The adoption of pulp and cellulosic hydrogel in a composite form enabled integration of the cellulosic material into the domain of 3D printed materials without compromising its functionality while retaining the tuneable parameters such as varying microstructure porosity, temperature and fibre volume fraction. These parameters can be controlled to attain a programmable response from a global substrate through varying inherent 'through thickness strain mismatch' upon hydration/dehydration. The most distinguishable feature of the work presented here is the cellulosic content of the final material form. The cellulosic content for composite gels reported in relevant 4D printing literature varies from 0.8%-2.3 wt% of water content for MFC and NFC in hydrogel [19, 28] . In the Composite + Clay + CA formulation, 2.5 wt% of cellulose fibres are present and an additional 2.5 wt% of CMC. This is indeed an intermediate state of the material formulated for processing (i.e. 3D printing). However, the final material state is a consolidated composite following drying and crosslinking which is devoid of water. The resulting composite is formulated to be 50% fibre and 50% CMC by weight. This strategy results in a greater fibre (reinforcement) content in the final printed form, and will enable designers to create bespoke architectures with varying microstructure for triggered morphing.

The cellulosic content for composite gels reported in relevant 4D printing literature varies from 0.8%-2.3 wt% of water content for MFC and NFC in hydrogel.


Motivated by this need for a reliable and consistent determination of nuclear PDFs and their uncertainties, we present in this work a first nPDF analysis based on the NNPDF methodology [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] : nNNPDF1.0. In this initial study, we restrict our analysis to neutral-current nuclear deep-inelastic structure function measurements, and compute the corresponding predictions in QCD up to NNLO in the α s expansion. Moreover, heavy quark mass effects are included using the FONLL general-mass variable-flavor number scheme [53] . Since the nPDFs are determined using the same theoretical and methodological framework as the NNPDF3.1 proton PDFs, we are able to impose the boundary condition in a consistent manner so that the nNNPDF1.0 results reproduce both the NNPDF3.1 central values and uncertainties when evaluated at A = 1.

Motivated by this need for a reliable and consistent determination of nuclear PDFs and their uncertainties, we present in this work a first nPDF analysis based on the NNPDF methodology: nNNPDF1.0.

Moreover, heavy quark mass effects are included using the FONLL general-mass variable-flavor number scheme.


At the Science Museum these fairly recent developments build on almost two decades of experience of participatory projects and experiments. Throughout this time the roles and goals of participation have changed considerably. As a response to a growing interest in the public understanding of science in the mid to late 1980s, the Science Museum started to explore its potential role as a venue for debate in addition to its traditional educational role (Boon, 2010a, pp 125-6) . One of the relevant early experiments undertaken by the Museum, a consensus conference organised in 1994, stands out for two reasons: firstly, it was an event that had no links with the Museum's core historical offer. Rather, it aimed to place the Museum at the centre of a wider movement of Public Understanding of Science, with permanent contemporary science galleries coming later. In other words, although organised by the Science Museum, it seemed to emphasise the role of the Museum as a physical location rather than the Museum in its traditional roles. Secondly, the event had a highly political connotation: it facilitated investigation of plant biotechnology by a lay panel recruited by the Museum during a period of high public anxiety about genetically modified foods. It resulted in a report written by the panel that was disseminated among policy makers, scientists and journalists (Durant, 1995) .

It resulted in a report written by the panel that was disseminated among policy makers, scientists and journalists.


For expensive performance functions, metamodels are commonly used [20] . The reliability assessment (RA), however, often depends on the accuracy of the metamodel. This method fundamentally differs from this common practice by introducing an objective means, failure surface frontier (FSF), for the purpose of RA. The metamodel is employed in this work mainly as a guide for iterative sampling. It is used in RA only as a supplementary tool to identify controversial points, at which the expensive performance function is called for evaluation. Therefore, the proposed RA method does not rely on the accuracy of the metamodel.

For expensive performance functions, metamodels are commonly used.


Humans are limited in their ability to perform multi-task. When people are presented with two discrete stimuli (S1 and S2) in temporally close succession, and required a fast discrete response for each stimulus, the response to S2 is usually delayed compared with the case where the same stimulus is presented alone [1] [2] [3] [4] . This behavioral phenomenon is called a psychological refractory period (PRP [1] [2] [3] [4] ). The PRP is a representative behavioral phenomenon, which shows computational limitation in human brain processing when people perform multiple cognitive-motor tasks in parallel.

When people are presented with two discrete stimuli (S1 and S2) in temporally close succession, and required a fast discrete response for each stimulus, the response to S2 is usually delayed compared with the case where the same stimulus is presented alone.

This behavioral phenomenon is called a psychological refractory period (PRP).


Anodal tDCS was capable of attenuating the PRP effects (Figure 3(a) ). It is generally accepted that anodal tDCS increases the likelihood that neurons will fire, thereby lowering their threshold to generate action potentials [14] . Under these neuronal states, the neurons will fire in a quite efficient way when inputs reach them [14] . This may lead to facilitation of local neural processing in a stimulated neuronal circuit. Thus, the present anodal tDCS likely facilitated the neural processing of the stimulated cortex, i.e. PMD.

It is generally accepted that anodal tDCS increases the likelihood that neurons will fire, thereby lowering their threshold to generate action potentials.

Under these neuronal states, the neurons will fire in a quite efficient way when inputs reach them.


Even though cathodal tDCS might have had potential to generate some effects, this had no impact on RTs in the present study (Figure 3) . This reason remains unclear. However, the finding indicates that the cathodal neuromodulation effect is not a simple reversal of the anodal one, as reported in previous studies [28] [29] [30] . Indeed, a recent study has revealed that when tDCS is applied to the M1, anodal tDCS seems to locally reduce gammaAminobutyric acid (GABA), while cathodal tDCS causes reduced glutamatergic neuronal activity with a highly correlated reduction in GABA [31] . In addition, it is also reported that anodal tDCS to the premotor cortex facilitates corticomotor excitability, whereas cathodal tDCS does not affect the excitability [17] . Further investigations are needed to better understand cathodal tDCS effects. Attenuation of the PRP effects under the influence of anodal tDCS was only observed for the 50-ms condition of the CC task (Figure 3(a) ). Even under the 50-ms condition, anodal tDCS failed to shorten the RTs in the SS task when simple fixed responses were required (Figure  3(a) ). Under the 50-ms condition of the SS task, the same visual stimuli were presented with the same SOA to trigger the finger responses as in the CC task. Thus, it is unlikely that the lopsided RT shortening in the CC task was attributed to general factors such as changes in attentional blinking to the visual stimuli. In addition, the findings rebuffed the view that the tDCS mainly stimulated the M1 so as to simply facilitate the RT regardless of with or without response selection processes. Instead, a plausible interpretation of this finding would be that anodal tDCS to the PMD specifically attenuated the PRP effects, derived from two consecutive choice responses. Since the human PMD seems to be an important brain locus for response selection (see Introduction), the tDCS might benefit this PMD function.

This reason remains unclear.

However, the finding indicates that the cathodal neuromodulation effect is not a simple reversal of the anodal one, as reported in previous studies.

Indeed, a recent study has revealed that when tDCS is applied to the M1, anodal tDCS seems to locally reduce gammaAminobutyric acid (GABA), while cathodal tDCS causes reduced glutamatergic neuronal activity with a highly correlated reduction in GABA.

In addition, it is also reported that anodal tDCS to the premotor cortex facilitates corticomotor excitability, whereas cathodal tDCS does not affect the excitability.


In the evaluation of PRP effect, we found that both RT1 and RT2 were significantly longer in the CC task than in the SS task in all SOA conditions (Figures 2(a) and (b) ). This means that the response selection required in the CC task needed longer processing time than that for fixed response in the SS task. In addition, both RT1 and RT2 were longer under the 50-ms condition than under the 500-ms condition in both CC and SS tasks (Figures 2(a)  and (b) ). The RT1 was obtained from the first reaction (R1), which was not preceded by any other reaction processes. But under the 50-ms condition, the processes for the R1 and R2 should have overlapped substantially. In this sense, unlike the conventional PRP effect (= marked delay in the RT2) under the 50-ms condition (Figure  2(c) ), the RT1 prolongation should also be considered to be a PRP effect as partially discussed in previous studies [7, 8] . Finally, the RT difference between RT1 and RT2 under the 50-ms condition was greater in the CC task than in the SS task (Figure 2(c) ). Thus, in the evaluation of PRP effect, we confirmed that the PRP effect becomes robust when multiple response selection processes are temporally overlapping, as was typically observed in the 50-ms condition of the CC task.

In this sense, unlike the conventional PRP effect (= marked delay in the RT2) under the 50-ms condition (Figure  2(c) ), the RT1 prolongation should also be considered to be a PRP effect as partially discussed in previous studies.


In contrast, the two reaction processes were temporally dissociated at a substantial level under the 500-ms condition, which shortened RT2 as compared with RT1, with no assistance from tDCS. Thus, under this condition, the R2 process was already facilitated, presumably owing to some preparatory effect [3, 32] . Therefore, the benefits (= RT shortening) from anodal tDCS were little under this condition.

Thus, under this condition, the R2 process was already facilitated, presumably owing to some preparatory effect.


