Individual preventive measures have demonstrated efficacy in preventing LD in populations [7, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . The primary actions recommended in the group of individual preventive measures include wearing long trousers or putting one's socks into one's trousers when visiting wooded areas, applying tick repellent on skin and clothing, checking for and removing ticks after visiting wooded areas, and avoiding tick habitats during high risk periods [14] . The application of acaricides on one's property has also been recommended in the US for those living in high risk regions [15] .

Individual preventive measures have demonstrated efficacy in preventing LD in populations.

The primary actions recommended in the group of individual preventive measures include wearing long trousers or putting one's socks into one's trousers when visiting wooded areas, applying tick repellent on skin and clothing, checking for and removing ticks after visiting wooded areas, and avoiding tick habitats during high risk periods.

The application of acaricides on one's property has also been recommended in the US for those living in high risk regions.


The excessive NH 4 + -N compared with other forms of N in high-percentage soy containers at Week 3 was likely the result of a combination of factors. The carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the high-percentage soy plastic may be so low that microbes must mineralize and release relatively large amounts of N to obtain enough C from the soy material to facilitate their own growth. When the C:N ratio of the substrate is low, the form of N released by microbes is predominately NH 3 + /NH 4 + (Mengel and Kirkby, 2001) . Although NH 4 + -N was abundant, little or no nitrification had taken place in high-percentage soy containers by Week 3 (Table 2) , and the low concentration of both NO 2 -and NO 3 -suggests that nitrification had failed early in the process, before conversion of NH 4 + to NO 2 -. The most plausible explanation for lack of nitrification in high-percentage soy containers is inhibition of nitrifying bacteria by unfavorable chemical characteristics (e.g., salinity or pH) of the medium that accompanied the rapid accumulation of NH 4 + (Gandhi and Paliwal, 1976; Groeneweg et al., 1994; Mengel and Kirkby, 2001) . Regardless of the specific cause, the problem of excessive NH 4 + accumulation in soy-based plastic containers can be effectively corrected by blending soy polymer with a carbohydrate-based polymer like PLA (Table 2) .

When the C:N ratio of the substrate is low, the form of N released by microbes is predominately NH 3 + /NH 4 +.

The most plausible explanation for lack of nitrification in high-percentage soy containers is inhibition of nitrifying bacteria by unfavorable chemical characteristics (e.g., salinity or pH) of the medium that accompanied the rapid accumulation of NH 4 +.


Ant colony optimization algorithm (ACOA) is one kind of heuristic bionic algorithm based on ant colony finding its way in the population's foraging process. ACOA algorithm is parallel algorithm in essence that has the following features: robustness, universality, fast convergence, easiness of combining with other algorithm, and so forth [4, 5] . However ACOA may converge at local optimal solution for the algorithm refreshes local pheromones, so some improvements need to be taken to optimize ACOA for its application in UWSN. Compared with ACOA, AFSA converges at global solution better and is insensitive to parameters [6, 7] . So we can take advantage of AFSA to optimize ACOA, and apply the fusing algorithm based on ACOA, and AFSA to the routing protocol of UWSN, which can improve protocol's robustness and energy efficiency.

ACOA algorithm is parallel algorithm in essence that has the following features: robustness, universality, fast convergence, easiness of combining with other algorithm, and so forth.

Compared with ACOA, AFSA converges at global solution better and is insensitive to parameters.


Despite the abovementioned numerous advantages, there are two significant challenges in using OpenSees to perform such an analysis. The first and foremost challenge is that OpenSees lacks an appropriate and versatile numerical model for shear walls, one of the most important structural components in super-tall buildings [17] . Note that its existing fiber beam model is incapable of simulating complex mechanical behaviors of various types of shear walls. In contrast, such a simulation can be successfully performed using the multi-layer shell model, as demonstrated by several published research [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . As such, it is necessary to develop a reliable and rigorous multi-layer shell model for OpenSees. The second challenge is that OpenSees has rarely been used to study the seismic behavior of large-scale, complicated structures. Therefore, further studies are required to investigate the modeling techniques, solution algorithms, and memory management of OpenSees to cover seismic analyses of complicated large-scale structures.

The first and foremost challenge is that OpenSees lacks an appropriate and versatile numerical model for shear walls, one of the most important structural components in super-tall buildings.

In contrast, such a simulation can be successfully performed using the multi-layer shell model, as demonstrated by several published research.


Our overview shows that modeling can support the review of objectives, targets, and indicators for the MSFD. Modeling is the only option to evaluate different management strategies and thus help select appropriate management measures. We recommend that indicator assessments are supported by modeling studies, so that linkages between descriptors and global pressures on the marine environment (such as climate change and ocean acidification) and cumulative impacts are more fully grasped. Models can be used to highlight recovery trajectories of indicators and a range of management strategies should be explored through scenarios to provide support to decision makers. Specifically, the likely synergistic and antagonistic effects of management measures and concurrent changes in prevailing climatic conditions should be investigated at each assessment cycle of the MSFD. Sources of uncertainty (measurement error, uncertainty in pressure-state relationships, model uncertainty) must be considered and communicated during indicator assessments and model studies (Cartwright et al., 2016) . Utilizing modeling support as a routine in the assessment cycle would ultimately improve long term planning for the marine environment.

Sources of uncertainty (measurement error, uncertainty in pressure-state relationships, model uncertainty) must be considered and communicated during indicator assessments and model studies.


Earlier in 1975, Remo Ruffini and James H. Wilson have considered the process of energy extraction from rotating black hole based on the charge separation in a magnetized plasma accreting into Kerr black hole [26] . This became the first use of gravitationally induced charge of a black hole by the frame-dragging effect for the extraction of rotational energy from black holes. Another similar process of energy extraction from rotating black hole is the Blandford-Znajek mechanism (BZ) [11] . BZ operates on the principle of unipolar generator, similar to classical Faraday disc. Here the role of disc is played by a black hole rotating in magnetic field. As in the case of MPP, black hole's rotation generates electric currents along the horizon surface which convert mechanical spin energy of a black hole into electromagnetic energy to be extracted. In addition, both BZ and MPP act due to existence of quadrupole electric field, being produced by twisting of magnetic field lines. However, BZ requires force-free magnetosphere which can be formed e.g. by a cascade of electron-positron pairs [27] . This requires the threshold magnetic field of order 10 4 G. In addition BZ cannot provide ultra high efficiency, which is the distinguishing feature of MPP [23] . Below we will show that MPP is a general process which includes and approximates to BZ for high magnetic field regime. As mentioned before, MPP operates in three regimes of efficiency: low, moderate and ultra high. BZ is included in the middle -moderate efficiency regime. MPP has thus become one of the leading processes for powering the central engine of high energy astrophysical objects like quasars and AGNs involving black holes.

Earlier in 1975, Remo Ruffini and James H. Wilson have considered the process of energy extraction from rotating black hole based on the charge separation in a magnetized plasma accreting into Kerr black hole.

Another similar process of energy extraction from rotating black hole is the Blandford-Znajek mechanism (BZ).

However, BZ requires force-free magnetosphere which can be formed e.g. by a cascade of electron-positron pairs.

This requires the threshold magnetic field of order 10 4 G. In addition BZ cannot provide ultra high efficiency, which is the distinguishing feature of MPP.


It is maximal for extremally rotating black hole (a = M), being η PP = 0.207, or ≈ 21%. While for moderate spins, e.g. a = 0.5M, PP efficiency is < 2%. In addition to low efficiency, PP is inoperable in realistic conditions because threshold relative velocity between two fragments after split required to be greater than half of the speed of light [19, 20] . This is the condition for a particle to ride on a negative energy orbit relative to an observer at infinity. There exists no conceivable astrophysical process that could almost instantaneously accelerate neutral particle to such high velocities. Nor there exists any observational evidence to support such a happening. Thus PP though very novel and purely relativistic in nature cannot be astrophysically viable.

In addition to low efficiency, PP is inoperable in realistic conditions because threshold relative velocity between two fragments after split required to be greater than half of the speed of light.


In machining process models, it is assumed that the tool is perfectly sharp (Fig. 1a) . The first to propose such a model was Marchant [5] . In the machining model, the tool was infinitely sharp with a shearing plane located at the angle ϕ. However, cutting tools have a natural roundness of edges (Fig. 1b) . For a diamond tool, the natural roundness is less than several micrometres, while for a sintered carbide tool, the roundness is several tens of times greater. A large radius cutting edge makes it stronger and more resistant to chipping. Nevertheless, in precision cutting applications when the thickness of the cut layer is comparable to the cutting edge radius, the ploughing or rubbing action can be substantial and the accuracy of cutting deteriorates [6] . A rounded cutting edge can affect significantly both the forces and temperatures during cutting, especially at chip thicknesses at or below the cutting edge radius. The problem is how to assess the effect of nose radius on the accuracy of the cutting process, especially when cutting thin layers.

The first to propose such a model was Marchant.

Nevertheless, in precision cutting applications when the thickness of the cut layer is comparable to the cutting edge radius, the ploughing or rubbing action can be substantial and the accuracy of cutting deteriorates.


