From the literature survey, all of Savonius buckets were in form of semicircular section. The present paper introduces a semielliptic bucket of Savonius rotor to improve self-starting of Darrieus rotor. The choice of this type of bucket is due to lower drag when compared with a semicircular form [13] . The elliptic buckets were installed to the Darrieus shaft with certain arm length. The aerodynamic performance of combined turbine was experimentally investigated on the basis of torque and power coefficients. Figure 1 gives the schematics of modified Darrieus-Savonius turbine in which three semielliptic buckets are used for Savonius and three wings for Darrieus turbine. The choice of this configuration is based on the smaller drag of an elliptic bucket than that of the circular one and three buckets are easy to start passively without other means. Besides that, by making an arm of Savonius buckets with length ℎ the rotor can produce higher effective torque but this makes higher torque due to drag force; actually the drag torque and the effective torque are in opposite direction. The dimensionless distance from the rotor shaft centre is denoted by L = h/r, where is radius of Darrieus rotor and ℎ is the distance of Savonius buckets from shaft centre.

The choice of this type of bucket is due to lower drag when compared with a semicircular form.


The ISRF measurements are part of the on-ground calibration campaign performed at the Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL) in Belgium (Kleipool et al., 2018) . The limited time slot did not allow us to perform the measurements with a very accurate wavelength meter and wait for a stable laser at a given wavelength. Instead, the laser scanned slowly during data taking and each frame is treated as the measurement of an ISSF per row, where the column index of the fitted center is used as a wavelength label for the row data. The ISRF of a pixel, based on data from a set of frames, is then the normalized signal as a function of wavelength in pixel units (non-integer values). It should not be confused with the ISSF, which has basically the same horizontal scale but in integer pixel units. Only at the end of the algorithm is the ISRF of a given pixel converted to a function of wavelength in nanometers, using the wavelength assignment derived from an independent wavelength calibration measurement. This results in the ISRF calibration key data (CKD) which are used in tracegas retrievals.

The ISRF measurements are part of the on-ground calibration campaign performed at the Centre Spatial de Liège (CSL) in Belgium.


The most specialized of the wild carnivores studied is the wildcat. Wildcats were successfully detected using sign surveys, a method widely used for this species (Virgós, 2001; Lozano et al., 2003; Virgós and Travaini, 2005; Mangas et al., 2008) . However, wildcats were infrequently detected using camera-traps despite the use of catnip and valerian essence at camera-trap sites. Both lures are considered to be suitable for attracting wildcats (Anile et al., 2009; Monterroso et al., 2011) . Contrary to our predictions, we found that the relative abundance of wildcats increased with ex-urbanism. This may be a consequence of the high relative abundance of favorable wildcat habitat type in the study area where ex-urbanism was present, i.e. shrubs mixed with crops and pastures , rather than the presence of isolated buildings benefiting the species directly. Wildcats do not exploit human-derived food resources as has also been observed for other specialist carnivores elsewhere (Riley et al., 2003) . Moreover, the low fit value of the model suggests that other non-quantified variables are more important in explaining the relative abundance of wildcats.

Wildcats were successfully detected using sign surveys, a method widely used for this species.

Both lures are considered to be suitable for attracting wildcats.

Wildcats do not exploit human-derived food resources as has also been observed for other specialist carnivores elsewhere.


Titanium hydride films have many potential applications, for example, neutron super mirrors (multilayers of nickel and titanium employed for the transport of cold neutron beams), hydrogen storage layers, and standards for hydrogen quantitative analysis. Saturation of these systems with hydrogen improves their reflectivity, because hydrogen increases the difference between the two indices of refraction and allows one to diminish the number of layers needed [1] . In addition, titanium deutride films can be employed as a neutron source in ion beam technology.

Saturation of these systems with hydrogen improves their reflectivity, because hydrogen increases the difference between the two indices of refraction and allows one to diminish the number of layers needed.


In Maputo, the urban districts, Nhlamankulo and KaMaxaquene, both with almost 200 hab km −2 , are the only districts in the city above that threshold and also the ones with the highest demand of emptying services [47] . A second alternative development scenario (Scenario MPO) includes improvements on domestic OSS, an approach that is mostly based on fecal sludge management services and with potential for a 19% reduction in nitrogen reaching groundwater. Scenario MPO assumes the replacement of part of the existing OSS systems that are reported not to fill-up with systems that fill up and allow emptying.

In Maputo, the urban districts, Nhlamankulo and KaMaxaquene, both with almost 200 hab km −2 , are the only districts in the city above that threshold and also the ones with the highest demand of emptying services.


Nitrate is a compound of nitrogen that occurs naturally in moderate concentrations, in many natural environments [1] . In higher concentrations, nitrate becomes a water contaminant that can affect humans and ecosystems alike: high levels of nitrate in drinking water have been linked to health problems, such as blue-baby syndrome, blood disorders, hypertension, and cancer, with WHO recommending 50 mg L −1 as the absolute maximum nitrate concentration in water for human consumption [2] . Nitrate concentrations, above WHO's limit, in surface water can also lead to eutrophication and aquatic biodiversity loss [3] .

Nitrate is a compound of nitrogen that occurs naturally in moderate concentrations, in many natural environments.

In higher concentrations, nitrate becomes a water contaminant that can affect humans and ecosystems alike: high levels of nitrate in drinking water have been linked to health problems, such as blue-baby syndrome, blood disorders, hypertension, and cancer, with WHO recommending 50 mg L −1 as the absolute maximum nitrate concentration in water for human consumption.

Nitrate concentrations, above WHO's limit, in surface water can also lead to eutrophication and aquatic biodiversity loss.


All three development scenarios could result in an improvement when compared to the current situation, with almost all wastewater produced in the city being conveyed to the WWTP, adequately treated, consequently reducing the levels of pollution in Maputo Bay. Also, the volumes of fecal sludge transported to the treatment plants would greatly increase. We expect that the increase in wastewater and fecal sludge, adequately treated, would translate into improved urban health and wellbeing for the city dwellers [46] . According to our calculations, OSS is the largest source of nitrogen reaching groundwater, a conclusion similar to that of other authors [35, 36] . In the current situation, throughout the city, almost 500 tonnes of nitrogen reach the groundwater sources each year, a situation that leads to groundwater contamination by nitrate. We assume that this flow will have larger impacts in neighborhoods with higher population densities and where the population mostly relies on OSS [53] . Nevertheless, a comment is due to be made regarding a few of the underlying assumptions made in this manuscript and, in particular, the fraction of nitrogen that reaches groundwater from OSS. Nevertheless, it has been shown that groundwater recharge rate and hydraulic head have a significant influence on nitrate concentrations in aquifers [22] . The aquifer around Maputo shows a recharge rate of around 0.0002 to 0.0003 m 3 m −2 day −1 and a hydraulic head gradient in the range of 0.0015 to 0.002 [51] .

We expect that the increase in wastewater and fecal sludge, adequately treated, would translate into improved urban health and wellbeing for the city dwellers.

According to our calculations, OSS is the largest source of nitrogen reaching groundwater, a conclusion similar to that of other authors.

We assume that this flow will have larger impacts in neighborhoods with higher population densities and where the population mostly relies on OSS.

Nevertheless, it has been shown that groundwater recharge rate and hydraulic head have a significant influence on nitrate concentrations in aquifers.

The aquifer around Maputo shows a recharge rate of around 0.0002 to 0.0003 m 3 m −2 day −1 and a hydraulic head gradient in the range of 0.0015 to 0.002.


M. oleifera has widespread use in agricultural industry and medicine. The tree benefits from mycorrhizal nitrogen-fixing association but there are no known residual nitrogen benefits for the next crop. Pod shucks and seed kernel press cake can be used as mulch and enhances soil fertility when they decompose (Prat et al., 2002) . It can be used in livestock as a biocide. All parts of the Moringa tree are used in natural medicine. The tender leaves and pods contain a wealth of essential disease-preventing substances, for example, it is said to have known immune boosting ability (FAO, 1988; Ncube, 2006; Smith and Eyzaguirre, 2007) . Moringa can be used as a source of oil and dye for water purification and wood fuel (Folkard and Sutherland, 1994) .

Pod shucks and seed kernel press cake can be used as mulch and enhances soil fertility when they decompose.

The tender leaves and pods contain a wealth of essential disease-preventing substances, for example, it is said to have known immune boosting ability.

Moringa can be used as a source of oil and dye for water purification and wood fuel.


Many aircraft system technologies are undergoing major changes due to a global tendency towards environmentally responsible air transportation. The state-of-the art on-board systems are expected to be more efficient, safer, simpler in servicing and easier in maintenance [1] , [2] . As a result, many existing hydraulic and pneumatic power driven systems are being replaced by their electrical counterparts. This trend is known as a move towards the "More Electric Aircraft" (MEA) in which a large number of new electrical loads have been introduced. Therefore electric power generation systems have a key role in supporting this technological trend.

The state-of-the art on-board systems are expected to be more efficient, safer, simpler in servicing and easier in maintenance.


The current starter/generator (S/G) technology employs a threestage wound-field synchronous machine. However, performing a starter function requires an additional winding hence compromising the overall system weight and adding complexity to the machine. Advances in modern power electronics now allow the developers to consider including other machine types within the S/G. This results in substantial improvements in power density (kW/kg) and overall system performance. One of the potential solutions is to employ a permanent magnet machine (PMM) in future S/G systems. However, operation of a PMM at high speed, with limited dc bus voltage, requires operation in Flux-Weakening (FW) mode [ [3] ]- [5] . It has been found that rigorous control design for PMMs in generation and FW mode has not been studied in enough details, hence the paper addresses this gap.

