It is well known, that UV-A (~315-400) radiation is the least hazardous part of UV, and cannot be hold by ozone layer. UV-A radiation penetrates through plant leaf and is absorbed by chromophores associated with photosynthetic apparatus. The photoreceptors perceiving UV-A are common to blue lights (315-380 nm) (Lepetit and Dietzel, 2015) . Phototropins (Phots) localize in plasma membrane and dissociate from it activated by UV-A light photons. Other photoreceptors, cryptochromes, perceive UV-A with optima 370 nm wavelength (Liu et Little is known about the effects of UV-A on photophysiological responses in comparison with UV-B radiation of young age plants. In this study we hypothesized that UV-A radiation affects growth and development of microgreens, and the influence of UV-A depends on radiation duration and variety of plant. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of supplemental UV-A radiation on growth and antioxidant responses of two Ocimum basilicum L. varieties microgreens in greenhouse.

The photoreceptors perceiving UV-A are common to blue lights (315-380 nm).


One of the fundamental limitations among these models is that only up to two constituent species were considered in the dry pre-humidified anode and cathode inlet gases. This limitation extends to other 2D computational models where multi-component transport is included but restricted to the inclusion of oxygen, nitrogen, and water in the inlet cathode feed after humidification [6, 7] . This reflects only the ideal case. Tropospheric air would have at least 10 constituents whereas reformed fuel supplies would typically contain carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and carbon monoxide (CO).

This limitation extends to other 2D computational models where multi-component transport is included but restricted to the inclusion of oxygen, nitrogen, and water in the inlet cathode feed after humidification.

This reflects only the ideal case.


Human females show an age�related decline in re� productive value due to a decline in fertility (Fauser et al.� 2005) . The terminal investment hypothesis states that in species showing an age�related de� cline in reproductive value� reproductive effort should increase with age (Williams� 1966) . Studies on humans� showing that reproductive effort in� creases with age� are lacking (Fessler� Navarrete� Hopkins� & Izard� 2005) .

Human females show an age�related decline in re� productive value due to a decline in fertility.

The terminal investment hypothesis states that in species showing an age�related de� cline in reproductive value� reproductive effort should increase with age.

Studies on humans� showing that reproductive effort in� creases with age� are lacking.


The phytotoxicity diseases in maize plants have as their primary symptom the appearance of necrotic spots on the leaves, specifically in the regions where the solution builds up, such as on the edges and in the leaf ribs causing loss of leaf green area (Magalhães et al., 2000) . In the phytotoxicity assay, the same concentrations were used in the on mycelia C. lunata. Symptoms developed 12 h after the applications of the essential oil in the leaves. It was verified that the concentrations of 10 (10.67% of phytotoxicity) and 50 mg mL −1 (69.33% of phytotoxicity) may not be used for tests of disease control in the plant, because they resulted in wilting, followed by subsequent necrosis in some regions. Based on these results, it can be inferred that the solutions of the oil must be used at a concentration below 7.5 mg mL −1 , where there were no visible symptoms of phytotoxicity developing from the application of the essential oil studied.

The phytotoxicity diseases in maize plants have as their primary symptom the appearance of necrotic spots on the leaves, specifically in the regions where the solution builds up, such as on the edges and in the leaf ribs causing loss of leaf green area.


The production of maize (Zea mays L.) can be affected by a number of factors such as climate, cultural practices, and especially, phytopathogenic microorganisms. All the plant species are potential hosts of fungi that can be primarily associated to different parts of the plant (Agrios, 2005) . A majority of them cause negative impact by causing diseases in plants and, therefore, affecting the yield of the harvested products (Bennett, 1998) . This necessitates research for the development of new alternatives for the control of pathogenic organisms, where productivity and quality can be high (Okumura et al., 2011) .

All the plant species are potential hosts of fungi that can be primarily associated to different parts of the plant.

A majority of them cause negative impact by causing diseases in plants and, therefore, affecting the yield of the harvested products.

This necessitates research for the development of new alternatives for the control of pathogenic organisms, where productivity and quality can be high.


Therefore, the cell viability test through MTT assay is a method that is based on the ability of metabolically viable cells to reduce the salt of MTT. MTT is a compound soluble in water, which in solution features a pale coloration, being easily incorporated by viable cells. The cells reduce this compound in their mitochondria using the succinic dehydrogenase enzyme. Dehydrogenases are associated with NADPH and NADH. When reduced, MTT is converted into crystals of formazan, a dark-blue compound, not soluble in water and stored in the cytoplasm (Mosmann, 1983) .

When reduced, MTT is converted into crystals of formazan, a dark-blue compound, not soluble in water and stored in the cytoplasm.


If considered from the standpoint of fire safety, alternative architectural and structural solutions mean different possibilities of fire spread, evacuation, and firefighting. A choice of a specific solution among a number of alternatives should take into account a number of economic, functional, technical, aesthetical criteria. Methods of multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) can be used for such a choice [4] . Until now, a building-related MCDM did not use criteria expressing fire safety [5] [6] [7] . Therefore, it makes sense to include criteria expressing fire safety into building-related MCDM problems.

Methods of multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) can be used for such a choice.

Until now, a building-related MCDM did not use criteria expressing fire safety.


Architectural and structural design of buildings face many problems and these problems include a selection among alternative plans of houses, individual floors, alternative use of floors in one building, alternative structural solutions, and structural materials. The selection problem is highly important in the early design stage. In the literature, attempts are described to provide some theoretical base for the selection among alternative architectural and structural solutions [1] [2] [3] .

In the literature, attempts are described to provide some theoretical base for the selection among alternative architectural and structural solutions.


How can societies design policies and incentives to encourage more development and prosperity while still protecting natural resources and the environment? Addressing this question requires insight into how people behave within institutions and natural environments. In response, economists offer theories and working rules about how people behave in markets and non-market settings. They provide rules to compare gains against losses under alternative policy scenarios and institutional arrangements, account for prosperity across time and space, show how trade can move resources from low-valued uses to high-value uses, and consider whether policies balance incremental gains per cost across all policies actions (Hanley et al., 2007) . Traditionally, these rules have been framed within the economists' model of rational choice theory -rational behavior within alternative institutional and property rights structures (Dasgupta and Mäler, 1997) .

They provide rules to compare gains against losses under alternative policy scenarios and institutional arrangements, account for prosperity across time and space, show how trade can move resources from low-valued uses to high-value uses, and consider whether policies balance incremental gains per cost across all policies actions.

Traditionally, these rules have been framed within the economists' model of rational choice theory -rational behavior within alternative institutional and property rights structures.


But over the past three decades, many observers have questioned whether rational choice theory is the best guide for policy, both development and environmental. The traditional idea that people are 'poor but efficient, or at least rational' is being challenged by the notion that they are 'poor and bounded in their rationality' (Duflo, 2005) . This argument holds with greater force for environmental and development issues that fall outside the market forces which act as catalysts for consistent choices (Smith, 2003) . While most economists appreciate how rationality is a useful fiction that helps frame choices within exchange institutions, some observers believe we must recognize its limits for guiding environmental and development policy (Knetsch, 1997) .

The traditional idea that people are 'poor but efficient, or at least rational' is being challenged by the notion that they are 'poor and bounded in their rationality'.

This argument holds with greater force for environmental and development issues that fall outside the market forces which act as catalysts for consistent choices.

While most economists appreciate how rationality is a useful fiction that helps frame choices within exchange institutions, some observers believe we must recognize its limits for guiding environmental and development policy.


Fe absorption from cereal foods is strongly related to their phytic acid content and is generally higher in foods with a lower phytic acid content (Cook et al. 1997) . Any industrial or home-cooking procedure which degrades or removes phytic acid could therefore increase Fe absorption. In our present study, the only cooking procedure that had a major effect on Fe absorption was a breadbaking process which included a yeast fermentation step and which reduced phytic acid to zero. Fe absorption in subjects consuming the bread roll was 2 -3-fold higher than when the same subjects consumed a chappatti or an extruded or roller-dried cereal porridge made from the same low-extraction wheat flour. When interpreting the absorption results (Table 2) , it should be remembered that, within each study, each subject was fed all four meals. The absorption ratios of one meal relative to another can therefore be expected to largely overcome any influence of the subjects' Fe status on the level of Fe absorption.

Fe absorption from cereal foods is strongly related to their phytic acid content and is generally higher in foods with a lower phytic acid content.


All GC implementations presented in this paper were modifications of Jikes RVM. Performance was evaluated using the 2006 and 2009 DaCapo benchmark suites [3] . All results were obtained from a system with a 4-core Intel Core i7-4770 processor running at 3.4GHz, with 16GiB of RAM. Stock Ubuntu Linux 12.04.3 LTS was used with kernel 3.8.0-25-generic. The processor's Turbo Boost mode and CPU frequency scaling were disabled in the system's BIOS to allow for consistent results regardless of hardware temperature.

Performance was evaluated using the 2006 and 2009 DaCapo benchmark suites.


