Nitrogen is found in most of industrial wastewaters such as in pharmaceutical, chemical, petrochemical and food wastewaters [1] . Nitrogen can be found in the form of ammonium which can result in eutrophication when disposed in a body of water. The stripping of ammonium can release soluble ammonia to the environment which is toxic [2] . Ammonium is usually removed from wastewater by the nitrification-denitrification process which is quite efficient but requires oxygen and a source of organic matter, i.e., extra costs. An interesting microbial symbiosis for ammonium removal is the use of both nitrifying bacteria (NB) and microalgae (MA), where the NB oxidizes ammonia to nitrite (AOB) and then to nitrate (NOB) and the MA would produce O 2 through photosynthesis [3, 4] . The contribution of oxygen by the MA could reduce the requirement for aeration, which is a costly process in wastewater treatment plants [5] . In addition, it has been reported that MA are capable of removing inorganic nitrogen compounds, hydrocarbons, organic matter and coliforms [6] . However, in the treatment of effluents with a high nitrogen content and low chemical oxygen demand (COD), the addition of an external electron donor is required to complete the removal of nitrogen, as are the NB [7] .

Nitrogen is found in most of industrial wastewaters such as in pharmaceutical, chemical, petrochemical and food wastewaters.

The stripping of ammonium can release soluble ammonia to the environment which is toxic.

An interesting microbial symbiosis for ammonium removal is the use of both nitrifying bacteria (NB) and microalgae (MA), where the NB oxidizes ammonia to nitrite (AOB) and then to nitrate (NOB) and the MA would produce O 2 through photosynthesis.

The contribution of oxygen by the MA could reduce the requirement for aeration, which is a costly process in wastewater treatment plants.

In addition, it has been reported that MA are capable of removing inorganic nitrogen compounds, hydrocarbons, organic matter and coliforms.

However, in the treatment of effluents with a high nitrogen content and low chemical oxygen demand (COD), the addition of an external electron donor is required to complete the removal of nitrogen, as are the NB.


Wood is a hierarchically structured cellular composite with exceptional vibro-mechanical properties, which despite all the recent achievements of material scientists in designing new materials, is still the most essential material for musical instruments. The characteristics of the multi-scale structure of wood, including architecture and variation in the volume fraction of chemical components in different cells and their sub-layers, determine the density, hygroscopicity, and mechanical properties of different wood species [1] . These properties are important, for assessing resonance wood quality [2] .

The characteristics of the multi-scale structure of wood, including architecture and variation in the volume fraction of chemical components in different cells and their sub-layers, determine the density, hygroscopicity, and mechanical properties of different wood species.

These properties are important, for assessing resonance wood quality.


Resonance wood has both a high c and a high R [2] . R describes how much the vibration of a body is dampened due to sound radiation. Also, z is important for transmission of vibratory energy from one medium, like a soundboard, to another one, like air. Variation of these parameters in terms of change in the RH and their first derivatives (difference of successive data divided by difference of RH) were studied in the control and fungitreated wood specimens.

Resonance wood has both a high c and a high R.


From the universal algebra, the free algebras of a variety play an essential role in understanding this variety. They show, in some sense, the structure of the different "concepts" (represented by terms) of the variety. The intrinsic structures of the finitely generated free relativized relation algebras are very involved. Some problems concerning these algebras are still open. For example, the problem addressing the atomicity of these algebras has not been solved yet. The non-atomicity of the free algebras of logics is equivalent to weak Gödel's incompleteness property of the corresponding logic. See (Németi, 1985, proposition 8) and (Gyenis, 2011) .

See (Németi, 1985, proposition 8) and.


The experimental results of the bi-directional flyback converter are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Fig. 4 shows the zoomed waveforms during charging and discharging operations respectively, and Fig. 5 shows the waveforms of the continuous charging and discharging operation of the flyback converter for the film capacitive load and the DEAP actuator respectively. The charging energy efficiency is defined as, the ratio of energy stored in the capacitive load, to the energy input to the converter during charging process [17] . The discharging energy efficiency is defined as, the ratio of energy recovered back to the source, to the energy input during the discharging process (which is the energy stored in the capacitive load). The charging arge ch η and discharging arge disch η energy efficiency expressions are given below.

The charging energy efficiency is defined as, the ratio of energy stored in the capacitive load, to the energy input to the converter during charging process.


According to pollen-load counts, Psychoda crassipenis and the sphaerocerid flies appear to be the most effective potential pollinators (Fig. 1) . Sphaerocerid flies are often found in the inflorescences of A. dioscoridis, A. concinnatum, A. purpureospathum and A. maculatum (Drummond & Hammond, 1991; Rohacek, Beck-Haug & Dobat, 1991; Drummond & Hammond, 1993) . They appear to be the main pollinators of A. purpureospathum, since they represent 72.2% of the attracted species (Drummond & Hammond, 1993) . However, since they occur only in small numbers (6.5% of the visitors) and in few inflorescences (12.2%) of A. italicum, they appear to be an unreliable and occasional pollinator of the latter species. On the other hand, Psychoda crassipenis and P. pusilla are both more frequent and far more abundant. Furthermore, P. crassipenis appears to carry more pollen than P. pusilla and may be the most efficient pollen vector. These results do not mean however, that Psychoda crassipenis is the most effective pollinator as its abundance can vary from one population to another. In the population located at the University campus, Psychoda crassipenis represented only 6.7% of the visitors. Even if P. pusilla carries on average less pollen, it is the most abundant insect (30%) and may be at this location the more important pollinator.

Sphaerocerid flies are often found in the inflorescences of A. dioscoridis, A. concinnatum, A. purpureospathum and A. maculatum.

They appear to be the main pollinators of A. purpureospathum, since they represent 72.2% of the attracted species.


The color spatial distribution is considered to be the texture features of the 2D bispectrum plot and reflects the distribution and intensity of the additional information in the dual frequency domain, and exhibits its self-similarity characteristic. Therefore, it can be characterized by the fractal dimension (FD). FD is broadly utilized as a part of numerous ranges of science, permitting quantitative estimation for fractal qualities of nonlinear frameworks and space-filling limit estimation for signals. Numerous techniques are utilized to evaluate FD [22] . In this investigation, FD of the bispectrum was assessed by the crate checking strategy.

Numerous techniques are utilized to evaluate FD.


Bispectrum is the most extensively used approach and the lowest order of all HOS analysis methods. The bispectrum plan provides supplementary data of the relationships among the dissimilar frequency mechanisms. These plans can be used to distinguish diverse conditions of engine, and the features derived from these plans will guide the identification of different kinds of signals. Extracting fit features from the bispectrum plan to provide decision support for fault diagnoses is an important and difficult research topic. The bispectral characteristic plane in frequency field was used to characterize the data [20] . By bispectral analysis of the vibration data and searching the field of bispectral modulus, characteristic planes in data were determined. The fault characteristics of crankshaft bearing can be extracted efficiently. Bispectrum estimation based on a AR model which is not Gaussian was used to describe the nonlinear and non-Gaussian features of the cylinder vibration response signal [21] . The diesel engine valve train fault type was identified by extracting the maximum peak frequency and amplitude from the main cross slice of the bispectrum. However, the main diagonal slice and the characteristic frequency surface contain part of the bispectrum information, limiting the practical effect of the fault features.

The bispectral characteristic plane in frequency field was used to characterize the data.

Bispectrum estimation based on a AR model which is not Gaussian was used to describe the nonlinear and non-Gaussian features of the cylinder vibration response signal.


We have applied this technique to the study of different samples to demonstrate the variety of physical phenomena that can be visualized and whose investigation benefits strongly from the high spatial resolution and enhanced precision available with the parallel acquisition approach used. LiNbO 3 is a material of great interest for optical applications, for which pulsed laser deposition appears to be one of the best synthesis approaches to achieve good quality films [9] . In this case we have acquired one time-gated image of the expanding plasma for each imaging mode under the same experimental conditions. Each image was obtained by irradiation with a single laser pulse (fluence = 1.2 J/cm 2 ) and using the same gate width (Dt = 30 ns) and delay time (t 1 = 140 ns) with respect to the laser pulse. Fig. 2a shows the spectrally integrated image obtained in the 2D-spatial imaging mode (grating operates in reflection) whereas Fig. 2b shows the spectrally resolved image obtained in the 1D-spatial and spectral hybrid imaging mode (grating operates in diffraction). In both configurations, the brightness of each image pixel corresponds to the local/spectral emission intensity at the given delay and constitutes the third image dimension. The two-dimensional plasma expansion process from the target surface (z = 0 mm) can be appreciated in Fig. 2a , showing a forward expansion into the z-direction with a relatively low angular spread.

LiNbO 3 is a material of great interest for optical applications, for which pulsed laser deposition appears to be one of the best synthesis approaches to achieve good quality films.


The field of nanobotechnology mainly encompasses with medicine, environment sciences and it develops novel therapeutic nanostructures for biomedical applications [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] . The biosynthesized nanomaterials such as copper, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, zinc oxide and magnetite nanoparticles have been effectively controlling the various pathogens [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] . In last decade, many studies have proved that the microbial extracts act as a potential precursor for the synthesis of nanomaterial in non-hazardous ways [28] .

The field of nanobotechnology mainly encompasses with medicine, environment sciences and it develops novel therapeutic nanostructures for biomedical applications.

The biosynthesized nanomaterials such as copper, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, zinc oxide and magnetite nanoparticles have been effectively controlling the various pathogens.

