding simulations, corresponding to the 50.02th, 50.01th, 49.99th and 49.98th percentiles of the NEESPI mean distribution (figure 6). The NEESPI mean of these five simulations is virtually identical and each simulation could be considered as the median. However, the associated pattern of change is often very different because the corresponding model used in the pattern scaling method is different. This leads to differences in temperature patterns similar to the initial condition analysis, with different locations of the maximum warming. For precipitation changes, the five IGSM-HFD simulations show less discrepancies than the initial condition analysis, largely because three out of the five simulations rely on the same model, and because the other two are based on models that seem to have similar patterns of precipitation changes over Northern Eurasia. This is a surprising result that shows that the uncertainty in regional climate change simulated by ensembles based on initial condition perturbation and multimodel ensembles seems to compare well over Northern Eurasia.

Averaging over the different initial conditions filters out most of the natural variability, leaving only the human induced climate response, which displays similar patterns of change even with different values of climate sensitivity.


From the perspective of evolutionary economics, learning and innovation are the most important processes in development (Nelson 2008) . Including people in learning and innovation activities is thus a central part of inclusive development. The extent and direction of innovation activities are strongly influenced by a set of social structures that we often refer to as innovation systems. Making such systems more inclusive will thus promote inclusive development. We propose here that foresight may help us bring about more inclusive innovation systems.

From the perspective of evolutionary economics, learning and innovation are the most important processes in development.


The effect of inclusion in innovation activities on development outcomes is an emergent research area (Heeks et al. 2014; Johnson & Andersen 2012) . The theme has hitherto largely been ignored in both innovation and development studies (Cozzens & Sutz 2014) . Most empirical research on inclusion and innovation focuses on micro-level processes (for example, grassroots or frugal innovations), but the importance of broader system structures (i.e., institutions) wherein the latter processes are embedded is widely acknowledged (Andersen & Johnson, 2015; Cozzens & Sutz, 2014) . In this paper, we focus on structural features of innovation policymaking. We thus contribute to the former knowledge gap by outlining how foresight can make innovation policy, and in turn innovation systems, more inclusive. More precisely, our argument is that the conceptual understanding of innovation and foresight that, embedded in foresight design, guides the process of innovation policymaking to a large extent determine whether its output (e.g. growth plan) can be implemented. The idea to combine foresight and innovation systems to study inclusive development is novel, and it emerges from the authors' respective experience with innovation studies, technology foresight and development studies.

The effect of inclusion in innovation activities on development outcomes is an emergent research area.

The theme has hitherto largely been ignored in both innovation and development studies.

Most empirical research on inclusion and innovation focuses on micro-level processes (for example, grassroots or frugal innovations), but the importance of broader system structures (i.e., institutions) wherein the latter processes are embedded is widely acknowledged.


Generally, a curing agent for epoxy matrix resins involves the use of a cross-linker such as amine and diacid anhydride. However, they have some problems, such as the toxicity of amine, combined with low heat resistance and the deterioration of mechanical properties at high temperature or at high humidity, which requires energy consumption, resulting in a long curing process [1] . Therefore, catalytic curing agents of epoxy matrix resins have been studied as substitutes for the amine or anhydride agents [2, 3] .

However, they have some problems, such as the toxicity of amine, combined with low heat resistance and the deterioration of mechanical properties at high temperature or at high humidity, which requires energy consumption, resulting in a long curing process.

Therefore, catalytic curing agents of epoxy matrix resins have been studied as substitutes for the amine or anhydride agents.


A cationic catalyst is generally used as a complex, such as BF 3 -ether, BF 3 -amine, or SbF 6 -epoxide. These complexes overcome the disadvantage of excessively rapid gelation, human toxicity, high hygroscopicity, and light instability [4] . Particularly, development of latent catalysts for cationic polymerization is desirable for enhancement of both the pot-life and handling of thermosetting resins [5, 6] . Among them, N-benzylpyrazinium salt has been shown to be an excellent latent thermal initiator for epoxy matrix resins [7, 8] . This initiator is not hygroscopic and dissolves readily in epoxy matrix resins and exhibits a longer pot-life than the more commonly used BF 3 -4-methoxyaniline complex [9] .

These complexes overcome the disadvantage of excessively rapid gelation, human toxicity, high hygroscopicity, and light instability.

Particularly, development of latent catalysts for cationic polymerization is desirable for enhancement of both the pot-life and handling of thermosetting resins.

Among them, N-benzylpyrazinium salt has been shown to be an excellent latent thermal initiator for epoxy matrix resins.

This initiator is not hygroscopic and dissolves readily in epoxy matrix resins and exhibits a longer pot-life than the more commonly used BF 3 -4-methoxyaniline complex.


Clubfoot is a congenital deformity that historically has been difficult to correct and difficult to maintain once corrected. Its treatment has been controversial throughout the last 150 years [29] . Long-term followup showing clubfeet treated by extensive surgery led to a worse quality of life in adulthood has contributed to a decline in the enthusiasm for surgery, because repeated soft tissue releases can result in a stiff, painful, and arthritic foot and a considerably impaired quality of life [10] . In the last decade, the Ponseti method has become increasingly popular and is reportedly effective for treating clubfoot in children up to 9 years of age [23] . Although the principles of the Ponseti technique are simple, the healthcare provider must have a thorough understanding of the deformity and be highly skilled with regard to manipulation and application of plaster casts [29] . A sound knowledge of the anatomy and kinematics of the foot is extremely important [16, 24, 30] . The goal of treatment is to achieve a functional, painfree, plantigrade foot with good mobility and without calluses able to fit into regular shoes [29, 30] .

Its treatment has been controversial throughout the last 150 years.

Long-term followup showing clubfeet treated by extensive surgery led to a worse quality of life in adulthood has contributed to a decline in the enthusiasm for surgery, because repeated soft tissue releases can result in a stiff, painful, and arthritic foot and a considerably impaired quality of life.

In the last decade, the Ponseti method has become increasingly popular and is reportedly effective for treating clubfoot in children up to 9 years of age.

Although the principles of the Ponseti technique are simple, the healthcare provider must have a thorough understanding of the deformity and be highly skilled with regard to manipulation and application of plaster casts.

A sound knowledge of the anatomy and kinematics of the foot is extremely important.

The goal of treatment is to achieve a functional, painfree, plantigrade foot with good mobility and without calluses able to fit into regular shoes.


