In the audible range in air, relaxation between translational energy and vibrational energy in N 2 and O 2 is very important. It gives a contribution to the absorption of sound waves which can be several magnitudes stronger than the combined effect of viscosity and conduction [9, 19] . How this mechanism may be implemented in the lattice Boltzmann method remains to be seen.

It gives a contribution to the absorption of sound waves which can be several magnitudes stronger than the combined effect of viscosity and conduction.


Still, in cases where conduction does not affect the flow significantly, the contribution from thermal conduction to absorption can be simulated to the lowest order by increasing the bulk viscosity artificially [9] . There exist extensions to the LBM that allow setting the bulk viscosity arbitrarily [2, 20] . This would also affect the other sound wave properties: The amplitude ratio and phase shift between the density and momentum wave fields, and the dispersion. However, these properties may usually be considered less physically significant than the absorption, and the dispersion and amplitude ratio already disagree with theory to the lowest order in ωτ ν [7] .

Still, in cases where conduction does not affect the flow significantly, the contribution from thermal conduction to absorption can be simulated to the lowest order by increasing the bulk viscosity artificially.

There exist extensions to the LBM that allow setting the bulk viscosity arbitrarily.

However, these properties may usually be considered less physically significant than the absorption, and the dispersion and amplitude ratio already disagree with theory to the lowest order in ωτ ν.


Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a group of substances which have oxidation properties to obtain electron from adjacent materials. ROS is classified into two groups in botanical system: inorganic radical, including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), and organic radical, which mainly are the products of membrane lipid peroxidation. The generation and scavenging of ROS are in balance during the plant growth [1] . Nevertheless, the ROS level will be enhanced when plant is exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses, which result in the inactivation of enzymes and breakage of DNA strands and membrane lipids [2, 3] . A whole set of mechanisms have been evolved in plant cells to cope with environment stress, scavenge overmuch ROS in time, and adjust internal environment. Scavenging mechanisms include enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems. The former mainly include superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalyse (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX).

The generation and scavenging of ROS are in balance during the plant growth.

Nevertheless, the ROS level will be enhanced when plant is exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses, which result in the inactivation of enzymes and breakage of DNA strands and membrane lipids.


How to Achieve Clear Preambles? In the client side design, we consider typical and practical system, where transmissions are grouped into frames. Before data transmission begins, the preambles of each client should be transmitted sequentially without interference. No collision is allowed during preamble transmission. For this design, the AP station needs to coordinate the clients for sequential pilot transmission. The sequence of pilot transmission could be predefined or being sorted in a random way [3] . The medium access control can be achieved with a scheme similar to MUSE [23] . Note that, such design also need no scheduling. Because the sequential transmission could be achieved through the priority among clients, or the MAC address, ID, etc.

How to Achieve Clear Preambles?

The sequence of pilot transmission could be predefined or being sorted in a random way.

The medium access control can be achieved with a scheme similar to MUSE.


If one takes the point of view that the inflaton parameters are in some way scanned over a landscape of models, extreme values for the amplitude of density perturbations (either much smaller or much bigger than the observed 10 −5 ) seem preferred [6, 7] . This is easy to understand as changing the inflaton parameters one also changes the number of e-folds of inflation, so that the final volume exponentially depends on the parameters. If taken seriously, this can be a further motivation for looking at alternative sources of perturbations.

If one takes the point of view that the inflaton parameters are in some way scanned over a landscape of models, extreme values for the amplitude of density perturbations (either much smaller or much bigger than the observed 10 −5 ) seem preferred.


The heavy rainfall is one of the major severe weather phenomena in South Korea. The weather phenomena can lead to serious damage and losses of both life and infrastructure, and it is very important to forecast heavy rainfall. However, it is considered a difficult task because it takes place in very short time interval [2] .

However, it is considered a difficult task because it takes place in very short time interval.


PBAPs are a ubiquitous group of the Earth's atmospheric aerosols and are defined as solid and insoluble particles of biological origin (Elbert et al., 2007; Després et al., 2012; Fröhlich-Nowoisky et al., 2016) . PBAPs include microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) as well as reproductive units from the biosphere (e.g., fungal spores, plant pollen) (Després et al., 2012) . Single bacteria cells and agglomerates typically have the size of 0.25-3 and 3-8 µm in diameter, respectively, whereas actively wet discharged ascospores 1 are usually 2-20 µm and actively wet discharged basidiospores 1 are usually 1-10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (Gregory, 1961; Elbert et al., 2007) .

PBAPs are a ubiquitous group of the Earth's atmospheric aerosols and are defined as solid and insoluble particles of biological origin.

PBAPs include microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) as well as reproductive units from the biosphere (e.g., fungal spores, plant pollen).

Single bacteria cells and agglomerates typically have the size of 0.25-3 and 3-8 µm in diameter, respectively, whereas actively wet discharged ascospores 1 are usually 2-20 µm and actively wet discharged basidiospores 1 are usually 1-10 µm in aerodynamic diameter.


In spite of the large developments on the preparation and structure-property relationship of antimicrobial polymers, very few of them are practically suitable for preparing polymer coated antimicrobial surfaces required to solve hygiene related problems [14] . For example, to solve the hospital related infections, one challenging way is to prepare antimicrobial textiles (antimicrobial polymer coated textiles). The main challenges in the related area are: (i) easy synthetic procedure of the antimicrobial polymers-reactions in water (without any organic solvent) are strongly recommended; (ii) simple and practically applicable procedure of textile coating; (iii) 99.99% (log 4 reduction) of bacterial growth inhibition caused by the antimicrobial textiles; (iv) excellent durability (wash fastness).

In spite of the large developments on the preparation and structure-property relationship of antimicrobial polymers, very few of them are practically suitable for preparing polymer coated antimicrobial surfaces required to solve hygiene related problems.


Despite high yield with N 92 P 0 K 83 and high rate mulch, their plant tissue water content was less than other treatments during growing season. High yield by these treatments is not therefore as a result of plant water stress alleviation. Despite different yield and canopy production, soil water content was not also different with control and mineral fertilizers. This also supports the idea that tissue water stress was not limiting yield. The mere fact that some mineral fertilizers increased yield production justifies this conclusion. Tissue water stress is not normally limiting in temperate climates for winter crops but soil water may limit nutrient diffusion. Potassium in soybean and corn leaves are less than sufficiency levels in dry years even with high levels of potassium fertilizer applications (Havlin et al., 2005) . Increasing soil water content may accelerate potassium diffusion and root extension by lowering mechanical resistance. Increasing soil water content from 10 to 28 percent increases total potassium transport by 175% (Havlin et al., 2005) . It is frequently observed that irrigation in the area surrounding the site of experiment and high rainfall at neighboring towns and provinces (Mazandaran & Gillan) increase wheat production. With sufficient nutrients, heat and sunlight water stress may emerge as limiting for some summer crops in Golestan province and irrigation may reduce the time lag between transpiration and root water uptake.

Potassium in soybean and corn leaves are less than sufficiency levels in dry years even with high levels of potassium fertilizer applications.

Increasing soil water content from 10 to 28 percent increases total potassium transport by 175%.


There were two potential apposing mechanisms affecting K diffusion by mulch and incorporation; a synergistic effect through increased soil water content in the root zone against depressed diurnal sub-optimal soil temperatures (antagonistic effect). Potential increased root growth by low mechanical resistance (synergistic effect) may also increase potassium uptake. Ca release into root zone by incorporation prevented manifestation of all synergistic benefits on K availability, diffusion and uptake however (Amini et al., 2012) . Soil amendments increase yield, when the most limiting plant growth factor (or subsequent limiting factors) are met directly or through a number of interactions. Soil physical and non-physical growth factors interact and affect yield. Positive interactions were between root K uptake (also diffusion) and soil water, sludge decomposition rate and soil temperature. Negative interactions were between root K uptake and mechanical resistance, root K uptake (also swelling and diffusion) and soil temperature, K uptake and Ca additions. There is also an interaction between climatic conditions and soil water and temperature. Considering modes of amelioration by sludge for different soil and climatic conditions and their interactions helps manage quantities and modes of applications. Decomposition rate with mulch was greater than incorporation which lowers application rates with mulch when nutrients are concerned. In the current experiment in a soil with high specific surface illitic SSSS which may limit root growth and potassium diffusion, sludge application as mulch is favored because Ca interaction with K depressed potassium uptake and yield when the mode of application was incorporation. Soil amendments are versatile to meet limiting plant growth factors in different soil units and climatic conditions as they alter many soil physical properties and supply many nutrients.

Ca release into root zone by incorporation prevented manifestation of all synergistic benefits on K availability, diffusion and uptake however.


The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents a brief survey of classical distance inequalities in the context of LVP's, together with the paper's motivation and main contributions in this context. In Section 3 the theory of well-posedness of LVP's is recalled, in connection with the concepts of weak coercivity, minored operators and their co-norm. These results are enriched with aspects inherent to finite dimensional problems, more particularly Corollary 3.1, often neglected in text books on the subject. In Section 4 some results of Functional Analysis with applications to LVP's are supplied, and we bring up relevant properties for the subsequent analysis. More especially those related to co-norm are studied in depth, which marginally leads to an alternative definition of weak coercivity. This clarifies the relationship between different definitions commonly encountered. Most of Section 5 and the whole of Section 6 are dedicated to the paper's main contribution. This consists of applications of Dupire's inequality to the case of variational crimes in the broader sense of Strang and Fix [29] . While the so-called non conforming case with exact linear and bilinear forms is addressed in Section 5 the case of perturbed forms is considered in Section 6. We conclude in Section 7 with a few important remarks. Additionally we supply an Appendix devoted to an illustration of the theory presented in Sections 3 through 6. We chose an example in which a novel type of convergence analysis for the finite volume method is carried out, by exploiting the concept of weak coercivity. Although the problem under study is rather simple, the authors believe to be providing a convenient framework for the analysis of this popular method, when applied to more complex problems.