Regenerative braking technology draws increasing attentions because of the urgent demand to improve the energy efficiency of conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) [1] [2] [3] . Hybrid Pneumatic Engine (HPE) system is one of the available approaches, having the advantages of lightness, simplicity, pollution-free and low cost, that attracts researchers to study [4] [5] [6] . The conventional ICE can be easily adopted as a compressor by modifying the ICE valve system, which can also run the ICE as an air motor by changing the valve timing [7, 8] . The energy of the compressed air can also be used for supercharging system or supplying other pneumatic accessories [9] [10] [11] . Most previously proposed and studied hybrid pneumatic systems are focused on the one-tank system, which is easy to be fully filled and therefore limits the energy storage capacity. Several researchers proposed to use double-tank system to improve the system performance [12, 13] . However, the optimal compression cycle strategy using double-tank system has not been comprehensively studied and analysed. And the energy recovering improvements and braking effect improvements are required to be evaluated. In this paper, a double-tank hybrid pneumatic engine system based on the conventional one-tank system is proposed. Three ideal compression cycle scenarios for the double-tank system are described, analysed and compared in order to identify the optimal compression cycle scenario under different system demands. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a one-tank hybrid pneumatic engine system. The engine cylinder is modified by adding a charging valve on the cylinder head which is connected to the air tank. Four modes, including the ICE mode, the compression mode, the air motor mode and the supercharging mode, can be achieved by controlling the fuel injection and the opening and closing times of the valves. Based on this configuration, a doubletank hybrid pneumatic engine system (Figure 2 ), with one low pressure (LP) tank and one high pressure (HP) tank, is proposed to further improve the amount of the compressed air that can be recovered in the tank, meanwhile to achieve a better braking effect.

Regenerative braking technology draws increasing attentions because of the urgent demand to improve the energy efficiency of conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE).

Hybrid Pneumatic Engine (HPE) system is one of the available approaches, having the advantages of lightness, simplicity, pollution-free and low cost, that attracts researchers to study.

The conventional ICE can be easily adopted as a compressor by modifying the ICE valve system, which can also run the ICE as an air motor by changing the valve timing.

The energy of the compressed air can also be used for supercharging system or supplying other pneumatic accessories.

Several researchers proposed to use double-tank system to improve the system performance.


Catastrophic bearing failure is a major concern for the railroad industry because it can lead to costly train stoppages and even derailments. Excessive heat buildup within the bearing is one of the main factors that can warn of impending failure. Trackside hot-box detectors are used to identify those bearings which are operating at temperatures greater than 105.5 °C (190 °F) above ambient conditions. As a safety precaution, bearings which are determined to be running hot are removed from service for later disassembly and examination. An extension of this practice is the tracking of bearing temperatures over time by collating data from successive hot-box detectors, located tens of miles apart along major rail corridors, and by comparing individual bearing temperatures against the average of all the bearing temperatures on the train [1] .

An extension of this practice is the tracking of bearing temperatures over time by collating data from successive hot-box detectors, located tens of miles apart along major rail corridors, and by comparing individual bearing temperatures against the average of all the bearing temperatures on the train.


Thermal investigations of roller bearings have been carried out for more than three decades now [2] . The main goals and objectives of many researchers were to identify the various sources of bearing heating, and to study the different effects that may lead to above-normal bearing operating temperatures [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Over the past three years and in a series of five papers, the authors of this paper have performed detailed laboratory experiments and theoretical studies focused on understanding and quantifying the heat transfer paths within railroad tapered roller bearings in an effort to identify the root cause(s) of warm bearing temperature trending [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] .

Thermal investigations of roller bearings have been carried out for more than three decades now.

The main goals and objectives of many researchers were to identify the various sources of bearing heating, and to study the different effects that may lead to above-normal bearing operating temperatures.

Over the past three years and in a series of five papers, the authors of this paper have performed detailed laboratory experiments and theoretical studies focused on understanding and quantifying the heat transfer paths within railroad tapered roller bearings in an effort to identify the root cause(s) of warm bearing temperature trending.


From figure 2 it can be seen that the current and voltage waveforms of an ICIS discharge show a strong similarity to the ICP discharges described by Guo and DeJoseph [15] . The initial peak in voltage is described as a feature of the power supply which cannot react fast enough to reduce the voltage and follow reduction in impedance. Further measurements with an Impedans OCTIV VI probe have given a clear indication that the main energy coupling is inductive. The coupling switches from capacitive to inductive within a few microseconds of applying the voltage indicating an efficient ionisation of the gas and quick rise in plasma density. On the other hand, the decay of plasma is relatively slow due to the low cross section of three-body recombination and the slow diffusion of ions to the walls given by the high operating pressures. The rapid switch off of voltage at the end of the pulse leaves a high density plasma driven by a small voltage field, preserving the inductive coupling for some 180 μs. The collapse of plasma density and current leads to a switch to capacitive coupling during which the plasma is purely resistive.

From figure 2 it can be seen that the current and voltage waveforms of an ICIS discharge show a strong similarity to the ICP discharges described by Guo and DeJoseph.


More insight into the possibility of using the oleuropein fraction in antitumor treatment for mesothelioma is provided by our cytotoxicity tests, indicating that the antiproliferative activity of the oleuropein fraction essentially depends on its major constituent oleuropein. The United States National Cancer Institute plant screening program has established that a plant extract can be deemed to have a cytotoxic effect if IC 50 for incubations of 48-72 h is 20 g/mL or lower [36] . Our oleuropein-enriched fraction has an oleuropein content of 60% and a cytotoxicity IC 50 of 22 (17-29) g/mL in terms of oleuropein. We can then estimate IC 50 of 36.7 (28.3-48.3) g/mL for the oleuropein-enriched fraction as a whole. Hence, our oleuropein fraction is close to the cytotoxicity threshold established by NCI and could therefore be appropriate for the development of synergistic treatments allowing reducing the doses of highly toxic conventional drugs, as previously suggested for EGCG [1] . Such an approach could overcome critical drawbacks in the treatment of chemoresistant tumors like malignant mesothelioma [37] .

The United States National Cancer Institute plant screening program has established that a plant extract can be deemed to have a cytotoxic effect if IC 50 for incubations of 48-72 h is 20 g/mL or lower.

Hence, our oleuropein fraction is close to the cytotoxicity threshold established by NCI and could therefore be appropriate for the development of synergistic treatments allowing reducing the doses of highly toxic conventional drugs, as previously suggested for EGCG.

Such an approach could overcome critical drawbacks in the treatment of chemoresistant tumors like malignant mesothelioma.


The relationships between firm's characteristics, innovation behavior and business performance have been studied by many authors. In fact, the first reference in economic literature related to econometric analysis of R&D activities is Griliches' technical knowledge production function [1] . Griliches' function includes the typical productive factors and, additionally, it incorporates another one named "technological capital", depending on R&D firms' expenditure, Universities R&D, and Technological Centers' activities. This production function has been used in several studies [2] [3] [4] [5] .

In fact, the first reference in economic literature related to econometric analysis of R&D activities is Griliches' technical knowledge production function.

This production function has been used in several studies.


At the same time, numerous models have been proposed to study the relationships between innovation behavior and firms' performance. Hurley and Halt analyze innovation activities considering that some structural and process characteristics (size, resources, age, planning, development and control of activities, information management, etc.) influence innovation capacity [9] . Moreover, cultural characteristics (market orientation, participative decision process, and so on) affect innovation receptiveness. The innovation capacity, its receptiveness and structural process, and cultural characteristics determine firm's competitive advantage.

Hurley and Halt analyze innovation activities considering that some structural and process characteristics (size, resources, age, planning, development and control of activities, information management, etc.) influence innovation capacity.


Several limitations of the current study need to be acknowledged. Some of these relate to the medication protocol. The common procedure in studies of this type is to use a standard medication (e.g., methylphenidate) and dosage (e.g., .3mg/kg). Instead, our emphasis in the current study was to conduct a more naturalistic investigation of the effects of stimulant medication on story recall. As such, using individually prescribed dosages enabled examination 21 STIMULANT MEDICATION AND RECALL of how the stimulant medication typically experienced by the children during the school day affects performance on these academically-related recall tasks. It also needs to be noted that we did not use the standard placebo procedure, in which children do not know when they are on their regular medication. However, studies using placebo-controlled designs with children do not demonstrate significant placebo effects (Pelham, Hoza, Kipp, Gnagy, & Trane, 1997) .

However, studies using placebo-controlled designs with children do not demonstrate significant placebo effects.


Specifically, children with ADHD, as compared to their peers, showed less sensitivity to the thematic importance and causal chain status of story events in recalling the Growing Pains episodes. Further, on the fables task, the recalls of children with ADHD were rated significantly less coherent than those of comparison children. Although not all group differences were significant, those reported are consistent with previous studies (Lorch, Diener, et al., 1999; Flake et al., 2007; Lorch et al., 2010) .

Although not all group differences were significant, those reported are consistent with previous studies.


CMOS scaling process provides high-density, low cost, low power, high-speed integrated circuits with a small noise margin. Due to this features susceptible temporary faults will be increased [1] . In very deep sub-micron technologies due to atmospheric neutrons and alpha particles the device's fieldlevel reliability is severely impacted by single-event upset (SEU) and multi-bit event upset (MBU). When these particles hit the devices silicon bulk, they produce minority carrier, which produces voltage change at the nodes. Due to this not only memories but logic are also affected.

Due to this features susceptible temporary faults will be increased.


A suggestion for future studies of the MISC reliability, therefore, is assessment of the interrater agreement between the coders in longer consultations. Longer MI sessions give more coding material and will make judging therapist behaviour easier. In conclusion, the MISC is a useful instrument to use during process research, for studying MI in depth and for identifying its active agents. Process research needs detailed research tools to examine what happens in treatment sessions. An additional goal is to link process data to treatment outcome (Hill and Lambert, 2004) . However, the representation of the general MI principles is somewhat unbalanced and incomplete as far as the traps are concerned. This perhaps makes the MISC less useful for documenting a counsellor's adherence to the clinical style of MI. What is needed is an instrument coding the MI style and the traps to avoid in MI. Furthermore, it is also possible to evaluate an MI session in a different way, viz on a content level. A therapist prepares a client to make a well-considered choice about change and this should be done by following a particular sequence of questions or utterances each session. To use the MISC during MI training of counsellors may be too labour-intensive because it takes three passes to code a MI session with the MISC. So a more practical and complete instrument (in particular, indeed, for non-expert helpers) is needed. Maybe the Coding System for Integrity of Treatment -Motivational Interviewing, to assess the MI style, traps and the content of MI that we are currently in the process of developing can play a role in this respect.

