The applications of indoor position estimation systems are different from GPS and not limited to navigation or object tracking. Also apart from this, GPS provides an accuracy from 5 to 10 meters, which is sufficient for outdoor application but for indoor environment, which comprises limited geographical area, and the accuracy required is not sufficient for indoor environment GPS [4] . Therefore, there is a dire need to develop an accurate indoor position estimation technique. In order to improve the accuracy, first of all it is necessary to identify the factors which significantly affect the accuracy of indoor position estimation systems theoretically and experimentally.

Also apart from this, GPS provides an accuracy from 5 to 10 meters, which is sufficient for outdoor application but for indoor environment, which comprises limited geographical area, and the accuracy required is not sufficient for indoor environment GPS.


Each technology has its own advantages and drawbacks, so the appropriate one must be chosen according to the requirements of the application. In this article, we present an SPAD detector with the sensor and the front-end electronics monolithically integrated with the standard HV-AMS 0.35 m CMOS technology (h35b4). Two main techniques have been implemented to reduce the noise. On the one hand, the sensor can be operated in a gated mode to reduce the probability to detect the noise. On the other hand, the sensor can function with low biases to reduce the intrinsic noise while the photon detection efficiency is still good enough. No cooling methods or digital processing have been used to diminish noise figures. The detector was especially designed regarding applications related with high energy physics experiments. In particular, it was designed to serve as a tracker detector to reconstruct the particle path in future linear colliders [8] . However, it could be used in any other application that operates with a trigger signal, such as three-dimensional imaging, fluorescence spectroscopy and time-of-flight ranging.

In particular, it was designed to serve as a tracker detector to reconstruct the particle path in future linear colliders.


In the last place, the sensitivity of the detector as a function of V OV was also measured for a fixed wavelength of 880 nm. Fig. 8 shows the mean value of the photon detection efficiency (PDE) of the different pixels of the detector as a function of V OV . The presented values are in good agreement with the literature [18] . As expected, the PDE increases with V OV until saturation. However, low V OV of 1.0 V (PDE of 1.4%) are good enough to allow photon detection.

The presented values are in good agreement with the literature.


Leg ulceration is arguably the most costly of injecting injuries to the skin with long-term implications for treatment and medical care. Around 1% of the general population will suffer from leg ulceration at some point in their lives [36] . Leg ulceration can also have an impact on quality of life with sufferers citing pain, odour and mobility problems. Injecting drug users are seen increasingly at leg ulcer clinics, but it is unknown how significant the problem in this population is or what the long-term sequelae may be [2, 35] .

Around 1% of the general population will suffer from leg ulceration at some point in their lives.

Injecting drug users are seen increasingly at leg ulcer clinics, but it is unknown how significant the problem in this population is or what the long-term sequelae may be.


Various techniques of wastewater treatment have been well investigated for their performance and ability to remove hazardous pollution from effluent (O'Connell et al. 2008) . However, to achieve cost-effective industrial waste treatment, the adsorption technique may be the cheapest method widely available and it encompasses regeneration of the adsorbent (Ayhan 2008) . Activated carbon is recommended for the treatment of wastewater due to its great adsorption capability. However, low-cost adsorbents from minerals, waste products and agriculture are more promising for wide application (Babel & Kurniawan 2003; Bailey et al. 1999) . Several studies have reported decent adsorption capacity from a modified low-cost adsorbent that is comparable to the commercially used adsorbent (Wan Ngah & Hanafiah 2008) .

Various techniques of wastewater treatment have been well investigated for their performance and ability to remove hazardous pollution from effluent.

However, to achieve cost-effective industrial waste treatment, the adsorption technique may be the cheapest method widely available and it encompasses regeneration of the adsorbent.

However, low-cost adsorbents from minerals, waste products and agriculture are more promising for wide application.

Several studies have reported decent adsorption capacity from a modified low-cost adsorbent that is comparable to the commercially used adsorbent.


Because sharp edges on masks cause artefacts in the Fourier-space refinements inside relion, the user should provide masks with soft edges, i.e. they contain grey values between zero outside the body, and one inside the body. Although Eq (1) only holds for non-overlapping masks, our actual implementation also allows for overlapping masks between the different bodies, and the program will subtract only the non-overlapping parts of the masks of the other bodies when calculating S b i for the focused refinements. For example, in Figure 1 Figure 1 . For the partial signal subtraction for focused refinement of the 'M' body, the density of the 'R' body within the 'R' mask but not within the 'M' mask will be subtracted, together with the density of the 'C' body within the 'C' mask, but not within the 'R' mask (left). Partial signal subtraction for focused refinement of the 'R' body comprises the density of the 'M' body within the 'M' mask that does not overlap with the 'R' mask and the density of the 'C' body within the 'C' mask that does not overlap with the 'R' mask (middle). Similarly, for focused refinement of the 'C' body, partial signal subtraction comprises the density of the entire 'M' body and the density of the 'R' body within the 'R' mask that does not overlap with either the 'M' mask or the 'C' mask. A total of seven different masked maps needs to be stored in computer memory. B As in A, but for an example where all three masks overlap with each other. A total of nine different masked maps needs to be stored in computer memory. Running as a continuation of a consensus 3D auto-refinement, the multibody refinement will estimate the power of the signal τ 2 b for each body from the Fourier shell correlation (FSC) between two independently-refined half-sets of the data. Because the individual bodies occupy a relatively small volume in the particle box, the option --solvent correct fsc is activated by default. This option performs an internal correction to the FSC curves that accounts for the convolution effects of the mask, much like the post-processing job-type does in the standard relion approach (Chen et al., 2013) . The multi-body refinement approach is started from user-defined initial sampling rates for the rotations and translations, which are automatically increased during the refinement process.

For example, in Figure 1 Figure 1 .

This option performs an internal correction to the FSC curves that accounts for the convolution effects of the mask, much like the post-processing job-type does in the standard relion approach.


Quantum chromodynamics has been identified as the correct theory of strong interactions for nearly forty years. It describes the process with large transfer momenta, like deeply inelastic scattering experiment, quite well. Due to the property of asymptotic freedom, the coupling constant is small in these cases, so the perturbation theory is reliable. As the characteristic energy lowers, the theory becomes strongly coupled and difficult to directly describe the behavior of mesons and baryons. People then develop various effective models exhibiting some important phenomena, such as linear confinement and chiral symmetry breaking, which are believed to be the features of low energy QCD. An excellent reference in this field is [1] .

An excellent reference in this field is.


Many modern radar targets are designed to have a streamlined shape for two reasons: to reduce the aerodynamic resistance and to lower target detectability. Scattering centers on streamlined surface have the tendency of sliding with the change of observation directions by radar, which is not considered in the existing scattering models. The sliding of scattering center leads to the changes of signatures in radar image and also the changes of Doppler frequencies, which results in serious problems in parameter estimation, target tracking and recognition [22] .

The sliding of scattering center leads to the changes of signatures in radar image and also the changes of Doppler frequencies, which results in serious problems in parameter estimation, target tracking and recognition.


To tackle this problem, the features of scattering centers on streamlined target are investigated based on a thorough analysis of scattering characteristics. For a better description of these features, an appropriate model of sliding scattering centers is presented in this paper. A parameter estimation approach based on this model is also demonstrated. Then in order to validate the presented model, the results of simulations based on this model are compared with the results based on the accurate backscattered data computed by the full wave numerical method, namely hybrid finite element-boundary integral-multilevel fast multipole algorithm (FE-BI-MLFMA) [23] [24] [25] .

Then in order to validate the presented model, the results of simulations based on this model are compared with the results based on the accurate backscattered data computed by the full wave numerical method, namely hybrid finite element-boundary integral-multilevel fast multipole algorithm (FE-BI-MLFMA).


Serum levels of iPTH in normocalcemic acromegalic patients are reported to be normal or increased [4, 25] . No significant changes in iPTH levels after pituitary adenectomy have been observed [4] . In contrast, the most striking finding in our study is an early but lasting significant increase of iPTH levels. Legovini and Fredstorp observed the same result with octerotide [8, 9] .

Serum levels of iPTH in normocalcemic acromegalic patients are reported to be normal or increased.

No significant changes in iPTH levels after pituitary adenectomy have been observed.

Legovini and Fredstorp observed the same result with octerotide.


Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets display high conductivity, moderate capacitances, higher mechanical strength and have been widely studied by the energy storage and polymer composite community [10, [19] [20] [21] [22] . Their sheet morphology and high conductivity are of interest for flowable electrode systems that require high connectivity between active materials. However, it is difficult to make flowable electrodes having balanced rheological and electrochemical characteristics based on the 2D rGO sheets due to various reasons, such as sheet stacking in the electrolytes, high viscosity (poor flowability of the slurry), and strong aggregation in aqueous electrolytes [23] . One way to tackle these challenges is to combine rGO sheets with 100-250 lm size spherical carbons. Our hypothesis was that GO sheets can wrap around the micron-scaled CS due to van der Waals interactions, and thus would allow us to achieve a good dispersion of rGO sheets (for high conductivity), while still maintaining a high specific surface area (for electrical double layer charge storage). Moreover, it is anticipated that the rGO sheets will enhance the conductivity of the slurries and improve connectivity between particles for facile charge percolation.

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets display high conductivity, moderate capacitances, higher mechanical strength and have been widely studied by the energy storage and polymer composite community.

However, it is difficult to make flowable electrodes having balanced rheological and electrochemical characteristics based on the 2D rGO sheets due to various reasons, such as sheet stacking in the electrolytes, high viscosity (poor flowability of the slurry), and strong aggregation in aqueous electrolytes.