SBR technology is used all over the world successfully for big installations of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) or as a small laboratory installation. Undoubtedly, in order to solve the number of problems occurring during activated sludge studies, it is reasonable to conduct investigations in a laboratory scale. The transfer from the industrial to laboratory scale requires a period of adaptation of the activated sludge community to the conditions of the SBR [19, 20] . The adaptation period should be neither too short, or else sludge will not be stabilized, nor too long, or else experiment will be time consuming. It is important to establish an average time required for the adaptation of activated sludge in the conditions of a laboratory SBR. The cluster analysis was used to study the structural rearrangements of the ciliate assembly during 23 cycles (Fig. 6) . The sample from the treatment plant demonstrates a specific independent structure. In the process of adaptation, the ciliate assembly split into two clusters. The first combined six cycles from 1 to 11 and the second -six cycles from 13 to 23.

The transfer from the industrial to laboratory scale requires a period of adaptation of the activated sludge community to the conditions of the SBR.


Soil testing, which is crucial for evaluating soil fertility, is believed to be a necessary complement to leaf analysis for citrus fertilizer recommendations (Du Plessis et al., 1977) . Citrus growers should maintain soil fertility, thus preventing nutrient deficiencies and excesses, since both affect the yield and quality of citrus fruits. Soil fertility is mainly determined by various chemical properties such as soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), content of organic matter (OM) and mineral nutrients.

Soil testing, which is crucial for evaluating soil fertility, is believed to be a necessary complement to leaf analysis for citrus fertilizer recommendations.


The bags used were non-woven textile (NWT) with density of 100 g/m 2 and measuring 7 × 7cm, in which 2.5 g of each sample were added, previously grounded at 2 mm in order to maintain a relation of approximately 20 mg DM/cm 2 in the superficial area of the bag (Nocek, 1988) . The incubation periods were 6, 24, 30, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours. The first bags incubated were the ones that stayed 144 hours in the rumen and the other bags were added at selected times so that all bags were withdrawn together. Two bags of each feed were incubated in the rumen of two crossbred, non-suckling cows fed diets based in 70% of corn silage. The samples were incubated through rumen canulla, fixed on a steel chain with a weight in an extremity allowing its immersion in the ruminal content. After the incubation period, the bags were washed in running water and remained in the forced air oven at 55ºC for 72 hours, being the NDF content quantified afterwards in the incubation residues.

The bags used were non-woven textile (NWT) with density of 100 g/m 2 and measuring 7 × 7cm, in which 2.5 g of each sample were added, previously grounded at 2 mm in order to maintain a relation of approximately 20 mg DM/cm 2 in the superficial area of the bag.


In the past several decades, supersymmetry (SUSY) has been the most widelystudied, and arguably the best-motivated, theoretical framework for physics beyond the SM [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . In the most attractive SUSY models, an extra matter parity ("Rparity") symmetry is used to simultaneously explain the stability of the proton and of the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP). In viable SUSY models the LSP is often the lightest neutralino (χ 0 1 ), which is one of the most widely studied examples of WIMP DM. Generic predictions of SUSY are difficult to obtain, since the minimal consistent SUSY extension of the SM, the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) introduces more than 100 free parameters. A typical strategy for overcoming this difficulty is to highly constrain this set of parameters by employing aesthetic assumptions about the physical origin of SUSY at a very high energy (i.e., mSUGRA [11, 12] ). In contrast, here we study a broader and more comprehensive subset of the MSSM, the phenomenological-MSSM (pMSSM) [13] . The pMSSM is derived from the MSSM using experimental data to eliminate parameters that are free in principle, but highly constrained by observations (e.g., sources of flavor violation in the new physics flavor sector). Thus, the pMSSM provides a compromise between the need to remain flexible and somewhat agnostic in assumptions about yet-undiscovered physics and the need to categorize the range of predictions made by well-motivated models. The LSPs of the pMSSM are viable candidates to comprise some or all of DM, and they may be probed through a variety of experimental approaches.

In the past several decades, supersymmetry (SUSY) has been the most widelystudied, and arguably the best-motivated, theoretical framework for physics beyond the SM.

A typical strategy for overcoming this difficulty is to highly constrain this set of parameters by employing aesthetic assumptions about the physical origin of SUSY at a very high energy (i.e., mSUGRA).

In contrast, here we study a broader and more comprehensive subset of the MSSM, the phenomenological-MSSM (pMSSM).


Among hepatic AEs, hyperbilirubinemia occurred almost exclusively with atomoxetine (three cases vs. one with methylphenidate). This is an AE that has been noted in previous pharmacovigilance reports of atomoxetine tolerability and safety [27] . Although hyperbilirubinemia was reported in a relatively small number of participants, it is a potentially very severe AE, which may lead to liver failure resulting in death or the need for a liver transplant.

This is an AE that has been noted in previous pharmacovigilance reports of atomoxetine tolerability and safety.


The N = 2 supersymmetry is a crucial element of superstring theory. It imposes strong constraints on the spectra of particles. Furthermore it determines the structure of the interactions uniquely in the light-cone string field theory [9] . The IIB matrix model is a nonperturbative formulation which possesses such a symmetry. Therefore it has a very good chance to capture the universality class of IIB superstring theory. These symmetry considerations force us to interpret the eigenvalues of A I as the space-time coordinates.

Furthermore it determines the structure of the interactions uniquely in the light-cone string field theory.


Another related issue is to construct a phenomenologically interesting model with chiral fermions in d = 4. In string theory, there are several mechanisms to generate fourdimensional chiral fermions including compactification with non-zero index of Dirac operator, D-branes wrapped on intersecting cycles etc [4] . In matrix models, we may similarly be able to consider corresponding mechanisms but no investigations have been performed yet.

In string theory, there are several mechanisms to generate fourdimensional chiral fermions including compactification with non-zero index of Dirac operator, D-branes wrapped on intersecting cycles etc.


In this paper we study a matrix model in C 3 /Z 3 orbifold background [5] [6] . This model can be obtained from IIB matrix model by imposing some constrains. In particular we consider a model with four-dimensional N = 1 Yang-Mills type supersymmetry. In matrix models, there is also an inhomogeneous supersymmetry as well, and the model has totally directions. As BPS solutions, the former represents ordinary D-branes with three mirror images by Z 3 , and when they lie on the singularity they can move freely into the four dimensional direction as fractional branes.

In this paper we study a matrix model in C 3 /Z 3 orbifold background.