However, operation of a PMM at high speed, with limited dc bus voltage, requires operation in Flux-Weakening (FW) mode [].


These constraints, coupled with the need to compute only the dominant singular vectors and values of A, prompted the formulation of a class of low-rank, incremental algorithms for approximating the dominant SVD of the matrix A [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21] . These methods track a low-rank representation of A based on the SVD. As a new group of columns of A becomes available, this low-rank representation is updated, similar to traditional incremental SVD methods. However, the defining characteristic of these methods is that the resulting factorization is then reduced to the desired rank by truncating information corresponding to smaller singular values. In this manner, the dominant singular subspaces of the matrix A are tracked in an incremental fashion. A consequence of this truncation is that these methods generally produce an approximation of the dominant SVD. The benefits come from maintaining a low-rank factorization, reducing the computational requirement to O(mk + nk) memory and O(mnk) floating point operations.

These constraints, coupled with the need to compute only the dominant singular vectors and values of A, prompted the formulation of a class of low-rank, incremental algorithms for approximating the dominant SVD of the matrix A.


These methods are referred to as batch methods because they require that all of A is available to perform the SVD. In some scenarios the columns of A will be produced incrementally, such as when producing snapshots for a POD-based method. It may be advantageous to perform the computation as the columns of A become available, instead of waiting until all columns of A are available before doing any computation. In other scenarios, the SVD of a matrix must be updated by appending some number of columns. This is typical when performing PCA on a growing database. Applications with this property are common, and include document retrieval, active recognition, and signal processing [12] .

Applications with this property are common, and include document retrieval, active recognition, and signal processing.


The improving effect of the ventilation on the total heat transfer of the dynamic window has been subject to analysis of a previous publication [13] . Starting from the achieved results, we proposed an upgrade of the system consisting of the ventilated window coupled with a heat recovery unit. This article analyzes the behavior of this dynamic system and the thermal comfort reachable in operating conditions, typically in an office.

The improving effect of the ventilation on the total heat transfer of the dynamic window has been subject to analysis of a previous publication.


The article describes the results of an experimental campaign carried out on a dynamic window consisting of a ventilated window coupled with a heat recovery unit installed on an external test cell, following the guidelines of the co-heating test method [14] . The authors intend to test the performance of the coupled system, with respect to a traditional window installed in a similar test cell where the same airflow rate is assured by a forced air change. Other physical implications on the use of the ventilated window are not analyzed in this article but they will be the topics of other studies considering the installation in real buildings.

The article describes the results of an experimental campaign carried out on a dynamic window consisting of a ventilated window coupled with a heat recovery unit installed on an external test cell, following the guidelines of the co-heating test method.


For classical antennas, the polarization sensitivity represents a key parameter both in emission and reception modes [1] . At optical frequencies, the polarization sensitivity determines the interaction with dipolar emitters such as fluorescent molecules or quantum dots [11] . The objective of this paper is to study the polarization sensitivity of such nanoscopic antennas under farfield illumination. The results presented here are also valid when the antenna is combined with a dipolar source placed in its gap. In that case, the orientation of the dipole determines the polarization of the illumination field. The coupling mechanisms between such an emitter and the antenna are however beyond the scope of this paper.

For classical antennas, the polarization sensitivity represents a key parameter both in emission and reception modes.

At optical frequencies, the polarization sensitivity determines the interaction with dipolar emitters such as fluorescent molecules or quantum dots.


In this paper we explore the spatial interactions in a simple fungal microcosm containing two species. In particular we test the hypothesis that the dynamics can be explained by independent spatially localized interactions. Experimental microcosms are arranged with contrasting spatial patterns ranging in the degree of patchiness in the con¢guration of species. A key aspect of the interaction between mycelia is the variation in possible outcomes between replicated systems (White et al. 1998) . This is suggestive of an underlying sensitivity which argues against the use of purely deterministic rules to describe the behaviour. Therefore a stochastic cellular automaton is developed and used to link data relating the local-scale interactions between mycelia to the larger-scale dynamics of the fungal microcosms.

A key aspect of the interaction between mycelia is the variation in possible outcomes between replicated systems.


Lesions due to tuberculosis have no specific ultrasonographic findings. In ultrasonography, they are observed as heterogeneous, hypoechoic, irregular bordered masses with internal echoes, or sometimes as thickwalled cystic lesions that show internal septa and posterior acoustic enhancement. In some cases, fistulas and thickening of Cooper ligaments and subcutaneous tissue were reported [5, 9] .

In some cases, fistulas and thickening of Cooper ligaments and subcutaneous tissue were reported.


There are two steps to interpreting results of FMM analyses. First, determining the number and kind of latent factors and classes using multiple indicators of best model fit. Second, interpreting the meaning of the latent classifications by way of profile plots of variables and their probabilities of being manifest in latent classes (Clark et al. 2013) .

Second, interpreting the meaning of the latent classifications by way of profile plots of variables and their probabilities of being manifest in latent classes.


Triiodide is a layered compound having low melting point of 408 ∘ C. BiI 3 is stable within the range from melting point to room temperature [4] . BiI 3 is reported to have vapor pressure of around 90 mbar at temperatures 250 ∘ C to 300 ∘ C [5, 6] . Therefore, BiI 3 films can be grown from both liquid and vapour phases. BiI 3 has been reported with different band gap characteristics and values. Experimentally and computationally, band gap value is ranging from 1.5 eV to 2.2 eV [7] . It is reported that BiI 3 has both direct and indirect band gaps.

Triiodide is a layered compound having low melting point of 408 ∘ C. BiI 3 is stable within the range from melting point to room temperature.

BiI 3 is reported to have vapor pressure of around 90 mbar at temperatures 250 ∘ C to 300 ∘ C.

Experimentally and computationally, band gap value is ranging from 1.5 eV to 2.2 eV.


Continuous processes together with batch processes are frequent in process industry and use nondiscrete materials (Dennis and Meredith, 2000) . In continuous processes the product gradually and with minimal interruptions passes through a series of different operations and exhibits characteristics such as liquids, powders, and slurries (ibid). Typically, process control is a necessity due to varying properties of incoming goods. The processing steps include procedures where the product assumes shapes or forms where it is neither practical nor possible to track a single unit, such as when the product is in liquid, pulp, powder, slurry state or in granulate form. In addition, the product generally passes through pumps, chutes and conveyor belts, sometimes involving reverse flows of fractions of the product stream. Traceability is therefore complex, and on a detailed level practically impossible. Inevitably, the characteristics of continuous processes demand special consideration from the experimenter compared to running experiments in a discrete process setting.

Continuous processes together with batch processes are frequent in process industry and use nondiscrete materials.


Perceived organisational support (POS) is a less formal way in which organisations may be able to counter the impact of bullying at work (Djurkovic et al., 2008) . Where POS was lower, bullying appeared to be detrimental to performance but the reverse trend is also of concern, showing that employees experiencing high levels of bullying and high POS showed higher performance. The combination of bullying and POS may put additional pressure on targets to perform at a high level. This may have short-term productivity benefits but is likely to be detrimental to individual health and performance if it continues and may give rise to health-related absenteeism, employment disputes, and turnover. POS had a direct negative relationship with bullying also, showing that overall POS is associated with fewer negative behaviours.

Perceived organisational support (POS) is a less formal way in which organisations may be able to counter the impact of bullying at work.


Finally, the QIP also altered interpersonal relationships. Most GPs confirmed that the QIP strengthened their relationships with their patients and improved communications with specialists and other healthcare providers. They also perceived a change in attitude on the part of the endocrinologists toward them, which markedly enhanced the GPs' motivation and sense of responsibility. These findings substantiated various theories and research findings that a positive relationship among healthcare providers is an important component of high-quality patient care [31, 32] .

These findings substantiated various theories and research findings that a positive relationship among healthcare providers is an important component of high-quality patient care.


Second, most of the GPs reported a major improvement in their diabetes care. According to the theory of planned behavior, decisions are made according to personal models and beliefs about the changes about to be made, and the perceived benefits and risks associated with them [30] . Several GPs indicated that the changes resulted from a conscious decision based on interconnected key elements during the quality improvement process. Reported key elements were the need to keep up with knowledge, the increased awareness that their practice needs improvement, and that their attitude needs adjustment. The GPs also observed attitudinal changes in their patients, e.g., better adherence to drug regimens and follow-up visits.

According to the theory of planned behavior, decisions are made according to personal models and beliefs about the changes about to be made, and the perceived benefits and risks associated with them.


A challenge with type 2 diabetes is diagnosing the disease early in an effort to prevent progression to complications. About 183 million people, or half of those who have diabetes, are unaware they have the disease [1] . Furthermore, type 2 diabetes can be present for 9e12 years before being diagnosed and, as a result, complications are often present at the time of diagnosis [3] . However, the potential does exit to prevent or at least delay the onset of type 2 diabetes as several randomized control trials have shown that both lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions in adults are effective [4e7] . In addition to preventing diabetes, it is also possible to reduce diabetes related complications through intensive blood glucose control [5e7] .

About 183 million people, or half of those who have diabetes, are unaware they have the disease.