The paper is organized as follows.

This consists of applications of Dupire's inequality to the case of variational crimes in the broader sense of Strang and Fix.


Fish are a frequently preferred food, due to their protein quality and nutrient values, particularly in recent years. However, fish meat, due to its chemical composition and its properties as a good substrate for decomposing microorganisms, can easily spoil. The shelf life of these products under regular refrigerator conditions is classified using microbiological, enzymatic and chemical decompositions [1] .

The shelf life of these products under regular refrigerator conditions is classified using microbiological, enzymatic and chemical decompositions.


As noted previously, students may spontaneously adopt a more formal tone in online book clubs, as did students in this library program. However, we also encourage teachers whose students do not adopt such a tone, (e.g., students who struggle with writing or discussion) to consider the content being promoted in the discussion, as informal digital writing may still promote important thinking about a topic (Turner et al., 2014) . Teachers may also consider how digital tools, such as video and audio recordings, might support all students' participation in an OSN book club and offer alternative routes to discussion for those who struggle with writing.

However, we also encourage teachers whose students do not adopt such a tone, (e.g., students who struggle with writing or discussion) to consider the content being promoted in the discussion, as informal digital writing may still promote important thinking about a topic.


Invasive surgery is increasingly offered to elderly patients so as to not deny them what is considered the standard of care [3, 42] . This approach is confirmed by the comparable frequency of multi-visceral resection across all age groups in the current analysis. Estimating the risk-benefit balance in elderly patients is challenging. Surgeons or patients may be hesitant to undergo surgery with a potential for undertreatment. On the other hand, if the risks are underestimated, there is potential for overtreatment. Although the current results do not suggest denying curative intent surgery to elderly patients, these do caution surgeons to consider the incremental risk in the setting of shorter life expectancy for older patients and limited overall survival for GC treated with curative intent [2, 4] . Moreover, surgery can also negatively impact postoperative lifestyle and lifespan. Disseminating the current data will contribute to raising awareness to improve risk assessment and patient counseling before surgery. Tailored interventions driven by procedure-specific data as provided herein are known to be critical in ensuring successful and lasting impact [43] . The inclusion in the ACS-NSQIP registry of gastrectomy for GC performed in frail patients, including ASA IV and V, further supports the need for the current work to support refined surgical selection. Surgeons' awareness of increased surgical risk is the first step in identifying high-risk elderly patients.

Invasive surgery is increasingly offered to elderly patients so as to not deny them what is considered the standard of care.

Although the current results do not suggest denying curative intent surgery to elderly patients, these do caution surgeons to consider the incremental risk in the setting of shorter life expectancy for older patients and limited overall survival for GC treated with curative intent.

Tailored interventions driven by procedure-specific data as provided herein are known to be critical in ensuring successful and lasting impact.


Water and energy have become severe problems and attracted worldwide attention and are basic components of life, economic growth, and human progress [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Waste water comes from many sources including the textiles industry during wet processing and dyeing, and presents a health hazard and is harmful to the environment. Contamination of various kinds of organic dyes in drinking water is increasing and threatening the safety of drinking water [10] [11] [12] . Therefore, removal of organic dyes from contaminated water has been an important topic for researchers. To address this challenge, in the past decade, various semiconductor photocatalysts such as BiPO4, BiPO 4 /CeO 2 , TiO 2 /CdS, etc. have been successfully prepared and reported in relation to the decomposition of organic compounds or antibacterial activities utilizing visible light [13] [14] [15] . Photocatalysts based on semiconductor materials involve the generation of electron and hole pairs, migrating to the surface of the semiconductor, which contributes to the conversion of organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants into harmless substances and destruction of bacteria by a series of redox processes [16, 17] . In the past decades, TiO 2 has been focused upon because of its outstanding photocatalytic activity, ready availability, longterm stability, and nontoxicity [18] . However, the photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 is limited by the fast recombination of photogenerated carriers and its poor solar efficiency. Therefore, TiO 2 has been modified through either doping or coupling with another semiconductor to produce a visible light sensitive catalyst [19] [20] [21] [22] .

Water and energy have become severe problems and attracted worldwide attention and are basic components of life, economic growth, and human progress.

Contamination of various kinds of organic dyes in drinking water is increasing and threatening the safety of drinking water.

To address this challenge, in the past decade, various semiconductor photocatalysts such as BiPO4, BiPO 4 /CeO 2 , TiO 2 /CdS, etc. have been successfully prepared and reported in relation to the decomposition of organic compounds or antibacterial activities utilizing visible light.

Photocatalysts based on semiconductor materials involve the generation of electron and hole pairs, migrating to the surface of the semiconductor, which contributes to the conversion of organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants into harmless substances and destruction of bacteria by a series of redox processes.

In the past decades, TiO 2 has been focused upon because of its outstanding photocatalytic activity, ready availability, longterm stability, and nontoxicity.

Therefore, TiO 2 has been modified through either doping or coupling with another semiconductor to produce a visible light sensitive catalyst.


It is well known that photodegradation efficiency can be affected by the size and structure of Ag 3 VO 4 particles as well as their manner of attachment onto the surface of PAN nanofibers. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized composite nanofibers was examined for the degradation of MB dye under solar light irradiation. From Fig. 7a , it is clear that the photocatalytic efficiency of PAN/Ag 3 VO 4 composite nanofibers toward degradation of MB is significantly higher than that of PAN nanofibers. The enhanced decolorization of MB could be explained by the combined degradation properties of Ag 3 VO 4 nanoparticles and absorption properties of PAN nanofibers [23, 29] . Upon irradiation of solar light on the PAN/Ag 3 VO 4 composite nanofibers, the electrons are excited from the VB to the conduction level of were uniformly dispersed on the support nanofibers are Ag 3 VO 4 nanoparticles, consistent with the FE-SEM image in Fig. 2a . Furthermore, an elemental analysis of the composite nanofibers was carried out by EDX results obtained from FE-SEM images (Fig. 2b) . Except C, Ag, V, N, and O, no other peaks related with any impurity elements are detected in the EDX spectrum of the prepared composite nanofibers, confirming the incorporation of Ag 3 VO 4 nanoparticles in the PAN nanofibers. Fig. 4 exhibits the XRD pattern of pristine PAN nanofibers and PAN/Ag 3 VO 4 composite nanofibers. In the pristine PAN nanofibers, a crystalline peak centered at about 17° is assigned to the PAN polymer phase. The existence of peaks 011, -121, 121, 301, 202, 022, 400, 132, and 331 in the PAN/Ag 3 VO 4 composite nanofibers are attributed to the standard values of the monoclinic Ag 3 VO 4 [34] . XRD analysis result also supported EDX results obtained from FE-SEM images (Fig. 2b) .

The enhanced decolorization of MB could be explained by the combined degradation properties of Ag 3 VO 4 nanoparticles and absorption properties of PAN nanofibers.

The existence of peaks 011, -121, 121, 301, 202, 022, 400, 132, and 331 in the PAN/Ag 3 VO 4 composite nanofibers are attributed to the standard values of the monoclinic Ag 3 VO 4.


During the EEG/MEG recordings, children ignored the experimental stimuli while viewing a movie of their choce, played with low-level video sound. Previous ERP research has shown that viewing a video during electrophysiological recordings increases compliance with little impact on the reliability of electrophysiological responses (McArthur, Bishop and Proudfoot, 2003) . Four 10-minute blocks of randomly interleaved control and pitch stimuli were presented. Each block contained 216 stimuli, for a total of 432 stimuli of each type. Stimulus blocks were presented consecutively with a short break in between during which marker coil measurements were obtained.

Previous ERP research has shown that viewing a video during electrophysiological recordings increases compliance with little impact on the reliability of electrophysiological responses.


Developmental dyslexia is an unexplained difficulty in learning to read that is thought to affect 5-10 percent of school age children. This difficulty occurs despite adequate education and normal intellegence (Habib, 2000) . There is evidence that dyslexia is associated with problems in processing the phonological features of words (Bradley and Bryant, 1983) . In addition to linguisticallybased deficits, a number of researchers have reported deficits in non-linguistic brain processes, including lowlevel problems in auditory sensory processing. The nature of these auditory deficits, and how they might contribute to the phonological processing deficits in dyslexia and other linguistic disorders, such as specific language impairment (SLI), remain unclear and are strongly debated. A number of current hypotheses hold that auditory processing deficits are rooted in problems in processing crucial kinds of timing information contained in speech and non-speech sounds.

This difficulty occurs despite adequate education and normal intellegence.

There is evidence that dyslexia is associated with problems in processing the phonological features of words.


The 'temporal processing deficit' hypothesis proposes that individuals with dyslexia have a general difficulty in processing stimuli that change rapidly over time. This could impair the acquisition of phonology which is presumed to subserve reading acquisition (Habib, 2000) . This hypothesis also states that a deficiency in the cognitive areas specific to temporal coding may be the cause of more complex cognitive dysfunctions observed in dyslexics such as a lack of awareness of time passing and difficulties processing the sequence of sucessive events (Habib, 2000) .

This could impair the acquisition of phonology which is presumed to subserve reading acquisition.

This hypothesis also states that a deficiency in the cognitive areas specific to temporal coding may be the cause of more complex cognitive dysfunctions observed in dyslexics such as a lack of awareness of time passing and difficulties processing the sequence of sucessive events.