It is easy to see that · N M q p (X ) is a norm. Moreover, when p = q, the space N M q p (X ) is just the Newton-Sobolev space N 1,p (X ) introduced by Shanmugalingam [37] . We also remark that, since Morrey spaces are Banach function lattices, these Newton-MorreySobolev spaces are special cases of the Newtonian type spaces associated with quasi-Banach function lattices considered by Malý [29, 30] .

Moreover, when p = q, the space N M q p (X ) is just the Newton-Sobolev space N 1,p (X ) introduced by Shanmugalingam.

We also remark that, since Morrey spaces are Banach function lattices, these Newton-MorreySobolev spaces are special cases of the Newtonian type spaces associated with quasi-Banach function lattices considered by Malý.


However all comparative studies thus far have looked at electric and magnetic resonances in separate structures, which could introduce different levels of roughness and structural defects and therefore lead to disparate results [34] . Hence, as far as SHG nanostructures are concerned it would be of interest to experimentally study the system possessing both electric and magnetic resonances in one structure for the same polarization of fundamental light. In this way by fabricating such structure with electrical and magnetic resonances detuned by frequency it becomes possible to directly measure the ratio of their respective SHG contributions. This is accomplished by recording the emission spectrum from one spot on the sample eliminating the need to switch samples and polarizations of fundamental light.

However all comparative studies thus far have looked at electric and magnetic resonances in separate structures, which could introduce different levels of roughness and structural defects and therefore lead to disparate results.


Many dynamically measurable outputs exhibit scaling features, indicating a degree of universality that, in turn, can be used to probe a network's structural and traffic properties [1] . Distributions of transport times, waiting times and noise fluctuations exhibit power-law behaviour in different network models. However, it is not an easy task to relate the emergent dynamical features to particular structural properties, firstly because of the network's power-law inhomogeneity but also because different structural elements, i.e., nodes or edges, or higher (hidden) structures, may play a role in the dynamics. Therefore, a more systematic study of traffic scaling properties, that considers structure beyond the node's connectivity, is necessary in order to reveal the origin of scaling and relate the observed scaling properties to the specific structural and dynamical features on complex networks.

Many dynamically measurable outputs exhibit scaling features, indicating a degree of universality that, in turn, can be used to probe a network's structural and traffic properties.


Many roles can be designed in order to support constructive interaction and facilitate learning. One such role is that of an e-Tutor. An e-Tutor is an individual who facilitates effective knowledge building via supportive interactions with learners in collaborative virtual learning environments (Kopp, Matteucci, & Tomasetto, 2012) . Traditionally, the role of an e-Tutor is afforded to the teacher or instructor of a student group. In the case study here described, we observe the impact of using peer e-Tutors on students' participation and interactions in a blended university course.

One such role is that of an e-Tutor.

An e-Tutor is an individual who facilitates effective knowledge building via supportive interactions with learners in collaborative virtual learning environments.


One of the simplest examples of physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) is new fermions in vectorlike representations of the SM gauge group. The dynamics of the new fermions is drastically different if they are charged under a new confining non-Abelian gauge group. Condensation spontaneously breaks the chiral symmetry of the fermions and massless Nambu-Goldstone boson (NGB) modes manifest which potentially couple to SM gauge bosons via triangle anomalies [1] . The fermions must have an explicitly chiral symmetry breaking mass m in order to lift the NGB's and avoid additional massless degrees of freedom.

Condensation spontaneously breaks the chiral symmetry of the fermions and massless Nambu-Goldstone boson (NGB) modes manifest which potentially couple to SM gauge bosons via triangle anomalies.


As far as physical applications are concerned, we note that solvable Lie algebras often occur as Lie algebras of symmetry groups of differential equations [16] . Group invariant solutions can be obtained by symmetry reduction, using the subalgebras of the symmetry algebra [22] . In this procedure an important step is to identify the symmetry algebra and its subalgebras as abstract Lie algebras. A detailed identification presupposes the existence of a classification of Lie algebras into isomorphism classes.

As far as physical applications are concerned, we note that solvable Lie algebras often occur as Lie algebras of symmetry groups of differential equations.

Group invariant solutions can be obtained by symmetry reduction, using the subalgebras of the symmetry algebra.


The co-amplification of several modulated signals with different center frequencies in an MCPA generates intermodulation distortion (IMD) due to the nonlinearity. The IMD is a substantial source of interference and must be included in the interference budget, although it has been shown that the IMD can be reduced by different linearisation techniques [15] . Some residual IMD power will however still be emitted by the antennas, and it is important to be able to predict this level to assure an acceptable system performance.

The IMD is a substantial source of interference and must be included in the interference budget, although it has been shown that the IMD can be reduced by different linearisation techniques.


As one of the electrical insulation and mechanical support components of electric power transmission lines, the insulators are of great importance to ensure the reliable and safe operation of electric power systems. However, the insulators are considered fault-prone due to the fact that a large number of overhead transmission lines are located in the wilderness, and the line corridor passes through a variety of climate zones with the insulators exposed to harsh weather conditions. In particular, flashover (an electric discharge over or around the surface of an insulator) often occurs. The flashover can directly affect the performance of insulators, and hence can cause significant power loss, or even lead to power blackout spanning over a large geographical area. Based on such recognition, the characteristics of insulator flashover need to be better understood, and the accurate detection of flashovers on insulators needs to be appropriately addressed to effectively reduce the operational risks of power system assets [1] [2] [3] .

Based on such recognition, the characteristics of insulator flashover need to be better understood, and the accurate detection of flashovers on insulators needs to be appropriately addressed to effectively reduce the operational risks of power system assets.


Therefore, this paper proposes a speech enhancement based on the auditory perception wavelet transform (Tao et al., 2008; Tao et al., 2010) . Its basic function is the best way to overcome the uncertainty in the time-perception frequency. Furthermore, its expansion and contraction of the analysis scale changes according to the concept of critical band, which makes bandwidth a "frequency group" in every scale. The wavelet transform obtained by this kind of construction undoubtedly has analysis features that are in good agreement with the auditory system. The enhanced speech has better clarity and a higher intelligibility. However, the effect is not ideal if we directly make use of threshold processing because of the uniqueness of the speech signal. This is because the voiceless section of speech contains relatively large high-frequency components. It will thus be regarded as noise and be removed when doing the threshold processing. Taking this reason into account, we first make a voicing decision before the threshold processing. If the speech is voiced sound, we make use of an auditory masking threshold to process it, and if the speech is unvoiced sound, we make use of a soft threshold function to process it. This will keep the important information in the unvoiced sound while suppressing the noise. The experimental results show that this combination can improve the SNR of a speech signal, suppress background noise, and protect the high frequency components in the speech signal as well.

Therefore, this paper proposes a speech enhancement based on the auditory perception wavelet transform.


There are several types of PVA fibers, each fitting a separate application. The fibers used in this research are of type REC15, manufactured by Kuraray, Japan. REC15, one of the new types of PVA fiber, has been designed for strain hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) with the purpose to control the fiber-matrix bond, due to the hydrophilic nature of PVA fibers [6, 4, 7] .

REC15, one of the new types of PVA fiber, has been designed for strain hardening cementitious composites (SHCC) with the purpose to control the fiber-matrix bond, due to the hydrophilic nature of PVA fibers.


Polyvinyl alcohol fibers (PVA) are synthetic fibers obtained from polyviny1 acetate which is readily hydrolysed by treating an alcoholic solution with aqueous acid or alkali [1] . The fibers possess an ideal combination of properties and find applications on a large scale around the world in industry and agriculture. Items such as fishing and seaweed nets, ropes, hoses, belts, tire codes and paper making felts are made from those fibers, which serve as well as reinforcing material for cementitious composites [2, 3] .

Polyvinyl alcohol fibers (PVA) are synthetic fibers obtained from polyviny1 acetate which is readily hydrolysed by treating an alcoholic solution with aqueous acid or alkali.

Items such as fishing and seaweed nets, ropes, hoses, belts, tire codes and paper making felts are made from those fibers, which serve as well as reinforcing material for cementitious composites.


In this section, we briefly describe the methodological approach applied in our study. Due to its qualitative nature, it strongly relies on the findings of the existing economic policy literature. The policy evaluation exercises performed by this type of literature are usually guided by four criteria, effectiveness, efficiency, equity and feasibility [49] . Our assessment of both the single policy measures and of the policy mix as a whole is based on these criteria. Their application does not follow a standardized protocol as in the case of empirical or experimental studies. This does not exclude, however, that our evaluation exercise exhibits a clear systematic structure, which entails two main steps, summarized as follows. The first step is a thorough screening of the existing literature with the aid of scientific search engines (e.g., EBSCO ® , Google Scholar ® and Scopus ® ). For our exercise, both theoretical contributions (including review papers) and empirical studies are in principle relevant. Among the latter, we gave priority to those focusing on the EU and on its member States. As a rule, we considered papers published since 2000 and earlier seminal papers. The second step consists in analysing those findings, which help to shed light on the performance of the policy measures under investigation.

The policy evaluation exercises performed by this type of literature are usually guided by four criteria, effectiveness, efficiency, equity and feasibility.