Steel structures and bridges may be damaged by fatigue phenomena due to traffic loadings. In this case it is often necessary to study a rehabilitation activity and carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) are regarded as ideal products for retrofitting steel structures due to their high tensile strength, stiffness and fatigue resistance [1] . Besides, composites are very flexible and their application facilitates the design of the retrofitting system. CFRP reinforcement is observed also to increase the fatigue life of steel structures [2] . CFRP strips moderate fatigue crack propagation in three different ways: (a) by reducing the stress range around the crack tip; (b) by reducing the crack opening displacement and (c) by promoting crack closure. The interaction between CFRP strips and damage (crack) propagation at the mid-span of steel beams under fatigue loading was recently analysed [3] [4] [5] [6] .

In this case it is often necessary to study a rehabilitation activity and carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) are regarded as ideal products for retrofitting steel structures due to their high tensile strength, stiffness and fatigue resistance.

CFRP reinforcement is observed also to increase the fatigue life of steel structures.

The interaction between CFRP strips and damage (crack) propagation at the mid-span of steel beams under fatigue loading was recently analysed.


The model's time resolution is 0.1 years. We assume that the entire emission pulse is distributed evenly over this time (i.e., a tenth of a year). Due to the short adjustment time of BC we assume that the atmospheric stock reaches its equilibrium level immediately during this time step and that the stock drops to zero in the next time step. This is a workable approximation since the build-up to the atmospheric equilibrium level takes place within a few weeks and the atmospheric level drops back to zero within in a few weeks after the emission ceases. All other studied gases are modelled using simple gas-cycle models in line with those used in IPCC AR5 (Myhre et al. 2013) . The carbon cycle is modelled through an impulse response function based on the Bern 3 days-LPJ carbon cycle (Joos et al. 2013) . A constant background concentration at 389 ppm was assumed in the estimation of this impulse response function. For the simulations performed in this study, the emission pulses are 10 6 kg=1 metric ton (Mt).

All other studied gases are modelled using simple gas-cycle models in line with those used in IPCC AR5.

The carbon cycle is modelled through an impulse response function based on the Bern 3 days-LPJ carbon cycle.


The rate of auto theft specifically in British Columbia (BC) and in Canada dropped substantially over the past several years. Auto theft counts have dropped by more than 67% in Canada since (Statistics Canada, 2013 . However, the theory and policy explanations for this striking decline are highly contentious (Farrell & Brantingham, 2014) . A key theoretical and related policy question is whether the same explanation is true for all these types of crime declines or whether separate explanations or policies are required by crime type. This study examines how the concentration of spatially clustered and declining auto theft events in Vancouver occurred between the years of 2003 to 2013.

However, the theory and policy explanations for this striking decline are highly contentious.


Future research on auto theft might progress upon the work developed here. Localized qualitative data on street segments that experienced major reductions in auto theft might facilitate study of the role of environmental design. Similarly, examining consistent cold-spots could provide information about place-based protective factors. Measures of the number of parking spots and auto concentration on each street would improve denominators in the analysis. Replication of the analysis in other cities is required to determine whether the finding apply generally. Additional information on the model and age of stolen cars might indirectly shed further light on the role of security because previous analyses suggest the average age of stolen vehicles would increase (Brown & Thomas, 2003) .

Additional information on the model and age of stolen cars might indirectly shed further light on the role of security because previous analyses suggest the average age of stolen vehicles would increase.


The concept of class size is not straightforward, as we take up in more detail elsewhere (Blatchford, Goldstein and Mortimore, 1998) . A pupil will experience class sizes varying from day to day as well as within days. The size of class recorded on a register will not be that experienced all the time by all pupils. For the purpose of the present study, however, we have used the registered class size for the three terms of the reception year. Another complication is that in many schools children will be recruited into the reception year at the beginning of each term, depending on their age, so that in general the experienced class size will increase throughout the year. In our analyses, which we report below, we use the average class size experienced by each pupil. In addition we adjust for the term of entry to school.

The concept of class size is not straightforward, as we take up in more detail elsewhere.


In future papers we will extend our analysis in a number of ways. Statistical models will be extended to allow for the possible influences of other compositional features of the class, for example, it might be expected that for a given size of class, a child will make more progress if the average ability level of the class is higher, and, conversely, less progress if there are more children who are financially poor, are achieving poorly at pre-test, and have behavioural difficulties. We will also include in models information on classroom processes and behaviour. In other papers we show that class size differences are related to several aspects of classroom processes, including teacher/pupil interactions, pupil attentiveness and peer relations (Blatchford, Edmonds & Martin, submitted for publication), teaching (Blatchford, Moriarty, Edmonds & Martin, in press ) and within class grouping practices (Blatchford, Baines, Kutnick & Martin, 2001) . A next step is to include information on these and other processes into models predicting progress to examine to what extent they mediate, or explain, the class size effect. In addition, the progress made during years 1 and 2 in relation to class size is being studied and will be reported elsewhere. A preliminary analysis of the effects of extra staff and adults generally has been carried out, but these variables appear to show no additional effect for either literacy or mathematics, once the other variables in the analysis have been included. Further work on this topic is in progress. Finally, these models will be replicated on the second cohort and a combined analysis will be produced based on larger numbers of classes and pupils.

In other papers we show that class size differences are related to several aspects of classroom processes, including teacher/pupil interactions, pupil attentiveness and peer relations (Blatchford, Edmonds & Martin, submitted for publication), teaching (Blatchford, Moriarty, Edmonds & Martin, in press ) and within class grouping practices.


The use of draw control to mitigate stress damage on the extraction level can be considered as one of the most important aspects of draw management. It is generally accepted that underdraw and overdraw behaviour leads to early dilution entry, excessive induced stresses, and loss of planning abilities (Heslop & Laubscher 1981) . Consequently, a production planning program that does not incorporate the geotechnical properties of the rock mass within the block cave mining method will not be used for general purposes of production schedules. Careful control of the production in the long-term planning of a block cave mine will ensure that the schedule-drawing process within the cave moderates unwanted problems and preserves mining economics associated with production targets. Constraints must be appropriate with the mining method, objective function and real geotechnical condition of the rock mass. Maximising tonnage or mining reserves will not necessarily lead to maximum net present value (NPV) without aggregation reserve and grade constraint to time dynamic behaviour of the fundamental models in linking the mine planning parameters and draw rate curves.

It is generally accepted that underdraw and overdraw behaviour leads to early dilution entry, excessive induced stresses, and loss of planning abilities.


Block caving is generally a large-scale production technique applicable to low-grade, massive orebodies and the least expensive of all underground mining methods, and can in some cases compete with open pit mining in cost and production rate. It is a technique which relies on natural processes for its success, therefore, gravity is used in conjunction with internal rock stresses to fracture and break the rock mass into pieces that can be handled by miners. This method requires more detailed geotechnical investigation of the orebody than other methods in which conventional drilling and blasting are employed as part of the mine production (Rubio 2006) . Draw control in caving operations involves a combination of scheduling and geomechanics (Smith & Rahal 2001) .

This method requires more detailed geotechnical investigation of the orebody than other methods in which conventional drilling and blasting are employed as part of the mine production.

Draw control in caving operations involves a combination of scheduling and geomechanics.


During the production, the only control is through the drawpoints. The rate at which material can be drawn from an individual drawpoint depends on several rock mass and design parameters such as equipment size, layout configurations, and stress transfer on the extraction level, haulage infrastructure, and seismic activity (Rubio & Diering 2004) . Considering a series of simple definitions of the process of moving and drawing caved material from drawpoints is not good planning for caving operations. The researchers have modelled the draw rate constraints regardless of the production rate curves and only by defining lower and upper bounds. Deciding minimum and maximum draw rates of drawpoints is appropriate according to principles of geotechnical rules in all previous studies. However, during the entire life of any drawpoints, draw rate varies and the draw control system is a critical key in accurate designing and operation of block cave mines.

The rate at which material can be drawn from an individual drawpoint depends on several rock mass and design parameters such as equipment size, layout configurations, and stress transfer on the extraction level, haulage infrastructure, and seismic activity.


A consequence of disregarding the effect of PRC on the extraction of a drawpoint is shown in Figure 1 . It can be seen that the draw rate from a drawpoint is in the defined range, but this kind of extraction is not practical. The reason for this dissimilar form of draw rate is related to the aim of the models to solve problems with the fastest and the most convenient method. However, the lack of consideration given to the draw rate curve according to geotechnical rules, in addition to abuse of the objective function and nonoptimised scheduling, causes a problematic caving progress. Figure 2 shows a schematic view of a production rate curve. This profile is usually provided by the geotechnical team to consider many factors such as the engineering and geotechnical properties of the rock mass and safety issues in extraction. For instance, the draw rates established for Cadia East during the cave initiation (up to 30% of the block height) vary from 115 to 280 mm/day with an average of 190 mm/day. Higher than 30% to the top of the block, the draw rates vary from 280 to 400 mm/day with an average of 320 mm/day (Flores 2014) .

Higher than 30% to the top of the block, the draw rates vary from 280 to 400 mm/day with an average of 320 mm/day.


The ideal surgical simulator should satisfy the following three conditions. First, it should reflect patient-specific anatomical information that is input into the simulator. Second, it should allow interactive control. Third, the user interface should be intuitive. Currently, some computer simulators are available for surgical training, but most have limited, pre-programmed scenarios [1, 4, 6] . In liver surgery, the use of an image processing workstation allows one to calculate resection volume and visualize completion images [16, 17] . However, this existing system is not interactive, so the steps of the operation cannot be simulated. This general-purpose software can be applied easily to various organs and simulate the procedure in a step-by-step fashion. Third, intuitive control is achieved with a 3D tactile mouse. In addition to the above, the opacity of each object is easily changed, allowing this simulator to make otherwise invisible objects visible.

