Oxidative stress results when the rate of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical ( AE OH) and superoxide (O ÅÀ 2 ), exceeds the rate of their disposal (Hodges, Lester, Munro, & Toivonen, 2004) . ROS can react with various cellular components such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading to oxidative degradation and subsequent senescence, diseases, and accelerated ageing (Hodges & Lester, 2006) . Considerable epidemiological studies exist for the role of a wide range of antioxidative constituents, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, b-carotene, and phenolic acids, present in fruits and vegetables in the maintenance of health and reducing the risk of cancer, cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease (Hung et al., 2004) . Thus improving the nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables will be beneficial for human health.

Oxidative stress results when the rate of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical ( AE OH) and superoxide (O ÅÀ 2 ), exceeds the rate of their disposal.

ROS can react with various cellular components such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, leading to oxidative degradation and subsequent senescence, diseases, and accelerated ageing.

Considerable epidemiological studies exist for the role of a wide range of antioxidative constituents, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, b-carotene, and phenolic acids, present in fruits and vegetables in the maintenance of health and reducing the risk of cancer, cardiovascular and Alzheimer's disease.


Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is one of the most important leafy green vegetables which contains large quantities of bioactive compounds and nutrients such as ascorbate, carotenoids, tocopherols, phenolics, folate, and minerals (Gil, Ferreres, & Tomas-Barberan, 1999) . Spinach contains large amounts of p-coumaric acid derivatives that exhibit strong antioxidant activity (Bergman, Varshavsky, Gottlieb, & Grossman, 2001) . As one of the flavonoid-rich vegetables, spinach is also abundant in glucuronic acid derivatives of flavonoids (e.g. patuletin and spinacetin) that are not common to most other vegetables (Edenharder, Keller, Platt, & Unger, 2001; Pandjaitan, Howard, Morelock, & Gil, 2005) .

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is one of the most important leafy green vegetables which contains large quantities of bioactive compounds and nutrients such as ascorbate, carotenoids, tocopherols, phenolics, folate, and minerals.

Spinach contains large amounts of p-coumaric acid derivatives that exhibit strong antioxidant activity.

As one of the flavonoid-rich vegetables, spinach is also abundant in glucuronic acid derivatives of flavonoids (e.g. patuletin and spinacetin) that are not common to most other vegetables.


Due to the several applications of Prangos and its broad distribution, a number of useful studies on the plant have been carried out. The natural dye contains variable chemical compositions, due to the different conditions and the place of growing, harvesting period, extraction methods and conditions, and application method [11] . The major chemical structures of natural dyes are anthraquinone (madder), alpha naphthoquinones, flavones, indigoids, and carotenoids [11, 12] . According to the chemical investigations on the extracted aerial parts of dried plant, its main chemical components are essential oils (2.3%), -pinene (24.2%), -pinene (8.6%), and delta-3-carene (7.7%) [9] . Also the presence of coumarin derivatives was reported in this plant which cause an antibacterial effect [13] .

The natural dye contains variable chemical compositions, due to the different conditions and the place of growing, harvesting period, extraction methods and conditions, and application method.

The major chemical structures of natural dyes are anthraquinone (madder), alpha naphthoquinones, flavones, indigoids, and carotenoids.

According to the chemical investigations on the extracted aerial parts of dried plant, its main chemical components are essential oils (2.3%), -pinene (24.2%), -pinene (8.6%), and delta-3-carene (7.7%).

Also the presence of coumarin derivatives was reported in this plant which cause an antibacterial effect.


In recent decade, there is a renewed interest to use ecofriendly products in daily life. Natural dyes due to energy saving, environmental protection, and health and safety aspects have been receiving increasing attention from researchers and manufacturers. Moreover, the use of natural dyes in textile dyeing has increased their deodorizing, antimicrobial, and UV protective properties [1] . Natural dye can be obtained from many plants in nature to make a variety of shades on several textile substrates such as cotton, silk, wool, polyester, polyamide, and acrylic fibers [2] [3] [4] [5] . In addition, natural dyes are gaining popularity again with concern for the medicinal properties.

Moreover, the use of natural dyes in textile dyeing has increased their deodorizing, antimicrobial, and UV protective properties.

Natural dye can be obtained from many plants in nature to make a variety of shades on several textile substrates such as cotton, silk, wool, polyester, polyamide, and acrylic fibers.


The genus Prangos, which belongs to the Apiaceae family, consists of about 30 species. Prangos ferulacea is one of its species which is called Jashir in Persian [6] . It is a perennial herb up to 2 m tall and a fragrant plant which belongs to the Apiaceae family and is found in the Mediterranean and Middle-East regions including Iran [7] . Its leaves are multipennate with thread-like to linear segments [8] . Traditional ranchers collect green Prangos and then dry the plant and use it as animal fodder especially in winter season [9] . Its fruits and roots possess biological traits that provide it with the potential to be used for medicinal purposes. In addition, in Iran, it is used in the preparation of cheese [10] .

Prangos ferulacea is one of its species which is called Jashir in Persian.

It is a perennial herb up to 2 m tall and a fragrant plant which belongs to the Apiaceae family and is found in the Mediterranean and Middle-East regions including Iran.

Its leaves are multipennate with thread-like to linear segments.

Traditional ranchers collect green Prangos and then dry the plant and use it as animal fodder especially in winter season.

In addition, in Iran, it is used in the preparation of cheese.


The method used is a case study qualitative methodology. Questions are designed to extract knowledge about existing business-peace theoretical assumptions, and imply where new theoretical ground emerges. Qualitative case study opens new scholarly avenues of testable support for businesspeace questions beyond the growing quantitative literature, and can be a strong methodological fit to understanding business-society interactions and the motivations behind decision making in such cases (Bass & Milosevic, 2018) . It is a balanced and agency-positive method to interview individuals in vulnerable communities, who are often under pressure to give answers that they think the interviewer might want to hear (or that authorities might want to hear), especially when questions are closed or asked in a leading manner (Denzin & Lincoln, 2008; Liamputtong, 2007) .

Qualitative case study opens new scholarly avenues of testable support for businesspeace questions beyond the growing quantitative literature, and can be a strong methodological fit to understanding business-society interactions and the motivations behind decision making in such cases.

It is a balanced and agency-positive method to interview individuals in vulnerable communities, who are often under pressure to give answers that they think the interviewer might want to hear (or that authorities might want to hear), especially when questions are closed or asked in a leading manner.


There are several potential areas of methodological and modeling improvement. It is quite straightforward to include more covariates about the individual players involved in the pass completion model such as their historic completion percentage or how many times they have been targeted in the game so far. We could also include more situational variables like the expected number of points of win probability estimated from models available in the R package "nflscrapR" (Horowitz et al., 2019) . While we have focused on completion probability as the metric by which to assess routes, it is possible to derive analogous measures for different route metrics. For instance, instead of modeling whether the pass was caught or not, we could model whether the play resulted in a first down and derive the expected hypothetical first down probability. We could also model a continuous outcome like change in win probability or change in expected points scored. Operationally, it is very straightforward to alter our code to handle continuous outcomes. These other measures can more directly address the question of assigning expected values to particular play designs and route combinations.

We could also include more situational variables like the expected number of points of win probability estimated from models available in the R package "nflscrapR".


Antenna measurement is an active field of research, with large industrial impact. Effective measurement techniques include Far-Field (FF), compact range, and Near-Field (NF) systems [1] . Among them, NF techniques are becoming the most commonly adopted method in both industries and universities. These facilities allow performing accurate measurements of the NF distribution in a controlled environments and, in the next step, an accurate evaluation of the far field using Near Field-Far Field (NF-FF) transformation [2] . In this process, some signal processing methods can be applied to improve the far-field accuracy, which is discussed in Section 4.

Effective measurement techniques include Far-Field (FF), compact range, and Near-Field (NF) systems.

These facilities allow performing accurate measurements of the NF distribution in a controlled environments and, in the next step, an accurate evaluation of the far field using Near Field-Far Field (NF-FF) transformation.


Paeonia lactiflora Pall is a Chinese herb commonly known as Baishao or white peony (Figure 1 ) from the Ranunculaceae family. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), P. lactiflora functions either as a single herb or in combination for nourishing blood and Yin, calming the liver to relieve pain and suppressing hyperactive liver-Yang. P. lactiflora is used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic drug in the treatment of amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and pain in the chest and abdomen. Radix Paeoniae is also used to treat dementia, headache, vertigo, spasm of the calf muscles, liver disease, and allergies, and as an anticoagulant [1] [2] [3] [4] .

Radix Paeoniae is also used to treat dementia, headache, vertigo, spasm of the calf muscles, liver disease, and allergies, and as an anticoagulant.