Energy storage is beneficial in situations where power production is intermittent or the load varies in intensity, as the objective of the storage is to mitigate variability in generation and demand by acting as a buffer. Economical feasibility limits the size and power rating of the storage system, resulting in the need to optimise the power flow in order to maximise the efficacy of the limited available resources. In the case of a known load profile, it is possible to define a strategy that results in the optimal solution for a given storage system, placing the focus on finding the most suited technology for the single application. Slow processes get the most benefit from using batteries or other forms of high-capacity storage systems (compressed air, pumped hydro, etc.), while fast loads characterised by short and high power demand are paired with flywheels, supercapacitors or other technologies capable of reacting in a very short time, outputting relatively high power [1] [2] [3] . Usually, the variability of the load also depends on the time constant of the application: the power demand in regional power network fluctuations is periodical with peaks occurring at around the same time of the day and of the year, leading to optimal solutions for power management that account for the deviation from the typical daily or yearly profile [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . When loads are limited to a short period of time (tens of seconds or less), the variability tends to be defined by three main factors: when the demand occurs, its intensity and duration. As an example, electric vehicles show this sort of unpredictability, as there is no prior knowledge of the acceleration that the driver requires when driving, and therefore, the stochastic behaviour of the demand is taken into account when developing control strategies [9] [10] [11] .

Slow processes get the most benefit from using batteries or other forms of high-capacity storage systems (compressed air, pumped hydro, etc.), while fast loads characterised by short and high power demand are paired with flywheels, supercapacitors or other technologies capable of reacting in a very short time, outputting relatively high power.

Usually, the variability of the load also depends on the time constant of the application: the power demand in regional power network fluctuations is periodical with peaks occurring at around the same time of the day and of the year, leading to optimal solutions for power management that account for the deviation from the typical daily or yearly profile.

As an example, electric vehicles show this sort of unpredictability, as there is no prior knowledge of the acceleration that the driver requires when driving, and therefore, the stochastic behaviour of the demand is taken into account when developing control strategies.


This review begins with an account of the diverse array of landscape elements encompassing surface waters, alluvial aquifers, riparian systems and geomorphic features. Then landscape dynamics within river corridors are examined in the context of landscape evolution, ecological succession and turnover rates of landscape elements. This is followed by analyses of connectivity between landscape elements. Finally, a riverine landscape perspective of biodiversity is presented. Special attention is given to floodplains throughout the paper because of the high level of landscape diversity they exhibit. Riverine landscape diversity is a broad topic with a vast literature; in this review it is possible to include only a portion of even the most important work. Detailed treatments of the fauna and flora of riverine landscapes are presented elsewhere (Ward et al., 2000a; Adis & Junk, 2002; Amoros, 2002; Robinson, Tockner & Ward, 2002) .

Detailed treatments of the fauna and flora of riverine landscapes are presented elsewhere.


The epithelial radiation response often represents a doselimiting early side effect, experienced by the majority of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients as confluent oral mucositis [1] [2] [3] . Oral mucositis is associated with severe pain, increased risk for local and systemic infections, and can necessitate unplanned treatment interruptions, thus negatively influencing tumour control probability. It has a major impact on the patient's quality of life. Hospitalizations for supportive care are an important socio-economic factor [4] . Despite its clinical relevance, no biology-based treatment strategy has been implemented into clinical routine so far [5] . This can be partly attributed to the fact that the exact molecular radiopathological mechanisms underlying oral mucositis are not yet fully understood.

The epithelial radiation response often represents a doselimiting early side effect, experienced by the majority of head and neck cancer (HNC) patients as confluent oral mucositis.

Hospitalizations for supportive care are an important socio-economic factor.

Despite its clinical relevance, no biology-based treatment strategy has been implemented into clinical routine so far.


Genetic map provides a mean for studying the genes controlling a trait, the location of genes along the chromosomes and the effects of variation in gene expression on the trait, the evaluation of genes regulating phenotype in different populations. Genetic mapping provides the information for map-based cloning of genes and marker-assisted selection. The molecular linked map is a map of chromosome showing distance between molecular markers (DNA markers) based on genetic recombination distances between them. The first molecular linked map of rice was reported by McCouch and coworkers using restriction fragment length polymorphic markers (RFLP) [6] . The QTL map is the map showing the linkage between a quantitative trait loci and genetic markers. This map provides the basis tools for the study of the variation underlying quantitative traits. QTL map of drought escape and tolerance in rice was recently reported [19] . Mapping genes controlling root morphology and root distribution in upland rice have also been reported [20] . We report here the first molecular linked map and QTL map for root traits related to drought resistance in Vietnamese upland rice. The map consists of 239 markers (36 SSR and 203 AFLP markers) mapped to all 12 chromosomes. This map covered 3973.1 cM of rice genome with an average distance of 16.62 cM between the markers. Twenty three putative QTLs were detected. Among them, four QTLs for MRL, four QTLs for R/SR, four QTLs for DR/SR, two QTL for RN, two QTLs for RT, two for plant PH, and five QTLs for TN were recorded.

The first molecular linked map of rice was reported by McCouch and coworkers using restriction fragment length polymorphic markers (RFLP).

QTL map of drought escape and tolerance in rice was recently reported.

Mapping genes controlling root morphology and root distribution in upland rice have also been reported.


Mapping QTLs for drought escape and tolerance using a set of random introgression lines of rice was recently reported [19] . Mapping genes controlling root morphology and root distribution in upland rice have been reported in a doubled-haploid population derived from an indica × japonica cross using RFLP markers [20] . QTLs for root growth and root penetration ability in upland rice also mapped in a F2 population derived from a cross between drought resistant varieties Bala and Azucena using RFLP and AFLP markers [10, 11] .

Mapping QTLs for drought escape and tolerance using a set of random introgression lines of rice was recently reported.

Mapping genes controlling root morphology and root distribution in upland rice have been reported in a doubled-haploid population derived from an indica × japonica cross using RFLP markers.

QTLs for root growth and root penetration ability in upland rice also mapped in a F2 population derived from a cross between drought resistant varieties Bala and Azucena using RFLP and AFLP markers.


Upland rice grows on 19 million ha, about 15% of the world's rice plantation [2] . The production of upland rice is crucial to agricultural economy of many countries [15] . The yield of upland rice is very low with an average of about 1 t/ha. Drought is a major constraint to the productivity of upland rice.

Upland rice grows on 19 million ha, about 15% of the world's rice plantation.

The production of upland rice is crucial to agricultural economy of many countries.


Ganymede's dipole magnetosphere creates an unusual situation for an airless body, resulting in the distribution of water ice unique in the Jovian and Saturnian systems. Despite its internal dipole, the trailing hemisphere of Ganymede is still subject to greater bombardment by very energetic charged particles than the leading hemisphere. This results in a lower albedo, less icy, trailing hemisphere compared to the leading hemisphere, with the water ice present being larger grained (fine-grained ice having been sputtered) and a more developed deposit of non-ice material ( Hansen and McCord, 2004 ) .

This results in a lower albedo, less icy, trailing hemisphere compared to the leading hemisphere, with the water ice present being larger grained (fine-grained ice having been sputtered) and a more developed deposit of non-ice material.


Relative to several sympatric secondary cavitynesters, ground tits fledge more nestlings per brood and have a much high proportion of successful nesting attempts (Table 3) . It has been shown that secondary cavity-nesters produce larger clutches than primary cavity-nesters, presumably because nest site limitations for the former may promote them to invest more in each breeding attempt to cope with unpredictable breeding opportunities (Martin, 1993) . Our results were different from the hypothesis. It is probably because the breeding cavities used by these secondary cavity-nesting birds, mainly pika holes, are abundant and readily available.

It has been shown that secondary cavity-nesters produce larger clutches than primary cavity-nesters, presumably because nest site limitations for the former may promote them to invest more in each breeding attempt to cope with unpredictable breeding opportunities.


Recently, as water shortage and pollution problems are becoming more serious, the importance of the water industry has become increasingly emphasized. Hence, membranes are receiving attention to play an important role in solving these water-related problems. Membranes have some advantages in comparison to traditional separation technologies such as coagulation, aggregation, and sedimentation which include convenience of control, excellent quality of processed water and ease of maintenance. Due to these advantages, membranes have been used for seawater desalination, sewage treatment, wastewater treatment, and drinking water production [1] . Membranes are divided into RO (reverse osmosis), NF (nanofiltration), UF (ultrafiltration), and MF (microfiltration) membranes, depending on usage. In particular, UF membranes make up a large part of the world membrane market and are used for wastewater treatment, and food concentration and purification. Polysulfone (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyethersulfone (PES), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been used in the production of membranes [2] . PVDF is an especially beneficial material to prepare membranes because of its strong chemical resistance and mechanical properties [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . Due to these advantages, PVDF has been widely used to fabricate membranes. However, PVDF has a critical disadvantage; it is susceptible to fouling during treatment of water containing humic acid which is a natural organic material (NOM). Since PVDF and NOM are hydrophobic, PVDF membranes easily absorb NOMs. As a result of filtration of NOM on PVDF membranes, its life is decreased. Hence, the improvement of PVDF membranes is recently a hot topic in membrane science. Among methods for improvement, blending with the graft copolymer in PVDF casting solution after synthesis of hydrophilic graft copolymer has been reported by researchers, in order to prepare PVDF membranes with improved flux during filtration of humic acid (HA) [9, 10] . However, it has not been fully clarified that successful PVDF-g-PHEA (Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-graft-poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)) synthesis and blending with synthesized PVDF-g-PHEA additive in PVDF casting solution leads to improved hydrophilicity, resulting in improved ability during membrane formation. If the PVDF membrane has hydrophilic properties resulting from PVDF-g-PHEA, it will absorb less NOMs than the original PVDF membrane. Consequently, permeate flux can be enhanced by improving qualities of membrane material such as increased hydrophilicity [11] .