Currently, some computer simulators are available for surgical training, but most have limited, pre-programmed scenarios.

In liver surgery, the use of an image processing workstation allows one to calculate resection volume and visualize completion images.


FTS uses a blackbody source such as a mercury arc lamp or heated filament. These sources are more broadband than the sources of TDS but have much lower peak power. The time resolution in FTS is set by the response time of the detector. The most common detector type is the silicon (Si) bolometer, which has a thermal time constant τ ∼ ms and an optical noise equivalent power (NEP) of 2 × 10 −12 W (Hz) [5] . These have a more limited input bandwidth than the slower Si bolometer. All of these detectors measure power, unlike TDS, which measures electric field. They are all large-area, multi-mode detectors which typically use a Winston cone to couple the incident signal to the device. Because of their slow time constant, these detectors are usually used in FTS to study samples whose properties are constant in time.

The most common detector type is the silicon (Si) bolometer, which has a thermal time constant τ ∼ ms and an optical noise equivalent power (NEP) of 2 × 10 −12 W (Hz).


A key observation in this study is that facilitative activities tend to be shared across a number of individuals. This validates what was discovered in the literature review that facilitation is now being viewed as both an individual role as well as a process involving individuals and groups [4] . Facilitators perceived facilitation as a team effort. This is important to consider in planning implementation work in relation to evaluating both the strengths and weaknesses of group members and ties into ensuring the correct individuals are involved. Participants identified that there is a need for a recognized individual, such as a facilitator, to coordinate the group. However, groups may bring their own assets and possess certain facilitative skills which could be capitalized on.

This validates what was discovered in the literature review that facilitation is now being viewed as both an individual role as well as a process involving individuals and groups.


Wireless sensor networks consist of wireless nodes that are communicating in a wireless environment. Communication between these nodes is accomplished through the use of routing protocols, by which wireless sensor nodes act as senders, receivers and routers. As nodes are deployed freely into the network, the network topology allows the nodes to collaborate with each other to send and receive packets from source nodes to destination nodes. The communication distance from the source to the destination may be small or large, with the larger distance consuming the higher power for packet delivery. Additionally, the nodes between the source and destination may be untrusted and may drop packets in transit to other nodes. This behavior negatively affects the network functionality [2] [3] .

This behavior negatively affects the network functionality.


FGF21 is induced by PPARα in the liver in response to fasting, PPARα agonists, and a highfat and low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . In addition, FGF21 is a downstream target of PPARγ and is required for the anti-diabetic effects of PPARγ agonists [13] . Moreover, hepatic FGF21 is induced by ATF4, which is activated by metformin [14] . On the other hand, Nrf2 downregulates hepatic FGF21 production [14] . Nrf2-deficient mice have higher plasma FGF21 levels and higher FGF21 mRNA levels in the liver than wild-type mice [15] . Our results demonstrated that treatment with PCPA decreased hepatic FGF21 expression independently of PPARα, PPARγ, and ATF4, but possibly due to increased expression of Nrf2 in mice fed a high-fat diet. Thus, a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor might contribute to the expression of hepatic Nrf2 and FGF21 in mice fed a high-fat diet.

FGF21 is induced by PPARα in the liver in response to fasting, PPARα agonists, and a highfat and low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet.

In addition, FGF21 is a downstream target of PPARγ and is required for the anti-diabetic effects of PPARγ agonists.

Moreover, hepatic FGF21 is induced by ATF4, which is activated by metformin.

On the other hand, Nrf2 downregulates hepatic FGF21 production.

Nrf2-deficient mice have higher plasma FGF21 levels and higher FGF21 mRNA levels in the liver than wild-type mice.


Nowadays, the wide majority of published papers refer to batch HTL tests, while in terms of technological development point, the continuous mode is more desirable. Thus, more efforts should be paid to compare the trends observed and results obtained in the batch autoclaves of varying types and sizes used by the various research groups with results obtained from a set of various, continuous-type setups. However, it has to be emphasized that although a majority of the studies on algae HTL have been focused on batch processing, it is clearly evidenced that recently this trend is changing towards continuous-mode processes performed in sub-and supercritical water. This in turn proves the demand for evaluation of possibility for scaling-up the technology [12, [25] [26] [27] [28] .

This in turn proves the demand for evaluation of possibility for scaling-up the technology.


The rapidly growing demand for energy and the necessity of diversification of its supplies leads to a constant search for new alternative sources of energy [1] . Therefore, various types of conversion methods of renewable raw materials and wastes are the subject of extensive research of many scientific groups worldwide, as clearly evidenced by the vast increase in a number of publications concerning bio-oil (whether or not from microalgae). The recently published review papers summarizing the state-of-the-art in this field are particularly valuable [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . Among the numerous advanced technologies of production of bio-oil from microalgal biomass, the process of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) appears to be very promising. The HTL process consists in a chemical conversion of biomass components employing the specific properties of near-critical water used as a reaction medium. Therefore, the feed does not require energy-consuming drying prior to conversion.

The rapidly growing demand for energy and the necessity of diversification of its supplies leads to a constant search for new alternative sources of energy.

The recently published review papers summarizing the state-of-the-art in this field are particularly valuable.


Conceivable links between atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and risk factors of cardiovascular disease, such as diabetes, are increased oxidative stress and inflammation [52] . IL-1ra, IL-6 and hs-CRP have all been shown to co-vary with cardiovascular disease [53, 54] . The assessment of ox-LDL was an attempt to indicate the level of oxidative stress in the circulation. None of these variables was affected by treatment with ascorbic acid in our present study, thereby possibly precluding a major effect of these. The effect of ascorbic acid on TtP was almost exactly the same as after placebo when a more advanced ANOVA was performed including effects of treatment, period and interaction between treatment and period. This should point to an extremely small, if any, effect of ascorbic acid on TtP.

Conceivable links between atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and risk factors of cardiovascular disease, such as diabetes, are increased oxidative stress and inflammation.

IL-1ra, IL-6 and hs-CRP have all been shown to co-vary with cardiovascular disease.


Theoretical developments on bubble dynamics have been concentrated on two aspects of the flow. In the first approach the assumption is made that the bubbles do not substantially affect the ambient pressure field. The mathematical models that have developed at this level usually assume that the bubbles remain spherical and that the only interaction occurs through the ambient pressure field (see for example Plesset [12] ). In its most general case the theory includes the inertia of the liquid, viscosity and surface tension of the fluid and can also include the thermodynamic properties of the gas and vapour inside the bubble. Much of the practical pump design theory is based on this approach.

The mathematical models that have developed at this level usually assume that the bubbles remain spherical and that the only interaction occurs through the ambient pressure field (see for example Plesset).


One way to approach these contradicting views about PT jobs is to distinguish between employees who work PT willingly and those who work PT involuntarily. PT employees are regularly asked in labor force surveys for the reason they do not work full-time. If they reply that they could not find such a job they are classified as in other countries, which publish parallel unemployment series that classify them as "partly unemployed". The focus on PT jobs as "low quality" ones has emerged in the late 1980s and in the 1990s, because the share of involuntary PTs has risen substantially in the preceding decade (Tilly, 1996) . While the trend rise in the share of involuntary PTs among PT employees was halted in many countries (Buddelmeyer et 1 Throughout this paper we define part-time employees as individuals who work regularly less than 35 weekly hours. The only exception is teachers for which we define a full-time job as 24 hours -the fulltime definition for teachers in Israel. Sensitivity analyses for this definition are provided in the appendix tables.

The focus on PT jobs as "low quality" ones has emerged in the late 1980s and in the 1990s, because the share of involuntary PTs has risen substantially in the preceding decade.


The overall level of CLQ in the study area was moderate, slightly higher than the national average. Assessment supplement 12 proposed land use and production indicators and used the land use coefficient correction method to identify the external factors that cause the spatial variability within the study area. The CV is the most commonly used measure of soil variability [45, 55] . It found that the spatial differences in the CV in mountainous areas is greater than that in plain areas, and the natural attributes of cultivated land resources are still the main factors that restrict the quality of UCL. In addition, the small-scale agricultural development pattern, which depends strongly on the labor force, was the key extrinsic factor restricting the improvement of regional comprehensive CLQ. The resulting fragmentation of the cultivated land, the disintegration of the farmland road network, and the intensive development of the highway network associated with urbanization are important factors that restrict the convenience and stability of cultivated land use.

The CV is the most commonly used measure of soil variability.


Evaluating and monitoring land quality is a complex and challenging undertaking [17] . It has become an important activity in China because of the requirement of identify the changes and the natural, socioeconomic attributes of UCL to protect land without specific decisions to perform project investment and land consolidation. This paper establishes a proper comprehensive assessment framework of UCL for the south-central and southwestern portions of Hubei Province in China using the GALQ method. Assessment supplement 12 proposed land use indicators on the basis of the natural factors of GALQ. The weights are determined by the improved model of fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). The scores are determined by Natural breakpoint method to standardize the factor values and assigned different grades, which are implemented by ArcGIS. Use the coefficient correction idea, we complement the LUPC into calculating of land use correction index, re-divide the grade of CLQ.

