Despite the proactive policy framework that provided increasing protection to firms to safeguard their intellectual property, this study expected to find that investors disregarded firms current period ICD (such as intellectual property, brands, and know-how) as future earnings news and did not include them in current stock return. This is because investors would become risk-averse during a civil-war period due to an uncertain long-term economic outlook, and would doubt that ICD news as future earnings would be realized as actual earnings in future periods (Ashton, 2005; Brown, Lo, & Lys, 1999; Lev & Zarowin, 1999; Ryan & Zarowin, 2003) . Since the tangible assets of privately held firms were not adversely affected by the civil war conflict, investors would have more certainty about future earnings from assets on the financial statements being realized, if that information was available as earnings forecasts. They would more likely include in the current stock return accounting-based future earnings information provided in the current period.

This is because investors would become risk-averse during a civil-war period due to an uncertain long-term economic outlook, and would doubt that ICD news as future earnings would be realized as actual earnings in future periods.


Third, the nature of MML activities reflects the nature of African economies. This finding challenges claims concerning the relationship between salaried employment and activities undertaken to generate extra income (Whyte 1991) . It is often assumed that teachers who want to get extra income are more likely to provide private tutorials for a fee, while health workers may arrange for patients to come to homes or to other private clinics for treatment. What is observed in Ghana (as well as in Nigeria and Uganda) is that MML activities are not necessarily related to salaried employment; rather, they often include activities that participants have the resources to undertake and which have niches in the local economy. Urban agriculture and trading are the common MML activities. Thus, unlike moonlighting in the developed world, MML activities hardly complement salaried employment in terms of time requirements and the transfer of experiences and skills. The lack of connection between the two activities, however, does not mean resources, such as land, vehicles, and time from salaried employment, are not drawn upon to benefit MML activities. Often, there is a fierce competition between MML activities and main employment, especially for time, a situation that threatens attempts to increase capacities of public institutions.

This finding challenges claims concerning the relationship between salaried employment and activities undertaken to generate extra income.


The above literature review concentrates on the prediction of preclinical performance in medical school. This criterion, adopted in the current study, reflects an individual's capability to successfully undertake a high-level, demanding curriculum. As for predicting clinical performance, recent reviews concluded that MCAT and uGPA have a positive relationship with clinical skills, although this relationship is weaker than that with cognitive outcome variables [3, 11] .

As for predicting clinical performance, recent reviews concluded that MCAT and uGPA have a positive relationship with clinical skills, although this relationship is weaker than that with cognitive outcome variables.


Most admissions offices rely on a combination of cognitive and noncognitive measures. The former typically consist of an admission test and a measure of prior academic achievement. In North American (graduate-entry) medical schools, these include the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) and undergraduate grade point average (uGPA). The predictive validity of MCAT is well established: recent meta-analytic studies show that it has a predictive value for preclinical performance, with correlations (corrected for range restriction) of 0.43-0.64 with GPAs in the first two years of medical school [1] [2] [3] . Results with respect to uGPA are also acceptable, though somewhat lower [2, 3] .

The predictive validity of MCAT is well established: recent meta-analytic studies show that it has a predictive value for preclinical performance, with correlations (corrected for range restriction) of 0.43-0.64 with GPAs in the first two years of medical school.

Results with respect to uGPA are also acceptable, though somewhat lower.


Noncognitive measures used in medical school admissions include traditional tools such as interviews, personal statements, autobiographical statements, or letters of recommendation and relatively novel tools, such as the multiple mini-interview (MMI) and situational judgment tests (SJT) [12, 13] . Reviews summarizing the current state of findings on the predictive validity of medical school selection measures conclude that there is no evidence regarding the predictive validity of traditional noncognitive measures [4, 11, 14] . As for novel noncognitive measures, studies of MMI have indicated good predictive validity with respect to performance criteria from the early stages of medical school through licensing examinations [12, [15] [16] [17] [18] . As expected, predictive validity visa-vis assessments that focus on clinical aspects of medicine is higher. Nevertheless, it also predicts assessments that are more "cognitive" and knowledge oriented. The SJT has emerged as a potential predictor of academic performance in interpersonal skills courses taken during the first years of medical study and, later, of performance in actual interpersonal situations [19, 20] . Its correlation with academic performance was weaker but still significant [13] .

Noncognitive measures used in medical school admissions include traditional tools such as interviews, personal statements, autobiographical statements, or letters of recommendation and relatively novel tools, such as the multiple mini-interview (MMI) and situational judgment tests (SJT).

Reviews summarizing the current state of findings on the predictive validity of medical school selection measures conclude that there is no evidence regarding the predictive validity of traditional noncognitive measures.

As for novel noncognitive measures, studies of MMI have indicated good predictive validity with respect to performance criteria from the early stages of medical school through licensing examinations.

The SJT has emerged as a potential predictor of academic performance in interpersonal skills courses taken during the first years of medical study and, later, of performance in actual interpersonal situations.

Its correlation with academic performance was weaker but still significant.


In addition to suspensions, drying experiments have been performed on droplets of polymer solutions. Pauchard and Allain observed that during evaporation of dextran (a branched polysaccharide), the concentration at the surface increases until a glassy skin forms (Pauchard & Allain 2003) . They proposed that the skin is water permeable yet incompressible so that upon further evaporative volume loss the constant-area skin is subjected to stress and buckles leading to various final shapes, including doughnutand sombrero-like deposits, which are predicted from initial values of contact angle, humidity, temperature and concentration.

Pauchard and Allain observed that during evaporation of dextran (a branched polysaccharide), the concentration at the surface increases until a glassy skin forms.


Subwavelength optical fibers, with core dimensions less than the wavelength of the light, have properties that differ significantly from conventional fibers. When the core dimensions are selected to provide optimal mode confinement (i.e., minimum effective mode area, A eff ), it is possible to produce fibers with extreme values of nonlinearity ðÞ [1] , [2] . It has recently been discovered that the modes that propagate in such fibers have significant energy polarized along the propagation direction. In other words, the modes stop being transverse, which leads to significantly higher values of nonlinearity than would otherwise occur [2] . For smaller sizes, significant fractions of the mode also become located in air outside the core, which is the basis for using these fibers as gas or liquid sensing platforms [3] , [4] .

When the core dimensions are selected to provide optimal mode confinement (i.e., minimum effective mode area, A eff ), it is possible to produce fibers with extreme values of nonlinearity ðÞ.

In other words, the modes stop being transverse, which leads to significantly higher values of nonlinearity than would otherwise occur.

For smaller sizes, significant fractions of the mode also become located in air outside the core, which is the basis for using these fibers as gas or liquid sensing platforms.


Although free-standing nanowires discussed here represent the limit in index contrast for the highest light enhancement with the same core size compared with other structured fibers, such nanowires are fragile and difficult to handle. They are also fully exposed to the environment, which can lead to contamination and degradation [28] . Thus, suspended nanowires are a good practical alternative [18] . An effort to fabricate nanoscale holes in the suspended soft glass nanowires for investigation of the light enhancement will be made in our next step. Such fibers could ultimately be employed for the purpose of including high nonlinearity and high sensitivity detection.

They are also fully exposed to the environment, which can lead to contamination and degradation.

Thus, suspended nanowires are a good practical alternative.


Building on existing techniques for fabricating preforms and fibers, the MOFs with a single core hole have been fabricated with no additional increase of the loss due to introduction of the core hole. The minimum hole size of 20 nm was achieved, which is believed to be the smallest hole reported in the core of any fiber to date [21] . Flexibility in extrusion die design, the use of multiple drawing steps to provide large scale-down ratios, and improved process control have enabled the fabrication of this fiber. This work demonstrates the ability to create tens of nanometer sized holes in the optical fibers. In general, the four-ring MOFs exhibit somewhat weaker enhancement than nanowires with the same core size due to the relatively lower index contrast between core and the microstructured cladding. A free-standing nanowire represents the limit in index contrast that can be achieved for MOFs made from the same host material and closely approximates the behavior of MOFs with large air filling fractions.

The minimum hole size of 20 nm was achieved, which is believed to be the smallest hole reported in the core of any fiber to date.


In Noatak, caribou, marine mammals, berries, and fish make up the majority of wild food harvests (Magdanz et al. 2010) . Fish are often the most reliable subsistence resource in Noatak and Selawik. In Noatak, chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta; Iñupiaq: aqalugruaq), Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma; agalukpiq, locally called trout) and several species of whitefish (Coregonus sp.; qalupiaq) make up the majority of the catch. After ice break-up in the spring, many residents of Noatak travel to coastal camps to harvest bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus; ugruk), beluga (Delphinapterus leucas; sisuaq), and several species of whitefish. Residents return to Noatak by July, to begin setting gillnets for migrating chum salmon. Shortly before the river freezes, people begin seining for Dolly Varden and whitefish. During the winter, people opportunistically fish for Dolly Varden with rod and reel through the ice. In Selawik, local harvesters devote much of their effort to catching several species of whitefish, sheefish (Stendous leucichthys; sii), and northern pike (Esox lucius; siilik). Spring fishing in Selawik begins once the weather warms and the days lengthen. People use rod and reel to fish for sheefish in the larger lakes surrounding Selawik. After ice break-up occurs and water levels drop, families travel to their fish camps to set gillnets for whitefish and pike. After a couple of weeks, the water becomes too warm and fish spoil if left in the net for even a short period of time. During fall, the same fish are targeted in the same manner as in the spring. Selawik residents also participate in under ice fishing for whitefish with gillnets early in winter before the ice becomes prohibitively thick. During fall, Selawik and Noatak residents also hunt for moose (Alces alces) and caribou. Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus; suluqpaugaq), burbot (Lota lota; tiktaaliq), and several other species of fish are targeted to a lesser degree in both communities. Fishing and hunting practices in both communities are extremely flexible and dynamic as people respond to ever changing conditions and resource needs.