In last decade, many studies have proved that the microbial extracts act as a potential precursor for the synthesis of nanomaterial in non-hazardous ways.


Diarrhea is a disease, which is a health/social dilemma in all parts of the world, especially in developing countries [1] . In these countries, diarrheal diseases causes nearly 5 million deaths, and Salmonella bacteria have an important contribution in this regard [2] . This disease is common among children and old people. Most species of Salmonella are potential pathogens for humans and many of animals [3, 4] . This species are placed in the gut of inflammatory diarrhea and food poisoning are considered [5] . The species are common in older children and adults. The bacteria have settled in the digestive system of vertebrates, including mammals, birds and fish and depending on the species, conditions and multiple factors of the host, can cause diseases with different symptoms and complications [3, [6] [7] [8] . Salmonella belongs to Entereobacteriaceae family and consists of 2200 species and more than 90% of species are human pathogens and other are animal pathogens, including typhi, typhimurium, enteritidis, Aynfantys species, etc. This is one of the most common bacteria transferred from animals to humans which has a variety of host species. It is also considered as one of the most important factors in diseases transmitted via food and one of the major public health problem around the world [3] . Therefore, early detection of diseases caused by these bacteria is extremely important [9, 10] .

Diarrhea is a disease, which is a health/social dilemma in all parts of the world, especially in developing countries.

In these countries, diarrheal diseases causes nearly 5 million deaths, and Salmonella bacteria have an important contribution in this regard.

Most species of Salmonella are potential pathogens for humans and many of animals.

This species are placed in the gut of inflammatory diarrhea and food poisoning are considered.

The bacteria have settled in the digestive system of vertebrates, including mammals, birds and fish and depending on the species, conditions and multiple factors of the host, can cause diseases with different symptoms and complications.

It is also considered as one of the most important factors in diseases transmitted via food and one of the major public health problem around the world.

Therefore, early detection of diseases caused by these bacteria is extremely important.


Employing H 2 O 2 with UV radiation for the removal of aqueous estrogens is one example of a homogeneous advanced oxidation process. The in situ electrochemical production of H 2 O 2 via the reduction of oxygen on a cathode can reduce the costs and hazards associated with the transport and handling of concentrated H 2 O 2 . In recent years, some combinations of electrochemical oxidation and photolysis had been reported by various researchers [8, 9] . Most of these researchers concentrated on electro-Fenton technology in combination with UV irradiation, which may facilitate the photodecomposition of organic compounds, increase the generation of hydroxyl free radicals, and regenerate Fe 2+ from Fe 3+ species through a photoreduction mechanism [10] [11] [12] [13] . However, there is little research on the combination of H 2 O 2 electrogeneration with direct photolysis in the absence of added catalysts such as Fe 2+ and TiO 2 . Electrochemical production of H 2 O 2 has traditionally used graphite electrodes because of their low cost [14] . However, the poor solubility of oxygen in aqueous solutions causes mass transfer limitation, resulting in lower oxidation efficiency. Recently, activated carbon fiber (ACF) has been recognized as a promising carbon material with excellent characteristics for adsorption, conductivity, and catalysis [15] . Because of its large surface area, ACF also exhibits a high adsorption capacity and high adsorption rates. The excellent mechanical integrity of ACF makes it easy to configure as a stable electrode at which electrosorption processes can be conducted for the purpose of adsorptive removal of various organic pollutants in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, ACF electrodes may be used for the electrogeneration of H 2 O 2 via the two-electron reduction of oxygen on its surface [16, 17] . The H 2 O 2 electrogeneration rate significantly affects the treatment efficiency of any electro-Fenton technology. Several series processes affect the electrogeneration rate of H 2 O 2 [15] [16] [17] . Oxygen gas must first be dissolved in solution. Second, it must be transferred to cathode surface, adsorbed onto the cathode, and finally reduced electrochemically to produce H 2 O 2 in acidic media. Possible side reactions may occur simultaneously at the cathode and thus decrease the electrogeneration rate of H 2 O 2 [14] .

In recent years, some combinations of electrochemical oxidation and photolysis had been reported by various researchers.

Most of these researchers concentrated on electro-Fenton technology in combination with UV irradiation, which may facilitate the photodecomposition of organic compounds, increase the generation of hydroxyl free radicals, and regenerate Fe 2+ from Fe 3+ species through a photoreduction mechanism.

Electrochemical production of H 2 O 2 has traditionally used graphite electrodes because of their low cost.

Recently, activated carbon fiber (ACF) has been recognized as a promising carbon material with excellent characteristics for adsorption, conductivity, and catalysis.

Furthermore, ACF electrodes may be used for the electrogeneration of H 2 O 2 via the two-electron reduction of oxygen on its surface.

Several series processes affect the electrogeneration rate of H 2 O 2.

Possible side reactions may occur simultaneously at the cathode and thus decrease the electrogeneration rate of H 2 O 2.


Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is frequently used in the textile industry in blends with nylon and as a raw material for the production of PVA fibers. In addition, PVA is used as an ophthalmic lubricant in the pharmaceutical industry and is also widely used in the adhesives, emulsion paints, paper coating, and detergent-based industries. It is generally recognized that PVA is a high-k polymer with interesting properties such as good surface alignment effects, compatibility with water, low cost, and inexpensive processing [18] .

It is generally recognized that PVA is a high-k polymer with interesting properties such as good surface alignment effects, compatibility with water, low cost, and inexpensive processing.


In the absence of IIA NS-NS flux, the IIA complex structure moduli and IIB Kähler moduli are exchanged by mirror symmetry. Thus the mirror of NS-NS flux, when it exists, provides a natural mechanism in type IIB for stabilizing the Kähler moduli [11, 20] . The resulting compactifications, and other non-Calabi-Yau geometries, have been the subject of much recent interest [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] .

Thus the mirror of NS-NS flux, when it exists, provides a natural mechanism in type IIB for stabilizing the Kähler moduli.

The resulting compactifications, and other non-Calabi-Yau geometries, have been the subject of much recent interest.


We have described simple examples of T-folds with local fiber geometry T 2 and base S 1 . These T-folds are interesting in that they generically have no associated global target space geometry, and are conveniently described using the doubled torus formalism pursued by Hull [54] . In this formalism, the background is described by a T 2n fibration over a base manifold N , with transition functions in O(n, n; Z). In each patch, the physical coordinates X i and T-dual coordinatesX i each span null T n subspaces determined by a choice of polarization GL(n; Z) in O(n, n; Z). Similarly, a D-brane wraps a null T n bundle-the Neumann bundle-over a cycle of the base. Using this formalism, we have determined the spectrum of D-branes compatible with each of our T-fold examples. When any such D-branes exist, we can associate true global geometries to a nongeometric background through the classical moduli spaces seen by these branes. We have discussed aspects of these D-brane moduli spaces and described them explicitly to the extent possible. The sharpest statement can be made when a D-brane is located at point on the base. In this case the classical moduli space is the Dirichlet T n bundle over m-fold cover of the base.

These T-folds are interesting in that they generically have no associated global target space geometry, and are conveniently described using the doubled torus formalism pursued by Hull.


The method presented in the previous section has been applied to a Canadian transformer population with 30 units which are on a voltage level less than 25 kV [12] . Table 1 presents the transformer data, measured values, health indices, and calculated results of the IFR for each transformer. The computation of the IFRs also requires N , failure statistics, weights for the measurements, and the probability j that the measurement process was successful. These data are population properties and hence must be gathered from the population under investigation. However, if the necessary population properties are not available as in this case study, other populations with similar properties must be consulted. The proposed method is shown in a graphical form in Fig. 3 and will be further described with the given case study in this section.

The method presented in the previous section has been applied to a Canadian transformer population with 30 units which are on a voltage level less than 25 kV.


In large parts of Europe, modern developments in land cultivation techniques and changes in economic framework have caused considerable losses of valuable open habitats in recent decades (Riecken et al., 2001) . On the more productive sites, agriculture has become so intensive that almost all its former positive effects on biodiversity have disappeared . In marginal areas, by contrast, land that had formerly been used at a low level of intensity has recently become fallow. At the same time, red data books show that a large proportion of threatened species and habitats are concentrated in agricultural landscapes used at low intensities (Korneck et al., 1998; Riecken et al., 2004) .

In large parts of Europe, modern developments in land cultivation techniques and changes in economic framework have caused considerable losses of valuable open habitats in recent decades.

At the same time, red data books show that a large proportion of threatened species and habitats are concentrated in agricultural landscapes used at low intensities.


Virulent Nocardia species inhibits neutrophilic killing by macrophage via high levels of enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, and can pass the through endothelial cells to invade the brain where it infects both microglia and astrocytes. The Nocardia species have a special tropism for the neural tissue and most common site for their dissemination is the brain. CNS Nocardiosis may progress or relapse despite the physician's best efforts to control the infection through antimicrobial therapy, with cure rates in brain abscesses reported at 50% and mortality as high as 55% [1] . The Nocardial brain abscesses is extremely rare, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first case reported from Nepal. Clinical symptoms and Radiological Imaging findings are non-specific for diagnosis of Nocardiosis, however it's importance cannot outweighed for the differential diagnosis. The presumptive identification of our case was done via staining of broncho-alveolar lavage and purulent fluid from the lesion intra-operatively; which revealed gram variable, acid fast branching rod suggestive Nocardia species. Furthermore, on aerobic culture chalky white adherent colonies seen after 72 h of incubation which turns molar tooth appearance on further incubation. Later on the organism was isolated as Nocardia asteroides with biochemical interpretation and sensitivity pattern of antibiotics following the CLSI guidelines.