Out-of-plane deformation Speckle interferometry can be used to measure out-of-plane deformation (i.e., along the camera optical axis), but current methods require a reference laser under highly calibrated settings, for example, using a beam splitter [7] . We also seek to detect out-of-plane deformations, but with a simpler setup. Our approach can forgo the reference laser because detecting tampering does not require precisely measuring the amount of deformation.

Out-of-plane deformation Speckle interferometry can be used to measure out-of-plane deformation (i.e., along the camera optical axis), but current methods require a reference laser under highly calibrated settings, for example, using a beam splitter.


A study of Australian medical graduates suggested they felt unprepared for paediatrics in their first year of postgraduate practice [18] . Multiple factors could contribute to this, including inadequate case mix. Logs are a resource to demonstrate a paediatric case mix relevant to future clinical practice. Also to establish if paediatric case mix is comparable, despite marked geographical differences.

A study of Australian medical graduates suggested they felt unprepared for paediatrics in their first year of postgraduate practice.


AZSecure is a tool that provides łcyber threat intelligencež by crawling and scraping hacker forums. The tool includes machine learning capabilities to identify assets being exchanged in the forums, such as exploits or malware source code [37] . The crawler module relies on the Tor network to prevent IP blacklisting, but it does not consider forums that require registration. Datasets are available via the DIBBs-ISI project [7] .

The tool includes machine learning capabilities to identify assets being exchanged in the forums, such as exploits or malware source code.

Datasets are available via the DIBBs-ISI project.


Increasing in insight can lead to adaptive changes in cognitive structures, behavior and everyday life experience (Harrington & Loffredo, 2011; Prochaska & Norcross, 2003) . In addition, people who makes decisions about their lives in accordance with their own criteria, consider themselves to be honest and decent, see themselves in relation to achieving the aims and objectives of their lives, and emotionally adjusted, they are high in personal self concept (Goñi et al., 2011) . High level of insight with image of oneself self-fulfilled, autonomous, emotionally adjusted and decent person may be decrease psychological vulnerability and increase the resiliency.

Increasing in insight can lead to adaptive changes in cognitive structures, behavior and everyday life experience.

In addition, people who makes decisions about their lives in accordance with their own criteria, consider themselves to be honest and decent, see themselves in relation to achieving the aims and objectives of their lives, and emotionally adjusted, they are high in personal self concept.


Insight is associated with the ability to identify and express feelings in an internally aware state. As a personality characteristic, insight is thought to be related to psychological health. Since the beginning of psychoanalytic approach psychotherapies have begun working to raise individual level of awareness and consciousness (Harrington & Loffredo, 2011) . Freud stated that having emotional conflicts in consciousness enhances to produce an immediate and complete understanding (Lyke, 2009) . Insight refers to a state of understanding of an individual's thought behavior and feelings (Grant, Franklin, & Langford, 2002) .

Since the beginning of psychoanalytic approach psychotherapies have begun working to raise individual level of awareness and consciousness.

Freud stated that having emotional conflicts in consciousness enhances to produce an immediate and complete understanding.

Insight refers to a state of understanding of an individual's thought behavior and feelings.


Psychological vulnerability refers to tendency to psychological disorders and it's a symptom of psychological maladjustment (Ingram & Price, 2010; Sinclair & Wallston, 1999) . The concept of the psychological vulnerability is expressed briefly negative cognitive schemas. People who have these cognitive schemas are more fragile to stress. Vulnerable people need approval from others to feel good about selfworth. They feel inferior to other people and resentful about their relationship with others. Vulnerable people set their goals too high and if they do not achieve their goals, they become frustrated and feel like making a mistake (Sinclair & Wallston, 1999) . Insight may be negatively associated with psychological vulnerability. Hence, we hypothesized that insight negatively related with psychological vulnerability.

Psychological vulnerability refers to tendency to psychological disorders and it's a symptom of psychological maladjustment.

Vulnerable people set their goals too high and if they do not achieve their goals, they become frustrated and feel like making a mistake.


The personal self-concept can be defined as an individual's sense of personal worth, feelings of adequacy and self-evaluation of the personality aside from the body and interpersonal relationships (Fitts & Warren, 1996 , cited in Rogers, 2010 . The personal self-concept is a recent term, therefore a little research mentioned about this notion (Rogers, 2010) . The self-concept and insight let children learn to take the perspective of others (Mead, 1934; Cooley, 1902; 1964 , cited in Csank, 1995 . According to research, it can be said that people with unclear self-concept self-concept are more tend to change their self-descriptions as the time pass, than people who have a clear self-concept (Campbell, Trapnell, Heine, Katz, & Lavalle, 1994 , cited in Csank, 1995 . Having a clear self-concept decreases the inconsistency about the sense of self. In other words, judgments of self-concept indicate an abstract belief about the self which is inconsistent to specific position of behavior or experience (Csank, 1995) .

The personal self-concept is a recent term, therefore a little research mentioned about this notion.

In other words, judgments of self-concept indicate an abstract belief about the self which is inconsistent to specific position of behavior or experience.


The observation that SED-time was underestimated by the RPAQ is in line with previous reports [43, 46, 48, 56] . However, the reasons for sex differences in absolute validity of the RPAQ to ascertain MVPA are unclear, but there was evidence of substantial overestimation when the standard definition of 1MET was used to derive objective variables, the definition used in most other studies. The limits of agreement are comparable to the findings of studies which sought to assess absolute validity of PA-questionnaires against an objective method [50] .

The observation that SED-time was underestimated by the RPAQ is in line with previous reports.

The limits of agreement are comparable to the findings of studies which sought to assess absolute validity of PA-questionnaires against an objective method.


A great deal of attention has been paid in recent decades to the study of some defects in composite structures subjected to thermal loading. The concept of a functionally graded material is now accepted worldwide (Cherradi et al., 1999) . Functionally graded materials are non-homogeneous materials which have spatially varying micro-structure and mechanical/thermal properties to meet the desired functional performance (Niino et al., 1987; Suresh and Mortensen, 1998) . In particular, information on thermal stress concentrations around material discontinuities is of importance in a failure mechanics analysis. In recent years, functionally graded materials have attracted much attention in a wide range of thermal structures in advanced aircraft and aerospace engines, medical devices and computer integrated circuits (Watari et al., 2004; Guo et al., 2008) .

The concept of a functionally graded material is now accepted worldwide.

Functionally graded materials are non-homogeneous materials which have spatially varying micro-structure and mechanical/thermal properties to meet the desired functional performance.

In recent years, functionally graded materials have attracted much attention in a wide range of thermal structures in advanced aircraft and aerospace engines, medical devices and computer integrated circuits.


The differences in the DOC and POC variation along the year appear to be related to their sources, but also to the processes that allow their maintenance in the water column. The low POC values in summer could be due to the rapid sedimentation of the detrital material due to the low water mixing during this period (reflected by the stratification of the water column; Figure 4a ). In the same sense, the increase in POC in winter appears to come from the run-off and its maintenance in the water column may be favoured by the hydrodynamic conditions of the winter period (i.e. mixing of the water column). Then, the differences in the sources as well as the differential effect of sedimentation on POC and DOC may be among the main factors that influence and differentiate the variation in abundance of POC and DOC throughout the year. A similar pattern of DOC variation over the year has been documented in a water column study of the Northwestern Mediterranean in which DOC accumulates in the upper layer during summer and autumn until stratification is broken down by winter mixing (Copin-Montégut and Avril, 1993) .

A similar pattern of DOC variation over the year has been documented in a water column study of the Northwestern Mediterranean in which DOC accumulates in the upper layer during summer and autumn until stratification is broken down by winter mixing.


The experiments proposed by the current standards are unfeasible in the case of existing buildings, due to the difficulties in extracting representative samples equivalent to the specimens required by regulations, e.g., in terms of dimensions, arrangement of components, and integrity. The case of historical masonry is even more complex, since the structure cannot be excessively damaged during the in situ sampling due to its cultural, historical, and economical value. Several techniques were proposed to minimize the damage during the inspection, like in situ non-destructive testing (NDT), providing indirect evaluation of materials' properties, or minor destructive testing (MDT), affecting the structural members only superficially or at least in limited portions (Binda, Saisi, and Tiraboschi 2000) . An interesting possibility is the extraction of samples to be subjected to destructive testing in the laboratory. The sampling procedure must inflict the lowest possible damage to the historical structure. The technique adopted is very important, since the specimens must be as undamaged as possible to be representative of the in situ material. The extraction of mortar samples from the joints of a wall is difficult, since the material is brittle and usually crumbles as soon as it is removed from the original location. The sampling of wall portions, to evaluate the properties of the composite material, is almost impossible for existing historical structures.

Several techniques were proposed to minimize the damage during the inspection, like in situ non-destructive testing (NDT), providing indirect evaluation of materials' properties, or minor destructive testing (MDT), affecting the structural members only superficially or at least in limited portions.


This article presents the results of an experimental program carried out in the laboratory to calibrate the aforementioned sampling and testing techniques of masonry cylindrical specimens. Cores of 90 mm and 150 mm diameter were extracted from natural hydraulic lime mortar and clay brick walls built in the laboratory, by using a core drilling machine. Brazilian tests were carried out on 90 mm diameter specimens, varying the inclination of the diametral joint, to evaluate the failure envelope of mortar. Compression tests were carried out on 150 mm diameter specimens, after having regularised the curved surface of the specimen to create two planes parallel to the bed joints of the masonry (Pelà et al. 2014) . Small cores of 35 mm diameter were also extracted from the units of the wall to evaluate the compression and tensile strengths of the bricks.

