The green care farm is a new type of small-scale, homelike long-term care facility that has been developed in the Netherlands over the last few years. Green care farms combine agricultural with care activities and are aimed at involving residents in activities such as gardening, taking care of animals, household chores, and other types of activities that are incorporated into normal daily life [13] . In the Netherlands, there are over 1000 green care farms for a variety of client groups (e.g. people with psychological problems, learning disabilities, or addiction problems). Approximately 200 provide care for people with dementia.

Green care farms combine agricultural with care activities and are aimed at involving residents in activities such as gardening, taking care of animals, household chores, and other types of activities that are incorporated into normal daily life.


Eventually, of all participants studied, 37.1% had a poor level of knowledge and 62.9% had a good level of knowledge. Females demonstrated a higher level of knowledge more than males (P = 0.01). This finding was in agreement with Abdel Magied and Makki, 2004 who found that female respondents were far more knowledgeable about the negative consequences of FGM [14] .

This finding was in agreement with Abdel Magied and Makki, 2004 who found that female respondents were far more knowledgeable about the negative consequences of FGM.


As a result of institutional transition and rapid economic growth, transition economies are characterized by volatile and fast-changing industry environments (Li et al., 2008; Yiu and Lau, 2008) . According to the dynamic capability view, organizations need to continuously renew competences by configuring and transforming internal and external resources to address rapidly changing environments (Teece et al., 1997) . As such, it is important for firms to undergo an entrepreneurial transformation at the organizational level in order to adapt to the transitioning institutional environment and sustain competitiveness in the market. Corporate entrepreneurship refers to firm-level behavioral phenomena characterized by innovation, venturing, and strategic renewal (Zahra and Dess, 2001) . Research suggests that corporate entrepreneurship is the key for transition economy firms to revitalize resources and transform into market-oriented businesses that are ready to compete in the global economy (Hsu et al., 2014) . Based on the dynamic capability view, this study proposes that during institutional transition, the positive effects of resources obtained from political networking strategy on firm performance are channeled through the resource configuration and transformation process given by particular corporate entrepreneurial activities such as product innovation and organizational structure transformation. Therefore, the second goal of this research is to build and test a model that explicitly outlines the mediating process underlying the relationship between political networking strategy and firm performance in a transition economy.

As a result of institutional transition and rapid economic growth, transition economies are characterized by volatile and fast-changing industry environments.

According to the dynamic capability view, organizations need to continuously renew competences by configuring and transforming internal and external resources to address rapidly changing environments.

Corporate entrepreneurship refers to firm-level behavioral phenomena characterized by innovation, venturing, and strategic renewal.

Research suggests that corporate entrepreneurship is the key for transition economy firms to revitalize resources and transform into market-oriented businesses that are ready to compete in the global economy.


Snow forms an ecotone between a cold and unstable environment and warmer and more stable conditions under the snow. Snow cover of about 20 cm, defined as the "hiemal threshold", insulates soil and the subnivean space from fluctuations in air temperature (Aitchison, 1979a) . This enables several invertebrates to remain active below the snow and appear on the snow surface when temperatures are favourable to feed, copulate or migrate.

Snow cover of about 20 cm, defined as the "hiemal threshold", insulates soil and the subnivean space from fluctuations in air temperature.


In the present work, plasma NGAL mean levels were compared between group I (AKI grades II and III) and group II (no AKI and AKI grade I) ( Table II) . The results showed that there were highly significant differences in plasma NGAL levels between the groups; this significant difference started as early as 2 h after surgery (p < 0.0001), which reflects the potential role of plasma NGAL as an early biomarker in predicting AKI. The same results have been confirmed in many studies [12, 20, 21] .

The same results have been confirmed in many studies.


When representing the phase change coefficient as a function of the water content, a classical bell-shaped curve has always been observed (Bénet and Jouanna, 1982; Ruiz and Bénet, 2001; Lozano et al, 2008) . The phase change coefficient reaches a maximum around w = 7%, which is roughly the upper limit of the hygroscopic domain (Fig. 1) . Below this maximum, when hygroscopic effects become predominant, the intensity of solid-liquid interactions increases in the adsorbed water layers. The supplementary energy requires for water desorption decreases the phase change kinetics, leading to a lower phase change coefficient, L. Above this maximum, hygroscopic effects are negligible and the water is in a "free" state. As the water content increases, the phase change kinetics decreases since the liquid-gas interface is getting lower.

When representing the phase change coefficient as a function of the water content, a classical bell-shaped curve has always been observed.


The soil under investigation is a clayey silty sand, from the bank of the Hérault river (south of France). This soil is classified as SC-CL according to the USCS. The liquid and plastic limits are respectively 25% and 14.5%. Sand, silt and clay fraction are 72%, 18% and 10% respectively (Saix et al, 2000) . The organic matter content has been found to be negligible. The clayey fraction, although existing in a small proportion, plays a predominant role with respect to the water retention characteristics. This point is emphasized by the desorption isotherm that gives the water content as a function of the activity (Fig. 1) .

Sand, silt and clay fraction are 72%, 18% and 10% respectively.


Moreover, a natural soil is an extremely heterogeneous medium at multiple scales. The clayey fraction creates some very fine porous aggregates (≈0.1 µm) embedded in a larger heterogeneous structure made of sand grains (≈100 µm) (Mitchell, 1993) . With clayey silt at low water content, a double-porosity structure is often encountered (Delage et al, 1996) . In this situation, evaporation and condensation sites could be different and may explain the observed asymmetric behaviour.

The clayey fraction creates some very fine porous aggregates (≈0.1 µm) embedded in a larger heterogeneous structure made of sand grains (≈100 µm).

With clayey silt at low water content, a double-porosity structure is often encountered.


This phase change rate, J, is not equivalent to the microscale phase change flux since it encapsulates various microscale phenomena such as interfacial phase change, vapour diffusion, liquid surface diffusion, thermal conduction, ... However, the coupled behaviours of these multiple phenomena and their dependencies on the hygroscopic effects have not been clearly established. Therefore, developing a macroscopic phase change relation using an upscaling technique is out of reach since the microscopic problem is not well defined. An alternative is to address this issue by means of a macroscopic phenomenological approach and rely on the Thermodynamic of Irreversible Processes ideas. In this framework, the soil/water system is characterized by a phenomenological coefficient that must be determined experimentally. Previous experimental investigations have dealt with the evaporation of water and heptanes in a clayey silty sand (Bénet and Jouanna, 1982; Ruiz and Bénet, 2001; Lozano et al, 2008) . These works have clearly shown that the phase change rate in a hygroscopic soil is not infinite, and have underlined the influence of the liquid content, temperature and soil texture on the evaporation kinetics.

Previous experimental investigations have dealt with the evaporation of water and heptanes in a clayey silty sand.


Cochlea is a key organ in the inner ear which converts the mechanical waves of the incoming sound into electrical signals for the auditory nerves. Any damage in cochlea would result problems with the sensorineural connections in the inner ear and cause severe hearing loss. There are approximately 360 million people living with disabling hearing loss greater than 40 dB SPL (sound pressure level) as of 2015 [1] . Cochlear implants (CI) are used by such patients to bypass the damaged hair cells or other components of cochlea and directly stimulate the nerve cells. However, current state of the art CI systems have several drawbacks such as frequent battery replacement requirement or risk of external components damage under water. Fully implantable CI systems have the potential to eliminate many of the problems, but a reliable internal power source and an implantable acoustic sensor are the main bottlenecks. One alternative is powering the implant with the incoming acoustic wave using an energy harvester.

There are approximately 360 million people living with disabling hearing loss greater than 40 dB SPL (sound pressure level) as of 2015.


Vacuum is generally considered favourable for recovery and reuse of dissolved gases, however, sweep gas is energetically favourable as the driving force for separation. Several authors have now evidenced that sweep-gas mode can deliver sufficient gas-phase methane concentrations for re-use by reducing the G/L ratio toward G/L min (S factor ~1). Whilst this decreases single stage removal efficiency, it may present an economically attractive option for recovery. If further separation is needed, the reduction in efficiency can be compensated for through two-stage processing which has been advocated elsewhere (Matsuura et al., 2015) . Operating membrane contactors in transverse flow is also expected to improve single-stage processing through enhanced dispersion. High separation has been demonstrated below G/L min in transverse mode using combined sweep-vacuum.

If further separation is needed, the reduction in efficiency can be compensated for through two-stage processing which has been advocated elsewhere.


Pushing beyond linear scales also allows one to constrain parameters such as the growth of fluctuations, Eulerian bias and the brightness temperature. These parameters are degenerate in linear theory but non-linear clustering breaks the degeneracy from the auto-spectrum of the 21-cm signal only. Using our simulations, we show explicitly that the clustering in both real and redshift space responds to these parameters differently on mildy non-linear and smaller scales (Fig. 17) , lending support to perturbative treatments which reach a similar conclusion [7] .

Using our simulations, we show explicitly that the clustering in both real and redshift space responds to these parameters differently on mildy non-linear and smaller scales (Fig. 17) , lending support to perturbative treatments which reach a similar conclusion.