Furthermore, type 2 diabetes can be present for 9e12 years before being diagnosed and, as a result, complications are often present at the time of diagnosis.


We have reported the use of a new GLS (Gas-Liquid-Solid) reactor using a stationary foam coated with a catalyst layer. The chosen geometry was appropriate to a fair comparison with a traditional basket reactor filled with 2.5 mm beads. Thanks to a higher porosity, the GL mass transfer was twice as high in the foam configuration than in the basket one, demonstrating the interest in using such new configuration. We have successfully experienced the use of this reactor for kinetic measurements [21, 22] . Moreover, as this configuration is very flexible, the reactor can be used with a variable height of foam, different foam porosities, etc. The effect of these parameters on GL and LS mass transfers will be studied in a future publication.

We have successfully experienced the use of this reactor for kinetic measurements.


The performances of the beads-filled basket and the foam block in terms of chemical productivity were assessed by measuring the apparent rates of hydrogen consumption during the hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene on Pd/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Both systems were compared at a wide range of stirring speeds (300-2000 rpm). As seen in Figure 3 , the hydrogen consumption rates increase with stirring speeds and were much higher for the coated foam than for the beads-filled basket for the whole range of stirring rates. Note that the hydrogen consumption rate never reaches a plateau, indicating that the reaction is strongly limited by mass transfer (either GL and/or LS) in the whole range of stirring speeds. Figure 4 shows the k GL a GL coefficients vs. stirring rate for the foam block and the beads-filled basket. This curve is a typical one for a gas inducing impeller. Below the critical stirring speed Nc (which was around 800-900 rpm in this case), the stirring power was too low to generate a depression necessary to cause gas flowing from the gas bulk to the liquid bottom. Above Nc, the gas flowed through a hollow shaft, inducing gas bubbles. The k GL a GL coefficients were found to be much higher in the case of the foam block. Note that it was checked that very similar results were obtained with a five-foam stack (11 mm each) than with a 55 mm high block. To try to explain the difference foam vs. beads, we compared the basket grid size with the foam cell size. The mean mesh size of the basket was about 800 µm, which was equivalent to the mean pore diameter of the 40 PPI foam. However, the porosities of the foam Block and the basket bed were 0.91 and 0.46, respectively. Thus, assuming a uniform porosity in each direction, the cross-sectional area for flow is twice as high for the foam than for the packed bed. Consequently, we could conclude that the GL mass transfer was strongly enhanced by foam configuration, compared to the basket configuration. Thanks to the possibility to work at a high stirring rate, GL mass transfer can also reach much higher values than what was obtained with rotating stirring foams [10] . The hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene was performed under experimental conditions ensuring mass transfer limitation. The k LS was calculated from Equation (3) using the k GL a GL obtained previously. The LS coefficients (k LS a LS ) are presented in Figure 5 . Note that the results are only presented for stirring rates above 1000 rpm: below the critical value of stirring rate and close to it, the GL mass transfer is too low and the estimation uncertainty is too high to provide accurate values of k LS .

Thanks to the possibility to work at a high stirring rate, GL mass transfer can also reach much higher values than what was obtained with rotating stirring foams.


It can be seen from the available literature that energy recovery using MHP in the water industry is a growing area of research and industrial activity. Many successful demonstration projects are in existence and many promising feasibility studies have been carried out. However, to date, the examples in existence have been implemented on an ad hoc basis and little market penetration of this concept has occurred (Zakkour et al., 2002b) .

However, to date, the examples in existence have been implemented on an ad hoc basis and little market penetration of this concept has occurred.


Using micro-hydropower (MHP) technology in water pipelines and other water infrastructure has also shown potential (Gaius-obaseki, 2010) . At points of high excess pressure in water supply networks, energy may be recovered using MHP technology without interfering in the water supply service (McNabola et al., 2011) . However, while significant potential is reported in the literature, only limited implementation of this concept has been put in place by the water industry.

Using micro-hydropower (MHP) technology in water pipelines and other water infrastructure has also shown potential.

At points of high excess pressure in water supply networks, energy may be recovered using MHP technology without interfering in the water supply service.


Aluminium alloys are getting more and more interest in the shipbuilding industry as these alloys allow a significant reduction in ship structure weight compared with the weight of steel structures. The use of aluminium reduces the weight by about 50%, thereby increasing the displacement of the vessel and maintaining the displacement for load or speed increase and stability improvement. Among weldable Al-alloys suitable to plastic working the group of Al-Mg alloys (of 5xxx-series) of good weldability and relatively good service conditions are still the most popular [4] [5] [6] [7] . The advantage of these alloys is their relative insensitivity to layer corrosion and stress corrosion, the disadvantage -low strength of welded joints, below 300 MPa. An alternative to these alloys could be the Al-Zn-Mg (7xxx series) alloys. They exhibit higher strength properties than the mechanical properties of Al-Mg alloys. The disadvantage of the 7xxx series alloys is that they are prone to stress and layer corrosion [2, 5] .

Among weldable Al-alloys suitable to plastic working the group of Al-Mg alloys (of 5xxx-series) of good weldability and relatively good service conditions are still the most popular.

The disadvantage of the 7xxx series alloys is that they are prone to stress and layer corrosion.


With the rapid development of computer technology, numerical simulation has been widely used in engineering [19] . Moreover, numerical simulation presents numerous advantages such as short computation time and low cost, and it considers the in uences of various parameters. In this paper, the characteristics of the degradation of bearing capacity of reinforced concrete simply supported beams before and after corrosion were studied using ABAQUS software to provide a reference for the performance evaluation and maintenance and reinforcement of rust structures or members.

With the rapid development of computer technology, numerical simulation has been widely used in engineering.


The main goal of this work is to account for the influence of probabilistic constraints in the framework of a structural RDO problem, by comparing the RRDO formulation with the RDO one. The objective functions considered for both formulations are the weight and the variance of the response of the structure represented by a characteristic node displacement. In the case of the RDO formulation each design is checked whether it satisfies the provisions of the European design codes for steel structures [9] . On the other hand, additional probabilistic constraints are taken into account in the case of the RRDO formulation, where the code provisions are checked if they are satisfied with a prescribed probability of violation. The uncertainty of loads, material properties, and cross section dimensions is taken into consideration using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method combined with the Latin hypercube sampling. The solution of the multi-criteria optimization problem is performed with the non-dominant Cascade Evolutionary Algorithm combined with a weighted Tchebycheff metric.

In the case of the RDO formulation each design is checked whether it satisfies the provisions of the European design codes for steel structures.


The lack of large particles in the Phoebe ring may have important implications. Because the optical depth is so low, particles smaller than ∼ 100µm should not suffer mutual collisions (Tamayo et al. 2011) . The steep size distribution may therefore trace the original size distribution of ejecta from micrometeoroid bombardment. Alternatively, the small particles may suggest that another process, perhaps micrometeorite bombardment, preferentially breaks apart large grains as they more slowly decay inward over several Myr.

Because the optical depth is so low, particles smaller than ∼ 100µm should not suffer mutual collisions.


In summary, there is preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of Internet-based interventions in C&A at risk for depression. However, most of the identified trials had either limited results, only short-term follow-up periods (often due to waitlist control conditions), or were self-guided. Studies with longer-term follow-up and guidance are currently lacking [22] . To address the gaps identified in the literature, the E.motion trial will be conducted to investigate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of two different online interventions to reduce depressive symptomatology in high-risk C&A aged ≥ 12 years with subsyndromal symptoms of depression.

Studies with longer-term follow-up and guidance are currently lacking.


Railway lines have a very long history. Maintenance and repair are the fundamental activities for the benefit of rail lines and, because of this, the issue of signaling and monitoring in the railway is very vital for safety purposes. In railway systems, a signaling system critically controls the equipment and safer operations for trains [9] . Currently, signaling systems have been launched with different brands and wire networks that are suitable for ensuring their higher reliability, however, their installation and maintenance costs are high. Therefore, we decided to use wireless sensor networks in rail signaling to meet the objectives as stated in this study, such as reducing the occurrence of errors by employees, receiving accurate data from traveling trains and reviewing the rail routes, creating a safe system, reducing the usage of wire networks and reducing the cost and time for repairing defects. According to the discussed goals and the advantages of mobile sinks, as stated above, we provided a proposed method based on a mobile sink proportional to this project.

Railway lines have a very long history.

In railway systems, a signaling system critically controls the equipment and safer operations for trains.


Besides yield formation total N uptake was significantly lower with the high K + application rate after ammonium-containing fertilizers. The depression of N uptake at the first harvest could not be compensated by the higher N uptake of the third harvest. The mean total N uptake was lower by about 25%. Therefore from a practical point of view N fertilizers with a high share of ammonium should not be applied before potassium to soils with an appreciable fixation capacity (Axley and Legg 1960) .

Therefore from a practical point of view N fertilizers with a high share of ammonium should not be applied before potassium to soils with an appreciable fixation capacity.


Self-employment is often viewed as a way out of poverty, unemployment and disadvantageous situations, like discrimination faced by the minorities in the labour market (Light, 1972; Sowell, 1981; and Moore, 1983) . In developing countries, where the social income support mechanisms do not exist, households absorb negative income shocks, due to economic downturns, by turning to self-employment. Flexible working hours in self-employment also means that women are able to reconcile their decision to enter the labour force with their 'caregiver' role in the household (Cunningham, 2001) .