Evaluating and monitoring land quality is a complex and challenging undertaking.


Sonocrystallization is crystallization induced by ultrasound, and was first reported by Richards and Loomis in 1927 [20] . In that report, the author investigated the ultrasonic effects of crystallization, among other diverse physical and chemical influences. From the 1950s to the 1970s, sonocrystallization was actively studied in the former Soviet Union [21] [22] [23] [24] . Since that time, sonocrystallization of various materials and the modification of diverse experimental parameters have been reported [25] [26] [27] . The industrial use of sonocrystallization increased during the 1980s due to advances in ultrasonic equipment, and, currently, sonocrystallization is common for generating crystals in the pharmaceutical and fine chemicals sectors [28] [29] [30] . Despite considerable research, a fundamental understanding of sonocrystallization, especially the mechanism of action, remains incomplete.

Sonocrystallization is crystallization induced by ultrasound, and was first reported by Richards and Loomis in 1927.

From the 1950s to the 1970s, sonocrystallization was actively studied in the former Soviet Union.

Since that time, sonocrystallization of various materials and the modification of diverse experimental parameters have been reported.

The industrial use of sonocrystallization increased during the 1980s due to advances in ultrasonic equipment, and, currently, sonocrystallization is common for generating crystals in the pharmaceutical and fine chemicals sectors.


For multiuser MIMO systems, we can utilize precoding to explore massive MIMO potentials. The essence of precoding techniques is to mitigate the interuser interference and to improve the effective received SNR. Herein, channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) is an essential component when trying to maximize massive MIMO performance via precoding. In time division duplexing (TDD) system, channel reciprocity can be utilized for pilot training in the uplink to acquire the complete CSIT, but the pilot contamination and imperfect channel estimation based on uplink pilots would lead to inaccuracy of the CSIT. In frequency division duplexing (FDD) system, the CSIT shall be acquired via the feedback channel, which is usually limited in practice. Hence, a finite set of precoding matrices, named codebook, known to both the receiver and the transmitter should be predesigned. The receiver selects the optimal precoding matrix from the codebook according to the channel state information (CSI) and reports the precoding matrix indicator (PMI) to the transmitter via the limited feedback channel [2] . With this mechanism, the system can obtain performance improvement by employing a well-designed codebook.

The receiver selects the optimal precoding matrix from the codebook according to the channel state information (CSI) and reports the precoding matrix indicator (PMI) to the transmitter via the limited feedback channel.


High-rate data demand increases faster and faster with the new generation of devices (smart phones, tablets, netbooks, etc.). However, the huge increase in demand can be hardly met by current wireless systems. As is known to us, MIMO channels, created by deploying antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver, promise high-capacity and high-quality wireless communication links by spatial multiplexing and diversity. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter or the receiver equipped with, the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, and the higher data rate the system can offer. Therefore, there is significant effort within the community to research and develop massive MIMO technology, which is a hot topic nowadays [1] .

Therefore, there is significant effort within the community to research and develop massive MIMO technology, which is a hot topic nowadays.


The balance of benefits and costs is likely to be highly case-specific. However, a further complication arises from the potential choice between designating an area of the sea for renewable energy investments relative to designating the same area as a Marine Protected Area which could exclude such investments. MPAs are now seen as an important tool of ecosystem-based marine spatial management that can be employed to maintain marine ecosystems in a healthy, productive and resilient condition by balancing the increasing diversity and intensity of human activities with the sea's ability to provide ecosystem services (Olsen et al., 2013) . A number of empirical studies report respondents' positive willingness to pay (WTP) for establishing marine protected areas (MPA), typically with preferences for more stringent restrictions on allowed uses of these areas (Wallmo and Edwards, 2008; Gillespie and Bennett, 2010; Wattage et al., 2011; Aanesen et al., 2015) .

MPAs are now seen as an important tool of ecosystem-based marine spatial management that can be employed to maintain marine ecosystems in a healthy, productive and resilient condition by balancing the increasing diversity and intensity of human activities with the sea's ability to provide ecosystem services.

A number of empirical studies report respondents' positive willingness to pay (WTP) for establishing marine protected areas (MPA), typically with preferences for more stringent restrictions on allowed uses of these areas.


While most emergency department (ED) visits end in discharge, EDs represent the largest source of hospital admissions [1] . Upon arrival to the ED, patients are first sorted by acuity in order to prioritize individuals requiring urgent medical intervention. This sorting process, called "triage", is typically performed by a member of the nursing staff based on the patient's demographics, chief complaint, and vital signs. Subsequently, the patient is seen by a medical provider who creates the initial care plan and ultimately recommends a disposition, which this study limits to hospital admission or discharge.

While most emergency department (ED) visits end in discharge, EDs represent the largest source of hospital admissions.


The tested soil was divided into six treatment sample-cells, each extending horizontally 40 cm · 40 cm and of depth 30 cm. The cells were such that the depth and exposed surfacearea of the soil, and in turn its temperature, nutrient concentration, moisture content and oxygen availability, could be controlled [7] . Furthermore, the cells inhibited excess run-offs of the crude-oil contaminant: such run-offs were inevitable since the remediation study took place from June to August 2005, in the open air and so exposed to the rain. Cell O was the control volume, i.e. did not receive any treatment, whereas cells A, B, C, D and E were earmarked to receive 50 g, 75 g, 100 g, 150 g and 200 g of 20-10-10 NPK fertilizer, respectively, twice during the remediation period, i.e. at two-week intervals.

The cells were such that the depth and exposed surfacearea of the soil, and in turn its temperature, nutrient concentration, moisture content and oxygen availability, could be controlled.


Let C 0 [0, T ] denote the one-parameter Wiener space, that is, the space of continuous real-valued functions x on [0, T ] with x(0) = 0. In 1948, Feynman assumed the existence of an integral over a space of paths and used this integral in a formal way in his approach to quantum mechanics [9] . A number of mathematicians have attempted to give rigorously meaningful definitions of the Feynman integral with appropriate existence theorems and have expressed solutions of the Schrödinger equation in terms of their integrals. One of these approaches is based on the similarity between the Wiener and the Feynman integrals, where procedures are developed to obtain the Feynman integrals from the Wiener integrals by an analytic extension from the real axis to the imaginary axis.

In 1948, Feynman assumed the existence of an integral over a space of paths and used this integral in a formal way in his approach to quantum mechanics.


We used the 110 most popular Java projects hosted on Github [12] . Popularity was measured using the number of stars given to projects, a product of the number of users who liked the project and chose to get updates about it. Core developers in this paper are defined as the group of contributors that contribute major portions of the commits and also act as reviewers for patches submitted by others. Table 1 gives an overview of the key characteristics of the projects in our dataset. In the second phase we analyzed the projects to check if project characteristics contributed towards specific design issues. We categorized code smells into broader categories, as suggested by the code smell literature [25] . Our categories were: Bloater, Object oriented abusers, Coupler, Dispensables, Encapsulators and Others.

We used the 110 most popular Java projects hosted on Github.

We categorized code smells into broader categories, as suggested by the code smell literature.


With the development of the compound materials, the problem caused by the traditional resistance-reducing-agent has been overcome. The new water-absorbent compound material can reduce the resistance dramatically, and work for a long time without corrosion against the grounding electrode [27] . In Section 4, the resistance-reducing-agent is used to enlarge the conductivity and the relative permittivity of the local soil near the grounding system. The effect of the parameter and dimension of the locally improved soil near the lifting line and the vertical electrode is analyzed respectively, and some useful conclusions are drawn to reduce the grounding system resistance.

The new water-absorbent compound material can reduce the resistance dramatically, and work for a long time without corrosion against the grounding electrode.


Grounding systems with various configurations of grounding electrodes is often a part of lightning protection systems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Grounding system provides a channel that current passes by, and large current flows through the grounding system before dissipating in the ground when lightning strikes. The surpassed voltage and radiation by the current are mainly determined by the resistance of the grounding system. Therefore, it is necessary to find the optimized programs to reduce the grounding system resistance.

Grounding systems with various configurations of grounding electrodes is often a part of lightning protection systems.


It has recently been argued that many non-relativistic CFTs (NRCFTs) should admit dual strong-coupling descriptions as gravitational systems. In this duality, the nonrelativistic conformal group is realized as the isometry group of a dual spacetime geometry [5] . A special subset of these geometries were subsequently embedded in string theory (which allowed a precise identification of the dual NRCFT) and warmed to finite temperature by the heat of the Hawking fire [6, 7, 8] .

In this duality, the nonrelativistic conformal group is realized as the isometry group of a dual spacetime geometry.

A special subset of these geometries were subsequently embedded in string theory (which allowed a precise identification of the dual NRCFT) and warmed to finite temperature by the heat of the Hawking fire.


However, it is hard to generalize on the issue as empirical studies on evolutionary effects of environmental fluctuations often do not investigate changes in mutation rates. The situation is not much different w.r.t the evolution of standing genetic variation under fluctuating environments. It has been shown in vitro that accumulated cryptic genetic variation in ribozymes can increase fitness in novel environments (Hayden et al., 2011) . However, chikungunya virus populations selected under fluctuating environments, show much less increase in genetic diversity compared to those raised in constant environments (Coffey et al., 2011) . Again, generalization of any kind is difficult, since we could not locate any other study that reports the changes in genetic variation in response to selection in fluctuating environments.