CNS Nocardiosis may progress or relapse despite the physician's best efforts to control the infection through antimicrobial therapy, with cure rates in brain abscesses reported at 50% and mortality as high as 55%.


The very few population-based studies that have assessed the association between infertility and mental health have yielded inconclusive results: a study using a random US sample of 580 women found that infertility, defined as ever having tried to conceive or having had regular unprotected intercourse for more than 12 months without conceiving, was associated with higher depressive symptom levels than when no fertility problems were reported [19] . In the same sample, the prevalence of case-level mental distress was 27% in infertile women with intent of getting pregnant [20] . However, a large Finnish study using stratified cluster sampling and a structured psychiatric diagnostic interview did not find increased risk for mental disorders overall, but did report an increased risk for dysthymia or anxiety disorder in childless women who had tried to conceive for more than 12 months without success compared with women without fertility problems [16] . However, levels of depressive symptoms and general distress in women who had made unsuccessful attempts to conceive a child over a period of 12 months or longer at any time of their life were comparable with the fertile reference population. These conflicting results make it difficult to come to firm conclusions regarding whether infertility is associated with increased levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms at the population level. We therefore carried out this study, first to test the associations between ever having tried to conceive for more than 12 months without achieving pregnancy and levels of anxiety or depressive symptoms; and second, to investigate if symptom levels of anxiety and depression in infertile women who remain childless, or who have gone on to have children, respectively, differ from symptom levels in mothers without reports of infertility in the general population.

The very few population-based studies that have assessed the association between infertility and mental health have yielded inconclusive results: a study using a random US sample of 580 women found that infertility, defined as ever having tried to conceive or having had regular unprotected intercourse for more than 12 months without conceiving, was associated with higher depressive symptom levels than when no fertility problems were reported.

In the same sample, the prevalence of case-level mental distress was 27% in infertile women with intent of getting pregnant.

However, a large Finnish study using stratified cluster sampling and a structured psychiatric diagnostic interview did not find increased risk for mental disorders overall, but did report an increased risk for dysthymia or anxiety disorder in childless women who had tried to conceive for more than 12 months without success compared with women without fertility problems.


Electrical energy storage modules offer a solution to the critical problem of inefficient microgrid systems in remote locations, such as the U.S Army's Forward Operating Bases (FOBs). These currently rely on diesel-powered generators for primary and backup energy supply and are often underrun (i.e., operate at 40%-50% of their peak output capabilities) to accommodate power consumption fluctuations. This operating mode significantly reduces their efficiencies and drives up diesel consumption [1] .

This operating mode significantly reduces their efficiencies and drives up diesel consumption.


Our efforts determined the influence of hydrogen and oxygen surface functionalities on the electrochemical performance of graphite cathodes and anodes in dual-ion cycling configurations. Since surface modification efforts have different effects on the graphite basal planes and sheet edges, we relied on both spherical (core-shell MCMB (MesoCarbon MicroBeads) cathodes and CGP (ConocoPhillips Graphite Particles) anodes) and flake-like SFG (Synthetic Flakes of Graphite) materials; all particle morphologies had been previously implemented in dual-intercalation LIBs [11, 12] . We relied on conventional and industrially scalable furnace (flowing air at 570 °C or H2 gas at 800 °C to, respectively, oxidize or hydrogenate surfaces) methods and combined characterization of surface compositions with resulting electrochemical performance.

Since surface modification efforts have different effects on the graphite basal planes and sheet edges, we relied on both spherical (core-shell MCMB (MesoCarbon MicroBeads) cathodes and CGP (ConocoPhillips Graphite Particles) anodes) and flake-like SFG (Synthetic Flakes of Graphite) materials; all particle morphologies had been previously implemented in dual-intercalation LIBs.


Thermal spraying is a widely spread coating technology process employed in several industrial applications. It consists of molten, semi-molten or solid particles accelerated by a high speed stream of gases towards a substrate in order to form a thick coating [1] . Increasing the deposition efficiency and lowering the costs of the process while preserving the overall high coating quality are the general trends of thermal spraying, in order to reduce the production costs and decrease the environmental impact. Among different solutions, iron-based coatings deposited with thermal spray processes seem to gain growing interest in the research community due to their unique combination of low price, health safety and good mechanical properties [2] [3] [4] . Ironbased thermal spray powders generally combine hard precipitates such as borides and carbides in an austenitic and/or ferritic matrix with high chromium content.

It consists of molten, semi-molten or solid particles accelerated by a high speed stream of gases towards a substrate in order to form a thick coating.

Among different solutions, iron-based coatings deposited with thermal spray processes seem to gain growing interest in the research community due to their unique combination of low price, health safety and good mechanical properties.


High chromium content is designed in order to provide chromium for hard precipitates and on the other hand to provide chromium dissolved in the austenitic solid solution matrix in order to increase the ability to form a thin protective oxide layer. Such design is meant to increase the corrosion resistance of the alloy without altering the mechanical properties [5] . Moreover, Fe-based coatings have been studied as alternative solution to replace more expensive, harmful and environmentally dangerous Ni-and WC-based coatings for several industrial applications where high corrosion and wear resistance are required. Ni-and WC-based materials have been lately pointed out as potential lung disease and carcinogenic agents and responsible of skin diseases (eczema, allergen), asthma and pneumoconiosis [6, 7] .

Such design is meant to increase the corrosion resistance of the alloy without altering the mechanical properties.

Ni-and WC-based materials have been lately pointed out as potential lung disease and carcinogenic agents and responsible of skin diseases (eczema, allergen), asthma and pneumoconiosis.


In the CURE trial, 12,562 patients presenting with non-STEMI acute coronary syndromes were randomized to receive either aspirin plus clopidogrel or aspirin plus placebo [3] . Participants who required CABG, and who received dual antiplatelet therapy within 5 days prior to surgery, had a higher rate of major postoperative bleeding than those assigned aspirin and placebo (9.6% vs. 6.3%; P = 0.06) [3] . In a prospective cohort study of 247 patients undergoing CABG, 51 individuals received preoperative aspirin plus clopidogrel [7] . In the latter group, there was a higher rate of reoperation for bleeding compared to those prescribed aspirin alone (9.8% vs. 1.6%; OR 6.9, 95% CI 1.6-30). Moreover, recipients of both drugs were transfused more units of PRBC (3 vs. 1.6; P < 0.001), platelets (4.3 vs. 1.7; P = 0.05), FFP (1.1 vs. 0.6; P = 0.08) and cryoprecipitate (2.4 vs. 1.2; P = 0.04) [7] .

In the CURE trial, 12,562 patients presenting with non-STEMI acute coronary syndromes were randomized to receive either aspirin plus clopidogrel or aspirin plus placebo.

Participants who required CABG, and who received dual antiplatelet therapy within 5 days prior to surgery, had a higher rate of major postoperative bleeding than those assigned aspirin and placebo (9.6% vs. 6.3%; P = 0.06).

In a prospective cohort study of 247 patients undergoing CABG, 51 individuals received preoperative aspirin plus clopidogrel.

Moreover, recipients of both drugs were transfused more units of PRBC (3 vs. 1.6; P < 0.001), platelets (4.3 vs. 1.7; P = 0.05), FFP (1.1 vs. 0.6; P = 0.08) and cryoprecipitate (2.4 vs. 1.2; P = 0.04).


It has been proved that coagulation/flocculation/DAF (dissolved air flotation) is an efficient and practical process in water treatment to remove suspended particles and colloidal impurities. Since the separation of algae from water is under intensive study recently, C/F/DAF has been receiving more and more attention. The process is generally more effective than coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation for treating algal-rich water [1] [2] [3] .

The process is generally more effective than coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation for treating algal-rich water.


Coagulation/flocculation (C/F) prior to DAF can destabilize negative algal cells and flocculate small particles into larger flocs which can more easily adhere to tiny bubbles [4] . In the C/F process, the selection and dose of coagulant, as well as operating conditions (the velocity gradient and time), are critical for better overall treatment efficiency. Coagulants such as aluminium sulphate, ferric sulphate, ferric chloride and polymerised coagulants as polyaluminium chloride have been successfully used for treating algal-rich waters in the C/F/DAF. Using alum and PAC as coagulants, over 80% of 18 types of algae can be removed from water by DAF. It has been found that both alum and FeCl 3 are effectivein removing Chlorella vulgaris from water, and aluminum coagulants have some advantages over other coagulants in the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella vulgaris [5] .

Coagulation/flocculation (C/F) prior to DAF can destabilize negative algal cells and flocculate small particles into larger flocs which can more easily adhere to tiny bubbles.

It has been found that both alum and FeCl 3 are effectivein removing Chlorella vulgaris from water, and aluminum coagulants have some advantages over other coagulants in the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella vulgaris.


A problem-based learning model is one that captures many of the key principles of a constructivist perspective of learning (Savery & Duffy, 2001) . A similar approach to science teaching/learning in schools that incorporates these reform elements is projectbased science (Krajcik, Czerniak, & Berger, 1999) . Project-based science is characterized by a driving question that is meaningful to the learners and anchored in a real-world context; student-conducted investigations that result in the development of products; collaboration among students, teachers, and the community; and the use of technology, particularly computers, to help students represent and share ideas (Krajcik et al., 1999; Singer, Marx, Krajcik, & Chambers, 2000) . This approach has been shown to be effective in promoting students' science learning (Schneider, Krajcik, Marx, & Soloway, 2002) .