The study of the large-scale structure of the Universe promises to shed light on a wide variety of topics from theories of the early Universe to the formation and evolution of galaxies within the evolving cosmic web. The high redshift Universe, in particular, combines a large cosmological volume for precise statistical inference with a more linear density field which can be more reliably modeled and which is better correlated with the initial conditions. Accessing the high redshift Universe in 3D with a high enough density of tracers over a large fraction of the sky is, however, observationally challenging since the galaxies become fainter and their spectroscopic detection harder. In this regard intensity mapping has emerged as a promising means of efficiently mapping the high z Universe. Intensity mapping methods carry out a low resolution, spectroscopic survey to measure integrated flux from unresolved sources on large areas of sky at different frequencies. They capture the largest elements of the cosmic web and map out the distribution of matter in very large cosmological volumes in a fast and efficient manner, with good radial resolution [1] . Emission from cosmic neutral hydrogen (HI) offers one tracer to map out the Universe in such a way. The ground state of neutral hydrogen is split into two energy levels because of the spin-spin interaction between the electron and the proton and when the electron makes a transition from the higher energy level to the lower one, it emits a photon with the rest frame wavelength of 21 cm. This 21-cm signal provides an efficient way to probe the spatial distribution of neutral hydrogen, and hence the underlying dark matter from the local Universe to the dark ages [1, 2] .

They capture the largest elements of the cosmic web and map out the distribution of matter in very large cosmological volumes in a fast and efficient manner, with good radial resolution.

This 21-cm signal provides an efficient way to probe the spatial distribution of neutral hydrogen, and hence the underlying dark matter from the local Universe to the dark ages.


Preneoplastic nodules are represented by a wide variety of terminologies in the literature [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . The fact that the different criteria used for the diagnoses are not always equivalent or easily superimposed makes the comparison between studies difficult. In 1995, a consensus regarding the characterization and nomenclature of hepatocellular nodular lesions took place at the International Working Party (IWP) [6] . At that time, pathologists and hepatologists established morphological criteria to classify these lesions. In that meeting, the preneoplastic nodules were defined as low grade dysplastic nodules (LGDN) and high grade dysplastic nodules (HGDN), and regenerative nodules that measured over 5 mm diameter were named large regenerative nodules (LRN).

Preneoplastic nodules are represented by a wide variety of terminologies in the literature.

In 1995, a consensus regarding the characterization and nomenclature of hepatocellular nodular lesions took place at the International Working Party (IWP).


Compressor fouling causes 70-85% of the performance loss due to deterioration in gas turbines [1] . The degradation rate will be affected by site-specific conditions of the fouling and by engine operating conditions. A thorough review of engine performance deterioration mechanisms and modeling is given by Kurz and Brun [2] .

Compressor fouling causes 70-85% of the performance loss due to deterioration in gas turbines.

A thorough review of engine performance deterioration mechanisms and modeling is given by Kurz and Brun.


While there have been many strides in the field, current cardiac models still cannot capture the stochastic nature of the electrophysiological conduction system of the heart [24] . Nor can animal models [25] . As such, validation through human data, as we have done here, yields the most correlative results for clinical situations. In humans, noise in the form of sinus and ectopic beats is not uncommon, and can lead to misleading premature activations. This can lead to incorrect conclusions about the electrophysiological makeup of the ventricle while mapping using this unique paradigm. As such, a single source of data for analysis is often inadequate. Furthermore, catheter movement during data collection can simulate fractionation, while low contact can mimic regions of low voltage [26] . Our use of both surface ECG, and cardiac and catheter geometry helps account for this and greatly reduces its interference.

While there have been many strides in the field, current cardiac models still cannot capture the stochastic nature of the electrophysiological conduction system of the heart.

Nor can animal models.

Furthermore, catheter movement during data collection can simulate fractionation, while low contact can mimic regions of low voltage.


Ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs most commonly in patients with structural heart disease and can be associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) [1] . Conventional techniques such as Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (ICDs) are effective treatments for cardiomyopathy, and have been shown to reduce cardiovascular death and total mortality in patients with reduced ejection fraction after myocardial infarction [2] . However, ICDs play a limited role in that they only terminate VTs, not prevent them. Furthermore, ICD shocks can be painful for the patient; they increase mortality, and worsen quality of life [3] . Catheter ablation therapy has progressed significantly over the past few years and is now an important option to control recurrent VTs [1] . Catheter ablation can prevent recurrent VT without the need for long-term antiarrhythmic therapy, and reduce the need for ICD shocks [4] .

Ventricular tachycardia (VT) occurs most commonly in patients with structural heart disease and can be associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD).

Conventional techniques such as Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (ICDs) are effective treatments for cardiomyopathy, and have been shown to reduce cardiovascular death and total mortality in patients with reduced ejection fraction after myocardial infarction.

Furthermore, ICD shocks can be painful for the patient; they increase mortality, and worsen quality of life.

Catheter ablation therapy has progressed significantly over the past few years and is now an important option to control recurrent VTs.

Catheter ablation can prevent recurrent VT without the need for long-term antiarrhythmic therapy, and reduce the need for ICD shocks.


Our method expands on this by abbreviating the protocol and further extracting electrogram duration and deflections. Both of which have been independently shown to indicate possible ablation sites [28] [29] . A collaboration of these features is likely to be much more indicative of arrhythmogenic sites than any single feature alone.

Both of which have been independently shown to indicate possible ablation sites.


Since the silencer is in direct contact with high speed flow, it is susceptible to whistle noise generation. The mechanism of whistle noise is well explained by, for example, Radavich and Selamet [6] . Such narrow-band noise is so distinguishable that it may be audible outside the silencer. Thus, the final prototype is examined also in a flow bench at different flow rates to determine if it generates whistles. Following this introduction, Section 2 describes the prototypes and Section 3 introduces the BEM briefly as applied to the current silencer, and compares the predicted and measured results. The study is concluded in Section 4. Figure 1 shows the schematic of the three-chamber HR developed in this study. Each chamber incorporates four slots which are oriented primarily parallel to the main duct axis, 90° apart around the perimeter, and 0.09 cm in wall thickness. Each of these chambers acts as a cavity and the corresponding slots can be modeled as the neck of the resonator. Dimensions, including the overall length of the silencer (5.52 cm), and the inner (4.9 cm) and outer diameters (7.3 cm) of the chambers, are dictated by the space constraints in the vehicle. The chambers are fixed but slot dimensions are varied to tune the resonance frequencies as shown in the Table 1 . The thickness of walls (baffles) separating the chambers is 0.163 cm. The minimum target transmission loss is 15 dB in the frequency range of 1800 -2800 Hz, in the absence of mean flow at room temperature.

The mechanism of whistle noise is well explained by, for example, Radavich and Selamet.

The study is concluded in Section 4.


It could be suggested that the same game can create different experiences depending on the viewpoint through which the player sees the game world. First person POV allows the player to perceive the game through the eyes of the character, observing the world around them up close, giving a clear view of the scenery in front of them. This perspective is believed to provide the most immersive feel for the player [4, 16] .

This perspective is believed to provide the most immersive feel for the player.


The results of this study demonstrated that, in keeping with the hypotheses, perceived usefulness (PU) of the OBMS plays the major role in determining drivers' intention to use. Trust in the system was also a determinant of use intentions. However, contrary to the hypothesis, perceived ease of use (PEOU) had little effect on the intention to use, when accounting for both PU and trust. While the larger effect of PU compared to PEOU is in line with the TAM literature, the insignificance of PEOU is not . It is interesting to note that previous studies in the driving domain have found a greater effect of PEOU on BI, compared to PU (Chen & Chen, 2011; Xu, et al., 2010) . These conflicting results might be due to the differences among modeling frameworks (e.g., inclusion of trust, considering trust as a mediator of the effect of PU and PEOU on BI), as well as differences in the nature of the driving assistance systems and the context of their use.

It is interesting to note that previous studies in the driving domain have found a greater effect of PEOU on BI, compared to PU.


Few adaptations of the TAM have considered trust as a determinant of acceptance; however, those who have done so have found trust to be a determinant of intention to use. In the context of e-commerce and e-government, it has been shown that trust in the e-vendor can influence intentions to transact on a website (Carter & Bélanger, 2005; Pavlou, 2003) . However, these studies have considered trust in the provider more than the technology itself. In the context of driving, trust in the information provided by a traveler information system has been shown to directly affect acceptance (Xu, et al., 2010) . The present study confirms this result for the OBMS and shows that trust can play an important role along with the other determinants of acceptance.

In the context of e-commerce and e-government, it has been shown that trust in the e-vendor can influence intentions to transact on a website.

In the context of driving, trust in the information provided by a traveler information system has been shown to directly affect acceptance.


ILC aims to improve the transient response of systems operating repetitively over a fixed time interval. In contrast to non-learning controllers, which cause the same tracking errors in each pass, ILC uses existing error information from previous trials to modify the control signal for the next repetition. As control signals are computed off-line, non-causal signal processing such as forward shifting and zero-phase filtering can be employed. Hence, learning controllers can anticipate repeating disturbances and respond pre-emptively. This feature proves to be particularly valuable for plants subjected to rapid transient disturbances, which cannot be rejected well by traditional closed-loop controllers due to delays and limited bandwidth of the actuation system. Numerous ILC algorithms have been proposed, and design methods range from manual tuning of PD-type learning controllers to more systematic approaches based on quadratically optimal design and H ' synthesis [6] . Commonly, ILC performance is assessed by the asymptotic value of the tracking error after an infinite number of iterations, and most ILC concepts can be shown to yield satisfactory results. In practice, however, the transient learning behaviour, i.e. the reduction rate of the error magnitude during the first few iterations, is a more important performance criterion. Although monotonic convergence can usually be achieved, the convergence rate can be relatively slow especially with simple PD-type ILC algorithms. This is a major issue for destructive testing applications, considering that a specimen is destroyed during each test.