An additional goal is to link process data to treatment outcome.


Thirdly, to assess the reliability of the second pass codings, the total frequency of classifications of behaviour counts was counted for each coder. Chi-square analyses were performed to examine the similarity between the coders for each second pass behaviour count (Lawlis and Lu, 1972) . Chi-square involved a 1 × 5 (classification by coder) comparison.

Chi-square analyses were performed to examine the similarity between the coders for each second pass behaviour count.


Scalability is considered to be a major advantage in network scenarios, as bitrate adaptations can be conducted efficiently. In order to enable the efficient transmission of non-scalable H.264 video content, a Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) payload format has been developed [45] . An analogous specification is currently being developed for SVC [46] . This payload format enables the efficient adaptation of the SVC bitstream [32] . For many applications, not only efficient transmission, but also security/confidentiality of the video data during transmission is mandatory. For RTP, the default solution is the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) [5] . However, SRTP does not take the special properties of the RTP payload, the multimedia (SVC) data, into account, which potentially introduces overhead for content adaptation. We thus introduce an SVC-specific encryption scheme that permits efficient content adaptation within the network.

In order to enable the efficient transmission of non-scalable H.264 video content, a Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) payload format has been developed.

An analogous specification is currently being developed for SVC.

This payload format enables the efficient adaptation of the SVC bitstream.

For RTP, the default solution is the Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP).


Today, multimedia content is accessible on diverse end devices over various networks. Content providers have to offer multimedia content tailored to a wide variety of possible usage contexts in order to maximize the Quality of Experience (QoE) of the individual content consumer. Scalable representations of the content facilitate the adaptation of the content to the usage context in a highly efficient manner. Apart from maximizing the QoE of the content consumer, protection of the content is a major interest of the content providers. In this work, the issue of scalable content encryption and adaptation is discussed on the basis of two encryption schemes for H.264/SVC (Scalable Video Coding), the most recently standardized video compression format [17] .

In this work, the issue of scalable content encryption and adaptation is discussed on the basis of two encryption schemes for H.264/SVC (Scalable Video Coding), the most recently standardized video compression format.


Several experimental investigations evaluated the compressive and breaking strengths of foamed concrete. Furthermore, an increasing number of studies attempted to enhance the compressive and breaking strengths of ultra-light foamed concrete by introducing various fibers [3] [4] [5] [6] . In recent years, researchers have proven that the introduction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) effectively increases the compressive and breaking strengths of concrete/foamed concrete, and this effect is influenced by CNT dispersion [7] [8] [9] [10] . Achieving a uniform distribution of CNTs in cement paste, which is key to enhancing the compressive and breaking strengths of foamed concrete, is complicated by their tendency to agglomerate [7] .

Furthermore, an increasing number of studies attempted to enhance the compressive and breaking strengths of ultra-light foamed concrete by introducing various fibers.

In recent years, researchers have proven that the introduction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) effectively increases the compressive and breaking strengths of concrete/foamed concrete, and this effect is influenced by CNT dispersion.

Achieving a uniform distribution of CNTs in cement paste, which is key to enhancing the compressive and breaking strengths of foamed concrete, is complicated by their tendency to agglomerate.


Indirect-gap semiconductor materials like silicon or germanium show poor light emission properties as the momentum wave-vectors of the conduction band minima and valence band maxima are at different positions in k-space requiring inefficient phonon-assisted radiative recombination processes. However, excitons in nanostructures can be quite different and enormous amount of research is being done to embed suitable nanostructures (particularly germanium quantum dots) in silicon, to develop Si-based light emitting material for semiconductor industry [1] [2] [3] . But pseudomorphic growth of Ge (having 4% bigger lattice parameter than Si) quantum dots on Si (001) surface and subsequent capping with Si generate inherent interfacial strain in these materials [4, 5] . The presence of strain at the interface of Ge quantum dot and Si (001) lattice leads to complicated energy-band alignment hindering development of efficient silicon based optical materials as transition remains Type-II, showing strong dependence of photoluminescence (PL) on excitation power [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . Here we show that Ge inverted quantum hut structures grown within Si (001) crystals reduce importance of the interfacial strain and exhibit strong PL whose energy remains almost independent of the excitation power.

However, excitons in nanostructures can be quite different and enormous amount of research is being done to embed suitable nanostructures (particularly germanium quantum dots) in silicon, to develop Si-based light emitting material for semiconductor industry.

But pseudomorphic growth of Ge (having 4% bigger lattice parameter than Si) quantum dots on Si (001) surface and subsequent capping with Si generate inherent interfacial strain in these materials.

The presence of strain at the interface of Ge quantum dot and Si (001) lattice leads to complicated energy-band alignment hindering development of efficient silicon based optical materials as transition remains Type-II, showing strong dependence of photoluminescence (PL) on excitation power.


Conditioned seed that are dried but still retain rapid germination are more practical and convenient for sowing and storage. Western wheatgrass was the only species to retain rapid germination beyond 1 day of air drying. Drying the seed slowly by controlling humidity during the process may prolong germination rates achieved through conditioning. Rapid drying of imbibed seed has been shown to decrease the rate of germination in perennial ryegrass (Debaene-Gill et al. 1994) . However, drying the seed slowly would entail additional equipment to control humidityEven with osmoconditioning, slow root growth may negate any benefits derived from rapid germination. Field studies need to be conducted to evaluate the combined effects of slower root growth and rapid germination before conditioned seed can be recommended for revegetation of grasses under dryland conditions.

Rapid drying of imbibed seed has been shown to decrease the rate of germination in perennial ryegrass.


Apart from the competence of teachers, facilities of schools, equipment and requisites are a necessary condition for the successful implementation of physical education. Without proper conditions we cannot expect positive results, not the realization of plans and programmes of physical education to their full extent. Having seen the states of schools and the problems encountered in the classroom, teachers are the ones who increasingly need to find ways to persuade children and youths of the value of physical exercise, to make it a habit for students to exercise, when it is stated as an obligatory or voluntary opportunity to exercise, and when exercise, to stay persistent in it (Matić, Bokan, Bokan, & Perković, 1990) . The teacher is obliged to constantly emphasize the importance and value of physical exercise and create a habit among the students to take care of their own body and improve their abilities, so that physical exercise becomes their everyday need. To accomplish this, it is necessary to have: a good preparedness, commitment and motivation of teachers and students for physical education classes, the application of diverse content, greater participation of students in the teaching process, acceptance of their ideas, distribution of responsibilities, subjective sense of students for the competence of teachers, cooperation with students before, during and after exercise, better information about exercising in general, the use of audio-visual means, etc. All those things lead to a sense of satisfaction during physical education classes. Nevertheless, it is important to explain to students how to implement a particular physical exercise program in their free time, out of school.

Having seen the states of schools and the problems encountered in the classroom, teachers are the ones who increasingly need to find ways to persuade children and youths of the value of physical exercise, to make it a habit for students to exercise, when it is stated as an obligatory or voluntary opportunity to exercise, and when exercise, to stay persistent in it.


The highest pace of relative strength development is over a period from six to seven years old. From the age of seven to the age of eight the strength of most muscle groups in male and female children is the same, but after that period boys become stronger. It is recommended to have exercises of mid and submaximal intensity (Kragujević & Rakić, 2004) .

It is recommended to have exercises of mid and submaximal intensity.


It is not necessary only to be a good teacher and an eminent demonstrator, but to be a good "diagnostician, forecaster, developer and producer of the program" (Findak, 2003) . The statement that students in recent years are lagging behind in development of motor skills we cannot accept calmly, and we have to do everything in order to stop this negative trend. For children, starting school is one of the most important periods in their growth and development. The new environment, a new way of life and the obligations at school and at home can lead to a positive, but also negative effect on development in this period (Sekulić, Krstulović, Katić, & Ostojić, 2006) .

It is not necessary only to be a good teacher and an eminent demonstrator, but to be a good "diagnostician, forecaster, developer and producer of the program".

The new environment, a new way of life and the obligations at school and at home can lead to a positive, but also negative effect on development in this period.


There are numerous factors that are correlated to physical activity at an early age. If a child succeeds to master certain movements and create a positive attitude towards physical education and exercise, additional physical activity will help him to improve movement, skills and habits that form the base, and will use them in later stages to overcome the tasks that will await him. Children with poor motor skills should exercise more often and more intensely in order to avoid problems in the later period (Wrotniak, Epstein, Dorn, Jones, & Kondilis, 2006) . Every physical education class should be a challenge for a pupil, diverse and interesting exercises will contribute to the better motivation and greater involvement of students. It is necessary to have a class that should be similar to training, rather than traditional physical education classes, in order to improve motor skills. That is, motor skill development will be raised to a higher level in this sensitive period, the plateau of development would be longer, and the decline of these skills would be slower (Bala, 1981) .

Children with poor motor skills should exercise more often and more intensely in order to avoid problems in the later period.

That is, motor skill development will be raised to a higher level in this sensitive period, the plateau of development would be longer, and the decline of these skills would be slower.