The assessment of optimal resuscitation for septic patients, taken as a bundle, has not been investigated in the past. We suggest that lactate level, urine output, and blood pressure are key endpoint components of resuscitation in sepsis. A previous study showed that patients with higher lactate clearance of more than 10% within 6 hours of emergency department intervention have improved outcomes [29] . Our study used a cut-off of 20% decrease in lactate level in 12 hours. A lower resuscitation MAP threshold of 65 mmHg was also in conjunction with the study that showed that a targeted MAP of 65-70 did not show mortality difference with targeted MAP of 80-85 [30] . We have seen in our study that the timing of ICU admission did not significantly affect the achievement of optimal resuscitation within 12 hours. When individual endpoints were compared, achievement of optimal BP and UO was observed in about 74%, while the drop on lactate was poorly achieved in 45%. Subgroup analysis showed that patients who are optimally resuscitated within 12 hours have lower mortality compared to those who did not achieve optimal resuscitation (18.4% versus 31.3%). Future studies are recommended to see if optimal resuscitation bundle is a better marker for sepsis prognosis compared to protocol compliance. Critical Care Research and Practice Our study has also examined whether code status affects the early management of critically ill septic patients. A previous study showed that about half of septic patients with DNR/DNI status survived to hospital discharge [31] . DNR patients also received invasive measures at a rate similar to that of patients without DNR status [31] . Our subgroup analysis showed that compliance with 3-hour protocol, vasopressor use, and achievement of optimal resuscitation in each respective code status were not affected by the timing of ED to ICU transfer. However, a peculiar finding was noted where patients with DNR/DNI status have a higher percentage of compliance with the 3-hour protocol in general compared to the full code group (Table 4) . Thus, the presence of DNR/DNI status does not preclude the initiation of early resuscitation in our institution. It is still debatable whether to include patients with DNR/DNI status in the assessment of performance metrics of sepsis management.

A previous study showed that patients with higher lactate clearance of more than 10% within 6 hours of emergency department intervention have improved outcomes.

A lower resuscitation MAP threshold of 65 mmHg was also in conjunction with the study that showed that a targeted MAP of 65-70 did not show mortality difference with targeted MAP of 80-85.

A previous study showed that about half of septic patients with DNR/DNI status survived to hospital discharge.

DNR patients also received invasive measures at a rate similar to that of patients without DNR status.


In this paper we present a surveillance system that is able to detect, track and classify moving targets in real-time. Our system extracts static and dynamic features of moving targets and uses them to assign the targets to one of several predefined categories. Our choice of categories was dictated by the surveillance purposes of our system and includes object categories that are typically found in rural and country scenes. The system requires minimal user input. It is also able to work under diverse illumination conditions, including noisy backgrounds, and with various types of video sensors. The system provides real-time video performance due to short detection time, lock-on and classification of each target. A brief description of this system is given in conference notes [1] , [2] .

The system requires minimal user input.

A brief description of this system is given in conference notes.


We performed experiments with various types of objects in different outdoor scenes. More than 100 sequences were analyzed. Distances to racked objects varied from 50 m to 2 km. The system was tested in various types of scenes: university campus, urban location, construction site, countryside. We also tested our algorithm when the targets were moving and we had frontal, oblique and side views. Examples of sequences are shown in Figs 12 and 14 . In what To demonstrate the performance of our classification system, we compare confusion matrices that were calculated for three types of classifiers: the SVM classifier, that used motion features only; the SVM classifier that was given shape information only, and the hybrid classifier as shown in Fig. 11 . For all SVM classifiers we used the LIBSVM library [39] . The results shown below are obtained by m-fold cross validation with m = 3 . Caution was taken to Fig. 13 . Rigid, non-rigid and compound objects perform the splitting of the set of examples object-wise, namely that all frames of each object belong to either the training set or the validation set.

More than 100 sequences were analyzed.

For all SVM classifiers we used the LIBSVM library.

Caution was taken to Fig. 13 .


The study has presented a Fashion-Matrix-based framework for positioning the Slow Fashion movement within the industry-specific fashion segments and used the Matrix to outline current knowledge and to further detect and investigate future challenges. Several unique aspects make Slow Fashion a more complex area, while it is facing many challenges. Consumers appreciate and are looking for unique design, as well as willing to accept premium pricing if their needs and preferences are met. The fashion industry is "in the midst of dynamic changes", and changes in the global economy impact it at large, and retailers and producers "need to educate the consumer about the processes used in the creation of their apparel" [9] (pp. 200, 202-203). The past years have been a period of a rapid growth in the virtual world; what is current and relevant today, will be obsolete and out-of-date tomorrow. The advent of new technologies, internet of things, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and -free stores that shape the picture of today, are just a few of the myriad of new technologies. Testing them on a larger scale and proving them viable will become a "master's degree" for many retailers. In this article, we have discussed the future challenges that stem from the current knowledge, the constantly evolving area of operator-free automation in manufacturing, or the new fashion technologies such as 3D scanning and printing, smart fabrics development, or wearable technologies. Some brands will compete by focusing on the adoption of the latest technologies in their manufacturing process, or in-store technologies. One burning question that remains is whether Slow Fashion designers, and thus Slow Fashion will fully embark on this journey. Will they be able -not only willing-to adapt? Oftentimes, financially unaffordable at an early adoption stage, the technologies can become either an accelerator of the growth and the source of competitive advantage for an independent Slow Fashion brand, or a source of an unbearable overhead. Thanks to the forward-looking scholars, generous industry partners, and government subsidies, the new facilities such as Toronto's Fashion Exchange have emerged. They not only facilitate the access to the newest technologies, stimulate interest of public, create awareness, inform the consumers about the on-going sustainability issues and waste disposal challenges but also serve as a platform to educate and connect the public and the scholars. Moreover, they build on the idea of the support of networks and synergetic effect of an industry-education institution partnership. To meet the demand from the industry, many "traditional" fashion schools have embarked on the sustainable journey (e.g., George Brown College, London College of Fashion). We believe that best practice of sustainable Slow Fashion will be under the radar in the coming years, and the ways in which companies will compete will diverge to a certain extend. Nevertheless, they will have to adapt in many areas, including technologies, sustainable challenges, and multichannel retailing. The study outlined several challenges that Slow Fashion must immediately or in the near future face if it has ambitions to represent commercially viable solutions that are attractive to the socially and environmentally conscious consumer.

The fashion industry is "in the midst of dynamic changes", and changes in the global economy impact it at large, and retailers and producers "need to educate the consumer about the processes used in the creation of their apparel"(pp. 200, 202-203).


Fashion is akin to art, which reflects the uniqueness of a time, place, and culture. If we look at forms of dressing throughout the world and from a historical perspective, we would see that "fashion" has been an expression of culture, geography, climate, and personal taste. For centuries, fashion has been a synonym of what was considered to be beautiful. Changing aesthetic ideals have affected the phenomenon of fashion. In recent decades, for the first time in history, clothes are "ripped, frayed, distressed, rearranged and otherwise undone as a style statement", creators are motivated not only by a pursuit of creativity and, in this instance, by sustainability, but equally important, by economic reasons [1] (p. 6). Nowadays, designers introduce clothing from recycled fabrics and never-thought-of materials. It cannot be assumed that Slow Fashion relies on the same business principles as Fast Fashion just by substituting trendy outfits with timeless, high-quality, higher-price collections; Slow Fashion represents a separate perception of business conduct [2] .

In recent decades, for the first time in history, clothes are "ripped, frayed, distressed, rearranged and otherwise undone as a style statement", creators are motivated not only by a pursuit of creativity and, in this instance, by sustainability, but equally important, by economic reasons(p. 6).

It cannot be assumed that Slow Fashion relies on the same business principles as Fast Fashion just by substituting trendy outfits with timeless, high-quality, higher-price collections; Slow Fashion represents a separate perception of business conduct.


Based on the meta-synthesis of the qualitative findings a conceptual model of transitions experienced by persons in palliative care circumstances and their families was derived (see Fig. 2 ) as a central result of this study. The main category of concerned persons and their families is "Maintaining normality in transition" which contains the following subcategories: distressing and supporting factors influence them in adapting to the situation (1). While experiencing transitions they have to find themselves in changed roles (2) . Furthermore, they anticipate the future after the person with palliative care needs has died (3). In the following, the main category with the subcategories will be presented.

While experiencing transitions they have to find themselves in changed roles.


All of these examples demonstrate that it is possible for the plants to achieve a broad range of resistance to different species of insects via a multiple resistance gene. The interactions between herbivorous insects and plants are rather complex. There are some very interesting biological questions concerning, how the resistances against WBPH are controlled by the same resistant genes, how rice-resistant varieties and susceptible varieties are recognized by different WBPH pieces and so forth (Tan et al., 2004) . Also two additional QTLs, WBPH7(t) and WBPH8(t), is located on chromosome 3 and 4, respectively (Tan et al., 2004; Sidhu et al., 2005) .

There are some very interesting biological questions concerning, how the resistances against WBPH are controlled by the same resistant genes, how rice-resistant varieties and susceptible varieties are recognized by different WBPH pieces and so forth.

Also two additional QTLs, WBPH7(t) and WBPH8(t), is located on chromosome 3 and 4, respectively.


Water is needed to maintain good proton conductivity and therefore has to be kept in the membrane, however liquid water on the catalyst reduces the active area, and in the GDL it hinders the reactant gases from diffusing to the catalyst surface and thus reduces performance. The goal is to maintain an optimal water concentration in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) by keeping a balance between the two conflicting requirements. Thus, to control water transport within a fuel cell system and thereby optimize the membrane hydration at any operation point, proper dynamic water management strategies have to be developed. This has recently been analyzed by Hussaini & Wang [2] .

This has recently been analyzed by Hussaini & Wang.


The porous TiO 2 & SiO 2 film gives us a huge surface area to maximize the amount of incident light that can be absorbed. For this reason, TiO 2 -SiO 2 nano particles show tremendous plasmonic effect near TiO 2 -SiO 2 interface facilitating effective light trapping. This effective light trapping generates more surface plasmons (SPs) which will eventually enhance the SPR angle and frequency. This rise of SPR angle and frequency will increase the sensor sensitivity [16, 38] .