In Noatak, caribou, marine mammals, berries, and fish make up the majority of wild food harvests.


That no radiographic measures were included in the current investigation may serve as a potential limitation, as the accuracy in determining the true location of the hip joint centre could not be documented. However, this is an invasive technique that is rarely used due to institutional ethical concerns and that radio-graphical planar films can be susceptible to parallax errors and poor control of participant positioning [21] . Furthermore, whilst this study provided information regarding the differences in discrete parameters and kinematic waveforms, the inter/intra-examiner reliability in defining the hip joint centre was not examined in terms of these parameters. This is a factor that future work may wish to address before an optimal estimation technique can be recommended.

However, this is an invasive technique that is rarely used due to institutional ethical concerns and that radio-graphical planar films can be susceptible to parallax errors and poor control of participant positioning.


Trials were processed by Qualisys Track Manager in order to identify the anatomical and tracking markers and then exported as C3D files. Kinematic parameters were quantified using Visual 3-D (C-Motion Inc., UsA) after marker data were smoothed using a low-pass butterworth 4 th order zero-lag filter at a cut-off frequency of 12Hz. This frequency was selected as being the frequency at which 95% of the signal power was contained below. Three-dimensional kinematics of the hip and knee were calculated using an XYZ cardan sequence of rotations (where X was flexion-extension, Y was abduction-adduction and Z was internal-external rotation) [12] . All data were normalized to 100% of the lunge movement, with the processed trials then averaged. The three-dimensional kinematic measures from the hip and knee that were extracted for statistical analysis were: 1) angle at initiation of movement, 2) angle at completion of lunge, 3) range of motion from initiation to completion of the lunge, 4) peak angle, 5) relative range of motion from initiation to peak angle 6) angular velocity at initiation, 7) angular velocity at completion of lunge, 8) peak angular velocity, 9) angular acceleration at initiation, 10) angular velocity at completion of lunge and 11) peak angular acceleration.

Three-dimensional kinematics of the hip and knee were calculated using an XYZ cardan sequence of rotations (where X was flexion-extension, Y was abduction-adduction and Z was internal-external rotation).


Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality among children under the age of five years globally [1] . The incidence of pneumonia in children under the age of five years is 0.29 episodes per child-year, which equates 151.8 million cases annually in developing countries, a further 4 million cases occur in developed countries. Fifteen countries contribute 74% of the world's annual pneumonia cases [2] .

Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality among children under the age of five years globally.

Fifteen countries contribute 74% of the world's annual pneumonia cases.


However, temperature and humidity monitoring system based on wireless sensor network has limited resources such as battery energy, processing ability and storage capacity and communication bandwidth. Noise often exists in information during the gathering process. And if sink nodes transmit each sensor node's data, communication bandwidth and network energy will be wasteful, information gathering efficiency will be low. Therefore, Data Fusion (DF) technology is used in the data gathering process in wireless sensor network to avoid those problems above. DF processes the multidata and multi-information to obtain the combination data which are effective and meet clients' requirements. DF can increase the measured dimension and reliability, improve fault tolerance, system reliability and maintainability; it can increase accuracy, extend the space and time accuracy, promote spatial resolution and the environmental adaptability; it can improve detection performance, increase the effectiveness of response, reduce the performance requirements of a single sensor, enhance the speed of information processing; it can reduce the cost of information gathering. In short, DF technology saves entire network energy, improves the accuracy and efficiency of data-gathering and plays an important role in wireless sensor networks (Yick et al., 2008) .

In short, DF technology saves entire network energy, improves the accuracy and efficiency of data-gathering and plays an important role in wireless sensor networks.


The climate of Australia is one of the most variable in the world. A better understanding of this variability and of the application of seasonal climate forecasts is central to the profitability and competitiveness rural industries and for sustainable resource management (Munro & Lembit, 1997) . Recent developments in climate science help us with this understanding and in forecasting events such as El Niño and drought (Hammer, 2000) . Traditional approaches by farmers when managing climatic risk include avoidance, minimisation and transfer (Hardaker, Huirne, & Anderson, 1997) . Avoiding climate risk often took the form of off-farm investment; minimising climate risk was often presented through diversification of enterprises; and transfer of climate risk was often by insurance. The overlying threat of climate change implies that payoffs from managing climate variability, particularly with risk minimisation by diversification, may not necessarily be similar in the future, particularly if dry times are more frequent, longer and more severe. Thus the importance of climate change becomes even more critical if considered with declining terms-of-trade (Cai et al., 2003; Douglas, 1997) .

A better understanding of this variability and of the application of seasonal climate forecasts is central to the profitability and competitiveness rural industries and for sustainable resource management.

Recent developments in climate science help us with this understanding and in forecasting events such as El Niño and drought.

Traditional approaches by farmers when managing climatic risk include avoidance, minimisation and transfer.

Thus the importance of climate change becomes even more critical if considered with declining terms-of-trade.


On the other hand, the Department of Energy from the United States through the National Energy Technology Laboratory conducted a diagnosis of commercial entrained flow gasifiers. The analysis was carried out by means of Aspen Plus models and validated with data from 14 IGCC plants. The IGCC plants efficiencies without CO 2 capture were 42.1%, 39.7%, and 39% for Shell, ConocoPhillips, and Texaco, respectively. Regarding the costs, the specific costs of the IGCC plants without CO 2 capture were about 2350 $USD/kW for ConocoPhillips (slurry feed technology) and 2710 $USD/kW for Shell (dry feed technology) [23] .

Regarding the costs, the specific costs of the IGCC plants without CO 2 capture were about 2350 $USD/kW for ConocoPhillips (slurry feed technology) and 2710 $USD/kW for Shell (dry feed technology).


Population viability analysis (PVA) is a predictive tool that estimates species vulnerability by calculating the probability of population extinction (Miller & Lacy 2005) . By altering demographic and environmental variables, researchers can use PVA models to compare management actions and prioritize research needed for target populations (Hamilton & Moller 1995) . Although PVA models are not intended to determine the absolute risk of extinction over long periods of time, they are effective as tools to support policy decisions on habitat management and conservation planning over short time frames (Shaffer et al. 2002) . PVA models can help direct funding to priority populations where it can be used most efficiently, an important aspect for conservation planning when funding is sparse.

Population viability analysis (PVA) is a predictive tool that estimates species vulnerability by calculating the probability of population extinction.

By altering demographic and environmental variables, researchers can use PVA models to compare management actions and prioritize research needed for target populations.

Although PVA models are not intended to determine the absolute risk of extinction over long periods of time, they are effective as tools to support policy decisions on habitat management and conservation planning over short time frames.


Plentiful biomass in Brazil is sugarcane and the wastes generated by sugarcane mills. Bagasse and filter cake, also known as press mud, are solid by-products of sugar and ethanol production [5] . Vinasse is a liquid waste from alcoholic fermentation of sugarcane juice for ethanol production [6] . A ton of milled cane generates about 250-290 kg of bagasse and 30-40 kg of filter cake [5, 7, 8] . A liter of produced ethanol yields around 7-14 L of vinasse [9] .

Bagasse and filter cake, also known as press mud, are solid by-products of sugar and ethanol production.

Vinasse is a liquid waste from alcoholic fermentation of sugarcane juice for ethanol production.

A ton of milled cane generates about 250-290 kg of bagasse and 30-40 kg of filter cake.

A liter of produced ethanol yields around 7-14 L of vinasse.


The energetic demand is increasing due to population growth and industrialization. Conventional energy sources have limited reserves and should not last much longer [1] . It is estimated that current reserves of coal, oil, and natural gas will last for another 218, 41 and 63 years, respectively, if the present demand remains constant. Renewable energy sources should be playing a crucial role regarding power generation in the next years [2] [3] [4] .

Conventional energy sources have limited reserves and should not last much longer.

Renewable energy sources should be playing a crucial role regarding power generation in the next years.


The results of the amino acid analysis (Table 4) indicate that the protein of Termitomyces robustus contains all the exogenous amino acids even though some are present in low concentrations. The concentrations of the different amino acids were clearly higher than values reported for the mushroom by Alofe [23] . The said author also noted that the amino acids found in the mushroom are better than those reported for popularly consumed Nigerian vegetables. The copious presence of many amino acids may lend credence to the popular use of T. robustus traditionally as protein source in foods. Even though the protein content is lower than that found in eggs, meat and fish, it is adequate to be used as a substitute in the diet of the general public, especially where more traditional protein sources are scarce.

The concentrations of the different amino acids were clearly higher than values reported for the mushroom by Alofe.


In the last 10 years, cured, fermented and dried products made from hunted game species have become more popular and are easily found on the market in European countries. Game meat is distinguished by its characteristic texture and taste: it is generally darker, stronger-tasting and often tougher than that of poultry and farmyard animals. . Cured, fermented and dried products made from game species have recently appeared on the market. However, their presence remains very restricted, and is highly seasonal. Marketing of venison, for example, is dependent on the timing of the hunting season and on culling quotas. In addition, the quality of game products depends upon the raw meat quality, which is influenced by, among others factors, the period of the year in which the animals are growing, that affects the condition of the pasture and the animal's activity and sexual activity. As an example, the fat reserves of venison are decreased after the mating period in autumn (Ruiz et al., 2007) .