Taking into consideration that the early school age represents a period when the process of ossification is in progress, special attention should be paid to strengthening of the back and abdominal muscles, especially the large muscle groups that are important for proper body posture and prevention of deformities. It is necessary to pay attention to the development of the foot and hand muscles, because they are the least developed muscles, which play a very important role in this period. Regular physical activity has a significant effect on the health of children and adolescents, including increased bone mass, maintenance of body weight, reduction of blood pressure for hypertensive adolescents and improving psychosocial behavior (Okely, Booth, & Patterson, 2001) .

Regular physical activity has a significant effect on the health of children and adolescents, including increased bone mass, maintenance of body weight, reduction of blood pressure for hypertensive adolescents and improving psychosocial behavior.


The development of motor skills is understood as a part of the educational process whose success depends primarily on the choice of teaching content. The selection of content and its use should not be aimless exercise, but instead focus on the development of specific skills, particularly in the selection of children for certain individual sports, otherwise, the achievement of desired goal is unreal (Pejčić, 2002) . Motor development of children can be as "control parameter" for the acquisition of other developmental functions such as: functional skills but also perceptual or cognitive skills (Piek, Dawson, Smith, & Gasson, 2008) .

The selection of content and its use should not be aimless exercise, but instead focus on the development of specific skills, particularly in the selection of children for certain individual sports, otherwise, the achievement of desired goal is unreal.

Motor development of children can be as "control parameter" for the acquisition of other developmental functions such as: functional skills but also perceptual or cognitive skills.


We propose a novel approach which borrows methods from force-directed graph design to direct the map matching strategy, improving on the existing map matching literature. The algorithms used in force-directed graph design aim to produce an elegant visualization of a graph topology (vertices and edges) on a plane [5, 32] . To achieve this, each vertex is assumed to repel each other whilst each edge can expand or contract freely, and these forces are modeled using concepts from physics, such as electrical repulsion or spring forces. The system is then simulated on a computer where the edges and vertices are allowed to move according to physical laws and, after a number of iterations, a visually elegant layout of the graph is obtained. These approaches are presented in detail in Section 3. In this article we use similar techniques to achieve high precision map-matching results. The road network of the map is assumed to exert a force field and every vertex of the trajectory is attracted to the field in such a way that after a number of iterations the trajectory is closely matched to, or 'snapped', onto the road network. Using this approach, the force exerted is linked to the distance between the trajectory and the road, so the trajectory will be preferentially attracted to nearby roads and, in addition, the direction of the force is linked to the angle between the road and the trajectory, enabling one-way streets to be correctly represented (if a trajectory travels in the opposite way near a one-way road, it results in a repelling force and this road is avoided). These two features produce an effective map matching algorithm. To our knowledge this is the first method which uses force-directed algorithms for map matching.

The algorithms used in force-directed graph design aim to produce an elegant visualization of a graph topology (vertices and edges) on a plane.


The stringent environmental and human health safety regulations and mounting raw material costs have prompted research into reducing the amount of harmful and/or expensive adhesive components and replacing synthetic adhesives with more environmentally-friendly and safer alternatives [1] . Recently, the authors introduced fully green nanotechnology as a gateway to beneficiation of natural cellulose fibers [2] [3] [4] [5] . Thermal pretreatment has been conducted in moist environments using hot water or steam at temperatures up to 160 and 240°C, respectively, or in dry environments using inert gases at temperatures up to 240°C [6, 7] . Under these conditions, hemicelluloses are removed, crystallinity index of cellulose is increased, and cellulose degree of polymerization is reduced, while lignin is not considerably affected [7, 8] . It seems clear that a thermochemical pretreatment conducted above lignin melting temperature can cause lignin to coalescence, migrate, and redeposit on biomass cell walls matrix [9] . The softening point of lignin (spherical droplets) after streaming treatment is believed to be lower than that of the original material and this makes it possible for a plastic flow to occur in situ [10] . These lignin droplets were found by hotwater extraction or dilute acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass [9, 11, 12] . Steam pretreatment can cause partial hydrolysis of hemicellulose for both hardwoods and softwoods which markedly increases the compressibility of wood and in turn significantly reduces the build-up of internal stresses in composites during hot pressing [13, 14] . This steam pretreatment process is a very effective method for producing dimensionally stable wood-based composites [13] .

The stringent environmental and human health safety regulations and mounting raw material costs have prompted research into reducing the amount of harmful and/or expensive adhesive components and replacing synthetic adhesives with more environmentally-friendly and safer alternatives.

Recently, the authors introduced fully green nanotechnology as a gateway to beneficiation of natural cellulose fibers.

Thermal pretreatment has been conducted in moist environments using hot water or steam at temperatures up to 160 and 240°C, respectively, or in dry environments using inert gases at temperatures up to 240°C.

Under these conditions, hemicelluloses are removed, crystallinity index of cellulose is increased, and cellulose degree of polymerization is reduced, while lignin is not considerably affected.

It seems clear that a thermochemical pretreatment conducted above lignin melting temperature can cause lignin to coalescence, migrate, and redeposit on biomass cell walls matrix.

The softening point of lignin (spherical droplets) after streaming treatment is believed to be lower than that of the original material and this makes it possible for a plastic flow to occur in situ.

These lignin droplets were found by hotwater extraction or dilute acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.

Steam pretreatment can cause partial hydrolysis of hemicellulose for both hardwoods and softwoods which markedly increases the compressibility of wood and in turn significantly reduces the build-up of internal stresses in composites during hot pressing.

This steam pretreatment process is a very effective method for producing dimensionally stable wood-based composites.


For the wireless LAN application, dual band capability is necessary for compatibility and covering both of the standards [4] . There have been some presentations of the dual band transceiver and they have used two separate RF modules at each band [5] . However, the difficulty to achieve satisfactory performance in the RF hardware over wide bandwidths drives designers toward architectures that incorporate dual-band transceiver architectures which switch their signal paths for different bands in different working situation. In RF front-end for wireless LAN, especially the power amplifier is one of key components which occupies relatively large portion of assembly area and cost. For the practical implementation of IEEE 802.11b/g RF front-end solution in dual band environments, the PA modules not only need to meet the required system performance, but also they need to be low cost and small compact size [6] . In this paper, the dual band transmitter design technique for 2.4 GHz and 6.8 GHz wireless LAN transmitter is presented.

For the wireless LAN application, dual band capability is necessary for compatibility and covering both of the standards.

There have been some presentations of the dual band transceiver and they have used two separate RF modules at each band.

For the practical implementation of IEEE 802.11b/g RF front-end solution in dual band environments, the PA modules not only need to meet the required system performance, but also they need to be low cost and small compact size.


High speed wireless LAN technology is crucial in modern communication system and it propagates rapidly in the infrastructure of office and home environments. In 2002, the IEEE extended the 802.11b standard to higher data rates up to 54 Mbps by using the OFDM modulation of the 802.1la standard in the 2.4 GHz band [1] . And 802.1lg standard which is compatible to 802.11b and offers 54 Mb/s data rate was proposed by IEEE in 2003 to suffice the requirements [2, 3] . The continual growth of wireless LANs is being driven by the need to lower the costs associated with system and simplify the composition of devices.

In 2002, the IEEE extended the 802.11b standard to higher data rates up to 54 Mbps by using the OFDM modulation of the 802.1la standard in the 2.4 GHz band.

And 802.1lg standard which is compatible to 802.11b and offers 54 Mb/s data rate was proposed by IEEE in 2003 to suffice the requirements.


The Jones polynomial, originally defined in terms of Von Neumann algebras or representation theory of the quantum group U q (sl 2 ), also admits a diagrammatic description given by the Kauffman bracket [9] . Starting from the diagram of a knot, the process is built on two easy local rules: one replaces each crossing by a formal sum of two different smoothings, and the other replaces each circle by the elementary polynomial −A 2 − A −2 . At the end, one obtains a Laurent polynomial in the variable A multiplied by the empty diagram. Adjusting this polynomial by a writhe factor, one gets the original Jones invariant.

The Jones polynomial, originally defined in terms of Von Neumann algebras or representation theory of the quantum group U q (sl 2 ), also admits a diagrammatic description given by the Kauffman bracket.


Kauffman's local smoothing rules can be used to define the so-called Jones-Kauffman algebra structure on the skein module. This is induced by superposition of curves and smoothing of created crossings. The skein module of thickened surfaces and its related algebra structure have been extensively studied in works by Bullock, Frohman, Gelca, Kania-Bartoszynska, Przytycki [4, 5, 7] . Although much information about this module can be obtained from homotopy of curves on the associated surface, it remains a difficult task to find a basis of the module in which the product can be easily described.

The skein module of thickened surfaces and its related algebra structure have been extensively studied in works by Bullock, Frohman, Gelca, Kania-Bartoszynska, Przytycki.


Coffee is one of the most valuable and most commonly consumed beverages in the world. Due to its high price, this commodity is usually targeted for adulteration. Impurities and adulterants are the most common concern. Any lowcost material of biological origin could be used as a potential adulterant in coffee [2] . Roasted and ground coffee presents physical characteristics (particle size, texture, and color) that are easily reproduced by roasting and grinding a variety of biological materials (cereals, seeds, parchments, etc.). As reported in previous works, coffee husks, sticks, spent coffee grounds, corn, barley, rice, and soybeans have been worldwide admixed with coffee for the sole purpose of adulteration [3, 4] .

Any lowcost material of biological origin could be used as a potential adulterant in coffee.

As reported in previous works, coffee husks, sticks, spent coffee grounds, corn, barley, rice, and soybeans have been worldwide admixed with coffee for the sole purpose of adulteration.