This rise of SPR angle and frequency will increase the sensor sensitivity.


Magnetorheological (MR) materials exhibit rapid variations in their rheological properties such as viscosity and shear modulus when subjected to different magnetic field intensities. Since their discovery by Rabinow in 1948, MR materials have developed into a family with MR fluid, MR foam and MR elastomer [1] . The most common MR material is MR fluid (MRF). The general criterion to estimate the MR effect of MRF is the variation capability of dynamic yield stresses within a post-yield regime under external applied magnetic field. A lot of applications based on MRF benefit from the properties that the dynamic yield stress can be continuously, rapidly and reversibly controlled by the applied magnetic field.

Since their discovery by Rabinow in 1948, MR materials have developed into a family with MR fluid, MR foam and MR elastomer.


The high toxicity of lead makes it vitally important to remove it from the environment [1] . Lead poisoning can result from physical inhalation or from ingestion from contaminated food and water sources. However, lead in water is absorbed more efficiently and poses an additional threat [2] . The methods of lead removal include chelation, precipitation, adsorption and filtration [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . These processes can often be inefficient and generate secondary pollutants [5] . Ion exchange is a simple technique that does not have high requirements to operate. In this paper, we report the OPEN ACCESS preparation of electrospun zeolite polymer composite fiber mats that have been used as an ion exchange microfiltration system for the removal of lead.

The high toxicity of lead makes it vitally important to remove it from the environment.

However, lead in water is absorbed more efficiently and poses an additional threat.

The methods of lead removal include chelation, precipitation, adsorption and filtration.

These processes can often be inefficient and generate secondary pollutants.


Adiabatic computing can effetely reduce dynamitic dissipations by recycling the energy stored in the nodes of circuits. However, energy dissipation occurs even for constant input signals in adiabatic circuits, because their output nodes are always charged and discharged by power-clocks [3] . Moreover, as the continued scaling of the CMOS technology, leakage dissipations of adiabatic circuits have also become a dominant component of total power dissipations similar to conventional CMOS logic circuits. In order to reduce dynamic and leakage power, power-gating techniques for adiabatic circuits was proposed by shutting down the adiabatic units during idle states. Because clocking schemes and signal waveforms of adiabatic circuits are different from the conventional CMOS circuits. Power-gating switches and circuits for turning off power-clocks should be different. Several power-gating schemes for adiabatic circuits have been proposed [3, 4] .

However, energy dissipation occurs even for constant input signals in adiabatic circuits, because their output nodes are always charged and discharged by power-clocks.

Several power-gating schemes for adiabatic circuits have been proposed.


As portable device's developing, power dissipation has become a critical concern in high performance applications. It is well known that power consumption is composed of three main components: shortcircuit, leakage, and dynamic switching power dissipations [1] . Due to the continued scaling of the CMOS technology and threshold voltage, leakage dissipation has potentially become a dominant component of total power dissipations in nanometer CMOS circuits [2] .

It is well known that power consumption is composed of three main components: shortcircuit, leakage, and dynamic switching power dissipations.

Due to the continued scaling of the CMOS technology and threshold voltage, leakage dissipation has potentially become a dominant component of total power dissipations in nanometer CMOS circuits.


In Japan, several studies have been carried out to evaluate the performance of pavements designed to have a beneficial environmental impact [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . However, those studies have evaluated each technology separately and discussed only the reduction in surface temperature as compared with that in the case of a normal pavement. They have not compared the surface heat budget for each pavement. In this study, the surface heat budget for each pavement surface is examined under the same weather conditions; further, the sensible heat flux for each pavement surface is evaluated, and the urban heat island mitigation effect of that pavement is discussed.

In Japan, several studies have been carried out to evaluate the performance of pavements designed to have a beneficial environmental impact.


The main objective of this research was to modify the surface of the BGS biomass by using a cationic surfactant. This is possible since the BGS surface is covered with a large amount of charged anionic sites at neutral pH. For this research, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HTAC) was selected and used as a quaternary ammonium reagent. HTAC (C 19 H 42 NCl, 320 g mol -1 ) is a tetra-substituted ammonium cationic surfactant with permanently charged quaternary nitrogen, and a long straight alkyl (C16) chain that imparts it with a high degree of hydrophobicity ( Figure 2 ). HTAC has some advantages over other materials used so far to modify the surface of lignocellulosic biomasses. The surfactant is water soluble (dispersible), stable in both acid and alkali media, and exhibits a strong cationic activity. It exists as a monomer at the concentration below the critical micelle concentration (CMC of about 1.3 mmol dm -3 ) or as micelles at the concentration above CMC. Around that, HTAC is readily available, inexpensive and can be degraded by microorganisms [33] . Although different modification methods have been developed for biomass, little attention has been paid to controlling the degree of hydrophobicity of the resulted product. Because of that, the modification was conducted under different surfactant concentrations so as to impose different degrees of hydrophobicity. Controlling the hydrophobicity of the BGS biomass is very important to achieve the best compatibility between the MBGS product and anionic contaminated effluents. The HTAC interaction with the BGS biomass has been studied to evaluate the potential use of MBGS as a sorbent for anionic pollutants in the environmental technology.

Around that, HTAC is readily available, inexpensive and can be degraded by microorganisms.


This study demonstrated that a probable diagnosis using ICHD-3β was maintained for three-quarters of first-visit headache patients during a median follow-up period of 6.5 months. Previously, a few studies reported the diagnostic stability of migraine and/or TTH; however, our study investigated the diagnostic stability of all the probable diagnoses listed in ICHD-3β using a multicenter headache registry. Among the overall patients, the stability of a probable diagnosis did not differ significantly according to headache subtype. However, diagnostic stability differed by headache subtype; probable migraine was more solid headache diagnosis than other headache subtypes, regardless of follow-up duration. In addition, we compared the diagnostic stability by follow-up duration in each headache subtype (probable migraine, probable TTH, and probable OPHD). The proportions of constant probable diagnosis did not significantly differ between follow-up duration periods (>3 and ≤ 6 months vs. > 6 and ≤ 10 months) in all headache subtypes. Considering that probable OPHD were new diagnostic entities in ICHD-3β, these diagnoses might be expected to be used widely. In terms of missing criteria, the diagnostic stability was relatively lower in the subgroups lacking data on time-based criteria, number of attacks, or total headache period -in migraine and TTH -because the proportion progressing to a definite diagnosis for these subgroups was higher than for other subgroups. A headache diagnosis made at a first visit could change for various reasons in the process of follow-up, because a headache diagnosis is based on clinical characteristics and a time-based history [4, 9, [14] [15] [16] . In this regard, the diagnostic stability of probable diagnosis in headache outpatients may be considered to be less solid, because many clinicians generally give a probable diagnosis when the clinical characteristics or time-based history do not meet the diagnostic criteria of ICHD-3β [3, 4, 14] . However, in our study, the diagnostic stability of a probable diagnosis at the first visit seems to be substantial, whereas the proportions of progression to a definite diagnosis or a new diagnosis (or unspecified headache) were 20.8 and 4.2 %, respectively, during follow-up.

A headache diagnosis made at a first visit could change for various reasons in the process of follow-up, because a headache diagnosis is based on clinical characteristics and a time-based history.

In this regard, the diagnostic stability of probable diagnosis in headache outpatients may be considered to be less solid, because many clinicians generally give a probable diagnosis when the clinical characteristics or time-based history do not meet the diagnostic criteria of ICHD-3β.


The diagnosis of probable headache disorders can be made in conditions of incomplete or atypical presentations of definite headache attacks [2] . In the real world, and in both epidemiological and clinical fields, it is certain that some headache attacks do not fully meet the definite diagnostic criteria of the ICHD, and the reported prevalence of probable headache disorder is considerable [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . In the ICHD 2nd edition, there were nine probable diagnostic entities, including three for migraine, three for tension-type headache (TTH), and three for trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TAC). In the ICHD, 3rd edition beta version (ICHD-3β), the diagnostic entities have been expanded because of the addition of probable or probably criteria used for other primary headache disorders (OPHD) and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) [1] . Thus, a probable diagnosis is possible in most diagnostic categories in primary headache disorders, with a few exceptions, such as chronic migraine and primary thunderclap headache. Although diagnostic changes in probable diagnoses over time still remain to be determined, diagnostic stability might be valuable information for clinicians, in terms of treatment planning and prognostic predictions [8] [9] [10] .

The diagnosis of probable headache disorders can be made in conditions of incomplete or atypical presentations of definite headache attacks.

In the real world, and in both epidemiological and clinical fields, it is certain that some headache attacks do not fully meet the definite diagnostic criteria of the ICHD, and the reported prevalence of probable headache disorder is considerable.

In the ICHD, 3rd edition beta version (ICHD-3β), the diagnostic entities have been expanded because of the addition of probable or probably criteria used for other primary headache disorders (OPHD) and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS).

Although diagnostic changes in probable diagnoses over time still remain to be determined, diagnostic stability might be valuable information for clinicians, in terms of treatment planning and prognostic predictions.


Classifying, which is one of the basic building blocks of scientific research, is a fundamental scientific inquiry skill that forms the basics of logical thinking. A number of studies reported that classifying ability is correlated with individuals' cognitive characteristics [1] . There are several cognitive attributes that can affect a person's ability to solve classifying tasks.

A number of studies reported that classifying ability is correlated with individuals' cognitive characteristics.