Due to these advantages, membranes have been used for seawater desalination, sewage treatment, wastewater treatment, and drinking water production.

Polysulfone (PS), polyethylene (PE), polyethersulfone (PES), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) have been used in the production of membranes.

PVDF is an especially beneficial material to prepare membranes because of its strong chemical resistance and mechanical properties.

Among methods for improvement, blending with the graft copolymer in PVDF casting solution after synthesis of hydrophilic graft copolymer has been reported by researchers, in order to prepare PVDF membranes with improved flux during filtration of humic acid (HA).

Consequently, permeate flux can be enhanced by improving qualities of membrane material such as increased hydrophilicity.


In the present article we report a series of new polyimides which contain fluorene units, along with flexible amide linkages, in the polymer main chain, based on a new dianhydride monomer. Fluorene derivatives have shown high fluorescence quantum yield in the solid state [14] . Therefore, we expect that the PIs that we have prepared may exhibit interesting photoluminescence properties. The general properties of these polymers, such as solubility, reduced viscosity, crystallinity, thermal stability, glass transition temperature, film forming ability and the quality of the films, as well as their optical properties and photoluminescence ability, will be described herein.

Fluorene derivatives have shown high fluorescence quantum yield in the solid state.


Osmotic dehydration is considered a preservation method that provides high quality products by means of water removal without phase change (Lenart, 1996) . During the process there is a direct contact of fruits or vegetables with a hypertonic solution, thus a driving force for water removal arises between solution and food, while the natural cell act as semipermeable membrane (Lerici et al., 1985) . This process has been proposed for the production of intermediate moisture foods as a preliminary stage to air drying, pasteurisation and freezing (Silveira et al., 1996) . The quantity and the rate of water removed from the materials depend on some variables and process parameters such as concentration and composition of the osmotic solution, temperature, immersion time, solution/food ratio, specific surface area and agitation (Lerici et al., 1985) .

Osmotic dehydration is considered a preservation method that provides high quality products by means of water removal without phase change.

During the process there is a direct contact of fruits or vegetables with a hypertonic solution, thus a driving force for water removal arises between solution and food, while the natural cell act as semipermeable membrane.

This process has been proposed for the production of intermediate moisture foods as a preliminary stage to air drying, pasteurisation and freezing.

The quantity and the rate of water removed from the materials depend on some variables and process parameters such as concentration and composition of the osmotic solution, temperature, immersion time, solution/food ratio, specific surface area and agitation.


The analysis of the n-player case is the focus of our study, i.e., our objective is to determine the optimal contest success function that induces maximal aggregated equilibrium effort among n heterogeneous contestants. From a technical perspective this extension is not trivial because in the n-player contest the equilibrium is usually not interior, i.e., there are contestants that prefer to remain inactive, see Stein [16] . The set of active contestants depends on the distribution of the heterogeneous parameters but also on the respective contest success function. Hence, the derivation of the optimally designed contest success function is a complex issue because not only individual effort is affected by this contest rule but also the set of active contestants which has an additional impact on equilibrium effort.

From a technical perspective this extension is not trivial because in the n-player contest the equilibrium is usually not interior, i.e., there are contestants that prefer to remain inactive, see Stein.


Extending this analysis to contest games with more than two heterogeneous players is far from obvious. This is due to the fact that favoring very weak players might be too costly because the incentives of strong players are distorted as well such that overall equilibrium effort might be decreased. Hence, it might be profitable to exclude specific contestants, a question which cannot arise in the two-player case studied by Nti [12] .

Hence, it might be profitable to exclude specific contestants, a question which cannot arise in the two-player case studied by Nti.


In this paper, we explore the effect of single vacancies on the transport properties of two dimensional (2D) graphene and finite graphene flakes within highly doped contacts. Both of these configurations allow us to investigate a relatively wide energy region around the Dirac point, thus clarifying many aspects of the impact of vacancies on different transport regimes and in particular the diffusive regime of 2D samples and the pseudodiffusive regime typical of graphene tunnel junctions [15] . We analyse the role played by different parameters, such as the vacancy density, their distribution on the sublattices and, for the tunnel junctions, different geometries. Our results are summarized by some general scaling behaviour that we identified. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes in detailed the 2D and tunnel junction graphene configuration and briefly illustrates the simulation methodologies we adopted. Section 3 presents the numerical results and their interpretation. Finally, Section 4 concludes.

Both of these configurations allow us to investigate a relatively wide energy region around the Dirac point, thus clarifying many aspects of the impact of vacancies on different transport regimes and in particular the diffusive regime of 2D samples and the pseudodiffusive regime typical of graphene tunnel junctions.

This paper is organized as follows.

Finally, Section 4 concludes.


We have previously demonstrated that the HOMA-IR and the QUICKI method of assessing IR strongly correlated with zBMI, waist-hip ratios, and lipid abnormalities in pre-and postpubertal children in the Wausau School District [9, 10] . Although HOMA-IR and QUICKI are useful for research purposes, they are expensive and are not readily available to practicing clinician. In the present study, we found that the TG/HDL ratio in children, as in adults, correlates strongly with IR as measured by these two different methods. This relationship was already manifest as early as 2nd grade. Additionally, we found the TG/HDL ratio correlates strongly with other lipid abnormalities commonly found in the IR state: smaller and more numerous LDL particles. Not surprising, this ratio did not correlate as strongly with either total or LDL cholesterol. The poor correlation between IR and measurements of total and LDL cholesterol is well known [5] . Finally, a higher TG/HDL ratio was also strongly correlated with heavier students and a higher prevalence of elevated blood pressure. Thus the TG/HDL ratio in children could be useful in assessing relative IR and help direct resources appropriately to high risk children.

We have previously demonstrated that the HOMA-IR and the QUICKI method of assessing IR strongly correlated with zBMI, waist-hip ratios, and lipid abnormalities in pre-and postpubertal children in the Wausau School District.

The poor correlation between IR and measurements of total and LDL cholesterol is well known.


A polarized response among voters might have important implications for how immigration will influence public policy. If vote shares shift in one direction, we are likely to observe strong policy shifts as a consequence of immigration. However, if polarization occurs, status quo bias might be the outcome. The latter is consistent with claims about the limited policy impact of the anti-immigration parties in Europe (Mudde, 2013) . Moreover, polarization will make collective action within the group of affected voters more difficult, and they will strive to reach a common consensus on policy proposals to counterweight the negative wage effects they experience. Further theoretical and empirical studies of the polarizing effect of labor market competition with immigrants appear to us as an important direction of research, in particular in light of the current public debates about the political consequences of globalization.

The latter is consistent with claims about the limited policy impact of the anti-immigration parties in Europe.


Another part of work has gone into the study of free quantum groups. These were introduced in two papers of Wang [27] , [28] . The idea is as follows: let G ⊂ U n be a compact group. The n 2 matrix coordinates u ij satisfy certain relations R, and generate the algebra C(G). One can define then the universal algebra A = C * (u ij |R), and for a suitable choice of the relations R we get a Hopf algebra. We have the heuristic formula A = C(G + ), where G + is a compact quantum group, called free version of G. Observe that we have G ⊂ G + . This construction is not axiomatized, in the sense that G + depends on the relations R, and it is not known in general what the good choice of R is. For instance any choice with R including the commutativity relations u ij u kl = u kl u ij would be definitely a bad one, because in this case we would get G + = G. Moreover, any choice with R including certain relations which imply these commutativity relations would be a bad one as well, and the problem comes from here.

These were introduced in two papers of Wang.


The IEEE 802.11 PSM offers an opportunity for sensor nodes to preserve their powers [10] . Based on it, the nodes having no traffic to transmit for a certain period can enter into doze mode. AP buffers the incoming packets for the PSM sensor nodes, and via broadcasting a beacon frame at the beginning of each BI, announces which node has frames buffered [3] . The PSM sensor nodes wake up periodically according to their LIs (listen intervals) which are equal to one or several BIs, to check the TIM (Traffic Indication Map) in the beacon frame. If a sensor node confirms that there is data buffered in the AP, it will stay active to retrieve the buffered data by delivering a PS-Poll frame to the AP. On receiving the PS-Poll, the AP delivers the buffered data frame to the sensor node. If still more frames are buffered for the node, the AP sets the More Data field of the ongoing frame to 1. Upon receiving the frame, the node keeps polling the AP until it retrieves all the remaining frames.

The IEEE 802.11 PSM offers an opportunity for sensor nodes to preserve their powers.

AP buffers the incoming packets for the PSM sensor nodes, and via broadcasting a beacon frame at the beginning of each BI, announces which node has frames buffered.


In order to provide prioritized services, two power saving approaches have been proposed for 802.11e and 802.11n standards [3] . In 802.11e, the APSD (automatic power save delivery) is defined to take advantage of QoS mechanisms in International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 3 802.11e. Nodes having no traffic for delivery can enter into doze mode for power saving like in the 802.11 PSM. Instead of waking up periodically, nodes can wake up for traffic download at any moment by transmitting trigger frames like Null data frames or QoS data frames to an AP. As each frame carries its priority, nodes can contend for channel access under the supported priorities. However, the APSD suffers from the drawbacks that its uncoordinated triggering scheme for retrieving buffered traffic can cause high delays due to nodes do not transmit enough trigger frames, or else too many triggers may introduce power waste [11] . Moreover, the priority mechanism applied in 802.11e can introduce unfairness problem, because the contention windows of low priority nodes are usually set to large values making the nodes have less opportunities for channel access.