An evaluation of the coefficients shown in Figure 1 indicates that, besides the previously discussed regions, the only other peaks with significant values of correlation coefficient are 2918 and 2850 cm −1 . In the mean spectra shown in Figure 2 , two significant absorption bands can be clearly seen between 2920 cm −1 and 2852 cm −1 , which are more intense in coffee and spent coffee grounds spectra. Such bands can be partly assigned to unsaturated and saturated lipids present in coffee, corn, and barley oils, which do not undergo changes during roasting, and, more specifically, the band at ∼2852 cm −1 can be attributed to stretching of C-H bonds of methyl (-CH 3 ) group in the caffeine molecule [9] . This latter band is less evident in the spectra for barley and corn in comparison to the others, since corn and barley do not contain caffeine. The intensities of such bands are clearly affected by both levels of caffeine and lipids in coffee and primarily affected by caffeine in coffee husks (virtually devoid of oil) and by the lipids in roasted corn, roasted barley, and spent coffee grounds. The majority of the caffeine present in coffee is extracted during soluble coffee production whereas the lipid fraction is only partially extracted; thus spent coffee grounds may be considered to be devoid of caffeine but still containing significant amount of lipids.

Such bands can be partly assigned to unsaturated and saturated lipids present in coffee, corn, and barley oils, which do not undergo changes during roasting, and, more specifically, the band at ∼2852 cm −1 can be attributed to stretching of C-H bonds of methyl (-CH 3 ) group in the caffeine molecule.


New and challenging risks, such as adulteration, have emerged as food supply chains become increasingly global and complex, although fraud in the food sector has been an issue since ancient times. Food adulteration tends to be economically motivated and is achieved through addition, substitution, or removal of food ingredients. It is an issue that concerns not only consumers, but producers and distributors as well [1] .

It is an issue that concerns not only consumers, but producers and distributors as well.


As the best PLS model obtained was built with full spectra and its data were submitted to SNV and mean centering, the next step was to optimize it by using the procedure for detection of outliers. The outliers were detected at 99% confidence level, and the results are summarized in Table 4 . The optimization of the validation set was only performed after finishing the optimization of the calibration set. Besides, no more than three rounds of outlier detection (four models) should be performed, in order to avoid the "snowballing effect," when repetitive rounds continue to identify outliers [15] . As can be seen from Table 4 , three rounds of outlier detection were performed. In the final model (4th), twenty-three outliers were detected in the calibration set (corresponding to 22% of the samples) and fourteen in the validation set (corresponding to 20.5% of the samples). Most of the outliers identified were associated with samples that presented the highest levels of adulteration (over 40%). The optimized model obtained after outliers removal consisted Figure 3 (a). As can be seen by examination of the plot, this model is capable of predicting adulteration levels with accuracy. Residuals are randomly distributed about the mean value, which is satisfactorily close to zero, as is shown in Figure 3(b) .

Besides, no more than three rounds of outlier detection (four models) should be performed, in order to avoid the "snowballing effect," when repetitive rounds continue to identify outliers.


The color removal achieved in Set 1 was approximately 94 % with 1 cycle/day and with 10/10 h anaerobic/aerobic phase durations. By increasing the cycle period to 2 cycles/day and thus decreasing the reaction periods by half in Set 2, a significant decrease in color removal was observed (76%). This was mainly due to increase in the color and COD load. Then, the anaerobic phase duration was increased to 8 h with a decreased aerobic phase duration of 2 h in Set 3. Under these conditions, it was found that the RR 198 removal efficiency in Set 2 and Set 3 was almost similar. Increase in the anaerobic phase duration from 5 to 8 h resulted in increase in color removal from 76 to 82 % in Set 2 and Set 3, respectively. Increasing anaerobic phase duration had positive effect on color removal. However, the effect was not significant. Similar results were obtained in the previous works (Lourenço et al., 2001; Pasukphun and Vinitnantharat, 2003) . In contrast, COD removal decreased in Set 3. Increasing the duration of anaerobic phase resulted in increase in the effluent COD concentration to 97.1 mg l -1 in Set 2 which was 47.0 mg l -1 in Set 3.

Similar results were obtained in the previous works.


The variation of oxidation reduction potential during a cycle was also monitored. The ORP dropped to -100 mV in the anaerobic phase and it increased during the anaerobic phase and reached to +150 mV at the end of the 5 th hour of the oxic reaction period. Under anaerobic conditions a low redox potential (ORP<-50 mV) was achieved during the study which was reported as necessary for an efficient decolorisation of dyes (Bromley-Challenor et al., 2000; Albuquerque et al., 2005; Van der Zee and Villaverde, 2005; Dos Santos et al., 2007) . These studies suggest very low ORP values are necessary for the anaerobic reduction of azo bonds (around -400 mV for reactive dye decolorisation). A considerable drop in ORP was observed during the anaerobic period. The redox potential in Sets 1, 2 and 3 fluctuated between the values of -98 mV and -120 mV during the anaerobic phase. However, increasing the duration of anaerobic phase resulted in lower ORP values (<-444 mV) in Sets 4, 5 and 6. Fig. 7 shows variation of ORP values during anaerobic and aerobic phase in 12 h cycle. This showed that reduction potential in the anaerobic phase so cleavage of azo bond which was below -50 mV.

Under anaerobic conditions a low redox potential (ORP<-50 mV) was achieved during the study which was reported as necessary for an efficient decolorisation of dyes.


For clear comparison of the output stability, we calculate the Allan variances for the uncompensated results from PD 1 and 2, and also the compensated result, as presented in Fig. 3(b) . The Allan curve of the compensated result is much lower than the other two, especially in long term scales. We also obtained the detailed noise indices of the proposed IFOG configurations, as given in Table 2 . The long term noises (bias drift and rate ramp) are significantly suppressed in our design. Especially, bias drift is reduced form 6:88 Â 10 À2 =h and 8:01 Â 10 À2 =h to As the theoretical model points out, power balance is crucial for effective suppression of PN errors through optical compensation. As shown in Eq. (2), the PN errors could be completely eliminated when the perfect power balance that w 1 ¼ w 2 is established, which is similar to make the degree of polarization (denoted as d ) approach to zero in the all-depolarized configuration of IFOG [12] . In experiments, the power was balanced by carefully tuning the power controller.

As shown in Eq. (2), the PN errors could be completely eliminated when the perfect power balance that w 1 ¼ w 2 is established, which is similar to make the degree of polarization (denoted as d ) approach to zero in the all-depolarized configuration of IFOG.


Excessive use of pesticides in agriculture has sparkled researchers' interest in investigating the harmful effects of these compounds. Consequently, there has also been an increase in the number of studies aiming at evaluating the action of the residues of such chemicals on non-target organisms. Pesticides are ubiquitous contaminants of the environment and have been found in air, soil, water, and human and animal tissues in samples from all over the world. These cover a wide range of compounds used in pest control, such as fungicides, herbicides, molluscicides, insecticides, rodenticides and others [1] . Pesticide may play an important role in the disappearance of snail vectors on reaching water bodies as residues from pesticide activities and consequently hindering schistosomiasis transmission in these sites [2] .

These cover a wide range of compounds used in pest control, such as fungicides, herbicides, molluscicides, insecticides, rodenticides and others.

Pesticide may play an important role in the disappearance of snail vectors on reaching water bodies as residues from pesticide activities and consequently hindering schistosomiasis transmission in these sites.


Industries are forced to seriously evaluate their design and manufacturing of their products due to the competition in the marketplace, especially when the shape of product is intricate and complex. Selection of ball end milling tool to make the process is one of the most appropriate processes due to its smooth cutting tip geometry which can reduce the stress concentration. However, the complex shape of round nose geometry exhibit tool wear mode that different than the flat end milling tool [7, 8] .

However, the complex shape of round nose geometry exhibit tool wear mode that different than the flat end milling tool.


The mean diurnal variations of aerosol during Phase 1 show peaks at rush hours (8:00e9:00 am and pm LST), when the hourlymean values reached 4.7 mg m À3 , 89.7 mg m À3 and 185.7 M m À1 for BC, PM 2.5 , and Bsp, respectively ( Fig. 2a ). Although there are no large industrial pollution sources within a 30 km radius of the site, several main roads with heavy traffics surround the site (Zhu et al., 2012) . The diurnal variations of vehicle volumes (not shown) on these roads also show two peaks in early morning and evening. Low level aerosol concentrations appeared in predawn in nighttime and at 13:00e14:00 pm in daytime because aerosol emissions were weak in the nighttime and boundary layers were well developed in the afternoon. However, this normal diurnal cycle could be altered in polluted episodes, such as in Lantern Festival when aerosol concentrations were relatively low in the daytime on 17 Feb 2011 but became dramatically high in the nighttime (Fig. 2b) . BC, PM 2.5 , and Bsp increased by about 5 mg m À3 , 300 mg m À3 , and 450 M m À1 within 4 h because the discharge of fireworks for celebrations.

Although there are no large industrial pollution sources within a 30 km radius of the site, several main roads with heavy traffics surround the site.


Owing to the elevated cost of a bridge in relation to the cost of roads, a rational design and material selection are fundamental, but also with the aim of reducing environmental impacts and extending the lifespan of the bridge. Despite the high social and economic importance of the constructions, the severe impacts on the environment must also be addressed. In Brazil, sustainable practices are still incipient, but the awareness of society on the impacts caused by construction activities is changing this [8] .

In Brazil, sustainable practices are still incipient, but the awareness of society on the impacts caused by construction activities is changing this.