The overall runtime of our Matlab implementation on a 3.4 GHz i7 CPU is around 10-17 seconds per image, i.e. 7 minutes for Mirbel, 11 for Pozzo, whereas related work reports 40 minutes and more than 2 hours for similar-size datasets [22] . Moreover, we have not explicitely used any parallelization, and 60-80% of the runtime is spent in our fairly slow implementation of superpixel extraction. We expect a large benefit from processing superpixels in parallel (including over-segmentation, plane fitting, plane filtering), as well as calculating individual energy terms in parallel. It is mainly the final GCO that requires joint data. GCO runtime is more affected by the plane hypotheses than the number of superpixels/images (Table 4) . Without plane merging, the number of labels grows linearly with the number of images. However, the same scene parts are observed by many views (as also required by SfM), and in urban scenes, real planes (wall, roof) often extend over many views and many buildings. Hence, the merging step is effective and makes the growth sublinear. Further speed-up could be obtained by restricting the planes to building or city blocks, and by only processing a pre-selected set of views (view clustering and view selection).

The overall runtime of our Matlab implementation on a 3.4 GHz i7 CPU is around 10-17 seconds per image, i.e. 7 minutes for Mirbel, 11 for Pozzo, whereas related work reports 40 minutes and more than 2 hours for similar-size datasets.


China, Japan and South Korea have experienced territorial water conflicts [35] . Conflict itself showed that the sea has much potential in the future, as well as in the present. Even though the three countries have faced conflicts at the political level, we believe that collaboration and cooperation at the research level must be continued and promoted. Management for such tremendous potential requires multinational collaboration considering the noblest attribute of the sea, its connectivity.

China, Japan and South Korea have experienced territorial water conflicts.


There are other alternative methodologies for measuring livestock ownership that we do not use directly in this study. The CSA used a flyover survey in 2004 to estimate the total number of livestock for areas in the Ethiopian Somali region not covered in the agricultural census due to security concerns. In addition to high costs and difficulties in implementation, flyover surveys do not allow researchers to link livestock to households, which severely constrains the use of the data for socioeconomic analysis. Water point surveys are also common, but are biased as they exclude all livestock not found at a known watering point. Adaptive sampling is an approach often used for wildlife studies that are rare and unevenly distributed. However, such a design requires ongoing and close supervision by a sampling statistician and often multiple trips to the same area, neither of which was possible in this project (Thompson 1990; Thompson 1991; Thompson and Seber 1996) . Other geographic sampling methods use a grid or hexagon design to eliminate overlap, but are more difficult to implement in the field or would require more expensive GPS hardware (Reams et al. 2005) .

However, such a design requires ongoing and close supervision by a sampling statistician and often multiple trips to the same area, neither of which was possible in this project.

Other geographic sampling methods use a grid or hexagon design to eliminate overlap, but are more difficult to implement in the field or would require more expensive GPS hardware.


The most common sample selection methodology for household surveys in the developing world is a multistage stratified sample (Grosh and Munoz 1996) . In the first stage, primary sampling units are selected from census enumeration areas. In the second stage, dwellings are selected from a housing unit frame, usually compiled through costly infield listing. However, seminomadic households that are temporarily absent, as well as fully nomadic households without fixed dwellings, are undercovered by this approach. In areas where a large portion of the poor and vulnerable population engages in pastoralist activities, this undercoverage could lead to substantial bias in livestock and welfare estimates.

The most common sample selection methodology for household surveys in the developing world is a multistage stratified sample.


Raman scattering has been used as such a local probe to assess to the quality of the nanowire [5] . So far, research has been carried out on small collections of nanowires [6] [7] [8] . The lineshape, peak position and peak width of the Raman band can provide meaningful information concerning the crystalline quality, doping, presence of a secondary crystalline phase, impurities and crystalline disorder. In the limit of small diameter d ≤ 10 nm, phonons in these nanostructures represent a fundamentally important physics problem [9] . For example, one would expect to see phonon confinement when the diameter of the nanowires is smaller than the phonon mean free path.

Raman scattering has been used as such a local probe to assess to the quality of the nanowire.

So far, research has been carried out on small collections of nanowires.

In the limit of small diameter d ≤ 10 nm, phonons in these nanostructures represent a fundamentally important physics problem.


Recently, Semiconducting nanowires (SNWs) have been demonstrated as promising "bottom-up" building blocks for nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics devices [1] [2] [3] . In principle, using these nanometer-scale nanowires may circumvent the size limits dominated by the "top-down" approach [4] . However, the best method for assembling the nanowires into a high density functional circuits is still not clear. Some progress has been made to exploit self-assembly methods [4] . Another approach is to grow the nanowires inside pre-fabricated channels [5] .

Recently, Semiconducting nanowires (SNWs) have been demonstrated as promising "bottom-up" building blocks for nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics devices.

In principle, using these nanometer-scale nanowires may circumvent the size limits dominated by the "top-down" approach.

Some progress has been made to exploit self-assembly methods.

Another approach is to grow the nanowires inside pre-fabricated channels.


Some closed form solutions to Eqs. (1)-(3) are known [10, 11] . However, these formulae are only valid if the diffusion coefficients D A and D B are assumed to be independent of concentration. In addition, they are restricted to semi-infinite geometries in which one of the phases is of zero initial size (although the exact solution can admittedly be extended to cover the case where neither of the phases is of zero initial size in planar geometries).

Some closed form solutions to Eqs. (1)-(3) are known.


An iterative algorithm that considers Eqs. (10)- (12) sequentially therefore obviates the need to solve a large system of non-linear equations simultaneously. Nevertheless, the non-linear equation (12) must still be solved at each iteration. Although it only involves one unknown, finding an exact solution is not trivial. Furthermore, any estimate is likely to be refined by further iterations. Therefore, rather than finding an exact solution to Eq. (12) for a particular frozen concentration profile, it may be adequate simply to find an approximate solution. In the planar case, for example, a linearised version of Eq. (12) was found to provide a sufficiently accurate solution without otherwise affecting the algorithm [31] .

In the planar case, for example, a linearised version of Eq. (12) was found to provide a sufficiently accurate solution without otherwise affecting the algorithm.


It is routine to use differential equations, commonly called ÔFickÕs lawsÕ, to model the way in which composition profiles evolve under the influence of diffusion [8] . Formulae of this type have been the subject of much research and are well understood. However, in the present context, the analysis is complicated by the fact that diffusive processes occur simultaneously in two distinct phases.

It is routine to use differential equations, commonly called ÔFickÕs lawsÕ, to model the way in which composition profiles evolve under the influence of diffusion.


Aspect mining has been identified as useful technique to understand crosscutting behaviour in non-aspect-oriented programs and as an aid to help in refactoring non-aspect-oriented to aspect-oriented programs. Most of the early approaches were not even semi-automatic because one has to specify a pattern that can be searched for in the source code [18, 19] . Like our approach, more recent approaches (discussed in the following) do not need user specified patterns and identify crosscutting behaviour based on the programs' structure.

Most of the early approaches were not even semi-automatic because one has to specify a pattern that can be searched for in the source code.


Time-triggered mode has been widely adopted in safety critical community because it is somewhat predictable, and can reduce the complexity and improve the reliability and safety [2, 4] . SAFE-II also can be regarded as the time-triggered system. Therefore, the time-triggered pattern is brought into the component com-position (But in current formalization, the real-time properties are not considered yet). Then the essential static and dynamic consistency rules for component integration are studied respectively. By the rules, the static contract can be verified via type checking of interfaces and connectors, and the dynamic contract can be verified by investigating if the integrated components are cooperative. Based on dynamic contract, the way of how to specify and determine the legal environments is presented. The refinement relation between high level component and its implementation is also studied, and the refinement consistency can be checked for both top-down design and bottom-up construction.

Time-triggered mode has been widely adopted in safety critical community because it is somewhat predictable, and can reduce the complexity and improve the reliability and safety.


Generalized Newton-Mysovskii-type majorant convergence results have been introduced in this paper. Special cases of the majorant functions involved lead to conditions considered by other authors [4, 7, 9, 12, 21, 22] . It turns out that, although the conditions are more general, they are also more flexible, leading to some advantages; moreover, without any additional computational effort. Hence, we have extended the applicability of Newton's method in cases not covered before. This paper paves the way for future research involving other iterative procedures involving inverses of linear operators.

Special cases of the majorant functions involved lead to conditions considered by other authors.


The Interaction Diagram for the online class points to interactions between many people, looping and overlapping, with some students participating in several loops. The closed loops represent multiple topic-related exchanges between the members and are seen as illustrations of building on the knowledge/ comments of others. Students in the online class created significantly more closed loops than the students in the F2F class; in this sample, everyone in the online class was addressed or responded to at least twice. In the F2F class, only five discussion loops are simple and observable: six participants remained silent; another six participants were addressed/ responded only once, and these exchanges only occurred between students and the instructor. In the online class, the loops are numerous, multi-layered, and complex, representing a fundamentally different mode of communication, an observation which was previously described in the literature (Lobel, Neubauer, and Swedburg, 2002a) . The nature of the synchronous online communication in this study can described as: "non-turn-taking discussion," a type of discussion that creates complex and visible interconnectedness of a web.

In the online class, the loops are numerous, multi-layered, and complex, representing a fundamentally different mode of communication, an observation which was previously described in the literature.


In acetic acid fermentation, the important physical parameters that affect the growth of A. aceti are temperature and pH. It is believed that at the lower pH of wine the growth of A. aceti is inhibited. It has been found that cell numbers of A. aceti decreased faster at pH 3.4 than at pH 3.8 under strict anaerobic conditions (Joyeux et al., 1984) . The optimum pH for the growth of A. aceti is 5.5 -6.3. The temperature of 25 -30 °C is optimum for A. Aceti's growth (Holt et al., 1994) . Thermotolerant A. aceti is also able to grow at 37 -40 °C (Saski et al., 1997) . At lower temperatures A. aceti can remain active and there is a 30-40 fold increase in cell numbers in wine stored at 18 °C for one week (Joyeux et al., 1984) . It has been observed that A. aceti does not grow below 8 °C (de Ory et al., 1998) .