A problem-based learning model is one that captures many of the key principles of a constructivist perspective of learning.

A similar approach to science teaching/learning in schools that incorporates these reform elements is projectbased science.

Project-based science is characterized by a driving question that is meaningful to the learners and anchored in a real-world context; student-conducted investigations that result in the development of products; collaboration among students, teachers, and the community; and the use of technology, particularly computers, to help students represent and share ideas.

This approach has been shown to be effective in promoting students' science learning.


To reduce radioactive contamination, the material was purified by the liquid-liquid extraction method. As a first step, the cerium oxide was dissolved in a mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrofluoric acids (the initial amounts of CeO 2 and HNO 3 were calculated so that to obtain a solution with a 10% concentration of Ce(NO 3 where sub-indexes aq and org denote cerium in aqueous or organic phase; n is a number of TBP molecules coordinated to a Ce Simplified expected decay scheme of 136 Ce [26, 27] . Energies of the excited levels and emitted γ quanta are in keV (relative intensities of γ quanta are given in parentheses).

As a first step, the cerium oxide was dissolved in a mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrofluoric acids (the initial amounts of CeO 2 and HNO 3 were calculated so that to obtain a solution with a 10% concentration of Ce(NO 3 where sub-indexes aq and org denote cerium in aqueous or organic phase; n is a number of TBP molecules coordinated to a Ce Simplified expected decay scheme of 136 Ce.


The big problem with these studies is that these latter factors cannot be assumed to be causal explanations. There is a correlation between labor and especially land costs and where an activity locates within a metropolitan regions (expensive in the center, cheaper in the "periphery"). There is also a correlation between labor and land costs and which types of activities go to which types of cities, which mirrors international specialization patterns between high-wage/capital intensive places and low-wage labor-intensive places. As such, these costs matter in explaining why New York, San Francisco and London have little durable goods manufacturing, while certain cities in the Deep South of the USA or southern Europe have a lot of it. But there isn't any relationship to why an activity locates in one particular city or another within a class of structurally-similar cities; for example, they cannot account for why San Francisco has so much more high tech than Los Angeles with this kind of reasoning. And while in general, there is higher productivity in high-cost places, there are no strong inter-urban locational adjustments of shares according to real productivity differences for a given activity -productivity within sectors seems to be endogenous to the places where they are already concentrated (Sveikauskas, 1975) . Only for sectors that are deconcentrating does inter-urban productivity comparison seem to make a difference for where they are subsequently located, in a different class of cities. And once again, it cannot tell us which cities in that class will get the activity.

And while in general, there is higher productivity in high-cost places, there are no strong inter-urban locational adjustments of shares according to real productivity differences for a given activity -productivity within sectors seems to be endogenous to the places where they are already concentrated.


Portable electronic devices frequently require thin lightweight glass used to protect the internal electronics. As such these glasses need to be resilient to external pressures. A common test to study these protective glasses is micro-indentation from which two important and standard measurements are extracted: (1) hardness (material's resistance to permanent deformation, H V ) and (2) indentation fracture toughness (material's resistance to fracture, K C ). These tests classify the glass's mechanical response into two groups: anomalous and normal behavior. Anomalous glasses predominantly densify under high external pressures. These glasses have a low atomic packing density; thus, the relative movement of the Si-O-Si linkage under pressure leads to the volume shrinkage [1] [2] [3] [4] . On the other hand, normal behavior implies volume conserving shear flow. This is evidenced by a plastic flow generating pile-up of matter in the vicinity of the indentation without volume change [5] [6] [7] [8] . Typically broken bonds and cations favor this phenomenon [9] . The degree at which a glass behaves normally and anomalously significantly depends on the glass' chemical composition [9] [10] [11] .

These glasses have a low atomic packing density; thus, the relative movement of the Si-O-Si linkage under pressure leads to the volume shrinkage.

This is evidenced by a plastic flow generating pile-up of matter in the vicinity of the indentation without volume change.

Typically broken bonds and cations favor this phenomenon.

The degree at which a glass behaves normally and anomalously significantly depends on the glass' chemical composition.


The vast majority of multimodal systems are based on fusion strategies at the score level, so that the score of different matchers are combined to attain a "new" score. Typical fusion rules adopted for multimodal system are the min, max, median, mean, as well as trainable rules such as neural networks [9] . However, the output of different matchers could be exploited not only by fusion rules, but also by dynamic selection mechanisms. In the pattern recognition field, selection mechanisms have been proposed to select, for each input pattern, the classifier that provides the correct output [7] . This formulation of the selection problem requires that each classifier outputs a class label for each input pattern. An example of selection mechanism is the algorithm for Dynamic Classifier Selection (DCS) that estimates the competence of each classifier by computing the local accuracy in a neighborhood of the test pattern [2] [12] .

Typical fusion rules adopted for multimodal system are the min, max, median, mean, as well as trainable rules such as neural networks.

In the pattern recognition field, selection mechanisms have been proposed to select, for each input pattern, the classifier that provides the correct output.

An example of selection mechanism is the algorithm for Dynamic Classifier Selection (DCS) that estimates the competence of each classifier by computing the local accuracy in a neighborhood of the test pattern.


The KdV equation is the generic model for the study of nonlinear waves in fluid dynamics, plasma physics, elastic media and nonlinear optics. These equations have been used to explain different physical phenomena such as ion acoustic waves in collisionless plasma, magneto hydrodynamics waves in warm plasma, magnetoacoustic waves in plasma, Alfvén waves in plasma, dust acoustic waves in plasma, soliton waves in plasma, shallow-water gravity waves, internal waves in the atmosphere and ocean, waves in bubbly fluids, acoustic waves in an inharmonic crystal etc [4] . The KdV type equations have significant roles in engineering and sciences. This broad range of applicability is explained by the fact that the KdV equation describes a combined effect of the lowest-order, quadratic nonlinearity and the simplest long-wave dispersion.

These equations have been used to explain different physical phenomena such as ion acoustic waves in collisionless plasma, magneto hydrodynamics waves in warm plasma, magnetoacoustic waves in plasma, Alfvén waves in plasma, dust acoustic waves in plasma, soliton waves in plasma, shallow-water gravity waves, internal waves in the atmosphere and ocean, waves in bubbly fluids, acoustic waves in an inharmonic crystal etc.


Security of some present-day public-key cryptosystems is based on computational complexity of some numbertheoretical problems. Two of these problems are used most often: the integer factorization problem and the discrete logarithm problem. These problems ensure the security of the RSA and ElGamal cryptosystems, as well as of the corresponding digital signature schemes [1] .

These problems ensure the security of the RSA and ElGamal cryptosystems, as well as of the corresponding digital signature schemes.


In keeping with literature, ICU's are known to provide the highest risk for nosocomial infection. The elevated risk of MRSA within the ICU is most likely to be due to the preselected cohort of patients with a larger number in risk factors and comorbidities [6] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] ). Other factors involve the increased inpatient time, the use of invasive devices, high prevalence of multiresistant bacteria and increased use of antibiotics [40] , [41] , [42] . Genotyping of MRSA strains on ICU showed RheineHessen-(ST 5), Barnim-(ST 22) and South German (ST 228) strains (Table 3) , representing three of the four most common types in Germany. Horizontal infection was only seen in a minority of cases. Persistence of MRSA on the ward was observed independently of patient contacts. This highlights the importance of Panton-ValentineLeukozidin and the relationship of staff and medical equipment [12] , [24] .

The elevated risk of MRSA within the ICU is most likely to be due to the preselected cohort of patients with a larger number in risk factors and comorbidities,,,,).

Other factors involve the increased inpatient time, the use of invasive devices, high prevalence of multiresistant bacteria and increased use of antibiotics.

This highlights the importance of Panton-ValentineLeukozidin and the relationship of staff and medical equipment.


In previous studies, only a real power assignment process has been considered due to the uncertainty regarding the environmental characteristics [11] . These considerations mean that the control logic of each generation system focuses only on the basic voltage reliability at each integration point (no responsibility for reactive power reserve) [12] . However, the HGS has unique characteristics in terms of the grid code because all requirements for the distribution system would be applied to the connection point of HGS as a single generation system. The previous active power assignment methods usually applied on wind farms are not suitable for HGS because the composition of the two systems somewhat differ. Therefore, novel power assignment methods should be developed to make not only the control topology meets the specially designated grid codes but also the entire system improves own power efficiency. This paper deals with a power assignment plan based on the composed real time monitoring system. By considering the output profile of the HGS, the optimized reactive power assignment process will be built to reduce the entire system loss. The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 describes the principles of HGS and the related management system. Section 3 explains the proposed optimization algorithm for minimizing system loss. Section 4 gives a verification process with the composed EMTDC simulation and Section 5 shows the arrangement of the proposed method and application process.

In previous studies, only a real power assignment process has been considered due to the uncertainty regarding the environmental characteristics.

These considerations mean that the control logic of each generation system focuses only on the basic voltage reliability at each integration point (no responsibility for reactive power reserve).