It has been shown in vitro that accumulated cryptic genetic variation in ribozymes can increase fitness in novel environments.

However, chikungunya virus populations selected under fluctuating environments, show much less increase in genetic diversity compared to those raised in constant environments.


The theory of Calabi-Yau algebras and categories have proven to be very important in symplectic topology and the study of topological field theories [16] , [24] , [23] , [29] , [12] . One of the goals of this paper is to adapt this theory to the setting of spectra in stable homotopy theory, and to apply it to prove and explain a duality relationship between the string topology of a manifold, and the string topology of a classifying space of a compact Lie group. We also use this notion to study Lagrangian immersions of spheres.

The theory of Calabi-Yau algebras and categories have proven to be very important in symplectic topology and the study of topological field theories.


Transfer of these new insights has not been implemented in daily practice, although specific care taking psychosocial aspects into account has been demanded [13, 14] . However, there are no concepts for specific training dealing with patients with CHF to improve their QoL in Primary Care. Although QoL is a main concern of patients, it is not a central topic of cardiac research.

Transfer of these new insights has not been implemented in daily practice, although specific care taking psychosocial aspects into account has been demanded.


Recent implementation techniques consider more general programming models [1] [2] [3] . The proposed approaches rely on a notion of logical execution time (LET) which corresponds to the difference between the release time and the due time of an action, defined in the program using an abstract notion of time. To cope with uncertainty of the underlying platform, a program behaves as if its actions consume exactly their LET: even if they start after their release time and complete before their due time, their effect is visible exactly at these times. This is achieved by reading for each action its input exactly at its release time and its output exactly at its due time. Time-safety is violated if an action takes more than its LET to execute.

Recent implementation techniques consider more general programming models.


Among the known Orobdella species, Orobdella ijimai was the only one where it was unclear whether it was a gastroporous species (Richardson 1971; Sawyer 1986; Nakano 2010) . The examination of my specimens revealed that Orobdella ijimai is a gastroporous species. In the two new species, O. dolichopharynx and O. shimadae, the gastroporal duct is very narrow and opening neither to the body wall, nor to the crop (Figs. 6F-G, 9F-G) . Their rudimentary ducts apparently seem not to be a gastroporal duct. However, their ducts can be recognized as a gastroporal duct in accordance with their morphological and positional similarities with normally developed gastroporal ducts. The gastroporal duct is a shared character of the genus Orobdella.

Among the known Orobdella species, Orobdella ijimai was the only one where it was unclear whether it was a gastroporous species.


One problem often faced in studies on sublethal effects of insecticides is the difficulty of differentiating whether the effect is due to insecticidal action or to the inherent characteristics of the insecticide-selected individuals (Croft, 1990) . This is because resistant insects often have reduced reproductive potential and longevity when compared with their susceptible counterpart (Lee et al., 1996c) . With the result obtained in this study (where it has been found that sublethal doses of insecticides did not increase tolerance in the F 1 generation), the possibility of having reduced longevity and fecundity due to selection of resistant individuals is ruled out.

One problem often faced in studies on sublethal effects of insecticides is the difficulty of differentiating whether the effect is due to insecticidal action or to the inherent characteristics of the insecticide-selected individuals.

This is because resistant insects often have reduced reproductive potential and longevity when compared with their susceptible counterpart.


We are habituated in thinking and modeling in terms of many things that do not follow from quantum mechanics. The atomic radius, the hardness and the electronegativity are important conceptual constructs of chemistry. Without the concept and operational significance of radius, hardness and electronegativity, chemistry and many aspects of condensed matter physics become chaotic and the long established unique order in chemico-physical world would be disturbed. But fact remains that the radius, electronegativity and chemical hardness are conundrums and objects of purely intellectual intuition and are not things of real world. They occur in mind like the unicorn of mythical saga [13] . According Kant, these are noumenon -objects knowable by the mind or intellect but not by the senses. These quantities are qualitative concept per se and have to be evaluated qualitatively goaded by physical and chemical experience. Hence, before any algorithm of computing the radius, hardness and the electronegativity is developed, the reification of abstract concepts regarding the above descriptors into things of the real world is absolutely necessary.

They occur in mind like the unicorn of mythical saga.


The purpose of this paper is to investigate sequential investment strategies for financial markets. Investment strategies are allowed to use information collected from the past of the market and determine, at the beginning of a trading period, a portfolio, that is, a way to distribute their current capital among the available assets. The goal of the investor is to maximize his wealth in the long run without knowing the underlying distribution generating the stock prices. The only assumption we use in our mathematical analysis is that the daily price relatives form a stationary and ergodic process. Under this assumption the asymptotic rate of growth has a well-defined maximum which can be achieved in full knowledge of the distribution of the entire process, see Algoet and Cover [2] .

Under this assumption the asymptotic rate of growth has a well-defined maximum which can be achieved in full knowledge of the distribution of the entire process, see Algoet and Cover.


A well-organized national planning of JHDs' training would contribute to the decrease of the waiting lists for some specialities which as this study showed, constitute the second specific source of stress for the Greek doctors. The existence of a unified National programme for the JHDs' training, would decrease the period of waiting for vacancies in certain posts (especially in the case of university hospitals). Additionally, the existence of systematic training programmes would provide JHDs with complete information about educational targets and the practical tasks which they ought to carry out in each specific year of their training (Athanassiades, 1985) . A national plan in this area could also include the possibility for JHDs to participate in a rotation system in different clinics or even hospitals, which would enable them to obtain more experience in a greater spectrum of skills. Following this approach, a balance between theoretical and practical training could be achieved.

Additionally, the existence of systematic training programmes would provide JHDs with complete information about educational targets and the practical tasks which they ought to carry out in each specific year of their training.


JHDs, after a long period of student status, undertake new roles and major responsibilities, such as being responsible for clinical and ethical decisions, following a vague job description and tolerating sleepless on-call nights. A few years ago, the first-year residents had 24-hour "on-call" responsibility for one night out of three. Since the early 1980s, the Hospital Junior Staff Committee (HJSC) of the British Medical Association (BMA) has made considerable efforts to reduce the working hours of JHDs, by adopting a "one in two" rota system which is interpreted as 102 hours per week. Later, the aim was one night out of four for house officers "on call". Despite recent re-arrangements to JHDs' schedules, the general conditions in term of the number of working hours and the sleeping patterns, especially for junior house officers, remain undesirable with detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of young doctors (Reid, 1995) .

Despite recent re-arrangements to JHDs' schedules, the general conditions in term of the number of working hours and the sleeping patterns, especially for junior house officers, remain undesirable with detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of young doctors.


Comparing the most important sources of stress for male and female JHDs, both genders reported that implications of mistakes, long working hours, conflicting job tasks and demands in their role were among the first top five stressors. In addition, there were some stressors that were only reported by females such as the "covert discrimination and favouritism" which may be related to the gender segregation that some female JHDs complained of, in the interviews (Antoniou, 1999a) . Moreover, "rate of pay" was more stressful for women confirming young women doctors' views in the interviews arguing that one of the primary motives in choosing medicine was high levels of earnings.

In addition, there were some stressors that were only reported by females such as the "covert discrimination and favouritism" which may be related to the gender segregation that some female JHDs complained of, in the interviews.


Moreover, a significant number of JHDs also considered insufficient finances or resources as a source of occupational stress. This problem is closely interwoven with the inadequate training of junior doctors as their wages do not correspond to their increased educational needs. It is worth pointing out that the wages of Greek hospital doctors have been frozen for over a decade. When the Greek National Health System was founded 15 years ago, a specific rate of payments for hospital doctors was laid down, but this is now ignored. It has been admitted that doctors' wages cannot cover expenses of continuous professional development (participation in medical conferences, subscription to professional journals, etc.). This can have consequences for the self-respect of doctors since they often rely on pharmaceutical companies for these expenses (Pipili, 1996) .

This can have consequences for the self-respect of doctors since they often rely on pharmaceutical companies for these expenses.


The implications of these results for policy and practice are many (Cooper, 1998; Cooper and Palmer, 2000) . Formal training programmes for JHDs of all specialties should be organized, clear job description should be legislated, rates of pay should be improved so that doctors become financially independent. Since career prospects were one of the main stressors for young doctors, career guidance programmes should help future doctors avoid oversubscribed specialties and therefore contribute to the decrease of waiting lists.

The implications of these results for policy and practice are many.


On the other hand, JHDs who prefer to work in the National Health System (NHS) have to wait for several years, as the appointments to new positions are quite few and the mobility between different ranks in the hospitals almost stagnant. It is generally accepted that the opportunities for a hospital career for new doctors in the European Community are extremely limited (Verschuren et al., 1995) . In addition, the new Bill which has been prepared by the Greek Ministry of Health, proposes that from here on, the newly appointed doctors in the NHS will no longer be permanent employees but will be assessed at fixed periods. Thus, the doctors in lower ranks feel constantly insecure, since they might well lose their job at any time.

It is generally accepted that the opportunities for a hospital career for new doctors in the European Community are extremely limited.


As far as the lack of training is concerned, 25 out of 37 specialities in Greece are considered saturated and four of them (i.e. general, work and social medicine, and public health) have a very low rate of completion. This implies a lack of long term policy for many years as regards the training of new doctors (Ifantopoulos, 1985) . Surprisingly, every year a phenomenon is observed: a larger number of positions are announced for the already saturated specialities than for those that need more staff.