In recent years, electrospinning technology is used for the preparation of highly porous membranes that ideally suits for the application as polymer electrlytes/separators in lithium batteries [20, 21] . Several electrospun membranes based on P(VdF-HFP) were reported [22] [23] [24] [25] . These membranes showed ionic conductivity in the order of mScm −1 at room temperature and were electrochemically stable at potentials higher than 4.5 V versus Li/Li + . Recently, nanosize SiO 2 particles were incorporated into P(VdF-HFP) membrane during electrospinning [26] . An ionic conductivity of 7.731 × 10 −4 Scm −1 was achieved. In the present study, an attempt was made to develop a new type of organic-inorganic composite nanofiber membranes based on PVDF-SiO 2 via electrospinning method. The SiO 2 -dispersed PVDF nanofiber membranes led to excellent morphology suitable for the enhancement of electrochemical performance by providing large surface area, good electrolyte uptake, high contact angle and high ionic conductivity.

In recent years, electrospinning technology is used for the preparation of highly porous membranes that ideally suits for the application as polymer electrlytes/separators in lithium batteries.

Several electrospun membranes based on P(VdF-HFP) were reported.

Recently, nanosize SiO 2 particles were incorporated into P(VdF-HFP) membrane during electrospinning.


Electrospinning is an emerging technique to prepare polymer membranes that are composed of ultrafine fibers with micron and sub-micron diameter. Electrospinning is a process for producing superfine fibrous and porous membranes by forcing a polymer melt or solution through a spinneret with an electric field. The average diameter of the fibers produced by electrospinning is at least 10 -100 times smaller than the conventional fibers produced by melt spinning [7] . In the electrospinning process, a high electric power is in the range of kilovolts applied to overcome the surface tension of the polymer drops. The applied voltage pulls charges from inside onto the surface of the drop. The molecules in the surface of the drops repel each other and facilitate fresh molecules to reach onto the surface of the drops. Under the right choice of conditions, the drop can become a rapidly growing polymer jet that can follow a tightly looping spiral path. The jet's width shrinks to as little as few nanometers and its length increases to few micrometers during the process [8] .

The average diameter of the fibers produced by electrospinning is at least 10 -100 times smaller than the conventional fibers produced by melt spinning.

The jet's width shrinks to as little as few nanometers and its length increases to few micrometers during the process.


Electrospun polymer membranes from polymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are particularly suitable as host matrices for polymer electrolytes [9] [10] [11] . The interlaying of thin fibers generates high porosity of over 80% with fully interconnected pore structure and very large surface area-to-volume ratio facilitating high electrolyte uptake and easy transport of ions. Moreover, the resulting polymer electrolyte showed lower bulk impedance and higher rate capability [10] . Inorganic nanoparticles like ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 and SiO 2 have been used for preparing composite polymer electrolytes [10] [11] [12] . These inorganic nanoparticles improve the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes by reducing the crystallinity of the host polymer and introduce Lewis acid-base interaction between the polar groups of the inorganic nanoparticles and the electrolyte ionic species [13] . Moreover, inorganic nanoparticles enhance the mechanical properties of polymer electrolytes and the interfacial stability between polymer electrolyte and lithium electrode [14] . Among them, SiO 2 has been known as an attractive material for preparing composite polymer electrolytes because it supports the ionic mobility by its starburst shape which effectively influences the order packing tendency of the host polymer chains [15] .

Electrospun polymer membranes from polymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), poly(vinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are particularly suitable as host matrices for polymer electrolytes.

Moreover, the resulting polymer electrolyte showed lower bulk impedance and higher rate capability.

Inorganic nanoparticles like ZrO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 and SiO 2 have been used for preparing composite polymer electrolytes.

These inorganic nanoparticles improve the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolytes by reducing the crystallinity of the host polymer and introduce Lewis acid-base interaction between the polar groups of the inorganic nanoparticles and the electrolyte ionic species.

Moreover, inorganic nanoparticles enhance the mechanical properties of polymer electrolytes and the interfacial stability between polymer electrolyte and lithium electrode.

Among them, SiO 2 has been known as an attractive material for preparing composite polymer electrolytes because it supports the ionic mobility by its starburst shape which effectively influences the order packing tendency of the host polymer chains.


Polymer electrolytes have attracted great interest compared to traditional liquid electrolytes, which provide the advantages to develop lighter and safer batteries with long shelf life, leak proof construction and easy fabrication into desired shape and size [1] . There have been many efforts to develop polymer electrolytes with good ambient temperature conductivity and stable electrode/ electrolyte interfacial properties with minimum resistance to ion transportation [2, 3] . The properties of porous host polymer membrane such as pore size, porosity and pore size distribution are strongly dependent on its processing methods. Different methods such as solvent casting, plasticizer extraction and phase inversion have been adopted for the preparation of porous polymer membranes [4] [5] [6] . However, polymer membranes made by these methods show low-rate capabilities at high discharge rates because of low-order pore size, low porosity and poor channel in ionic conduction.

Polymer electrolytes have attracted great interest compared to traditional liquid electrolytes, which provide the advantages to develop lighter and safer batteries with long shelf life, leak proof construction and easy fabrication into desired shape and size.

There have been many efforts to develop polymer electrolytes with good ambient temperature conductivity and stable electrode/ electrolyte interfacial properties with minimum resistance to ion transportation.

Different methods such as solvent casting, plasticizer extraction and phase inversion have been adopted for the preparation of porous polymer membranes.


PVDF has become a favorable polymer matrix for porous polymer electrolytes due to its appealing properties such as high dielectric constant and strong electronwithdrawing functional groups (-C-F) [16, 17] . In the PVDF based porous polymer electrolytes, the absorbed liquid electrolyte is responsible for the ionic conduction while the PVDF matrix acts as the supporting backbone that separates the electrodes. However, mechanical strength is often sacrificed to obtain sufficient conductivity for commercial usage when the amount of liquid electrolyte is increased [18] . Nevertheless, the leakage of electrolyte solution remains due to a phase separation between the polymer matrix and the absorbed electrolyte solution. The loss of electrolyte solution may also lead to a failing of the electrode/electrolyte contact as well as a reduction of ionic conductivity [19] . Therefore, it is of great importance to search for novel safe polymer electrolytes to create a new generation of high performance lithium batteries.

PVDF has become a favorable polymer matrix for porous polymer electrolytes due to its appealing properties such as high dielectric constant and strong electronwithdrawing functional groups (-C-F).

However, mechanical strength is often sacrificed to obtain sufficient conductivity for commercial usage when the amount of liquid electrolyte is increased.

The loss of electrolyte solution may also lead to a failing of the electrode/electrolyte contact as well as a reduction of ionic conductivity.