Self-employment is often viewed as a way out of poverty, unemployment and disadvantageous situations, like discrimination faced by the minorities in the labour market.

Flexible working hours in self-employment also means that women are able to reconcile their decision to enter the labour force with their 'caregiver' role in the household.


Dental composites materials have been develop as a restorative materials that could be used in biological tissue in term of appearance and functions [1] . The main components which developed the properties and characteristics of composites i.e polymerizable resin, filler, and the filler-resin interface [1] . Filler materials have several functions including enhancing modulus, hardness, strength and also translucency. Recently strontium glass, barium glass, quartz, borosilicate glass, ceramic, and silica particles have been as filler particles [2, 3, 4, 5] . These fillers materials will affect to the resultant properties and characteristics of composites resin [6] .

Dental composites materials have been develop as a restorative materials that could be used in biological tissue in term of appearance and functions.

The main components which developed the properties and characteristics of composites i.e polymerizable resin, filler, and the filler-resin interface.

Recently strontium glass, barium glass, quartz, borosilicate glass, ceramic, and silica particles have been as filler particles.

These fillers materials will affect to the resultant properties and characteristics of composites resin.


Other minerals that could be used as stabilizers are alumina, magnesium, and yttrium, or cerium [8, 10, 11, 12] . Furthermore, the optical properties of zirconia need to be improve due to its poor translucency properties [9, 13] . Thus, in order to maintain the aesthetic natural appearance, silica is combined with zirconia to improve the translucency characteristics. Moreover, there are some restorative material products using silica nanofiller or zirconia/silica nanocluster, while others contain a blend of a proprietary inorganic bariumalumino fluoroborosilicate (BAFG) glass with nanosized silicon dioxide particles to enhance the translucent shades of the restorative materials [14, 15, 16] .

Other minerals that could be used as stabilizers are alumina, magnesium, and yttrium, or cerium.

Furthermore, the optical properties of zirconia need to be improve due to its poor translucency properties.

Moreover, there are some restorative material products using silica nanofiller or zirconia/silica nanocluster, while others contain a blend of a proprietary inorganic bariumalumino fluoroborosilicate (BAFG) glass with nanosized silicon dioxide particles to enhance the translucent shades of the restorative materials.


Gravity-based approaches are based on the premise that trade flows between origins and destinations are determined by measures of supply and demand, as deduced from the input-output tables for each country and a measure of transport resistance (Krygsman, 2006; Havenga, 2007) . The measure of transport resistance refers to the real transport cost variable for overcoming the spatial discrepancy between supply and demand locations. For the purposes of this research, a distance decay function (the degree to which freight 'wants' to move) is used as a transport resistance measure, informed by similar research conducted for South Africa's FDM.

Gravity-based approaches are based on the premise that trade flows between origins and destinations are determined by measures of supply and demand, as deduced from the input-output tables for each country and a measure of transport resistance.


Finally, we focused our analysis on the initial, relatively short term response to environmental change. On longer time scales, by affecting fitness, the behavioral response to HIREC affects population dynamics. Social learning that slows responses to HIREC or even result in social traps can contribute to population decline (Hale et al., 2015) . In contrast, when social learning spreads adaptive behavior quickly, this can not only rescue populations, it can result in population 'booms' (e.g., urbanized or invasive pests) that can be followed by overexploitation and subsequent 'busts'. And, in the even longer-term, post-HIREC, social learning tendencies and strategies might evolve and become a component of evolutionary rescue (Gonzalez et al., 2013) . More empirical and modeling work on consequences of social learning for population (or even multi-species) dynamics, and for eco-evolutionary dynamics should be valuable and exciting.

Social learning that slows responses to HIREC or even result in social traps can contribute to population decline.

And, in the even longer-term, post-HIREC, social learning tendencies and strategies might evolve and become a component of evolutionary rescue.


Recently, semantic search approaches to enable keyword search on structured data has gained a lot of interests as keywords have proven to be easy for the user to specify, and intuitive for accessing information. By utilizing lightweight semantics of the underlying RDF data, keyword search can help to circumvent the complexity of structured query languages, and hide the underlying data representation. Without knowledge of the query syntax and data schema, even the non-technical end-users can obtain complex structured results, including complex answers generated from RDF resources [17, 19] . To this end, semantic search in that sense can provide the means to simplify the search on environmental data, allowing the users to access rich information with less effort, and lower the access barriers resulting from the complex interfaces of current systems.

Without knowledge of the query syntax and data schema, even the non-technical end-users can obtain complex structured results, including complex answers generated from RDF resources.


In the first experiment, we measured the accuracy of computer-based face recognition for each case in Table 1 . Fig. 5 shows the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves which represent the genuine acceptance rate (GAR) at various false acceptance rate (FAR) levels [40, 41] . GAR is defined as 100 -the false rejection rate (FRR) (%). FAR means the error that occurs when an unenrolled person is accepted as enrolled, and FRR means the error that occurs when an enrolled person is rejected as unenrolled.

Fig. 5 shows the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves which represent the genuine acceptance rate (GAR) at various false acceptance rate (FAR) levels.


To further identify genes associated with complex disease and to gather GWAS data, we used the November 28th, 2016 release of NHGRI-EBI's GWAS Catalog [10] . We filtered the catalog to remove nondisease traits, by keeping only entries that were children of the term "disease" (EFO 0000408) in the Experimental Factor Ontology [17] . We considered a gene to be associated with a disease if an associated SNP was within that gene or within 500 basepairs of that gene, considering only genes with a reported Entrez GeneID. This procedure yielded 2,983 genes associated with complex disease.

To further identify genes associated with complex disease and to gather GWAS data, we used the November 28th, 2016 release of NHGRI-EBI's GWAS Catalog.

We filtered the catalog to remove nondisease traits, by keeping only entries that were children of the term "disease" (EFO 0000408) in the Experimental Factor Ontology.


Th e eff ects of size can produce global integration throughout the whole landmark confi guration and may obscure a possible modular structure (Klingenberg, 2009) . I verifi ed the eff ect of size correction in mustelid mandible. Finally, I tried to estimate amount of evolutionary integration in the mustelid mandible.

Th e eff ects of size can produce global integration throughout the whole landmark confi guration and may obscure a possible modular structure.


Th e eff ect of allometry was verifi ed using the multivariate regression of shape (Procrustes coordinates) on size (log 10 -transformed mandibular length) (Monteiro, 1999) . Th e mandible length (the distance from the anterior edge of the incisors alveoli to the posterior edge of the condylar process) is treated here as a proxy for general mandible size. Th e covariance matrix of the residuals from the multivariate regression was performed to analyze modularity aft er removing the infl uence of allometry (Klingenberg, 2009) . Th e relationship between shape and size was tested using a generalized Goodall's F test.

Th e eff ect of allometry was verifi ed using the multivariate regression of shape (Procrustes coordinates) on size (log 10 -transformed mandibular length).

Th e covariance matrix of the residuals from the multivariate regression was performed to analyze modularity aft er removing the infl uence of allometry.


Over the past decades, fiber-optics has been intensively investigated and pushes the frontiers of microwave technology. With its unique advantages of broad bandwidth, low loss and high immunity to electromagnetic interference etc., optical fiber links can provide the required delays for a wide variety of high-precision signal processing applications [1] - [5] . However, the delay time varies with the ambient temperature and vibration [6] , [7] etc. As a result, the received frequency at the remote site is not stable. And it will be a serious and unacceptable problem when the employed optical fibers are long enough.

With its unique advantages of broad bandwidth, low loss and high immunity to electromagnetic interference etc., optical fiber links can provide the required delays for a wide variety of high-precision signal processing applications.

However, the delay time varies with the ambient temperature and vibration, etc.


The bipolar magnetotransistor (BMT) provides a linear output, allows complete determination of the magnetic-field direction, can be implemented as part of an integrated circuit (IC), is measured in micrometers, and has high resolution. Conceptually, there are certain peculiarities about the behavior of the BMT that are difficult to explain. It shows an extremely wide range of variation in relative sensitivity, ranging from 10 -2 to 10 4 T -1 . This range of sensitivity is difficult to associate with particular structures of the device (Roumenin, 1994) .

This range of sensitivity is difficult to associate with particular structures of the device.


The reliance of the global economy on fossil-derived fuels, coupled with the increasing energy demand in emerging countries (e.g. India and China) and the geo-political instability in some world's oil-producing regions, have led to soaring petroleum prices in the last years. Increased use of fossil fuels will also increase atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), hastening the global warming crisis. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop sustainable and affordable energy from renewable resources [1] . In this regard, bioethanol from agricultural crops (first generation biofuel system) is a renewable fuel that is attracting the most attention [2] . However, this production system presents significant environmental and economic restraints. The increasing competition with agriculture for cultivable land used for food production has been considered one of the most common concerns related to current first generation biofuels [3, 4] .

Thus, there is an urgent need to develop sustainable and affordable energy from renewable resources.

In this regard, bioethanol from agricultural crops (first generation biofuel system) is a renewable fuel that is attracting the most attention.

The increasing competition with agriculture for cultivable land used for food production has been considered one of the most common concerns related to current first generation biofuels.