O , consequently, the effective stress τ e f f shown in Equation (4) decreases. Then, the increase of the dislocation density stopped. The concentration of the oxygen in the cores becomes in the order of 1.0 × 10 21 atoms/cm 3 , which is consistent with the results of formation of SiO 2 in the cores [3] . The temperature at 1550 K is determined by equilibrium concentration of the interstitial oxygen at the surface of dislocation cores. Then, the temperature decreases when the concentration of the interstitial oxygen concentration decreases. Figure 7a ,b show the distributions of the dislocation density and oxygen concentration in the dislocation cores at the bottom of the grown crystal, respectively. The results show that the area having a high dislocation density has a high oxygen concentration in the core because of the small distance between dislocations. Then, the gradient of oxygen concentration toward dislocation core became large, when the dislocation density was large. Subsequently, the flux of the interstitial oxygen concentration increased. Finally, the concentration at the core became large. Figure 7a ,c show the distributions of the dislocation density and interstitial oxygen concentration in the bulk area, respectively. These results indicate that the area having a high dislocation density presented low oxygen concentration in the bulk. The decrease of oxygen concentration in the bulk was due to the boundary condition of the edge of diffusion area as shown in Figure 1 . When the distance d decreased, the oxygen in the bulk diffused to the two adjacent dislocations. Then, the concentration in bulk decreased. All of the data are numerically predicted results, then, we should check them with experimental data to confirm our calculation.

The concentration of the oxygen in the cores becomes in the order of 1.0 × 10 21 atoms/cm 3 , which is consistent with the results of formation of SiO 2 in the cores.


Considering the open loop operation, typical DM errors such as creep and hysteresis have been studied earlier (Morzinski et al. 2008; Kellerer et al. 2012) . For certain DM types including that in CANARY, they have been demonstrated to be small compared to the fitting error. In addition specific open loop procedures have to be developed as presented in section 3 for CANARY.

Considering the open loop operation, typical DM errors such as creep and hysteresis have been studied earlier.


During machining of Ni-based super alloys, a featureless surface and sub-surface are formed. This featureless region is called white layer. Work hardening tendency of Ni-based super alloys is related to the white layer formation which affects the machined surface integrity. Hard and brittle white layer increases the possibility of crack propagation which in turn has detrimental effect on surface quality and fatigue strength of the machined product [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . However, it has also been observed that thermal softening of the machined surface also takes place at very high temperature resulting in subsurface region being harder than the top surface [8] . Influence of cutting parameters on white layer thickness during the machining of Inconel 718 has been reported [14] . Hardness of the machined surface and sub-surface region increases with increase in feed as well as cutting speed [8] [9] [10] .

Hard and brittle white layer increases the possibility of crack propagation which in turn has detrimental effect on surface quality and fatigue strength of the machined product.

However, it has also been observed that thermal softening of the machined surface also takes place at very high temperature resulting in subsurface region being harder than the top surface.

Influence of cutting parameters on white layer thickness during the machining of Inconel 718 has been reported.

Hardness of the machined surface and sub-surface region increases with increase in feed as well as cutting speed.


Nickel-based super alloys, owing to their superior mechanical properties, have become an attractive choice of materials in numerous engineering applications. However, these materials pose considerable challenge during machining due to low thermal conductivity, work hardening tendency, chemical affinity and presence of abrasive carbide particles in their microstructure. Surface integrity plays a vital role on the final performance of the machined product. It includes properties of the materials at the surface and sub-surface regions including surface morphology, surface roughness, residual stress, microstructure, and microhardness. During the machining of Nickel-based super alloys, surface defects such as surface drag, material pull out/cracking, feed marks, adhered material particle, debris of chips, surface plucking, deformed grain surface cavities and slip zone were found [1] . Inconel 825 belongs to the family of Ni-based super alloys in which nickel-iron-chromium alloy with titanium, copper and molybdenum are the major constituents. Due to the presence of copper and molybdenum, Inconel 825 possesses the capability to resist corrosive environment. Major applications of Inconel 825 can be found in marine industry, acid production plant, pickling operations, nuclear fuel reprocessing and handling of radioactive wastes and oil and gas recovery [2] . Although extensive research work has been undertaken on the machinability of Inconel 718, not much study on the current grade of Inconel 825 has been reported so far. This is despite the fact that Inconel 825 exhibits much higher resistance to corrosion under hostile environment than that of Inconel 718. Only recently, the authors studied the effect of machining parameters on chip characteristics and tool wear during dry turning of Inconel 825 [3] . Machining parameters play a vital role on machined surface integrity of Inconel 718 [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Surface integrity characteristics of Inconel 718 with new and worn coated carbide and PCBN (polycrystalline cubic boron nitride) tools were analysed. It was observed that machining with new cutting tool resulted in better surface integrity than worn tool for both types of tools. PCBN tool performed better than coated carbide tool particularly at high cutting speed [5] .

During the machining of Nickel-based super alloys, surface defects such as surface drag, material pull out/cracking, feed marks, adhered material particle, debris of chips, surface plucking, deformed grain surface cavities and slip zone were found.

Major applications of Inconel 825 can be found in marine industry, acid production plant, pickling operations, nuclear fuel reprocessing and handling of radioactive wastes and oil and gas recovery.

Only recently, the authors studied the effect of machining parameters on chip characteristics and tool wear during dry turning of Inconel 825.

Machining parameters play a vital role on machined surface integrity of Inconel 718.

PCBN tool performed better than coated carbide tool particularly at high cutting speed.


All of our systems were created by modifying the source code for version 11 of the SMART system. The SMART system is a public-domain implementation of the vector space model [6] . It is suitable for collections up to a few hundred megabytes in size, and has been designed for flexibility rather than efficiency. SMART performs stemming using Porter's algorithm, and allows stop words to be removed. All of our systems use both of these features.

The SMART system is a public-domain implementation of the vector space model.


Second, audiovisual aids should be applied carefully, since the individual perception of information and knowledge differs. Scientists believe that audiovisual teaching aids can both positively and negatively affect the teaching and learning process depending on how the individual characteristics of students were taken into account. For example, it was suggested to simultaneously teach students the new words and to show them pictures 376 IJEM 33,2 illustrating these words for better English learning. As a result, memorability was improved. Thus, audiovisual teaching aids bring to the learning process the opportunities for associative thinking, building a logical connection between the semantic and visual images. In the case of methodologically incorrect selection of situations for the audiovisual aids to be applied or their application without taking into account the individual characteristics of students, there may be a negative effect. The audiovisual aids will make it difficult to learn information and generate knowledge. That is why scientists call for applying audiovisual aids in teaching with special care and attention (Nelson, 2016) .

As a result, memorability was improved.

That is why scientists call for applying audiovisual aids in teaching with special care and attention.


Audiovisual teaching aids are a universal resource of pedagogical science. In the context of the quantum leap to nanoscale science, specialists are taught by means of the audiovisual teaching aids. In this case, research subject involves the DNA genetics, composition and structure (Ray et al., 2012) .

In this case, research subject involves the DNA genetics, composition and structure.


Modern world and human activity are characterized by high rates of information and knowledge growth. In this regard, effective tools for intensifying the learning process are required. Currently, audiovisual teaching aids are widely applied in the teaching and learning process (Salasiah et al., 2018) . The general problem of applying audiovisual teaching aids is to find ways to apply them most effectively. Audiovisual teaching aids are well known as tools that allow updating the information, increasing the perception level and improving the cognitive interest of students (Deal et al., 2017) . Moreover, media technologies allow not only the students, but also the teachers to improve their qualifications. Pedagogical experiments, conducted in this area, confirm the positive impact of audiovisual teaching aids on teacher's performance, as they allow developing teacher's creative and communication abilities (Arnold et al., 2009) . Synchronous (video communication) and asynchronous (e-mail) communication means, as well as the interactive media, allow turning the distance learning into an effective learning tool for everyone, regardless of distance or time deficit (Curran, 2006) . The audiovisual aid application is multicultural and multidisciplinary. In the context of speech-tospeech translation technology development, audiovisual training aids are applied in arts and sciences, for teaching medicine, music, business, psychology, technical professions and specialties in the field of services (Ingraham, 2006) .

Currently, audiovisual teaching aids are widely applied in the teaching and learning process.

Audiovisual teaching aids are well known as tools that allow updating the information, increasing the perception level and improving the cognitive interest of students.

Pedagogical experiments, conducted in this area, confirm the positive impact of audiovisual teaching aids on teacher's performance, as they allow developing teacher's creative and communication abilities.

Synchronous (video communication) and asynchronous (e-mail) communication means, as well as the interactive media, allow turning the distance learning into an effective learning tool for everyone, regardless of distance or time deficit.

In the context of speech-tospeech translation technology development, audiovisual training aids are applied in arts and sciences, for teaching medicine, music, business, psychology, technical professions and specialties in the field of services.


The audiovisual aids are being improved simultaneously in terms of methodological and technical support (Aina and Adekonye, 2013) . In other words, modern technical means are used to improve their efficiency. This allows providing the feedback between the teacher and the students. Technical capabilities allow analyzing what opinions the students have and their wishes for improving the learning process. This makes it possible to improve the 375 Audiovisual aids application audiovisual aids application methods (Rushinek and Rushinek, 2010) . The audiovisual aids were especially relevant in the context of accelerated business development that required a rapid learning of modern information technologies used in business. Audiovisual teaching aids were used to teach modern business applications. At this point, users were appealing for training, indicating what information they had to receive and what knowledge required a deeper study (Vidačić and Pihir, 2010) .