When the phylogenetic distance matrix from the community phylogeny was decomposed using a principal coordinate analysis, two eigenvectors were significantly correlated with herbivory (negatively for the first, and positively for the second) and explained 32% of variation in damage among species (Table 2 ; Fig. 2 ). In general, phylogenetically structured patterns of damage were associated with deeper nodes within the family lineage that tend to represent taxonomic tribes (Funk et al. 2005) . The most apparent trends were associated with low damage in the lineage containing Antennaria neglecta, Gnaphalium obtusifolium, and Anaphalis margaritacea (Gnaphalieae) and relatively high damage in the lineage containing Senecio aureus and Tussilago farfara (Senecioneae). There was also a weak phylogenetic signal in damage associated with the Astereae group (Solidago spp., Erigeron spp., Conyza sp., Euthamia sp., and Aster spp.). The exception to the broad phylogenetic trend in herbivory, however, was the fine-scale pattern predicted by eigenvector 25. This particular trend was represented by lower damage on Galinsoga quadriradiata, versus higher damage on the two Eupatorium species.

In general, phylogenetically structured patterns of damage were associated with deeper nodes within the family lineage that tend to represent taxonomic tribes.


For all analyses, there were a number of factors that considerably influenced comparison with experimental results. The influence of mesh density is significant for any analysis, where though the effect on strength-based failure predictions was uncertain, using smaller elements would have led to reduced strain energy release rates and less conservative predictions in all crack growth analyses. Another critical factor is the ability of the analysis software to accurately capture the correct deformation shape, which is a common issue in the analysis of postbuckling structures [27] . Also important for the developed analysis approach is the computation time, which ranged from around 40 minutes for local models to up to a few days for models with significant crack growth and fibre fracture. However, this order of computation time fits in with the aims of the developed approach to form part of a necessarily "slow" analysis tool suitable for aircraft certification, and accurate analysis of crack growth and ply failure will always be computationally expensive to some degree. Furthermore, the analysis of crack growth did not take into account the effect of residual stresses, which have been found to contribute to the total amount of energy released [25] .

Another critical factor is the ability of the analysis software to accurately capture the correct deformation shape, which is a common issue in the analysis of postbuckling structures.

Furthermore, the analysis of crack growth did not take into account the effect of residual stresses, which have been found to contribute to the total amount of energy released.


Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been widely accepted as an alternative to conventional extraction techniques. The process is almost exclusively carried out using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) due to the fact that it is non-toxic, non-flammable, easy to handle, inexpensive and readily available and it has a low critical pressure and temperature. Additionally, the operator has the ability to alter solubility of various compounds by adjusting temperature, pressure or by adding co-solvent and thereby influencing the composition of the extract. The abovementioned properties along with efficient mass transfer due to low viscosity and high diffusivities makes SFE a powerful extraction technique [1] .

The abovementioned properties along with efficient mass transfer due to low viscosity and high diffusivities makes SFE a powerful extraction technique.


The many indications of global warming have attracted strongly increasing attention in the sciences. Scientists try to understand past climate and to predict future climate by using observations and theoretical models. The scientific community has contributed extensively with various data, discussions, and projections on the future climate, as well as on the effects and risks of the expected climatic change [1] [2] [3] . Climate is one of the key controlling factors in agriculture, since most crops are very responsive to their surrounding environment. Anthropogenic climate change due to CO 2 and other human-generated greenhouse gases is anticipated to affect agriculture all over the world, having both positive and negative effects (e.g., impacts on food production and food security).

The scientific community has contributed extensively with various data, discussions, and projections on the future climate, as well as on the effects and risks of the expected climatic change.


Unfortunately, even with state-of-the-art techniques, bug detection (the second step) and bug validation (the third step) still each introduces 10X -100X slowdown for each input. Applying them to every test input hence becomes unacceptably expensive, as software companies already spend more than 30% of their development resources in testing [51] . As a result, a lot of concurrency bugs inevitably escape into production runs, with concurrency-bug detection and validation techniques only applied to few inputs.

Applying them to every test input hence becomes unacceptably expensive, as software companies already spend more than 30% of their development resources in testing.


During the last few decades, the problems associated with municipal solid waste (MSW) management have acquired an alarming dimension in the developing countries. High population growth rate and increase of economic activities in the urban areas of developing countries combined with the lack of training in modern solid waste management practices complicate the efforts to improve the solid waste management services. In developing countries, the per capita generation of the solid wastes in urban residential areas is much less compared with the developed countries; however the capacity of the developing countries to collect, process, dispose, or reuse the solid wastes in a cost effective manner is significantly limited compared with the developed countries [1] . The wastes generated by human settlements and the associated problems are similar in the developing nations with variances between regions and locations based on geographic, sociocultural, industrial, infrastructural, legal, and environmental factors [2] .

In developing countries, the per capita generation of the solid wastes in urban residential areas is much less compared with the developed countries; however the capacity of the developing countries to collect, process, dispose, or reuse the solid wastes in a cost effective manner is significantly limited compared with the developed countries.

The wastes generated by human settlements and the associated problems are similar in the developing nations with variances between regions and locations based on geographic, sociocultural, industrial, infrastructural, legal, and environmental factors.


Studies have been conducted in the six major cities of Bangladesh, namely, Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Barisal, and Sylhet, as shown in Figure 1 , to identify the strengths and weakness at all levels of the existing wastes management systems starting from generation source to ultimate disposal. Data and related information were collected for the last six months through field survey, public consultation, literature, and other appropriate means [3] . Source storage and separation are done in an informal and uncontrolled way; hardly 30-40% of city dwellers practiced it. Door-to-door collection systems have been introduced recently for wastes collection from the sources (e.g., houses) and then transport of the waste to the nearest secondary disposal sites (SDSs). Wastes are collected from generation sources by NGOs, CBOs, and city authority by door-todoor collection systems. Where the door-to-door collection system is unavailable, residents dispose the waste in the nearest community bins, SDS, open land, road sides, or drains. With regard to the city authorities, wastes are collected and transferred to ultimate disposal sites (UDSs). There is no engineering or sanitary landfill in Bangladesh. All the ultimate MSW disposal sites of Bangladesh are uncontrolled crude open dumping sites where even minimum environmental protections are not provided. Recycling, reduction, and reuse are not getting support from formal authority, even the composting, a great potential sector of waste treatment and minimization considering the nature of MSW in LDACs, fails to reach the desired target due to improper planning [7] [8] [9] . As a result, city authorities are facing very complicated situations for the management of the vast quantities of MSW. Due to financial constraints, lack of motivation, absence of effective legislation to protect the environment, and lack of commitment of authority, the MSW has been becoming a threat for city dwellers, planners, and other concerned stakeholders.

Data and related information were collected for the last six months through field survey, public consultation, literature, and other appropriate means.

Recycling, reduction, and reuse are not getting support from formal authority, even the composting, a great potential sector of waste treatment and minimization considering the nature of MSW in LDACs, fails to reach the desired target due to improper planning.


That study, and the wider literature, suggest that librarians have grave reservations where patrons-as-selectors are concerned. The common position seems to be that librarians and book vendors, as selectors, are guided by a broad and deep knowledge of college, department, and program needs and interests, as expressed through collection-development policies and approval plans, but that patrons have only their own narrow and ephemeral needs in mind (Kuhn, 2004; Price & McDonald, 2009; Rottmann, 1991; Tyler, Xu, Melvin, Epp, & Kreps, 2010) . Unfortunately, to add fuel to this anti-patron prejudice, there is also evidence in the library literature that ILL patrons often fail to assess the adequacy of their libraries' holdings prior to initiating requests (Bombeld & Hanerfeld, 2004; Houle, 2003 Houle, , 2004 Ingold, 2004; Jackson, 1989) . Finally, there is a sense expressed in the literature that patrons, as selectors/purchasers, are unaware of or less influenced by book prices than are budget-bound librarians, and so there is a fear that patrons will be less cautious in their spending (Levine-Clark, 2010; Reynolds et al., 2010) . In essence, librarians contemplating the adoption of a POD program seem to fear that allowing patrons to add books to the collection will result in a library larded with expensive materials that do not fit the library's collection priorities, are of narrow interest, and see relatively little use (Comer & Lorenzen, 2006) .

The common position seems to be that librarians and book vendors, as selectors, are guided by a broad and deep knowledge of college, department, and program needs and interests, as expressed through collection-development policies and approval plans, but that patrons have only their own narrow and ephemeral needs in mind.

Unfortunately, to add fuel to this anti-patron prejudice, there is also evidence in the library literature that ILL patrons often fail to assess the adequacy of their libraries' holdings prior to initiating requests.

Finally, there is a sense expressed in the literature that patrons, as selectors/purchasers, are unaware of or less influenced by book prices than are budget-bound librarians, and so there is a fear that patrons will be less cautious in their spending.

In essence, librarians contemplating the adoption of a POD program seem to fear that allowing patrons to add books to the collection will result in a library larded with expensive materials that do not fit the library's collection priorities, are of narrow interest, and see relatively little use.


The limitations of this study, however, highlight the need to further study the trial therapy in order to test its clinical efficacy. First, there was no comparison group to control for the effects of attention or therapeutic ingredients other than purported emotion-focused work. Second, these interviews were all conducted by a therapist experienced in ISTDP methods, so the results may not be generalizable. Trial therapies with less experienced clinicians may well be longer in duration (Davanloo, 2005) . Third, clients did not have structured diagnostic assessments to confirm specific diagnoses. Finally, clients who did not require additional services were not followed up formally in the long-term, so we cannot say if these gains were maintained.