Depending on the purpose of monitoring, the intrinsic variability of metrics can be successfully exploited in some cases as a signal to discover certain impacts on the system or relationships within the system, but in other cases it acts as a noise complicating the detection of the signal of interest. A typical case to exemplify this dilemma is the monitoring of water bodies with two different aims: detecting human impacts with the effect of natural variability minimized or climate change impacts for which anthropogenic changes represent confounding factors. In both cases the success of monitoring rests on the researcher's ability to select good specific indicators that are sensitive to the underlying conditions of interest but insensitive to other factors (Patil, 1991) .

In both cases the success of monitoring rests on the researcher's ability to select good specific indicators that are sensitive to the underlying conditions of interest but insensitive to other factors.


In 2008, an experiment at the Storage Ring of the GSI facility of Darmstadt has reported the observation of non-exponential decays of hydrogen-like ions which decay via electron capture [13] . Quite remarkably, the survival probability shows an exponential decay with superimposed oscillations. These data stimulated many discussions and many different possible explanations have been proposed. Presently, there is no accepted theoretical explanation of this phenomenon and, more important, an experimental confirmation of the results is still lacking. By assuming that the phenomenon observed at GSI is real, we present a possible explanation in terms of "standard" quantum mechanical effects [14] . Moreover, we present further consequences of our explanation which can be proved or disproved in the near future. We also discuss the results obtained at the Berkeley Lab where no oscillations for the decays of the same nuclei have been observed [15] .

In 2008, an experiment at the Storage Ring of the GSI facility of Darmstadt has reported the observation of non-exponential decays of hydrogen-like ions which decay via electron capture.

By assuming that the phenomenon observed at GSI is real, we present a possible explanation in terms of "standard" quantum mechanical effects.

We also discuss the results obtained at the Berkeley Lab where no oscillations for the decays of the same nuclei have been observed.


Methane yield ( Figure 4 ) was fairly stable during days 18-81 and remained between 0.35-0.43 NL·gVSadded −1 (average 0.38 NL·gVSadded −1 , %CH 4 in biogas, 63% on average), then it decreased almost steadily down to 0.3 NL·gVSadded −1 on day 100. However, daily methane production and the percentage of methane in biogas observed a partial instability of the reactor that was remedied after the addition of nutrients (on days 63 and 70). These findings confirm that nutrients and micro-nutrients supplementation is essential for a successful AD of this type of substrate [38, 39] .

These findings confirm that nutrients and micro-nutrients supplementation is essential for a successful AD of this type of substrate.


More recently, the ITU has recognized that TV broadcasting spectrum is currently being underutilised, and has recommended reallocating the frequencies above 694 MHz from TV broadcasting to cellular service. Nevertheless, the frequencies from 470 to 694 MHz offer plenty of opportunity for TVWS in rural areas, where the broadcaster can make a business case for just a few channels leaving the rest of the spectrum empty. Whereas in urban areas, there are less empty spaces in the TV band, but cellular operators can afford to deploy many base stations to meet the higher consumer demand. Interestingly, offloading wired broadband networks onto cellular networks has been demonstrated as an option for enhancing the performance of particular applications [13] .

Interestingly, offloading wired broadband networks onto cellular networks has been demonstrated as an option for enhancing the performance of particular applications.


Regional repositories will allow people and governments to cooperate, paving the way to alternative wireless network deployments bringing Internet connectivity, especially in emerging regions. Successful examples of such networks operating in the free spectrum are: GuifiNet 1 , entirely built by independent organizations or, long distance TV White Spaces deployments in the UHF band in Africa 2 . Based on these success stories, along with an appropriate use of the spectrum, interested parties should also incentivize the creation of community wireless service providers, better placed to understand the local people's needs [14] . Such networks enable better content delivery and adequate support for a local production of content and services.

Based on these success stories, along with an appropriate use of the spectrum, interested parties should also incentivize the creation of community wireless service providers, better placed to understand the local people's needs.


Specific coping behaviours associated with each of the three general coping strategies have been identified in a complaint behaviour context. Behaviours associated with problem-focused coping included: contacting the retailer/manufacturer to obtain redress, contacting the retailer/manufacturer for reasons other than seeking redress, contacting a repair service other than that supplied by the retailer/manufacturer, contacting a consumer protection department, writing a letter to the media or a consumer complaint website, and contacting a legal representative. Behaviours associated with emotion-focused coping included telling friends, family and/or acquaintances about the stressful experience. Behaviours associated with avoidance coping included: taking no action, switching to a different brand name and not patronising the retailer where the product was purchased anymore (Stephens and Gwinner, 1998) . To determine the specific coping strategies that respondents engaged in, their behavioural and non-behavioural complaint actions taken in response to their dissatisfaction we re de te rmined first and then categorised in te rms of the diffe re nt type s of coping strate gie s.

Behaviours associated with avoidance coping included: taking no action, switching to a different brand name and not patronising the retailer where the product was purchased anymore.


Turbulence has been experimentally shown to dominate transport in tokamaks [1] . In the last 30 years, the fusion community has made remarkable progress in understanding turbulence using gyrokinetics [2, 3] . Nonetheless, analytic solutions to the gyrokinetic model are very difficult to find and necessitate many simplifications [4, 5, 6, 7] . Typically large, expensive computer simulations are used to find solutions for realistic configurations [8, 9, 10, 11] . However, it is possible to use analytic techniques to establish properties of the gyrokinetic model and constrain possible solutions [12, 13, 14] .

Turbulence has been experimentally shown to dominate transport in tokamaks.

In the last 30 years, the fusion community has made remarkable progress in understanding turbulence using gyrokinetics.

Nonetheless, analytic solutions to the gyrokinetic model are very difficult to find and necessitate many simplifications.

Typically large, expensive computer simulations are used to find solutions for realistic configurations.

However, it is possible to use analytic techniques to establish properties of the gyrokinetic model and constrain possible solutions.


It can be shown analytically that under certain conditions PSO may become divergent or trapped in a local minimum (Clerc & Kennedy, 2002; Van den Bergh, 2002) . The BB-PSO algorithm prevents divergence by the bounding operation carried out on best performing partitions. The algorithm avoids local minimum traps by forcing the current stagnant swarm to move to a new partition, if the current partition does not produce the desired result within a given number of iterations.

It can be shown analytically that under certain conditions PSO may become divergent or trapped in a local minimum.


The focus of this paper has been on the participation and professional identities of US private-sector physicians who conduct pharmaceutical clinical trials. While a greater number of physicians in more diverse settings are now engaged in pharmaceutical research than were 20 years ago, our data have potentially troubling implications for drug development. We found that the private-sector physicians interviewed identify primarily with the business rather than the science of contract research. In addition, our findings indicate that the private-sector PIs aligned their sense of research ethics with industry-ensuring the responsible conduct of research-rather than foregrounding the interests of research participants. Because these private-sector PIs are largely motivated by financial gain as opposed to making a contribution to science, we suggest that the professional identity of private-sector PIs may inadvertently offer pharmaceutical companies the ability to exert more control over their proprietary information and clinical trial data. This provides one explanation as to why, despite the participation of physicians as PIs, pharmaceutical companies have been able to suppress negative trial data and selectively publish study results [9, 12, 13, [42] [43] [44] [45] .

This provides one explanation as to why, despite the participation of physicians as PIs, pharmaceutical companies have been able to suppress negative trial data and selectively publish study results.


Applying adaptive meshing to these algorithms could present a challenging problem. In a more traditional approach, we would subdivide our patches if the gradient became too large. The higher order elements can model these large gradients. The criteria for subdivision would require some investigation [10] .

The criteria for subdivision would require some investigation.


Our results and those of related studies indicate that spatial memory, even in tasks involving nothing more than specifying a location seen moments earlier, is a multifaceted phenomenon that can involve a number of different processes in response to task demands and available information. Previous studies have established that memory for location involves coding two types of information, fine-grain and categorical (Allen & Haun, 2004; Huttenlocher et al., 1991) . Finegrain information is metrically veridical and based on a coordinate frame of reference (for example, polar coordinates). In contrast, categorical information is based on properties of the task field. Prototypes within categories draw remembered locations toward them, resulting in an unmistakable pattern of bias.

Previous studies have established that memory for location involves coding two types of information, fine-grain and categorical.


Interestingly, none of the above research streams have investigated HE student career decidedness from a UBS (student oriented) perspective. In addition, much of the available career decidedness research relies heavily on relationships with distal personality constructs, rather than 'personal values' as motivational antecedents. Arguably, personal values are also a useful lens for examining higher education (HE) graduate career expectations (Gibbs and Griffin 2013) . A personal value is defined as an enduring perspective, or belief in an end goal state, that affects a sense of purpose in one's life (Rokeach 1973) . A personal value system "is an enduring organization of beliefs concerning preferable modes of conduct, or end states of existence along a continuum of relative importance" (Rokeach 1973, p.5 ). An investigation of student personal values (as motivational antecedents) is proposed to better understand how UBS students come to decide upon future career plans. By investigating both personal values and career decidedness together within a combined social capital framework, we can draw effectively upon recent student-centric 'protean' ideas (Hall 2002; 2004) .

Arguably, personal values are also a useful lens for examining higher education (HE) graduate career expectations.

A personal value is defined as an enduring perspective, or belief in an end goal state, that affects a sense of purpose in one's life.

By investigating both personal values and career decidedness together within a combined social capital framework, we can draw effectively upon recent student-centric 'protean' ideas.