It has been found that cell numbers of A. aceti decreased faster at pH 3.4 than at pH 3.8 under strict anaerobic conditions.

The temperature of 25 -30 °C is optimum for A. Aceti's growth.

Thermotolerant A. aceti is also able to grow at 37 -40 °C.

At lower temperatures A. aceti can remain active and there is a 30-40 fold increase in cell numbers in wine stored at 18 °C for one week.

It has been observed that A. aceti does not grow below 8 °C.


Active Labour Market Policies (ALMP) aim to increase employment rates by stimulating job finding rates and reducing job separation rates. In recessions ALMP are used to dampen the effects of the downturn in employment. In the recent crisis temporary shorter working hours arrangements, often in combination with increased training of workers, were used as instruments. Indeed several countries reported measures to provide training to existing workers at risk of job loss (OECD, 2010) .

Indeed several countries reported measures to provide training to existing workers at risk of job loss.


A variety of non-monetary inducements have been tried, and have generally met with little success. Examples include pencils, stickers, candy, and computer programs [4] . Nonmonetary inducements are obviously attractive when considering budgetary limitations. Given the fact that physicians are required to maintain Continuing Medical Education (CME) credits, we wondered whether a CME incentive would help increase survey response rates among physicians. Little has been published on this potential strategy. We found only two papers, one in which CME credit plus a $5 incentive was reported to improve response rates, and another in which CME credits did not add effectiveness above and beyond a monetary incentive [4, 7, 8] . We decided to test whether the offer of a CME activity is effective at increasing response rates among a sample of United States (U.S.) physicians. We conducted an experiment to assess whether offering a free on-line CME activity without an individual monetary inducement would increase survey response rates. The survey was web-based, but the invitation to participate was sent by postal mail. In this paper, we describe the results of this experiment.

Examples include pencils, stickers, candy, and computer programs.

We found only two papers, one in which CME credit plus a $5 incentive was reported to improve response rates, and another in which CME credits did not add effectiveness above and beyond a monetary incentive.


Some of this is down to the mix of rationales and logics within the UK national innovation policy that sits behind the FCDC and also the limited capacity of local government to respond to the FCDC's ambitious brief and timescales. There was also a tension between the aspiration for city systems to coalesce and the realities of splintered service provision. Whether or not there is substance in smart urbanism, the benefits are unlikely to be identified through short-term responsive bidding. A longer term strategic perspective is required to build relationships and identify meaningful synergies. In this respect, it may be that the FCDC came too early in the development phase of smart city technologies to generate meaningful applied research and marketable solutions from the public or private sector. Smart city restructuring may be less about wholesale transformation and more about the incremental enactment of numerous initiatives and interventions by governments, firms and citizens -a city restructured through apps rather than operating systems (Desouza & Bhagwatwar, 2012) . It remains to be seen whether the open-ended experimentation required to build infrastructural resilience is compatible with neoliberalised and market-led approaches to governance at the national and urban scale.

Smart city restructuring may be less about wholesale transformation and more about the incremental enactment of numerous initiatives and interventions by governments, firms and citizens -a city restructured through apps rather than operating systems.


At the end of the study, an economic analysis has been carried out to estimate the unit costs for repairing a runway discontinuity [46, 47] . Unit costs derive from the official price list used by the Italian Air Force (internal document) (Rome, Italy). Table 19 lists the results of the economic analysis. According to the results listed in Table 19 , M4 is the material that best suits needs for RRR: its technical and economic characteristics balance the conflicting objectives of budget and performance. Using M4, the airport could be reopened 3 h after the conclusion of the emergency repair (100 coverages during the service life), while 6 h after the RRR works it is possible to achieve a permanent repair, which allow 10,000 coverages during the service life.

At the end of the study, an economic analysis has been carried out to estimate the unit costs for repairing a runway discontinuity.


T IS WELL recognized that in realistic engineering situations, the observable macroscopic failure behavior of composite materials is generally attributed to the result of the initiation and growth of material imperfections or micro-defects. These defects often induce degradation in several global material properties of composite laminate. As the micro-failure events which reduce the strength and stiffness and determine the life of composite laminates, commonly referred to as damage, are complex and intricately related to a variety of fracture modes under different circumstances, any attempt to model exactly the fine details of them is often impractical, if not impossible to achieve [1] . However, as internal damage in laminates is noncatastrophic, it is reasonable to consider the locally averaged effect of the damage on the response of the material, which can be accomplished by an equivalent continuous and homogeneous material [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] .

As the micro-failure events which reduce the strength and stiffness and determine the life of composite laminates, commonly referred to as damage, are complex and intricately related to a variety of fracture modes under different circumstances, any attempt to model exactly the fine details of them is often impractical, if not impossible to achieve.

However, as internal damage in laminates is noncatastrophic, it is reasonable to consider the locally averaged effect of the damage on the response of the material, which can be accomplished by an equivalent continuous and homogeneous material.


Lemma 3 can used to analyze the properties of maximin paths in this model. There exists no pair of initial stocks from which inf t≥0 u(c μ (t)) > c g . By letting {c μ (t)} ∞ t=0 satisfy 0 < c μ (t) = c * ≤ c g for all t and applying Lemma 3, one obtains a phase diagram in (x, k)-space for each c * . The converging paths, which are illustrated in the lower panel of Fig. 3 , can be shown to be efficient maximin paths; except for the efficient path with c μ (t) ≡ c g leading to the Golden Rule stocks, the paths are regular maximin paths (Burmeister and Hammond, 1977; Dixit et al., 1980) . It is consistent with the analysis of Burmeister and Hammond that no regular maximin path converges to a paradoxical steady state.

The converging paths, which are illustrated in the lower panel of Fig. 3 , can be shown to be efficient maximin paths; except for the efficient path with c μ (t) ≡ c g leading to the Golden Rule stocks, the paths are regular maximin paths.


Electricity consumption in residential markets will undergo fundamental changes in the next decade due to the emergence of smart appliances and home automation. A key requirement for the smart appliances within the smart grid framework is the demand response (DR). DR is defined as changes in electricity usage by end-use customers from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity (price-responsive DR), or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at time of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized (curtailable DR) [1] . This paper focuses on price-responsive DRs.

DR is defined as changes in electricity usage by end-use customers from their normal consumption patterns in response to changes in the price of electricity (price-responsive DR), or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at time of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized (curtailable DR).


The literature review will focus on identifying the various aspects of Lean principles and ISO 14001 standards and integration of these two system. Sustainable of ISO 14001: ISO 14001 is voluntary and there are no legal requirements to certify on this standard. Therefore, it does not set any standards regarding performance, but mainly pertains on the management process, rather than given environmental results and consequences. This is the main criticism thrown by the detractors of the said standard. But, there are different organizations which apply this standard can access a platform which will help to improve their systems and processes by enabling them to have minimum influence on the environment (Sambasivan and Fei, 2008) . There are different studies and literature which question the advantages and sustainability of ISO 14001. There are authors who criticize the standard because of its weak focus on the actual environmental performance of a plant or an organization (Krut and Gleckman, 1998) .

But, there are different organizations which apply this standard can access a platform which will help to improve their systems and processes by enabling them to have minimum influence on the environment.

There are authors who criticize the standard because of its weak focus on the actual environmental performance of a plant or an organization.


The aim of the current paper is to modify (1.8) to allow for the fact that the time from birth to maturity may be rather imperfectly known, or it might vary from individual to individual, as done by Gourley and So [10] . Therefore, in this paper we firstly derive a lattice differential equations with distribution mature delay in 2D lattice and then establish the well-posedness of the nontrivial traveling wave solutions for the equations. This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we derive the lattice differential equations (2.7) and show some properties of equation (2.7) . The existence of non-trivial traveling waves of equation (2.7) is obtained in Section 3, where we consider two cases, namely, the monotone birth function and the non-monotone birth function.

The aim of the current paper is to modify (1.8) to allow for the fact that the time from birth to maturity may be rather imperfectly known, or it might vary from individual to individual, as done by Gourley and So.

This paper is organized as follows.


Nowadays, most conclusions about cumulative knowledge in psychology are based on meta-analyses. The evidence-based psychology approach emphasizes the importance of scientific evidence to inform psychological practice. This approach aims to modify the way psychologists work so that professionals take into consideration the best scientific evidence to make their decisions (Sánchez-Meca & Botella, 2010) . For example, an important decision for a psychologist can be which treatment is the most effective to prevent the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents, as well as moderators that can affect the effectiveness.

This approach aims to modify the way psychologists work so that professionals take into consideration the best scientific evidence to make their decisions.


As we know, brain waves are the bioelectrical signals produced when humans think and this brain activity is essential to understanding the mental states of humans. Although the brain is the most complex organ in the body, advancements in neurology have produced theories on the relationships between brainwave characteristics and mental states [8] . With the advancements in neurology, fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) or infrared spectroscopes provide accurate interpretation of the brain nerve locations. This requires massive instrumentation and places several constraints on the subject. The future of electroencephalograms (EEG) research lies in the mobile recording and real-time feedback of emotional and cognitive states. In the short-term, the widespread use of EEG technology by the general public is most likely going to rely on inexpensive, easily usable (mobile, gel-free), single channel acquisition [9] . The challenge is to consolidate accurate measurements to capture subtle signals using simple instrumentation, then interpret the data into meaningful signatures. The conventional multi-point EEG requires a special headset and electrolyte gel that is unpleasant and which may lead to discomfort and result in the collection of erroneous data if applied during normal daily activity. Therefore, a lightweight, dry single-point EEG contact needs to be developed to solve this problem.