In order to provide prioritized services, two power saving approaches have been proposed for 802.11e and 802.11n standards.

However, the APSD suffers from the drawbacks that its uncoordinated triggering scheme for retrieving buffered traffic can cause high delays due to nodes do not transmit enough trigger frames, or else too many triggers may introduce power waste.


In summary, we have proposed a novel systematic approach to facilitate the development of vaccines against influenza virus (see Figure 6 ) [17] [18] [19] . We first use machine-learning techniques to predict likely mutations that might occur in the next flu season. A weighted MI algorithm is developed to capture the nonlinear correlation for each amino acid site of HA. Then, the variations at the predicted sites of mutation could be structurally modeled in order to investigate the consequence of these mutations. A few examples have been provided for the antigen-Ab and antigen-receptor binding affinity calculations. These advanced structural modeling and simulations provide detailed atomistic mechanisms and help identify potential mutations that could escape Ab neutralization or switch the receptor specificity from avian to human. Overall, our comprehensive approach could provide potent leads for the design of future vaccines against influenza virus.

In summary, we have proposed a novel systematic approach to facilitate the development of vaccines against influenza virus (see Figure 6 ).


To this point, systems analysis efforts by NASA have assumed there to be no aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the vehicle during the SRP phase [2, 16] . Provided the conditions are within the range considered to be flight-relevant and the vehicle configurations remain similar to those discussed in this investigation, design trades may be evaluated with simple engineering models or assumptions. However, if the SRP configuration is varied with large changes in nozzle expansion ratio, a non-circular or non-uniform arrangement of nozzles is used, or the application of SRP as a thrust-dominated decelerator is changed, evaluation likely requires support from both high-fidelity computational analysis and experiment.

To this point, systems analysis efforts by NASA have assumed there to be no aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the vehicle during the SRP phase.


In relating the flight-relevant operating conditions identified for SRP through systems analysis to parameters governing SRP flowfield structure, it was observed that highly under-expanded jet flow structures may not occur across the full range of conditions considered. A number of works, both experimental and computational, have demonstrated the behavior of SRP flowfields with weakly under-expanded jet flows to be highly unsteady and also to exhibit unstable flow mode transitions [8, 17] . To avoid such behaviors by restricting SRP operation to conditions resulting in highly under-expanded jet structures, it is likely desirable to operate with fewer engines and a higher vehicle T /W . For configurations with multiple nozzles, reducing nozzle expansion ratios can provide additional margin for SRP operation with highly underexpanded jet flow structures.

A number of works, both experimental and computational, have demonstrated the behavior of SRP flowfields with weakly under-expanded jet flows to be highly unsteady and also to exhibit unstable flow mode transitions.


The major drawback of remote sensing ET estimates is the fact that they can be implemented only in periods with available satellite images. An attempt to estimate daily ET for periods without input satellite images was presented, where basin wide daily ET is obtained by combining interpolated Λ using available satellite images and standard PET methods on meteorological stations. The relatively low temporal variability of Λ in the Krapina River basin makes it possible to use interpolated Λ for modelling basin wide daily ET. The analyses showed that a total of five images can provide a reliable estimate of interpolated Λ and thus represent specific characteristics of a basin. The low temporal variability of Λ in this specific basin could be linked to its particular characteristics, with the climate being typically continental-humid, the basin being, to a large extent, covered with forest and keeping in mind that no extensive agricultural production is present. A relatively low temporal variability in Λ may be expected in basins in tropical and humid climates and especially in those covered with forests [34] . A relatively high variability in Λ may be expected in basins in temperate and semi-arid climates, especially in combination with cropland and grassland cover [34, 35] . The temporal variability of Λ increases in conditions when the ET is strongly influenced by the variability of soil moisture and water availability in the root zone, which will decrease the efficiency of the proposed method in such basins.

A relatively low temporal variability in Λ may be expected in basins in tropical and humid climates and especially in those covered with forests.

A relatively high variability in Λ may be expected in basins in temperate and semi-arid climates, especially in combination with cropland and grassland cover.


Both morphometric and molecular results make sense from the geological point of view. Andean orogeny and climate have had profound influence on the biota of the Central Cordillera in northeastern Argentina and southern Bolivia. The geological and climatic development during the late Tertiary and early Quaternary have had a significant impact on the establishment of orographic barriers and the regulation and distribution of rain in this region and, as a consequence, on the establishment and continous changing of hydrographic drainages (Alonso et al., 2006) .

The geological and climatic development during the late Tertiary and early Quaternary have had a significant impact on the establishment of orographic barriers and the regulation and distribution of rain in this region and, as a consequence, on the establishment and continous changing of hydrographic drainages.


Findings from our qualitative inquiry provided valuable insights into both the SWAP health promoter and the cookstove purchaser and important information that was used in scaling up the intervention to a wider area. We determined that it was important to subsidize the upesi jiko and combine the purchase and installation cost. In addition, our findings allowed us to focus our messages on identifying community motivators along with emphasizing the role of cooking demonstrations to promote adoption of the upesi jiko. Similar to other studies, all participants identified problems with the traditional cookstove and reported considerable benefits of the improved cookstove to both their household environment and health [24] [25] [26] . Economic constraints profoundly affected participants' day-to-day reality and income generated from promoting and selling cookstoves as well as income saved from using the cookstoves was seen as the greatest relative advantage over the traditional cookstove and a critical motivator for both promoters and purchasers. While health benefits were addressed, promoters more often focused on economic benefits of the improved cookstove due to the saliency of the topic to community members. Based upon the perceived local income levels of the community, the cost of the improved cookstove (150 Kenyan Schillings (Ksh) for purchase and 150 Ksh for installation-estimated $3 U.S.) was determined collectively by SWAP health promoters prior to the pilot. During implementation of the pilot, however, the SWAP health promoters determined that the cost was too high for many community members as the separate costs for purchase and installation of the improved cookstove often posed a barrier; use was often delayed for lack of money or supplies to finish installation. Cost is often a large factor in deciding whether to implement an intervention, especially in lower income communities. The literature regarding cost decisions for cookstoves is relatively limited and somewhat incomparable to literature regarding costs for other household health interventions as cookstoves tend to be more expensive and therefore, not as readily accessible for immediate purchase.

Similar to other studies, all participants identified problems with the traditional cookstove and reported considerable benefits of the improved cookstove to both their household environment and health.


On the grounds of the data assumption, the assumed research model is tested by empirically analyses. The finding supports the theoretical pattern for a majority of assumed relationships. From the results, comparing with trust, reciprocity and altruism, we found that sharing willingness has get a highest factor loading in the latent variables of sharing behavior. The value of social exchanges lies in the maintenance of reputation and long-term relationship. This finding is consistent with Bock's study (Bock et al., 2005) . They argued that people contribute their knowledge when their benefits outweigh the expenses from knowledge sharing behaviors.

This finding is consistent with Bock's study.


Of note, counties of highest discordance between disease burden and LHD service availability were not consistent across all three disease categories, demonstrating that jurisdictions could prioritize specific interventions (i.e., naloxone distribution in areas of opioid overdose discordance vs. syringe services in areas of hepatitis C discordance) to optimize public health impact and strategically utilize available resources. This is critical for rural LHDs, who often face the dual challenge of limited resources and personnel for planning and implementation, as well as the increased responsibility to provide a broad range of programs including direct health services for their communities [8] . Service/need mapping as described in this analysis provides a simple, replicable framework for states to support their local jurisdictions in utilizing limited resources.

This is critical for rural LHDs, who often face the dual challenge of limited resources and personnel for planning and implementation, as well as the increased responsibility to provide a broad range of programs including direct health services for their communities.


Hatha yoga is the most commonly practiced worldwide. The key components of Hatha yoga are stretching exercises and physical postures, breath control, and concentration and thinking techniques designed to promote the well-being of the subjects both physically and emotionally [25] . With the above points in mind, the primary aim of the present study is to determine the effects of an 8 wk Hatha yoga practice on metabolic markers including blood glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and EMPs in healthy, lean, and female Chinese subjects; the secondary aim is to determine the effects of Hatha yoga practice on inflammatory markers in the above subjects via measuring circulating cytokine levels, LPS, and Pam3Cys-SK4 (Pam) stimulated cytokines secretion in whole blood culture ex vivo, as well as TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression in PBMCs.

The key components of Hatha yoga are stretching exercises and physical postures, breath control, and concentration and thinking techniques designed to promote the well-being of the subjects both physically and emotionally.


Three experimental blocks were established, perpendicular to tidal movement, within a relatively homogeneous area of Blackness (Fig. 2) . The sediments within this area typically have an approximate loss on ignition of 6.4% and a silt/clay fraction of 29% (Fernandes et al. 1999) . Within each block, two replicates of each of 11 treatments (as described in the section Experimental treatments) were randomly assigned to 22 plots (Fig. 2) . These plots were 1 ϫ 1 m, and 2 m apart from neighboring plots. Therefore, the experiment used a replicated block design with six replicates. For the diversity, biomass, and defaunated plot treatments, the sediments were first defaunated by placing wooden boards (90 ϫ 70 cm) on the sediment surface. Concrete blocks were placed on each board to keep them in place. Regular sampling revealed that total macrofaunal defaunation occurred beneath the boards after five weeks, and sediment redox potentials were significantly reduced compared to nondefaunated sediments. Macrofaunal defaunation was initially delayed Treatments are: 1-3, low, medium, and high diversity; 4-6, low, medium, and high biomass; 7-9, low, medium, and high diversity cage control; 10, defaunated plot (defaunated treatment); and 11, unmanipulated control. Shaded plots were previously defaunated.