In this study we explored the role student aggressive communication traits play in students' dispositional inferences of their instructors holding an ideological bias and how students react to that inference in the college classroom. Results supported both research hypotheses and demonstrated that students who are high in trait verbal aggressiveness are more likely to perceive their instructor as being ideologically biased, while students who are high in trait argumentativeness are less likely to react to the perception of bias by withdrawing from communication or withholding their true beliefs. These findings support previous research indicating that argumentativeness is a generally constructive trait and verbal aggression generally destructive (Infante, Myers, & Buerkel, 1994) .

These findings support previous research indicating that argumentativeness is a generally constructive trait and verbal aggression generally destructive.


Similarly extensive literature exists on robot motion planning. Thus, combinatorial motion planning algorithms construct a discrete representation that exactly represents the original C-space [18] [19] [20] . This leads to complete planning approaches, which are guaranteed to find a solution when it exists, or correctly report failure if one does not exist.

Thus, combinatorial motion planning algorithms construct a discrete representation that exactly represents the original C-space.


Given the dynamic nature of cattle operations in the Pantanal, it is likely that some degree of jaguar predation on cattle always will occur. The level of rainfall in any given year appeared to be the most influential factor affecting individual jaguar kill rates on cattle by determining the availability of cattle on the landscape. Husbandry practices also could have had an influence on jaguar predation as calves were generally born over a 4-to 5-month time span, increasing the time period of vulnerability to predation. Native ungulates usually flood a predator by having a short birth pulse, thereby decreasing the length of time young are exposed or vulnerable to predation (Estes 1976; Rutberg 1987; Skogland 1991) . Shortening the birth pulse and increasing the number of pregnant cows within a cattle operation could, in theory, reduce overall predation losses within individual jaguar territories by flooding an individual cat with far more prey than can be killed, assuming a type III functional response (Holling 1959) .

Native ungulates usually flood a predator by having a short birth pulse, thereby decreasing the length of time young are exposed or vulnerable to predation.

Shortening the birth pulse and increasing the number of pregnant cows within a cattle operation could, in theory, reduce overall predation losses within individual jaguar territories by flooding an individual cat with far more prey than can be killed, assuming a type III functional response.


Adequate post-operative pain relief following total knee replacement (TKR) is very important to optimal postoperative recovery [1] . The faster that mobilisation and rehabilitation can progress, the better the ultimate outcome will be [2] . Adequate pain control postoperatively should allow earlier patient mobilisation with the aim of increasing strength and proprioception and decreasing the incidence of the development of thromboembolism, however side effects of pain medication have been shown to increase the incidence of thromboembolism [3] . In complicated cases, prolonged immobility due to pain can cause the development of muscular contractures or atrophy that eventually cause the development of long term functional impairments [4] . Unfortunately, there are very few pain management options available that can provide a treatment that is both non-invasive and without side effects.

Adequate post-operative pain relief following total knee replacement (TKR) is very important to optimal postoperative recovery.

The faster that mobilisation and rehabilitation can progress, the better the ultimate outcome will be.

Adequate pain control postoperatively should allow earlier patient mobilisation with the aim of increasing strength and proprioception and decreasing the incidence of the development of thromboembolism, however side effects of pain medication have been shown to increase the incidence of thromboembolism.

In complicated cases, prolonged immobility due to pain can cause the development of muscular contractures or atrophy that eventually cause the development of long term functional impairments.


In this paper, we reevaluate interaction with such models, moving away from parameter level interactions, and propose to focus on interacting with data (i.e. observation level interaction). In contrast to parameter level interactions, users are familiar and comfortable interacting directly with the data in a spatial visualization, freely organizing and relocating observations as an integral part of their sensemaking process [6] . Thus, it is necessary for us to design models that are more tightly integrated with interaction at the observation level, rather than through visual controls of parameters.

In contrast to parameter level interactions, users are familiar and comfortable interacting directly with the data in a spatial visualization, freely organizing and relocating observations as an integral part of their sensemaking process.


Poorly differentiated colorectal cancer (PDCRC) comprises 5 to 25% of all CRCs [6] [7] [8] [9] . It is known that PDCRC is usually associated with a poor prognosis. NED is often found in PDCRC [5] . The prognosis of PDCRC with NED is currently still unclear. Here, we preliminarily studied whether NED was a prognostic factor in patients with PDCRC.

Poorly differentiated colorectal cancer (PDCRC) comprises 5 to 25% of all CRCs.

NED is often found in PDCRC.


Although intellectual capital may be a source of competitive advantage, generally speaking, most organizations do not understand its nature and value (Collis, 1996) . Nevertheless, one of the first firms ever to report on their invisible assets was Skandia (Bontis, 1998) . The field has since exploded with dozens of dedicated publications and academic researchers (see Bontis, 2004, 2009; for comprehensive reviews and journal rankings).

Although intellectual capital may be a source of competitive advantage, generally speaking, most organizations do not understand its nature and value.

Nevertheless, one of the first firms ever to report on their invisible assets was Skandia.


The pharmaceutical industry is an important and crucial sector in the Jordanian economy. Economically speaking, this sector represents the second largest in terms of exports after the phosphate industry (Hijjawi, 2006) . The major difference between the phosphate industry and pharmaceutical industry is that Jordan sells phosphate as a raw material, while in the pharmaceutical industry it imports raw materials and processes them into finished products to be exported. The process of commercializing pharmaceuticals is very knowledge-intensive and thus provides a fruitful setting for intellectual capital assessment.

Economically speaking, this sector represents the second largest in terms of exports after the phosphate industry.


To minimise power consumption, the popular wireless communication protocols utilised in the wireless sensor networks typically have a low transmission data rate. For instance, the maximum data rate of Zigbee and WirelesHart is 250 kbps and that of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is restricted to 1 Mbps. In practice, their data throughput can be even lower than this due to packet overhead, multi-hop and transmission faults [6] . Such a data throughput is sufficient for static type signals, like temperature, pressure, etc. However, they become incompetent for dynamic type signals, like vibration, acoustics and motor current. In practice, these dynamic signals are widely employed for the condition monitoring of rotating machines and are usually more helpful for analysing dynamic behaviour and diagnosing faults in such machines [7] .

In practice, their data throughput can be even lower than this due to packet overhead, multi-hop and transmission faults.

In practice, these dynamic signals are widely employed for the condition monitoring of rotating machines and are usually more helpful for analysing dynamic behaviour and diagnosing faults in such machines.


For processing such dynamic signals, distributed computation scheme can be more suitable than the common centralised computation scheme. In distributed computation scheme, the large raw data set is pre-processed on the wireless sensor nodes and only the resultant data set containing sufficient diagnosis information is transmitted over the bandwidth limited wireless network. By utilising such a scheme, not only the limited bandwidth can be well utilised but also it has the potential to save the valuable power energies of sensor nodes [8] .

By utilising such a scheme, not only the limited bandwidth can be well utilised but also it has the potential to save the valuable power energies of sensor nodes.


Would it be desirable for policy makers to commit to never bail out financial institutions? Would doing so be an effective way to promote financial stability? Or is it better to allow bailouts to occur and attempt to offset their distortionary effects through regulation? I address these questions in a model of financial intermediation and fragility based on the classic paper of Diamond and Dybvig [7] . In particular, I study an environment with idiosyncratic liquidity risk and with limited commitment, as in Ennis and Keister [8] . Individuals deposit resources with financial intermediaries, and these resources are invested in a nonstochastic production technology. Intermediaries per-form maturity transformation and thereby insure investors against their individual liquidity risk.

I address these questions in a model of financial intermediation and fragility based on the classic paper of Diamond and Dybvig.

In particular, I study an environment with idiosyncratic liquidity risk and with limited commitment, as in Ennis and Keister.


Romania's rural development policy focuses on improving the quality of life in rural areas and on the development of these areas. Romania is among the first EU countries in terms of the share of land area in total area and the rural population in the total population. According to a region classification of European Commission, Romania is integrated in the predominantly rural region (Burja, C., Burja, V. 2014) . Agriculture is one of the major branches, although it has not developed greatly in recent years. As a result, the contribution of agriculture to GDP is still low comparing to the size of population employed in agriculture. Therefore, use of renewable energy in agriculture and rural areas is important for Romania because, on the one hand, it has potential, and, on the other hand, it would lead to the development of rural areas.

According to a region classification of European Commission, Romania is integrated in the predominantly rural region.


The increased awareness of environmental pollution and the demand for safe food production have led to growing interests in use of biological control agents such as baculoviruses in plants' protection. Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) is an important key pest on clover and many vegetable crops in Saudi Arabia (Albarrak, 2009) . In fact, the cotton leafworm is a major limiting factor affecting crop and vegetable production in many other countries. S. littoralis is one of the most destructive agricultural lepidopterous pests within its subtropical and tropical regimes (Hosny et al., 1986) . It can attack numerous economically important crops all year round.

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) is an important key pest on clover and many vegetable crops in Saudi Arabia.

S. littoralis is one of the most destructive agricultural lepidopterous pests within its subtropical and tropical regimes.


Development of luminescent materials has been the topic of wide-range research in last decades. Special curiosity has been concentrated on inorganic luminescent materials, which have practical applications in almost all devices involving the artificial production of light [1] . Nowadays, development of field emission displays, flat panels, electroluminescence, scintillators in X-ray, positron emission tomography, and plasma has boosted the request for the luminescent materials with better characteristics in terms of stability, brightness, and  industrial processing skills [2] .