Trial therapies with less experienced clinicians may well be longer in duration.


There were few intrinsic factors that showed differences between these 2 species. The morphological similarity between T. nigricomis and T. bisetosa immature stages shows that the ability to feed and survive on new hosts does not present a major barrier to host-range expansion of host-shifting by either species (Knio et al. 1996) . T. nigricomis and T. bisetosa larvae fed in flower heads in a similar manner, as 3rd instars. However, 1st instars of T. bisetosa only tunneled and fed in corollas; whereas 1st instars of T. nigricomis attacked corollas and 1 ovules or soft achenes. Second instars of T. nigricomis fed in the soft achenes, whereas 2nd instars of T. bisetosa continued to feed in the corollas, but close to the achene-corolla junction. Third instars of both species fed and destroyed several adjacent achenes. When >1 larva of either species were present in a flower head, they were usually located centrally but fed on different achenes and were separated by 1 or several achenes.

The morphological similarity between T. nigricomis and T. bisetosa immature stages shows that the ability to feed and survive on new hosts does not present a major barrier to host-range expansion of host-shifting by either species.


In this paper, the first part of a larger research project is presented, in view to design a tailored deposition closed loop control to improve the performances of DED systems, guaranteeing their maximum efficiency during the process. In particular, this preliminary study is focused on the performances of a double chamber nozzle solution, controlled through the evaluation of the shape of the powder flow at the exit of the nozzle outlet and the spread of the powder particles on the deposition plane. During experimental tests, the powder flow is monitored with a high-speed camera, in order to confirm its simulating behavior obtained through a Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD model [16, 17] . The experimental tests demonstrate that, in the analyzed configurations, the shielding gas seems to have a significant influence on the powder distribution and powder flow geometry.

During experimental tests, the powder flow is monitored with a high-speed camera, in order to confirm its simulating behavior obtained through a Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD model.


A comprehensive understanding of coherence of silicon machining mode and tool geometry is imperative to achieve cost-effective and efficient SPDT by realising prolonged ductile mode machining at reduced tooling cost. The major reported work in the past reveal the significance of high-pressure phase transformation (HPPT) as a function of tool geometry which facilitates plastic deformation of silicon and accordingly influence tool wear mechanism [1] [2] [3] . The change in material properties of silicon as a function of HPPT significantly affects frictional resistance, chip formation and chemical affinity consequently influencing tool wear during machining.

The major reported work in the past reveal the significance of high-pressure phase transformation (HPPT) as a function of tool geometry which facilitates plastic deformation of silicon and accordingly influence tool wear mechanism.


Three categories of meats contribute to food in tropical Africa: the staple foods that provide the bulk of the energy ration, accompaniment foods that modify the taste qualities and provide essential elements (minerals, vitamins, supplements protein) and booster foods that take a leading role in welds or famine Vegetables are classified in the second category, namely that of accompaniment foods. The word vegetable is any edible part of a plant, mushroom or algae, which is not sweet to taste. Also the plants supplying the condiments and herbs are included under this name [1] .

Also the plants supplying the condiments and herbs are included under this name.


Young people engage in the appraisal process to evaluate success and failure experiences at summer camp. Campers' experiences with success and failure are predominantly activity-and social-centric. While it is important for camp practitioners to be aware of the situations at camp where success and failure occur, success and failure are less dependent on the situation per se (Siemer, Mauss, & Gross, 2007) . Many times, campers participated in comparable activities but had very different experiences with success or failure. For example, many campers participated in a rock climbing program at camp; some succeeded while others failed. So why do some youth experience success and others experience failure in seemingly similar activities?

While it is important for camp practitioners to be aware of the situations at camp where success and failure occur, success and failure are less dependent on the situation per se.


Even though the anal area is not preserved, this fossil is very similar to the genus Triassothemis CARPENTER, 1960 (Isophlebioptera: Parazygoptera: Triassolestidae) (CARPENTER 1960) . According to its general shape, this fossil is a forewing. It shares the following synapomorphies with the Isophlebioptera BECHLY, 1996: space between RP3/4 and MA distinctly expanded and traversed by several pectinate convex 'secondary branches' of RP3/4; postdiscoidal space between MP and MA narrow with only one row of cells between them; CuA postero-distally indistinct (zigzagged), distal space between MP and CuA strongly expanded. The absence of intercalary veins between IR1 and RP1, IR1 and RP2, and RP3/4 and IR2 would exclude affinities with the Euthemistidae PRITYKINA, 1968 and the Sphenophlebiidae BECHLY, 1997. The RP2 arising distinctly distal of subnodus is the synapomorphy of the Parazygoptera BECHLY, 1997. The absence of an antefurcal crossvein in the space between RP and MAa basal of RP3/4 (midfork) is the apomorphy of the Euparazygoptera BECHLY, 1997. The two characters 'IR2 and MAa not distally zigzagged' and 'base of IR2 distal of subnodus' exclude affinities with the Asiopteridae PRITYKINA, 1968. The distally narrow postdiscoidal area and the greatly expanded area between RP3/4 and MAa exclude affinities with the Cyclothemistidae BECHLY, 1996 (Cyclothemis PRITYKINA, 1980 , Shurabiola PRITYKINA, 1980 , Sogjutella PRITYKINA, 1980 , and Pseudotriassothemis BECHLY, 1997 . The Mesophlebiinae TILLYARD, 1916 are excluded because the postnodal part of the wing is not shortened, MA is not distally zigzagged, the base of IR2 is distal of the subnodus, the postdiscoidal area has only one row of cells and there are no supplementary veinlets in its distal part (TILLYARD & DUNSTAN 1916) .

Even though the anal area is not preserved, this fossil is very similar to the genus Triassothemis CARPENTER, 1960 (Isophlebioptera: Parazygoptera: Triassolestidae).

The Mesophlebiinae TILLYARD, 1916 are excluded because the postnodal part of the wing is not shortened, MA is not distally zigzagged, the base of IR2 is distal of the subnodus, the postdiscoidal area has only one row of cells and there are no supplementary veinlets in its distal part.


These inconsistencies between findings of various studies call for the development of a rigorous evaluation method. Typical methods used to evaluate MM projects generally lack empirical vigour (e.g. small sample sizes, unrepresentative samples, overreliance on self-reported behaviour, lack of corroborative data to confirm self-reported data, …) and, thus, serious questions about the reliability of these methods remain [10, 11, 12] . There is clearly need for the development of robust expert evaluation techniques. MaxSUMO is considered a suitable technique to evaluate MM projects. This paper illustrates, therefore, the usefulness of MaxSUMO to evaluate MM projects which were recently undertaken by the city of Ghent, Belgium.

Typical methods used to evaluate MM projects generally lack empirical vigour (e.g. small sample sizes, unrepresentative samples, overreliance on self-reported behaviour, lack of corroborative data to confirm self-reported data, …) and, thus, serious questions about the reliability of these methods remain.


Another related body of work is the taxi-dispatch literature. Similar to future carsharing systems, systems of taxis and customers can also be modelled as multiagent systems (Chen and Cheng, 2010) . While the distinction between taxis and shared autonomous cars may seem narrow, human taxi drivers bring their own preferences and utilities which need to be modelled to maximize performance (Seow et al., 2007) . In contrast, autonomous vehicles can be operated purely for customer or system utility. Previous work has also considered what information should be made available to users and drivers in a taxi-dispatch system to facilitate service (Lee et al., 2013) . We assume full knowledge (or knowledge of a distribution) of other agents' positions in our analysis of strategic agent behavior. While all of this prior work contributes to smarter transportation systems, this research is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to study in detail the impacts of different matching algorithms on autonomous carsharing.

Similar to future carsharing systems, systems of taxis and customers can also be modelled as multiagent systems.

While the distinction between taxis and shared autonomous cars may seem narrow, human taxi drivers bring their own preferences and utilities which need to be modelled to maximize performance.

Previous work has also considered what information should be made available to users and drivers in a taxi-dispatch system to facilitate service.


For an autonomous carsharing system to be practical it must meet three requirements; 1) the system must be optimal, meaning it provides users service in the shortest amount of time possible after they request a ride, 2) the system must be efficient, meaning distance traveled without passengers in the vehicle should be minimized as they are not directly serving users but still contribute to pollution and add fuel costs, and 3) the system must be "fair," meaning that a few users are not overly penalized for the sake of other users. A simple minimum cost maximal matching of the user-vehicle graph could address the requirements of optimality and efficiency, but it likely will leave some users with very long wait times in order to service a few users faster. To better address these issues we use a recent algorithm called SCRAM (Scalable Collision-avoiding Role Assignment with Minimal-makespan) from the class of minimal-makespan matching algorithms (MacAlpine et al., 2015) . SCRAM finds a matching in a bipartite graph such that the maximal cost edge in the matching is minimized. Minimizing the makespan (the time it takes for all vehicles to reach their destination) ensures that we obtain an efficient allocation of cars to users subject to the constraint that the longest time any single user has to wait is minimized. In this sense, we view SCRAM as a more "fair" allocation of cars to users.

To better address these issues we use a recent algorithm called SCRAM (Scalable Collision-avoiding Role Assignment with Minimal-makespan) from the class of minimal-makespan matching algorithms.


With the exponential growth of wireless traffic, future cellular networks face huge challenges for catering higher data rate and transmission reliability. One effective and promising way to meet the traffic demands is to deploy relay stations (RSs) in the traditional cellular networks, as a means to increase coverage, throughput, and reliability [1] . Meanwhile, as the energy consumption reduction has become a global trend, the research for energy-efficient wireless networks has increasingly attracted attention recently [2] .