The sediments within this area typically have an approximate loss on ignition of 6.4% and a silt/clay fraction of 29%.


The utilities can provide suggestions regarding the optimum usage only after the analysis of the aggregated data. The algorithms used are usually not applicable to all scenarios and usually computation intensive. Despite all these limitations, NILM based ALM has given us some valuable insights as to how to approach the load monitoring problem in a better way. Further, we discuss the different works in NILM in recent years, which have been decisive in driving the research towards an improved load monitoring system. These works include hardware approaches, software and middleware design as well as algorithm analysis for load identification [10] [11] [12] . The second approach for ALM is gaining popularity in terms of Intrusive Load Monitoring (ILM). This approach makes use of individual device sensing using smart devices and sensors (smart outlets). Researchers and Industry, after a long time, have turned to this approach after NILM accuracy hit a plateau [11] . Although, ILM has been largely ignored since a longtime due to the installation complexity and cost the recent developments in IoT and smart/intelligent sensing systems have led to the development of cheaper and convenient solutions, which can match NILM based devices in terms of cost and ease of use [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . ILM also has the obvious advantage of accurate load monitoring, remote control of devices, more accurate load identification and real-time insights of energy consumption due to the distributed sensing approach.

These works include hardware approaches, software and middleware design as well as algorithm analysis for load identification.

Researchers and Industry, after a long time, have turned to this approach after NILM accuracy hit a plateau.

Although, ILM has been largely ignored since a longtime due to the installation complexity and cost the recent developments in IoT and smart/intelligent sensing systems have led to the development of cheaper and convenient solutions, which can match NILM based devices in terms of cost and ease of use.


In conclusion, we have demonstrated, to our knowledge, the first burst-mode fiber laser system achieving multi-GHz-level repetition rates. The system produces bursts of pulses at μ 1 m wavelength and is capable of generating as short as 15 ns-long bursts with intra-burst pulse repetition rate of 3.5 GHz with μ 215 J energy at 1 kHz repetition rate. This combination of parameters constitute a unique capability, which has been specifically developed to exploit ablation-cooled laser material removal [21, 22] . We expect the laser architecture demonstrated here to find applications in ultrafast laser-material and laser-tissue processing. Simulation results for 50-pulse bursts with intra-burst pulse repetition period of 285 ps, with the pulses being stretched to 2 ns, then traversing a nonlinear optical segment, before being dechirped, for (a) low nonlinear phase shift in the amplifier, and (b) 20 times higher nonlinear phase shift in the amplifier.

This combination of parameters constitute a unique capability, which has been specifically developed to exploit ablation-cooled laser material removal.


Temperature control is a crucial process in transportation of food or other temperaturesensitive products. When the temperature level is too high these goods can go bad and their manufacturers suffer loss [1] . In a lot of cases, indicators are used to avoid such situations. The color is changing when a product is exposed to elevated temperature.

When the temperature level is too high these goods can go bad and their manufacturers suffer loss.


Taken together the results suggest support for our research hypotheses in another behavioral context. Scholars have stressed the importance of replications when adopting SEM procedures (Bollen and Pearl, 2012) . Furthermore, our analysis rules out the impact of several additional covariates to the unique indirect effect of experienced guilt in our causal chain. The only difference from Study 1a concerns the role of attitudes. Even though in this study the construct shares a significant amount of variation with transportation (see Table 3 ), ultimately our findings show that it fits the data less convincingly (Hair et al., 2011) .

Scholars have stressed the importance of replications when adopting SEM procedures.

Even though in this study the construct shares a significant amount of variation with transportation (see Table 3 ), ultimately our findings show that it fits the data less convincingly.


At time 2, we measured recall using the same approach of Study 1a and used also a different measure of social desirability response (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) . As shown in Appendix A, there are no reliability concerns. Discriminant validity is also respected through the assessment of the Fornell-Larcker criterion and the HTMT ratio (highest value .63).

At time 2, we measured recall using the same approach of Study 1a and used also a different measure of social desirability response.


Furthermore, it is interesting to observe the negative path between guilt and recycling behavior obtained. Following on from Study 1b, this finding appears associated with the negative side of guilt already discussed. Once we model the positive effects of guilt through the mediators considered in this study, what remains is a negative relationship determined by negative reactions to what are perceived as manipulative messages (Hibbert et al., 2007) .

Once we model the positive effects of guilt through the mediators considered in this study, what remains is a negative relationship determined by negative reactions to what are perceived as manipulative messages.


The glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world [9] . This herbicide is characterized as a post-emergent systemic in which translocation occurs via symplastic transport, and this herbicide is considered broad-spectrum because it is non-selective [10] [11] . After glyphosate is absorbed, it acts by impairing plant growth, interferes with the production of essential aromatic amino acid sand inhibits the enzyme-5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which is responsible for the biosynthesis of chorismate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan [12] [13] .

The glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world.

This herbicide is characterized as a post-emergent systemic in which translocation occurs via symplastic transport, and this herbicide is considered broad-spectrum because it is non-selective.

After glyphosate is absorbed, it acts by impairing plant growth, interferes with the production of essential aromatic amino acid sand inhibits the enzyme-5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which is responsible for the biosynthesis of chorismate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan.


DS via a manually operated CDS discussed in this manuscript is capable of placing seeds in four rows, whilst providing simple and easy operation for an average person. To achieve uniformity and flexibility in operations, different mechanisms have been introduced. This allows uniformly spaced planting, similar to the case for the transplanted rice, providing space for growth and offering a higher yield in return. In general, mechanized DS reduces the labor needed by 20% (Sivakumar et al., 2003) . The use of the DS method further increases the return on investment, as it eliminates the cost of excessive seeds and labor for pulling and transplanting; the reduced stress caused by pulling results in a much higher percentage of germination and survival rate. Hence, the DS technique using the CDS design suggested in this manuscript provides more effective and efficient rice production. Also, if the cost of labor is high and the availability is less, then the suggested method in this manuscript provides an alternative for transplanting and MB. The suggested improved CDS design further reduces the amount of PPR seed required to sow per hectare (see the sown amounts using CDS in experiments 10-15 in Table 3 ), as it makes it possible to drop PPR at an equal interval and in an almost uniform number.

In general, mechanized DS reduces the labor needed by 20%.


Another observation is that the perceptual-loss is able to conserve high-frequency details in the image. The fine line in the projection images that forms a circle around the cranium is visible in the input (Figures 2a & 2f) , as well as in the label images (Figures 2e & 2j) , and also in the images generated with the perceptualloss function (Figures 2b, 2c, and 2d) . In contrast, all generators "loose" this line when the 1-loss is applied (Figures 2g, 2h, and 2i ). This effect is also qualitatively observable in other parts of the images. Despite achieving equal or better results regarding the error metrics, the generally less sharp look of the results generated with the 1-loss function is apparent. This behavior is in accordance with previous observations that concluded that an perceptual-loss leads to sharper images than a comparable 1-loss [19] . Considering the common applications of X-ray Fluoroscopy, e.g., interventional guidance for stents and similar devices, high spatial resolution is a key requirement. Utilizing a loss function that is able to preserve high-frequency details in the images is desirable to this end. The perceptual-loss appears to be suited for this task as presented in our evaluation.

This behavior is in accordance with previous observations that concluded that an perceptual-loss leads to sharper images than a comparable 1-loss.


Experiments were conducted using data of a realistic MR and X-ray sensitive phantom of the human head. Data was acquired on a 1.5 T Aera MR and a Axiom-Artis C-arm CT scanner (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Forchheim, Germany). An ultra-short echo time sequence was used for the MRI scans. The reconstructed images' resolution is 320 x 320 x 250 with a spacing of 0.93 x 0.93 x 0.93 mm 3 . The X-ray scans of the same phantom exhibit a voxel size of 0.48 x 0.48 x 0.48 mm 3 and a resolution of 512 x 512 x 399. Image registration of the corresponding scans was performed using elastix [16] . The input (MR) and label (CT) images were generated by forward projecting the registered stack from various angulations using the CONRAD framework [17] . In this manner, 3200 different projection image pairs of both modalities were created and randomly divided into 3000 training and 200 testing images.

Image registration of the corresponding scans was performed using elastix.

The input (MR) and label (CT) images were generated by forward projecting the registered stack from various angulations using the CONRAD framework.


Convolutional neural networks have shown great results in natural and medical image synthesis [7, 4] . Based on this, three different generator network architectures are used in the underlying work with the goal to generate X-ray projections G from input MR projection images I. Training and evaluation are done using corresponding MR and label X-ray projections L. All models have been adapted to our specific application. An overview of the investigated network architectures is given in Figure 1 . Furthermore, we examined the impact of two different loss-functions on the generated results.

Convolutional neural networks have shown great results in natural and medical image synthesis.


In the past, opportunistic data were collated into broad time periods, for example published Atlases. This compensates to some degree for variation in recorder activity, allowing changes in species' distributions to be assessed over the years between atlas periods (Thomas et al. 2004; Tingley & Beissinger 2009; Botts, Erasmus & Alexander 2012) . This approach has limited potential to deliver trends in a timely fashion, because Atlas periods are typically measured in decades. In principle, it should be possible to derive trend estimates on subdecadal time-scales by incorporating information about the data collection process (Szabo et al. 2010; Roy et al. 2012; van Strien, van Swaay & Termaat 2013) . Therefore, a pressing need exists to understand how recorder activity can be treated statistically.