Special curiosity has been concentrated on inorganic luminescent materials, which have practical applications in almost all devices involving the artificial production of light.

Nowadays, development of field emission displays, flat panels, electroluminescence, scintillators in X-ray, positron emission tomography, and plasma has boosted the request for the luminescent materials with better characteristics in terms of stability, brightness, and  industrial processing skills.


All organisms are composed of a mixture of elements, but different organisms have different chemical compositions. This is certainly the case for grasshoppers and the plants on which they feed. A review of the literature suggests that most heterotrophs, such as grasshoppers, show a strong ability to maintain elemental homeostasis via physiological control, and they do this despite changes in the chemical composition of the environment, including their food (Sterner & Elser 2002) . However, it is also the case that individual organisms often show differences in elemental composition over the course of their life. For example, elemental composition may vary with sex, instar, and between pre-and postreproductive adults (Sterner & Elser 2002) .

A review of the literature suggests that most heterotrophs, such as grasshoppers, show a strong ability to maintain elemental homeostasis via physiological control, and they do this despite changes in the chemical composition of the environment, including their food.

For example, elemental composition may vary with sex, instar, and between pre-and postreproductive adults.


We also examined C, N, and P, within an ecological stoichiometry framework (Sterner & Elser 2002) . The most frequently examined elemental relationship is C:N, and we found that C:N ratios increased in a curvilinear fashion as immature grasshoppers increased in mass. This changing relationship was a function of body nitrogen levels decreasing as grasshoppers moved from early instars to later instars. In contrast, the N:P ratio decreased as grasshoppers grew, which is in contrast to current predictions concerning growth in invertebrates (Sterner & Elser 2002) . As for the C:P ratio, no significant trend was observed as grasshoppers developed through successive immature stages. It is worth noting again here that these ratios were obtained from grasshoppers that had been eating a constant diet of seedlingwheat and wheat germ. It would be interesting to observe the extent to which these ratios change when grasshoppers are reared on a range of different diets, for example a forb-only diet, or one that contains a mix of grasses and forbs.

We also examined C, N, and P, within an ecological stoichiometry framework.

In contrast, the N:P ratio decreased as grasshoppers grew, which is in contrast to current predictions concerning growth in invertebrates.


In this paper, we constructed new solutions of the IKKT model of the type R 4 × K, where K = T 2 , K = T 4 , K = S 2 × T 2 and K = S 2 × S 2 . The compact spaces in these solutions are rotating, and stabilized by angular momentum. This is in contrast to previous realizations of fuzzy spaces in matrix models, which required additional terms in the model that break some of the symmetries. In particular, the Minkowski signature of the model is essential here, and there are no such solutions in Euclidean models. This should shed new light on the search for nonperturbative vacua in the IKKT matrix model [31] . Furthermore, these solutions are expected to be generic, in the sense that they admit deformations both for the non-compact R 4 part and also for the compact sector. This is important from the point of view of the effective (emergent) gravity on the branes, which play the role of physical space-time.

This should shed new light on the search for nonperturbative vacua in the IKKT matrix model.


Reef environments in Brazil are distributed from the northeast coast to Espírito Santo and are the only reef ecosystems in the South Atlantic (Maida & Ferreira, 1997) . These environments are important sources of food, tourism potential and income for coastal populations, in addition to providing protection from wave impact on several beaches in the region. Parallel to the Rio Grande Article do Norte state coastline are the reefs of Maracajaú. This reef complex inserted within an environmental protection area has been the target of severe pressure in recent decades, showing signs of degradation caused primarily by tourist exploitation, overfishing and disordered coastal occupation.

Reef environments in Brazil are distributed from the northeast coast to Espírito Santo and are the only reef ecosystems in the South Atlantic.


Healthy reef environments provide signifi cant economic and ecological benefi ts to coastal communities, including fi shing, protection from coastal erosion, food and tourism. The wide biological diversity of these environments is also being explored for bioactive compounds used in drug manufacturing. Despite their obvious value to humans, most coral reefs around the world are endangered or have already been destroyed by human activities (Bryant et al., 1998) .

Despite their obvious value to humans, most coral reefs around the world are endangered or have already been destroyed by human activities.


Chemistry is challenging for students to learn since its explanatory power lies with entities and processes occurring at a submicroscopic scale, whereas students make observations, including measurements, at a macroscopic level. The ability to make a connection between these two levels is further complicated by the mathematical modeling and descriptive representations of the domain (Johnstone, 2000; Yaron et al., 2004) . The manner in which stoichiometry is explicated to students presents still another challenge to its learning. Divorced from its use in the field or from what is familiar to students, traditional chemistry instruction employs an explain-apply pedagogy consisting of students reading, listening, watching, and then memorizing disembodied facts, procedures, and principles in preparation for future study and participation in the domain (Evans et al., 2006) .

The ability to make a connection between these two levels is further complicated by the mathematical modeling and descriptive representations of the domain.

Divorced from its use in the field or from what is familiar to students, traditional chemistry instruction employs an explain-apply pedagogy consisting of students reading, listening, watching, and then memorizing disembodied facts, procedures, and principles in preparation for future study and participation in the domain.


To minimize cabin noise, the propellers should be positioned as far away as possible from the passengers. In this regard, the best aircraft configuration features pylonmounted pusher propellers, installed at the rear of the fuselage [2, 3] . Such a layout brings along additional benefits in terms of ground clearance and slipstream-interference drag when compared to a conventional wingmounted setup [3] . However, the position of the propeller downstream of its support introduces severe unsteady loading on the propeller disk [4] . This is due to the cyclic passage of the blades through the momentum deficit in the pylon wake, causing a sudden increase in the angle of attack of the blades and a decrease in the local dynamic pressure. The resulting periodic change in the pressure field causes an additional source of tonal noise, next to the noise sources due to blade thickness and steady loading associated with the isolated propeller [5] .

In this regard, the best aircraft configuration features pylonmounted pusher propellers, installed at the rear of the fuselage.

Such a layout brings along additional benefits in terms of ground clearance and slipstream-interference drag when compared to a conventional wingmounted setup.

However, the position of the propeller downstream of its support introduces severe unsteady loading on the propeller disk.

The resulting periodic change in the pressure field causes an additional source of tonal noise, next to the noise sources due to blade thickness and steady loading associated with the isolated propeller.


Rehabilitation systems have been extensively studied for effective restoration and training of muscle activity in the arm or hand [3, 4] . The degree of upper limb rehabilitation is also used in clinical tests [5] . However, a finger exoskeleton is more difficult to design than one for the arm because it requires many more degrees of freedom (DOF) of motion and this involves small moving parts [6] . The design of a typical finger mechanism is complicated, has involved control requirements, and is usually very expensive. To reduce the cost and simplify the fabrication and operation, many people working on the problem began to use underactuated mechanisms in the design of a robot finger [7, 8] .

Rehabilitation systems have been extensively studied for effective restoration and training of muscle activity in the arm or hand.

The degree of upper limb rehabilitation is also used in clinical tests.

However, a finger exoskeleton is more difficult to design than one for the arm because it requires many more degrees of freedom (DOF) of motion and this involves small moving parts.

To reduce the cost and simplify the fabrication and operation, many people working on the problem began to use underactuated mechanisms in the design of a robot finger.


Note that a basic requirement of any access control mechanism is to determine if a user can be trusted with the access privileges. The notion of trust thus plays a crucial role. Classical access control models establish trust in the user based on the user's identity. Credential based access control does this by means of attestations from a-priori trusted authorities. Thus, using trust relationships to enable secure interactions among computational agents or to enforce proper policy seems appropriate. This motivates us to propose a new trust-based access control framework in this work. It is based on the vector model of trust that we had proposed earlier [11] . We use a prototype digital library system -called the DLS system -that we are developing at our institution as the testbed for the new access control framework. In the DLS system the digital library contents are classified into a number of content type categories. Each content type category is associated with a trust level. A user who is trusted to the trust level of the content category or higher can access the contents. The trust level of the user can be established via a number of different means. For example, the trust level can be determined based on past interactions with the user. It can be established based on some credentials presented by the user. It can also be established by virtue of recommendations provided by a partner digital library.

It is based on the vector model of trust that we had proposed earlier.


The ultimate goal of our research is to make it possible to use hand motions in three-dimensional conceptualization of shapes and to express shape related information in collaborative virtual design environments so intuitively and effectively as it is with two-dimensional sketching (Horváth, I. et al., 2003) . A Hand Motion Language (HML) has been developed, which can be applied in shape conceptualization. Contrary to the efforts, we are still far from an ultimate solution. The main hurdles are the complexity of the problem and the lack of dedicated hand motion processing technologies. It has been recognized that a hand motion language cannot be optimized without taking into account a given detection and processing technology. Therefore the goal of our research has been twofold. Concurrently, we want (i) to find the best fitting technology and adapt it to our particular application, and (ii) to redesign and optimize the first implementation of our hand motion language with a view to the preferred technology. As a first step, we have studied the state of the art and analyzed the technologies applicable to hand motion processing. This paper reports on the latest findings.

The ultimate goal of our research is to make it possible to use hand motions in three-dimensional conceptualization of shapes and to express shape related information in collaborative virtual design environments so intuitively and effectively as it is with two-dimensional sketching.