Numerous ILC algorithms have been proposed, and design methods range from manual tuning of PD-type learning controllers to more systematic approaches based on quadratically optimal design and H ' synthesis.


Syntactic categories represent groups of words that can be substituted for one another without altering the grammaticality of a sentence. Linguists identify syntactic categories based on semantic, syntactic, and morphological properties of words. There is also evidence that children use prosodic and phonological features to bootstrap syntactic category acquisition (Ambridge and Lieven, 2011) . However there is as yet no satisfactory computational model that can match human performance. Thus identifying the best set of features and best learning algorithms for syntactic category acquisition is still an open problem.

There is also evidence that children use prosodic and phonological features to bootstrap syntactic category acquisition.


This suggests the critical element of effective TEA is being able to discern the nuances between the affordances of specific technologies and how these can support assessment for learning. This involves educators making informed decisions about when and how technologies can enhance and transform learning and assessment practices throughout the assessment cycle, including devising authentic and engaging learning tasks, assessing performance and interpreting results, and using the information acquired to enhance further learning (Nicol, 2008) . These connections can become evident, and be supported, through the theoretical lens of the TPACK framework and the SAMR model, together with what is understood about good assessment and feedback practices (Nicol, 2009) .

This involves educators making informed decisions about when and how technologies can enhance and transform learning and assessment practices throughout the assessment cycle, including devising authentic and engaging learning tasks, assessing performance and interpreting results, and using the information acquired to enhance further learning.

These connections can become evident, and be supported, through the theoretical lens of the TPACK framework and the SAMR model, together with what is understood about good assessment and feedback practices.


Patients with acute renal failure were excluded. All the patients in the study were divided into five groups corresponding to the five stages of chronic kidney disease as follows: Group 1: GFR > 90; Group 2: GFR 90 -60; Group 3: GFR 30 -59; Group 4: GFR 15 -29 and group 5: GFR < 15 ml/min/1.73m 2 [2] . Data was analyzed using SPSS software.

All the patients in the study were divided into five groups corresponding to the five stages of chronic kidney disease as follows: Group 1: GFR > 90; Group 2: GFR 90 -60; Group 3: GFR 30 -59; Group 4: GFR 15 -29 and group 5: GFR < 15 ml/min/1.73m 2.

Data was analyzed using SPSS software.


In recent years, travel behaviors of university students have caught increasing attention among both researchers and policy makers [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . The related research is of significant theoretical and empirical importance. Firstly, since university students are expected to be more likely than the general public to frequently use all modes of travel, research of their travel behaviors could generate valuable knowledge for the development of multimodal transport systems. Secondly, universities are often large trip attractors and, therefore, optimizing students' travel behaviors may help reduce transportation-related infrastructure costs. Moreover, universities may set good examples for society with regard to promoting environmental awareness and encouraging good travel behaviors through education and other related measures [1, 3, 8] .

In recent years, travel behaviors of university students have caught increasing attention among both researchers and policy makers.

Moreover, universities may set good examples for society with regard to promoting environmental awareness and encouraging good travel behaviors through education and other related measures.


The main problem involving multi-criteria is often too complex for a decision-maker (Choi et al. 2012) . The assessment of selection of an efficient structural system is made with the help of the COPRAS-G method with the values expressed in intervals. The idea of the COPRAS-G method comes from real conditions of decision-making and from applications of the grey systems theory.

The main problem involving multi-criteria is often too complex for a decision-maker.


Electromagnetic inverse scattering problem has been extensively studied for years for its theoretical significations and widely applications in medical imaging, industrial diagnostics, remote sensing, application geophysics, etc. The aim of EM inverse scattering is to retrieve the support and dielectric properties of unknown objects in a finite region by illuminating them with electromagnetic field and measuring the induced field outside the region. Both the intensity and phase information of the induced field are needed. However, the phase measurement generally presents more considerable practical difficulties and non-negligible hardware cost as the working frequency increases. Also the phase is very sensitive to the probe shaking and tends to be easily corrupted by noise in high frequency (especially beyond 10 GHz). Recently, one of the research interests in EM inverse scattering problem is on how to solve the problem without the phase information of the measured field [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] .

Recently, one of the research interests in EM inverse scattering problem is on how to solve the problem without the phase information of the measured field.


If Request(Service Requester Service Provider) then Response(Service Provider  Service Requester). We will demonstrate the conceptualization of normal flow of events and alternate flows for the slightly modified case study example, which was analyzed by Jacobson and Ng [4] . In this example, the Reserve Room use-case is extended by the Handle Waiting List use-case. Both use-cases are represented in figure 2. The presented service requesters and service providers are actors. Actors are active concepts, which can only be motivated by a set of interaction dependencies that keep the enterprise system viable. Interaction dependency R(AB) indicates that actor A is an agent, which can perform action R on one or more recipients B. Interaction dependencies in the diagrams are graphically indicated by broken arrows. Broken arrows denote moving flows between actors such as information, decisions or materials. Actors are represented by square rectangles and actions are represented by ellipses. All actions are used to show the legal ways in which actors interact with each other. The first interaction loop (it is graphically represented in figure 3,a) cannot be executed without triggering the underlying interaction loop on the more specific granularity level ( figure 3,b) . The second interaction loop is initiated by the Hotel Reservation System.

We will demonstrate the conceptualization of normal flow of events and alternate flows for the slightly modified case study example, which was analyzed by Jacobson and Ng.


Behavioral and structural aspects of interactions can be analyzed in terms of their reclassification, creation or termination effects. When two subsystems interact one may affect the state of each other [15] . Structural changes of objects are defined in terms of object properties [16] . Interaction dependency R(AB) between two active concepts A and B indicates that A subsystem can perform action R on one or more B subsystems. An action typically manipulates properties of objects. Otherwise, this action is not purposeful. Property changes may trigger object transitions from one class to another. The behavioral effects of communication actions are expressed by using transition links (──) between various classes of objects. Reclassification of object can be defined in terms of communication action that is terminating an object in one class and creating it in another class. Sometimes, objects may pass several classes, and then they are terminated. Graphical notation of the reclassification construct is graphically represented in figure 4.

When two subsystems interact one may affect the state of each other.

Structural changes of objects are defined in terms of object properties.


We compared the performance of our method, using the parameters shown in Table 2 , with the deterministic algorithm K2 [4] . The K2 algorithm can be seen as a greedy heuristic. It starts by assuming that each node has no parents. Hence, for a given node, it incrementally adds the parent whose addition most increases the score of the resulting structure. It stops adding parents when the addition of a single parent cannot increase the overall score. This algorithm has a major drawback, which is to require a predefined ordering of the nodes. In our experiments, we used random permutations as input to K2. This algorithm also requires an upper-bound on the number of parents that a node may have. We set this value to ten. This is a reasonable value since none of the structures used in our experiments have a node with ten or more parents. Our implementation of the K2 algorithm is based on the Bayes Net Toolbox [11] .

We compared the performance of our method, using the parameters shown in Table 2 , with the deterministic algorithm K2.

We set this value to ten.

Our implementation of the K2 algorithm is based on the Bayes Net Toolbox.


The growth in systematic reviews has, in part, been born out of dissatisfaction of more traditional reviews, which tend to be descriptive and are seldom able to make sense of the collection of studies reviewed (Noblit & Hare, 1988) . It is not without limitations, however. Concerns have been raised over search, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and potential sources of bias including publication and language (Stern & Simes, 1997) . Although an extensive literature search was undertaken to identify all published studies, using only published data in the English language is acknowledged as a limitation. During the electronic and manual searches, however, a significant number of foreign-language studies did not emerge.

The growth in systematic reviews has, in part, been born out of dissatisfaction of more traditional reviews, which tend to be descriptive and are seldom able to make sense of the collection of studies reviewed.

It is not without limitations, however.

Concerns have been raised over search, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and potential sources of bias including publication and language.


Memories influence every aspect of our lives. It is considered to be the most basic and important operation of the brain, with very few cognitive processes (recognition, language, planning, etc.) being able to operate effectively without a contribution from it [1] . They are a significant part of our existence that can be shared anywhere and at any time. Reminiscing, over past experiences, is a substantial part of our lives.

It is considered to be the most basic and important operation of the brain, with very few cognitive processes (recognition, language, planning, etc.) being able to operate effectively without a contribution from it.


Fifth-generation (5G) networks are being developed to support dramatically increasing data traffic with various multimedia applications [1] . As more devices are embraced to connect everything, everywhere, and everyone, networks become dense with unprecedented rise of mobile traffic. In this context, device-to-device (D2D) communication, which relieves the burden of base stations (BSs), is an important feature for various types of mobile networks in the future cellular systems [2] [3] [4] . Through the D2D communication, wireless devices can constantly interact to each other as well as with their environments, which is the key 5G enabler for the Internet of Things (IoT) [5] [6] [7] . The D2D communications to create, gather, and share information involve various types of devices such as sensors, smartphones, cars, health care gadgets, and home appliances [8] .

Fifth-generation (5G) networks are being developed to support dramatically increasing data traffic with various multimedia applications.

In this context, device-to-device (D2D) communication, which relieves the burden of base stations (BSs), is an important feature for various types of mobile networks in the future cellular systems.