It has recently become apparent that the question of which ranks, suitably defined, can occur in a simple and stably finite C * -algebra has considerable bearing on the deeper structure of the algebra. The most significant example is due to Winter, who uses the notion of approximate divisibility of ranks in such algebras as an essential ingredient in his proof of Z-stability for a wide class of nuclear C * -algebras [21] . Z-stability, in turn, is by now an indispensable tool in the effort to classify simple separable amenable C * -algebras via K-theoretic data.

The most significant example is due to Winter, who uses the notion of approximate divisibility of ranks in such algebras as an essential ingredient in his proof of Z-stability for a wide class of nuclear C * -algebras.


In addition, several variants of certain multimeric enzymes can be formed in heterozygotes, which acting together may be more efficient than the single form of the enzyme found in homozygotes (Berger, 1976) . In this case, heterosis and homeostasis can be due to overdominance of heterozygotes. More heterozygous individuals are better adapted according to the theory of balancing selection in favor of heterozygotes. The mechanisms of heterosis and homeostasis are poorly understood, however, and available data are very contradictory.

In addition, several variants of certain multimeric enzymes can be formed in heterozygotes, which acting together may be more efficient than the single form of the enzyme found in homozygotes.


Our principal findings are that the endothelial cells of the septal artery express GLUT-1 to 5 and SGLT-1, and that long-term hyperglycaemia induced by STZ had a profound effect on their expression. We observed a downregulation of GLUT-1, 3, 4, and 5, and a three-fold increase of GLUT-2 in the endothelial cells of STZ-diabetic rats. We examined an en face endothelial preparation because endothelial cell structure is maintained by the surrounding environment and by interactions with neighbouring cells [10, 28] . In particular, endothelial cells, when cultured, have a tendency to lose the ability to express most of the GLUT and SGLT isoforms [29, 30] . By studying the endothelium of freshly dissected vessels, we preserved the cellular architecture of the endothelial cells as close to the native state as possible. The endothelial markers allowed us to readily visualise the cells in the intact vessel, and the Ac-LDL uptake indicated that they remained viable throughout the dissection (Fig. 1) .

We examined an en face endothelial preparation because endothelial cell structure is maintained by the surrounding environment and by interactions with neighbouring cells.

In particular, endothelial cells, when cultured, have a tendency to lose the ability to express most of the GLUT and SGLT isoforms.


Owing to the high-computational cost of evaluating objective functions and constraints in electromagnetic optimal design problems, cost-saving techniques, such as surrogate-modeling, are typically employed. One popular type of surrogate model is kriging (Lebensztain et al., 2004) . Functions which utilize statistical information regarding the uncertainty in the prediction of the kriging model are then commonly used to select the next design vector to evaluate (Jones, 2001) . The use of surrogate models in multi-objective optimization is relatively new; in particular, only recently have (non-trivial) non-scalarizing algorithms been proposed (Hawe and Sykulski, 2007a) .

One popular type of surrogate model is kriging.

Functions which utilize statistical information regarding the uncertainty in the prediction of the kriging model are then commonly used to select the next design vector to evaluate.

The use of surrogate models in multi-objective optimization is relatively new; in particular, only recently have (non-trivial) non-scalarizing algorithms been proposed.


Floating image can also be generated by an afocal lens array, a roof mirror grid array or a retroreflector array (RRA) [11] , [12] . The scheme producing floated images based on a RRA is easy to implement. It consists of image sources, a half mirror and a RRA. The corner cube array is an example of RRA. A corner cube consists of three mirror planes orthogonalized mutually and reverses the direction of incoming light. The RRA consists of a large number of retro-reflectors arranged on a 2-D surface, the size of which is very small. T. Iwane proposed to combine retroreflection material and light-field display to generate aerial 3-D image [13] , [14] . The structure of the light-field display is the reverse of that of a light-field camera [15] . The 3-D scene acquired by a light-field camera will be reconstructed nearby the lens array in light-field display and is not conjugated with display device. Choi proposed to use retro-reflector film to enhance the visibility of pinhole-type integral imaging [16] .

Floating image can also be generated by an afocal lens array, a roof mirror grid array or a retroreflector array (RRA).

T. Iwane proposed to combine retroreflection material and light-field display to generate aerial 3-D image.

The structure of the light-field display is the reverse of that of a light-field camera.

Choi proposed to use retro-reflector film to enhance the visibility of pinhole-type integral imaging.


Integral imaging (InIm) is a promising technique for achieving glasses-free 3-D display which has a long history [1] . A pinhole array or a lens array is used to record and reconstruct light rays of different directions in space. It has many advantages such as reconstructing 3-D images with fullparallax and a quasi-continuous viewing points. In addition, it can induce observer accommodation cues and provide smooth motion parallax. Due to the great development of high resolution display and detector, InIm revived in the past decades and the existing problems such as low resolution, narrow viewing angle and limited depth range have been effectively improved in a variety of research [2] - [7] .

Integral imaging (InIm) is a promising technique for achieving glasses-free 3-D display which has a long history.

Due to the great development of high resolution display and detector, InIm revived in the past decades and the existing problems such as low resolution, narrow viewing angle and limited depth range have been effectively improved in a variety of research.


For nickel nanoparticles, chemical synthesis using hydrazine reduction has been a successful synthesis route [17] [18] [19] . While nickel nanoparticles are advantageous for certain uses, nickel hydroxide also has many important technological uses. Nickel hydroxide is used for battery, photocatalysis, and fuel cell applications [20, 21] . Depending on the pH and other species in the solution, either nickel or nickel hydroxide particles can be formed. Therefore having a simple technique for synthesis of both is advantageous.

For nickel nanoparticles, chemical synthesis using hydrazine reduction has been a successful synthesis route.

Nickel hydroxide is used for battery, photocatalysis, and fuel cell applications.


Results demonstrated that performing lunge with jumping will produce greater force production during eccentric and concentric phase. JFL was thought to produce greater force due to the explosiveness that was needed in order to produce the movement especially during concentric phase in which participant need to produce great force in order for them to jump back into starting position [12] . Eccentric force was found to be higher might be due to the impact force during landing on the force platform [13] . The jumping movement cause participants to lift their lower limb higher before landing thus cause the impact to be greater.

JFL was thought to produce greater force due to the explosiveness that was needed in order to produce the movement especially during concentric phase in which participant need to produce great force in order for them to jump back into starting position.

Eccentric force was found to be higher might be due to the impact force during landing on the force platform.


Throughout the consistency of lunge used in sports, lunge exercises should be used widely as training exercises during strength training program. The inclusion of lunge as training exercises should be beneficial as it will allow athletes or individuals to train and improve their ability for the movement and as a way to overload the athletes or individuals, various methods of lunge could be implemented during training sessions [23] . This includes putting some weights and includes ballistic movement during the exercise.