As an example, the fat reserves of venison are decreased after the mating period in autumn.


El Niño events provide opportunities for improving our understanding of the impact of physical forcing on marine ecosystems. The climatic events of 1972/1973, 1982/1983, and 1997/1998 were particularly well studied in this regard. The 1997/1998 El Niño was the largest natural perturbation of the global carbon cycle on record, as revealed by ship, buoy, and satellite data (Turk et al., 2001) .

The 1997/1998 El Niño was the largest natural perturbation of the global carbon cycle on record, as revealed by ship, buoy, and satellite data.


The eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is a region of high biological productivity thought to account for 20 -50% of new biological productivity in the global ocean (Loubere, 2000) . This oceanic province, together with the neighbouring Humboldt Current, constitutes an area of economic and ecological importance that is subject to climatic perturbation from the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). During an El Niño event, the thermocline in the eastern Pacific deepens in response to the relaxation of westward windstress. Although local conditions can remain favourable for coastal upwelling, the reduced entrainment of subthermocline water into upwelling systems results in decreased surface nutrient and increased surface temperature (Carr et al., 2002; Escribano et al., 2004) .

The eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is a region of high biological productivity thought to account for 20 -50% of new biological productivity in the global ocean.

Although local conditions can remain favourable for coastal upwelling, the reduced entrainment of subthermocline water into upwelling systems results in decreased surface nutrient and increased surface temperature.


Due to the large scope of the DfAM methodology ( Fig. 1) , this paper primarily focuses on the computational design and optimization phase with a secondary focus on the AM characterization, i.e., how the optimization method utilizes information of multiple AM characterized materials and processes to configure a printable product. Since the total volume of the helmet is constrained based on user requirements, design decisions concerning material changes in the lattice are beneficial because they can alter the product's performance capabilities without altering its dimensions. The use of AM for producing the helmet is particularly beneficial, since it enables customized helmet shapes on a per-consumer basis such that the helmet conforms to a particular customer's head shape and has performance requirements that are tailored to particular applications [14, 17, 18] . Due to these considerations for the helmet, multimaterial AM could greatly facilitate its design in comparison with conventional manufacturing approaches. These are demonstrated through two optimization problems in the paper: a cubic lattice that is optimized for a given displacement to maximize its performance in a fixed volume and a beam lattice that is optimized for maximum performance for multiple displacement constraints.

The use of AM for producing the helmet is particularly beneficial, since it enables customized helmet shapes on a per-consumer basis such that the helmet conforms to a particular customer's head shape and has performance requirements that are tailored to particular applications.


Current advances in AM enable the multimaterial fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) objects that are difficult or impossible to create with conventional manufacturing technologies [1] [2] [3] . When AM technologies are utilized in combination with computational optimization methods, it is possible to control the distribution of materials within objects with a high degree of precision [4] . Such precision in creating products has the potential to dramatically improve structural performance and even enable new functionalities through careful placement of multiple materials throughout a structure [5] . However, such precision in material distribution leads to an increase in complexity when designing products that are already challenging to design when only single materials are considered, such as lattice structures [6] . Lattice structure design is typically approached using computational optimization methods due to the need for considering many variables in configuring high-performance structures [7, 8] . A further challenge in effective AM design is the need for solutions found by computational optimization to remain printable according to design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) constraints, such as the limitations in tolerances, printable dimensions, and quality issues incurred by the fabrication process [9] [10] [11] [12] . In this paper, we address these challenges in creating AM optimized designs by developing an optimization approach that utilizes empirical measurements of AM materials to configure multimaterial lattices.

Current advances in AM enable the multimaterial fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) objects that are difficult or impossible to create with conventional manufacturing technologies.

When AM technologies are utilized in combination with computational optimization methods, it is possible to control the distribution of materials within objects with a high degree of precision.

Such precision in creating products has the potential to dramatically improve structural performance and even enable new functionalities through careful placement of multiple materials throughout a structure.

However, such precision in material distribution leads to an increase in complexity when designing products that are already challenging to design when only single materials are considered, such as lattice structures.

Lattice structure design is typically approached using computational optimization methods due to the need for considering many variables in configuring high-performance structures.

A further challenge in effective AM design is the need for solutions found by computational optimization to remain printable according to design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) constraints, such as the limitations in tolerances, printable dimensions, and quality issues incurred by the fabrication process.


Understanding the mechanisms of evolution in natural populations is a fundamental goal in evolutionary biology and is critical for understanding how species can adapt to global change [1] . There is increasing recognition that evolution can occur through mechanisms beyond base-pair changes [2] . Epigenetic modifications, such as methylation of cytosines and histones, can alter gene expression, impact phenotypes and fitness, and can also be inherited [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . For plants in particular, methylation changes to DNA and histones can have wide-ranging effects [8] . However, the specific role that methylation plays in regulation of ecologically relevant phenotypes is still being explored [9] [10] [11] .

Understanding the mechanisms of evolution in natural populations is a fundamental goal in evolutionary biology and is critical for understanding how species can adapt to global change.

There is increasing recognition that evolution can occur through mechanisms beyond base-pair changes.

Epigenetic modifications, such as methylation of cytosines and histones, can alter gene expression, impact phenotypes and fitness, and can also be inherited.

For plants in particular, methylation changes to DNA and histones can have wide-ranging effects.

However, the specific role that methylation plays in regulation of ecologically relevant phenotypes is still being explored.


The results of the data analysis are divided into two parts. The first part consists of the analysis of the cash register data entered by the selling groups in the five locations. The second part looks at the data obtained through the ex-post questionnaires that the customers completed and returned after the purchase of corn bread. A more detailed analysis on consumer choice based on a discrete choice model was published in the Journal Food Policy [75] .

A more detailed analysis on consumer choice based on a discrete choice model was published in the Journal Food Policy.


Free-space optical (FSO) communication systems have attracted a considerable attention in recent years due to the ability to provide high speed links for a variety of applications as well as to establish terrestrial high-capacity wireless links that are demanded by the new wide-band telecommunication services. The main features are unlimited bandwidth, unlicensed-free spectrum, immunity to radio frequency (RF) interferences, robustness to eavesdropping and low cost. Furthermore, it can be expected that these systems will assume a noticeable role in the development of fifth-generation (5G) infrastructure, thus efficiently contributing to overcome the important challenge caused by the RF spectrum scarcity. This technology is able to transmit high-bandwidth data when fiber optic systems are neither practical nor feasible. Commercially available systems offer capacities in the range of 100 Mbps to 2.5 Gbps. However, this technology is not without drawbacks: atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors the major challenging factors [1] . The effect of misalignment fading can result in a significant mismatch between transmitter and receiver of fixed-position laser communication systems. For instance, building sway due to wind loads, differential heating and cooling, or ground motion over time can lead to an important misalignment error [2] , [3] . Additionally, pointing errors can also arise due to mechanical misalignment, errors in tracking systems, or due to mechanical vibrations present in the FSO system [4] . Different mitigation techniques such as narrower beam widths and automatic pointing and tracking systems have been used to avoid a high geometric loss when link distances greater than one kilometer are assumed [5] , [6] .

However, this technology is not without drawbacks: atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors the major challenging factors.

For instance, building sway due to wind loads, differential heating and cooling, or ground motion over time can lead to an important misalignment error.

Additionally, pointing errors can also arise due to mechanical misalignment, errors in tracking systems, or due to mechanical vibrations present in the FSO system.

Different mitigation techniques such as narrower beam widths and automatic pointing and tracking systems have been used to avoid a high geometric loss when link distances greater than one kilometer are assumed.


An implementation of a Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) is carried out in the current study as an alternative methodology to generate an interactive auralization from predicted acoustic numerical data. The methodology has been evaluated by using FE results, but can readily be implemented using other numerical methods. The approach is based on the concept that the acoustic pressure at each node of the mesh can be understood as the output of a virtual omnidirectional microphone. By using the data from the mesh, it is possible to create a virtual microphone array, which, with the implementation of an inverse method, allows for the estimation of complex amplitudes of a set of plane waves that synthesize the desired acoustic field. The use of an inverse method to generate a plane wave expansion from predicted pressure data was previously studied by Støfringsdal and Svensson for 2D cases [17] . An extension of their work is presented in this paper to the 3D case.

The use of an inverse method to generate a plane wave expansion from predicted pressure data was previously studied by Støfringsdal and Svensson for 2D cases.


Industrial-scale mining projects require much infrastructure planning, and "resource corridors" of development have been highlighted as a result of such projects [10] . The scale of the planning for such projects can have a transformative impact on development beyond just the mining itself, as demonstrated by notable development projects, particularly in Africa [11] . An important consideration for developing a mine or multiple mines in a region is to optimally plan for linear mining infrastructure including roads, rails, and power lines linking mines to electricity generators, processing (e.g., smelters), and transport facilities (e.g., ports).

Industrial-scale mining projects require much infrastructure planning, and "resource corridors" of development have been highlighted as a result of such projects.

The scale of the planning for such projects can have a transformative impact on development beyond just the mining itself, as demonstrated by notable development projects, particularly in Africa.