Compression tests were carried out on 150 mm diameter specimens, after having regularised the curved surface of the specimen to create two planes parallel to the bed joints of the masonry.


During the last two decades, permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) have been established as robust alternatives to traditional pump and treat approaches for groundwater remediation [7] [8] [9] . PRBs-a passive in situ treatment of groundwater contaminated by organic and inorganic contaminants-are trenches or gates excavated in the subsoil to intercept the contaminated plume, filled with a granular (permeable) reactive material (e.g., zero-valent iron, activated carbon, zeolites, compost, etc., or their combination) chosen to treat the contaminated groundwater passing through it under a natural hydraulic gradient [10, 11] . Depending on the specific case, pollutants may be thus trapped in situ by sorption or converted into non-hazardous compounds by chemical or biological routes.

During the last two decades, permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) have been established as robust alternatives to traditional pump and treat approaches for groundwater remediation.

PRBs-a passive in situ treatment of groundwater contaminated by organic and inorganic contaminants-are trenches or gates excavated in the subsoil to intercept the contaminated plume, filled with a granular (permeable) reactive material (e.g., zero-valent iron, activated carbon, zeolites, compost, etc., or their combination) chosen to treat the contaminated groundwater passing through it under a natural hydraulic gradient.


Chemical and physical modifications of membrane can be carried out by radiation induced graft copolymerization which offers a versatile way to impart desirable properties into a polymer without much affecting its original characteristics. Moreover, graft distribution may be achieved throughout the matrix bacause of the radiation activation of film across its thickness. Radiation induced graft copolymerization of acrylic acic onto polymer and its application as a membrane have been done widely [6, 7] . Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the effect of graft copolymerization of acrilyc acid onto nata de coco (NDC) and its application as microfiltration membrane.

Radiation induced graft copolymerization of acrylic acic onto polymer and its application as a membrane have been done widely.


Atmospheric clouds dominate the visual appearance of Earth when viewed from space. Whereas visible clouds may extend over distances up to hundreds of kilometers, individual water droplets are typically only 5-20 μm in radius. In warm (i.e., above-freezing) clouds, droplets can further grow by collision-coalescence to form drizzle droplets or raindrops, a few hundred micrometers to several millimeters in diameter. Rainfall produced in such a way (referred to as warm rain, in contrast to precipitation formed by ice processes) accounts for approximately 30% of the total rainfall on the planet and roughly 70% of the total rain area in the tropics (Lau & Wu 2003) .

Rainfall produced in such a way (referred to as warm rain, in contrast to precipitation formed by ice processes) accounts for approximately 30% of the total rainfall on the planet and roughly 70% of the total rain area in the tropics.


The Petri Net Markup Language (PNML) was one of these proposals, which focussed on the problem of the different Petri net types. Since that time, we have worked out the details and have implemented PNML as the file format for the Petri Net Kernel [5, 10] . In this paper, we discuss the concepts of PNML and present its syntax and semantics.

Since that time, we have worked out the details and have implemented PNML as the file format for the Petri Net Kernel.


The experiment was introduced as an investigation into group problem solving. Reference was made to the inductive and deductive problem solving styles on the basis of which groups would be formed (Doosje, Spears, & Koomen, 1995) . Participants were told that no differences had been found in the relative prevalence of inductive and deductive thinkers in the population, or across gender. It was stressed that at the individual level both problem solving styles were equally effective and that the purpose of this experiment was to investigate how efficient these styles would be at the group level. After performance of an "Associative Thinking Task," participants received (false) feedback regarding their membership in the group of inductive or deductive thinkers. In fact, all participants were classified as inductive thinkers. Participants were asked to indicate to which group they belonged on a form, a procedure that was also followed after providing feedback regarding group performance and group norm to ensure comprehension of the experimental setting. Subsequently, participants were asked to indicate on the computer to which group they belonged. When the answers did not coincide with the condition the participants had been assigned to, a correction appeared on the computer screen. Barreto, Ellemers / ANONYMITY AND IDENTIFICATION IN CMC 597 This procedure was followed for the manipulation of group membership and group performance. No check of the manipulations of visibility of responses and of visibility of respondents were included because these manipulations (i.e., presenting responses or pictures of in-group members on the computer screen) seemed selfevident. However, during debriefing, questions were posed to check for the credibility of these manipulations, on the basis of which two participants were excluded from the analysis.

Reference was made to the inductive and deductive problem solving styles on the basis of which groups would be formed.


The paper is divided into 5 sections. Section 2 contains a brief summary of kink dynamics in the TDSG system [10] , [14] . In section 3 we consider the kink-antikink collisions in the TDSG. In section 4 we show that TDSG kink supports an internal mode of vibration and section 5 contains some concluding remarks.

The paper is divided into 5 sections.

Section 2 contains a brief summary of kink dynamics in the TDSG system.


In many cases it has been necessary to model interactions of the soliton with other objects such as impurities, defects, phonons, antisolitons, or other solitons. In (1+1)-dimensional field theories, these interactions have sometimes been quite spectacular, particularly if the 1-dimensional soliton, or the kink, supports extra modes of vibration. Such a mode can be excited during an interaction and this leads to a "resonance effect" [2] . This effect has been seen in both continuous and discrete systems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . These resonance effects give rise to "windows" in the space of impact velocity, i.e. there are certain intervals of velocities in this space for which the kinks form a bound state (a bion) and others for which the kinks scatter off each other. This paper deals with kink-antikink collisions in the topological discrete sine-Gordon system (TDSG) introduced by Speight and Ward in 1994 . This system is particularly interesting since it is a discrete system but with many of the features of the continuum sineGordon. In particular, it maintains the Bogomoln'yi bound. The resulting Bogomoln'yi equation is a first-order difference equation which can be easily solved. The solution is analogous to the well-known continuum sine-Gordon static kink solution. Moreover, as we show in section 4, the TDSG kink supports an internal shape mode.

Such a mode can be excited during an interaction and this leads to a "resonance effect".

This effect has been seen in both continuous and discrete systems.


Testosterone and cortisol represent hormonal parameters that provide a snapshot of the current anabolic status of an athlete [11] . Traditionally, these two endocrine biomarkers are utilized in male athletes to identity and prevent overtraining [51] . No significant differences in testosterone, cortisol, or T:C ratio were observed between groups in this study. Nevertheless, a trend was observed for decreased cortisol concentrations in the probiotic group. This is in agreement with previous work which found no effect of probiotics on cortisol concentrations during a period of intense military training [49] . However, one study in a non-athletic population reported lower cortisol responses in participants which received a prebiotic (soluble fiber compounds which enhance the growth of gut microbiota) supplement daily for three weeks [52] . Thus, there is precedent for gut modulatory substances producing a reduced cortisol response in humans. Furthermore, coupled with the probiotic attenuation of TNF-α in our study, coinciding lower average cortisol levels in the probiotic group may indicate a better homeostatic balance for health, recovery, and physiological adaptations.

Testosterone and cortisol represent hormonal parameters that provide a snapshot of the current anabolic status of an athlete.

Traditionally, these two endocrine biomarkers are utilized in male athletes to identity and prevent overtraining.

This is in agreement with previous work which found no effect of probiotics on cortisol concentrations during a period of intense military training.

However, one study in a non-athletic population reported lower cortisol responses in participants which received a prebiotic (soluble fiber compounds which enhance the growth of gut microbiota) supplement daily for three weeks.


Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) spectrogram technology was used to analyze biological community structures in the 1980s [8, 9] . This method of analysis relies on fatty acid spectrograms to quantify the entire microbial community without the need for soil enrichment or cultivation, and therefore is quicker and more reliable than traditional approaches [10] . Although this method cannot identify the specific microbial species at the strain level, PLFA doesn't depend on the influence of the plant culture system, but can directly provide information and quantitatively describe the whole microbial community. This method also has the advantages of objective and reliable test results, simple operation of test conditions and multiple test functions and has been used widely in the field of cycle microbiology. In order to clarify the effects of crop rotation and fertilization on soil microbial community structure, PLFA was used to analyze the microbial community composition of soil samples.

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) spectrogram technology was used to analyze biological community structures in the 1980s.

This method of analysis relies on fatty acid spectrograms to quantify the entire microbial community without the need for soil enrichment or cultivation, and therefore is quicker and more reliable than traditional approaches.


Rhizosphere is the microenvironment in which plants come into contact with soil. The soil microbial community composition is an important limiting factor of soil processes, and the composition and activity of microbial community largely determine biogeochemical cycles, metabolic processes of soil organic matter, soil fertility and quality [4, 5] . In addition, soil microorganisms are closely related to the stability and health of the soil ecosystem. Soil microorganisms are more sensitive to changes of external conditions, such as land use change, management measures and cultivation than other soil physical and chemical indexes. Therefore, soil microbial biomass, community composition and diversity are often used as indicators of soil quality changes [6, 7] .

The soil microbial community composition is an important limiting factor of soil processes, and the composition and activity of microbial community largely determine biogeochemical cycles, metabolic processes of soil organic matter, soil fertility and quality.

Therefore, soil microbial biomass, community composition and diversity are often used as indicators of soil quality changes.