In the case of the wave-offshore hybrid generation system (HGS), the configuration is suitable to increase the whole generation capacity with a number of distribution generators and the combined generation system can resolve the reliability issues of renewable sources [6] . In the current state of HGSs, several permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbines and permanent magnetic synchronous linear generator (PMSLG) wave generation systems have been built on a designed offshore platform, sharing various pieces of electrical equipment [7] . The electrical system's blueprint has almost been prepared but the optimized control logic has not yet been developed. General power control methods are available, but assigning an equivalent portion to several generation systems is counted as an inefficient solution. The HGS is intended to adopt a real time state monitoring system including power flow management, which can handle the power flow on a real time basis. The ongoing development of the central control algorithm would focus the utilization of the measured state of each system and find an optimal solution for the system's life cycle and operation efficiency. These countermeasures should include a wake effect analysis of wind turbines for considering active power efficiency and reliability, which are the main concerns of transmission and system operators (TSOs). Moreover, this type of large-scale generation system is responsible for reactive power support for the connected power grid, and integration of reactive/voltage management system to the conversion process is mandatory for utility grid. The most common distribution systems which have the reactive power supplying capability are the voltage source converter (VSC) interfaced generation system as mentioned in previous studies [8] . Active support by reactive power with VSC system has been continuously studied based on real/reactive power decoupled control considering own capability limitation [9, 10] . An appropriate power flow management method by dealing with the above-mentioned issues is also considered as the final control form of HGS to offer a more appropriate required ancillary service for utility power grids.

In the case of the wave-offshore hybrid generation system (HGS), the configuration is suitable to increase the whole generation capacity with a number of distribution generators and the combined generation system can resolve the reliability issues of renewable sources.

In the current state of HGSs, several permanent magnetic synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbines and permanent magnetic synchronous linear generator (PMSLG) wave generation systems have been built on a designed offshore platform, sharing various pieces of electrical equipment.

The most common distribution systems which have the reactive power supplying capability are the voltage source converter (VSC) interfaced generation system as mentioned in previous studies.

Active support by reactive power with VSC system has been continuously studied based on real/reactive power decoupled control considering own capability limitation.


The growing interest in energy preservation in all industrial sectors has recently motivated the need to find sustainable technical solutions to reduce energy consumption. Nowadays, renewable energy sources are developed based on a geographically wide area and usually generate requirements for a management system to handle the entire system more appropriately [1] . Consequently, regarded industry areas have promoted the development of total control solutions, such as wind farm management systems, improving not only the mechanical conditions, but also the power control flexibility for the system operator [2, 3] . In the case of the offshore generation industry, structural designs and integration studies have progressed by considering several different distribution systems including energy storage systems (ESSs) for increasing the reliability of the entire system's output profile [4, 5] . Among these systems, an integrated system with various distribution sources, which is composed of an offshore cluster with some wind generators, has been receiving attention. These configurations have advantages in terms of efficiency as well as available energy quantity and, can lead to the reduction of construction costs by minimizing the related electrical systems.

Nowadays, renewable energy sources are developed based on a geographically wide area and usually generate requirements for a management system to handle the entire system more appropriately.

Consequently, regarded industry areas have promoted the development of total control solutions, such as wind farm management systems, improving not only the mechanical conditions, but also the power control flexibility for the system operator.

In the case of the offshore generation industry, structural designs and integration studies have progressed by considering several different distribution systems including energy storage systems (ESSs) for increasing the reliability of the entire system's output profile.


Maintenance errors occur due to inadequate, incorrect, or infrequent actions of maintenance personnel. Cause-effect analysis of human error with the highest risk degree during the performance of mining machines' maintenance operations enables the division of the main causes (cause of the first level) into less significant causes [6] . Furthermore, this analysis enables the visual presentation of revealed causes and an overview of their inter-connection.

Cause-effect analysis of human error with the highest risk degree during the performance of mining machines' maintenance operations enables the division of the main causes (cause of the first level) into less significant causes.


Every human-made product has a limited working life. Therefore, maintenance activities are important to achieve the necessary reliability of human-made products and complex production systems. The complexity of maintenance in modern mining systems is based on the combination and use of various resources and the characteristics of the dynamic environment in which they exist. Maintenance is usually categorised into preventive, corrective, and predictive types [1] . Maintenance extends the working life of machines, thus improving the cost efficiency of the system. The inspection and evaluation of machines' failure frequency can help to avoid large accidents [2, 3] .

Maintenance is usually categorised into preventive, corrective, and predictive types.

The inspection and evaluation of machines' failure frequency can help to avoid large accidents.


The final scores of overall QoL and of each domain are calculated by a syntax that considers the answers for each question that composes the domain, resulting in final scores on a scale from 4 to 20 [19, 20] . The average score for each facet was calculated and subsequently the average score for each of the 4 domains, as well as the overall QoL. Both descriptive statistics and evaluations of central tendency were employed. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to identify relationships between pain intensity, QoL domains, and facets. Afterwards, multiple linear regressions were performed to verify the influence of pain intensity in each facet. The internal consistency of the WHOQOL-bref for questions and domains was evaluated using Cronbach's reliability coefficient. Data analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 13.0 with significance level set at ≤ 0.05.

The final scores of overall QoL and of each domain are calculated by a syntax that considers the answers for each question that composes the domain, resulting in final scores on a scale from 4 to 20.


An UPGMA Cluster Analysis on Euclidian Distance was undertaken to evaluate the similarity among shrimp population from different localities. Cluster analysis is a technique that classifies sampling units into a small number of homogenous clusters. In cluster analysis, the true number of clusters is not known and part of the analysis is to identify the number of clusters (MANLY, 1994; FOWLER et al., 1998) .

In cluster analysis, the true number of clusters is not known and part of the analysis is to identify the number of clusters.


A Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was run to test the effectiveness of the selected ratios in predicting different group locations. The DFA calculates linear combinations of variables that maximize differences between groups which were classified a priori. The problem that is addressed with DFA is how distinct the separation of two or more groups of individuals or localities (MANLY, 1994; FOWLER et al., 1998) .

The problem that is addressed with DFA is how distinct the separation of two or more groups of individuals or localities.


Intracellular bacteria of the genus Wolbachia in the family Rickettsiaceae are known to infect a wide variety of arthropods. The genus includes three described species, W. pipientis, W. persica and W. melophagi (O'Neill et al., 1997b) . The type species W. pipientis is a fastidious obligate intracellular organism, causing reproductive alterations including cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, feminization and male killing in its arthropod hosts (O'Neill et al., 1997a; Stouthamer et al., 1999) .

The genus includes three described species, W. pipientis, W. persica and W. melophagi.

The type species W. pipientis is a fastidious obligate intracellular organism, causing reproductive alterations including cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, feminization and male killing in its arthropod hosts.


A number of disease-related factors have been found to affect quality of life (QoL) in children with SCD such as vulnerable socioeconomic status, age of the patient by physical manifestations of SCD notably in the form of abnormal sexual and physical development, type of pathology, family support, beliefs and values [5] . The clinical conditions such as pain, fever, skin redness, swelling, and history of blood transfusion are significant predictors of lower HRQoL in children with sickle cell disease [5] . Swelling has been documented to negatively affect to physical function, vitality, social function, bodily pain, and general health [5] .

A number of disease-related factors have been found to affect quality of life (QoL) in children with SCD such as vulnerable socioeconomic status, age of the patient by physical manifestations of SCD notably in the form of abnormal sexual and physical development, type of pathology, family support, beliefs and values.

The clinical conditions such as pain, fever, skin redness, swelling, and history of blood transfusion are significant predictors of lower HRQoL in children with sickle cell disease.

Swelling has been documented to negatively affect to physical function, vitality, social function, bodily pain, and general health.


Digital holographic displays use the diffraction effect from a recording medium to reconstruct the 3D objects. It is an advanced technology that can replay 3D objects with full color and wide depth cues, without using any glasses [1] . However, the reconstruction image from the hologram contains heavy obstacles due to white noise and speckle noise [2] . To solve this problem, we need proper filter algorithm and clearly experimental setup when replaying the hologram.

It is an advanced technology that can replay 3D objects with full color and wide depth cues, without using any glasses.

However, the reconstruction image from the hologram contains heavy obstacles due to white noise and speckle noise.


As in the case of deterministic fields, it can be expected that differential forms may lead to a better understanding of stochastic electromagnetic fields. Within this work, we take advantage of differential form representation for the modeling of noisy processes. Noise is an inevitable perturbation in wireless communication scenarios. While noise is a stochastic process also interfering signals originating from deterministic processes may have to be treated as quasi-stochastic signals due to lack of knowledge or the prohibitive complexity to model the deterministic process. Accurate noise modeling is crucial with respect to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), electromagnetic interference (EMI), and signal integrity (SI) considerations for the design of electronic components and systems. A careful modeling of noisy processes and stochastic electromagnetic fields shows also potential to improve wireless-and on-chip communication (Nossek et al., 2013) .

A careful modeling of noisy processes and stochastic electromagnetic fields shows also potential to improve wireless-and on-chip communication.


Many examples of Riemannian manifolds and Lie groups equipped with leftinvariant minimal unit vector fields are provided ( [1] , [2] , [3] , [5] , [6] , [12] , [13] ). But there are very few manifolds on which we know all the minimal unit vector fields. Even for almost examples of the Lie groups, not all the left-invariant minimal unit vector fields are provided but only some of them are found to be minimal.

Many examples of Riemannian manifolds and Lie groups equipped with leftinvariant minimal unit vector fields are provided (,,,,,,).


The potential for the different subtests to discriminate between healthy and INPH patients is demonstrated in Figure 3 , which demonstrates impaired performance on all tests compared to healthy controls. Additionally, it is evident that the interquartile ranges for healthy and INPH patients are non-overlapping in all tests but the Trail making test B. Delayed recall being the most impaired test is in line with previous studies comparing healthy and INPH-patients [15] . There were significantly more men and colorblind patients in the INPH group. Male gender was associated with a faster response in the two choice reaction time test. Adjusting for this variable the result would still hold.