The ICE-L field study targeted orographic wave clouds for studying primary ice formation processes. In idealized wave clouds, the airflow is laminar, parcels follow the streamlines, and they spend typically only a few hundred seconds in the cloud. For relatively thin and isolated wave clouds with low ice crystal concentrations, there is minimal ice sedimentation or mixing, so parcel models may be suitable for modeling of ice initiation in these clouds (Sassen and Dodd 1989; Heymsfield and Miloshevich 1993) .

For relatively thin and isolated wave clouds with low ice crystal concentrations, there is minimal ice sedimentation or mixing, so parcel models may be suitable for modeling of ice initiation in these clouds.


The effect of different salts, organic solvents, pHs, and incubation temperatures on TPP has never been prevalently investigated. Previous reports indicate that significant selectivity in precipitation can be obtained by varying the concentration of ammonium sulfate and the aqueous phase-to-t-butanol ratio [14] . Therefore, the present work was involved in amelioration of alkaline proteases recovery from farmed giant catfish and different parameters required were optimized, and finally the enzyme was used for protein hydrolysis in comparison with commercial bovine trypsin against egg white, whey protein concentrates, and soy protein isolates.

Previous reports indicate that significant selectivity in precipitation can be obtained by varying the concentration of ammonium sulfate and the aqueous phase-to-t-butanol ratio.


With an increase in fish processing, a large amount of internal organs and by-products will be generated. The viscera in some types of fish account for approximately 5-10% of the entire weight of the fish; the viscera percentage tends to increase with the fish body weight [14] . The most important proteases in the viscera of fish and aquatic invertebrates are aspartic protease (pepsin) and serine proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, collagenase, and elastase) [17] .

The viscera in some types of fish account for approximately 5-10% of the entire weight of the fish; the viscera percentage tends to increase with the fish body weight.

The most important proteases in the viscera of fish and aquatic invertebrates are aspartic protease (pepsin) and serine proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, collagenase, and elastase).


The majority of participants were women, 40-49 years of age, and born outside Canada (Table 2 ). Care aides surveyed in both the complete sample of urban homes in the TREC program and in this sample report feeling satisfied in their job [3] . In our sample, very few (5.64 %) indicated that they are unsatisfied with their job (disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement "In general, I am satisfied with my present job"). Table 2 shows care aide job satisfaction. All variables from Table 2 were included in the multilevel analysis.

Care aides surveyed in both the complete sample of urban homes in the TREC program and in this sample report feeling satisfied in their job.


Partitioning the MSEP (Figure 3) , there was greater participation in percentage (50.31%) for the component relative to the random fluctuation model weighted by the standard deviations (MoF). This component is related to the lack of positive correlation weighted by the standard deviations. The high value obtained for this component means that the model failed at simulating the fluctuation pattern between the measurements (Kobayashi & Salam, 2000) .

The high value obtained for this component means that the model failed at simulating the fluctuation pattern between the measurements.


An aseptic process for foods containing particulates, and specifically for diced potato soup in a carrier of modified food starch, was developed, as a case study, by the National Center for Food Safety and Technology and the Center for Aseptic Processing and Packaging Studies and served as a framework for a validation study for filing with FDA [10] . The thermal process was based on the determination of the residence time distribution of the particles, mathematical modeling of the lethality (F value) for the fastest moving particle, validation of the model with inoculated pack studies, and the identification of the critical control points for the process. A number of articles dealing with the issues involved in designing aseptic processes for liquid/particulate foods can be found in a collection type of presentation in the literature [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .

An aseptic process for foods containing particulates, and specifically for diced potato soup in a carrier of modified food starch, was developed, as a case study, by the National Center for Food Safety and Technology and the Center for Aseptic Processing and Packaging Studies and served as a framework for a validation study for filing with FDA.

A number of articles dealing with the issues involved in designing aseptic processes for liquid/particulate foods can be found in a collection type of presentation in the literature.


The F value summarizes the integrated time-temperature destructive effect of a thermal process on a heat labile substance (e.g. microbial spores or a quality attribute) in a single value. It can be defined as the time, at a constant temperature, T ref , that produces the same destructive effect as the actual thermal process. Product temperature, T , during the actual thermal process can be, and usually is, a function of processing time, as it is revealed in the integral of eqn (1) . Comparison of the F value of a process, with the time required to destroy a given percentage of the target microbial population, is the basis for thermal process design.

Product temperature, T , during the actual thermal process can be, and usually is, a function of processing time, as it is revealed in the integral of eqn.


None of the 160 examined animals, including 15 deer with clinical symptoms suggestive of CWD such as weight loss, progressive weakness, trembling and locomotional problems, exhibited any histological changes suspicious for CWD (Spraker et al. 2002a; Williams and Young 1993) . IHC for PrP CWD was consistently negative, both in the obex region and in lymphoid tissues. A maximal possible CWD prevalence of 1.83 (95% level of confidence [LC]) or 2.80% (99% LC) was estimated for the considered population.

None of the 160 examined animals, including 15 deer with clinical symptoms suggestive of CWD such as weight loss, progressive weakness, trembling and locomotional problems, exhibited any histological changes suspicious for CWD.


Composition of the study material was representative for the adult Swissfarmed deer population. Sample size should have been large enough for disease detection in case of an overall prevalence of greater than or equal to 1.8% (95% LC). Thus, this study does not definitively exclude the presence of CWD in the captive deer population in Switzerland but indicates that if it is present, prevalence is low. Reported CWD prevalences in infected herds or populations from North America are highly variable. Prevalences from less than 1% up to greater than 50% have been reported in infected captive herds (Kahn et al. 2004; Miller and Williams 2004; Williams and Miller 2002) . In free-ranging wildlife, prevalence of preclinical CWD, based on histopathology and/or IHC, has been estimated at 1-15% within endemic areas . The present study included mostly few deer from numerous distinct farms and was performed at animal level. Therefore, the obtained results allow the exclusion of a frequent CWD occurrence in the Swissfarmed deer population but not the infection of single herds.

Prevalences from less than 1% up to greater than 50% have been reported in infected captive herds.


In the present study, the equation included two horizontal view-related angles, A and B, but excluded the view zenith angle C to simplify the 2008 model. The hypothesis that angular effects arising from the bird's-eyeview observation might influence measurements of reflected light from different target areas was also tested (Kimes, 1983) . The results showed variation in this angular range had little influence on model accuracy as the prediction residuals of model-3 showed no distinctive trend or pattern with the view zenith angle (C) (Fig. 10) .

The hypothesis that angular effects arising from the bird's-eyeview observation might influence measurements of reflected light from different target areas was also tested.


In this paper, we are interested in techniques dedicated to information retrieval in the JPEG 2000 compressed domain. These techniques could indeed draw benefit from the JPEG 2000 scalability. The proposed approach is a coarseto-fine retrieval process [2, 3] .

The proposed approach is a coarseto-fine retrieval process.


Renal biopsy was introduced into regular clinical practice by Iverson and Brun in 1951, and from that time it has been an irreplaceable tool in assessing the diagnosis, giving a prognosis and guiding the treatment of many renal diseases [1] . In addition, the renal biopsy registries can provide epidemiological information about the incidence, prevalence, demographic data and clinical presentation of most renal diseases. There are several renal biopsy registries worldwide, but a very small proportion of them are national registries that include the whole population of one country [2, 3] . There was an attempt back in 2002 to create such a registry in Serbia, but, in spite of great enthusiasm and a successful first issue, the attempt failed. However, the renal biopsy registry of the Clinic of Nephrology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, contains ∼70% of all renal biopsies done in Serbia, according to data in the national registry for 2002, which included both adult and paediatric patients (data on file).

Renal biopsy was introduced into regular clinical practice by Iverson and Brun in 1951, and from that time it has been an irreplaceable tool in assessing the diagnosis, giving a prognosis and guiding the treatment of many renal diseases.

There are several renal biopsy registries worldwide, but a very small proportion of them are national registries that include the whole population of one country.


Besides modeling of flexible processes, FPG allows representing basic control flow patterns: sequence, parallel split, synchronization, exclusive choice, simple merge, as well as arbitrary cycles and structured loops [21] . Investigation of the FPG applicability for modeling advanced control flow patterns, e.g., multiple instance patterns, cancelation patterns, or advanced branching and synchronization patterns, is the future work. FPG, as proposed in this paper, has no notion of time. Activities do not take time. Similar to Petri nets, FPG only signals for concurrent activity enabling. Introduction of true parallelism, i.e., formalization of simultaneous activity execution by different participants, is the next step.

Besides modeling of flexible processes, FPG allows representing basic control flow patterns: sequence, parallel split, synchronization, exclusive choice, simple merge, as well as arbitrary cycles and structured loops.

Activities do not take time.


Process models that allow adaptation to environment changes cover large collections of process instances. Expansion of process allowed instances in models can be achieved by techniques employing adaptive changes in process models. Three known dimensions of change in process models are dynamism, adaptability, and flexibility [7] . Following, we discuss approaches that address the dimensions of change in process models.

Three known dimensions of change in process models are dynamism, adaptability, and flexibility.