Soil is one of the major components of the environment and it is necessary for field crops' survival, so the quality of soil is one of the important factors affecting crop growth. Maize is the world's largest cash crop with high economic value. Driven by this economic value, the continuous planting of maize leads to the lack of soil nutrient uniformity and intensifies the occurrence and transmission of soil diseases in the same plot. In order to relieve the land pressure, knowledge of the effects of crop rotation patterns of maize and other crops on soil properties is important. Owing to the long-term economic and ecological benefits of Leguminosae crops and Gramineae crops, crop rotation patterns between the two plant families has long been considered the optimal system for maintaining the soil nutrient cycle. A great deal of research has been done on inserting exotic Leguminosae into various crop rotation patterns. For example, the three-course cropping of ancient Greece and Rome, the rotation model of Norfolk in Britain, and the six years rotation model mentioned in 1794 were all examples of the rotation of legumes and non-legumes in the United States; the British Norfolk 4-year rotation model in 1730 and the America 6-year rotation model in 1794 were both examples of legume and non-legume crop rotation [1] . However, there were few studies on the 2 of 11 ecological effects of crop rotation, most of which focus on crop yield and the effect on soil physical and chemical properties. Furthermore, detection and analysis of the change of soil microbial community structure before and after crop rotation was not common.

For example, the three-course cropping of ancient Greece and Rome, the rotation model of Norfolk in Britain, and the six years rotation model mentioned in 1794 were all examples of the rotation of legumes and non-legumes in the United States; the British Norfolk 4-year rotation model in 1730 and the America 6-year rotation model in 1794 were both examples of legume and non-legume crop rotation.


The present study had several limitations. This study used propofol and midazolam to induce anaesthesia, which might have affected the PONV incidence, as described previously. However, although their pure antiemetic effects were not measured, the same doses of propofol and midazolam were used in the 2 groups to enable comparison of the effectiveness of palonosetron and aprepitant in PONV prevention. The absorption and distribution of aprepitant can differ depending on the dose and treatment duration. It takes approximately 3 h for 40 mg of orally administered aprepitant to reach its maximum blood concentration [6] . In this study, however, aprepitant was administered 90 min before anaesthesia induction, and the surgery duration differed among patients. As such, the maximum blood concentration of aprepitant might not have been reached in some of the patients at surgery completion. However, the VAS nausea scores were lower in group A until 2 h after surgery, which shows that the timing of aprepitant administration did not significantly affect the results. Moreover, complete allocation concealment and double-blinding were difficult because of the obviously different timing and drug administration routes between the groups. To ensure that this did not induce any bias in obtaining study outcomes, we adhered to a rigorous study protocol, as described in the Subjects and Methods. Finally, in the planning stage of this study, the appropriate number of subjects was determined based on the PONV treatment rate. More subjects could have been enrolled for more accurate pain study results. The effect of aprepitant on pain control can be assessed accurately in future studies if the appropriate number of subjects is determined based on pain intensity.

It takes approximately 3 h for 40 mg of orally administered aprepitant to reach its maximum blood concentration.


At the latitude of the Cuyo region the Andes constitute a barrier to the western flow, with a mean altitude of 4500 m ASL and a maximum of 6959 m ASL over mount Aconcagua [2] . On the other hand, the Alps, which run latitudinally, are lower mountains located at a higher latitude than the more frequent zonda wind area of occurrence. Therefore, the general circulation systems are different.

At the latitude of the Cuyo region the Andes constitute a barrier to the western flow, with a mean altitude of 4500 m ASL and a maximum of 6959 m ASL over mount Aconcagua.


This paper focuses on the "state-of-the-art" research of the Argentinian zonda wind at the beginning of 2015. Zonda is a strong, warm, very dry wind associated with adiabatic compression upon descending the eastern slopes of the Andes in western central Argentina, with a higher frequency in the winter and spring seasons. Zonda has specific features (such as remarkable spatial and temporal variability), and complex behavior of associated meteorological parameters (such as temperature, relative humidity, surface pressure, and wind intensity). In populated regions, it produces a range of damage according to the intensity of wind gusts (e.g., blowing off roofs, felling trees and high-voltage electricity lines, and shutting down power supply and communication lines). In addition, it favors the ignition and propagation of fires and causes damage to crops due to the strong gusts, sudden dryness and high temperatures, and it may also be responsible for premature fruit flowering. At high altitudes in the mountains, its occurrence accelerates snow melting and evaporation, modifying the snow pack depth, contributing to avalanches, and influencing the hydrological cycle [1] [2] .

At high altitudes in the mountains, its occurrence accelerates snow melting and evaporation, modifying the snow pack depth, contributing to avalanches, and influencing the hydrological cycle.


Regardless the size of the pile, information on wave forces can be obtained by means of experimental approaches. Even when the Morison equation approach is taken, the dependency of two coefficients, C D (drag coefficient) and C M (mass coefficient), on the wave conditions and the geometry of the pile needs to be determined empirically. Because of considerable costs and time required by laboratory experiments it is not very often feasible to perform extensive parameter studies (e.g., variation of water depth, diameter and inclination of piles, wave parameters, breaker type, and configuration of piles in a group). The alternative is to use numerical simulations as supplements to laboratory experiments. Moreover, an accurate numerical simulation might provide much more detailed insights into the physical processes that could hardly be achieved by experimental approach. Modeling the wave-pile interaction faces many challenges. First of all, the flow of interest is a complex three-dimensional free surface flow with moving runup boundaries on the pile. For large incident waves, they might break in front of the pile and flow separation might occur on the lee side of the pile. Therefore, local, but strong, turbulence in the vicinity of the pile and near the free surface need to be considered. So far, most of the numerical simulation models developed for three-dimensional wave propagation have been built upon the potential flow theory. Using integral equation methods, highly accurate numerical models have been developed for wave propagation over varying bathymetry in shallow water and for wave-body interaction in deep water [3, 4, 5] . However, the potential flow assumption limits these models' applications to irrotational flow.

Using integral equation methods, highly accurate numerical models have been developed for wave propagation over varying bathymetry in shallow water and for wave-body interaction in deep water.


Relaxing the potential flow assumption, the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations can be employed to describe flow motions. Theoretically, the direct numerical simulation (DNS) can always be performed to resolve the entire spectrum of motions ranging from large eddy motions to the smallest turbulence (Kolmogorov) scale motions. Clearly, the DNS requires very fine spatial and temporal resolutions and most of DNS applications can only be applied to relatively low Reynolds number flows within a small computational domain [6] . With the currently available computing resources, the DNS is still not a feasible approach for investigating wave-body interaction problems if wave breaking and flow separation are important.

Clearly, the DNS requires very fine spatial and temporal resolutions and most of DNS applications can only be applied to relatively low Reynolds number flows within a small computational domain.


Cd has been known to interfere with the water uptake of plants, which is why germination does not occur [10] . Cd has also been reported to cause chromosomal aberration, with cytogenetic analysis of Pisum sativum root from seeds germinated on different concentrations of Cd, which demonstrated an increased frequency of abnormalities. The total number of aberrations increased with Cd concentration [8] .

Cd has been known to interfere with the water uptake of plants, which is why germination does not occur.

The total number of aberrations increased with Cd concentration.


The mining industry has particular characteristics which limit the generalizability of the findings of this case to other industry sectors. Mining is a highly capital intensive and therefore intensely financialized industry rendering global mining firms particularly vulnerable to the proclivities of international financial markets. At the same time, the landed nature of extractive industries creates a strong connection between lead firms and territory, particularly in boom times in which rapid extraction of large volumes of resources becomes a primary driver of firm strategy. These characteristics of mining create a tension between the de-territorialization tendencies of global financial markets and the localization pressures associated with rapid resource extraction which vary across the boom bust cycle. Other industry sectors may reveal a more stable pattern of lead firm coordination of supply chains and its associated territorial implications in the context of financialization. This suggests opportunities for economic geographers to explore cross-sectoral variation in the effects of financialization on the territorial dimensions of lead firm coordination of global supply chains. For example, lead firms face different localization pressures in different industry sectors which include the imperative to organise and integrate global knowledge sources as evidenced by Big Pharma who have become embedded in global centres of excellence in biotechnology (Malecki 2010) . The global search for talent and knowledge might operate as a localizing force against the de-territorializing effects of financialization. Cross-sectoral variations in these tensions might affect lead firm coordination of supply chains, including differences in procurement arrangements, and thereby the mechanisms through which financialization and de-territorialization unravel in particular contexts.

For example, lead firms face different localization pressures in different industry sectors which include the imperative to organise and integrate global knowledge sources as evidenced by Big Pharma who have become embedded in global centres of excellence in biotechnology.


The study has some limitations that should be mentioned. One limitation of the study is that, although data collection will be done by research assistants who are blinded for the trial condition, the NH staff will be aware of receiving the intervention, which may cause bias. To limit this bias, nursing staff will not be informed about the scores on the outcome measures. Another limitation is that we use proxy measures only, which may not be as reliable as patient measures [41] . However, in advancing stages of dementia, cognition and communication decrease, which makes the use of proxy measures inevitable [41] . Nevertheless, the described care programme for managing BP in NH residents with dementia and the chosen stepped wedge design seem very appropriate for our research goals.

Another limitation is that we use proxy measures only, which may not be as reliable as patient measures.

However, in advancing stages of dementia, cognition and communication decrease, which makes the use of proxy measures inevitable.


Ranging patterns.-Low annual rainfall, long dry seasons, and cold winters in CNM limit productivity there. Consistent with this fact, CNM coatis live at the lowest densities reported for any Nasua population, as low as 0.1/km 2 . This density is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that attained by coatis in Central American forests (Kaufmann 1962; Gompper 1997; Booth-Binczik 2001) .

This density is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that attained by coatis in Central American forests.