Additionally, it is evident that the interquartile ranges for healthy and INPH patients are non-overlapping in all tests but the Trail making test B. Delayed recall being the most impaired test is in line with previous studies comparing healthy and INPH-patients.


The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: we will start with a brief overview of an end-to-end wireless video streaming system in Section 2. Next, we will introduce the various features available in H.264/AVC to support temporal scalability and bit stream switching in Section 3. We will present suitable encoding solutions for these features and develop an abstract framework for describing video streaming over arbitrary VBR channels. Section 4 then deals with a specific class of VBR channels, which result from including a wireless link in the end-to-end transmission chain. We will discuss several mathematically tractable models of different complexity to describe the influence of wireless links on packet transmission. For the system considered in this work, namely EGPRS, we will propose a relatively simple, yet sufficiently accurate description of the channel characteristics. In Section 5, we will integrate the previously developed concepts into an optimized decision making strategy for the selection of frames and versions in a wireless streaming scenario. Experimental results for H.264/AVC video streaming over EGPRS links will demonstrate the applicability of our strategy in Section 6. The paper concludes with some general remarks and a summary of future work topics. Figure 1 shows a simplified wireless streaming system, which usually consists of an end-to-end connection between a media streaming server and a client. The latter requests preencoded data stored at the server to be streamed to the end user. The client buffers the incoming data and starts with decoding and presentation of the reconstructed video sequence after some initial delay. Once playback has started, a continuous presentation of the sequence should be guaranteed. For CBR channels with constant delay successful play out can be guaranteed by encoding and streaming of the video sequence such that the resulting bit stream contains a leaky bucket [10] .

For CBR channels with constant delay successful play out can be guaranteed by encoding and streaming of the video sequence such that the resulting bit stream contains a leaky bucket.


In all cases, combining a better understanding of the structure of the moment equations together with better-performing algorithms, software implementations and hardware platforms, should allow determining rules of increasingly high degree. This appendix lists all the computed cubature rules of quality PI and NI that are not listed in the Encyclopedia of Cubature Formulas (Cools, 2003) . For each rule we first list the degree d, the number of points n p , the rule type and the rule quality. We then provide a list of the orbits, where the first column is the number of points in the orbit, the second is the weight for each integration point and the last three columns are the areal coordinates defining a point in the orbit.

This appendix lists all the computed cubature rules of quality PI and NI that are not listed in the Encyclopedia of Cubature Formulas.


The results presented in this paper could be improved in various directions. Different control laws for linear and rotational actuators which yield integrable stance dynamics could be developed and the performances of such control laws could be analyzed. The proposed control law could be utilized for motion planning due to its computational advantages (as a result of its analytic nature) as well as additional actuator in the proposed model supports adjusting leg placement for optimizing stability and energy efficiency for different terrains [25] . Finally, different feedback controllers could be pursued to regulate the running gaits on different terrains.

The proposed control law could be utilized for motion planning due to its computational advantages (as a result of its analytic nature) as well as additional actuator in the proposed model supports adjusting leg placement for optimizing stability and energy efficiency for different terrains.


In fact, the deformation and failure of rock are forms of energy-driven instability. At present, the research on the energy evolution characteristics during the process of deformation and failure of rock is insufficient. Especially, the influences of the confining pressure on energy input, storage, and dissipation need further studies [14, 15] . In this paper, uniaxial and triaxial compression tests were conducted with sandstone samples depending on the water contents and confining pressure to investigate the mechanical properties and energy evolution characteristics.

Especially, the influences of the confining pressure on energy input, storage, and dissipation need further studies.


Main chemical components During storage, rice quality is greatly affected by moisture content. The higher the amount of moisture, the faster the rate of quality deterioration. Therefore, the moisture content of rice should be kept at a safe level. Aside from storage, moisture content is also an important factor for milling characteristics, processing, and sensory quality of rice (Juliano et al., 1981) . As shown in Table 2 , the Vietnamese rice varieties have moisture content ranging from 12.8-15.2% while those of the Japanese rice varieties range from 13.8-14.4%. All the samples were therefore suitable for storage.

Aside from storage, moisture content is also an important factor for milling characteristics, processing, and sensory quality of rice.


Water management and optimisation is considered to be one of the most important issues to be resolved as water demand and availability vary significantly from year to year (Kondili et al. 2010) . Resulting from declining and increasingly variable surface water supply and growing water demand, many urban water utilities are contemplating or have already made additional investments in less rain dependent supply sources (Gao et al. 2014) . This paper addresses the research question of determining the combination of rain dependent and rain independent water sources that most efficiently provides water security for a growing urban city. A Systems Dynamics Modelling approach which combines economic, social and environmental variables has been used to explore the sensitivity of water planning to specific variables. The Systems Dynamics Model provides a robust platform for demonstrating interactions between various factors over time (Sahin et al. 2014a; Sahin et al. 2014b) .

Water management and optimisation is considered to be one of the most important issues to be resolved as water demand and availability vary significantly from year to year.

Resulting from declining and increasingly variable surface water supply and growing water demand, many urban water utilities are contemplating or have already made additional investments in less rain dependent supply sources.

The Systems Dynamics Model provides a robust platform for demonstrating interactions between various factors over time.


In this work we consider wave energy transport through uncertain two-dimensional domains in the high-frequency ray limit, which leads to a stochastic velocity field driving the energy transport. We discuss the propagation of these uncertainties using stochastically smoothed transfer operators [9, [12] [13] [14] . These operators propagate densities along stochastic ray trajectories, where both the arrival position of the ray and the nature of its reflection at the boundary will be considered as uncertain. Physically, these uncertainties may be due to an uncertain boundary geometry, including rough boundary scattering, or propagation through media with random inhomogeneities. This gives rise to both uncertain ray trajectories and uncertainties in the reflected direction, leading to probabilistic positions and momenta. Typically, the mean transported position and reflected direction relate to those of the underlying deterministic ray flow with specular reflections.

We discuss the propagation of these uncertainties using stochastically smoothed transfer operators.


NAFLD is one of the most common liver diseases. NAFLD is associated with obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. In general, lipid metabolism and accumulation in hepatocytes leads to hepatic steatosis, the first step of NAFLD. NAFLD can progress to NASH, advanced hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis [39, 40] . The present study dealt with the steatosis stage of NAFLD in an animal model. We confirmed the potential of CLW to prevent the steatosis. Further study with human subjects is necessary for safe administration with potent efficacy.

NAFLD can progress to NASH, advanced hepatic fibrosis, and cirrhosis.


Expression levels of CPT-1 and PPAR-α, well-known regulators of fatty acid β-oxidation, were significantly increased in the CLW groups. CPT-1 is inhibited by malonyl-CoA, which is produced by ACC [36] . PPAR-α, the main factor for regulating β-oxidation, can potentially prevent NAFLD [37] . Up-regulations of CPT-1 and PPAR-α by supplementation with CLW suggest that CLW contributes to decreasing β-oxidation, resulting in the inhibition of lipid accumulation in hepatocytes.

CPT-1 is inhibited by malonyl-CoA, which is produced by ACC.

PPAR-α, the main factor for regulating β-oxidation, can potentially prevent NAFLD.


Rapid progresses in the field of gene-based technology, such as DNA vaccination or gene therapy, require large quantities (milligrams or grams) of clinical-grade plasmid [28] . Large-scale production and purification of plasmid is usually a result of combination and optimization of several unit operations. In the present study, we developed a scalable and reproducible production process by combining common unit operations such as alkaline lysis, precipitation, endotoxin removal and column chromatography. The industrial production process proved to be efficient in manufacturing hundreds of milligrams of clinical-grade anti-caries DNA vaccine, pGJA-P/ VAX.

Rapid progresses in the field of gene-based technology, such as DNA vaccination or gene therapy, require large quantities (milligrams or grams) of clinical-grade plasmid.


Here also, the oscillator states give exponentially suppressed contributions. The contribution of the massive oscillator states remains finite at the critical point, as the fluxes modify and effectively reduce the density of thermally excited massive oscillator states. In most cases, the contribution of the massive oscillator states never dominates over the thermally excited massless states due to asymptotic supersymmetry [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] .

In most cases, the contribution of the massive oscillator states never dominates over the thermally excited massless states due to asymptotic supersymmetry.


Observational evidence strongly supports that during an early cosmological era, the matter content of the Universe was in (near) thermal equilibrium, with very high temperature. If the degrees of freedom are to be described by a set of local quantum fields, such a state results in a singular cosmology. Indeed, if we follow the cosmological evolution backward in time, using Einstein's gravity field equations, we are driven to the initial curvature singularity [1] .

Indeed, if we follow the cosmological evolution backward in time, using Einstein's gravity field equations, we are driven to the initial curvature singularity.


Through works of scientific researchers, people have realized that the CPG can generate rhythmic movements. In order to represent the CPG and generate required signals, several nonlinear oscillators that are coupled together have been developed, such as the Hopf Rayleigh, Van del Pol, and Matsuoka oscillators [1] [2] [3] . Due to their simplicity and effectiveness, these CPG models have widely been used in robot control and motion simulation of human [4] [5] [6] .

In order to represent the CPG and generate required signals, several nonlinear oscillators that are coupled together have been developed, such as the Hopf Rayleigh, Van del Pol, and Matsuoka oscillators.

Due to their simplicity and effectiveness, these CPG models have widely been used in robot control and motion simulation of human.