Several studies have identified an incremental adoption of VLEs, PLEs and Web 2.0 tools in the last few years (Hughes, 2009; Smith & Borreson Caruso, 2010) . This aligns with our finding that the main technological context used for awareness and reflection also targeted these settings (72%). Within the reviewed papers, Moodle was the most popular platform for obtaining the data. Another VLE, Blackboard, was also used often as a data source. In the papers, 39 different learning tools were mentioned only once, which highlights the high heterogeneity of the learning platforms currently in use. Although more than half of the papers targeted a single tool/platform, 37.5% had to gather and integrate data coming from different platforms. Different architectures such as Graasp and GLUE! have been used in order to build DLEs and therefore centralize the data coming from the different data sources. However, the usage of this kind of architectures is not very extensive. Thus, teachers and students often are forced to combine multiple tools without having a more generic solution that supports the data collection and integration for subsequent analyses. Another conclusion that emerges from the analyses of the technological context is related to mobile technologies. Despite current trends towards mobile and wearable technologies and approaches such as 'bring your own device', there were not many works addressing mobile settings in the review. We foresee that there will be a shift towards using mobile apps as data sources for monitoring, awareness and reflection in the near future.

Several studies have identified an incremental adoption of VLEs, PLEs and Web 2.0 tools in the last few years.


Parents are likely to be an important influence on their children's physical activity and TV viewing behaviours [23] [24] [25] [26] . In the UK there are now several types of family structure with many children not living with both of their biological parents. Therefore, for this paper, parent refers to the child's primary carer(s) which would usually be the child's biological parent but could also be a foster parent, grandparent or any other legal guardian. There may be several mechanisms underpinning parental impact such as parents and children sharing activities and thus engaging in activities together, parents setting examples and standards through role modelling, and providing home environments that either facilitate or prevent behaviours such as active play or TV viewing [23] . Understanding whether and/or how parent(s) influence children's physical activity and TV viewing could be important for identifying effective strategies for increasing children's physical activity.

Parents are likely to be an important influence on their children's physical activity and TV viewing behaviours.

There may be several mechanisms underpinning parental impact such as parents and children sharing activities and thus engaging in activities together, parents setting examples and standards through role modelling, and providing home environments that either facilitate or prevent behaviours such as active play or TV viewing.


CRBM has been applied successfully to a wide range of visual and audio recognition tasks (Lee et al., 2009a; Lee et al., 2009b) . Though the success of CRBM in addressing two dimensional issues, there is still no published research on the using of CRBM in textual information processing. In this paper, we propose a novel semi-supervised learning algorithm called hybrid deep belief networks (HDBN), to address the semi-supervised sentiment classification problem with deep learning. HDBN is a hybrid of RBM and CRBM deep architecture, the bottom layers are constructed by RBM, and the upper layers are constructed by CRBM, then the whole constructed deep architecture is fine tuned by a gradient-descent based supervised learning based on an exponential loss function.

CRBM has been applied successfully to a wide range of visual and audio recognition tasks.


As power management becomes an issue of increasing importance in semiconductor components, greater emphasis is being placed on methods of thermal modeling and characterization. Techniques for high resolution thermal characterization applicable to semiconductor devices typically employ embedded sensors, use coatings, or rely on physical contact with the device under test (DUT). Thermoreflectance imaging is a proven effective non contact, non-destructive thermal characterization method that is based on the very small (~10 -4 ) temperature dependence of material reflection coefficients. Temperature resolution to 10-50 mK has been demonstrated using this method [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Because thermoreflectance imaging uses visible light (e.g. 470nm), submicron spatial resolution is possible. In comparison, thermal imaging with infrared emissivity has a typical diffraction limit of several microns.

Temperature resolution to 10-50 mK has been demonstrated using this method.


The classical theory of plates, known also as Kirchhoff-Love plate theory is based on the assumption that the normal to the mid-plane of the plate remains normal after transformation. This theory is also the first order of the asymptotic expansion with respect to the thickness [4] . Thus, it presents a good theoretical justification and was soundly extended to the case of periodic plates [5, 6] . It enables to have a firstorder estimate of the macroscopic deflection as well as local stress fields. In most applications the first-order deflection is accurate enough. However, this theory does not capture the local effect of shear forces on the microstructure because shear forces are one higher-order derivative of the bending moment in equilibrium equations (Q α = M αβ ,β ).

This theory is also the first order of the asymptotic expansion with respect to the thickness.

Thus, it presents a good theoretical justification and was soundly extended to the case of periodic plates.


In asymptotic approaches, a plate model is derived directly from the full 3D formulation of the problem, assuming the thickness of the plate goes to zero. In these approaches, the asymptotic expansion method plays a central role. As already mentioned, the leading order leads to Kirchhoff-Love plate theory [4, 5, 6] . Hence one needs to seek higher orders for bringing out the effect of shear forces. However, in the cases of laminated plates, this procedure does not lead to Reissner-Mindlin plate theory [7, 8] .

As already mentioned, the leading order leads to Kirchhoff-Love plate theory.

However, in the cases of laminated plates, this procedure does not lead to Reissner-Mindlin plate theory.


At present, there has been plenty of research on the mental rehabilitation of addicts in China [3] . Yet, it is rather weak in the research of addict on their psychosomatic rehabilitation from physical rehabilitation [4] . This article presents preliminary results from the "5433" training program of 2132 male addicts in Zhejiang Gongchen Compulsory Isolated Detoxification Center [5] .

At present, there has been plenty of research on the mental rehabilitation of addicts in China.

Yet, it is rather weak in the research of addict on their psychosomatic rehabilitation from physical rehabilitation.

This article presents preliminary results from the "5433" training program of 2132 male addicts in Zhejiang Gongchen Compulsory Isolated Detoxification Center.


The "5433" Training Program was effective more than a simple kinesiotherapy [15] . It contains a series of integrated methods, such as indoor equipment training, Tai Chi and social support. It is a promising way to restore and improve the psychological and physiological functions of drug addicts along with professional rehabilitation measures for drug addicts.

The "5433" Training Program was effective more than a simple kinesiotherapy.


In UML 2.0 a collaboration is a set of class instances that play different roles [21] . In that sense it is closer to the notion of collaboration-based designs which are the origins of AHEAD [10] . Though use case slices also treat several types of UML diagrams as part of a collaboration.

In UML 2.0 a collaboration is a set of class instances that play different roles.

In that sense it is closer to the notion of collaboration-based designs which are the origins of AHEAD.


Recording aggressive behaviors of residents. Observations of rats in the outdoor enclosure were made for 90 min on each day of the week at dusk over 3 months. Laboratory chow was made available at this time to encourage the emergence of rats from their burrows. Two observers collected data during 2-min time samples of activity at IS-min intervals; social behavior was recorded ad lib (Altmann, 1974) . Observations of the indoor pen colony were comparable; that is, observations were made during the fust 90 min of the dark cycle. Caged groups were observed in similar fashion, but for 60-min periods during the fust 1 h of the dark cycle. Because demands on observers were increased in the cage situation by the relatively higher rates of social behavior, the total duration of recording was shortened and all data were collected in a series of 2-min time samples from one cage at a time.

Two observers collected data during 2-min time samples of activity at IS-min intervals; social behavior was recorded ad lib.


Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources on which policy makers are greatly based upon to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. One of its main advantages is that it is a very versatile energy source, generating not only electricity but also heat and biofuels to be used in the transportation sector. It is also one of the few renewable energy sources that may be stored and can generate energy on-demand. The academic community has also been very interested in the energy exploitation of biomass. Several studies have been performed to forecast the contribution of biomass in the future energy supply, both at a regional and at a global level [1] [2] [3] . All of these studies conclude to the fact that biomass usage will be increased significantly in the years to come. Nonetheless, there is no consensus on the maximum level biomass exploitation could achieve.

Several studies have been performed to forecast the contribution of biomass in the future energy supply, both at a regional and at a global level.


This system is the most essential determinant for seawater pH under normal conditions. At pH 8.2, approximately 95% of TIC exists as bicarbonate (HCO 3 -). Addition of acid or base skews the system towards CO 2 or carbonate (CO 3 2 -), respectively (Stumm & Morgan 1996) . Photosynthesis (in gross terms, CO 2 + H 2 O → CH 2 O + O 2 ) removes CO 2 from the TIC system, yet many algal species also utilise HCO 3 -as a source of CO 2 (Nimer et al. 1997) . Because biological carbon fixation can be faster than the association-dissociation reactions between CO 2 and carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) and between CO 2 and HCO 3 -, photosynthesis disturbs the TIC buffer system, resulting in lower TIC concentration, higher O 2 concentration, elevated pH and a skewing of the buffer system towards CO 3 2 - (Falkowski & Raven 1997) .

Addition of acid or base skews the system towards CO 2 or carbonate (CO 3 2 -), respectively.

Photosynthesis (in gross terms, CO 2 + H 2 O → CH 2 O + O 2 ) removes CO 2 from the TIC system, yet many algal species also utilise HCO 3 -as a source of CO 2.

Because biological carbon fixation can be faster than the association-dissociation reactions between CO 2 and carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) and between CO 2 and HCO 3 -, photosynthesis disturbs the TIC buffer system, resulting in lower TIC concentration, higher O 2 concentration, elevated pH and a skewing of the buffer system towards CO 3 2.


Creating a scientifically literate society has been a major goal of science education all over the world since the late 1950's when Paul DeHart Hurd defined scientific literacy as a new goal of science education (DeBoer, 2000) . After Hurd expressed how important it is to develop a curriculum to address scientific, social, and economic needs of society, in the 1980's the understanding of science as a social enterprise became a strand of scientific literacy. Scientifically literate person understand and be aware of needs of the community to be able to participate technological oriented economy (Sofowora & Adekomi, 2012) . Science, technology, and society (STS) was a term indicating reform teaching to provide these needs (Driver, Leach, Miller & Scott, 2000) .