Through the D2D communication, wireless devices can constantly interact to each other as well as with their environments, which is the key 5G enabler for the Internet of Things (IoT).

The D2D communications to create, gather, and share information involve various types of devices such as sensors, smartphones, cars, health care gadgets, and home appliances.


Do people higher on self-criticism get more psychological benefit from selfinjury? At the present time we do not know. However, the possibility that NSSI provides a particularly appealing method of coping with emotional distress for people high on selfcriticism warrants attention in future research. Going forward, it will also be important to know, through longitudinal work, the extent to which self-criticism is a risk factor for the onset of NSSI. We already know from cross sectional studies, that people who engage in NSSI are more highly self-critical than people who do not engage in NSSI (Hooley et al., 2010; St. Germain & Hooley, 2012; Claes et al., 2011; Gilbert et al., 2010) . However, it is quite possible that high levels of self-criticism are a consequence of NSSI rather than an antecedent of NSSI and this warrants consideration. Arguing against this idea however, are unpublished data we obtained from a small sample (n=7) of people who reported serious and recurrent thoughts about NSSI but who had never actually engaged in the behavior. These NSSI ideators reported levels of self-criticism that were comparable to people who did engage in NSSI. Although preliminary, these findings thus suggest that high levels of self-criticism may predate rather than follow acts of nonsuicidal self-injury.

At the present time we do not know.

We already know from cross sectional studies, that people who engage in NSSI are more highly self-critical than people who do not engage in NSSI.


The role of the Technology Transfer Office varies depending on its type, for example, there are traditional university structured TTOs that are located within the university; private profit TTOs that are created directly by the university or indirectly by research foundations with more autonomy in licensing and compensation systems; and research non-profit foundation TTOs that tend to be independent and separate from the university structure with financial autonomy and in selecting the licensing strategy to implement it; their disadvantage is the difficulty of attracting capital and lack of market orientation because of their nonprofit status (Markman, et al., 2005) . This same study shows that 64% of TTOs support the creation of spin outs. Finally, some activities will depend more often than others on the model chosen. On the other hand, their efficiency and impact are measured by the number of technology-based companies created, negotiated licensing, collaboration agreements with companies, number of patents registered, and declarations of invention, among others. The literature indicates that international assessment and technology transfer issues are not novel, in some countries more than 40 years have been devoted to identifying potential technologies that penetrate the market.

The role of the Technology Transfer Office varies depending on its type, for example, there are traditional university structured TTOs that are located within the university; private profit TTOs that are created directly by the university or indirectly by research foundations with more autonomy in licensing and compensation systems; and research non-profit foundation TTOs that tend to be independent and separate from the university structure with financial autonomy and in selecting the licensing strategy to implement it; their disadvantage is the difficulty of attracting capital and lack of market orientation because of their nonprofit status.


In addition, our patient's lingual dystonia was induced or aggravated by speaking but not by chewing or swallowing. Indeed, we observed that involuntary tongue contractions aggravated on reading while they disappeared during oral-pharyngeal phases of swallowing on videofluoroscopy. The pattern generator in the brainstem for the tongue movement is controlled by the cortical projection. According to an intracortical microstimulation experiment using monkeys, the firing rates of electrodes recording neuronal activities in the tongue-representing cortical area are differentially modulated depending on the tasks of tongue protrusion or swallowing (Martin, Murray, Kemppainen, Masuda, & Sessle, 1997) . Thus, the cortical patterns of controlling oral motor activities may also be different between speech and non-speech tongue activities (Bunton, 2008) . Our patient showed clinical evidence of posture/task specific lingual dystonia and provides further evidence supporting for these experimental data.

According to an intracortical microstimulation experiment using monkeys, the firing rates of electrodes recording neuronal activities in the tongue-representing cortical area are differentially modulated depending on the tasks of tongue protrusion or swallowing.

Thus, the cortical patterns of controlling oral motor activities may also be different between speech and non-speech tongue activities.


The wearable medical devices (WMDs), which aim at collecting an individual's medical data unobtrusively and ubiquitously, are becoming more and more important and popular. With WMDs, the vital physiological parameters of a patient could be continuously and remotely collected from a few sensing nodes attached to his body, through wireless communication channels. Consequently, the patient's normal daily life is not disturbed by those annoying wired devices. In addition, with the collected data, the patient's health conditions could be monitored and medical professionals could react much more quickly and efficiently to some critical situation, such as a heart-attack. With the above mentioned advantages, the medical model is shifting from the traditional therapy-centered model to a pre-diagnose model at lower cost [1] .

With the above mentioned advantages, the medical model is shifting from the traditional therapy-centered model to a pre-diagnose model at lower cost.


Nevertheless, in contrast to the rigid instruction set of GPUs and CPUs, FPGA platform provides the freedom for bit-width optimization for specific function (Lee et al., 2006) . We analyzed the performance of our algorithms with different bit-width of data on our FPGA platform and found that the reduction of data bit-width proportionally reduced the execution time of our collision detection algorithm. The novel use of adjustable bit-width of FPGA platform on collision detection provides a scalable performance based on of requirement on precision and update rate, which is important for optimizing its functionality on robotassisted Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS).

Nevertheless, in contrast to the rigid instruction set of GPUs and CPUs, FPGA platform provides the freedom for bit-width optimization for specific function.


This "superconformal structure" amounts to an integrable reduction of the structure group of X. X then has a canonical holomorphic line bundleω, so we can define holomorphic p 2 -differentials as sections ofω p . We also get an analog of the Cauchy-Riemann operator, ∂, which can be used to define both the string action and actions for generalized first-order systems [3] . All in all, SRS show a remarkable formal similarity to ordinary Riemann surfaces, despite the fact that they cannot be thought of as having just one complex dimension.

We also get an analog of the Cauchy-Riemann operator, ∂, which can be used to define both the string action and actions for generalized first-order systems.


Theoretical predictions we can derive from existing literature show that, as long as a firm changes its ownership status, a better alignment of incentives between managers and shareholders pushes the former to increase cost-reducing efforts. We claim that this effect still holds even for a special kind of institutional change; i.e., the corporatization of a State-owned firm. When privatization is not possible or is opposed by politicians, corporatization, by structuring the internal governance system of State-owned firms to be similar to that of a modern corporation, may in fact improve the monitoring of managers and reduce governmental political intervention, as well as affect the incentives and objectives of managers (Aivazian et al., 2005) . By reallocating control rights to managers, corporatization thus acts as a potentially effective instrument in providing incentives to improve performance and increase efficiency.

When privatization is not possible or is opposed by politicians, corporatization, by structuring the internal governance system of State-owned firms to be similar to that of a modern corporation, may in fact improve the monitoring of managers and reduce governmental political intervention, as well as affect the incentives and objectives of managers.


Hence the demand for more rice has placed heavy pressure on farmers and agricultural researchers to intensify rice production systems. Due to rapid population growth and urbanization, the cultivated land is gradually decreasing demanding increased output simply to keep pace with the population increase. This is possible only by increasing yield per unit area and by expanding MV's rice cultivation. Rice cultivation is the primary employment activity in Bangladesh (IRRI, 1980) . Due to rapid population growth and urbanization, the cultivable land is decreasing day by day. Cultivation of modern varieties (MV) of rice can increase the yield per unit area.

Rice cultivation is the primary employment activity in Bangladesh.


Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that higher consumption of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, kale, and cabbage, is associated with lower risk of various types of cancer and age-and lifestyle-related chronic diseases [1] - [3] . Such beneficial effects have been suggested to be attributable to isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are phytochemicals derived from glucosinolate precursors, and are specifically abundant in cruciferous vegetables [4] . One of the most fascinating ITCs is sulforaphane [SFN; 1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)-butane], which was identified in broccoli as the most potent naturally occurring inducer of phase 2 enzymes [5] . Within the past two decades, SFN has attracted considerable attention, since it can protect aerobic cells from electrophiles, oxidants, carcinogens, and mutagens by inducing a wide variety of chemoprotective genes, including antioxidant proteins, anti-inflammatory molecules, and phase 2 enzymes by activating Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) signaling [6] [7] .

Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that higher consumption of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, kale, and cabbage, is associated with lower risk of various types of cancer and age-and lifestyle-related chronic diseases.

Such beneficial effects have been suggested to be attributable to isothiocyanates (ITCs), which are phytochemicals derived from glucosinolate precursors, and are specifically abundant in cruciferous vegetables.

One of the most fascinating ITCs is sulforaphane [SFN; 1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)-butane], which was identified in broccoli as the most potent naturally occurring inducer of phase 2 enzymes.

Within the past two decades, SFN has attracted considerable attention, since it can protect aerobic cells from electrophiles, oxidants, carcinogens, and mutagens by inducing a wide variety of chemoprotective genes, including antioxidant proteins, anti-inflammatory molecules, and phase 2 enzymes by activating Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) signaling.


According to the World Health Organization, 7.6 million people succumbed to cancer in 2005, accounting for 13% of all deaths. However, in China, the cancer death rate was 20.2%, and it is expected to reach 23.6% by 2023. Liver cancer is the third most common cause of death in China [1] .

Liver cancer is the third most common cause of death in China.


Anthracene-nucleus antibiotics are anti-tumor drugs that have been heavily researched and developed for the past twenty years. Among those, doxorubicin is the most commonly used and the most important; however, its use has been increasingly limited due to severe associated side effects, such as myocardial toxicity and bone marrow depression [2] . Because the dosage of doxorubicin can be decreased when doxorubicin is given combination with other anti-tumor drugs, which can also elevate the therapeutic effect and relieve side effects of doxorubicin, combination therapy has become a common strategy for doxorubicin-based chemotherapy.