Multidimensional poverty is a priority research agenda, both nationally and globally. Globally, the UNDP took the initiative to measure poverty in a multidimensional space while the UN Millennium Declaration 2000 put forward eight MDG goals, eighteen targets and a set of indicators to eradicate poverty in all forms -hunger, illiteracy and disease. At the national level, the Planning Commission, Government of India has acknowledged the multidimensional nature of poverty, though it continued to provide the estimates based on money metric poverty. Thus, the need and utility of multidimensional poverty has been established in national and international development agendas. There are now extensive studies on the measurement of multidimensional poverty. Yet, there is no unanimity in the identification and aggregation of indicators. Many of the estimates are based on contextual and normative decisions. In India, only a few studies estimated multidimensional poverty using unit data from NFHS (Alkire and Seth 2015; Jayaraj and Subramanian 2010; Mohanty 2011) . These studies use economic proxies and are confined to three dimensions. Previous studies in India were based on National Family and Health Surveys (NFHSs) and limited to state level analyses and did not incorporate any direct economic variable. This paper is an improvement on earlier studies with respect to dimension, variable and coverage. First, we have included direct economic variables, the monthly per capita expenditure and the duration of work/employment in the economic domain to estimate multidimensional poverty. Second we have provided the estimates for 82 natural regions that vary largely in the level of development.

In India, only a few studies estimated multidimensional poverty using unit data from NFHS.


This paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we review the properties of the SU(2) manifold that will augment the usual supermanifold M 4|8 . Many of the important features of the full superspace will already be apparent when considering just the SU(2) manifold itself. Section 3 presents the structure of the supermanifold M 4|8 × SU(2), upon which projective superspace can be placed. In section 4, we present three action principles on M 4|8 × SU(2) involving, respectively, integration over all, half, or 3/4 of the Grassmann coordinates. The most important of these is the analytic superspace action involving half the Grassmann coordinates (the others can always be reduced to it) so we give its component reduction in section 5. This yields an interesting surprise: in a general gauge, the component action can always be written as the integral of a five-form J living on M 4 × C, where M 4 is the spacetime manifold and C is the contour in SU (2) . When restricted to the central gauge, the five-form leads to a component action similar to (1.6) with one intriguing difference. In the conclusion, we briefly speculate on possible advantages of this new extended formulation.

This paper is organized as follows.

This yields an interesting surprise: in a general gauge, the component action can always be written as the integral of a five-form J living on M 4 × C, where M 4 is the spacetime manifold and C is the contour in SU.


Before the start of the school year, the five participating teachers were given a self-report questionnaire assessing their use of mastery or performance-oriented instructional techniques. These scales were taken from the teacher version of PALS (Midgley et al., 2000) . The mastery scale assessed the use of instructional strategies that encouraged students to develop their competence (e.g., "I consider how much students have improved when I give them report card grades"). The performance-approach scale assessed whether teachers encouraged the demonstration of competence (e.g., "I display the work of the highest achieving students as an example"). Using the responses to this questionnaire as a guide, I assigned each of the 10 classes to one goal condition (mastery, performance-approach, combined mastery/performance-approach). Two teachers taught multiple classes and were therefore assigned to the two classroom goal conditions most closely aligned with their self-reported instructional techniques. I then met with each teacher before the school year began and discussed how to create the assigned goal condition. Teachers were also provided with an outline of the curriculum at this time.

These scales were taken from the teacher version of PALS.


Endophytic fungal communities colonize plants without causing any notable signs of disease to the host plants [1] . They have ubiquitous distribution within plant tissues and are a repository of varied novel compounds with industrial and pharmaceutical potential [2] . Endophytic fungal bioactive compounds from medicinal plants find enormous applications as agrochemicals, antibiotics, antiparasitics, antioxidants, biopesticides and anticancer agents [3] . Endophytes improve the host plant's resistance to adversity by secretion of bioactive metabolites [4] . The diversity of fungal community exists within the tissues of the host plant and among the geographically separated individuals of the same host species [5] . Variation in the fungal diversity may also be associated with location, climate and plant age [6, 7] . Diversity analysis of the endophytic fungal assemblages is an emerging challenge, which leads to the discovery of new species producing novel compounds and a better understanding of their role in ecosystems [8] . Recently, fungal endophytes have been explored for diverse applications owing to their production of extracellular enzymes [9] . The enzymes function so as to obtain nutrition from their host, hydrolyze food substances and are involved in eliciting defense mechanisms against pathogens [10] . There is an imperative need to discover and utilize diverse novel enzymes with high stability for industrial processes. The present work aims to examine the diversity of endophytic fungal assemblages and their ability to produce extracellular enzymes in selected plants.

Endophytic fungal communities colonize plants without causing any notable signs of disease to the host plants.

They have ubiquitous distribution within plant tissues and are a repository of varied novel compounds with industrial and pharmaceutical potential.

Endophytic fungal bioactive compounds from medicinal plants find enormous applications as agrochemicals, antibiotics, antiparasitics, antioxidants, biopesticides and anticancer agents.

Endophytes improve the host plant's resistance to adversity by secretion of bioactive metabolites.

The diversity of fungal community exists within the tissues of the host plant and among the geographically separated individuals of the same host species.

Variation in the fungal diversity may also be associated with location, climate and plant age.

Diversity analysis of the endophytic fungal assemblages is an emerging challenge, which leads to the discovery of new species producing novel compounds and a better understanding of their role in ecosystems.

Recently, fungal endophytes have been explored for diverse applications owing to their production of extracellular enzymes.

The enzymes function so as to obtain nutrition from their host, hydrolyze food substances and are involved in eliciting defense mechanisms against pathogens.


This study reports Lasiodiplodia sp. (Pn-7) as producing maximum amylolytic activity out of all the isolates. From our laboratory, thirty isolates from Alpinia calcarata Roscoe were screened, of which the isolate Cylindrocephalum sp. gave maximum amylase activity [26] . Among 112 isolates, thirty one isolates have shown cellulolytic activity (27.67%) and the highest cellulolytic activity was demonstrated in Aspergillus sp from P. longum (Table-6 ). Previously, cellulolytic activity was prominent in Talaromyces emersonii [19] . In another study, 43.33% isolates exhibited cellulase activity with Cephalosporium (36.5%) being the prominent cellulase producing form [27] . Moreover, 66% of the isolates from Brucea javanica were producers of cellulase enzyme [28] . Pectinase activity was observed in 19% of our endophytic isolates Endophytic fungi from Opuntia ficusindica Mill were isolated, wherein Cladosporium cladosporioides (20.43%) and Cladosporium sphaerospermum (15.99%) presented high pectinase activity [22] . Maximum pectinase activity was reported in T. emersonii and Fusarium oxysporum from Calophyllum inophyllum [19] . In fungi, laccase is a ligninolytic enzyme and is involved in fruiting body formation, fungal plant-pathogen/ host interaction and stress defense. Laccase activity reflects the ability of the fungus to decompose lignocellulosic materials. An interesting observation of our study is that none of the endophytic fungal isolates were able to produce laccase enzyme. Also, none of the endophytic fungi from mangrove angiosperms were able to produce laccase [29] . The endophytic nature of these fungi might be the reason for the lack of laccase activity, since an active enzyme might damage the host plant. The endophytic Phomopsis longicolla of Bixa orellana was a significant producer of laccase enzyme. In addition, Discosia sp. from C. inophyllum and Chaetomium sp. from Alpinia calcarata produced laccase [14] . Asparaginase activity was depicted by 40% of the isolates. The isolate Fusarium sp. (Tc-25) gave the highest asparaginase activity followed by Aspergillus sp. (Zo-7) and Rhizopus sp. (Zo-14) . Sixteen endophytic fungi were isolated from Capsicum frutescence var US 341 and evaluated for L-asparaginase production. Among them, Aspergillus sp. was identified as a potential isolate for L-asparaginase [30] . The endophytic fungal isolates from seven wild Thai medicinal plants were screened for asparaginase, from which Colletotrichum sp. and Mycelia sterilia exhibited good asparaginase activity [18] .

From our laboratory, thirty isolates from Alpinia calcarata Roscoe were screened, of which the isolate Cylindrocephalum sp. gave maximum amylase activity.

Previously, cellulolytic activity was prominent in Talaromyces emersonii.

In another study, 43.33% isolates exhibited cellulase activity with Cephalosporium (36.5%) being the prominent cellulase producing form.

Moreover, 66% of the isolates from Brucea javanica were producers of cellulase enzyme.

Pectinase activity was observed in 19% of our endophytic isolates Endophytic fungi from Opuntia ficusindica Mill were isolated, wherein Cladosporium cladosporioides (20.43%) and Cladosporium sphaerospermum (15.99%) presented high pectinase activity.

Maximum pectinase activity was reported in T. emersonii and Fusarium oxysporum from Calophyllum inophyllum.

Also, none of the endophytic fungi from mangrove angiosperms were able to produce laccase.

In addition, Discosia sp. from C. inophyllum and Chaetomium sp. from Alpinia calcarata produced laccase.

Among them, Aspergillus sp. was identified as a potential isolate for L-asparaginase.

The endophytic fungal isolates from seven wild Thai medicinal plants were screened for asparaginase, from which Colletotrichum sp. and Mycelia sterilia exhibited good asparaginase activity.


In QMF bank, after eliminating aliasing and phase distortion completely, we can only minimize the magnitude distortion by optimizing H 0 (z) due to mirror image symmetry constraints [12] . Consequently, the design problem of QMF bank is to optimize the filter tap-weights of H 0 (z) by computer-aided optimization technique to satisfy the perfect reconstruction condition nearly. These types of filter banks are known as nearly perfect reconstruction QMF bank.

In QMF bank, after eliminating aliasing and phase distortion completely, we can only minimize the magnitude distortion by optimizing H 0 (z) due to mirror image symmetry constraints.


There was no difference between controls and COpoisoned subjects in terms of SDL, again likely due to the wide variation in times between subjects. Previous studies have shown decrements in SDL with CO [14, 16] . However, in the Gilmer study, mice received 50,000 ppm rather than the 3000 ppm used in our study and may have also suffered a hypoxic injury.