Creating a scientifically literate society has been a major goal of science education all over the world since the late 1950's when Paul DeHart Hurd defined scientific literacy as a new goal of science education.

Scientifically literate person understand and be aware of needs of the community to be able to participate technological oriented economy.

Science, technology, and society (STS) was a term indicating reform teaching to provide these needs.


Teachers have a critical role in teaching and learning because they are responsible for preparing scientifically literate citizens for the 21 st century. Scientifically literate person is a lifelong learner who can participate the national socio-economic targets. ICPD program helps in-service teachers to change their philosophy of teaching and learning by proving them a new perspective of science education (Jones & Beeth, 1995; Nworgu & Yager, 2004) . However, the change takes time. This is not a miracle method to change everything in one workshop or two. Therefore, in this study the experienced lead teachers from previous ICPD program were chosen.

ICPD program helps in-service teachers to change their philosophy of teaching and learning by proving them a new perspective of science education.

However, the change takes time.


STS instruction encourages teachers to use more explicit methodologies than traditional textbook-oriented classrooms. Students had opportunity to chose a problem or issue from real life to investigate. They were encouraged to seek out their problem as well as to apply their concepts to new situations . ICPD program help teachers to realize how to create a student-centered environment to increase their students' creativity, critical thinking and problem solving skills as well as to develop more positive attitude toward science to encourage student to choose or think science as a profession because middle school is an important state for students to think science as a profession or even just to decide taking science courses for their education. However, especially female students, develop negative attitude toward science courses during middle school years (Grabinger, 1996; Liu, 1992; Singh et al., 2012) . In this study, results showed that ICPD program with STS instruction improved middle school students' attitudes toward science.

However, especially female students, develop negative attitude toward science courses during middle school years.


Palygorskite treated with various amounts of NaOH was transformed to smectite and a zeolite in 24 hr at 150~ and 69 psi water vapor pressure. Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns of the products. Palygorskite heated in a similar fashion but without alkali addition showed no change. The NaOH treatment substantially changed the structure of palygorskite as shown by the reduction in intensity of the 110 reflection at 10.5 ~ and the appearance of a smectite peak at 15 ~. The weak palygorskite diffraction peaks at 6.4, 5.4, 4.5, and 3.7 ]k also decreased in intensity. As the amount of NaOH was increased, the peak intensities of the smectite increased at the expense of the palygorskite peaks. Maximum conversion was observed with the 2-meq-NaOH treatment. NaOH added in excess of 2 meq caused the formation of analcime (XRD reflections at 3.43 and 5.6 1~). This zeolite is a common alteration product of clay minerals in alkali soil systems (Baldar and Whittig, 1968) . The present data indicate that in the presence of NaOH, the palygorskite-smectite conversion occurred at a lower temperature and pressure (150~ 69 psi) and in a shorter time range (24 hr Figure 5 . X-ray powder diffraction patterns ofsepiolite treated with NaOH + MgCI2, AIC13, or Na2SiO3 at 150~ for 3 days. . X-ray powder diffraction patterns ofsepiolite treated with a mixture of Ale13, Na2SiO3, and NaOH at 150~ for 3 days.

This zeolite is a common alteration product of clay minerals in alkali soil systems.


As a people perceives an increasing resource scarcity, competition and use of the available resource are likely to intensify (Figure 1 , interactive sphere III). In this sense, the need for soil security can be conceived of as akin to the turning of a screw. The perception of scarcity (availability) reinforces intense competition use (accessibility and utilization), which in turn speeds up or intensifies degradation, scarcity, inequity, injustice, and ultimately conflicts (stability). Economic development imperatives and urbanization, for example, put manifold pressure on soils available for agriculture and forest [8] . In jurisdictions where land administration and general governance systems are weak, arable lands are being lost rapidly to uses that can potentially make the soils permanently unavailable. This in turn reinforces competition for and intensive use of available arable and even marginal lands, resulting eventually in further degradation, a deepened sense of scarcity, displacements, and conflicts. These are also essential ingredients worthy of consideration in a governance framework for securing soils. Therefore, as competition and use of soil stocks intensify, so should governance structures be strengthened to protect and sustain the availability and use of soils. This requires a governance framework for mobilizing multiple institutions or actors for coherent action.

Economic development imperatives and urbanization, for example, put manifold pressure on soils available for agriculture and forest.


Soil is probably the most important natural resource and biosystem that support human and terrestrial life. It is a primary, finite natural resource from which other resources, goods, and services are derived. Soils play multiple ecosystem roles, including provisioning (food, fiber), regulating (water quality), supporting (biodiversity, nutrient cycling), and cultural (historical records) roles [1] . Soils are intricately linked with and play crucial roles in biogeochemical cycles. Almost all current global challenges such as food and water security, climate change, and biodiversity loss, among others, are directly or indirectly related to soils [2] . Soil is therefore an inevitable resource for sustainable development and human security, and effort must be made to conserve global soil stocks.

Soils play multiple ecosystem roles, including provisioning (food, fiber), regulating (water quality), supporting (biodiversity, nutrient cycling), and cultural (historical records) roles.

Almost all current global challenges such as food and water security, climate change, and biodiversity loss, among others, are directly or indirectly related to soils.


The combination of these modifications resulted in a new methodology, which allowed the comparison of the results to those published previously at the same time. We studied two of the simplest representatives of the discussed materials, a PAN homopolymer and a copolymer of acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate (MA). Both are commercial samples to ensure reproducibility and practical relevance. Although PAN fibers have considerable industrial importance as textile fibers or as precursors for carbon fiber manufacturing, the stabilization of the fibers themselves can be controlled by diffusion over chemistry [2] . Consequently, in order to understand reaction kinetics better and to eliminate the effect of diffusion as much as possible, it seemed to be more advantageous to perform the basic analysis of stabilization on powder samples of the polymer.

Although PAN fibers have considerable industrial importance as textile fibers or as precursors for carbon fiber manufacturing, the stabilization of the fibers themselves can be controlled by diffusion over chemistry.


In carbon fiber production, stabilization is necessary before carbonization and it consists of a series of reaction steps which transform the long-chain linear polymer into a partially cross-linked, cyclic structure. The mechanism of these exothermic stabilization steps was studied by many groups in the past, but all details have not been clarified yet. Several papers summarizing the results obtained up to now were published in 1991, 2009 and 2012 [1] [2] [3] .

Several papers summarizing the results obtained up to now were published in 1991, 2009 and 2012.


It is found that there is no relation between growth in the regional ICT industries before and after the burst of the bubble. Some regions are resistant to changes in the business cycle, others decline, some stagnate and some continue to grow. Regional ICT industries characterised by small and young ICT service companies grow more than others before the shock and also after. After the shock the regional industry structure significantly affects the sensitivity to the business cycle. Urbanized regions are more sensitive to the changes in the business cycle. As a result they are hit harder by the shock but also benefit later when the demand for ICT goods and services picks up again. Based on the theoretical models of innovative activity proposed by Schumpeter, two archetypes can be defined; a Schumpeterian Mark II industry structure characterised by large established firms and a Mark I industry structure characterised by many small young firms (FREEMAN, 1982) . Regions with a Schumpeterian Mark II industry structure or a diverse industry structure are also found to be pro-cyclical to the business cycle. Therefore, regions that had overall growth in the period 2000-6 have a resistance type of resilience and are characterised by low level of urbanisation, a Schumpeterian Mark I industry structure and a slightly above medium level of diversity. The regions that grew most during the boom were also more sensitive to the business cycle after the shock. However, urbanised regions with a Schumpeter Mark I industry structure performed much better than less urbanised Schumpeter Mark II regional ICT industries.

Based on the theoretical models of innovative activity proposed by Schumpeter, two archetypes can be defined; a Schumpeterian Mark II industry structure characterised by large established firms and a Mark I industry structure characterised by many small young firms.


The ultimate goal of this instructional strategy is to have the students internalize the cognitive processes and metacognitive strategies in order to use them automatically while solving mathematical word problems. Solving mathematical word problem involves translating, transforming linguistic and numerical information into verbal, graphic, symbolic, and quantitative representations while evaluating the solution path, performing the appropriate calculations, and checking accuracy (Montague, Enders & Dietz, 2011) . Hence, it is time consuming.

Solving mathematical word problem involves translating, transforming linguistic and numerical information into verbal, graphic, symbolic, and quantitative representations while evaluating the solution path, performing the appropriate calculations, and checking accuracy.

Hence, it is time consuming.


Formal education, generally, is seen as a means of imparting and acquiring knowledge. This is done through teaching and learning within the four walls of a school. The school system is established to facilitate teaching and learning. It empowers the students with necessary knowledge and skills for an effective living in the society. It is expected that classroom learning be transferred into solving problems in real life situation. The present Nigerian educational system seems to be far from achieving the desired educational goals and objectives as there are noticeable evidences of decline in the standard of education and quality of students especially at the secondary school level (Duze, 2011) . This is glaringly clear in the results of both internal and external examinations especially in Mathematics. The situation has really attracted the interest and concern of teachers, psychologists, researchers, parents and school administrators in Nigeria (Ajayi & Muraina, 2011) .

The present Nigerian educational system seems to be far from achieving the desired educational goals and objectives as there are noticeable evidences of decline in the standard of education and quality of students especially at the secondary school level.

The situation has really attracted the interest and concern of teachers, psychologists, researchers, parents and school administrators in Nigeria.