The audiovisual aids are being improved simultaneously in terms of methodological and technical support.

This makes it possible to improve the 375 Audiovisual aids application audiovisual aids application methods.

At this point, users were appealing for training, indicating what information they had to receive and what knowledge required a deeper study.


First, gender difference sparks the choice of an audiovisual aid application method in different ways. The existing studies on audiovisual aids application have illustrated the students' preferences in using video and animation before a simple Power Point presentation. Scientists note that girls prefer the handouts with the possibility of recording the lecture comments while boys prefer the handouts with ready-to-read lecture comments. This indicates that the audiovisual resources perception level among listeners is different, and that, the lesson, which structure includes the audiovisual aids (video, animation and ready comments), should be based on the assessment of students' preferences and perceptions (Panda et al., 2015) .

This indicates that the audiovisual resources perception level among listeners is different, and that, the lesson, which structure includes the audiovisual aids (video, animation and ready comments), should be based on the assessment of students' preferences and perceptions.


Third, audiovisual aids application degree and frequency can lead to an overload with information and to a lower learning potential. Thus, audiovisual teaching aids can improve the student-to-student interaction. Videos and illustrations allow organizing a joint discussion and developing both personal and collective opinions. The received results indicate a development of students' thinking activity and communication skills. Such a trend is also confirmed by other scientists (Al Mamun, 2014) . The musical accompaniment can also be important when it comes to the learning process efficiency (Watkins, 2015) .

Such a trend is also confirmed by other scientists.

The musical accompaniment can also be important when it comes to the learning process efficiency.


The current specific problems of applying audiovisual teaching aids are centered around the application methods improvement. This cluster of issues is constantly changing and becoming more complex, since application methods depend on modern possibilities of science, technology, information and communication technologies (ICT) . The variety of modern technical support stands next to a variety of methodological approaches toward the audiovisual aid application depending on the conditions and tasks of their application (Park and Gang, 2013) . The process of developing social networks, the internet, webcasts and other networks (sites for storing video, such as YouTube) allows expanding the possibilities of applying audiovisual teaching aids. Lecture, training and lab sessions are held using the YouTube resources. Scientists note that public information sources make it possible to extend the learning process and to integrate it with student's independent and creative activity ( Jaffar, 2012) .

The variety of modern technical support stands next to a variety of methodological approaches toward the audiovisual aid application depending on the conditions and tasks of their application.

Scientists note that public information sources make it possible to extend the learning process and to integrate it with student's independent and creative activity.


Recent trend for azo dye degradation is observing a paradigm shift by invention of nanoparticle-enzyme conjugate that makes the microbial enzyme more substrate specific. Some chemically stabilized nanoparticles are also used to degrade the azo dye very efficiently [33] . Recently, titanium nanoparticle-immobilized fungal laccase (commercially available as DeniLite II S, a laccase produced by submerged fermentation from genetically modified Aspergillus) is used to degrade azo dye-containing toxic textile water. It takes minimum time and removes the color optimally in a critical pH and temperature [34] . Using this same concept, other enzymenanoparticle conjugates can also be used to degrade azo dyecontaining toxic textile wastewater. Phenol red degradation process using Catharanthus roseus-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles has showed efficient dye degradation optimally within 8 h [35] . Thus, enzymatic degradation may be considered as an excellent molecular weapon to fight against the deadly issue of environmental pollution from toxic textile sludge. It has a significant potential to address the difficulties of industrial wastewater treatment due to their eco-friendly, inexpensive, and less sludge producing nature.

Some chemically stabilized nanoparticles are also used to degrade the azo dye very efficiently.

It takes minimum time and removes the color optimally in a critical pH and temperature.

Phenol red degradation process using Catharanthus roseus-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles has showed efficient dye degradation optimally within 8 h.


Collective intelligence started emerging in cyberspace in the 1990s [1] . The neural-network-based computer program, AlphaGo, was trained by a novel combination of supervised learning from human expert games and reinforcement learning from self-games. AlphaGo defeated the human Go champion SaeDol Lee in 2016 with four games to one [2] . The neutral learning process is similar to open innovation in that it motivates creativity by opening new combinations similar to the creativity of open innovation by collective intelligence or crowd innovation [3, 4] . Some evidence exists of the contribution of a collective intelligence factor to the performance of human groups [5] . The acquisition of knowledge is becoming distributive; it is not located in any given place and therefore not transferred or transacted per second, but rather consists of networks of connections formed from experience and interactions with a knowing community as a collective intelligence [6] . Science is also collective because it depends on and has tried to institutionalize the free and open exchange of information. For example, when scientists make an important new discovery or try to experimentally prove a critical hypothesis, they do not, in general, keep that information to themselves. By doing so, they can ponder its meaning and derive additional theories [7] . In addition, the U.S. federal government has successfully implemented open innovation concepts in the private sector to substitute solutions from previously untapped problem solvers and to tackle complex social and technical public management problems [8] .

Collective intelligence started emerging in cyberspace in the 1990s.

AlphaGo defeated the human Go champion SaeDol Lee in 2016 with four games to one.

The neutral learning process is similar to open innovation in that it motivates creativity by opening new combinations similar to the creativity of open innovation by collective intelligence or crowd innovation.

Some evidence exists of the contribution of a collective intelligence factor to the performance of human groups.

The acquisition of knowledge is becoming distributive; it is not located in any given place and therefore not transferred or transacted per second, but rather consists of networks of connections formed from experience and interactions with a knowing community as a collective intelligence.

By doing so, they can ponder its meaning and derive additional theories.

In addition, the U.S. federal government has successfully implemented open innovation concepts in the private sector to substitute solutions from previously untapped problem solvers and to tackle complex social and technical public management problems.


Network operators usually implement deterministic N-1 (or N-2 and/or N-D) outage criteria [1] . Through the implementation of any of these criteria, operators inherently rely on the pre-supposition that the network is not exposed to the risk of load curtailment following one, two or double circuit component failures. Nonetheless, this assumption is flawed, because in reality the system is always exposed to risk of failure, and subsequently to customer outages in spite of the operator's ability to minimize this risk by implementing post fault corrective actions. Therefore, probabilistic methods have been proposed to tackle these problems [2] - [5] .

Network operators usually implement deterministic N-1 (or N-2 and/or N-D) outage criteria.

Therefore, probabilistic methods have been proposed to tackle these problems.


In savanna ecosystems termites and earthworms appear as the most conspicuous components of soil macrofauna. Earthworms in both temperate and tropical ecosystems, play a dominant role on the decomposition processes of organic matter inducing changes in the physicochemical and biological properties of the soil due to the construction of galleries and the excretion of mucus and casts (in a broad sense those components of soil affected by earthworm activities are known as drilosphere). There is a lack of information concerning the species composition and structure of earthworm communities in tropical savannas; until recently, studies were mainly referred in India and Ivory Coast [14, 15] .

There is a lack of information concerning the species composition and structure of earthworm communities in tropical savannas; until recently, studies were mainly referred in India and Ivory Coast.


The "human capital" and "job satisfaction" approaches lead to quite different conclusions. While the former suggests that over-(under-) educated workers are more (less) productive than their adequately educated colleagues in similar jobs, the latter provides ambiguous predictions. Both approaches also suffer from important methodological limitations. Indeed, the relationship between education, wages and productivity is likely to be much more complex than that put forward by standard human capital theory. In addition, empirical results suggest that the correlation between job satisfaction and job performance reaches at most 30 percent (Judge et al., 2001) . It may thus be quite misleading to focus solely on job satisfaction to estimate the productivity effects of educational mismatch. Finally, overeducation probably affects productivity through other channels than job satisfaction (and correlated workers' attitudes and behaviours). For instance, in line with human capital theory, it could be argued that the (possible) negative effect on firm productivity of over-educated workers through their (potential) lower degree of job satisfaction could (at least partially) be compensated by their additional skills and capabilities acquired in school.

In addition, empirical results suggest that the correlation between job satisfaction and job performance reaches at most 30 percent.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, and is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality (Kaseb et al., 2013) . Most cases of HCC (approximately 80%) are associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus infections (Aoki et al., 2014) . However, variations in age, gender, race, geographic regions, timing of the viral infection, as well as age of affected individuals all contribute to differences in disease prevalence and progression of viral hepatitis and HCC (El-Serag, 2012) . In addition, due to complexity of disease, gene expression profiles have become an attractive area of research for HCC.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, and is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality.

Most cases of HCC (approximately 80%) are associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus infections.

However, variations in age, gender, race, geographic regions, timing of the viral infection, as well as age of affected individuals all contribute to differences in disease prevalence and progression of viral hepatitis and HCC.