Among those, doxorubicin is the most commonly used and the most important; however, its use has been increasingly limited due to severe associated side effects, such as myocardial toxicity and bone marrow depression.


With the recent development of the L p Brunn-Minkowski theory, efforts were also made to generalize affine surface area to its L p analogue. One of the key findings in the L p Brunn-Minkowski theory is the L p curvature function discovered by Lutwak [28, 29] . Given a convex body K that possesses a curvature function F K , the L p curvature function may be defined by h 1−p K F K with h K being the support function of K. Since the generalized curvature function exists almost everywhere for an arbitrary convex body, the generalized L p curvature function also exists almost everywhere. Given this notion, L p affine surface area can be defined.

One of the key findings in the L p Brunn-Minkowski theory is the L p curvature function discovered by Lutwak.


Extending the definition of affine surface area to one that works for general convex bodies (without smoothness assumptions) and still respects the basic properties of the classical definition was of huge interest during the late 80s and 90s (in the previous century). In particular, is there a way to do the extension so that the affine isoperimetric inequality, with the same equality conditions, still holds? The first attempt was made by Petty [35] . He observed that (1.2) makes sense for convex bodies that possess curvature functions. The affine isoperimetric inequality was also shown to hold under this extension.

The first attempt was made by Petty.


Learning logical definitions for words can be difficult when the system is only given "positive" examples of each word, particularly when conjunction and negation are allowed in the definitions. Definitions that specify a value for every possible predicate are likely to be too specific: just because a word was learned on a Tuesday does not mean that isTuesday(X) should be informative. To address this issue, TWIG treats the word learning problem as one of making correct word decisions, with word meanings made more specific only when it is necessary to contrast one word with another. This approach appears to be similar to a heuristic young children use when learning new words, called the Principle of Contrast [9] . Though children appear to be partitioning the space of possible definitions, treating word learning as a single classification problem, this approach has not been previously used in robotic word learning, which has tended to treat each word as a separate recognition problem. Treating word learning as a problem of partitioning the semantic space allows faster learning with fewer examples and no explicit "inhibitory" or "negative" training. Definition trees have the additional advantages of being concise, quickly updated, easily understood, and specifying a word preference during generation when multiple words might apply.

This approach appears to be similar to a heuristic young children use when learning new words, called the Principle of Contrast.


We henceforth denote by 2+ the set of all nonnegative integers. Let E be a finite set that is called an alphabet. A A-graph system £ = (V, E, k, i) consists of a vertex set V = \J leI+ V h an edge set E = U; e z + Ei.i+u a labeling map k : E -> E and a surjective map t ( = i u+l ) : V t+l -*• V t for each / e 1+ with a certain compatible condition, called the local property. Its matrix presentation (M. ll+l , Itj +i ), I e Z + is called a symbolic matrix system, denoted by (Ai, I). The A.-graph systems give rise to subshifts by gathering label sequences appearing in the labeled Bratteli diagrams of the A-graph systems. Conversely, there is a canonical method to construct a A-graph system from an arbitrary subshift [23] . It is called the canonical k-graph system for subshift A.

Conversely, there is a canonical method to construct a A-graph system from an arbitrary subshift.


A A.-graph system £ is said to be irreducible if for a vertex v e V/ and an i-orbit x = (*/), eZ+ € ^£ , there exists a A.-path starting at v and terminating at x t+N for some N € H. Define a positive operator A. £ on Az by A. £ (X) = £ a e j ; 5*XS a for Z € Ac-The operator A. £ on Az induces the embedding J 7 ™ c J~^.\, k 6 N so as to define the AF-algebra Tc = lim Tf. We say that A. £ is irreducible if there exists no non-trivial ideal of »4 £ invariant under A £ . Then £ is irreducible if and only if A £ is irreducible. If £ is irreducible with condition (I), the C*-algebra O £ is simple ([24, Theorem 4.7], compare [27] ).

If £ is irreducible with condition (I), the C*-algebra O £ is simple ([24, Theorem 4.7], compare).


The new types of QDs displays possess high color purity and saturation which can remarkably improve the color quality of current display technology, especially for the flexible devices [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . QDs-polymer composite materials with unique mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties have been widely studied around the world [13, 14] . These unique properties are related to a number of aspects such as the present status of QDs, the dispersion of QDs in the matrix, and the interaction between QDs and polymers [9, 10, 14] . Recently, UV curing resins are extensively used in the synthesis process of polymer nanocomposites which have the advantages of low-cost and energy efficient [15] . Compared with the traditional method of melt extrusion molding, the UV cured QDs luminescent materials have better QDs dispersibility and interface adhesion of polymer-nanoparticle [15, 16] . In order to achieve the maximum brightness in the display devices, many efforts have been made to improve the luminescent quality and quantum yields and reduce the loading rates [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] .

The new types of QDs displays possess high color purity and saturation which can remarkably improve the color quality of current display technology, especially for the flexible devices.

QDs-polymer composite materials with unique mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties have been widely studied around the world.

These unique properties are related to a number of aspects such as the present status of QDs, the dispersion of QDs in the matrix, and the interaction between QDs and polymers.

Recently, UV curing resins are extensively used in the synthesis process of polymer nanocomposites which have the advantages of low-cost and energy efficient.

Compared with the traditional method of melt extrusion molding, the UV cured QDs luminescent materials have better QDs dispersibility and interface adhesion of polymer-nanoparticle.

In order to achieve the maximum brightness in the display devices, many efforts have been made to improve the luminescent quality and quantum yields and reduce the loading rates.


Finally, three CdTe QDs inks with different emission wavelengths were inkjet-printed on the surface of glass slides to produce the highly fluorescent thin films, as shown in Figure 4 (a). One can see the films present uniform and pure red, yellow, and green colors. Figure 4(b) shows the results of the time-resolved photostability experiment about three QDs-polyurethane acrylate thin films with different preparation conditions. We can see that the fluorescence intensities of the films decrease under the continuous excitation due to the defects on the surface of QDs [11] [12] [13] [14] . The difference between the decay curves of samples 2 and 3 indicates that diluent influences the dispersion status of QDs thereby improving the fluorescence stability. The difference between those of samples 1 and 2 indicates that the lower water content can also improve the fluorescence stability. These improvements are extremely helpful for the fluorescent devices which are working under continuous excitation conditions. These inkjetprinted CdTe quantum dots-polyurethane acrylate thin films can be easily applied on different substrates (i.e., flexible substrate) and develop a simple, low-cost, large-scale, and highly reliable method for the application of flexible displays.

We can see that the fluorescence intensities of the films decrease under the continuous excitation due to the defects on the surface of QDs.


A basic concept of chemistry is that the properties/activities of a molecule depend upon its structural characteristics. Molecular graphs can be used to model the chemical structures of molecules and molecular compounds, by considering atoms as vertices and the chemical bonds between the atoms as edges. In the study of quantitative structure-property and structure-activity relationships (QSPR/QSAR), the topological indices are very helpful in detecting the biological activities of a chemical compound [1] [2] [3] [4] .

In the study of quantitative structure-property and structure-activity relationships (QSPR/QSAR), the topological indices are very helpful in detecting the biological activities of a chemical compound.


The HS-SPME fiber technique is simple and can be readily used both in the laboratory and on-site [41] . HS-SPME can reduce the time used for extraction significantly because of the faster diffusion rate of the molecules in the gaseous phase. Furthermore, the fiber is suspended in the HS above the sample, so there is no contamination of the fiber by the sample. From our study, the fibers can be reused more than 200 times before they deteriorate, therefore reducing the cost of the materials. Finally, HS-SPME GC does not require skilled technicians as it can be readily and reliably used after a short period of training.

The HS-SPME fiber technique is simple and can be readily used both in the laboratory and on-site.


The HS-SPME technique also provides interesting results when gas chromatography (GC) is combined with Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and mass spectrometric detection (MS). The SPME technique gives simultaneously tens or hundreds of possible volatile compounds, but it must be optimized for the volatiles being targeted [28] [29] . There are many factors that affect the optimization of extraction conditions. These include the correct fibre and an appropriate chamber for capturing the VOCs, the temperature used during extraction and the extraction time from the headspace [30] . In the past, optimization experiments have only analysed a variable at a time, this approach does not allow any investigation into the possible interactions between variables, and hence it is not possible to explore fully the opportunities for optimization [31] . To date, there has been no systematic work on optimizing extraction conditions for individual tissues of rose plants or the whole plant. Therefore, developing robust and practical methods for the extraction of VOCs from rose plants has important commercial implications for the aroma industry. The objective of the present work is the systematic optimization of HP-SPME methods, and analysis of VOCs from different rose tissues, and intact plants by gas chromatography coupled with Flame Ionization Detector and Mass Spectrometry (GC-FID/MS).

The SPME technique gives simultaneously tens or hundreds of possible volatile compounds, but it must be optimized for the volatiles being targeted.

These include the correct fibre and an appropriate chamber for capturing the VOCs, the temperature used during extraction and the extraction time from the headspace.

In the past, optimization experiments have only analysed a variable at a time, this approach does not allow any investigation into the possible interactions between variables, and hence it is not possible to explore fully the opportunities for optimization.