The inclusion of lunge as training exercises should be beneficial as it will allow athletes or individuals to train and improve their ability for the movement and as a way to overload the athletes or individuals, various methods of lunge could be implemented during training sessions.


One of the things important to measure during the movement is the kinetic produced. While kinetic is the study of force that cause motion, the knowledge on kinetic responses will give clear picture on the demands of a badminton player so that training program can be planned accordingly [7, 8] . Coaches and players also need to be aware of the force production in both dominant and non-dominant sites in both lunge protocols because assymetries iscrease to probabilities of injuries.

While kinetic is the study of force that cause motion, the knowledge on kinetic responses will give clear picture on the demands of a badminton player so that training program can be planned accordingly.


Intermodal transport is generally composed of five main stages. Goods are first transported by truck for the pre-haulage from the origin node to the first intermodal terminal. At this first terminal, goods are transferred from truck to train or to barge. The long-haul transport by the more environmentally friendly mode is then performed on rail or IWW. At the second terminal, freight is transferred from train or barge to truck. The posthaulage, i.e. the last part of the travel, is done by truck until the final destination node. The main benefits of intermodal transport lie in the reduced costs and externalities of the environmentally friendly long-haul transport (Mostert and Limbourg, 2016) .

The main benefits of intermodal transport lie in the reduced costs and externalities of the environmentally friendly long-haul transport.


To generate a differentiable cost function, the pnorm stress is used as an approximation to the maximum function (Duysinx and Sigmund 1998) . We show that the p−norm stress based on the stress values evaluated in element centroids, i.e. via one point quadrature, results in non-physical jagged surfaces (Haftka and Gürdal 1992) . This well-known problem is alleviated by performing a more accurate p−norm calculation based on a higher order quadrature.

To generate a differentiable cost function, the pnorm stress is used as an approximation to the maximum function.

We show that the p−norm stress based on the stress values evaluated in element centroids, i.e. via one point quadrature, results in non-physical jagged surfaces.


Another technique of great contribution to food production is the covering of soil with plastic material (mulching); a method that aims to control weeds and reduce water loss through evaporation. It also facilitates harvesting and commercialization, as the end product is healthier and cleaner. However, when covering the soil, important parameters of microclimate are altered, such as soil temperature and this influences water evaporation and microorganisms growth -factors that directly affect water consumption, as well as crop growth and development (GONÇALVES; FAGNANI; PERES, 2005) . The mulching has become more widespread in recent years, mainly in the cultivation of several vegetables, such as American crisphead lettuce.

However, when covering the soil, important parameters of microclimate are altered, such as soil temperature and this influences water evaporation and microorganisms growth -factors that directly affect water consumption, as well as crop growth and development.


Comparing first the Markowitz (Mark) results against resampling (Res), we can see that for the three levels of risk, the Res portfolio outperformed the Mark one in all three evaluation dimensions considered. The Res portfolio turned out to be more financially efficient, diversified, and stable. This is a well-known result in the literature when we compare the traditional Markowitz approach with resampling (Markowitz and Usmen, 2003) . As resampling techniques typically generate more diversified portfolios, they tend to reduce turnover and increase financial out-of-sample efficiency.

This is a well-known result in the literature when we compare the traditional Markowitz approach with resampling.


The main challenge to solve combinatorial optimization problems using SAT solvers is the translation of the target problem to a Boolean Propositional formula. Unfortunately, few problems have an obvious representation as a propositional formula. To overcome this, a common technique is to introduce an intermediate representation for the original problem closer to a Boolean formula. One kind of intermediate representation are Pseudo-Boolean (PB) constraints, which are closely related to SAT. PB constraints provide big expressive power and could be translated to SAT in an automatic way [3] .

PB constraints provide big expressive power and could be translated to SAT in an automatic way.


By statistical analysis, it would be hard to tell that -854G>C is critical for the carcass quality grade, MS. But the promoter SNP, -854G>C, was analyzed as located in the consensus sequence of E2F binding site by software, TFSEARCH (putative score>0.90) (Figure 1) . Moreover, the expression of IGF-I transported and stabilized by IGFBP3 is negatively regulated by an E2F binding site in IGF-I promoter region (Li and Baserga, 1996; Porcu et al., 1994) . The possibility that -854G>C may alter IGFBP3 protein regulation needs to be evaluated in future studies.

Moreover, the expression of IGF-I transported and stabilized by IGFBP3 is negatively regulated by an E2F binding site in IGF-I promoter region.


In some cases, IGFBP3 is proposed to act by inhibiting the access of IGF to the IGF-I receptor, which mediates most of the actions of IGF. However, the effects of IGFBP3 on IGF dependent cellular functions are complex, with both stimulatory and inhibitory actions reported (De Mellow and Baxter, 1988) . In recent years, important studies with cells lacking IGF-I receptor have revealed that IGFBP3 can be inhibitory to cell growth even in the absence of IGF signaling (Valentinis et al., 1995) . But there are no reported QTL around IGFBP3 genomic position.

However, the effects of IGFBP3 on IGF dependent cellular functions are complex, with both stimulatory and inhibitory actions reported.

In recent years, important studies with cells lacking IGF-I receptor have revealed that IGFBP3 can be inhibitory to cell growth even in the absence of IGF signaling.


According to a previous study, CSCs are a subset of CTCs. CTCs have been found to express epithelial, mesenchymal or stemness markers [31] . CSC isolation is more difficult than CTC detection and isolation, which implies an inhibitory factor for cancer treatment. However, CTCs and CSCs exhibit common features including the expression of many genes. In breast cancer, CTCs have mesenchymal or stemness characteristics that can be used at a clinical level [32] . The present study indicates that some of the above mentioned stemness-associated genes might be important to maintain stemness or initiate metastasis. The present study should be performed in more samples from different kinds of cancer, since in some of them the number is not sufficient for global interpretation. However, these data are a useful indication for the majority of types.

CTCs have been found to express epithelial, mesenchymal or stemness markers.

In breast cancer, CTCs have mesenchymal or stemness characteristics that can be used at a clinical level.


In particular, colon, sarcoma, SCC, prostate, multiple myeloma, and ovarian cancers have similar expression of all three genes, whereas breast, melanoma, glioblastoma, and cancer of unknown origin have statistically different expression of OCT3/4 and SOX2 genes. These data suggest that the molecular me- CD34 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that was originally identified as a marker of hematopoietic stem cells. However, recent studies have suggested that CD34 is a marker of all progenitor cells, because its expression has been shown in multiple cell types [9] . This study revealed CD34 expression in CTCs from various cancer types. However, in most cases, its expression did not appear to be similar to that of any of the other stemness genes (NANOG, SOX2, OCT3/4, and NESTIN).