The dark count rate has been observed to decrease exponentially with temperature at a constant over-voltage. This implies that the dominant component is single pixel discharge initiated by thermally generated carriers, although field assisted generation of free carriers, which is temperature independent and can only be reduced by decreasing the bias voltage, also has an effect. Due to the high gain, the SiPM electronics noise is very small. The dark count rate has recently been shown to be almost proportional to the active area suggesting that the impact on the count rate of large area SiPM operation at cryogenic temperatures would be minimal [29] . Development of SiPM technology will inevitably be determined by market forces, with the effect that devices may not necessarily be fully optimised for specialist academic applications such as operation in liquid argon. Medical physics applications such as PET offer a far larger market to SiPM industry, in which large area SiPM devices, operating within a magnetic field, would be coupled to LSO or LYSO crystals emitting a high number of photons peaked in the blue region of the spectrum. Due to the high flux from 511keV X-rays, the dark count rate typically taken above a threshold of no less than 5 photoelectrons, would not be an issue, although timing resolution would be fundamental. These characteristics are an excellent fit to particle physics applications such as neutrino or dark matter detection.

The dark count rate has recently been shown to be almost proportional to the active area suggesting that the impact on the count rate of large area SiPM operation at cryogenic temperatures would be minimal.


Due to the small width of the depletion region and the short Geiger discharge SiPMs typically have a single photoelectron timing resolution of several hundred picoseconds FWHM [5] . It is therefore the case for the majority of applications that the timing properties of the output signal are representative of the type and duration of the light source, and not of the device itself. The quantum efficiency (QE) is defined as the average number of electron-hole pairs created by the interaction of one photon in the depleted layer of the SiPM device. Although dependent on the wavelength of the photon this value is typically between 50 and 80%. The breakdown probability represents the likelihood that a single photoelectron will trigger a Geiger discharge within the pixel, and is strongly dependent on the electric field strength in the junction, and therefore on the bias voltage [17] . The geometrical efficiency represents the ratio of the total active pixel area to the entire device area. Dependent on the design of the inter pixel boundaries which inhibit current flow between pixels, this is typically between 30% and 70%. The photon detection efficiency (PDE) is defined in equation (1.5) and (1.6) where ε Geiger is the Geiger discharge probability and F is the geometrical efficiency. Typical values of between 20 and 30% for the PDE are very similar to the QE of a standard quartz PMT.

Due to the small width of the depletion region and the short Geiger discharge SiPMs typically have a single photoelectron timing resolution of several hundred picoseconds FWHM.

The breakdown probability represents the likelihood that a single photoelectron will trigger a Geiger discharge within the pixel, and is strongly dependent on the electric field strength in the junction, and therefore on the bias voltage.


One of the most important drivers of a sustainable electrical power grid is the optimal integration of its distributed energy resources. The optimal integration requires that the value proposition of the grid resources be attractive, that is their applications must provide multiple benefits. This should occur in the case of all the types of distributed resources and particularly when these resources are electrical energy storage systems for which high installation cost must be faced. The use of storage in the frame of distribution networks provides multiple benefits, such as energy cost reduction and power quality (PQ) enhancement [1] [2] [3] [4] . The PQ improvement can be even more useful and evident in the case of low voltage (LV) distribution networks where one of the most severe PQ problem is the voltage unbalances caused by the large presence of unbalanced lines and single-phase loads and resources. Then, recently, particular attention has been devoted to the application of storage devices to reduce unbalances [5] [6] [7] [8] .

The use of storage in the frame of distribution networks provides multiple benefits, such as energy cost reduction and power quality (PQ) enhancement.

Then, recently, particular attention has been devoted to the application of storage devices to reduce unbalances.


The supermultiplet decomposition given in section 4 is based on the breakup of the energy spectrum observed between the two-and three-impurity regime, and is precisely what is expected from the gauge theory based on how sixteen particular charges are known to act on operators which are dual to the string states of interest [12, 26] . Assuming that this mechanism is not specific to the three-impurity case, we were able to generalize the decomposition of the N-impurity (unequal mode index) supermultiplet to two-loop order in λ ′ . By knowing where the eigenvalues of the su(2), sl(2) and su(1|1) sectors are supposed to appear in this decomposition, we were able to provide a stringent cross-check of our results, and we have found perfect agreement. Given the many implicit assumptions in this procedure, however, it would be instructive to perform a direct diagonalization of the four-impurity Hamiltonian to test our predictions. While such a test is likely to be computationally intensive, the problem could be simplified to some extent by restricting to the pure-boson H BB sector at one loop in λ ′ . We of course expect complete agreement with the results presented here.

The supermultiplet decomposition given in section 4 is based on the breakup of the energy spectrum observed between the two-and three-impurity regime, and is precisely what is expected from the gauge theory based on how sixteen particular charges are known to act on operators which are dual to the string states of interest.


In recent years, much research attention has therefore been given to semantic techniques of information retrieval. Such systems allow for sophisticated semantic search, however, require the use of a more difficult-to-understand querysyntax (Tran et al., 2008) . Furthermore, these methods require specially encoded (and thus costly) ontologies to describe the particular domain knowledge in which the system operates, and the specific interrelations of concepts within that domain.

Such systems allow for sophisticated semantic search, however, require the use of a more difficult-to-understand querysyntax.


The heating, ventilating and air-c onditioning (HVA C) system is the more energy consuming part of t he building automation systems (BAS) in t he int elligent buildings. Due to the limited sources of energy in the world and also fuel crisis, designing the better controllers to saving energy and energy efficiency is more important challenging for control engineers (Tachwali et al., 2007) . Due t o the great impact of HVACs systems on power and energy consumption, knowing the structure and operation of HVAC systems are possessing importance (Tashtoush *Corresponding author. E-mail: fery_behrooz@yahoo.com. Tel: 006-017-6350970, 00989125272708.

Due to the limited sources of energy in the world and also fuel crisis, designing the better controllers to saving energy and energy efficiency is more important challenging for control engineers.

E-mail: fery_behrooz@yahoo.com.

Tel: 006-017-6350970, 00989125272708.


The generalization of CP skills is one of the main troubles for beginners, and it may take quite a long time. Novice learners usually tend to forget programming details if they cannot effectively process and use information in meaningful instructional contexts. It is required for every programmer to acquire effective CP skills and knowledge before engaging with complex programming tasks (Palumbo, 1990) . The works on software industry and university students additionally support the idea that learners have to structure their knowledge and they need to internalize CP skills long before attempting to produce qualified software solutions.

It is required for every programmer to acquire effective CP skills and knowledge before engaging with complex programming tasks.


The most of research findings indicate that PS skills can be acquired in, and transferred from CP within the context of instructions focusing on the well-defined aspects of PS process (Choi & Repman 1993; Unuakhalu, 2004) . These studies, therefore, report the positive effects of programming (Dalton and Goodrum 1991; Lee and Thompson 1997; Palumbo, 1990) . Despite this intuitive appeal, there is also conflicting evidence on the relationship between CP and PS (Unuakhalu, 2004) . The researchers in this group point out that the transfer of PS skills can occur under certain conditions, and therefore, they cannot support the use of CP as a basic method for teaching or improving PS skills (Liao & Bright 1991; Pea & Kurland 1984) . However, all of the studies integrating PS and CP include micro-level problem-solving techniques rather than an instructional design theory.

The most of research findings indicate that PS skills can be acquired in, and transferred from CP within the context of instructions focusing on the well-defined aspects of PS process.

These studies, therefore, report the positive effects of programming.

Despite this intuitive appeal, there is also conflicting evidence on the relationship between CP and PS.

The researchers in this group point out that the transfer of PS skills can occur under certain conditions, and therefore, they cannot support the use of CP as a basic method for teaching or improving PS skills.


When it comes to our faculty members and students, the traditional instructional method for the CP course is still preferred by the majority. However, it is away from preparing the students for the challenges of CP and PS in different instructional situations (Mills & Treagust, 2003) . Moreover, it cannot enable the knowledge transfer to other learning domains (Dale, Weems, & Headington, 1997; Dunlap, 2005; Jonassen, Strobel, & Lee, 2006) . Therefore, should PS strategies complement the CP course; then this may be more effective than the direct presentation of concepts, facts and rules only. Although teaching CP through PS techniques has been a topic for different researchers, there is little empirical evidence exploring the effects of a CP course, which is based on the prescriptions of an instructional design theory for PS.

However, it is away from preparing the students for the challenges of CP and PS in different instructional situations.

Moreover, it cannot enable the knowledge transfer to other learning domains.


The PS techniques, such as top-down design or breakdown of a given programming task, have already been used by instructors (Kay, Barg, Fekete, Greening, Hollands, Kingston, & Crawford, 2000) . Expert computer programmers consciously employ these techniques for planning, designing, coding and testing of a programming task, and they explicitly decompose programming problems into sub-problems (Thomas & Upah, 1996) . However, novice programmers usually attempt to start programming without handling the task as a whole; and they may not plan or apply solution steps automatically (Jonassen, Strobel, & Lee, 2006) . Moreover, low-performing students mostly lack the skills and cognitive strategies required for reflecting on a programming problem, organizing CP domain knowledge, and finally employing different solutions (O'Kelly et al., 2004) .

The PS techniques, such as top-down design or breakdown of a given programming task, have already been used by instructors.

Expert computer programmers consciously employ these techniques for planning, designing, coding and testing of a programming task, and they explicitly decompose programming problems into sub-problems.