This implies a lack of long term policy for many years as regards the training of new doctors.


The most important predictors for JHDs' mental and physical ill health included: total type A behaviour, relationships with patients and their relatives, and demands of the profession. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that type A behaviour with characteristics such as competitiveness, abruption of speech and gesture and excessive time consciousness, has an adverse effect on the mental state of the individuals and causes problems in the communication with colleagues and family members (Cooper et al., 2001) . The next predictor was the specific stress factor "relationships with patients and their relatives" reported by the Greek JHDs. This included stressors deriving from patients and relatives exploiting the JHDs' good will to help and inconvenience patients by referring them to other hospitals for examinations because of lack of adequate equipment in that hospital. This is an important finding which was confirmed throughout the stages of the study. In the interviews it was maintained by both males and female JHDs that what they called, "patients' harassment" existed (Antoniou, 1999a) .

There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that type A behaviour with characteristics such as competitiveness, abruption of speech and gesture and excessive time consciousness, has an adverse effect on the mental state of the individuals and causes problems in the communication with colleagues and family members.

In the interviews it was maintained by both males and female JHDs that what they called, "patients' harassment" existed.


SVMHeaderParse delivered good results for extracting author names (0.73) and abstracts (0.64). The results for SVMHeaderParse and ParsCit for extracting titles and abstracts slightly differed between our two test setups. We believe that different versions of the tool for transforming PDFs into plain text can affect the performance of these tools. PDFMeat delivered relatively good results of 0.60 on title and author extraction. The relative good quality of the extracted data may result from incorporating results from Google Scholar [1] .

The relative good quality of the extracted data may result from incorporating results from Google Scholar.


Since 2006 the Norwegian government has allocated signicant funding of an intervention oering four hours daily of free child care in ve city districts in Oslo. The city districts in question have a particularly high share of children from immigrant families, a group of children with lower participation rates in child care institutions in Norway as well as in a number of other countries (Drange and Telle, 2010; Dustmann, Raute, and Schønberg, 2013) . The main purposes have been to facilitate participation and provide systematic language stimulation of the children, as well as to raise awareness among their parents of the importance of language development and the crucial role played by the child care institution in promoting such development.

The city districts in question have a particularly high share of children from immigrant families, a group of children with lower participation rates in child care institutions in Norway as well as in a number of other countries.


To our knowledge, very few studies have focused on child care and the particular group of children with an immigrant background. One recent exception is a study from Germany exploring a large increase in subsidized child care slots for children between three and six years old, nding positive eects on child development (cognitive and non-cognitive) for children from immigrant families (Dustmann, Raute, and Schønberg, 2013) . Another study looks at the introduction of free child care for ve-year-olds in two city districts in Oslo in 1998, and nds that girls (no eects for boys) of immigrants perform better at the end of primary school, ten years after the intervention (Drange and Telle, 2010) .

One recent exception is a study from Germany exploring a large increase in subsidized child care slots for children between three and six years old, nding positive eects on child development (cognitive and non-cognitive) for children from immigrant families.

Another study looks at the introduction of free child care for ve-year-olds in two city districts in Oslo in 1998, and nds that girls (no eects for boys) of immigrants perform better at the end of primary school, ten years after the intervention.


Error associated with gradient estimates was small because there were only small differences in soil water potential measured at comparable depths (mean, 0.7 kPa). Variability of the difference in soil water potential was strongly influenced by antecedent conditions (standard deviation of 2 kPa for wet storms and 18 kPa for dry storms), suggesting the occurrence of preferential flow zones during dry antecedent conditions. Consequently, errors in flux prediction may be greatest during dry antecedent conditions. This analysis assumed that the soil was isotropic; the same saturated hydraulic conductivity applied to both directions of flow. Therefore, the ratio of lateral to vertical flux was independent of the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Table 4) . In layered soils, where anisotropy occurs, lateral conductivities are often higher than vertical conductivities. The difference between the measured and calculated change of storage suggested that such a condition may exist for this site. However, measurement of the anisotropy of this site was beyond the scope of this study. We feel the assumption of isotropy in each soil horizon gives a lower bound estimate of the ratio of lateral to vertical flux in each horizon. Recent research has emphasized the importance of macropore flow in a variety of soils (Beven and Germann, 1982) . Some studies in forest soils indicate the major portion of water flux during storms occurs as macropore flow rather than as flow through the soil matrix (DeVries and Chow, 1978) . This study did not address the amount of macropore flow occurring during storms; thus an unknown portion of the soil-water flux has been excluded. However, we feel macropore flow is likey to be small on a plot or watershed scale at this site because (i) no pipeflow was ever observed during storm events, even though old root channels and other visible pores were present in the soil-pit faces, (ii) in general, the surface horizons wetted up before subsurface horizons, and (iii) quickflow averages only 3% of the total annual flow on watershed 1, which indicates that the bulk of the water is moving through the soil matrix.

Recent research has emphasized the importance of macropore flow in a variety of soils.

Some studies in forest soils indicate the major portion of water flux during storms occurs as macropore flow rather than as flow through the soil matrix.


Storm 3 illustrated the pattern of flux through time during the storm events sampled (Fig. 3) . Vertical flux showed a sharp increase after rainfall, with the increase lagged as the wetting front moved through the soil profile. Lateral flux increased sharply in the BA horizon, but was damped with depth. In the desorption phase, lateral flux tended to become constant while vertical flux decreased. These results are consistent with data from physical soil models showing that lateral flux becomes more important as the soil dries (Nutter, 1975) .

These results are consistent with data from physical soil models showing that lateral flux becomes more important as the soil dries.


Regardless of frequent political attritions and future uncertainty, which are concomitant with the topic of climate change, outputs from climatic top-down assessments have thus far identified that global T a will likely continue to increase throughout the 21st century, and that there will moreover be changes in global humidity, wind speed, and cloud cover. Nevertheless, scientific dissemination like the reports presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have frequently described the effect of weather with a simpler index based on amalgamations of T a and relative humidity (RH). Although it is inarguable that those disseminations have significantly propelled the maturing top-down climate change adaptation agenda, when considering bottom-up approaches to climatic vulnerability, the exclusion of vital meteorological factors (i.e., radiation fluxes, wind speed (henceforth expressed as V), and human thermo-physiological factors) have arguably diminished the relevance and applicability of the results for local action and decision making [31, 32] .

Although it is inarguable that those disseminations have significantly propelled the maturing top-down climate change adaptation agenda, when considering bottom-up approaches to climatic vulnerability, the exclusion of vital meteorological factors (i.e., radiation fluxes, wind speed (henceforth expressed as V), and human thermo-physiological factors) have arguably diminished the relevance and applicability of the results for local action and decision making.


Traditionally, linear stability analysis is performed by examining the spectrum of the linearized system. When all the eigenvalues of the system are in the left half of the complex plane, the eigenmodes of the system have negative growth rates and therefore the system is linearly stable. If one or more of the eigenvalues lie on the right half of the complex plane, correspondingly the eigenmodes have positive growth rates and the system is linearly unstable. In a linearly unstable system, any infinitesimal initial perturbation grows exponentially and asymptotically reaches another state different from the initial state. A linearly stable system can also exhibit subcritical transition to instability and asymptotically reach another state for suitable initial conditions. This type of subcritical transition to instability from a finite amplitude initial condition is called triggering [2] .

This type of subcritical transition to instability from a finite amplitude initial condition is called triggering.


Combustion instability is a plaguing problem in the development of combustors for rockets and gas turbines used in jet engines and power generation [1] . Fluctuations in heat release rate arise due to acoustic fluctuations. They can further act as a source of acoustic fluctuations and the coupled system can reach self-sustained large amplitude oscillations. Combustion instability is caused when the fluctuating heat release rate and the acoustic field form a positive feedback loop.

Combustion instability is a plaguing problem in the development of combustors for rockets and gas turbines used in jet engines and power generation.


For the bending of helically wound steel cables (spiral strands and wire ropes) under an approximately steady mean axial load, it is common to introduce a mathematically convenient constant effective bending stiffness for the cable, using which the radii of curvature at the points of restraint are then calculated. Owing to their peculiar construction, axially preloaded spiral strands undergo plane-section bending only for sufficiently small levels of strand maximum lateral deflection/span ratios. Beyond a certain limit of this ratio, plane sections do not remain plane and, depending on the level of axial tension and the imposed radius of curvature, interlayer slippage takes place, starting from the outer layer and spreading towards the centre of the strand [3, 5, [9] [10] [11] .

Beyond a certain limit of this ratio, plane sections do not remain plane and, depending on the level of axial tension and the imposed radius of curvature, interlayer slippage takes place, starting from the outer layer and spreading towards the centre of the strand.


Until fairly recently, despite the efforts of research workers which date back to the early years of the last century, little light had been cast on the free-bending behaviour of helically wound cables taking interwire/ interlayer friction into account, where, in the present terminology, the term free bending refers to cases where the cable undergoes bending in the absence of sheaves, fairleads or other formers, so that the radius of curvature is not predetermined. There is little point in reporting a detailed review of previous literature here, as this has already been done in considerable detail elsewhere [1] [2] [3] [4] . For the present purposes, it may, perhaps, suffice merely to mention a number of key issues of direct relevance to the question of determining the effective bending stiffness of a spiral strand under free-bending conditions-the subject of the present paper.