This compensates to some degree for variation in recorder activity, allowing changes in species' distributions to be assessed over the years between atlas periods.

In principle, it should be possible to derive trend estimates on subdecadal time-scales by incorporating information about the data collection process.


Physical activity is an element of preventive healthcare. It triggers adaptive processes in the body. Our results proved beneficial tendencies in physically active children. Studies by Furgał and Adamczyk on nine -and ten-yearold children seem to confirm our findings. They found that less active children had more foot arch disorders -62.5% of girls and 39.5% of boys who did not perform any physical activity outside their PE lessons had lowered foot arches, as revealed with Clarke's angle and Wejsflog index measurements. Regular physical activity ensured normal foot arches in children [9] .

Regular physical activity ensured normal foot arches in children.


Individual differences in foot structure depend on anthropometric parameters, genetic factors, and lifestyle. Its structure is maintained by muscles, joint capsules, and ligaments [7] . There is a strong relationship between the strength and endurance of lower extremity muscles and the structure of the arches of the foot [2] .

Its structure is maintained by muscles, joint capsules, and ligaments.

There is a strong relationship between the strength and endurance of lower extremity muscles and the structure of the arches of the foot.


We analyzed the longitudinal arches on the basis of Clarke's angle values; it is a reliable, sensitive, and practical index [21] . Clarke's angle values in non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing conditions revealed statistically significant differences. Therefore, it may prove useful to study the impact of BMI on foot arches in the study population of children.

We analyzed the longitudinal arches on the basis of Clarke's angle values; it is a reliable, sensitive, and practical index.


Our study showed that decreased physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, and decreased physical fitness influence the arches of the foot. However, we did not find a significant correlation between the variables. Based on Mueller's studies, which found that static and dynamic measurements of feet change with a child's age, one may presume that a correlation of the above mentioned variables in a wider age group could develop differently [17] .

Based on Mueller's studies, which found that static and dynamic measurements of feet change with a child's age, one may presume that a correlation of the above mentioned variables in a wider age group could develop differently.


The foot is the fundament of the body posture, in both its static and dynamic functions, regardless of the different measures of foot structure [10] . Proper stabilization of the foot on the ground, along with its proper arches, guarantees correct gait [18] . The structure of the foot is formed by a system of longitudinal and transversal arches. The arches regulate the pressure on the soles of the feet in weight-bearing conditions [6, 18] .

The foot is the fundament of the body posture, in both its static and dynamic functions, regardless of the different measures of foot structure.

Proper stabilization of the foot on the ground, along with its proper arches, guarantees correct gait.

The arches regulate the pressure on the soles of the feet in weight-bearing conditions.


Physical activity (PA) is body movement caused by muscle work that leads to energy expenditure higher than the basal metabolic rate [19, 20] . PA is efficient only when it is done with optimal frequency and intensity. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established norms for PA for individual age groups. For children and teenagers aged 5-17, the recommended amount of PA is 60 minutes every day [29] . The benefits of regular PA in children are body mass control, desired bone development and bone mineralization, and an increase in muscle flexibility and endurance [12, 14, 16, 18] . Physical activity results in physical fitness [15] . Physical fitness (PF) means that a person is ready for physical tasks that require muscle strength, quickness of movement, and physical efficiency, as well as general health. In children, they are dependent on many factors, such as age, sex, and body build, as well as past injuries, which have a negative effect on PF [24] . The process of progressive development of the foot arch ends mostly between 10 and 13 years of age, and is characterized by specificity in comparison to the overall somatic development. Therefore, the authors selected children aged 10-14 as a target group [13] .

Physical activity (PA) is body movement caused by muscle work that leads to energy expenditure higher than the basal metabolic rate.

For children and teenagers aged 5-17, the recommended amount of PA is 60 minutes every day.

The benefits of regular PA in children are body mass control, desired bone development and bone mineralization, and an increase in muscle flexibility and endurance.

Physical activity results in physical fitness.

In children, they are dependent on many factors, such as age, sex, and body build, as well as past injuries, which have a negative effect on PF.

Therefore, the authors selected children aged 10-14 as a target group.


Disorders of the arches of the foot have been extensively discussed in the literature. Clarke's angle forms between the C-S line, binding the most internal point of the forefoot with the most internal point of the hindfoot, and the Q-q line, which is the medial tangent of the foot. A range below 28 degrees denotes a flat foot; 28-40 degrees, a lowered foot arch; 40-51 degrees, a normal foot arch; and over 51 degrees, a high foot arch. The transversal arch is assessed according to the Wejsflog index. The Wejsflog index defines the proportions of the foot, i.e. foot length to foot width ratio [9] .

The Wejsflog index defines the proportions of the foot, i.e. foot length to foot width ratio.


The density limit is an operational limit which can be expressed in tokamaks as a function of the Greenwald parameter n G = I/πa 2 (n G in 10 20 m −3 , I in MA, a in m). Whenever n > n G disruptive behavior is seen in Tokamaks [1] . Stellarators show a non-disruptive limit which can be well described by the Sudo parameter n S = (P · B/a 2 R) 0.5 (n S in 10 20 m −3 , P in MW), where P is the power input and B the magnitude of the equilibrium field [2] .

Whenever n > n G disruptive behavior is seen in Tokamaks.

Stellarators show a non-disruptive limit which can be well described by the Sudo parameter n S = (P · B/a 2 R) 0.5 (n S in 10 20 m −3 , P in MW), where P is the power input and B the magnitude of the equilibrium field.


Nutrition may affect not only feathering rate, but also the structure and color of feathers. Deficiency of some vitamins and trace minerals might induce abnormal feathers, as well as the presence of micotoxins in the diet. Some viruses, bacteria and mycoplasmas might infect the feather follicle and affect feathering (Leeson & Walsh, 2004b) .

Some viruses, bacteria and mycoplasmas might infect the feather follicle and affect feathering.


After completion of this paper the authors were made aware of the work of Bundfuss, Krüger and Troubetzkoy [2] . They were concerned with iterating maps on a manifold M and the set of x ∈ M that were never mapped into some hole. Theorem 2.4 is essentially a consequence of Proposition 4.1 [2] . However, all of our results regarding calculating dim H (U) and the identification of the univoque set with a graph-directed self-similar set are completely new.

After completion of this paper the authors were made aware of the work of Bundfuss, Krüger and Troubetzkoy.

Theorem 2.4 is essentially a consequence of Proposition 4.1.


The paramount current theory of the gravitational interaction is General Relativity (GR). The theory earned this status because of its conceptual simplicity, its intuitive geometrical interpretation and, of course, its remarkable successes in modeling gravitational phenomena. But, above the sympathy that these attributes may gender, we must accept that the theory is defective. On a philosophical ground, GR is imperfect as any mathematical representation of reality [1] . Regarding its physical predictions, GR fails in reproducing rotation curves of galaxies, mass profiles of galaxy clusters, gravitational lensing effects, cosmological data, and spacetime singularities. Some of these problems can be solved or circumvented assuming the existence of dark matter. However, every experiment aimed at measuring the properties of this kind of matter has failed in its quest [2, 3, 4] . In this scenario, alternative gravity theories that do not require the existence of dark components deserve study.

On a philosophical ground, GR is imperfect as any mathematical representation of reality.

However, every experiment aimed at measuring the properties of this kind of matter has failed in its quest.


We expect novel predictions when taking rotation into account, like has already been done for TeVeS and squared-f (R) gravity [41, 42, 43] . In STVG, the presence of Lorentz-like forces will manifest characteristic departures from other gravity theories. Future work will be dedicated to efforts in that direction. Furthermore, we will formally take into account the scalar fields contributions, and study stability and quasinormal modes of spherically symmetric solutions.

We expect novel predictions when taking rotation into account, like has already been done for TeVeS and squared-f (R) gravity.


In Figure 3 we display pressure, density, and mass profiles for POLY and SLy neutron star models. From those graphics, we notice that STVG density and pressure profiles decrease slower than the relativistic ones. This implies that STVG mass profiles reach higher final masses. We associate this behavior with positive Q-terms in Eq. (26) . FPS and BSK21 profiles manifest equivalent deviations.

We associate this behavior with positive Q-terms in Eq..


Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that still is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide [1] . Depending on the molecular subtype the clinical outcome is different [2] . Six molecular subtypes are commonly used to determined the course of treatment: luminal A, luminal B, HER2 positive, basal-like, claudinlow and normal-like breast that are determined by the expression of estrogen, progesterone receptor and HER2 [3, 4] . Patients with luminal subtypes benefit from endocrine-directed therapies, while HER2 positive subtype has been associated with poor prognosis. However, HER2-directed therapies have improved the response rates [5] .

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that still is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide.

Depending on the molecular subtype the clinical outcome is different.

Six molecular subtypes are commonly used to determined the course of treatment: luminal A, luminal B, HER2 positive, basal-like, claudinlow and normal-like breast that are determined by the expression of estrogen, progesterone receptor and HER2.

However, HER2-directed therapies have improved the response rates.


After building linear combinations of the original wave functions, we find e −T ′ ∆ stat = O(10 −6 ) so that the magnitude of ∆f 1 is essentially driven by the ratio of the linear fit parameters β (0) and β (1) . For all lattices and linear combinations we found ∆f 1 to be orders of magnitude smaller than the statistical uncertainty associated with Φ RGI itself, thereby supporting the validity of the one-state dominance for f stat 1 . As already pointed out in Section 3, thanks to the construction of linear combinations we actually expect the estimated correction term to be predominantly governed by the second excited state instead of the first one that is written in the formulae of this appendix.