Compared with in situ measurements, two types of uncertainty are introduced by SAR retrieval winds. Firstly, biases may be associated with the data sampling in that: (1) the sampling number of satellite data is less than that of in situ measurement in the same period; (2) the SAR data sampling occurs at relatively fixed scanning time, the diurnal meteorological variation cannot be acquired; and (3) The valid range of SAR wind retrieval is from 2 m/s to hurricane wind speeds. This uncertainty at the lower wind speeds would remain even if SAR retrieval wind were perfectly accurate with respect to in situ measurement. Sampling biases have previously been quantified through statistical analyses of a large number of in situ observations selected specifically to match the sampling criteria of satellite scenes [10, 11] . Based on these analyses, a total of 60-70 randomly selected and perfectly accurate SAR scenes are required to characterize the mean wind speed and Weibull scale parameter (A). The second source of uncertainty is related to the accuracy of SAR wind retrievals.

Sampling biases have previously been quantified through statistical analyses of a large number of in situ observations selected specifically to match the sampling criteria of satellite scenes.


One of the key challenges in wireless networks is how to control the base station (BS) in order to decrease the energy consumption. In addition, we should also focus on how to ensure the Quality of Service (QoS) of end users and spectrum efficiency. From the related literature, we find that the main method to release the energy constraint is sleep mode, by which communication power can be reduced when the BS is at the sleep state [3, 4] . We also find that the cognitive radio technology has been studied as an effective solution to alleviate the limitation of the spectrum resource [5] . In addition, in order to achieve the maximum value of social profit of the system, people pay more and more attention to the behaviors of the data packets, including the individually optimal behavior and the socially optimal behavior [6, 7] .

From the related literature, we find that the main method to release the energy constraint is sleep mode, by which communication power can be reduced when the BS is at the sleep state.

We also find that the cognitive radio technology has been studied as an effective solution to alleviate the limitation of the spectrum resource.

In addition, in order to achieve the maximum value of social profit of the system, people pay more and more attention to the behaviors of the data packets, including the individually optimal behavior and the socially optimal behavior.


As mentioned in Sections 1 and 2, nonlinear approaches, including those based on fuzzy and neural net, have demonstrated successful performance in many applications [20] [21] [22] [23] . In this paper, we have contributed to the field of application by solving the power demand forecasting problem using the deep neural network-based method. Compared to the previous work, the overall architecture of our model consists of a projector f and a predicter g, similar to an auto-encoder consisting of an encoder and a decoder as shown in Figure 3 [24] . There are many ways to deal with time series data, but f and g are based on long short-term memory (LSTM), one of the RNN's, to handle time series data [25] [26] [27] [28] . Predictor uses the output value of each time-step as the input of the next [29] . The projector defines the state by compressing the energy demand and transferring it to the latent space representing the demand information. Predictor predicts future energy demand based on the defined state. It can be done by end-to-end learning of the projector and the predictor, and the process of defining state is trained automatically. In the variational autoencoder (VAE), the state defined on the latent space contains the feature of the produced data, and also contains the information of the expected energy consumption, as well as features of the input values [30, 31] . Ma and Lee predicted the energy consumption by adding more information of the surrounding environment while learning [15, 18] . However, unlike them, after learning to predict the consumption with only demand to date, our model can predict future consumption by adjusting the state on the latent space with the condition of the surrounding environment.

As mentioned in Sections 1 and 2, nonlinear approaches, including those based on fuzzy and neural net, have demonstrated successful performance in many applications.

Compared to the previous work, the overall architecture of our model consists of a projector f and a predicter g, similar to an auto-encoder consisting of an encoder and a decoder as shown in Figure 3.

There are many ways to deal with time series data, but f and g are based on long short-term memory (LSTM), one of the RNN's, to handle time series data.

Predictor uses the output value of each time-step as the input of the next.

In the variational autoencoder (VAE), the state defined on the latent space contains the feature of the produced data, and also contains the information of the expected energy consumption, as well as features of the input values.

Ma and Lee predicted the energy consumption by adding more information of the surrounding environment while learning.


We have previously shown that GaN-on-Si HEMTs are affected by a similar degradation mechanism as GaN-on-SiC HEMTs, namely a sharp increase of the gate current at a certain voltage that has been termed the critical voltage [4] [5] . We have attributed this degradation to defect generation due to excessive mechanical stress introduced by the inverse piezoelectric effect at high voltage [4] [5] . In GaN-on-Si HEMTs we have observed relatively high critical voltages with a rather wide range of values even for devices in the same reticle. Separately, we detected significant electron trapping associated with pre-existing traps in virgin devices, much more than in typical GaN-on-SiC HEMTs [6] . In this work, we report an intriguing finding: the high number of traps that are present in GaN-on-Si HEMTs seems to be partially responsible for the high critical voltages for the onset of electric field-induced degradation of the gate current. We postulate that electron trapping during electrical stress leads to lower electric fields and increased robustness against gate current degradation. This finding should be of wide applicability regardless of the characteristics of the substrate.

We have previously shown that GaN-on-Si HEMTs are affected by a similar degradation mechanism as GaN-on-SiC HEMTs, namely a sharp increase of the gate current at a certain voltage that has been termed the critical voltage.

We have attributed this degradation to defect generation due to excessive mechanical stress introduced by the inverse piezoelectric effect at high voltage.

Separately, we detected significant electron trapping associated with pre-existing traps in virgin devices, much more than in typical GaN-on-SiC HEMTs.


Our results have clear implications for the practice of continuous cover forestry with single-tree selection cuttings. In such practices, the spacing between trees will determine the size of gaps created after harvest. Our data suggest that in this nutrient-poor ecosystem, the spacing between trees may need to be as large as 10 m × 10 m in order to ensure a sufficient tree replacement, thus restricting the number of stems to approximately 100 trees ha −1 . This is in agreement with empirical studies of the natural regeneration of pine on similar sites where the number of seed-trees per hectare often is recommended to be less than 100-150 ha −1 to ensure that the seed-trees do not adversely affect the regeneration [39] .

This is in agreement with empirical studies of the natural regeneration of pine on similar sites where the number of seed-trees per hectare often is recommended to be less than 100-150 ha −1 to ensure that the seed-trees do not adversely affect the regeneration.


In this study, the main purpose was to generate nanoparticles with CMD between 10 and 100 nm. It is difficult to put more than one charge on small particles. Therefore, we assume all particles are single charge. For avoiding the issue of multiple charge of larger particles, we use a precut impactor to remove particles larger than the largest size nominally being classified with the DMA. The set-up diagrams of generation are shown in Figs. 1A and 1B (Chen and Chein, 2003) .

The set-up diagrams of generation are shown in Figs. 1A and 1B.


We have already known that the usual AdS 3 /CFT 2 correspondence is confirmed by Brown and Henneaux's analysis [18] . Namely, the Virasoro algebra is obtained from the algebra of the Hamiltonian with respect to the allowed deformation around the asymptotic infinity r → ∞ in three dimensional gravity with the negative cosmological constant −2/ℓ 2 [19] . Its central charges are then expressed by c ± = 3ℓ 2G , where G is the Newton constant in three dimensions. This setup of the left-right symmetric central charges for the parent CFT is not enough to realize the full GCA in two dimensions even if we take the above corresponding limit on both boundary and bulk sides.

We have already known that the usual AdS 3 /CFT 2 correspondence is confirmed by Brown and Henneaux's analysis.

Namely, the Virasoro algebra is obtained from the algebra of the Hamiltonian with respect to the allowed deformation around the asymptotic infinity r → ∞ in three dimensional gravity with the negative cosmological constant −2/ℓ 2.


Unlike the Schrödinger case, the Galilean conformal symmetry has dynamical exponent z = 1 and allows the infinite dimensional algebra in any space-time dimensions, which contains local conformal transformations, rotations and boosts. Especially, an important thing in two dimensions is that the infinite dimensional GCA can actually be obtained from the Virasoro algebra for the relativistic CFT 2 by taking a non-relativistic limit t → t, x → ǫx with ǫ → 0 [13, 14] . By the GCA construction defined below, it turns out that for finite GCA central charges, C 1 and C 2 , the Virasoro central charges c ± must behave as c + + c − = O(1) and c + − c − = O(1/ǫ) under the non-relativistic limit. In addition, for finite scaling dimensions ∆ and rapidity ξ, which are labels specifying a primary state of the GCA, the conformal weight of the parent Virasoro algebra h ± must also behave as h + + h − = O(1), and h + − h − = O(1/ǫ). The main subject of this paper is to reconstruct the GCA in two dimensions with these properties, at least, the finite central charges (C 1 , C 2 ) and the labels (∆, ξ) from bulk gravity theory in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence.

Especially, an important thing in two dimensions is that the infinite dimensional GCA can actually be obtained from the Virasoro algebra for the relativistic CFT 2 by taking a non-relativistic limit t → t, x → ǫx with ǫ → 0.


The size and growth rate of mortgage debt and its impact on the consumption and saving behaviors of households are important questions for policy makers for a number of reasons. The primary reason is that housing constitutes a large share of the economy and is a significant component of household expenditure and household total wealth. Mortgage debt will influence residential investment, household wealth and household consumption. Furthermore, a low saving rate constrains the amount of investment that the economy can undertake, as there is a very close association between national saving and investment rates (Feldstein and Horioka, 1980) . Thus, it is not surprising that economists and policy makers are concerned with the welfare implications of government policies that subsidize mortgage debt and provide financial incentives for home ownership. Mortgage debt is also important for monetary policy since the size and growth rate of mortgage debt has implications for the effectiveness of monetary policy (Calza et al., 2013) .