A control strategy is also established assuming a linear power take-off mechanism. In particular, a control algorithm is developed for the device based on Pontryaguin Maximum Principle [11] . It is concluded that damping control should be of the on-off kind except for singular arcs.

In particular, a control algorithm is developed for the device based on Pontryaguin Maximum Principle.


In the initial steps of the numerical modelling of a device a frequency domain analysis is frequently used, as in the case of Searev [6] . This applies also to arrays of devices [7] . In the present paper, frequency-domain analysis is initially applied to the two-body wave energy device, consisting of a toroidal buoy and a set of two cylinders, one floating and another completely submerged, rigidly connected to each other. This approach proved to be particularly useful in the tuning of the device for specific frequencies of the spectrum, namely as far as characteristic power take-off coefficients are concerned.

In the initial steps of the numerical modelling of a device a frequency domain analysis is frequently used, as in the case of Searev.

This applies also to arrays of devices.


Despite these reported benefits, we found that few ICUs had open visitation policies and they were more commonly located in small hospitals. Where ICUs had restrictive policies, we found wide variability in practice. Besides broad regional differences in ICU policies, other hospital characteristics were not strongly associated with the number of visitation restrictions. Instead, policies appeared to be distributed among hospitals without a clear pattern and probably reflect historical practices rather than evidence-driven decision-making [4] . Recent studies suggest that ICUs are actively rethinking their visitation policies to move towards more liberal visitation policies -a shift in the United States that has been supported by healthcare accreditation and regulatory agencies including the Joint Commission and the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services among others [4, 8, 49] .

Instead, policies appeared to be distributed among hospitals without a clear pattern and probably reflect historical practices rather than evidence-driven decision-making.

Recent studies suggest that ICUs are actively rethinking their visitation policies to move towards more liberal visitation policies -a shift in the United States that has been supported by healthcare accreditation and regulatory agencies including the Joint Commission and the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services among others.


Patient based outcome measures, such as VAS for pain and the ODI, are principally used to measure response to a treatment between two set time points usually pre and postintervention [3] . The acute presentation of CES precluded pre intervention outcome measures in our multicentre study. However, we have measured these outcomes at two timepoints post-operatively and there was no statistically significant difference between early and late follow up for each of the measured outcomes. Our results, like others, show persisting back pain, sciatica and disability to be an ongoing problem post-decompression [20] .

Patient based outcome measures, such as VAS for pain and the ODI, are principally used to measure response to a treatment between two set time points usually pre and postintervention.

Our results, like others, show persisting back pain, sciatica and disability to be an ongoing problem post-decompression.


In the 20 th century Greenland experienced two great transitions, the first from seal hunting to a cod fishery, and then from cod to a shrimp fishery. Both affected the human population centres and the economy of West Greenland (Hamilton et al., 2000) . The economic transitions reflected large-scale shifts in the underlying marine ecosystems, driven by interactions between climate and human resource use.

Both affected the human population centres and the economy of West Greenland.


The parametric Shewhart control charts measure a quality statistics of interest (x) for the normal (or assumed to be normal) distribution process with the mean  x and the standard deviation  x , within the control limits  x  L x where L is the distance from the center line (Montgomery, 2013) . The statistics L corresponds to the Type I error probability () in hypothesis testing. Parametric tests, statistical tests for population parameters such as means, variances, and proportions, involve assumptions from which the samples are selected. One assumption is that these populations are normally distributed and the sample of parametric tests is Z test, t test, and the F test. However, a branch of statistics known as nonparametric statistics or distribution-free statistics is used when the population from which samples are drawn do not follow a normal distribution or normality cannot be met. The nonparametric tests are the sign test, the Wilcoxon rank sum test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the runs test, and so on (Bluman, 1998) . In many statistical quality control and operations, the processes may have no prior knowledge of the underlying distribution or have not much data available to justify parametric assumptions especially in the start-up period. Therefore, normality is the exception rather than the rule and the assumption of normality is often not justified in the statistical practice especially in the field of health sciences (Neuhäuser, 2012) . Apart from distribution-based procedures, a nonparametric model is the one in which no assumption is made about the process distribution. The only assumption made about the observations is the independence and identical distribution (i.i.d.) from an arbitrary continuous distribution. The nonparametric tests can be used when the conditions of the normality neither are met nor realizable by transformations. However, a transformation might solve a problem and, at the same time, it can deliver to another (Neuhäuser, 2012) . The nonparametric tests are also used when the sample sizes are very small and violate the central limit theorem. The current computing power leads to the need for monitoring many simultaneous variables without restriction on the assumption of their probability distribution (Bersimis et al., 2007) . Using the nonparametric tests, the knowledge of the precise form of the population distribution is unnecessary.

The parametric Shewhart control charts measure a quality statistics of interest (x) for the normal (or assumed to be normal) distribution process with the mean  x and the standard deviation  x , within the control limits  x  L x where L is the distance from the center line.

The nonparametric tests are the sign test, the Wilcoxon rank sum test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the runs test, and so on.

Therefore, normality is the exception rather than the rule and the assumption of normality is often not justified in the statistical practice especially in the field of health sciences.

However, a transformation might solve a problem and, at the same time, it can deliver to another.

The current computing power leads to the need for monitoring many simultaneous variables without restriction on the assumption of their probability distribution.


In a distribution free inference, whether for testing or estimation, the methods are based on functions of the observation, which do not depend on the specific distribution function of the population from which the sample is drawn (Gibbons, 1971) . Based on the definition of the distribution-free control chart, the in control average run length (ARL 0 ) is available for every underlying process distribution (Bakir, 2001) . While parametric tests are based on mean, the symmetric discrete distribution of the nonparametric statistics which leads to the nonparametric tests concentrate on median (the value at the center of the process distribution).

In a distribution free inference, whether for testing or estimation, the methods are based on functions of the observation, which do not depend on the specific distribution function of the population from which the sample is drawn.

Based on the definition of the distribution-free control chart, the in control average run length (ARL 0 ) is available for every underlying process distribution.


The infrared absorption of as it is and ion-irradiated kyanite samples have been studied. The results revealed the presence of silicates and water even before irradiation of these samples. The characteristic absorption bands of Al-O and Si-O are found to reduce with increase of ion uence. The reduction in IL intensity near 775 and 875 nm and PL intensities in the range 700 -900 nm in the present studies might be attributed to Al-O and Si-O bonds. Also, the variation in PL and IL intensity in crystalline and pelletized form of kyanite are attributed to physical nature of the sample. The sharp PL emission peaks present in both forms of kyanite samples (I and III) are attributed to Fe 3+ as the same is detected from energy dispersion spectrum (EDS) and electron spin resonance (ESR) (Nagabhushana and Lakshminarasappa, 2002) . The irradiation e ects may lead to the restructuring of the surface chemical species because of the energy deposited through electronic loss during the process of swift heavy ion irradiation and, formation of ion-induced defects leading to nonradiative recombination centers. These two processes are simultaneous consequences of irradiation and they compete with each other. Enhancement or degradation in the PL and IL in the present studies might be due to the balance between these two e ects (Bhave et al., 1999) .

The sharp PL emission peaks present in both forms of kyanite samples (I and III) are attributed to Fe 3+ as the same is detected from energy dispersion spectrum (EDS) and electron spin resonance (ESR).

Enhancement or degradation in the PL and IL in the present studies might be due to the balance between these two e ects.


A more promise technique to measure the spectrum of planar quantum dots involves the use of the electrostatic force microscope with single-electron sensitivity (e-EFM) [42, 43] . Indeed, this technique is able to probe the spectrum of discrete energy levels of an electron from a quantum dot, even when they are shared by several degenerate states [42] . By adjusting the resonance frequency of a cantilever which motion modulates the charge state of a quantum dot junction, one can determine the tunneling rate of electrons across the junction.

A more promise technique to measure the spectrum of planar quantum dots involves the use of the electrostatic force microscope with single-electron sensitivity (e-EFM).

Indeed, this technique is able to probe the spectrum of discrete energy levels of an electron from a quantum dot, even when they are shared by several degenerate states.


In the final section, we compare our 3d setting and the standard 4d Immirzi parameter. Although they both come from the fact that there exists two bilinear forms on the Lie algebra sl(2, ), they turn out to be rather different effects on the phase space. While the 4d Immirzi parameter relates to a torsion squared term in the action, our 3d Immirzi parameter is as expected better compared to the θ-parameters for the topological Pontryagin and Euler classes given as squares of the curvature. This should be related to recent investigation on the effect of a θ parameter in canonical loop gravity [30] .

This should be related to recent investigation on the effect of a θ parameter in canonical loop gravity.


Like sense of touch in humans, it is desirable to have tactile arrays, or a coordinated group of distributed tactile sensors, with density and spatial distribution oftaxels (tactile elements) depending on the body site where the sensors are installed. In this sense, the sensors can be divided in two classes: one for the sites like fingertips that are involved in fine manipulation tasks and the other for the large area skin for safety/interaction etc. Whereas former requires a large number of taxels in a small space (-1 mm spatial resolution) and fast response (of the order of few milliseconds); such a constraint can be relaxed for the latter [6] . The work presented here, focuses on the development of tactile sensing arrays for fingertips. Considering the limited available space on the robot finger (-1 cm x 1 cm), miniaturization seems to be the solution for accommodating a large number of sensors. The same is also adopted in this work to develop tactile sensing arrays for the fingertips of humanoid robot iCub [8] .

Whereas former requires a large number of taxels in a small space (-1 mm spatial resolution) and fast response (of the order of few milliseconds); such a constraint can be relaxed for the latter.