The idea of influencing human beings by means of subliminal stimuli has been prevalent since a long time. The famous experiment by Vicary in 1957, where he claimed to have subliminally persuaded visitors of a cinema to buy more Coke and Popcorn, drew big attention to the topic of subliminal persuasion. Even governments were concerned about the impact that such subliminal persuasion might have on the public and therefore prohibited its use. However, this experiment has been identified as fake a few years later [1] . Still, many seem to take the fake Vicary experiment as real and as a successful demonstration of the power of subliminal persuasion-even the laws remained, although many scientists doubt that subliminal persuasion actually works [2] .

However, this experiment has been identified as fake a few years later.

Still, many seem to take the fake Vicary experiment as real and as a successful demonstration of the power of subliminal persuasion-even the laws remained, although many scientists doubt that subliminal persuasion actually works.


Pakistan and thus in countries with a high terrorism level as there is a significant moderation of terrorism level on the relationship between network size and well-being. However, neither for frequency nor for diversity such an effect can be found. As argued before, the non-significant moderation of gender diversity might be owed to the cultural context of our sample, as crossgender networking in Muslim countries is relatively uncommon (Wang & Nayir, 2006) . Moreover, the effect between closeness and well-being is moderated negatively. Thus, Hypothesis 7 can only be partially supported.

As argued before, the non-significant moderation of gender diversity might be owed to the cultural context of our sample, as crossgender networking in Muslim countries is relatively uncommon.


One big challenge is seen in leaving the expatriate's familiar social network behind. This often is accompanied with the loss or at least limitation of social support, which is usually drawn from this network (Wang & Kanungo, 2004; Wang & Nayir, 2006) . Moreover, expatriates have to deal with different cultural values, unexpected behavioral rules, and often with language barriers.

This often is accompanied with the loss or at least limitation of social support, which is usually drawn from this network.


In our framework of analyzing brain connectomes and human traits, we rely on a new structural connectome processing pipeline, and improved methods for representing brain connectomes [24] . In particular, we use a tensor network representation that incorporates multiple features measuring the strength and nature of white matter tracts between each pair of brain ROIs. This representation better preserves information in the tractography data, and allows flexibility in examining associations with traits. We extend principal components analysis (PCA) to tensor network data via a semi-symmetric tensor decomposition method, which produces brain connectome PC scores for each subject.

In our framework of analyzing brain connectomes and human traits, we rely on a new structural connectome processing pipeline, and improved methods for representing brain connectomes.


Wave energy has long been considered one of the most promising renewable technologies. Not only is the energy resource, but it is more dependable than most renewable energy resources wave power at a given site is available up to 90 % of the time, while solar and wind availability tend to be available just 20-30 % of the time [1] . There are more than 1000 different patented proposals for wave energy devices, and several have demonstrated the potential for commercially viable electricity generation.

Not only is the energy resource, but it is more dependable than most renewable energy resources wave power at a given site is available up to 90 % of the time, while solar and wind availability tend to be available just 20-30 % of the time.


In Malaysia research and development study of wave energy conversion began, after the 8th Malaysian National plan in early 2000. Malaysia with exploitable wave power resources considered wave energy as a possible source of power supply and introduced support measures and related programmes for wave energy. Several research programmes with government support started recently, mainly in Universities, aiming at developing proto type wave power conversion technologies in the medium and long term [2] [3] [4] [5] . University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) has initiated research work in renewable energy including wave to find a suitable renewable energy from Malaysian sources.

Several research programmes with government support started recently, mainly in Universities, aiming at developing proto type wave power conversion technologies in the medium and long term.


With the rapid development of the ultra-wideband and short pulse applications in UWB communication systems and ground penetrating radar (GPR), ultra-wideband antennas, such as TEM horn, log-periodical, helical, and tapered slot antennas (TSA), have been widely studied in recent years. Tapered slot antenna (TSA) is widely used in modern wireless communication systems because of its wideband property, moderate gain, low cost, simple fabrication, planar structure, and good time domain performance [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . TSAs can be categorized into end-fire travelling wave antenna, in which the electromagnetic energy is guided and radiated along the edge of slot [6] . The most concerned in the design of TSAs is the feeding and radiation structure. As the characteristic impedance of the slotline is quite high, a transition from a 50 Ohm coaxial adapter or a microstrip feeding network to the slotline usually shows unsatisfactory performance over the wide bandwidth of the TSA or has complicated structures [7] [8] [9] [10] . In order to overcome the bandwidth limitation of feeding structure for the conventional TSAs, antipodal TSA and its various forms with fins printed on opposite sides of the substrate were presented by many researchers in the past. Compared to the traditional TSAs, antipodal TSAs can be fed easily with microstrip lines and SMA connectors, but it is not suitable in large array applications and its cross-polarization levels is quite high [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . For the radiation structure, a plethora of tapered profiles, such as the common exponential profile and linear profile, have been reported to design TSAs. However, the sudden discontinuity at the antenna terminal still produces large reflection, which lays severe constraints on the antenna bandwidth [18, 19] .

Tapered slot antenna (TSA) is widely used in modern wireless communication systems because of its wideband property, moderate gain, low cost, simple fabrication, planar structure, and good time domain performance.

TSAs can be categorized into end-fire travelling wave antenna, in which the electromagnetic energy is guided and radiated along the edge of slot.

As the characteristic impedance of the slotline is quite high, a transition from a 50 Ohm coaxial adapter or a microstrip feeding network to the slotline usually shows unsatisfactory performance over the wide bandwidth of the TSA or has complicated structures.

Compared to the traditional TSAs, antipodal TSAs can be fed easily with microstrip lines and SMA connectors, but it is not suitable in large array applications and its cross-polarization levels is quite high.

However, the sudden discontinuity at the antenna terminal still produces large reflection, which lays severe constraints on the antenna bandwidth.


The addition of fibers into plain concrete enhances the shear strength and ductility of reinforced concrete (RC) members, leading to a change in failure mode from a brittle shear failure to a ductile flexural failure [7] . RC members generally show a rapid deterioration in shear resisting mechanisms under a reversed cyclic load [8] . However, the use of highperformance fiber reinforced cement composites provides excellent damage tolerance under large displacement reversals, compared with regular concrete [9] . Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is mostly applied in the field of industrial floor and tunnel constructions, but nowadays it is suggested as a partial stirrup in RC beams or punching reinforcement in plates, or even as a complete substitution of conventional steel reinforcements in flat slab construction [10] .

The addition of fibers into plain concrete enhances the shear strength and ductility of reinforced concrete (RC) members, leading to a change in failure mode from a brittle shear failure to a ductile flexural failure.

RC members generally show a rapid deterioration in shear resisting mechanisms under a reversed cyclic load.

However, the use of highperformance fiber reinforced cement composites provides excellent damage tolerance under large displacement reversals, compared with regular concrete.

Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is mostly applied in the field of industrial floor and tunnel constructions, but nowadays it is suggested as a partial stirrup in RC beams or punching reinforcement in plates, or even as a complete substitution of conventional steel reinforcements in flat slab construction.


Surgical lung resection remains the best option for cure of early stage non-small cell lung cancer and is the mainstay for treatment of other intrathoracic malignancies [1] . In assessing operability of patients with resectable lung malignancies, it is essential to define both the immediate perioperative risk and the long-term risk of pulmonary disability associated with loss of functional lung [1] . For patients with abnormalities on initial pulmonary function evaluation, quantitative radionuclide ventilation and perfusion studies are commonly used to evaluate split lung function and have been demonstrated to accurately predict postoperative lung function and outcome [2] [3] [4] [5] . A projected postoperative FEV 1 (ppoFEV 1 %) < 40% of predicted or a projected postoperative DLCO (ppoDLCO %) < 40% indicates an increased risk for perioperative death and cardiopulmonary complications with standard lung resection [5] . In a search for simpler alternatives to radionuclide tests for estimation of postoperative lung function, we studied quantitative measurements of acoustic vibratory energy at the chest wall generated by breath sounds during spontaneous breathing using a vibratory response imaging system (VRI).

Surgical lung resection remains the best option for cure of early stage non-small cell lung cancer and is the mainstay for treatment of other intrathoracic malignancies.

In assessing operability of patients with resectable lung malignancies, it is essential to define both the immediate perioperative risk and the long-term risk of pulmonary disability associated with loss of functional lung.

For patients with abnormalities on initial pulmonary function evaluation, quantitative radionuclide ventilation and perfusion studies are commonly used to evaluate split lung function and have been demonstrated to accurately predict postoperative lung function and outcome.

A projected postoperative FEV 1 (ppoFEV 1 %) < 40% of predicted or a projected postoperative DLCO (ppoDLCO %) < 40% indicates an increased risk for perioperative death and cardiopulmonary complications with standard lung resection.


Clearly, a VRI study is simpler than other methods that have been used for estimation of postoperative lung function [18] [19] [20] [21] . VRI testing can be performed by a trained technician and does not require administration of intravenous, inhaled, or external radiation. In spite of its relative simplicity, appropriate technical procedures are crucial. Recording artifacts arising from ambient noise or increased airway secretions should be avoided. Skin conditions or chest deformities may also interfere with the position and adhesion of sensors to the chest wall. During testing, attention should be placed to the quality, amplitude, and reproducibility of recordings. Interpretation of tests results must also consider clinical and radiographic correlations. Causes of discrepant results should be explored and an alternative method of testing should be considered in some cases.

Clearly, a VRI study is simpler than other methods that have been used for estimation of postoperative lung function.