Previous studies have shown decrements in SDL with CO.


Several methods have been used to measure cortical bone thickness. Although measurements made after incision of the mandible are accepted as the gold standard, there are disadvantages to this method, because it is costly, difficult to apply, and complex [11] . Conventional radiographs, such as panoramic and lateral cephalometry, have been used to measure both bone and skull thickness [12, 13] . The disadvantages of these methods are that the films are two-dimensional and magnifications or distortions occur in the images [14] .

Although measurements made after incision of the mandible are accepted as the gold standard, there are disadvantages to this method, because it is costly, difficult to apply, and complex.

Conventional radiographs, such as panoramic and lateral cephalometry, have been used to measure both bone and skull thickness.

The disadvantages of these methods are that the films are two-dimensional and magnifications or distortions occur in the images.


Salinity and dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) data from long-term time series have been analysed. Sample locations are indicated in Figure 1 . The series from the Irish Sea off Port Erin (Station A) was continued with a weekly sampling interval from 1954 up to the present and offers a view of the conditions in a relatively enclosed area, which is directly influenced by oceanic conditions. The English Channel data, collected monthly about 20 miles off Plymouth (E1; here Station B) from 1930 onwards, represents one of the longest time series of hydrographical data, which, however, was stopped in 1985 due to a reduction in funding. Data from 1954 to 1985 are used here as an index of near oceanic conditions. Data from the Noordwijk and Terheijde transects have been taken from a Dutch bi-weekly monitoring programme. On the basis of horizontal gradients and calculations of auto-and crosscorrelations, the stations at 50 and 70 km offshore were considered representative of the open sea (Station C), whereas the station 2 km offshore (Station D) appeared to be representative of the coastal zone (Laane et al., 1994) .

On the basis of horizontal gradients and calculations of auto-and crosscorrelations, the stations at 50 and 70 km offshore were considered representative of the open sea (Station C), whereas the station 2 km offshore (Station D) appeared to be representative of the coastal zone.


Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is the most common type of genetic variation that usually appears in miRNA coding genes, miRNA biogenesis genes, or in the miRNA-binding sites of mRNAs. The variations may alter the expression and function of miRNA, which may relate to the tumorigenesis [9] . Recently, two studies analyzed the relationship between common SNPs in pre-miRNAs and urinary bladder cancer [10] . While one obtained the negative results, the other indicates that miR-146a rs2910164 plays an important role in bladder cancer. In addition, they have associated the C allele with a significantly decreased risk and recurrence of bladder cancer [11] . To clarify the inconclusive results of previous studies, we explored the association between these three SNPs (rs2910164, rs11614913, and rs3746444) in pre-miRNAs (hsa-mir-146a, hsa-mir-196a2, and hsa-mir-499, respectively) and the risk of bladder cancer in a population of southwest China.

The variations may alter the expression and function of miRNA, which may relate to the tumorigenesis.

Recently, two studies analyzed the relationship between common SNPs in pre-miRNAs and urinary bladder cancer.

In addition, they have associated the C allele with a significantly decreased risk and recurrence of bladder cancer.


Twitter is one of the most popular microblogging services in the world. There are more than 500 million Twitter posts (i.e., tweets) generated per day and around 200 billion per year. The great amount of information within Twitter makes it an important information channel for people to learn and share news. Twitter has several characteristics that distinguish it from news web sites and other arXiv:1804.11243v1 [cs.SI] 2 Apr 2018 information channels [3] . First, tweets are created in real-time. For example, a tweet related to a tornado might be written one minute after a user witnessed a tornado was formed. The information could be spread even faster than TV broadcasts. Second, tweets contain information perceived and shared by 'regular' people. When people see gunfire, an earthquake or other events, every witness can share his or her observations and pictures immediately. The information could help to evaluate the actual situation of the events. Third, tweets contain geolocation information. By monitoring tweets about crime events in a specific location, some crimes could be detected immediately.

SI] 2 Apr 2018 information channels.

First, tweets are created in real-time.


Most objects have irregular shapes and cannot be modeled using Euclidean geometry. For example, the branching of trees, waves in ocean, cloud, dust particles and many more. As a result of the abundance of irregular geometrical objects in nature, the idea of fractals and non-fractals originated [1] [2] [3] . First proper classification of mediums into fractals and non-fractals was done by Mandelbrot [4] . The abundance of fractals in nature resulted in research into the formulation of laws of physics for fractional spaces. Palmer and Stavrinou worked on equations of motion in a non-integer dimensional space [5] . Similarly, Tarasov analyzed Electromagnetic fields on fractals [6] . And other researchers also made their efforts in explaining physical phenomena in fractals [7, 8] .

As a result of the abundance of irregular geometrical objects in nature, the idea of fractals and non-fractals originated.

First proper classification of mediums into fractals and non-fractals was done by Mandelbrot.

Palmer and Stavrinou worked on equations of motion in a non-integer dimensional space.

Similarly, Tarasov analyzed Electromagnetic fields on fractals.

And other researchers also made their efforts in explaining physical phenomena in fractals.


In the past decades there has been mounting evidence that approximately 20% of the energy density in the universe is nonbaryonic, pressureless, and very weakly interacting. Structure formation, baryon acoustic oscillations, galactic rotational curves, the Bullet cluster -all of these theories or observations point towards nonbaryonic invisible stuff, with the same equation of state as nonrelativistic matter. Unfortunately, there is no compelling experimental evidence that dark matter has any nongravitational interaction with the standard model. At present there are two large classes of dark matter theories which are motivated by compelling solutions to other problems beside dark matter: Axions and various variations on Weakly Interacting Massive Particles. Both are potentially detectable using specific techniques. It is however possible that neither is correct. Amongst some of the less canonical candidates lie several variants of light massive vector particles [1] [2] [3] . Quite a few authors have already considered some of the consequences of the existence of such particles [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . However, the conclusion of these authors is that it is difficult to obtain sufficiently cold dark matter from a light vector particle.

Amongst some of the less canonical candidates lie several variants of light massive vector particles.

Quite a few authors have already considered some of the consequences of the existence of such particles.


As organic farming is nitrogen-limited, legumes are an efficient source of nitrogen for sustainable farming systems [53] . A precondition is that farmers and advisors are enabled to sufficiently estimate the legume proportion in the fields. With the help of the legume estimation trainer, farmers and advisors can learn and improve these skills (Figure 2 ). These data can be used with the N budget calculator to assess and improve the nitrogen efficiency of legume-grass swards. Negative N budgets indicate that the N-output exceeds the input and N is used from the soil resources. That means no N is contributed to the system and this management is not sustainable. On the other hand, positive N budgets lead to a net gain of N to the system which can be used by subsequent crops. To achieve positive N budgets, a change of management is required. Options are to increase the legume proportion, change the harvesting method or increase the yield (Table 3 ). In addition, the data can be used for crop rotation planning and optimization within ROTOR (Table 4) .

As organic farming is nitrogen-limited, legumes are an efficient source of nitrogen for sustainable farming systems.


In conventional systems, perennial legumes play a vanishingly small role, as they are mainly being replaced by maize for economic reasons [52] . However, legume-grass swards play a very important role, not just for N-fixation. They provide soil fertility and offer further multiple ecosystem benefits, such as plant health and wildlife biodiversity [29, 50] . Moreover, they reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption by replacing mineral N fertilizer, and they reduce dependency on imported protein [32] . Therefore, the agro-ecosystem services provided by perennial legumes are high. For ruminants, legume-grass leys provide a valuable protein fodder.

In conventional systems, perennial legumes play a vanishingly small role, as they are mainly being replaced by maize for economic reasons.

They provide soil fertility and offer further multiple ecosystem benefits, such as plant health and wildlife biodiversity.

Moreover, they reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption by replacing mineral N fertilizer, and they reduce dependency on imported protein.


The BERAS project has successfully implemented a network of 24 learning centers (www.beras.eu), mainly on farms in all of the countries around the Baltic Sea, to disseminate the ERA concept. These centers will assist with transnational knowledge exchange and capacity building between farmers as well as informing consumers about the consequences of their diet to the environment. The consumer engagement concept "Diet for a Green Plant" offers a sustainable lifestyle with consumption of sufficient good food without threatening the environment of the Baltic Sea or the planetary boundaries. With the engagement of all of the actors in the food chain, the concept of a resource-efficient farming system could be realized in different parts of the world [7, 14, 44] .

With the engagement of all of the actors in the food chain, the concept of a resource-efficient farming system could be realized in different parts of the world.


On the contrary, our own data showed that N surpluses occurred mainly on farms with a substantial import of fodder. Organic farming is increasing in the EU, and there are many different management systems ranging from non-livestock and low-input farms up to highly intensive specialized farms. Their environmental gains and optimization potentials are different. A way to increase their positive environmental impacts is to conduct targeted research within these farming systems [49, 50] .

A way to increase their positive environmental impacts is to conduct targeted research within these farming systems.


The type and intensity of a farming system has a major impact on ecological services beyond food production. Modern agricultural systems in Europe are very productive but only because they are highly dependent on external inputs [7, 8] . The main inputs are mineral fertilizers produced with the help of fossil energy and protein fodder that is often imported from other countries. Both of these inputs are responsible for serious environmental problems. Mineral N-fertilizers cause severe greenhouse gas emissions and leaching to water bodies; the imported fodder causes deforestation to give way for, e.g., soybean [8] . Moreover, pesticide-based plant protection has led to vast ecological problems in the Baltic Sea and in many other ecosystems, posing a threat to humans [9] .

Modern agricultural systems in Europe are very productive but only because they are highly dependent on external inputs.