Next, there may be opportunities to combine the uncoupled and coupled task evaluation under a common framework with a complexity metric. While treated as two separate classes of problems in this study, there are likely common underlying features which may be quantified using technical and social complexity metrics rather than the problem size N and team size n variables used in this analysis. One candidate is the comprehensive metric for structural complexity using graph energy as a measure of Shannon information entropy (Sinha 2014) . Combined analysis would improve results by aggregating group factors across both coupled and uncoupled tasks and possibly allow extension to more generalizable problems.

One candidate is the comprehensive metric for structural complexity using graph energy as a measure of Shannon information entropy.


Collaborative design challenges traditional SE practices to structure technical design activities among a team of stakeholders or decision makers with independent or competing objectives (Lu et al. 2007) . Its study goes beyond most existing engineering research to consider both technical and social features of design. As an initial step to characterize broader sources of complexity, this paper quantifies and compares the relative costs of technical and social complexity using empirical data from a human subjects experiment. Understanding the fundamental costs to collaboration will help motivate and assess new methods to accommodate distributed authority in design.

Collaborative design challenges traditional SE practices to structure technical design activities among a team of stakeholders or decision makers with independent or competing objectives.


System design requires teams of people to work together to overcome individual limitations on cognition and knowledge (Arias et al. 2000) . Teamwork produces multifaceted effects including benefits from parallel work flows, multiple perspectives on the problem, and specialization, but also impediments from feedback delays, misalignment of objectives, and poor group dynamics (Cohen and Bailey 1997; Kerr and Tindale 2004) . While efficiency demands separation of knowledge, shared understanding improves performance in simultaneous tasks or when specialties are hard to advance, difficult to explain, or highly constrained (Postrel 2002) .

System design requires teams of people to work together to overcome individual limitations on cognition and knowledge.

Teamwork produces multifaceted effects including benefits from parallel work flows, multiple perspectives on the problem, and specialization, but also impediments from feedback delays, misalignment of objectives, and poor group dynamics.

While efficiency demands separation of knowledge, shared understanding improves performance in simultaneous tasks or when specialties are hard to advance, difficult to explain, or highly constrained.


Productive resources such as water, land, livestock, and crops are essential to the livelihoods of most of the world's rural families, particularly in the Global South [1] . And yet, poor rural women in the Global South often do not have the same level of ownership rights as their male counterparts. Such ownership rights are important-they are believed to increase women's household decision-making and empowerment, which in turn increase household efficiency in agricultural productivity as well as individual equity [2] . In addition, evidence suggests that even slight differences in intrahousehold allocation of scarce resources can dramatically impact child and female nutrition and health [3] .

Productive resources such as water, land, livestock, and crops are essential to the livelihoods of most of the world's rural families, particularly in the Global South.

Such ownership rights are important-they are believed to increase women's household decision-making and empowerment, which in turn increase household efficiency in agricultural productivity as well as individual equity.

In addition, evidence suggests that even slight differences in intrahousehold allocation of scarce resources can dramatically impact child and female nutrition and health.


The analysis of livelihoods normally links the micro-level of individual livelihoods with macro-level policy development and implementation and thereby provides support for policy development and poverty alleviation [11, 12] . This is especially useful when policies are examined from the perspective of the sustainable use of human, natural, financial, social and physical capital to reveal the influence of the policy on these important aspects of livelihoods [13] . Most current research has focused on the construction of a conceptual framework for livelihood and the application of the framework in different contexts, as well as on identifying policy intervention mechanisms in natural resource management to reveal the effects of local ecosystems [14] [15] [16] . Several studies for adaptive management have investigated the vulnerability of ecosystems and of communities and nations that depend on the exploitation of natural resources against the background of global climatic change [8, 14] . In previous research, the analysis of the household dependence on natural resources simply referred to the economic aspect, such as the actual household income or its proportional change over time. However, until recently, the implications of interventions (e.g., government policy, urbanization) on the livelihoods of resource users and changes in household dependence on natural resources at local scales have been less well explored [17, 18] . In addition, there has been insufficient attention to the changing background of ecological management and the adoption of new livelihoods in response to changes in government policy, especially in regions with a vulnerable environment (e.g., Inner Mongolia), where policies to balance regional socio-economic development with ecological conservation have had important effects on household livelihoods [19] .

The analysis of livelihoods normally links the micro-level of individual livelihoods with macro-level policy development and implementation and thereby provides support for policy development and poverty alleviation.

This is especially useful when policies are examined from the perspective of the sustainable use of human, natural, financial, social and physical capital to reveal the influence of the policy on these important aspects of livelihoods.

Most current research has focused on the construction of a conceptual framework for livelihood and the application of the framework in different contexts, as well as on identifying policy intervention mechanisms in natural resource management to reveal the effects of local ecosystems.

Several studies for adaptive management have investigated the vulnerability of ecosystems and of communities and nations that depend on the exploitation of natural resources against the background of global climatic change.

However, until recently, the implications of interventions (e.g., government policy, urbanization) on the livelihoods of resource users and changes in household dependence on natural resources at local scales have been less well explored.

In addition, there has been insufficient attention to the changing background of ecological management and the adoption of new livelihoods in response to changes in government policy, especially in regions with a vulnerable environment (e.g., Inner Mongolia), where policies to balance regional socio-economic development with ecological conservation have had important effects on household livelihoods.


Tryptophan intake at breakfast has been known to be effective on promoting better mental health and morning-typed life through serotonin and melatonin syntheses (Harada et al., 2007; Nakade et al., 2009 Nakade et al., , 2012 Wada et al., 2013) . For Japanese children, cow milk seems to be important resource for taking tryptophan at breakfast because of limited meal time in the morning. However, there have been no reports on the effect of cow milk intake at breakfast on the effect of circadian typology and mental health of human young children. This study aims to answer the question from the epidemiological point of view.

Tryptophan intake at breakfast has been known to be effective on promoting better mental health and morning-typed life through serotonin and melatonin syntheses.


In order to improve sensitivity and specificity in the dielectrically heterogeneous breast, more robust methods need to be developed to classify tumours as either benign or malignant. Several studies have examined the use of Radar Target Signatures (RTS) to classify scatterers within the breast [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] . In this paper, a novel classification method using Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) is presented. The structure of the remainder of the paper is as follows: Section 2 describes the generation of realistic tumour models and corresponding FDTD simulations; Section 3 describes the SNNs, Section 4 describes the experimental setup, while Section 5 describes the results and corresponding conclusions.

Several studies have examined the use of Radar Target Signatures (RTS) to classify scatterers within the breast.


In earlier work together with Nancy Lynch (MIT) and Roberto Segala (University of Verona), the second author developed a basic mathematical framework to support description and analysis of hybrid systems: the Hybrid Input/Output Automaton (HIOA) model [13] . In the present paper we illustrate the application of the HIOA framework by using it to model and analyze the behavior of a simple Lego car, displayed in Figure 1 . Although this case study literally is a "toy example", our mechanical model is rather simplistic, and of course there are no genuine safety requirements involved, we think the analysis is nontrivial and interesting. The case study illustrates in a simple setting several issues that arise in hybrid systems analysis, while in the end its complexity is comparable to that of some realworld, safety-critical hybrid systems case studies that have been reported elsewhere in the literature [2, 3, 11, 12, 14] .

In earlier work together with Nancy Lynch (MIT) and Roberto Segala (University of Verona), the second author developed a basic mathematical framework to support description and analysis of hybrid systems: the Hybrid Input/Output Automaton (HIOA) model.

The case study illustrates in a simple setting several issues that arise in hybrid systems analysis, while in the end its complexity is comparable to that of some realworld, safety-critical hybrid systems case studies that have been reported elsewhere in the literature.


Hydraulic cylinder has been widely applied as an important executive component in mechanical engineering [1] . Even though it is popular to employ, the severe hydraulic shock in hydraulic cylinder can easily cause mechanical failure and accident, especially in instantaneous large power hydraulic operating mechanism [2, 3] . Various cushion schemes of hydraulic cylinder prove to be available to weaken the influence of hydraulic shock. Therefore, the study of cushion characteristics is essential to promote the performance and reliability of hydraulic cylinder.

Hydraulic cylinder has been widely applied as an important executive component in mechanical engineering.

Even though it is popular to employ, the severe hydraulic shock in hydraulic cylinder can easily cause mechanical failure and accident, especially in instantaneous large power hydraulic operating mechanism.


The cushion scheme of hydraulic cylinder can be basically divided into cushion inside cylinder and cushion outside cylinder. Cushion outside cylinder requires extra control components which make the hydraulic system complicated [4, 5] . Besides, research mainly focusing on the control strategy requires different control components to fulfil the control task which increases the overall cost [6] [7] [8] . Whereas, cushion inside cylinder utilizes the area between cushion plunger and cushion hole to implement cushion process without extra components for simpler structure and less control fault [9, 10] . The hydraulic cylinder applied in instantaneous large power hydraulic operating mechanism such as ultrahigh voltage (UHV) circuit breaker finishes the stroke in a very short time (about 50 ms) driving 200 kg link transmission mechanism with speed up to more than 10 m/s. Dealing with the high speed, heavy load, and large quantity of flow, hydraulic cylinder utilized in UHV circuit breaker has more complicated cushion structure compared with common ones [11] .

Cushion outside cylinder requires extra control components which make the hydraulic system complicated.

Besides, research mainly focusing on the control strategy requires different control components to fulfil the control task which increases the overall cost.