There is little point in reporting a detailed review of previous literature here, as this has already been done in considerable detail elsewhere.


Again, using Eq. (18) we calculate spatial distribution of the SH spectral intensity for NRND in periodic 2D NLOS. We chose the duty cycle D x = 0.74 to obtain comparable Fourier coefficients for the first three NRND orders (ξ m=0 = 0.48, ξ m=1 ≈ 0.46, ξ m=2 ≈ −0.32). The result of these calculations is presented in Fig. 3 (a) . It is seen that the NRND orders experience a spectral shift towards shorter wavelengths as the NRND order grows [9] . This means that using quasi-monochromatic radiation will result in inefficient SHG for all NRND orders except for one whose longitudinal phase-matching condition satisfied. On the contrary, the chirped structure exhibits wider spectral responses for all NRND orders as shown in Fig. 3 (b) . The spectral ranges for different orders may overlap ensuring efficient NRND for a set of orders. For a certain NRND order, the SH spectral components evolve along the structure as shown in Fig. 4 . It is seen that the spectral response of the structure is linearly distributed over the structure. As the fundamental radiation propagates through the structure, new spectral components are involved in the process. When the SH intensity reaches its maximum, weak intensity oscillations appear. The scale of oscillations decreases in the propagation direction, which can be explained by spatial dependence of the phase mismatch in the longitudinal direction. Namely, the farther away from the region of exact QPM, the smaller the scale of oscillation. These oscillations are accompanied by minor reduction in the intensity along the propagation direction. Moreover, the spectral width grows along the propagation length, while the details of SH spectra become smaller. From Fig. 4 we evaluate the spectral width to be 0.8 nm·mm −1 . Note that changing the sign of the chirp parameter results in mirror inversion of the calculated dependence in the spectral range relative to the central SH wavelength. This can be simply achieved by inverting the coordinates y → −y.

It is seen that the NRND orders experience a spectral shift towards shorter wavelengths as the NRND order grows.


Turfgrass root rot disease is caused by various pathogens through individual or combined infection, the lesions occurred mainly in the roots and rhizomes, in the early stage of the disease, the stems and leaves turn yellow, then wilt in the late stage of disease, thus reducing the landscape value of lawn. Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Pythium sp., Biploaris sp. are the main pathogens of turfgrass root rot disease, at the same time, Drechslera sp., and Curuularia sp. can cause symptoms of turfgrass root rot diseases [5] [6] . Lawns are increasingly becoming important landscape in people's lives, but there are relatively few research reports on the prevention and control of turfgrass root rot pathogens, and research usually focus on traditional chemical control, the shortcoming of chemical control is that it is time-consuming and laborious, the effect is of short duration, and can cause environmental pollution [7] [8] . Therefore, it is important to research on prevention and treatment of turfgrass root rot and focus on finding new method of prevention and control, in this study, we explore the biological control measures, based on the principle of chitin degradation by chitinase, starting from lawn soil samples, we isolated several strains of actinomycetes that efficiently produce chitinase, we isolate the individual strain of actinomycetes and identify the inhibitory effect of its chitinase on turfgrass root rot pathogens, our research has practical application in the biological control of turfgrass root rot disease.

Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Pythium sp., Biploaris sp. are the main pathogens of turfgrass root rot disease, at the same time, Drechslera sp., and Curuularia sp. can cause symptoms of turfgrass root rot diseases.

Lawns are increasingly becoming important landscape in people's lives, but there are relatively few research reports on the prevention and control of turfgrass root rot pathogens, and research usually focus on traditional chemical control, the shortcoming of chemical control is that it is time-consuming and laborious, the effect is of short duration, and can cause environmental pollution.


Most lymphomas involving the larynx involve other sites as well, including the salivary glands, the thyroid, the nasopharynx and tonsils [1] . The most common site of primary laryngeal lymphomas is the supraglottic region, as it contains lymphoid collections in the lamina propria and in the ventricles [2] . In this case, the tumor localized in the subglottic region of the larynx and involved no other sites as assessed by a thorough ear, nose and throat examination and CT scans.

Most lymphomas involving the larynx involve other sites as well, including the salivary glands, the thyroid, the nasopharynx and tonsils.

The most common site of primary laryngeal lymphomas is the supraglottic region, as it contains lymphoid collections in the lamina propria and in the ventricles.


Historically, SCADA systems have been designed to operate in standalone networks, completely insulated from the corporate network [3] . However, with growing competition and increased pressure to reduce cost and improve operational efficiency, the need to share information with corporate business units as well as perform maintenance routines remotely has resulted in widespread interconnections of SCADA systems with corporate networks that are remotely accessible through the internet [4] . This growing practice, in combination with progress in using standard networking protocols for SCADA communications, has resulted in increased exposure of national critical infrastructure and industrial control systems to cyber attacks [5] . Consequently, there have been several reports of security incidents on critical infrastructure and industrial control systems, many of which lead to significant loss from economic, public safety and environmental standpoints [3] .

Historically, SCADA systems have been designed to operate in standalone networks, completely insulated from the corporate network.

However, with growing competition and increased pressure to reduce cost and improve operational efficiency, the need to share information with corporate business units as well as perform maintenance routines remotely has resulted in widespread interconnections of SCADA systems with corporate networks that are remotely accessible through the internet.

This growing practice, in combination with progress in using standard networking protocols for SCADA communications, has resulted in increased exposure of national critical infrastructure and industrial control systems to cyber attacks.

Consequently, there have been several reports of security incidents on critical infrastructure and industrial control systems, many of which lead to significant loss from economic, public safety and environmental standpoints.


This study was carried out using publicly available data from the Repository of Industrial Security Incidents (RISI) online database Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org. ICCAE '17, February 18-21, 2017, Sydney, Australia [6] . The data set covers industrial security incidents reported to have affected process control, industrial automation or SCADA systems within the period of 1982 to 2014 [6] . The data set remains one of the richest so far for understanding historical accounts of cyber attacks on critical infrastructure and industrial control systems worldwide. At the time of this report, the database contains 242 security incidents related to critical infrastructure and industrial control systems, most of which are confirmed to be correct. Attributes of the data include title, year, industry type, country/region, and a brief description of the incident, including its impact. The entire data set was analysed in order to show patterns and highlight key points that can be useful for how we plan and direct efforts toward protecting critical infrastructure and industrial control systems (ICS).

Abstracting with credit is permitted.

ICCAE '17, February 18-21, 2017, Sydney, Australia.

The data set covers industrial security incidents reported to have affected process control, industrial automation or SCADA systems within the period of 1982 to 2014.


Modern industrialised societies are fast becoming heavily dependent on automation and control. On the one hand, the large and complex network of highly interconnected infrastructure assets such as electricity grids, water distribution systems and transportation facilities must be adequately monitored and controlled in order to optimally serve their intended purpose of enabling the flow of goods and essential services within urban and regional settings [1] . On the other hand, the industrial processes that generate economic prosperity for the society must be supported with automation and control technologies in order to safely attain optimal desired outcomes [2] . Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems provide the needed monitoring and control capabilities for real-time operations of these critical infrastructures and industrial control networks [3] .

On the one hand, the large and complex network of highly interconnected infrastructure assets such as electricity grids, water distribution systems and transportation facilities must be adequately monitored and controlled in order to optimally serve their intended purpose of enabling the flow of goods and essential services within urban and regional settings.

On the other hand, the industrial processes that generate economic prosperity for the society must be supported with automation and control technologies in order to safely attain optimal desired outcomes.

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems provide the needed monitoring and control capabilities for real-time operations of these critical infrastructures and industrial control networks.


Weight gain and obesity have emerged as a significant problem currently affecting global public health. The current therapeutic options for the overweight and obese are limited as most lack efficacy or are associated with adverse side-effects [1] [2] [3] . Satiety plays an important role in the maintenance of body weight and prevention of obesity as it allows the regulation of food intake on a meal to meal basis [4] . Amongst the numerous interacting mechanisms contributing to the regulation of satiety, enteroendocrine signals originating from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are hypothesised to play an important role [5] [6] [7] .

The current therapeutic options for the overweight and obese are limited as most lack efficacy or are associated with adverse side-effects.

Satiety plays an important role in the maintenance of body weight and prevention of obesity as it allows the regulation of food intake on a meal to meal basis.

Amongst the numerous interacting mechanisms contributing to the regulation of satiety, enteroendocrine signals originating from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are hypothesised to play an important role.


The memory accesses and bus traffic involved in the display update process consume a considerable amount of power. For every frame update, the complete content of the frame buffer is transferred from the frame buffer through a bus to the display unit. In a typical system where the frame buffer is located in main memory, this part of the system accounts for 28% of the total power [1] .

In a typical system where the frame buffer is located in main memory, this part of the system accounts for 28% of the total power.


Much insight into the process can be gained by studying the critical amplitudes that have to be surpassed in order to trigger transition. They depend on Reynolds number and decrease with increasing Reynolds number (Lemoult et al., 2012) . More importantly, the boundary between initial conditions that decay and those that reach turbulence is formed by states that are on the stable manifold of an intermediate state, the edge state of the system (Skufca et al., 2006) . The different states and their variation with Reynolds number are shown in figure 1.

They depend on Reynolds number and decrease with increasing Reynolds number.