Mineral N-fertilizers cause severe greenhouse gas emissions and leaching to water bodies; the imported fodder causes deforestation to give way for, e.g., soybean.

Moreover, pesticide-based plant protection has led to vast ecological problems in the Baltic Sea and in many other ecosystems, posing a threat to humans.


The ERA concept is rarely implemented, mainly because of knowledge gaps among practitioners, insufficient market development and the poor political willingness to reward resource-efficient farming systems [44] . In particular, organic farming in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) that joined the EU in 2004 needs special support for implementation [44] . Farmers need more practical information to assess and improve the nutrient fluxes within the farm, especially to optimize the nitrogen management through legume cultivation, as this is the most important N-source for ERA farms. This paper draws on the results from the Baltic Ecological Recycling Agriculture and Society (BERAS) Implementation project, filling the gaps of farmers' knowledge and providing them adequate strategies and tools for implementing, assessing and improving ecological recycling agriculture to enhance multiple agro-ecosystem services in the Baltic Sea region.

The ERA concept is rarely implemented, mainly because of knowledge gaps among practitioners, insufficient market development and the poor political willingness to reward resource-efficient farming systems.

In particular, organic farming in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) that joined the EU in 2004 needs special support for implementation.


Speaking specifically to building in the San Francisco Bay Area, today' s leading developer of microapartments in the metropolitan area, Patrick Kennedy, once wrote that the greatest barriers to infill development were density restrictions, burdensome parking requirements, and unnecessary openspace provision (Kennedy, 1995) . These regulations are binding constraints if, in their absence, developers would build more densely, with fewer parking spaces and less open space. A recent study of Austin, Texas; Denver, Colorado; New York City; Seattle, Washington; and Washington, D.C., echoed Kennedy' s findings, suggesting that the most significant barriers to small units relate to unit size, parking, density, and open-space requirements (Been, Gross, and Infranca, 2014) .

Speaking specifically to building in the San Francisco Bay Area, today' s leading developer of microapartments in the metropolitan area, Patrick Kennedy, once wrote that the greatest barriers to infill development were density restrictions, burdensome parking requirements, and unnecessary openspace provision.

A recent study of Austin, Texas; Denver, Colorado; New York City; Seattle, Washington; and Washington, D.C., echoed Kennedy' s findings, suggesting that the most significant barriers to small units relate to unit size, parking, density, and open-space requirements.


Health benefits related to antioxidant components, such as anthocyanin, have led to an increase in the demand for cranberry over the last few years. Despite its high sugar content, the high concentration in titratable acidity causes the bitter taste of cranberry. The most important yield components related to final yield are the number of marketable berries per area, the number of fruiting uprights per area, the number of marketable berries per upright, and the fruit set [4] . Flower buds are formed during the summer of the previous year while berries formed in early July grow until harvest in October.

The most important yield components related to final yield are the number of marketable berries per area, the number of fruiting uprights per area, the number of marketable berries per upright, and the fruit set.


Consideration of the interaction phenomenon is the basis for understanding behaviours in team sports (Schmidt, O'Brien, & Sysko, 1999) . Due to the number of players and their modes of interaction, team sports can also be characterized as complex social systems (Corrêa, Alegre et al., 2012) . Indeed, complexity has also been considered as an important aspect of understanding interactions between players in team sports, since complex social systems tend to display emergent properties (Davids, Araújo, & Shuttleworth, 2005; Garganta & Cunha e Silva, 2000; Gréhaigne, Bouthier, & David, 1997; McGarry, 2009; McGarry, Anderson, Wallace, Hughes, & Franks, 2002) . Studies have revealed that the patterns observed over the course of a game are consequence of continuous interpersonal interactions between players, rather than due to the isolated actions of individual players.

Consideration of the interaction phenomenon is the basis for understanding behaviours in team sports.

Due to the number of players and their modes of interaction, team sports can also be characterized as complex social systems.

Indeed, complexity has also been considered as an important aspect of understanding interactions between players in team sports, since complex social systems tend to display emergent properties.


One of the most intriguing phenomena in social systems concerns how the presence and actions of one performer directly affects the perceptions and actions of another (Marsh, Richardson, Baron, & Schmidt, 2006) . This is certainly the case in team sports, in which a player's actions have shown to influence the actions of their teammates and opponents, and vice versa (Corrêa, Alegre, Freudenheim, Santos, & Tani, 2012) . In fact, team sports are social systems in nature because, as in any collective, individuals interact in space and time, constrained by rules, and undertaking distinctive functions.

One of the most intriguing phenomena in social systems concerns how the presence and actions of one performer directly affects the perceptions and actions of another.

This is certainly the case in team sports, in which a player's actions have shown to influence the actions of their teammates and opponents, and vice versa.


A key challenge for measuring health behaviors and conducting epidemiological studies in the Latino population is the development of comparable survey instruments capable of eliciting valid and repeatable responses concerning both health behaviors and the psychological and social aspects of the recent immigrants [e.g., [1] ]. Such efforts are important because valid measures of health behaviors are needed to address health disparities. This paper addresses the challenge of designing standardized survey questions for public health surveillance and research for populations containing significant numbers of immigrants, who tend to exhibit limited acculturation to U.S. society, at least initially [2] . We build on a recent analysis of acculturation and physical activity in Latino immigrants [3] . That investigation reported that selfreported leisure-time physical activity levels were greater in Latinos who had a greater degree of language acculturation. Such an association could arise because of a change in behavior associated with language acculturation. However, it could also have emerged due to between-group differences in the interpretation of questions related to physical activity frequency and intensity, absent any behavior change. The present study addresses reporting of survey items on acculturation, and on physical activity, to assess potential variation in interpretation between individuals of varying levels of residence time in the US, and of varied fluency in English.

A key challenge for measuring health behaviors and conducting epidemiological studies in the Latino population is the development of comparable survey instruments capable of eliciting valid and repeatable responses concerning both health behaviors and the psychological and social aspects of the recent immigrants [e.g.,].

This paper addresses the challenge of designing standardized survey questions for public health surveillance and research for populations containing significant numbers of immigrants, who tend to exhibit limited acculturation to U.S. society, at least initially.

We build on a recent analysis of acculturation and physical activity in Latino immigrants.


Compelling evidence from astronomical observations has indicated that dark matter contributes to nearly 27% of the energy density of the Universe [1] . Popular DM candidates such as the weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are expected to annihilate or decay into standard model (SM) final states in the Galactic halo and beyond, which may leave imprints in the fluxes of cosmic-ray particles, including electrons, positrons, antiprotons, and cosmic gamma-rays. The ongoing satellite-borne experiments, such as PAMELA, Fermi-LAT, and AMS-02 etc. are searching for such potenital indirect signatures of DM with high precision.

Compelling evidence from astronomical observations has indicated that dark matter contributes to nearly 27% of the energy density of the Universe.


Similarly to the PCF scheme, the HC also polls all the stations in the polling list, even though some stations may have no messages to transmit. When the HC polls a station that has no packets to transfer, the station will transmit a null frame, after the QoS CF-poll. Thus, the polling overhead is roughly equal to the time interval from sending the polling frame till the end of the ACK frame (Son et al., 2005) . As a consequence, there may be a low channel utilization and a high implementation overhead (Lim et al., 2004) .

Thus, the polling overhead is roughly equal to the time interval from sending the polling frame till the end of the ACK frame.

As a consequence, there may be a low channel utilization and a high implementation overhead.


The current levelized cost of energy for CPV systems is roughly $0.14/kWh and could be further reduced to $0.06/ kWh [l] . In these economic studies, a warranty time of 30 years is assumed. Therefore, reliability is a key issue in order to improve the competitiveness of CPV systems. However, the reliability of CPV systems has not been extensively studied yet; in fact, CPV is still an emerging technology that has not been in the field long enough. Because of this need, the qualification standard IEC-62108 was created for qualifying CPV systems and assemblies [5] .

Because of this need, the qualification standard IEC-62108 was created for qualifying CPV systems and assemblies.


At the Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Germany, a new antimicrobial packaging film has been developed. First trials have shown that this active film is very effective to protect food surfaces from the growth of various bacteria, yeasts and moulds [3] . The active antimicrobial applied in this film is sorbic acid as a conventionally used preservative that represents no health or allergenic hazard [4, 5] . It is approved according to food law for many different kinds of foods [6] . As there are still technological problems in the production of films with incorporated sorbic acid, the antimicrobial is embedded in a lacquer on top of the packaging film. The lacquer enables a successive release of low amounts of sorbic acid to the surface of the packaged food. In this way a protection from microbial contamination of the packaged food at the contact area could be provided. Thus longer shelflife and safer foods can be achieved.

First trials have shown that this active film is very effective to protect food surfaces from the growth of various bacteria, yeasts and moulds.

The active antimicrobial applied in this film is sorbic acid as a conventionally used preservative that represents no health or allergenic hazard.

It is approved according to food law for many different kinds of foods.


Diagnosis of CVID may be masked in those patients presenting with SLE that receive immunosuppressive therapy. Cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, corticosteroids and other drugs including phenytoin have been reported to cause hypogammaglobulinemia [3, [10] [11] [12] . Unlike CVID, drug-induced hypogammaglobulinaemia is reversible and resolves after drug withdrawal. Although our patients received several immunosuppressive agents and antiepileptic treatment during the course of their disease, it seems unlikely that they were the cause of hypogammaglobulinaemia since some agents were only administered during a short period of time and in both patients hypogammaglobulinaemia was severe and sustained despite being stopped.

Cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, rituximab, corticosteroids and other drugs including phenytoin have been reported to cause hypogammaglobulinemia.