However, recent studies have suggested that CD34 is a marker of all progenitor cells, because its expression has been shown in multiple cell types.


Mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica is a very interesting new mesoporous silica material. It is a class of three-dimensional (3D) materials with ultra-large mesopores (up to 500 Å) that are hydrothermally robust [19] [20] [21] [22] . In terms of the textural and framework structures, MCF materials are composed of uniform spherical cells interconnected by window pores with a narrow size distribution [19] . Owing to their 3D mesopore system with pore sizes substantially larger than those of MCM-41 or SBA-15 or HMS mesostructures, this material seems to be a very promising candidate to be used as catalytic support as it provides a better diffusion of reactants and products. This allows them to better overcome mass transfer limitations in many reactions [20, 23] . However, there has been limited information about the utilization of MCF silicas as supports for loading of catalytically active component. Also, report addressing the dispersion of nickel particle on mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica is hardly found in the literature so far.

It is a class of three-dimensional (3D) materials with ultra-large mesopores (up to 500 Å) that are hydrothermally robust.

In terms of the textural and framework structures, MCF materials are composed of uniform spherical cells interconnected by window pores with a narrow size distribution.

This allows them to better overcome mass transfer limitations in many reactions.


Various studies have been conducted looking for a relationship between Socio-Economic Status (SES) and health outcomes such as suicidal ideation among adolescents [3] . Household income, parents' education, occupation and marital status are the factors that are generally used to measure SES. For instance, a study in Hong Kong discovered a significant relationship between adolescent's suicidal ideation. The study showed that adolescents with lower SES displayed higher levels of suicidal ideation than adolescents with higher SES. Thus the socio demographic status was found to be associated with suicidal ideation [6] . It is possible that low socioeconomic status could result in negative family interaction patterns which in turn can influence child behavior [7] . Parental education may influence their ability to deal with the adolescent's stressful life events. Living with parents or others, single or both parents play a role on psychological and behavioral wellbeing of the adolescents.

Various studies have been conducted looking for a relationship between Socio-Economic Status (SES) and health outcomes such as suicidal ideation among adolescents.

Thus the socio demographic status was found to be associated with suicidal ideation.

It is possible that low socioeconomic status could result in negative family interaction patterns which in turn can influence child behavior.


About 28 people commit suicide each day in Bangladesh, mostly young females between 15 and 29 years. The number of incidents has grown over the last four years [11] . These deaths from suicide are only a small part of a much larger problem that is suicidal behavior [12] .

The number of incidents has grown over the last four years.

These deaths from suicide are only a small part of a much larger problem that is suicidal behavior.


Suicidal ideation among adolescents was found to be significantly associated with education, marital status and house ownership of their parents. Not being able to live with their parents was also a significant factor. Parents who were educated up to SSC had higher odds in comparison with illiterate and highly educated parents. Parents of adolescents with house ownership had lower odds than the group who don't own a house. Adolescents not living with their parents had odds than the adolescents who live with the parents. After adjusting for other covariates parents' marital status and house ownership significantly associated with the adolescent suicide ideation. Studies Suggest Socioeconomic Status (SES) is widely considered to be a key factor that affects adolescent health as it has an impact on the availability of resources to maintain healthy lifestyle [17] . Moreover, it has also shown to be a conciliating factor for depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents [18] .

Studies Suggest Socioeconomic Status (SES) is widely considered to be a key factor that affects adolescent health as it has an impact on the availability of resources to maintain healthy lifestyle.

Moreover, it has also shown to be a conciliating factor for depression and suicidal ideation among adolescents.


Like most Southeast Asian countries, a fundamental challenge for Bangladesh is the lack of quality suicide data or sys-tem for monitoring and surveillance. According to WHO Global Health Estimates, the suicide rate for 2012 in Bangladesh was 7.8 per 100,000 population (8.7 in females and 6.8 in males) [8] . Demographic and health surveillance in two rural sub-districts of Bangladesh between 2004 and 2010 revealed that the most common cause of death for young adults (aged 15-49) was injury (23.5%) with suicide accounting for 11.9% [9] . Suicide rates were found to be higher among the younger population specifically the adolescents compared to the adults and the elderly. The adjusted risk of fatal suicidal behavior was clearly higher, by six and four times among the 15-17 year olds and 18-24 year old respectively, compared to those aged between 25-64 years old [10] .

According to WHO Global Health Estimates, the suicide rate for 2012 in Bangladesh was 7.8 per 100,000 population (8.7 in females and 6.8 in males).

Demographic and health surveillance in two rural sub-districts of Bangladesh between 2004 and 2010 revealed that the most common cause of death for young adults (aged 15-49) was injury (23.5%) with suicide accounting for 11.9%.

The adjusted risk of fatal suicidal behavior was clearly higher, by six and four times among the 15-17 year olds and 18-24 year old respectively, compared to those aged between 25-64 years old.


In the present study nearly 91% adolescents lived with both parents while another study reported 87% of the respondents lived with both parents, which is about the same. With regard to parental education about 3%-4% adolescents reported that either their father or their mother had achieved college graduation or higher in the present study, which is very low in comparison to another study where 54.2% of students reported that either their father or their mother had achieved college graduation or higher [19] . This is because fewer people pursue higher education in Bangladesh.

With regard to parental education about 3%-4% adolescents reported that either their father or their mother had achieved college graduation or higher in the present study, which is very low in comparison to another study where 54.2% of students reported that either their father or their mother had achieved college graduation or higher.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important nosocomial pathogen with its ability to propagate on medical devices, hospital environment and even in disinfectants. It causes high morbidity and mortality in the services of oncology, hematology, surgery, burn and intensive care units . Infections due to this virulent organism are difficult to both control and treat because of intrinsic resistance to many antimicrobial agents (Quinn, 1994; Carmeli et al. 1999) . Imipenem, a broad-spectrum βlactam antibiotic, is one of the most effective drugs against P. aeruginosa. The incidence of imipenemresistance is increasing among gram negative bacilli, particularly P. aeruginosa, often associated with resistance to other antipseudomonal drugs (Fridkin et al., 1999) . The increasing resistance of P. aeruginosa is a growing threat to the clinical management of such infections (Deshpande et al. 2004; Zavascki et al. 2005) .

Infections due to this virulent organism are difficult to both control and treat because of intrinsic resistance to many antimicrobial agents.

The incidence of imipenemresistance is increasing among gram negative bacilli, particularly P. aeruginosa, often associated with resistance to other antipseudomonal drugs.