However, novice programmers usually attempt to start programming without handling the task as a whole; and they may not plan or apply solution steps automatically.

Moreover, low-performing students mostly lack the skills and cognitive strategies required for reflecting on a programming problem, organizing CP domain knowledge, and finally employing different solutions.


When taken together, the literature review and the current situation in the faculty where the present study was conducted suggest that the integration of PS and CP is not an easy job, and therefore, this process has to be grounded on appropriate design principles (Peng, 2010) . In view of educational technology, it is thought that adopting an instructional design theory of PS for the CP course can be an affecting factor for improving the learners' PS perceptions while enhancing their performances in a rich and meaningful learning context. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of a web-supported and well-structured PS method on academic performances and PS perceptions of novice CP learners. Towards this research goal, the hypotheses were as follows: (a) When compared to traditional instruction, well-structured PS instruction will not have a significantly different effect on academic achievement; and (b) the instructional treatments will not make significant differences between the groups in terms of PS perceptions. The main argument of the study is that a CP course should be based on an instructional design theory for improving the well-structured PS skills of learners. The following sections present the related work, situation in the faculty, method, results and discussion parts of this article.

When taken together, the literature review and the current situation in the faculty where the present study was conducted suggest that the integration of PS and CP is not an easy job, and therefore, this process has to be grounded on appropriate design principles.


Active ingredients from the natural or marine sources are one of the largest compounds which used in cosmeceuticals today to reduce aging. Marine macroalgae are one of the marine sources that could potentially be exploited as functional ingredients for human health and cosmetics applications. To explore new anti-aging, marine macroalgae are being considered to be a source of nutrients, antioxidants and can be developed as an antiaging (Takaichi, 2011; Wang et al., 2015) . The antioxidant of fucoxanthin in macroalgae plays an important role in mechanisms for their beneficial health effects including anti-aging (Seifried et al., 2007) . However, the biological effects of carotenoids not only depend on their antioxidant activity because of other active compounds in macroalgae (Balboa et al., 2013) . Formation of the excessive ROS is a widely accepted a pivotal role in the mechanism leading to skin aging. Antioxidant inhibits the damage due to free radicals or reactions promoted by ROS and finally reduce skin aging.

To explore new anti-aging, marine macroalgae are being considered to be a source of nutrients, antioxidants and can be developed as an antiaging.

The antioxidant of fucoxanthin in macroalgae plays an important role in mechanisms for their beneficial health effects including anti-aging.

However, the biological effects of carotenoids not only depend on their antioxidant activity because of other active compounds in macroalgae.


No significant lymphocyte infiltration was found in histological examinations of pancreas tissue from the diabetic mice in the present investigation. In CD-a mice a moderate infiltration of mononuclear cells has been found after EMC virus injection [16, 17] . The infiltrate was found only in some of the islets, mostly in the periphery and in the surrounding tissue, including the vessels [16] .

In CD-a mice a moderate infiltration of mononuclear cells has been found after EMC virus injection.

The infiltrate was found only in some of the islets, mostly in the periphery and in the surrounding tissue, including the vessels.


To this end, Dresner and Stone introduced a multiagent systems approach to traffic intersection management called Autonomous Intersection Management (AIM) in which vehicles (driver agents) call ahead to a reservation manager agent at the intersection to reserve conflict-free trajectories in intersection space-time [1] . In comparison to today's intersection managers (traffic signals and stop signs), AIM dramatically improves traffic throughput in the case of a single intersection. However, little is known about coordinating multiple intersections using AIM in order to optimize traffic This work has taken place in the Learning Agents Research Group (LARG) at UT Austin. LARG research is supported in part by NSF (IIS-0917122), ONR (N00014-09-1-0658), and FHWA (DTFH61-07-H-00030).

To this end, Dresner and Stone introduced a multiagent systems approach to traffic intersection management called Autonomous Intersection Management (AIM) in which vehicles (driver agents) call ahead to a reservation manager agent at the intersection to reserve conflict-free trajectories in intersection space-time.


A bilayered structure with classical materials is proposed to realize the electromagnetic omnidirectional absorber reported by Narimanov and Kildishev [18] . The necessary profile of the effective dielectric constant of the device is met by varying the thickness ratio of the bilayered materials as function of the radius. Since the bilayer is made of either silicon powder and polyethylene or air and polyethylene, the device is shown to function in a broadband frequency range. The interaction of the device with an electromagnetic beam is measured by an electric field mapping system, and numerical simulations are also conducted. The measured electric fields agree favorably well with the simulations.

A bilayered structure with classical materials is proposed to realize the electromagnetic omnidirectional absorber reported by Narimanov and Kildishev.


Therefore, it appears that the independent variables explain a small percentage of the variance of the dependent variables. When the distress dimension was adjusted for the performance dimension, the explained variance increased, especially for the depression/anxiety factor. Findings based on studies of different age and cultural groups cannot be generalized without additional research. Unfortunately, few studies have focused on the associations between assertiveness and specific aspects of psychological well-being. The majority of recent studies on assertiveness explored gender differences, and only a few of them focused on the associations between assertiveness and mental health (Bijstra et al., 1994; Eskin, 2003; Taylor et al., 2002) .

The majority of recent studies on assertiveness explored gender differences, and only a few of them focused on the associations between assertiveness and mental health.


Our study shows that the nanofluids described by fractional derivatives have a significantly different behavior than ordinary nanofluids. The same conclusions were obtained in the references [33, 34] . Even if the models studied in these articles are different from the model studied here, the obtained results showed that the fractional parameter has a strong influence on the heat transfer process.

The same conclusions were obtained in the references.


A wealth of research about the health effects of economic insecurity has provided important evidence about the impact of unemployment on mental and physical wellbeing [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Yet, investigations into the short and longterm effects of unemployment on health behaviours such as smoking, drinking and body weight have yielded mixed results. It is increasingly being recognized that the dichotomous categories of employed/unemployed inadequately explain the current unemployment situation; unemploy-ment must be studied in the context of social assistance programs, temporary employment and other atypical employment situations [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Mixed findings regarding the impact of unemployment on health behaviours may partially be attributed to heterogeneity within unemployment groups defined by the receipt of unemployment benefits.

A wealth of research about the health effects of economic insecurity has provided important evidence about the impact of unemployment on mental and physical wellbeing.

It is increasingly being recognized that the dichotomous categories of employed/unemployed inadequately explain the current unemployment situation; unemploy-ment must be studied in the context of social assistance programs, temporary employment and other atypical employment situations.


In previous studies, the reformer was controlled as a linear model in the frequency domain (Ishibashi et al., 2008) . But this method has problems not knowing the state in the plant. And the reformer was controlled as a nonlinear model in the time domain (Masuda and Deng, 2013) . However, the paper has problems not to consider uncertainties included in the plant. In this paper, uncertainties for the plant are considered and an operator-based robust nonlinear feedback control system using robust right coprime factorisation approach including a tracking controller is proposed (Deng et al., 2006 (Deng et al., , 2011 Deng and Bu, 2012; Chen and Han, 1998; de Figueiredo and Chen, 1993; Deng, 2014) . Namely, the system in consideration of uncertainties included in the plant is performed two stages of control which the control object is stabilised firstly, and then the tracking controller is designed by the operator-based robust nonlinear feedback control theory. The effectiveness of the system is confirmed by simulation.

In previous studies, the reformer was controlled as a linear model in the frequency domain.

And the reformer was controlled as a nonlinear model in the time domain.

In this paper, uncertainties for the plant are considered and an operator-based robust nonlinear feedback control system using robust right coprime factorisation approach including a tracking controller is proposed.


Joint production of public goods and services by the public and private sectors has become a common strategy for responding to the contemporary challenges facing governments across the world. As a result, observers of the public management landscape are witnessing an increase in the variety and complexity in the forms of collaboration between the public and private sectors (Skelcher, 2005) . However, research in the field of public-private collaborations is still developing and has yet to fully examine the myriad organizational forms that have emerged during the last decades. In particular, despite the long history of the study of multi-firm alliances in the management literature, scholarship on the formation and management of cross-sectoral organizational alliances has not developed at the same rate (Fischbacher & Beaumont, 2003) . Mixing the distinctive environments, goals, structures and values of public and private organizations within public-private partnerships is likely to add further complexity to the already complex task of alliance management. Understanding and managing sectoral differences may therefore hold to key to making a success of publicprivate alliances. In this paper, we explore the ways in which such differences shape the management of an understudied form of public-private alliance -the Public Private the new entity is jointly governed by the collaborating public and private organizations, with the relative degree of representation of each sector on the board of the new organization typically determined by the public managers responsible for their inauguration.

As a result, observers of the public management landscape are witnessing an increase in the variety and complexity in the forms of collaboration between the public and private sectors.

In particular, despite the long history of the study of multi-firm alliances in the management literature, scholarship on the formation and management of cross-sectoral organizational alliances has not developed at the same rate.