One effective and promising way to meet the traffic demands is to deploy relay stations (RSs) in the traditional cellular networks, as a means to increase coverage, throughput, and reliability.

Meanwhile, as the energy consumption reduction has become a global trend, the research for energy-efficient wireless networks has increasingly attracted attention recently.


Our findings suggest that the favorable health behavior of PA may at least partially contribute to the ''Latino paradox.'' Despite a burden of CVD risk factors similar to non-Latino whites and a higher prevalence of certain risk factors such as T2D, Latinos have lower CVD mortality [56] . Latina women have the highest life expectancy of all ethnic/racial groups at *83 years, even in the presence of obesity [57] . Creating a physical environment believed to support PA is important in helping women to maintain high PA levels, particularly those who live in communities with limited socioeconomic resources and environmental risk factors (e.g., heavy traffic, crime, lack of park facilities, etc.). Research indicates that perceptions of neighborhood characteristics, such as the availability of PA facilities, impact residents' levels of PA [58, 59] . Before further considering implications of our findings, we acknowledge a number of limitations. Because the sample was comprised of predominantly women of Mexican descent living in an urban setting, the findings cannot necessarily be generalized to include other US Latino subgroups or MexicanAmericans living in rural settings. In addition, the nature of the PA was not quantified (i.e., leisure-time vs. work-related), and data on daily caloric intake were not collected. Rates of T2D and hypertension were based on our clinical evaluations without medical record verification. The potential effects of antihypertensive drugs on outcomes of the small number of women being treated were not evaluated. Acculturation level and years of residence in the US were not explored as potential modifiers of PA and its correlates. Although this study yields important findings about cardiometabolic factors related to physical activity, causation can not be inferred.

Our findings suggest that the favorable health behavior of PA may at least partially contribute to the ''Latino paradox.'' Despite a burden of CVD risk factors similar to non-Latino whites and a higher prevalence of certain risk factors such as T2D, Latinos have lower CVD mortality.

Latina women have the highest life expectancy of all ethnic/racial groups at *83 years, even in the presence of obesity.

Research indicates that perceptions of neighborhood characteristics, such as the availability of PA facilities, impact residents' levels of PA.


The process of inflammation is involved in an increasing number of diseases. For this reason it is necessary to develop effective and safe treatments. Steroids are widely prescribed "gold standard" drugs which reduce inflammation by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor. However, due to their known side effects they are often avoided, if possible. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which act mainly through the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme inhibition, are the most common "nonsteroidal" way to treat various inflammatory diseases. However, their mode of action does not include direct inhibition of cytokine production, and besides their therapeutic effects, they also cause various side effects, also due to inhibition of COX enzymes [20] . Facing these problems, it is necessary to find substances with maximum inhibitory activity of various inflammatory mediators and minimum toxicity and side effects for the patients.

However, their mode of action does not include direct inhibition of cytokine production, and besides their therapeutic effects, they also cause various side effects, also due to inhibition of COX enzymes.


Flavonoids are potent antioxidant compounds with the ability of opposing free radicals damage to DNA, lipids, proteins, and other biomolecules. It is believed that these properties are attributed to the anticancerogenic, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenic activities of flavonoids [21] [22] [23] . Summarizing the activities of flavonoids, they may be considered as an alternative and natural approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In the present study, baicalin and baicalein were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity in the IL-6 cytokine and Src tyrosine kinase inhibition assays, as Src is involved in the inflammation process as well as in cancer development [2, 11] . Both baicalin and baicalein showed significant Src inhibitory activities. Aglycone baicalein inhibited Src tyrosine kinase with IC 50 values of 1.2 g/mL (or 4 M, if results are presented in molar concentrations), while the glycoside baicalin inhibited Src with a slightly higher IC 50 value of 7.6 g/mL (or 17 M) (Figure 2 ). The obtained results should be taken into consideration for the possible evaluation of baicalin and baicalein for anticancer treatment as well.

It is believed that these properties are attributed to the anticancerogenic, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenic activities of flavonoids.

In the present study, baicalin and baicalein were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity in the IL-6 cytokine and Src tyrosine kinase inhibition assays, as Src is involved in the inflammation process as well as in cancer development.


Our study is the first to examine growth and short-term outcomes among Chinese preterm infants. However, there is a lack of standardization of methods used to calculate preterm infant growth velocity which makes comparisons between studies difficult [27, 28] . The growth reference used also did not include Chinese infants in its development which make comparisons difficult. However, there is limited data on breastmilk with fortification compared to formula and this study further adds to the literature. The study benefited from a large, retrospectively collected data set of preterm infants that enabled comparisons of growth in terms of z-scores and short-term outcomes based on infant feeding intakes. Despite the large sample size, this was a single center study, and was limited in the small sample of VLBW infants. In addition, this was an observational study design, which may lead to residual confounding. We also extracted data for 30 days and further studies are warranted to address overall growth. From the extracted data, there is no information on how much time the infants were breastfed for. In addition, data on brain growth and neurological development is needed to assess somatic growth more accurately. Future study is warranted of different protein intakes or specific protein fortification of breast milk using a randomized study design, to further examine the association between different protein intakes and growth in preterm infants. We were also unable to assess the effects of fortified breast milk and formula milk intake on linear growth in our sample because infant length discharge data were not available. This is a major limitation of the study in not having length measurement to assess the infant growth. Future research using a larger sample size, multicenter neonatal units, and standardized length data can more accurately assess the impact of fortified breast milk on growth and short-term outcomes among preterm infants.

However, there is a lack of standardization of methods used to calculate preterm infant growth velocity which makes comparisons between studies difficult.


In this work, excess isotherms of CO 2 and H 2 on three new materials are measured at different temperatures (25-140°C) and in a wide pressure range (up to 15 MPa). An important and novel aspect of this work is that all materials considered are shaped as pellets from the original powder. Literature data using new materials, especially MOFs, in pelletized form is scarce. In one of the very few publications using MOF pellets, isotherm data of CO 2 adsorption on these pellets, which are prepared from Cu-BTC MOF, are presented; however, direct comparison with our data is difficult because of the lack of experimental details and the limited pressure range where isotherms at different temperatures are measured (Cavenati et al. 2008) .

In one of the very few publications using MOF pellets, isotherm data of CO 2 adsorption on these pellets, which are prepared from Cu-BTC MOF, are presented; however, direct comparison with our data is difficult because of the lack of experimental details and the limited pressure range where isotherms at different temperatures are measured.


Adaptation as an inclusive and collective effort, rather than an individual one, is related to the principle of solidarity. In essence, the principle of solidarity means that one acts to support members of a particular community to which one believes to belong (Bayertz 1999) . This principle was already present in a family context in Roman times. Over time it has acquired meaning beyond family ties in support of larger communities or even society as a whole (Komter 2005) . Solidarity can also become compulsory. The best-known example is the welfare state, in which solidarity serves to legitimize the redistribution of financial resources by the state. Other examples are in the fields of education and healthcare, in countries in which these services have not been privatized.

In essence, the principle of solidarity means that one acts to support members of a particular community to which one believes to belong.

Over time it has acquired meaning beyond family ties in support of larger communities or even society as a whole.

Solidarity can also become compulsory.


In summary, speaking is a specific spoken discourse that is primarily social and engaged in for social purposes and in social contexts. It entails three areas of knowledge (Burnkart, 1998) . First, the mechanical elements of language (pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary), which allows the speaker to use the right words in the correct sequence and appropriate pronunciation. Second, the speaking functions (transaction and interaction), which enables the speaker to know when the clarity of the message is needed (as in carrying out the transaction or in exchanging of information) and when a deep understanding is not necessary (as in the development of relations). Third, the sociocultural norms (such as turn-taking, rate of speech, length of pauses between speakers, relative roles of participants) which enable an individual to realize the conversational situation, whom he is talking to, and what the purpose of speaking is. By understanding these elements, an individual will know when he takes a turn to speak and when to listen, how quickly he should speak, and how long he should pause.

It entails three areas of knowledge.


Up to the present days, there are three well known approaches in the teaching of speaking in a second or a foreign: the indirect approach, direct approach and indirect approach plus (Kroeker, 2009) . The indirect approach is based on the idea that speaking skill is formed through students' active participation in interactive activities such as discussion, role-play, information gaps, and problem-solving activities (Dornyei & Thurrell, 1994, p. 41 ). This approach is applied in some language teaching methods, such as the Audiolingual Method, Community Language Learning, and Communicative Language Teaching. It is assumed that if the interactions carried out are meaningful, students speaking proficiency will grow (Brown, 2001, p. 276) . However, Nunan (1999, p. 240) states that interactive activities tend to bring up reproductions of utterances rather than meaningful expressions. The indirect approach is considered less structured and more appropriate for upper level students. Nevertheless, this approach is able to meet the student's desire to practice the speaking skills they already master.

Up to the present days, there are three well known approaches in the teaching of speaking in a second or a foreign: the indirect approach, direct approach and indirect approach plus.


The strict hierarchical structure of the Nanoverse language provides several benefits. The Nanoverse compiler already exploits the most important of these: the availability of algorithms to interpolate missing nodes. Hierarchies are also scale-free, which makes them easy to visualize, e.g. using a zooming user interface [42] . The strict separation of concerns required for hierarchical design also simplifies compiler design, which facilitates optimization of program flow. Finally, a component-based approach facilitates the automatic generation of documentation via traversal of the symbol table hierarchy.

Hierarchies are also scale-free, which makes them easy to visualize, e.g. using a zooming user interface.