Although the brain is the most complex organ in the body, advancements in neurology have produced theories on the relationships between brainwave characteristics and mental states.

In the short-term, the widespread use of EEG technology by the general public is most likely going to rely on inexpensive, easily usable (mobile, gel-free), single channel acquisition.


The knowledge of the theoretical stress concentration factor K t and the notch size enables to predict the fatigue notch factor K f . The relation between the theoretical stress concentration factor K f and the fatigue notch factor K t is given by the equation q = (K f -1)/(K t -1), where q is the fatigue notch sensitivity [8] . Strictly speaking, the equation holds only for stress symmetrical cycling.

The relation between the theoretical stress concentration factor K f and the fatigue notch factor K t is given by the equation q = (K f -1)/(K t -1), where q is the fatigue notch sensitivity.


Crude oil contamination has caused critical concerns in environment [20] . In the same framework, in Iraq, with recently accelerating oil projects investments, which are often responsible for causing oil pollution accidents, a little investigation had been attempt to realizing the hazardous influences with respect to oil pollution on the freshwater ecosystems. Thus, the overall objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the crude oil on growth of tow Cyanobacteria species Microcystis flos-aquae and Nostoc carneum, with special emphasis for their role in oil bio-indication and bio-monitoring.

Crude oil contamination has caused critical concerns in environment.


The last decade has witnessed a proliferation of software visualization approaches, aimed at supporting a broad range of software engineering activities. As a consequence, there is a growing need for objective assessments of visualization approaches to demonstrate their effectiveness. Unfortunately, only few software visualization approaches have been empirically validated so far, which is detrimental to the development of the field [2] .

Unfortunately, only few software visualization approaches have been empirically validated so far, which is detrimental to the development of the field.


The gastro-residence time of orally administered dosage form is generally short due to rapid gastric emptying. Rapid gastrointestinal transit could result in incomplete drug release from orally administered dosage form above the absorption zone, leading to diminished efficacy [1] . In order to increase the bioavailability of such drugs, the residence time of the orally administered dosage form in the upper gastrointestinal tract needs to be prolonged. The approaches to prolong gastroresidence time of pharmaceutical dosage forms include bioadhesive, mucoadhesive and density control delivery system [2] [3] [4] .

Rapid gastrointestinal transit could result in incomplete drug release from orally administered dosage form above the absorption zone, leading to diminished efficacy.

The approaches to prolong gastroresidence time of pharmaceutical dosage forms include bioadhesive, mucoadhesive and density control delivery system.


We evaluate the sentence-level performance of HRNNLM by the common coherence evaluation of sentence ordering task, its word-level performance by perplexity measure. We also apply our HRNNLM to SMT reranking task in an open Chinese-English translation dataset. The translation performance index is the IBM version of BLEU-4 (Papineni et al., 2002) .

The translation performance index is the IBM version of BLEU-4.


Genes causing resistance to aminoglycosides and β-lactams are often seen in integrons from Pseudomonas and the family members of Enterobacteriaceae, and aad and aac families are the most common aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms [8] . The most frequent resistance gene found in our isolates was from the aadA family, aacA family followed by bla OXA . OXA β-lactamase family has been found in bacterial isolates from some European countries and Turkey [15] . According to obtained results, aadA1, aac(3)-Id-orf-aac(3")-Ia, aac(3)-Ie -bla oxa10 -aadA1, aadA6, aac(6')-I-orf-aadA2 genes or gene cassette arrays are seen common in clinical P. aeruginosa isolates in Turkey. To our knowledge, this is the first description of aadA1 and aadA6 gene cassette arrays in P. aeruginosa from Turkey. AadA1 AadA2 and AadA6 proteins are produced by AadA1, AadA2 and AadA6 genes and each proteins confer resistant to streptomycin and spectinomycin [39, 40] . In five isolates (TRP40, DBP19, DBP9, DBP18 and DBP14), the presence of class 1 integron located aadA1, aadA2 and aadA6 gene is the reason for antibiotic resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin [41] . The AAC(3)-I enzymes confer resistance to gentamicin, sisomicin, and fortimicin (astromicin) and are widespread among Enterobacteriaceae and nonfastidious gram-negative nonfermenters [42] . Classical OXA enzymes confer resistance to carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins (Piperacillin) [43] . Piperacillin and gentamicin resistance in SUP36 is associated with class 1 integron gene cassettes. AAC(6')-I, an enzyme that confers resistance to tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin, dibekacin, and kanamycin [44] . Tobramycin resistance in DBP19 is associated with Aac-(6')-I gene cassette.

Genes causing resistance to aminoglycosides and β-lactams are often seen in integrons from Pseudomonas and the family members of Enterobacteriaceae, and aad and aac families are the most common aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms.

OXA β-lactamase family has been found in bacterial isolates from some European countries and Turkey.

AadA1 AadA2 and AadA6 proteins are produced by AadA1, AadA2 and AadA6 genes and each proteins confer resistant to streptomycin and spectinomycin.

In five isolates (TRP40, DBP19, DBP9, DBP18 and DBP14), the presence of class 1 integron located aadA1, aadA2 and aadA6 gene is the reason for antibiotic resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin.

The AAC(3)-I enzymes confer resistance to gentamicin, sisomicin, and fortimicin (astromicin) and are widespread among Enterobacteriaceae and nonfastidious gram-negative nonfermenters.

Classical OXA enzymes confer resistance to carboxypenicillins and ureidopenicillins (Piperacillin).

AAC(6')-I, an enzyme that confers resistance to tobramycin, netilmicin, amikacin, dibekacin, and kanamycin.


In recent years, self-assembly and gelation properties of low-molecular-mass organic gelators have become one of the hot areas in soft matter research due to their scientific values and many potential applications in biomedical field, including tissue engineering, controlled drug release, and medical implants [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] . These organogels are usually considered as supramolecular gels, in which the gelator molecules self-assemble into three-dimensional networks in which the solvent is trapped via various noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, -stacking, van der Waals interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, coordination, solvophobic interaction, and host-guest interaction [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . In order to form appropriate organogels, there are two important points. One is the design of the gelator molecules. The other is the adjustment of the external conditions. For the former, the control of self-assembling mode at the molecular level and the balance between precipitation and dissolution in a given solvent are critical to the design of new gelators. This is because the gelation of a solvent by a gelator is the result of gelator-gelator and gelatorsolvent interactions, which involve specific and nonspecific intermolecular forces. Therefore, the aggregation behavior of a gelator in solvents can be adjusted by varying its structure.

In recent years, self-assembly and gelation properties of low-molecular-mass organic gelators have become one of the hot areas in soft matter research due to their scientific values and many potential applications in biomedical field, including tissue engineering, controlled drug release, and medical implants.

These organogels are usually considered as supramolecular gels, in which the gelator molecules self-assemble into three-dimensional networks in which the solvent is trapped via various noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, -stacking, van der Waals interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, coordination, solvophobic interaction, and host-guest interaction.


In addition, as versatile units, the covalently bound benzimidazole/benzothiazole groups, of which one type of rings is benzene rings and the other type is a fivemember ring with N or S elements, have been widely chosen for designing new amphiphiles because of their unique directional self-association through -stacking and van der Waals interactions in the process of supramolecular 2 Journal of Nanomaterials assembly [16] [17] [18] . For example, some benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives formed chiral assembly films through a cooperative stereoregular -stacking of the functional groups together with the long alkyl chains in a helical sense [18] . Therein the relationship between the chirality of assembly films and the molecular structures of amphiphiles as well as their H-bond or coordination behaviors was discussed. In our reported work, the gelation properties of some cholesterol imide derivatives consisting of cholesteryl units and photoresponsive azobenzene substituent groups have been investigated [19] . We found that a subtle change in the headgroup of azobenzene segment can produce a dramatic change in the gelation behavior of both compounds. In addition, the gelation properties of bolaform and trigonal cholesteryl derivatives with different aromatic spacers have been characterized [20] . Therein, we have investigated the spacer effect on the microstructures of such organogels and found that various kinds of hydrogen bond interactions among the molecules play an important role in the formation of gels.

In addition, as versatile units, the covalently bound benzimidazole/benzothiazole groups, of which one type of rings is benzene rings and the other type is a fivemember ring with N or S elements, have been widely chosen for designing new amphiphiles because of their unique directional self-association through -stacking and van der Waals interactions in the process of supramolecular 2 Journal of Nanomaterials assembly.

For example, some benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives formed chiral assembly films through a cooperative stereoregular -stacking of the functional groups together with the long alkyl chains in a helical sense.

In our reported work, the gelation properties of some cholesterol imide derivatives consisting of cholesteryl units and photoresponsive azobenzene substituent groups have been investigated.

In addition, the gelation properties of bolaform and trigonal cholesteryl derivatives with different aromatic spacers have been characterized.


Having excessive or low ratio of water to cement materials provides less heat transfer due to low overall heat transfer coefficient as shown in contour plot (Figure 2 and 3) [17] . Fine aggregate to total aggregate ratio should be fixed at 0.60-0.61 also decreases heat transfer. The percentage of super plasticizer content, factor C, causing the highest variation in the overall heat transfer coefficient is the most important factor. The relationship between the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) and factors (A, B, C) can be analyzed using this contour plots. As shown in Figure 2 , the stationary point of the response surface shows the saddle point for that property (the third factor was kept constant at 1.25). Moreover, T50 time of high strength concrete decreased with the increasing of water to binder ratio and the percentage of super plasticizer content. Also, T50 time did not change the fluctuation of fine aggregate ratio ( Figure  3 ). T50 time of fresh concrete has been negatively affected by the interaction between water to binder materials and fine aggregate ratio (Figure 3 ).