The oceans of the world form a highly dynamic system for which it is difficult to create mathematical models [1] . Red tides are the name for the discolourations caused by dense concentrations of microscopic sea plants, known as phytoplankton. The discolouration varies with the species of phytoplankton, its pigments, size and concentration, the time of day, the angle of the sun and other factors. Red tides usually occur along the north west coast of the Iberian Peninsula in late summer and autumn [2] . The prevailing southerly winds cause cold, nutrient-rich water to rise up from the deeper regions of the ocean to the surface, a process known as upwelling. Swept along with this upwelled water are dinoflagellate cysts, the resting stages of the organism, which lie dormant in the sediments on the sea floor. The high nutrient concentrations in the upwelled water, together with ideal conditions of temperature, salinity and light, trigger the germination of the cysts, so that the dinoflagellates begin to grow and divide. The rapid increase in dinoflagellate numbers, sometimes to millions of cells per liter of water, is described as a bloom of phytoplankton (concentration levels above the 100,000 cells per liter). Concentration of the bloom by wind and currents, as well as the dinoflagellates' ability to swim to the surface, combine to form a red tide. If conditions at the water's surface become unfavourable for the dinoflagellates, for example, if the nutrients are depleted or the bloom is dispersed by wind and currents, the dinoflagellates will again form dormant cysts and sink to the sea floor. This study focusses on the pseudonitzschia spp diatom dinoflagellate, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (or ASP).

The oceans of the world form a highly dynamic system for which it is difficult to create mathematical models.

Red tides usually occur along the north west coast of the Iberian Peninsula in late summer and autumn.


The choice of this criterion is arbitrary and varies with different regions. In the present study, we used the uniform criterion of 0.2uC m 21 based on the water temperature profile measured in Lake Qiandaohu, which is widely used in other lake waters (Wilhelm and Adrian 2008) . We chose this criterion value based on experience with the temperature profiles in Lake Qiandaohu. Other criterion values are possible, but we did not compare alternatives in this study.

In the present study, we used the uniform criterion of 0.2uC m 21 based on the water temperature profile measured in Lake Qiandaohu, which is widely used in other lake waters.


The experimental area was prepared according to the needs of the crop. Basal fertilization was performed based on the analysis of a previously collected soil sample ( of potassium (Cavalcanti, 2008) . At 30 DAP, a top-dressing nitrogen fertilization was performed using 30 kg ha -1 . Sowing was performed in April 2013 and emergence occurred at 7 DAP.

Basal fertilization was performed based on the analysis of a previously collected soil sample ( of potassium.


The Earth Mover's Distance (EMD) computes the optimal minimum work needed to transform one distribution into the other [20] . The work is defined as the multiplication of the weight of a color transferred and the distance between the transfers. Since a dominant color in one distribution can be transformed into a color in the other distribution in many different ways, finding the minimum work requires a large amount of processing time [20] .

The Earth Mover's Distance (EMD) computes the optimal minimum work needed to transform one distribution into the other.

Since a dominant color in one distribution can be transformed into a color in the other distribution in many different ways, finding the minimum work requires a large amount of processing time.


The South American pulp companies' and local stakeholders' have a deep cleavage in their understanding of sustainability and development, reflected in companies' Annual Reports and NGO research pamphlets ( Nylund and Kröger, forthcoming) . This type of conflict cannot be resolved unless basic stakeholder requirements are met, but through fulfilling 'fairness criteria' as perceived by the stakeholders themselves ( Gritten et al., 2009) . Similarly, these efforts fail if there is no compromise, in which case, political solutions may enforce one party's views, resulting in continued resistance or total withdrawal by the other party.

This type of conflict cannot be resolved unless basic stakeholder requirements are met, but through fulfilling 'fairness criteria' as perceived by the stakeholders themselves.


Preserved egg or pidan has been one of the most popular traditional alkali-treated egg products in South and East Asian countries, including China, South Korea, Thailand, and Japan. Nowadays, pidan is consumed in more than 30 different countries worldwide for its special taste, flavor, and texture [1] . In China, pidan is recognized as a healthy and functional food and is also used to treat eye problems, toothache, high blood pressure, tinnitus, vertigo, and other diseases [2] .

Nowadays, pidan is consumed in more than 30 different countries worldwide for its special taste, flavor, and texture.

In China, pidan is recognized as a healthy and functional food and is also used to treat eye problems, toothache, high blood pressure, tinnitus, vertigo, and other diseases.


It has been shown that alkali treatment improves the extractability, solubilization, gelation, and dispersibility for preparing texturized products in recent years [3] . Moreover, this process is also effective in destroying toxins, such as aflatoxin and protein inhibitors, which is advantageous for food processing [3, 4] . The main acting alkaline chemical reagent is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Produced by the reaction of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), water (H 2 O), and calcium oxide (CaO) of pickle or coating mud, NaOH penetrates the eggshell and membrane into an egg, leading to physical and chemical changes, color changes, and gelation of the protein [1, [5] [6] [7] [8] .

It has been shown that alkali treatment improves the extractability, solubilization, gelation, and dispersibility for preparing texturized products in recent years.

Moreover, this process is also effective in destroying toxins, such as aflatoxin and protein inhibitors, which is advantageous for food processing.

Produced by the reaction of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), water (H 2 O), and calcium oxide (CaO) of pickle or coating mud, NaOH penetrates the eggshell and membrane into an egg, leading to physical and chemical changes, color changes, and gelation of the protein.


PMU measurements are polluted with noise, outliers, and missing samples. Thus, they cannot be directly fed to an application without adequate processing. Moreover, measurements obtained from PMUs during different events in power systems contain different signal features at different time scales. Hence they contain features of different types of power system dynamics. Not all PMU applications need the same type of signal. For steady state applications, the presence of oscillations adversly impacts the performance of the application [7] . Therefore, both bad data and oscillations should be filtered out from the PMU measurements before they can be fed to this kind of applications.

For steady state applications, the presence of oscillations adversly impacts the performance of the application.


Analysing the implementation of large dams for hydropower development in Sikkim and West Bengal we discuss what such developments signal for climate interventions, strategies and policies. Our findings draw attention to how the term 'climate' is conspicuously absent in the development of hydropower in Sikkim and West Bengal, even though hydropower development is otherwise at global and national levels positioned explicitly as a climate change mitigating strategy. We show how local NGOs who chose to contest the skillfully constructed green economic solution through hydropower development are coerced into silence, noting how resistance or even critique of such solutions is labelled in India as anti-national and anti-development (Sarma, 2014) . Finally, we note how, in such coercive settings, people's movements un-shackled to development funds and instruments seem better able to critique hydropower development than formal, institutionalized NGOs. The distinction we make in this paper between NGOs and people's movements is not meant to villify or glorify one above the other. Rather, our findings point to the different nature of challenges and risks of disagreeing with the state or a global neoliberal developmental agenda for those who function within and outside the system.

We show how local NGOs who chose to contest the skillfully constructed green economic solution through hydropower development are coerced into silence, noting how resistance or even critique of such solutions is labelled in India as anti-national and anti-development.


In a study analysing large dams across India, Duflo and Pande (2007, p. 1) had pointed out that 'Overall … large dam construction in India is a marginally cost-effective investment with significant distributional implications, and has, in aggregate, increased poverty'. Nonetheless, in India's current liberalized policy setting, hydropower development is said to drive economic growth as well as energy security (FICCI-PwC, 2014) . Regardless of a rather dismal environmental performance (see 2016 Comptroller and Auditor General report), the sector is positioned as greening the policy landscape. However, the rhetoric of such claims is evident in the contradictions between climate policies and strategies on the one hand, and hydropower development on the other. India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) speaks of the need to 'enhance ecological sustainability … ensure stability, particularly of the fragile Himalayan Ecosystem'. The term 'hydropower development' is conspicuously missing in the NAPCC text. On the other hand, State Action Plans for Climate Change (SAPCCs) for West Bengal and Sikkim, two Himalayan states with ongoing hydropower development, mention hydropower development, but largely in the context of enabling sustainable growth in mountain states. In the SAPCCs for both Sikkim and West Bengal, environmental concerns are reversed. The focus is not on how large dams might exaceberate climate change impacts, rather it is on how climate change impacts might threaten the viability and sustainability of hydropower projects.

Nonetheless, in India's current liberalized policy setting, hydropower development is said to drive economic growth as well as energy security.


The charge and size distribution was observed with nano-zetasizer Malvern instrument. The obtained data showed (Fig. 13a) (Fig. 13b-d) . For a noticeably stable nanoparticles suspension through electrostatic repulsion, a zetapotential of ± 30 mV is obligatory as minimum [53] . DLS is one of the most commonly used technique to determine the size of nanoparticles. It assesses the light dispersed from laser that passes through the colloidal solutions and then analyzed the modulated scattered light intensity as a function of time. Thus nanoparticle's hydrodynamic size can be determined [54, 55] . The size distribution results (Fig. 14a) (Fig. 14b-d) .

For a noticeably stable nanoparticles suspension through electrostatic repulsion, a zetapotential of ± 30 mV is obligatory as minimum.

Thus nanoparticle's hydrodynamic size can be determined.