The same is also adopted in this work to develop tactile sensing arrays for the fingertips of humanoid robot iCub.


The primary molecular abnormality of HS may affect several membrane proteins, such as spectrin, ankyrin, band 3 and, rarely, protein 4.2 [7] . These proteins are employed in the attachment of the cytoskeleton to the membrane integral domain, so any deficiency or dysfunction in them results in a loss of surface area and leads to spheroidal, osmotically fragile erythrocytes [8, 9] . It is impossible for these spherocytic, fragile erythrocytes to pass through the splenic sinusoids easily. Thus, these erythrocytes are selectively trapped in the spleen. Family history and typical clinical and laboratory findings make diagnosis easy, without requiring additional investigation [10] .

The primary molecular abnormality of HS may affect several membrane proteins, such as spectrin, ankyrin, band 3 and, rarely, protein 4.2.

These proteins are employed in the attachment of the cytoskeleton to the membrane integral domain, so any deficiency or dysfunction in them results in a loss of surface area and leads to spheroidal, osmotically fragile erythrocytes.

Family history and typical clinical and laboratory findings make diagnosis easy, without requiring additional investigation.


Obese women were also more likely to die following severe maternal morbidity in our analysis. The analysis was limited by missing data but the association of obesity with death was significant when the analysis was performed including only the group of women who died between 2006 and 2008, when the data were more complete, even after adjustment for the presence of pre-existing medical conditions. Obesity is an increasingly important public health problem throughout the developed world. Obese pregnant women generally require care from a wide range of health professionals, have more complex pregnancies and require more interventions [23] . They also need specific high weight capacity equipment which is not necessarily widely available [23] . Critical care, which may be urgently needed in cases of severe maternal morbidity, can be particularly challenging in obese women. Anatomic changes associated with obesity can lead to specific difficulties related to emergency intubation and mechanical ventilation or catheterization procedures [24] . Obesity has been clearly shown to impact on mortality and morbidity associated with other complications in pregnancy, for example in the context of the recent AH1N1 influenza pandemic [25, 26] . Together these data serve to reinforce the need to address the problem of obesity in pregnancy; a wider perception of the additional pregnancy risks associated with obesity may provide an additional incentive for obese women who are planning pregnancy to lose weight. Currently evidence on the risks or benefits of weight loss or maintenance during pregnancy, and the optimal methods to encourage weight loss prior to, during or following pregnancy is lacking, and there is an urgent need for further research in this area. In the interim, appropriate hospital facilities should be available for obese pregnant women, and their care should be carefully planned, involving the multidisciplinary team, in order to evaluate and prevent additional complications.

Obese pregnant women generally require care from a wide range of health professionals, have more complex pregnancies and require more interventions.

They also need specific high weight capacity equipment which is not necessarily widely available.

Anatomic changes associated with obesity can lead to specific difficulties related to emergency intubation and mechanical ventilation or catheterization procedures.

Obesity has been clearly shown to impact on mortality and morbidity associated with other complications in pregnancy, for example in the context of the recent AH1N1 influenza pandemic.


Intensification of clarification processes of the liquid phase due to the use of polymer flocculants is carried out at all stages of slime thickening and dewatering [3] . As a result of the destruction of already formed floccules during slime transportation from thickening to dewatering equipment in modern water and slime schemes reflocculation is carried out before each apparatus. Therefore, an important aspect of improving the economic performance of thickening process is to reduce the consumption of expensive flocculant used for intensification of water clarification process. This leads to the need to establish optimal conditions for flocculation that provide a strong enough aggregates that do not require reflocculation after transportation.

Intensification of clarification processes of the liquid phase due to the use of polymer flocculants is carried out at all stages of slime thickening and dewatering.


Coal slime is formed during coal mining and processing. It is a fine product with high ash content. The solid phase of slime of coal preparation plants is often a valuable mineral raw materials, and the liquid phase should be used in a closed system of water recycling. Local cleaning system of chemically contaminated waste water in order have been developed and implemented in modern coal preparation plants to create closed water and slime system [1] . An efficiency of enrichment operations and reduce of water losses for a plant depend on the quality of suspension separation in the thickener. Therefore, a closed cycle, used in coal preparation, presents particular requirements to the quality of solid-liquid separation in the thickener. In modern conditions one of the pressing problems in the practice of coal preparation is to improve the technics and technology of dewatering of coal polydisperse suspensions of small classes (fine silt, slime, flotation concentrate and others classes with a particle size 0-0.5 mm), formed at the preparation plants [2] .

Local cleaning system of chemically contaminated waste water in order have been developed and implemented in modern coal preparation plants to create closed water and slime system.

In modern conditions one of the pressing problems in the practice of coal preparation is to improve the technics and technology of dewatering of coal polydisperse suspensions of small classes (fine silt, slime, flotation concentrate and others classes with a particle size 0-0.5 mm), formed at the preparation plants.


In order to deal with cases in which the local equilibrium hypothesis fails, several theories usually englobed under the name extended irreversible thermodynamics have been developed. The common issue in all these extended irreversible thermodynamic theories is the inclusion of the non-local effects in the form of additional thermodynamic forces or, in some cases the addition of higher order terms in the gradients of the non-conserved properties. For example, if there is an uneven concentration distribution, this fact will induce mass transport. Mass transport as a non-equilibrium process will affect the whole thermodynamic description of the system, so that, for example its thermal diffusivity, its electrical conductivity and its heat capacity will change [18] .

Mass transport as a non-equilibrium process will affect the whole thermodynamic description of the system, so that, for example its thermal diffusivity, its electrical conductivity and its heat capacity will change.


As it is known linear irreversible thermodynamics involves an assumption in the form of the already mentioned local equilibrium hypothesis stating that the description of systems close to equilibrium depends just on a local field evaluation of equilibrium quantities. Notwithstanding this condition mode-coupling theory often includes non-local effects due to the presence of non-equilibrium phenomena in the form of viscous and diffusive modes [14] . These effects induce non-locality in space or time because of the presence of regions or domains. For example, in a system with concentration domains, mass diffusion occurs and so the concentration in one point is changing in time, thus this point is not on an equilibrium condition. If the concentration gradients are small, as is the case when the equilibrium state is almost reached, one can find regions in which the concentration field is almost homogeneous and, in this case the local equilibrium will be a good approximation. Of course, this is not the case if the system presents very large values of fluctuations, since the relaxation of these fluctuations will induce domains that will produce transport processes, violating the local equilibrium assumption.

Notwithstanding this condition mode-coupling theory often includes non-local effects due to the presence of non-equilibrium phenomena in the form of viscous and diffusive modes.


Factors playing role in stabilizing yield in tolerant genotypes like BL 1473 could not be fully elucidated by the study. This requires quantification of each component such as measurement of photosynthesis of spike, quantification of contribution from stems reserves and photosynthesis of leaf sheath and peduncles. Enhanced photosynthesis in residual green tissue of infected plants could compensate for the loss of photosynthesizing tissue due to the HLB pathogens. In a similar study in STB tolerant cultivar carbon fixation per unit of chlorophyll and per residual green leaf area of infected tolerant cultivar was higher than healthy plants (Zuckerman et al., 1997) . Further more there exists a possibility for high initial grain filling rates, and strong photosynthesis system with high chlorophyll content so that source is not limited in early season in spite of higher severity of HLB. However stem reserves was not found playing role in compensating yield loss due to STB in tolerant cultivar (Zuckerman et al., 1997) .

In a similar study in STB tolerant cultivar carbon fixation per unit of chlorophyll and per residual green leaf area of infected tolerant cultivar was higher than healthy plants.

However stem reserves was not found playing role in compensating yield loss due to STB in tolerant cultivar.


Biomarkers are complex molecular fossils derived from once living organisms and it can provide information on the organic source materials, environmental conditions during its deposition, the thermal maturity experienced by a rock or oil, and the degree of biodegradation. Studies on identification and quantification of biomarker compounds have obtained great importance for recognition and classification of crude oil source. Sterane and hopane biomarkers have great potential in helping to identify and allocate hydrocarbon sources [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .

Sterane and hopane biomarkers have great potential in helping to identify and allocate hydrocarbon sources.


Therefore pregnane (C 21 ) and honopregnane (C 22 ) which are the parts with small molecules of homologous alignment of sterane were found in the petroleum of the above mentioned oil field. It is said that pregnane and [15] . These hydrocarbons' amount in the petroleum of holes 19-14, 19-28 and 19-31 is relatively more than in petroleum of hole 19-34 so it means that the origin of the petroleum of these 3 three holes except 19-34 is relevant with sedimentary rocks which are rich in aluminum silicate. Tricyclicterpane amounted of 3% -15% was discovered from among class of hydrocarbons of terpane and contents of hopane and norhopane in the 4 holes of the petroleum were 44% -47.5%, 6% -8%, respectively. Homohopanes amount in hydrocarbons of terpane in the petroleum of the aforementioned 4 holes was accounted for 25% -35%. There was a constant decrease of homohopanes with C 32 -C 35 and each pair of epimers had plenty of (22-S)-epimers (Tables 2 and 4) . Processing level of Copyright © 2011 SciRes. ACES the petroleum of these 4 holes was considered as low because none of diahopanes was found in their component. Some gammaceranes (1.5% -3%) were found in the petroleum of holes 19-14, 19-28, 19-31 and 19-34 of Tamsagbulag oil field and this evidence shows characteristic of highly marine depositional conditions in the environment of ocean, sea and marshy lake.

It is said that pregnane and.