After building linear combinations of the original wave functions, we find e −T ′ ∆ stat = O(10 −6 ) so that the magnitude of ∆f 1 is essentially driven by the ratio of the linear fit parameters β (0) and β.


Dental caries is the most common disease in the oral cavity. The need for its control is mandatory especially in developing countries where an overall increase in the frequency of dental caries has been reported [21] . Knowing that any infectious disease can only occur when the pathogenic organisms are sufficient in number to surmount the intra-oral defense mechanisms, and that tooth decay is an infectious disease caused by acid attacks resulting from bacterial sugars fermentation, would clarify the essentiality of the role of the innate-host defense mechanism against dental caries. NO might be one of the important intra oral defense mechanisms against caries pathogens [4] .

The need for its control is mandatory especially in developing countries where an overall increase in the frequency of dental caries has been reported.

NO might be one of the important intra oral defense mechanisms against caries pathogens.


Saliva is one of the primary needs for lifelong conservation of the dentition against dental caries. Multiple anticariogenic functions of the saliva are related to its fluid characteristics that is mainly includes dilution and washing effects. Also, they are related to its specific components such as neutralization of acids, maintaining supersaturated calcium/phosphate concentrations and antibacterial defense [1] . Normally, the daily production of saliva ranges between 0.5 and 1.0 l. It is composed of more than 99% water and less than 1% solids, mostly proteins and electrolytes. The final composition of the whole saliva in the mouth is strongly dependant on the salivary flow rate. The concentrations of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions have been reported to be increased in stimulated whole saliva (SWS) [1] . On the other hand, the unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) composition was reported to be more important for the control of carious lesions development than that of the SWS [2] . Recent studies showed that nitrate and nitrite in saliva play a role in the maintenance of certain oral protective functions, in particular, the production of nitric oxide (NO) [3, 4] .

Also, they are related to its specific components such as neutralization of acids, maintaining supersaturated calcium/phosphate concentrations and antibacterial defense.

The concentrations of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate ions have been reported to be increased in stimulated whole saliva (SWS).

On the other hand, the unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) composition was reported to be more important for the control of carious lesions development than that of the SWS.

Recent studies showed that nitrate and nitrite in saliva play a role in the maintenance of certain oral protective functions, in particular, the production of nitric oxide (NO).


Increasing academic interest has been shown in synchronous reluctance machines (SynRMs) in the last two decades. The main advantage offered is the high-power per volume ratio, which is of interest in embarked applications. Further applications are compressors, centrifuges, and energy storage flywheels [1] . These machines show some advantages based on their ruggedness and construction simplicity. The absence of rotor losses and easy control suggest the possibility of performance and cost effective advantages of the SynRMs over induction motor drives. On the other hand, if the SynRM uses a stator identical to that of the induction machine, then just by changing the punching tools for the rotor geometry, the SynRM can be produced with the same production line [2] .

Further applications are compressors, centrifuges, and energy storage flywheels.

On the other hand, if the SynRM uses a stator identical to that of the induction machine, then just by changing the punching tools for the rotor geometry, the SynRM can be produced with the same production line.


It is well known that the synchronous reluctance motor (salientpole rotor without field coils) is one of the oldest types of electric motors and has, from time to time, attracted the efforts of a considerable number of investigators. When this type of machines is designed with a massive rotor, they may represent an attractive solution in high speed applications such as flywheel energy storage systems [1, 3, 4] . Moreover, a cage rotor is not required as the induced currents flowing axially in the rotor in the asynchronous operation can generate torque during starting. However, because the saliency ratio cannot be expected to exceed three, these motors are generally characterized by very low power factors or efficiencies [5] . Nevertheless, if the drive system design allows torque ripple reduction, these structures remain attractive if moderate performances are tolerated.

When this type of machines is designed with a massive rotor, they may represent an attractive solution in high speed applications such as flywheel energy storage systems.

However, because the saliency ratio cannot be expected to exceed three, these motors are generally characterized by very low power factors or efficiencies.


There is an increasing trend within the sports sciences to investigate the motor coordination attributes of children and adolescents [1] . This is because motor coordination has been shown to be a strong predictor of athletic success in childhood and adolescence [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Motor coordination has been described as a relatively stable general physical construct that includes various aspects of motor ability [6, 7] . In this study, motor coordination is delineated by the characteristics measured within the KTK-test protocol (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder) [8, 9] . The motor performances representative of motor coordination in this study include walking backwards on a balance beam, moving sideways, hopping over an obstacle, and side-to-side jumping.

There is an increasing trend within the sports sciences to investigate the motor coordination attributes of children and adolescents.

This is because motor coordination has been shown to be a strong predictor of athletic success in childhood and adolescence.

Motor coordination has been described as a relatively stable general physical construct that includes various aspects of motor ability.

In this study, motor coordination is delineated by the characteristics measured within the KTK-test protocol (Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder).


The results of this study encourage practitioners to develop training programs which help equally acquire all aspects of motor coordination. The research demonstrated that participating in ice hockey, swimming, and artistic gymnastics improved specific aspects of motor coordination. However, there is a versatility in motor coordination experiences during childhood and adolescence that has been shown to be a strong predictor of later athletic success [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . Therefore, it is important that youth training programs include practice involving a variety of motor coordination characteristics.

However, there is a versatility in motor coordination experiences during childhood and adolescence that has been shown to be a strong predictor of later athletic success.


The motor learning literature has typically detailed that motor coordination is a relatively stable and agerelated construct [5, 6] . However, previous studies in the area have produced contradictory results as to whether motor coordination can be improved as an outcome of intensive sport-related practice [6, [10] [11] [12] 20] . The results of this study provide evidence highlighting that motor coordination skills assessed across adolescence demonstrate greater variability than previously reported [5, 6] . One reason for the discrepancy is the different age of the participants, which was higher in the current study. Older children are more likely to have greater experience of intensive practice in their sports. Longer training histories in particular sports have supported the variation in the development of motor coordination skills as relevant to the demands of each sports discipline.

The motor learning literature has typically detailed that motor coordination is a relatively stable and agerelated construct.

However, previous studies in the area have produced contradictory results as to whether motor coordination can be improved as an outcome of intensive sport-related practice.

The results of this study provide evidence highlighting that motor coordination skills assessed across adolescence demonstrate greater variability than previously reported.


It should be acknowledged that the presented study could not identify specific reasons to explain the differences found in motor coordination skills; therefore, the findings should be considered cautiously. It may also Brought to you by | Jyväskylän Yliopisto University Authenticated Download Date | 5/22/17 1:31 PM be possible that young athletes, for example, start and continue their sports practice because their motor coordination 'matches' the demands of a particular discipline. If children recognize that they perform well in a given sport at an early age, they may engage more enthusiastically to develop their competence towards that sporting activity and commit themselves to the training and competition demands of the activity [21] .

If children recognize that they perform well in a given sport at an early age, they may engage more enthusiastically to develop their competence towards that sporting activity and commit themselves to the training and competition demands of the activity.


Wood formation is a complex process initiated in the tree crown and the vascular cambium and the resulting effects on wood properties are controlled by genetics and environmental factors (Larson 1994) . Environmental stresses have adverse effects on plant growth and productivity, and are predicted to become more severe and widespread in decades to come (Osakabe et al. 2012) . Understanding the cambial response to environment stresses is crucial in order to learn about their cumulative effects on the wood quality characteristics.

Wood formation is a complex process initiated in the tree crown and the vascular cambium and the resulting effects on wood properties are controlled by genetics and environmental factors.

Environmental stresses have adverse effects on plant growth and productivity, and are predicted to become more severe and widespread in decades to come.


The proposed Class D amplifier has low output power and good linearity based on the IEEE 802.11b communication protocol. The Class-D amplifier, whose basic form is seen in figure 3 , consists primarily of two switches. During device operation, the switches will alternately turn on and off due to the driver stage, and the output voltage of the switch varies between ground and the supply voltage. Also within the device is a bandpass filter composed of a series LC resonator tuned to the desired frequency, providing nonzero conductance essentially only in the band of interest. Such filters allows the maximization of the current in the frequency band of interest, while minimizing the current flowing at the unwanted band. Hence, no power dissipation happens outside of the desired operational band [16] . To get the optimum bias, small-signal simulation and 1dB compression point simulation are completed by their power output capability. Resulting design values can be shown in Table 2 .

Hence, no power dissipation happens outside of the desired operational band.


The main challenge for such sensor node is the high power consumption of portable devices. A solution to this challenge is the integration of the portable devices' digital and RF circuitry into one chip. The receiver will receive the signal and will also perform DSP processing after the data is sent out by the transmitter [2] . Figure 2 is the transmitter diagram. It is desirable that the transmitter and receiver are low power devices. The director-conversion transmitter is very popular for such applications, because it offers versatility, flexibility, spectral efficiency, and low complexity. These features make the transmitter simpler than the super-heterodyne transmitter. Small chip and circuit size, and low power consumption can be achieved with a direct-conversion transmitter architecture. For the front-end transmitter, the major objectives are 1) transmit RF signals and 2) recover the biosignal classification. This paper proposes a low power receiver design. This paper is mainly for the power amplifier design, since other portions of the circuit design are already discussed in the paper [14] . In order to meet the standards, the PA is designed as shown in table 1.

The receiver will receive the signal and will also perform DSP processing after the data is sent out by the transmitter.

Figure 2 is the transmitter diagram.

This paper is mainly for the power amplifier design, since other portions of the circuit design are already discussed in the paper.