Whereas, cushion inside cylinder utilizes the area between cushion plunger and cushion hole to implement cushion process without extra components for simpler structure and less control fault.

Dealing with the high speed, heavy load, and large quantity of flow, hydraulic cylinder utilized in UHV circuit breaker has more complicated cushion structure compared with common ones.


In order to evaluate the sustainability of the water use, however, it is very important to take into account the location where water consumption occurs [8] . This plays a major role, since the effects on the environment are much dependent on the particular local conditions (e.g., unlike other human-related impacts as green-house gases emission). The same process, in fact, can produce different impacts if taking place in regions where there is a large water availability or in regions experiencing water shortages. As supported by the findings of the present work, changing the scale at which impacts are evaluated can also result in large variations of the sustainability assessment. For example, averaging results over too large an area can either smear out possible hot spots or overestimate their spatial extent beyond their actual physical boundaries.

In order to evaluate the sustainability of the water use, however, it is very important to take into account the location where water consumption occurs.


Both the Common Sense project from Intel Research and a project by a conglomeration of universities in the United Kingdom are working on a similar platform to ours, creating a pollution sensing network using a variety of mobile sensing platforms including "smart-dust," mobile motes, static sensors, and cell phones [8] . The system outlined in this document, however, takes the approach to a higher level. We are not only developing algorithms for the reconstruction of air pollution information from irregular and sparse measurements, but also devising methods of visualization such as contour maps as opposed to simple discrete observations. In addition, our system implements practical applications which provide typical system users with valuable and accessible data that promises to impact everyday life, not only the needs of air pollution specialists or experts.

Both the Common Sense project from Intel Research and a project by a conglomeration of universities in the United Kingdom are working on a similar platform to ours, creating a pollution sensing network using a variety of mobile sensing platforms including "smart-dust," mobile motes, static sensors, and cell phones.


As an effective tool of space-management policy, urban growth boundary has been used for more than thirty years in foreign countries. The method of urban growth boundary can be either qualitative or quantitative, the latter of which is relatively mature. However, the study of urban development boundary in China has come later, and its normative analysis has rarely been seen in the related literature [17] . At present, two main methods exist for delineating urban development boundaries in China. One is "positive" thinking (scale forecast, set index, spatial layout, delimit boundary), and the model and method used in studies are cellular automata (CA) or its improved model [18] [19] [20] . The second is "reverse" thinking (subtract basic farmland, ecological security land, ..., delimit boundary), and the models and methods used in studies include Green Infrastructure Assessment, the urban ecological corridor, ecological sensitivity evaluation and pattern analysis of landscape ecological security [21] [22] [23] . Because urban development has repeatedly broken through the construction land boundary, the first method has been powerless [24, 25] . Moreover, because its main consideration is construction land expansion, the first method easily results in the occupation of basic farmland and ecological security land as part of the urban development process [22] . At the same time, the urban development boundary determined by the second method is the ultimate space, which is too big to limit urban sprawl [26] . So a single boundary might not have practical guiding significance. As mentioned above, existing urban development boundaries rarely meet the practical needs of urban space management. In other words, they are unable to provide scientific decision-making and support for urban development.

However, the study of urban development boundary in China has come later, and its normative analysis has rarely been seen in the related literature.

One is "positive" thinking (scale forecast, set index, spatial layout, delimit boundary), and the model and method used in studies are cellular automata (CA) or its improved model.

The second is "reverse" thinking (subtract basic farmland, ecological security land, ..., delimit boundary), and the models and methods used in studies include Green Infrastructure Assessment, the urban ecological corridor, ecological sensitivity evaluation and pattern analysis of landscape ecological security.

Because urban development has repeatedly broken through the construction land boundary, the first method has been powerless.

Moreover, because its main consideration is construction land expansion, the first method easily results in the occupation of basic farmland and ecological security land as part of the urban development process.

At the same time, the urban development boundary determined by the second method is the ultimate space, which is too big to limit urban sprawl.


China is the most populous country in the word. In recent years, as the economy and society have continued to develop, problems of food security and ecological environment pollution are becoming increasingly serious [15] . Under the new requirements of ecological civilization construction in China, protection of basic farmland and rivers is very important for regional development in accordance with the actual situation of the study area. In addition, scientific guidance in urban development is critical for an urban are to be developed sustainably. Urban development boundary is a type of spatial management policy; it is also an effective measure for realizing these objectives. In this paper, the urban development boundary is neither an independent nor a single boundary; instead, it contains both a rigid and an elastic urban development boundary and is an organic combination of different functional boundaries. The urban development rigid boundary is the foundation for the whole urban development boundary, which is both a macroscopic control and a microscopic restriction on the urban development elastic boundary. In addition, the urban development rigid and elastic boundaries do not exist in isolation but are interlinked with and influence each other.

In recent years, as the economy and society have continued to develop, problems of food security and ecological environment pollution are becoming increasingly serious.


A novel energy systems modelling framework which is easy to re-configure for different purposes has been presented. An application of the modelling framework implementation in GAMS, called Backbone modelling tool, to a power system test case has been demonstrated. New energy sectors, energy vectors, other processes and material flows can be added through the input data and future applications will demonstrate the wider capabilities of the modelling framework. It allows detailed modelling of specific systems, as demonstrated in the case study of this paper, as well as high-level modelling of large-scale systems [36] . The presented equations make it possible to perform both investment and operational optimization. These features permit versatile approaches to model future energy systems with increasing connections between electricity and other energy sectors. The adaptability of the framework and its implementation allows for exploratory modelling to find reasonable trade-offs between accuracy and speed during the modelling task.

It allows detailed modelling of specific systems, as demonstrated in the case study of this paper, as well as high-level modelling of large-scale systems.


Nimonic 80A, as a nickel-based superalloy, has been widely used in jet engines for aircraft, gas turbines for power plant and marine diesel engines because of its high creep strength, superior oxidation resistance and strong resistance to corrosions at high temperature [1] [2] [3] . Generally, the Nimonic 80A is used to fabricate exhausting valve. The upsetting and closed die forging are traditionally applied to form the exhausting valve. However, in recent years, the electric upsetting process with isostatic loading and high heating efficiency is developed to form the exhausting valves [4, 5] . It is well known that the hot deformation behavior for a specific material is sensitive to the hot deformation parameters involving strain, strain rate and temperature, and is highly non-linear during hot deformation. The flow behavior of materials is often complex due to the comprehensive function of hardening and softening mechanisms. Consequently, modeling and prediction of the constitutive stress-strain relationships with a high precision is quite complex in nature; meanwhile, it is significant to study and understand the hot deformation behavior and furthermore optimize the deformation process (electric upsetting, forging and extrusion) by numerical simulations. How to billet by wire-electrode cutting. A thermo-mechanical simulator, Gleeble-3500, with a high speed heating system, a servo hydraulic system, a digital control system and a data acquisition system, was used for compression testing. It is common to be used for simulating both mechanical and thermal process at a wide range during hot deformation. Twenty specimens were resistance heated to a proposed deformation temperature with a heating rate of 5˝C/s and then held at that temperature for 180 s by thermo-coupled-feedback-controlled AC current to obtain a homogeneous temperature field. Afterwards, all twenty-four specimens were compressed to a true strain 0.9163 (a fixed height reduction of 60%) at five different temperatures of 1050˝C, 1100˝C, 1150˝C, 1200˝C and 1250˝C, and four different strain rates of 0.01 s´1, 0.1 s´1, 1 s´1 and 10 s´1 [25] . After each compression, the deformed specimen was immediately quenched into water to retain the high temperature microstructures.

Nimonic 80A, as a nickel-based superalloy, has been widely used in jet engines for aircraft, gas turbines for power plant and marine diesel engines because of its high creep strength, superior oxidation resistance and strong resistance to corrosions at high temperature.

However, in recent years, the electric upsetting process with isostatic loading and high heating efficiency is developed to form the exhausting valves.

Afterwards, all twenty-four specimens were compressed to a true strain 0.9163 (a fixed height reduction of 60%) at five different temperatures of 1050˝C, 1100˝C, 1150˝C, 1200˝C and 1250˝C, and four different strain rates of 0.01 s´1, 0.1 s´1, 1 s´1 and 10 s´1.


When considering potential toxicity while prescribing VDRA, it is important to realize that the safe upper dose level of calcidiol has not been established [23] . In renal failure, usually active vitamin D is used, instead of calcidiol, so one must be cautious while interpreting data about safe doses. However, for any metabolite or analogue of vitamin D, hypercalcaemia is the hallmark of toxicity. There is some concern that calcitriol, via induction of hypercalcaemia, might contribute to vascular or cardiac calcifications [24] . There are no data that currently used doses of VDRA themselves contribute to the process of vascular calcification, but the hypercalcaemia or positive calcium balance induced by vitamin D supplementation probably does [25] .

When considering potential toxicity while prescribing VDRA, it is important to realize that the safe upper dose level of calcidiol has not been established.

There is some concern that calcitriol, via induction of hypercalcaemia, might contribute to vascular or cardiac calcifications.

There are no data that currently used doses of VDRA themselves contribute to the process of vascular calcification, but the hypercalcaemia or positive calcium balance induced by vitamin D supplementation probably does.


In the last decades, many complex software systems have been developed as software product line (SPL). SPL engineering is a methodology to develop tailor-made products based on common artifacts [2] . This allows vendors to develop many similar software systems cost-efficiently and with reduced time-to-market. The increasing trend to develop SPLs instead of single programs naturally raises the question: How to reuse product lines?