The increasing resistance of P. aeruginosa is a growing threat to the clinical management of such infections.


In the present study, rice paddy water herbicide imazethapyr concentrations were detected until 28DAA, and imazapic concentrations were detected until 14DAA. In Brazil, imazethapyr was detected in irrigation water up to 20 days after application with concentration under 5μg L Water quality values, dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, pH and total hardness showed a signifi cant difference among sampling days. In general, morning dissolved oxygen levels (0.42-6.53mg L -1 ) were higher in the sample taken -3DBA, whereas after application samples remained low until 60DAA. Water temperature ranged from 17.1 to 26.5°C. The pH values (5.4-7.6) decreased in all treatments toward -3 DBA sampling. Thus, it was observed a lower value of morning dissolved oxygen concentration and pH after imazethapyr and imazapic and bispyribac-sodium application in relation to the control treatment. Dissolved oxygen and water pH levels decreased in collected control treatment before herbicide application, possibly due to precipitation occurring between -3DBA and 1DAA of 81mm along four days. Herbicides imazethapyr, imazapic, and bispyribac-sodium, in initial experimental days, provided decreased dissolved oxygen and water pH levels. The same chemical water changes after herbicide application have been demonstrated ( GURNEY & ROBINSON, 1989) . The Cladocer group was observed to undergo a change in the organism density because of herbicides when compared to control treatment (Figure 2 ). Among the sampling days for imazethapyr and imazapic treatment toward 1DAA, there was a signifi cant increase in Cladocers' density in relation to the -3DBA, remaining until 37DAA. In this same group, a tendency for increasing organism density was observed.

The same chemical water changes after herbicide application have been demonstrated.


Solid tantalum electrolyte capacitors (STEC) based on sintered tantalum powder structure makes them volumetrically efficient, which has compact porous con-struction and large capacitance. CPs, such as poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has been used as STEC cathode films due to its higher conductivity and reliability, which produces high performance STEC with low equivalent series resistance (ESR) [8] . However, one of the drawbacks for PEDOT as STEC electrodes is their brittleness and low mechanical strengths. Coupling CPs to carbon nanomaterials has been shown to be an effective approach to improving the mechanical strengths and conductive performance of the CPs.

CPs, such as poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has been used as STEC cathode films due to its higher conductivity and reliability, which produces high performance STEC with low equivalent series resistance (ESR).


Among the different techniques used to obtain micro/nano structure CPs, the vapor-phase polymerization (VPP) has attracted more attention because of its simplicity and controllability [14, 15] . VPP process is a solvent-free process and polymers are synthesized by delivering monomers to a surface through the vapor phase. VPP method can also form chemically welldefined films directly on the different morphology surface or template, and represents a facile way to prepare conducting polymer and its nanocomposites on special substrate, such as porous structure substrate [16] . In the VPP process, the oxidant is thought to play a templating role that leads to particularly ordered polymers and sometimes crystalline ones, which would result in formation of polymer nanostructures with significantly higher charge conductivities because of better interchain π-π stacking in the obtained polymers. This conducting polymer nanocomposites with excellent electrical and thermal stability would be suitable as high performance capacitor electrode materials. Moreover, the simple and controllable preparation method of VPP would also give a convenience to fabricate high performance capacitors and nanocapacitors [17, 18] .

Among the different techniques used to obtain micro/nano structure CPs, the vapor-phase polymerization (VPP) has attracted more attention because of its simplicity and controllability.

VPP method can also form chemically welldefined films directly on the different morphology surface or template, and represents a facile way to prepare conducting polymer and its nanocomposites on special substrate, such as porous structure substrate.

Moreover, the simple and controllable preparation method of VPP would also give a convenience to fabricate high performance capacitors and nanocapacitors.


VPP self-assembly deposition of PEDOT has been reported by some research teams, and theses VPP conducting polymer films show promising applications in solar cells and supercapacitors [19, 20] . However, to our best knowledge, there is a lack of reported work to build PEDOT and PEDOT nanocomposites as SETC electrode films through VPP process. In this work, we report VPP deposition of PEDOT and PEDOT-graphene on porous Ta 2 O 5 as tantalum electrolyte capacitor cathode films. In the first step, oxidant and oxidant-graphene nanocomposite for polymerization were successively prepared on porous tantalum pentoxide surface by dip-coating. In the second step, the exposure of oxidant films on 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer vapor was used to convert the oxidant/oxidant-graphene films into PEDOT/PEDOT-graphene composite films. The inner PEDOT layer constructed on Ta 2 O 5 is for entire capacitance extraction, and the outer PEDOT-graphene layer constructed on PEDOT is for improving conductive ability and mechanical strength of cathode films. A VPP film based Ta/Ta 2 O 5 /PEDOT/PEDOTgraphene/carbon/Ag electrolyte capacitor is constructed, and electrical performance of this capacitor is measured.

VPP self-assembly deposition of PEDOT has been reported by some research teams, and theses VPP conducting polymer films show promising applications in solar cells and supercapacitors.


Third, we did not evaluate how many women regardless of endometriosis status had visited physicians for antenatal check-up or for pill refills during the study period. In addition, we did not investigate the yes/no and time course of the use of oral pills, which might have had a protective effect against the occurrence of EOC, and the protection might have been stronger in those women with long-term use [14, 39] . It is reasonable to suppose that women with endometriosis might have a more pronounced trend and longer interval in the use of pills for symptom control [41] . However, we used the following strategies, including (1) the exclusion of women without a gynecologist visit; and (2) a 1:4 match by obstetric history and frequency of gynecological/obstetric providers' outpatient visits. Both might minimize the potential biases of surveillance or the frequency of medical care. We believed that the frequency of antenatal check-up and/or health consultation would be similar between both groups.

In addition, we did not investigate the yes/no and time course of the use of oral pills, which might have had a protective effect against the occurrence of EOC, and the protection might have been stronger in those women with long-term use.

It is reasonable to suppose that women with endometriosis might have a more pronounced trend and longer interval in the use of pills for symptom control.


The performance of Kalman filters is sensitive to the process models used in the update step. For this study, the process noise settings have been selected through empirical testing. However, as the number of parameters in the model is quite large, i.e., ten or more depending on the number of GNSS systems and frequencies, the number of choices for the process noise levels of the individual parameters becomes very large, which implies that not every combination can be explored. Therefore, it is likely that the performance of the algorithm could be improved even further by adjusting the noise models. Instead of doing this through trial and error, sufficient knowledge about the underlying dynamics of the parameters involved could help to set the process noise values to a more physically correct level. However, this would require more detailed knowledge about all factors that can affect the SNR and how these vary over time. Thus, the problem of finding correct process noise level is site-specific and includes, for example, the exact geometry around the receiver, atmospheric conditions, vegetation growth cycles, and more (Nievinski and Larson 2014a) . This promises to be an interesting topic for further studies.