Having excessive or low ratio of water to cement materials provides less heat transfer due to low overall heat transfer coefficient as shown in contour plot (Figure 2 and 3).


The established 1-D model displayed good performance in reproducing hydrodynamics and water quality conditions of the study river networks. Relative errors between the model simulations and field measurements were comparably small for the model validation. However, it should be noted that river sediment in the study area was not directly considered in the model, given that little field data for sediment nutrient content was available. During the past several decades with high economic development, nutrients were significantly accumulated in the bottom sediment and it was found that internal sediment release can contribute as high as 25% of the nutrients in water bodies under certain hydrodynamic conditions [30] . Even though calibration on the degradation coefficient for our model can reflect the role of sediment as sink or source to some extent, it is still desired to incorporate the sediment module into the model, especially for long-term simulations with highly varied hydrodynamic conditions.

During the past several decades with high economic development, nutrients were significantly accumulated in the bottom sediment and it was found that internal sediment release can contribute as high as 25% of the nutrients in water bodies under certain hydrodynamic conditions.


Total emission control (TEC), firstly proposed in the 1970s, has been applied in basins all over the world as an effective method for water quality management [4] [5] [6] . In Article 18 of the 2008 Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution promulgated by the National People's Congress of China, the TEC system was established as an important mechanism to shift the incentives of subnational authorities. Total emissions of regulated pollutants are allocated by the national government in order to achieve desired water environment quality, and the TEC system authorizes the imposition of significant penalties to discipline authorities who discharge higher levels than the allocated amount [7] . While the overall goal of TEC is to maintain a healthy water environment, the controlling objectives and techniques of TEC vary differently according to the target management areas. A large number of research studies have examined TEC in the Taihu Basin. Generally, water quality in either all river segments or several cross-sections of the river networks were identified as the control factors for TEC [8] [9] [10] . However, the control based on all river segments was fairly strict and the implementation was quite difficult. Oppositely, it was comparably difficult to ensure a sufficiently high level of water quality in important functional or environmentally sensitive river segments if only very limited or unrepresentative sections were identified. In addition, the effectiveness of local TEC has rarely been evaluated in previous studies. The effect from the reduction of local emissions on water quality improvement may be limited in many circumstances when nonlocal sources contribute most of the pollutants in study area. If so, the estimated local emission reduction rate may fail to achieve the relevant water quality standards.

Total emission control (TEC), firstly proposed in the 1970s, has been applied in basins all over the world as an effective method for water quality management.

Total emissions of regulated pollutants are allocated by the national government in order to achieve desired water environment quality, and the TEC system authorizes the imposition of significant penalties to discipline authorities who discharge higher levels than the allocated amount.

Generally, water quality in either all river segments or several cross-sections of the river networks were identified as the control factors for TEC.


Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and has a high mortality rate [1] . About 608,000 deaths from CRC are estimated worldwide, accounting for 8% of all cancer deaths [2, 3] . Surgery is the most common treatment for CRC, yet prognosis remains poor [4] . As a result, considerable interest has concentrated on chemotherapy after surgery, such as oxaliplatin or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy [5, 6] . The 5-FU is an analogue of uracil with a fluorine atom at the C-5 position in place of hydrogen, which disrupts RNA synthesis and the action of thymidylate synthase by converting to several active metabolites: fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), fluorodeoxyuridine triphosphate (FdUTP) and fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP) [7] . It was reported that 5-FU-based chemotherapy was a safe and effective treatment for elderly patients with advanced CRC [8] . Oxaliplatin is a platinum-based drug that has demonstrated antitumor activities in CRC both in vitro and in vivo [9] . It was reported that oxaliplatin based chemotherapy could significantly increase the progression-free survival in patients with metastatic CRC [10] . Moreover, the better efficacy and safety of oxaliplatin combined with 5-FU as first-line chemotherapy for elderly patients with metastatic CRC has been proved [11] . However, there is no predictive factor for efficacy of these treatments.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and has a high mortality rate.

About 608,000 deaths from CRC are estimated worldwide, accounting for 8% of all cancer deaths.

Surgery is the most common treatment for CRC, yet prognosis remains poor.

As a result, considerable interest has concentrated on chemotherapy after surgery, such as oxaliplatin or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy.

The 5-FU is an analogue of uracil with a fluorine atom at the C-5 position in place of hydrogen, which disrupts RNA synthesis and the action of thymidylate synthase by converting to several active metabolites: fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), fluorodeoxyuridine triphosphate (FdUTP) and fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP).

It was reported that 5-FU-based chemotherapy was a safe and effective treatment for elderly patients with advanced CRC.

Oxaliplatin is a platinum-based drug that has demonstrated antitumor activities in CRC both in vitro and in vivo.

It was reported that oxaliplatin based chemotherapy could significantly increase the progression-free survival in patients with metastatic CRC.

Moreover, the better efficacy and safety of oxaliplatin combined with 5-FU as first-line chemotherapy for elderly patients with metastatic CRC has been proved.


With one notable exception , a typical feature of the aforementioned studies is that they carry out a 'first-order' cost ev aluation exercise focusing on agricultural production losses (Martínez-Casasnov as and Ramos, 2006; Erkossa et al., 2015; Hein, 2007) . More specifically, the economic v alue of land productiv ity loss is calculated by the direct loss in production of the affected crops (tonnes) multiplied by their respective av erage market prices ($/tonnes). Thus, the v ast majority of these studies do not capture the resulting 'second-round' effects of structural economic change that arise ow ing to shifts in primary resources, particularly the land factor. Moreov er, to the best of our know ledge, there is no study that fully captures these structural impacts from land productiv ity losses due to soil erosion at the global scale.

With one notable exception , a typical feature of the aforementioned studies is that they carry out a 'first-order' cost ev aluation exercise focusing on agricultural production losses.


The main causes for soil erosion by w ater are geomorphological factors (heterogeneous surfaces, steep slopes) combined w ith climatic risk (rainfall erosiv ity, increased number of dry days combined w ith strong thunderstorms) and human activ ities (e.g. land use change, deforestation, ov ergrazing, agricultural intensification) (Panagos et al., 2016) . Soil erosion is a major threat to agricultural soil productivity (losses in yields, nutrients and plantations) and may also generate off-site impacts such as sedimentation, flooding, damage to properties, landslides, and w ater eutrophication (Boardman and Poesen, 2006) . The best techniques to prev ent or reduce soil erosion rates are reduced tillage, contour farming, terraces, afforestation of slopes, plant residues, cov er crops, grass margins and brush layers (Poesen, 2018; Panagos et al., 2016) .

The main causes for soil erosion by w ater are geomorphological factors (heterogeneous surfaces, steep slopes) combined w ith climatic risk (rainfall erosiv ity, increased number of dry days combined w ith strong thunderstorms) and human activ ities (e.g. land use change, deforestation, ov ergrazing, agricultural intensification).

Soil erosion is a major threat to agricultural soil productivity (losses in yields, nutrients and plantations) and may also generate off-site impacts such as sedimentation, flooding, damage to properties, landslides, and w ater eutrophication.

The best techniques to prev ent or reduce soil erosion rates are reduced tillage, contour farming, terraces, afforestation of slopes, plant residues, cov er crops, grass margins and brush layers.


Apart from the above mentioned disk, in many cases encountered in the search for physically acceptable solutions it is not possible to give an obvious geometrical interpretation for the discovered configurations. On the other hand, it is well known that in Newtonian gravity numerous results have been obtained for the case in which a rotating fluid in equilibrium has an ellipsoidal shape [2] . In the present work we will constrain our attention to those rapidly rotating configurations in general relativity, for which there is a natural way for imposing the restriction that the surface of the considered object is ellipsoidal. Using the approach presented in this paper the matching surface between the interior and exterior region may be conveniently chosen to be the ellipsoid representing the boundary of the rotating fluid body. It should be emphasized, however, that other shapes for a rotating fluid might also be possible in both general relativity and Newtonian theory as well.

On the other hand, it is well known that in Newtonian gravity numerous results have been obtained for the case in which a rotating fluid in equilibrium has an ellipsoidal shape.


Since there have been increasingly higher requirements imposed on the engineering quality, the accuracy, and reliability of products, it is an urgent task to study and solve various vibration problems existing in industrial machinery. Due to increasing system complexity, rapid operations, and improved accuracy of mechanical devices, vibration is a serious issue. Therefore, both the static strength effect and the dynamic force effect must be taken into account while designing mechanical devices [1] [2] [3] .

Therefore, both the static strength effect and the dynamic force effect must be taken into account while designing mechanical devices.


Many studies have been performed to analyse the dynamic performance of hydraulic components and systems. To prevent hydraulic systems from breaking down, analysis of their vibration is required. An effective method of reducing vibration and noise needs to be developed: its aim is to improve the performance of hydraulic devices and thus reduce the vibration and noise in hydraulic systems. Vibration and noise arise from the interaction between solids and the fluid here. Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) not only reflects the essence of vibration noise in hydraulic system but also is the leitmotif for research in the field. Fluid-structure interaction would be caused between solid and liquid under different conditions. The field of hydraulic model and vibration has been discussed in some research [4] [5] [6] [7] . A block diagram for the vibration analysis of a hydraulic component and system is shown in Figure 1 .

The field of hydraulic model and vibration has been discussed in some research.