More importantly, the boundary between initial conditions that decay and those that reach turbulence is formed by states that are on the stable manifold of an intermediate state, the edge state of the system.


We recently found the same mechanism for the generation of subcritical turbulence in PPF (Zammert & Eckhardt, 2015) . For a symmetric subspace of PPF we will present the edge state of the system and discuss the formation of the chaotic saddle. Furthermore, we will show that attractors and saddles with quite different spatial wavelength exist in the state space and discuss possible implications of this observation.

We recently found the same mechanism for the generation of subcritical turbulence in PPF.


For our numerical simulation of plane Poiseuille flow we use the Open-Source Channelflow-code developed by J.F.Gibson (Gibson, 2012) . The code uses periodic boundary conditions in streamwise and spanwise direction together with no-slip boundary conditions at both walls. A constant mass-flux is enforced in all our calculation. The definition of the Reynolds number Re = U 0 d ν in this work uses half the distance between the plates d and the centerline velocity U 0 of the laminar profile.

For our numerical simulation of plane Poiseuille flow we use the Open-Source Channelflow-code developed by J.F.Gibson.


The success of plant reintroduction is case-specific, and there is no substitute for local knowledge of species and systems. In this study, we show that moss may positively affect the survival and growth of endangered P. tabacum, which highlights the importance of restoring essential components of the community/ecosystem as part of restoration ecology and conservation efforts. Previous study showed that, as a nurse plant of Sphagnum, Polytrichum strictum could maintain the humidity of peatland fragments (Groeneveld and Masse 2007) . As a nurse plant, moss may increase the storage and availability of water and nutrients in the P. tabacum community. Nurse plants may be highly useful for the reintroduction of rare and endangered plants. The reintroduction of P. tabacum in the karst drainage caves in this study appears to have been partially successful in that; more than three reintroduced individuals bloomed and produced seeds at cave C. The causal mechanisms, however, require further investigation and confirmation.

Previous study showed that, as a nurse plant of Sphagnum, Polytrichum strictum could maintain the humidity of peatland fragments.


Cell counts: Zooxanthellae density was measured prior to experimentation and after 5 and 8 d for S. pistillata and P. lobata, respectively, both for the bleaching and control treatments. Coral tissue was collected from the upper, lightexposed region of the colonies using an airbrush and centrifuged in filtered (0.45 mm) seawater at 2000 rotations min 21 for 10 min. The separated algal pellet was resuspended in filtered (0.45 m m) seawater and homogenized. Zooxanthellae density (quantified as cells cm 22 coral tissue) was estimated from the average of four replicate haemocytometer counts standardized to the coral surface area as measured using the wax weighing method (Stimson and Kinzie 1991) .

Zooxanthellae density (quantified as cells cm 22 coral tissue) was estimated from the average of four replicate haemocytometer counts standardized to the coral surface area as measured using the wax weighing method.


Virtual knot diagrams are a generalization of classical knot diagrams introduced by L. Kauffman in 1996 [9] . Results in this area immediately indicated that the bracket polynomial and the fundamental group did not detect many nontrivial and non-classical virtual knot diagrams. We are interested in detecting non-trivial virtual knot diagrams, and, in particular, determining if a virtual knot diagram is non-classical and non-trivial.

Virtual knot diagrams are a generalization of classical knot diagrams introduced by L. Kauffman in 1996.


To evaluate PAVENET OS, we compare the precision of the hard real-time task scheduler, the compactness, the execution overheads, and the programming complexity to those of TinyOS 1.10 running on MICA2 [22] . PAVENET OS is implemented with the HI-TECH PICC-18 compiler and run on PAVENET modules. Table 4 lists the specifications of PAVENET modules and MICA2, and PAVENET modules are shown in Fig. 2 . PAVE-NET modules and MICA2 have the same level of equipment. PAVENET modules have PIC18LF4620 as a CPU and TI CC1000 as a radio module. The operating frequency of the CPU is 20 MHz, but the number of instructions-per-second is 5 MIPS because PIC18LF4620 performs an instruction per four ATmega128 as a CPU and CC1000 as a radio module. The operating frequency of the CPU is 7.4 MHz, and the number of instructions per second is 7.4 MIPS because ATmega128 performs one instruction per one clock cycle. Although ATmega128 and PIC18LF4620 have different architectures, they target the same application area. We note that TinyOS can port to PAVENET modules, but PAVENET OS cannot port to MICA2 because of its CPU-specific architecture.

To evaluate PAVENET OS, we compare the precision of the hard real-time task scheduler, the compactness, the execution overheads, and the programming complexity to those of TinyOS 1.10 running on MICA2.


A conceptual framework was proposed for explaining the design, structure, implementation and alignment of supply chain agility based on two elements, product information and behavior/relationship of supply chain [22] . The literature review was studied dealing with the criteria for agile manufacturing (AM) system by Ramesh [23] . The meaning and definitions of AM were identified in form of management criteria and technology criteria. A research work reported in literature on agile manufacturing (AM) and highlighted the phase of information technology was explored (i.e. computer aided designing CAD, computer aided manufacturing CAM, rapid prototyping RP) as agile characteristic [24] . The possibility of applying finite element analysis (FEA) and CAD/CAM concepts in organization was examined to acquire characteristics of AM was examined [25] . For this purpose the component of electronic switch manufacturing company was chosen as the candidate of research. A theoretical analysis was performed for reviewing the concepts of flexibility, agility and responsiveness in operations management literature to clarify the difference between these terms [26] . On the basis of literature review, they considered that the term 'flexibility' is most commonly associated with inherent property of systems which allows them to change within pre-established parameters, while the term "agility" described as an approach to organize the production system that allows for fast reconfiguration in the face of unforeseeable changes and that requires resources that are beyond the reach of a single company. The term "responsiveness" was characterized by action/outcome or behavior of a business that involves decisions about how much and when to utilize competencies and capabilities to accommodate stimuli.

A conceptual framework was proposed for explaining the design, structure, implementation and alignment of supply chain agility based on two elements, product information and behavior/relationship of supply chain.

The literature review was studied dealing with the criteria for agile manufacturing (AM) system by Ramesh.

A research work reported in literature on agile manufacturing (AM) and highlighted the phase of information technology was explored (i.e. computer aided designing CAD, computer aided manufacturing CAM, rapid prototyping RP) as agile characteristic.

The possibility of applying finite element analysis (FEA) and CAD/CAM concepts in organization was examined to acquire characteristics of AM was examined.

A theoretical analysis was performed for reviewing the concepts of flexibility, agility and responsiveness in operations management literature to clarify the difference between these terms.


An empirical research was performed for analyzing agility in four production plants belonging to multinational companies in Spain: Opel, 3M, John Deere and Airbus [19] . A comparison between firms based on their general characteristic was made by reviewing their production system (i.e. types of production processes volume and type of products and layout), business environment (i.e. high or medium, level of diversity), organizational structure (functional or customer oriented), and their manufacturing objectives for competitiveness such as, quality, cost delivery and innovation. A framework consists of strategic and tactical assessment structures was presented for evaluation of agile workforce based on cross training and their coordination [20] . The literature available on agile manufacturing system and proposed a classification scheme to identify the major areas needed for agility was reviewed [21] . Nine major areas were identified; product and manufacturing system design, process planning, production planning scheduling and control, information systems, material handling storage systems, supply chain, human factors and business practices.

An empirical research was performed for analyzing agility in four production plants belonging to multinational companies in Spain: Opel, 3M, John Deere and Airbus.

A framework consists of strategic and tactical assessment structures was presented for evaluation of agile workforce based on cross training and their coordination.

The literature available on agile manufacturing system and proposed a classification scheme to identify the major areas needed for agility was reviewed.


Agile system does not represent a series of techniques much as it represents a fundamental change in production and/or management philosophies [1] . It is not about small scale improvements but an entirely different way of doing business with a primary emphasis flexibility and quick response to the changing markets. However, there is a need for a systemic approach to evaluate and study agility in oil industry. Such as, British petroleum (BP) company has already moved for fast evolution after Gulf Mexico crisis to shake up the organization. They have announced plans to reorganize (reconfigure) the company's critical exploration and production business and to establish a global safety division with broad auditing and rule setting powers. The BP Company is going to make sure it is among the best in the world at managing risk going forward. In order to update the level of petroleum companies for competition or oil industry modernization programs, this new concept "agility" should be introduced into these companies. Evaluation of petroleum companies for agility is still the most important issue for the next period, and it will be highly considered. This will lead to a great change in the traditional company. There will be changes in production strategies such that company will quickly respond to customer demand with a reasonable price. There will be other changes in some areas such as the following: production support, production planning and control, quality assurance, maintenance, marketing, engineering, human resources, finance, and accounting. These changes will cause a revolution in the petroleum companies such that "agility" is based on compressing the time of production. This paper focuses on the evaluation of petroleum companies for oil industry modernization considering agility concepts and it is organized into several sections. Section 1 presents the background of agile concepts in petroleum companies. Section 2 reviews previous studies related to measuring agility as a general concept. Analysis of petroleum companies regarding agility issues is proposed in Section 3. Section 4 introduces the proposed measurement methodology of agility. In Section 5, case studies are illustrated. Finally, the conclusion and recommendation for future work is given in Section 6.

Agile system does not represent a series of techniques much as it represents a fundamental change in production and/or management philosophies.