Thus, the problem of finding correct process noise level is site-specific and includes, for example, the exact geometry around the receiver, atmospheric conditions, vegetation growth cycles, and more.


The fundamental idea of GNSS reflectometry relies on the principle of using multipath effects to deduce properties about the surroundings of a GNSS antenna. Multipath effects are caused by a variety of properties of the environment around a GNSS antenna (Nievinski and Larson 2014a) . As such, the multipath effects, which are considered a major error source for positioning and navigation applications, also contain some information about their causes. GNSS reflectometry works like a passive radar system in that it uses signals that are broadcasted by some other source, in this case the GNSS satellites, and utilize these for measurement purposes other than those intended originally. All GNSS signals can be used for this purpose, and with more GNSS systems and satellites still being deployed, GNSS reflectometry is, therefore, becoming increasingly more interesting for remote sensing and related fields.

Multipath effects are caused by a variety of properties of the environment around a GNSS antenna.


We show that real-time GNSS reflectometry is possible using Kalman filtering techniques, with the unscented Kalman filter and a dynamic B-spline approach. We apply it to deriving sea surface heights, and the filter solution agrees well with measurements from colocated tide gauges, Fig. 6 Standard deviation of the difference between the tide gauges and the Kalman filter solution as a function of time before evaluation for both GTGU and SPBY. Spectral analysis is possible after recording data from a sufficiently long satellite arc, i.e., roughly 20 min (Williams and Nievinski 2017) . Least-squares inversion (LSQ) requires significantly more data, and thus, time before analysis is possible. Still, for comparison, the precision of the technique is indicated in the figure using the shaded areas Fig. 7 Time series of retrieved damping values at GTGU for the winter of 2012 using Kalman filtering and inverse modeling with least-squares adjustment. Also presented is the air temperature recorded at the Onsala Space Observatory. The damping time series are normalized with the average value of an ice-free period outperforming the previous spectral methods in real time and producing measurements on a similar level of precision as least-squares inversion in post-processing. Therefore, with this new algorithm, real-time GNSS-R can be a feasible alternative to traditional tide gauges, for example, in areas where remote sensing techniques are preferable.

Spectral analysis is possible after recording data from a sufficiently long satellite arc, i.e., roughly 20 min.


Recent technical and scientific developments have meant that it would be desirable to combine the two related CTMs into a single model with a flexible vertical coordinate and different methods of treating key processes (e.g. vertical transport). First, in 1999 the ECMWF extended the upper boundary of their analyses to 0.1 hPa and recently completed the ERA-40 re-analyses from 1957 to 2002 over this same domain (Uppala et al. 2004) . Second, many key scientific issues concern processes in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS). These include stratosphere-troposphere transport, the composition of the lowermost stratosphere, and processes in the tropical UT. Therefore, model boundaries in the UT/LS region are not desirable.

First, in 1999 the ECMWF extended the upper boundary of their analyses to 0.1 hPa and recently completed the ERA-40 re-analyses from 1957 to 2002 over this same domain.


Magnetic field is an inevitable environmental factor for all living organisms (Esitken and Turan, 2004) . There are several hypotheses trying to explain cellular responses of magnetic and electromagnetic field on biological systems. The first one is the orientation of particles which present ferromagnetic properties in living systems, and the other one is the energy level alterations and changes on electron spin conditions of ionic formed atom and molecules which present paramagnetic properties (Van et al., 1998) . Various researchers assume that magnetic fields between 10 -3 to 10 -2 Tesla can effect chemical reactions by changing electron spin locations and in this manner they have potential to cause biological effects *Corresponding author. E-mail: senayse@istanbul.edu.tr. Fax: +90-212-528 0527.

Magnetic field is an inevitable environmental factor for all living organisms.

The first one is the orientation of particles which present ferromagnetic properties in living systems, and the other one is the energy level alterations and changes on electron spin conditions of ionic formed atom and molecules which present paramagnetic properties.

E-mail: senayse@istanbul.edu.tr.

Fax: +90-212-528 0527.


Spray drying process can produce the porous particles from droplets by heat transfer between hot gas and droplets. Elimination of solvent in droplets was created porous structure of particles. However, it was depending on natural properties of chemical reagent. The good properties of MgCl2 support were reported as spherical shape, narrow size distribution, high porosity and low crystalline structure [7] . More porosity and lower crystal structure of MgCl2 particles was suitable for Ti atom to adsorb at available surface. Polymer will be growth from catalyst and MgCl2 supported catalyst. Thus, high porosity and lower crystal structure were the good properties of MgCl2 supported catalyst for highly active in polymerization of polyethylene.

The good properties of MgCl2 support were reported as spherical shape, narrow size distribution, high porosity and low crystalline structure.


Polyolefin was well known in the name of Polyethylene (PE) or Polypropylene (PP). This polyolefin was necessary in the daily live. They were used as many materials such as packaging or containers, film, pipes, automobile parts. Catalyst was needed to produce polyolefin. The discovery of Ziegler-Natta catalysts, TiCl3 catalysts, in the 1950s led to the births of the polyolefin industry. However, the activities of the TiCl3 catalysts in first period were so low due to the step for removing catalyst residues in production process of polyolefin. In 1986, Norio Kashiwa discovered MgCl2 supported TiCl4 catalysts which have the higher activities than TiCl3 100 times with the high stereospecificity [1] .

In 1986, Norio Kashiwa discovered MgCl2 supported TiCl4 catalysts which have the higher activities than TiCl3 100 times with the high stereospecificity.


Soybean (Glycine max L.) is currently the x most widely grown and rapidly expanding crop in Argentina. During the last agricultural season, the crop accounted for more than 50% of all grain production in the country. Soybean has sharply replaced traditional crops, such as cotton and rice, in the northeast part of Argentina (Vallone and Giorda, 1997) . Under Argentinean climatic conditions, diseases of soybean are relatively unimportant during the early growing stages, but environmental factors usually favor disease development during the reproductive stages of soybeans (Carmona et al., 2003) .

Soybean has sharply replaced traditional crops, such as cotton and rice, in the northeast part of Argentina.

Under Argentinean climatic conditions, diseases of soybean are relatively unimportant during the early growing stages, but environmental factors usually favor disease development during the reproductive stages of soybeans.