The drawbacks of high SNR performance limitation for MMSE, limitation on the spacing/number of pilots can be mitigated by the finite delay spread of the channel and developing a low complexity algorithm capable of estimating the channel from part of the carriers only [8] . ML estimator can be interpreted as a transformation from frequency domain to time domain and back to frequency. The actual estimation can be done in the time domain, where the number of parameters such as the channel length is small. The estimator can be achieved by minimizing a quadratic criterion, which, combined with the small number of parameters, for lower complexity algorithm with Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation (PSAM) and Constrained Least Squares (CLS).

The drawbacks of high SNR performance limitation for MMSE, limitation on the spacing/number of pilots can be mitigated by the finite delay spread of the channel and developing a low complexity algorithm capable of estimating the channel from part of the carriers only.


Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) play vital roles in wealth creation and transformation in any society. Wealth can be distributed in the society only when it is first generated through the application of new technology for industrial development (Nigam, 1986) . More than 50% of the wealth created in developed countries emanated from technology which is typically a product of Research and Development (R&D) (Lawrence & Lau, 1996; Siyanbola, 2008) . Technological transformation in countries such as the United States of America, China, France, United Kingdom, India, and South Korea has undoubtedly contributed significantly to the listings of these countries among the top 20 economies in the world. These technological transformations can be linked to high-level R&D activities and innovation in the afore-mentioned countries. R&D, leading to creation of new goods, new processes and new knowledge, is a major source of technical change (Guellec & van Pottelsberghe, 2001) . R&D activities also entail the creation of new knowledge and the absorption of existing technology, which further leads to a reduction in the existing cost of production and an improvement in the quality of products.

Wealth can be distributed in the society only when it is first generated through the application of new technology for industrial development.

More than 50% of the wealth created in developed countries emanated from technology which is typically a product of Research and Development (R&D).

R&D, leading to creation of new goods, new processes and new knowledge, is a major source of technical change.


Interactive visualization tools can enable effective audience targeting by prompting a user to learn about their audience and to understand their different interests. To explore these ideas, we designed Hax 1 . Hax is a tool that provides a query interface and multiple visualizations to support users in dynamically choosing audiences for their targeted sharing tasks. We study how users engaged with this tool in the context of sharing and connecting with an audience in a Facebook group. Facebook designed groups to facilitate online community-building, and we can consider each group to be an online community of its own [1] . Fig. 1 presents a screen shot of one of Hax's visualizations for targeting audiences within a Facebook group.

Facebook designed groups to facilitate online community-building, and we can consider each group to be an online community of its own.


Meanwhile, the memory information collected periodically during the program execution can be utilized as debugging information. Embedded systems, such as the ECU, execute the actions defined in a program by loading data from memory and storing the updated data. These operations are performed using memory-interface instructions defined in the program [4, 5] . In other words, observing the logs hat uses the memory can be useful for understanding the program operation. However, since the information generated regularly in the memory is large, techniques for transmitting the data are required. For example, over 3 MB of data is generated per second when 32 KB of data is generated every 10 ms. To provide the data generated during the HiL test to the developer, the following challenges should be considered. First, methods are needed for overcoming the network bandwidth limitation. The FlexRay, controller area network (CAN), and local interconnect network (LIN) can be utilized to transfer the large amount of memory data generated inside the ECU while executing the HiL test to the outside [6] . Among them, the FlexRay, which is not commonly used in the ECU, is unsuitable for general use. The LIN cannot be used for large data transmissions because of its low bandwidth: about 20 Kbps [7] . Therefore, the CAN protocol is appropriate for collecting massive memory data [8] . However, since the CAN's maximum transfer rate is 1 Mbps, the amount of data that can be transmitted in the above environment is 1.25 KB per 10 ms; that is, 96% of the data is lost. An additional technique is required to overcome this limitation.

These operations are performed using memory-interface instructions defined in the program.

The FlexRay, controller area network (CAN), and local interconnect network (LIN) can be utilized to transfer the large amount of memory data generated inside the ECU while executing the HiL test to the outside.

The LIN cannot be used for large data transmissions because of its low bandwidth: about 20 Kbps.

Therefore, the CAN protocol is appropriate for collecting massive memory data.


In the traditional realm of modeling and simulation, codes are written to solve an isolated phenomenon for idealized input conditions, henceforth referred to as single-solver models. Single-solver models reduce the problem to a single phenomenon (single physics and scale) while either approximating the effects of other relevant phenomena or discarding these effects altogether. Therefore, these single-solver models rely on strong and occasional unwarranted assumptions about the interactions between isolated phenomena. Incorporating the interactions between traditionally isolated phenomena in modeling and simulating them through coupling procedures can eliminate the need for such assumptions and yield an improved representation of reality (Lieber and Wolke 2008) . Moreover, the interactions between separately studied engineering and physics principles can be regarded as the initial step toward knowledge discovery.

Incorporating the interactions between traditionally isolated phenomena in modeling and simulating them through coupling procedures can eliminate the need for such assumptions and yield an improved representation of reality.


On the other hand, reduction of the recovery time is potentially interesting in QI applications. A direct approach would be to reduce the active area whilst maintaining an appropriate filling factor; slightly increasing of the nanowire linewidth may also be helpful. Another approach would be to adopt the array of SNSPDs [20] . Overall, we believe that the performance of the SNSPD can be further improved in the near future.

Another approach would be to adopt the array of SNSPDs.


Microwave medical tomography is emerging as a novel nonhazardous method of imaging for the detection of fracture, swelling and diagnosis of tumors. Active and passive microwave imaging for disease detection and treatment monitoring require proper knowledge of body tissue dielectric properties at the lower microwave frequencies [10] [11] [12] . Studies on the variation of dielectric properties of body fluids and urinary calcifications at microwave frequencies have revealed that diagnosis is possible through cavity perturbation technique [13, 14] . The present paper reports dielectric properties of semen at microwave frequencies as well as the quantitative analysis in the clinical laboratory. It is observed that conductivity of semen depends upon the motility of sperm as well as the time elapses after ejaculation.

Active and passive microwave imaging for disease detection and treatment monitoring require proper knowledge of body tissue dielectric properties at the lower microwave frequencies.

Studies on the variation of dielectric properties of body fluids and urinary calcifications at microwave frequencies have revealed that diagnosis is possible through cavity perturbation technique.


The mentioned DRM is an implementation of the newscast protocol [10] . This protocol has served as a guide for the proposed communication mechanism within this work. Newscast is an epidemic approach where every node shares local information with its neighbourhood by selecting a node from it with uniform probability each certain time (refresh rate). Our communication model is inspired by such a protocol. However, our model considers a dynamic refresh rate which depends on the QoS parameters: latency and bandwidth.

The mentioned DRM is an implementation of the newscast protocol.


Various mechanisms other than lipid lowering have been proposed to explain the anti-atherosclerotic effects of statins, including antioxidant activity and enhanced NO activity [53, 54] . Statins reportedly increase eNOS activity in vitro [55, 56] . Because NO is associated with many anti-atherosclerotic effects, including the inhibition of monocyte migration and smooth muscle cell proliferation, an increase in the activity of eNOS in response to statins may partially explain their anti-atherosclerotic effects.

Various mechanisms other than lipid lowering have been proposed to explain the anti-atherosclerotic effects of statins, including antioxidant activity and enhanced NO activity.

Statins reportedly increase eNOS activity in vitro.


Engineers choose a set of concepts using suitable sampling strategies. Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is one of the most common sampling strategies currently used to select input concepts for surrogate model generation. The concepts can be changed by many different input variables such as the materials for various parts, thickness, colors, lengths, etc. The different variants of concepts are represented in 3D using CAD software. CAD/CAE (computer aided engineering) is the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design [2] . Through a CAD model, we can get outputs from each concept or design, which indicates how the design performs, for example strength, stiffness, weight etc. The final step is surrogate model generation based on inputs and outputs.

CAD/CAE (computer aided engineering) is the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design.


Some of the most common acrylamide-based copolymer systems used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AAc) copolymers. However, these AAm/AAc copolymers, like many other water-soluble polymers with high molecular weights, are very shear sensitive. That is, when the copolymer is subjected to high temperatures and stresses, there is potential for the polymer backbone to break [1] . This directly affects the polymer's efficiency in enhanced oil recovery, as the polymer in this case will not be able to increase the aqueous phase viscosity as much as was originally desired. Thus, it is essential to minimize polymer degradation in EOR applications.

That is, when the copolymer is subjected to high temperatures and stresses, there is potential for the polymer backbone to break.


The statistically correct error-in-variables-model (EVM) is used for analysis, as it is a non-linear estimation technique that considers the error present in all variables [6, 7] . Through EVM and direct numerical model integration, we are also able to estimate reactivity ratios using cumulative composition data (as opposed to standard analysis of low-conversion data). This provides additional advantages, including eliminating unnecessary assumptions and avoiding the experimental challenges associated with collecting low-conversion data [8] . Copolymerizations of both AMPS/AAm and AMPS/AAc are designed using Tidwell-Mortimer (T-M) and error-in-variables-model (EVM) techniques. Reactivity ratios (and associated joint confidence regions) obtained through the traditional T-M design are contrasted with those obtained through EVM design. This allows for a direct comparison between the T-M and EVM design approaches (not readily available in the literature).