SPL engineering is a methodology to develop tailor-made products based on common artifacts.


Let us consider an example of an SPL of database management systems (DBMS) in Figure 1 , which is implemented in Java and reuses an existing SPL of search indexes. We can generate one product of the Index SPL to reuse its functionality in the DBMS SPL. However, it might be the case that there is not a single product fulfilling all functional and nonfunctional requirements of the DBMS SPL. Consequently, a suitable product of the Index SPL may depend on the DBMS configuration, and we need to expose the variability of the reused SPL to the reusing SPL. SPLs with such dependencies are also referred to as multi product line (MPL) [9] .

SPLs with such dependencies are also referred to as multi product line (MPL).


Average NDVI of farm location for 12 months before sampling, which has been used as an indicator of regional thermal-moisture regimes, was the most significant environmental risk factor for GI helminth infections. NDVI values integrate a number of different environmental factors (land cover, temperature, rainfall, vapor pressure, etc.) into a single variable and thus simplify analysis [21] . In Sub-Saharan Africa, after adjusting for distance from the equator, low NDVI values are predictive of an increase in cryptosporidiosis in the following month [22] . On the contrary, in the present study, NDVI was not found to be a risk factor concerning coccidian infections.

NDVI values integrate a number of different environmental factors (land cover, temperature, rainfall, vapor pressure, etc.) into a single variable and thus simplify analysis.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, after adjusting for distance from the equator, low NDVI values are predictive of an increase in cryptosporidiosis in the following month.


Most models of conventional VIPs include a core material with a low-thermal conductivity coating of a gas barrier film (in particular, aluminum foil), and they are always used in refrigerators and thermoses. In current good building practices, windows are considerably less well-insulating than other parts of a structural envelope. The necessity to reduce energy consumption requires a greater use of smaller windows than may be architecturally or aesthetically desirable, which in turn reduces the potential for solar gain in cold climates. Therefore, the study of vacuum insulation technology that is applied to buildings has been performed since the 1990s. A representative study of the vacuum insulation technology is the study of vacuum glazing by R. E. Collins [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . In the corresponding research, pillars are used between two pieces of glasses to form a vacuum layer, and a low emissivity (low-e) film is employed to reduce the thermal emissivity, which is approximately 0.9 for glass [6] . Then, the durability of the pillars is investigated and their influence is discussed [7] . The cost to produce the vacuum glazing is compared with a model in which argon is filled in a pair glass with a low-e film, and the result shows a 25% increase in the cost.

A representative study of the vacuum insulation technology is the study of vacuum glazing by R. E. Collins.

In the corresponding research, pillars are used between two pieces of glasses to form a vacuum layer, and a low emissivity (low-e) film is employed to reduce the thermal emissivity, which is approximately 0.9 for glass.

Then, the durability of the pillars is investigated and their influence is discussed.


The guarded hot plate (GHP) method is considered because it is a satisfactory method for measuring very low thermal conductivities [18] . In particular, a vacuum GHP (VGHP) apparatus is manufactured to eliminate the residual gas conduction. A VGHP can maintain a high vacuum level (below 10 −4 Pa), leading to the effective measurement of thermal conductivities.

The guarded hot plate (GHP) method is considered because it is a satisfactory method for measuring very low thermal conductivities.


The prognosis of APTH which is generally favorable in the general population occurs in nearly half of mild brain injuries and usually resolving within a few weeks [1, [4] [5] [6] [7] . CPTH was reported in 15-50 % of those injuries [8] [9] [10] . In comparison, military troops are at risk for PTH because of head trauma sustained during combat operations [1] . Between 10 and 25 % of US military troops returning from Iraq or Afghanistan have had concussions while deployed, with explosive blast being the most common cause [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . The prevalence of PTH is 37 % in returning US Army soldiers who had a concussion while serving in a combat zone in the Middle East [8] . In total, 58 % of PTHs were classified as a migraine and had a higher attack frequency and an increasing prevalence of CPTH compared with headaches not directly attributed to head trauma [8] .

The prognosis of APTH which is generally favorable in the general population occurs in nearly half of mild brain injuries and usually resolving within a few weeks.

CPTH was reported in 15-50 % of those injuries.

In comparison, military troops are at risk for PTH because of head trauma sustained during combat operations.

Between 10 and 25 % of US military troops returning from Iraq or Afghanistan have had concussions while deployed, with explosive blast being the most common cause.

The prevalence of PTH is 37 % in returning US Army soldiers who had a concussion while serving in a combat zone in the Middle East.

In total, 58 % of PTHs were classified as a migraine and had a higher attack frequency and an increasing prevalence of CPTH compared with headaches not directly attributed to head trauma.


One may ask whether the index obtained in (3) is optimal. We do not know the answer to this. So far we only know of C ∞ counterexamples for this problem, see Alinhac's [1] . Whether Alihnac's ideas can be extended to the Gevrey class remains an open question.

We do not know the answer to this.

So far we only know of C ∞ counterexamples for this problem, see Alinhac's.


Induction of HSPs seems to be a universal response to temperature stress being observed on all organisms ranging from bacteria to human beings (Vierling, 1991; Parsell and Lindquist, 1993) . A comparison of the response to heat stress in different organism has shown that it is highly conserved and the molecular mechanisms of HSP gene induction have many similarities among diverse eukaryotes. Furthermore, the major HSPs are highly homologous among distinct organisms (Vierling, 1991) .

Induction of HSPs seems to be a universal response to temperature stress being observed on all organisms ranging from bacteria to human beings.

Furthermore, the major HSPs are highly homologous among distinct organisms.


The study of induced changes by high temperature on gene activation, expression, transcription and translation may help to understand the ability of plants to tolerate environmental heat stress that often occur during the acclimation process (Howarth and Ougham, 1993; Bray, 1997) . In this study, we have used an heterologous probe for Northern hybridization to determine the induction and accumulation of HSP mRNAs in different bean varieties submitted to heat stress. The goal was evaluate the tolerance of different common bean varieties to high temperature stress by analyzing their capacity of induction of bean sHSP expression.

The study of induced changes by high temperature on gene activation, expression, transcription and translation may help to understand the ability of plants to tolerate environmental heat stress that often occur during the acclimation process.


The nature of solubility may be understood in terms of molecular interactions broadly classified as either "reactive" (involving relatively strong "chemical" forces: complex formation, etc.) or "nonreactive" (involving relatively weak "physical" or "van der Waals" forces). Solution nonideality can of course be best explained when both "chemical" and "physical" forces are considered; the truth lies between these two extremes. The solubility parameter approach is basically "physical, " but the introduction of specific interaction 2 Advances in Physical Chemistry components has taken it some way toward a reasonably balanced position, except when "solvation" is considered. This restriction usually limits this approach to nonelectrolyte solutions, but an extension of it to ionic systems is possible. General theories of the liquid state and of solutions involve complex expressions linking molecular interaction potential energy, thermal energy, and volume; for many practical purposes it is convenient to use simple or semiempirical methods. It has been found that a good solvent for a certain (nonelectrolyte) solute such as a polymer has a "solubility parameter" ( , defined below) value close to that of the solute. Often, a mixture of two solvents, one with a higher value and the other with a lower value than that of the solute, is a better solvent than each of the two components of the mixture (Barton [4] ).

Often, a mixture of two solvents, one with a higher value and the other with a lower value than that of the solute, is a better solvent than each of the two components of the mixture (Barton).


The conformational stability of a protein is determined by intramolecular factors and solvent interactions (hydration). Solubility is determined primarily by intermolecular effects (protein/protein), but, as proteins are solvated, the hydration effects are also involved in changes in solubility. Conformational changes (changes in functional activity) can be induced by changes in temperature, pressure, and the solvent medium. The technological performance of proteins depends critically on conformation, hydration (water-holding capacity), and solubility. Like other polymers, proteins can be characterized by their chain conformations. However, methods of polymer statistics cannot be applied to most proteins because they adopt specific (native) conformations under different physiological conditions. Since proteins are polyelectrolytes, their solubility behavior is governed largely by electrostatic (ionic) interactions. In determining charge/charge interactions, and values of individual amino acids play an important role (Franks) [2] .

In determining charge/charge interactions, and values of individual amino acids play an important role (Franks).


Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve into another; it is given by the solubility constant which is in equilibrium with the solute excess or ions excess. Basic studies on proteins have focused on protein concentration, pH, ionic strength, polymeric additives, the dielectric properties of solvent and solvent mixtures, and effect temperature. In the case of proteins and polysaccharides, solubility studies are closely related to studies of gelation that try to determine the temperature and the concentration of gelation ( gel and ) (Djabourov) [1] .

In the case of proteins and polysaccharides, solubility studies are closely related to studies of gelation that try to determine the temperature and the concentration of gelation ( gel and ) (Djabourov).


Concentrations of the NEFA are related to the mobilization of fat from adipose tissue, being under the direct influence of growth hormone (GH) . In vitro results demonstrate that GH decreases drastically lipogenesis during treatment with bST (Dante et al., 1995) . However, in this study, although two applications of rbST occurred in a 14 day interval, there was no effect of rbST treatment on concentrations of NEFA. However, we observed increased levels of NEFA during food restriction, further confirming the occurrence of sub-clinical ketosis.

In vitro results demonstrate that GH decreases drastically lipogenesis during treatment with bST.