Exposure to Lead is widely recognized as a major risk factor for several human diseases once it goes beyond the World Health Organisation (WHO) maximum permissible limit (3 -10 µg·L −1 ) in drinking water [8] - [12] . It forms complexes with oxo-groups in enzymes to affect virtually all steps in the process of haemoglobin synthesis and porphyrin metabolism [13] . Other problems associated with toxic levels of lead exposure are encephalopathy, seizures and mental retardation, anemia and nephropathy [14] [15] . Hence, lead must be removed as much as possible from industrial effluents to prevent environmental hazard from its discharge.

Exposure to Lead is widely recognized as a major risk factor for several human diseases once it goes beyond the World Health Organisation (WHO) maximum permissible limit (3 -10 µg·L −1 ) in drinking water.

It forms complexes with oxo-groups in enzymes to affect virtually all steps in the process of haemoglobin synthesis and porphyrin metabolism.

Other problems associated with toxic levels of lead exposure are encephalopathy, seizures and mental retardation, anemia and nephropathy.


As the technology advances, hybrid systems with smaller fuel cells and more powerful batteries are being developed that will further increase the reliability and cost-effectiveness of the systems [16, 17] . The third generation prototype of the hybrid fuel cell powertrain system developed by Tsinghua University is called a "plug-in hybrid fuel cell powertrain" and comprises a battery that allows charging from the grid. The fuel cell system provides the average power demand and works in a relatively stable state to prolong its working lifetime. The more powerful lithium-ion battery provides the extra power to ensure dynamic performance [10] .

As the technology advances, hybrid systems with smaller fuel cells and more powerful batteries are being developed that will further increase the reliability and cost-effectiveness of the systems.

The more powerful lithium-ion battery provides the extra power to ensure dynamic performance.


Owing to the effect of gas inertia, the actual power change of the fuel cell is always delayed by several seconds compared with power demand; otherwise, there would be a serious gas starvation, which is harmful to the fuel cell stack. Thus, in order to satisfy the power demand, the fuel cell system is usually combined with an energy storage system such as a battery package or ultra-capacitor system, constituting a hybrid fuel cell powertrain [6, 7] . For this reason, most buses adopt hybrid powertrains to obtain an improved performance and extended life of the fuel cell system [8] [9] [10] .

Thus, in order to satisfy the power demand, the fuel cell system is usually combined with an energy storage system such as a battery package or ultra-capacitor system, constituting a hybrid fuel cell powertrain.

For this reason, most buses adopt hybrid powertrains to obtain an improved performance and extended life of the fuel cell system.


Recently, mobile data explosion caused by the emergence of a variety of applications and the penetration rate upsurge of smartphones has been increasing the traffic load on cellular networks. These mobile data growth trends are expected to exceed the capacity of cellular networks despite the evolution of the technology from 3G to LTE. To offload data traffic from overloaded cellular networks, cellular operators have deployed a large number of WiFi hotspots and provide WiFi access to their subscribers. Femtocells are also being implemented as a solution to offload the cellular network traffic [1] .

Femtocells are also being implemented as a solution to offload the cellular network traffic.


The sociology of classification adds to this approach a particular interest in instruments and the classifications embedded within them. A central premise of this paper is that evidence producing tools, such as consultations and RIAs, play an important role in the introduction and legitimation of the parameters (classifications) which frame policy problems. Viewed from this perspective, policy tools provide a novel and potentially valuable way to study of policy formulation in particular and governance structures more generally (Hood & Margetts, 2007) .

Viewed from this perspective, policy tools provide a novel and potentially valuable way to study of policy formulation in particular and governance structures more generally.


There are many well-known methods for minimizing a function f : R J → R; we can use the Newton-Raphson algorithm or any of its several approximations, or nonlinear conjugategradient algorithms, such as the Fletcher-Reeves, Polak-Ribiere, or Hestenes-Stiefel methods. When the problem is to minimize the function f (x), subject to constraints on the variable x, the problem becomes much more difficult. For such constrained minimization, we can employ sequential unconstrained minimization algorithms [15] .

For such constrained minimization, we can employ sequential unconstrained minimization algorithms.


The modern WDM network requires increasing number of channels in order to meet broadband applications. Due to the increasing channel density, the reliability of each channel has become more stringent than ever. The reliability requirement expected by the end-users or network operators typically consists of two aspects: wavelength stability and threshold current robustness. While these two aspects are seemingly two different specifications, they are essentially correlated. For example, as the threshold current increases during aging, it requires higher operating bias current to maintain the same level of optical power. The increase in the operating current consequently results in higher junction temperature and longer wavelength. In the past, most of the wavelength stability requires <=0.1 nm for 100G DWDM spacing. Recently, many network and/or cable operators request the laser diode component manufacturers to meet wavelength stability of 0.03-0.09nm (Huang, 2011) .

Recently, many network and/or cable operators request the laser diode component manufacturers to meet wavelength stability of 0.03-0.09nm.


In this work, a new approach based on a stochastic global optimization technique called particle swarm optimizer (PSO) is presented. Recently, the PSO has been successfully adopted for the solution of complex electromagnetic problems [13] [14] [15] [16] . The original ILSP is recast as a problem of optimization by defining a suitable cost function. Then, the cost function is minimized using the PSO and at the end of this iterative procedure, the morphological parameters of the investigated RBC are retrieved, allowing the diagnosis of possible diseases.

Recently, the PSO has been successfully adopted for the solution of complex electromagnetic problems.


Many researches have been done to illustrate vibration characteristics of centrifugal pump. Flow field in centrifugal pump has a great effect on vibration energy. Geometric parameters of impeller, including blade leading edge, blade number, blade inlet angle, and diameter of impeller, affect performance and vibration of model pump evidently [1] [2] [3] . It is well known that flow structure at blade exit shows a typical jet-wake pattern, and the striking effect between jet-wake flow and volute tongue is the main factor causing unsteady rotor-stator interaction [4, 5] . When centrifugal pump works at off-design conditions, separate flow structure may easily occur leading to vibration characteristics changing remarkably [6, 7] . Meanwhile, parameters of volute also have a huge impact on flow field discharged from impeller, and vibration magnitude increases rapidly when exit angle of the flow out of the impeller does not match the geometry of the volute [8] .

Geometric parameters of impeller, including blade leading edge, blade number, blade inlet angle, and diameter of impeller, affect performance and vibration of model pump evidently.

It is well known that flow structure at blade exit shows a typical jet-wake pattern, and the striking effect between jet-wake flow and volute tongue is the main factor causing unsteady rotor-stator interaction.

When centrifugal pump works at off-design conditions, separate flow structure may easily occur leading to vibration characteristics changing remarkably.

Meanwhile, parameters of volute also have a huge impact on flow field discharged from impeller, and vibration magnitude increases rapidly when exit angle of the flow out of the impeller does not match the geometry of the volute.


D IABETES mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a chronic disease that affects nearly half a billion people around the globe [1] , [2] . In the United States alone, more than 23 million people were diagnosed with diabetes as of 2017, with another 7.2 million undiagnosed [3] . Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, and it accounts for more than 90% of all diabetes cases [3] . T2DM is characterized by hyperglycemiaabnormally elevated blood glucose (blood sugar) levels, and is almost always associated with a number of complications [4] . Over time, the chronic elevation of blood glucose levels caused by T2DM leads to blood vessel damage which in turn leads to associated complications, including kidney failure, blindness, stroke, heart attack, and in severe cases even death. Meanwhile, the cost of diabetes care has been increasing over the past decades and the annual cost reaches $327 billion in US as of 2017 [3] , [5] , [6] . T2DM management requires continuous medical care with multifactorial riskreduction strategies beyond glycemic control [7] . Mitigating the risk of complications is of significance for T2DM management. On severe diseases, such as kidney failure and heart attack, and thus require expensive medical procedures. On the other hand, nearly 75% of all diabetes care expenditures are spent on treatment of diabetes complications [5] , [8] . Risk profiling of T2DM complications is critical for healthcare professionals to appropriately adapt personalized treatment plans for patients in diabetes care, improving care quality and reducing cost.

D IABETES mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a chronic disease that affects nearly half a billion people around the globe.

In the United States alone, more than 23 million people were diagnosed with diabetes as of 2017, with another 7.2 million undiagnosed.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, and it accounts for more than 90% of all diabetes cases.

T2DM is characterized by hyperglycemiaabnormally elevated blood glucose (blood sugar) levels, and is almost always associated with a number of complications.

Meanwhile, the cost of diabetes care has been increasing over the past decades and the annual cost reaches $327 billion in US as of 2017.

T2DM management requires continuous medical care with multifactorial riskreduction strategies beyond glycemic control.

On the other hand, nearly 75% of all diabetes care expenditures are spent on treatment of diabetes complications.


Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi. According to WHO, about 25% of world's food is contaminated by mycotoxins. Fungi belonging to Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium species are responsible for causing mycotoxins of agro-economic importance. Aflatoxin, Ochratoxins, Trichothecenes, Zearalenone and Fumonisins are mycotoxins of greatest agricultural concerns (Vasanthi and Bhat, 1998) .

Aflatoxin, Ochratoxins, Trichothecenes, Zearalenone and Fumonisins are mycotoxins of greatest agricultural concerns.


We used a rich Netflow dataset captured in a backbone network to validate the proposed techniques. Our evaluation results show that the classification cost, in terms of items that need to be classified, can be reduced by several orders of magnitude using association rules. Further, we evaluated the accuracy of Apriori for several verified anomalies and found that it generates on average between 2 and 8.5 false positive item-sets, which can be trivially identified by an administrator. Further analysis and evaluation results can be found in the companion technical report [3] .

Further analysis and evaluation results can be found in the companion technical report.