The statistically correct error-in-variables-model (EVM) is used for analysis, as it is a non-linear estimation technique that considers the error present in all variables.

This provides additional advantages, including eliminating unnecessary assumptions and avoiding the experimental challenges associated with collecting low-conversion data.


There are several limitations. A small number of deaths limited our ability to affirm statistical significance with respect to predictors of mortality. Even fairly large rural/urban coefficients tended to be non-significant in models that controlled for individual and community level SES. Two years between observations may result in missed functional transitions. While death is not a problem, it is likely that a number of changes in functional status among survivors go unobserved. Many community characteristics are unmeasured. In particular, when it comes to China, environmental and health care quality factors come to mind. Because of availability of data, our functional status outcomes are based on self-reports rather than more objective physical performance tests. Previous research has indicated potential under-reporting of functional status limitations using self-reports in comparison to performance based measures (Karagiozis, Gray, Sacco, Shapiro, & Kawas, 1998) . Further research examining differences in self-reported functional status across rural and urban areas of China would therefore be useful in order to determine whether there are biases that are patterned by places of residence.

There are several limitations.

Previous research has indicated potential under-reporting of functional status limitations using self-reports in comparison to performance based measures.


In terms of physical activity, most of the students were physically active. This finding contrasted the results of other studies of adolescents, which reported high percentages (60%) of insufficient physical activity in this age group [4, 58] . A study of 105 countries worldwide found that 80% of adolescents were insufficiently active [59] . At the institution studied herein, the students have access to a court, soccer field, sand field, running track, swimming pool, and gymnasium, which help them to meet the physical activity recommendations. Also, teachers are available to practice some sports at counter-shift times, and students have access to all of these places on the weekend, along with assistants.

This finding contrasted the results of other studies of adolescents, which reported high percentages (60%) of insufficient physical activity in this age group.

A study of 105 countries worldwide found that 80% of adolescents were insufficiently active.


Canada's Pacific coast (province of British Columbia, BC) is one region where there is a renewed commitment to carry out MSP, also referred to as ''Integrated Management'' in Canada [14] . In particular, the provincial government is partnering with some coastal First Nations to create marine plans, through what is called the Marine Planning Partnership for the North Pacific Coast (www.mappocean.org), and the federal government is working on a planning process called the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area. In other areas, such as the west coast of Vancouver Island, MSP has been taking place via local community, First Nations and government partnerships (i.e., West Coast Aquatic, http://westcoastaquatic.ca/plans/). While these initiatives are promising, previous discussions about MSP have been slow to get started, which has significantly impeded progress to date [15] [16] [17] .

Canada's Pacific coast (province of British Columbia, BC) is one region where there is a renewed commitment to carry out MSP, also referred to as ''Integrated Management'' in Canada.

While these initiatives are promising, previous discussions about MSP have been slow to get started, which has significantly impeded progress to date.


There are a number of significant drawbacks when using peer nominations and self-reports in young children. First, it is difficult for young children to reliably recall information about bullying episodes [31] . Responding to questions depends largely on the way participants perceive their content and on their ability to recall painful events. Finally, responses to those questionnaires may be prejudiced by a child's reputation and could be characterized by gender stereotypes, and significant information might be omitted according to respondents' judgment [32] . For example, respondents may exaggerate their experiences or may refuse involvement in bullying episodes [33] . Bearing all the aforementioned in mind, there are substantial reasons for being skeptical about using peer nominations and self-reports in preschool populations [34] .

First, it is difficult for young children to reliably recall information about bullying episodes.

Finally, responses to those questionnaires may be prejudiced by a child's reputation and could be characterized by gender stereotypes, and significant information might be omitted according to respondents' judgment.

For example, respondents may exaggerate their experiences or may refuse involvement in bullying episodes.

Bearing all the aforementioned in mind, there are substantial reasons for being skeptical about using peer nominations and self-reports in preschool populations.


According to the results based on peer nominations, the role of the perpetrator was more frequently represented compared to the other informants in all the 4 forms of bullying, whereas the role of the bully-victim was not represented at all. This finding is consistent with the results of a study conducted with 120 preschool children where it was demonstrated that children were not able to designate children who were victimized when asked directly [25] . Preschool participants could easily nominate children who systematically bullied other children, but when asked "are there children who get bullied by others, " they often could not nominate any child. In addition, our results have indicated that peer nominations correlated moderately with teacher reports. Prior research has also shown that data collected through peer nomination correlate only weakly with teacher reports for both direct and indirect forms of bullying behaviours [23] . Finally, data collected through peer nominations show that children involve in rumor spreading episodes at a percentage of 32.4%, whereas according to teacher reports and observations this percentage is dramatically lower. Such a discrepancy may imply cognitive or linguistic constraints of preschool children in their ability to distinguish rumor spreading from deception or lying.

This finding is consistent with the results of a study conducted with 120 preschool children where it was demonstrated that children were not able to designate children who were victimized when asked directly.

Prior research has also shown that data collected through peer nomination correlate only weakly with teacher reports for both direct and indirect forms of bullying behaviours.


On the other hand, it seems that data collected through observations seem to be a suitable method when investigating bullying in preschool children. Observations provide researchers with the opportunity to record and note down in detail episodes that describe not only central and peripheral roles but also the social and physical contexts of those events. In the present study, data were tested for interobserver agreement and therefore present a more reliable source of information. Nevertheless, the method of observation presents some worth mentioning drawbacks that should be taken into account. First, children's behaviour may be affected by the presence of researchers however unobtrusive an observational session might be. Also, data collection and interpretation are subject to the personal judgment and bias of the researchers. Finally, it is extremely difficult to record in an exclusive and exhaustive manner all information observed, that is, recording verbal bullying episodes in noisy settings [37] .

Finally, it is extremely difficult to record in an exclusive and exhaustive manner all information observed, that is, recording verbal bullying episodes in noisy settings.


First, the short-term wind speed can have a great influence on the generation of electricity. Faced with resource shortages, environmental pollution and ecosystem degradation, developing and utilizing clean energy with high efficiency has become an important topic. Wind is a clean and inexhaustible type of energy and one of the most promising energy resources [1] . Wind energy has achieved rapid development worldwide, and, as shown in Figure 1 , the newly increased wind power installed capability has reached 51477 MW. The power of wind is proportional to the wind speed; therefore, the wind speed determines the magnitude of the wind power. Compared with the long-and short-term wind speed makes it more difficult to control wind turbines or ensure the normal operation of the power grid [2] . Second, with the continuous increase in the installed capacity and the consumption of electrical power, forecasting the electrical load becomes more and more significant [3] . Electrical load forecasting means to estimate and forecast the electricity demand through analysing and researching the historical data and extracting the inner relationship of data from the perspective of known economic and social development and the demands of the electrical system, considering factors such as politics, economy and climate. In recent years, large-scale power outages in large-scale areas have been caused by extra electrical load, resulting in great economic losses [4] . Thus, the scientific control of electrical load seems vital. Finally, the indicator electricity price is related to its consumption, which can be adjusted with changes in supply and demand until it tends to be reasonable. Forecasting the electricity price is crucial because it has already become one of the cores of electricity marketization [5] . On the one hand, the electricity price could balance the economic interests of participants in the market. On the other hand, the market would also be faced with large risks in electricity price owing to the fluctuation of the wind [6] . Based on the discussion above, we can see that forecasting the electrical power system with high accuracy and reliability is a widespread difficulty; however, it is of great significance. Based on the computational mechanism, the forecasting methods can be divided into four types: statistical methods, physical methods, intelligent methods and hybrid methods.

Wind is a clean and inexhaustible type of energy and one of the most promising energy resources.

Compared with the long-and short-term wind speed makes it more difficult to control wind turbines or ensure the normal operation of the power grid.

Second, with the continuous increase in the installed capacity and the consumption of electrical power, forecasting the electrical load becomes more and more significant.

In recent years, large-scale power outages in large-scale areas have been caused by extra electrical load, resulting in great economic losses.

Forecasting the electricity price is crucial because it has already become one of the cores of electricity marketization.

On the other hand, the market would also be faced with large risks in electricity price owing to the fluctuation of the wind.


The energy system is a complex system that achieves the simultaneous generation, transportation, distribution and consumption of electrical energy, playing a pivotal role in each field of social production. It is essential that the electrical power system have sufficient capacity to address dynamic change, which could otherwise affect the quality of the power supply and even endanger the safety and stability of the electrical system. Currently, the control of electrical systems helps to plan electricity management, arrange reasonable operation modes, save energy, reduce the costs of generating electricity and enhance both economic and social benefits [1] . Three indicators in the electrical system are crucial for adapting to modern and scientific power grid management: short-term wind speed, electrical load and electricity price because they are connected to generation, distribution and consumption, respectively.

Currently, the control of electrical systems helps to plan electricity management, arrange reasonable operation modes, save energy, reduce the costs of generating electricity and enhance both economic and social benefits.