Furthermore, a low saving rate constrains the amount of investment that the economy can undertake, as there is a very close association between national saving and investment rates.

Mortgage debt is also important for monetary policy since the size and growth rate of mortgage debt has implications for the effectiveness of monetary policy.


For compatibility, every Web browser employs a contentsniffing algorithm that inspects the contents of HTTP responses and occasionally overrides the MIME type provided by the server. For example, these algorithms let browsers render the approximately 1% of HTTP responses that lack a Content-Type header. In a competitive browser market, a browser that guesses the "correct" MIME type is more appealing to users than a browser that fails to render these sites. Once one browser vendor implements content sniffing, the other browser vendors are forced to follow suit or risk losing market share [1] .

Once one browser vendor implements content sniffing, the other browser vendors are forced to follow suit or risk losing market share.


The concept of band engineering originates from the observation on the band diagram of InGaN/ GaN LEDs. For conventional LEDs, the band diagram of the quantum wells shows a triangular shape due to the internal polarization field, as shown in Fig. 1 (solid line) . Both conduction and valence bands of the well layer slope downward from the n-GaN side toward the p-GaN side, which leads to the separation of electron and hole wave function on spatial and, therefore, the carrier leakage at high injection level. However, if the composition of indium in the well decreases from the n-GaN side toward the p-GaN side, the band gap broadens gradually. As a result, the slope of conduction band could be leveled down and even overturned, while the slope of the valence band could be enhanced (see the dashed line shown in Fig. 1 ). The expected reduction in polarization field in active region will be achieved [20] , [22] . Hence, the overlap of the electron and hole wave function as well as the efficiency droop will be improved. Fig. 2 shows the fitted and experimental XRD curves. The À9 to þ5 and À5 to þ3 order secondary satellite peaks are clearly observed for the GQW LED A and conventional LED, respectively. These distinct satellite peaks indicate that the interface of the well and the barrier is smooth and sharp. The secondary peaks are sharper and stronger for GQW LEDs than those for conventional ones. It means that the periodicity of GQW LEDs is better than that of conventional ones. The angular separation between zero order satellite peak of the MQW and GaN (002) peak is larger for the conventional MQW structure than that for GQW structure. It indicates that the GQW structure may be not beneficial to the indium introduction into the strain InGaN QW. Thus, the average indium composition in the GQW structure is lower than that in conventional one. On the other hand, the accurate indium composition obtained from fitting results of X'pert epitaxy 4.0 for conventional LED and GQW LED A are 0.150 and 0.125, respectively.

The expected reduction in polarization field in active region will be achieved.


The electroluminescence (EL) spectra of the LEDs were measured using pulsed current source. With the injection current of 20 mA, the peak emission wavelength for GQW LED A, B, and C are 473 nm, 433 nm, and 411 nm, respectively, which is attributed to the different degree gradations of indium composition in the quantum well. For conventional LED, the peak emission wavelength is 466 nm. Measurement results of output power for LED A, B, C and conventional LED as a function of injection current density are shown in Fig. 3(a) . The output power of the four LEDs increases sublinearly as the current density increases. As shown in Fig. 3(a) , LED B and C show higher output power than conventional LED at all current densities. The output power at 20 A/cm 2 , which is the typical operation current density for most LED, is enhanced by 15% and 40% than conventional LED, respectively. There are mainly two factors responsible for the enhancement of output power in LED B and C. The first reason is that the wavelengths of LED B and C are shorter than that from conventional LED. The other reason is the improvement in internal quantum efficiency due to improved electron and hole wave function overlap in our GQW structures. The output power for LED B and C reaches its maximum at current density of 280 A/cm 2 and 200 A/cm 2 , respectively. As to the LED B and C, the degree gradations of indium composition in the quantum well are different, which leads to different strength polarization field. As a result, the current density corresponding to maximal output power for LED B and C is distinct. In LED B, the indium composition graded from 18% to 0% whereas from 13% to 0% in LED C, and the former compensates much more band incline arising from polarization field than the latter does. In other words, a more flatter band structure will reduce the carrier leakage at high current density. While for LED A, it shows lower output power than conventional LED at low current densities. However, as current density goes on increasing, the output power of conventional LED saturates at 150 A/cm 2 , but the output power of LED A keeps increasing sublinearly and reaches its maximum at about 280 A/cm 2 . It is worth mentioning that this phenomenon has also been observed in other methods related to the low polarization field structure [10] , [15] . The undesirable results of LED A could be attributed to nonoptimized epitaxial parameters for graded-composition well. It has been reported that several defects such as V-defects, stacking faults, and dislocations will be formed in the MQWs during sample growth as indium composition is higher at the MQWs, resulting in deterioration in the structure and optical properties of MQWs. In LED A, the high indium composition at the beginning of the quantum well will induce strong strain because of the high lattice mismatch between InN and GaN; therefore, larger numbers of defects may exist in the well and consequently reduce the light output power at the same current density compared to the conventional LED.

It is worth mentioning that this phenomenon has also been observed in other methods related to the low polarization field structure.


In Fig. 3(b) , it also can be seen that the rising rate as well as the falling rate of the efficiency curve of conventional LED is faster compared to another three efficiency curves derived by GQW LEDs. They can be classified as two distinct types of droop behaviors readily seen in the literature [40] , [41] . The slow increasing rate of the efficiency curve at low current density could be attributed to the higher point defects (PDs) density in GQW LEDs. The nonradiative process caused by PDs is more essential in the low current region, because they constraint the mobility of carrier. Nevertheless, PDs usually can be saturated under a moderately high injection level [42] . Consequently, slower rising rate indicates that more carriers are required to saturate the PDs induced by gradedcomposition ternary InGaN layer in the GQW LEDs. As shown in Fig. 3(b) , the different efficiency droop for LEDs A, B, and C from 25 A/cm 2 to 200 A/cm 2 could be due to the different degree of indium composition gradation in the quantum well. The efficiency of LED A and C drops all the way, while the efficiency of LED B drops quickly at first and slows down at high current density. The degree of gradation had a decisive influence on the polarization field. Theoretically, larger composition of indium at the beginning of n-side will eliminate more polarization field in active layer. Even the slope of conduction band can be leveled down or overturned as long as the composition of indium is increased large enough at the n-side. However, the graded-composition ternary InGaN was grown with the method of growth temperature ramping, which will change the growth rate, and the lower temperature at the beginning might induce defects due to the big lattice mismatch between InN and GaN and, therefore, damage the quality of QWs. So the efficiency droop of LED A is bigger than that of another two GQW LEDs.

They can be classified as two distinct types of droop behaviors readily seen in the literature.

Nevertheless, PDs usually can be saturated under a moderately high injection level.


Resazurin microplate assay (REMA) has been used as a low-cost as well as a rapid technique for drug susceptibility testing on M. tuberculosis isolates and have been implemented in several low resource countries (Palomino et al., 2002; Nateche et al., 2006; Rivoire et al., 2007) . However, to our knowledge, this test has not so far been used for identification of mycobacteria. In this study, we have used PNB as a marker to develop a rapid and inexpensive test for identification of M. tuberculosis complex based on REMA for detection of growth.

Resazurin microplate assay (REMA) has been used as a low-cost as well as a rapid technique for drug susceptibility testing on M. tuberculosis isolates and have been implemented in several low resource countries.


To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to simulate the future development of the forest according to any-aged management using an area-based matrix model. Although a number of matrix models have been applied for a long time, such models are usually understood as diameter class models for stand-level simulations [49] . We used an area-based model parameterized by areas of forest size and structure types according to NFI data. Although such models have also been presented (see Section 1), the EFDM differs from many earlier implementations due to the flexibility of parameterization. Finally, our implementation of two separate Markov models to allow even-aged and uneven-aged management within a single simulation run differs considerably from the earlier applications of the EFDM. The sections above detail how the EFDM should be parameterized to enable simulations of any-aged forest management and evaluate effects resulting from such methodological choices. Finally, these results are discussed with respect to the strengths and weaknesses of the EFDM.

Although a number of matrix models have been applied for a long time, such models are usually understood as diameter class models for stand-level simulations.


The Saint-Mix Reagent is a synthetic non-liposomal small amphipathic molecule, which is widely used in transfecting normal and tumor cells [14, 15, 46] . About 50% of the chondrifying cells were successfully transfected with this reagent and transfection did not increase apoptosis compared to the control group even in the presence of GFP. The viability of mesenchymal cells after transfection remained at about the same level as other lipofection transfection methods, and the GFP expression did not change the mitochondrial activity compared to other methods. The mRNA level of aggrecan and sox9 did not decrease and even the Sox9 and p-Sox9 level remained close to that of the control cells. According to these results Saint Mix Reagent was chosen for the transient transfection of the primary chondrifying cells.

The Saint-Mix Reagent is a synthetic non-liposomal small amphipathic molecule, which is widely used in transfecting normal and tumor cells.


The understanding of soot formation mechanisms and knowledge of soot distribution within combustion systems is a key factor in many areas of combustion research. Flame radiation, heat transfer properties, particulate emission from combustion systems, and combustion efficiency all depend upon soot formation. As a consequence, optical diagnostics are recommended for measurement of radiant emission from hot soot due to their non-intrusiveness (Kennedy, 1997) . They are a key source of information on the soot concentration field in many combustion applications.

As a consequence, optical diagnostics are recommended for measurement of radiant emission from hot soot due to their non-intrusiveness.