Industrial systems have become more and more complicated and expensive, and thus the requirement of safety and reliability in system operations is paramount [1] . In fact, high complex modern engineering systems are vulnerable to unavoidable faults. Faults can happen due to an internal event, change in environmental conditions, error in the design of the system, sensor failure, actuator malfunctioning, or even human mistakes during operation. The unexpected faults disrupt the system operation, break down part of or the whole system, and can lead to fatal consequences. Fault detection and isolation (FDI) providing failure signals, therefore, have been considered as a vital aspect of system control research. This research issue has attracted extensive studies to safeguard equipment as well as amend the safety and reliability of modern system performance. Since the early 1970s, there have been a large number of fruitful results in FDI which can be found in, for example, and the references therein.

Industrial systems have become more and more complicated and expensive, and thus the requirement of safety and reliability in system operations is paramount.


In recent years, researchers employed various theoretical models to investigate the physics of light transmission through subwavelength slits and slit arrays [36] . However, a number of physical issues are still not well understood, such as the transmission profile as a function of array period, interference between the SPPs and scattered light, the relation between the NF modes and the FF scattering, etc. To date, no measurements have been reported that compare the FF transmission to the NF distribution for the nanostructures. To explore this important relationship, we employed NSOM to probe the NF distribution for the same series of nanoslit arrays [see Fig. 2(e) ]. The measured NF intensities for samples 4-7 are about four or five times that for the reference sample, suggesting that the LFE is achieved with these structures. As shown by the Normalized intensity data in column (II) of Table 1 , the strongest NF intensity was observed for sample 5, which differs slightly from the FF results (discussed above) where sample 6 exhibited the highest intensity. It is recognized that the intensity distributions in the NF and FF can differ qualitatively. For instance, Table 1 shows that the NF intensity for sample 8 is weaker than those for samples 2-4, whereas the Fig. 2(c) and (e) and data in columns (I) and (II) in Table 1 ], suggesting that the radiation from the SPP modes to the propagating beam through samples 2-4 is not so effective. Considering the asymmetric structure of the glass/Al/ air interface, no existing theoretical mechanisms can satisfactorily explain this difference between the field distributions in the NF and FF as well as the coupling from the SPPs to directional propagating beams in the free space [12] , [13] , [31] , [36] - [38] . We believe that a direct experimental comparison of NF and FF intensity distributions, such as those reported here will provide new experimental data that may be instrumental in the development of a rigorous theoretical framework for understanding the optical behavior of the nanoslits. We also believe that these structures with LFE are beneficial to integrated UV light sources on a chip.

In recent years, researchers employed various theoretical models to investigate the physics of light transmission through subwavelength slits and slit arrays.

Considering the asymmetric structure of the glass/Al/ air interface, no existing theoretical mechanisms can satisfactorily explain this difference between the field distributions in the NF and FF as well as the coupling from the SPPs to directional propagating beams in the free space.


Previous work further suggests a positive effect of networks on migration, thus supporting our finding that having a thin urban migrant network leads to rural rather than urban migration. Network relationships build upon social connections of kinship, friendship, and shared community origin to reduce the costs and risks associated with the movement, and increase the net expected gains from migration (Massey et al. 1993) . Evidence of reliance on networks for lowering migration costs and risks largely exists 33 in the international migration literature (Ilahi and Jafarey 1999; Massey et al. 1993; McKenzie and Rapoport 2007) .

Network relationships build upon social connections of kinship, friendship, and shared community origin to reduce the costs and risks associated with the movement, and increase the net expected gains from migration.

Evidence of reliance on networks for lowering migration costs and risks largely exists 33 in the international migration literature.


OSC techniques have been progressively adopted in the construction industry around the world (Jaillon, Poon 2009) . For example, the average share of precast concrete systems in the construction industry across the European Union is 20-25%, and the share is even higher in the northern European countries, which goes up to 40-50% (Polat 2010) . However, despite the well-documented advantages of OSC, the development and popularization degree of OSC in developing countries is still at a low level. For example, the proportion of OSC projects accounted for only 2-3% in China's newly built buildings (Han et al. 2017) . There is, thus, a strong need to identify the obstacles for promoting the implementation of OSC in developing countries.

OSC techniques have been progressively adopted in the construction industry around the world.

For example, the average share of precast concrete systems in the construction industry across the European Union is 20-25%, and the share is even higher in the northern European countries, which goes up to 40-50%.

For example, the proportion of OSC projects accounted for only 2-3% in China's newly built buildings.


Mindfulness is a receptive attention to and awareness of present events and experience occurring both internally and externally [14] . In the advent of environmentalism, "green mindfulness" is defined as "a state of conscious awareness in which individuals are implicitly aware of the context and content of environmental information and knowledge" [15] . This study asserts that green transformational leaders can inspire followers' green mindfulness. Thus, this paper argues that green transformational leadership would positively influence green mindfulness, which is positively associated with green performance. The second purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between green mindfulness and green performance. In addition, self-efficacy refers to beliefs in one's capabilities to execute and organize courses of action [16] . Under the prevalent green trend, "green self-efficacy" is defined as "the belief in individuals' capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to achieve environmental goals" [15] . We posit that green transformational leaders can enhance followers' green self-efficacy. Hence, this study asserts that green transformational leadership would positively influence green self-efficacy that positively affects to green performance. The third purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between green self-efficacy and green performance.

Mindfulness is a receptive attention to and awareness of present events and experience occurring both internally and externally.

In the advent of environmentalism, "green mindfulness" is defined as "a state of conscious awareness in which individuals are implicitly aware of the context and content of environmental information and knowledge".

In addition, self-efficacy refers to beliefs in one's capabilities to execute and organize courses of action.

Under the prevalent green trend, "green self-efficacy" is defined as "the belief in individuals' capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to achieve environmental goals".


The application of sustainable development concepts in the mining industry has long been welcomed because mining activities, despite affecting relatively small areas, always have environmental impacts including deforestation, vegetation removal, erosion, and landscape alteration (Hilson, 2003) . Potential sources of pollution include drainages, air emissions (including particulate matter) and spills (Driussi and Jansz, 2006) . Cyanidation tailings, sulfur dioxide and acid mine drainage are among the most cited examples of environmental impacts of the mining sector .

The application of sustainable development concepts in the mining industry has long been welcomed because mining activities, despite affecting relatively small areas, always have environmental impacts including deforestation, vegetation removal, erosion, and landscape alteration.

Potential sources of pollution include drainages, air emissions (including particulate matter) and spills.


The WCAG help disabled people to access the web. Nevertheless not all groups have the same opportunities. These guidelines help the group of severely handicapped people, especially those with severe motor disabilities, to navigate through the web pages of the site, for example, permitting them to jump from one hyperlink to another simply by pressing the "tab" key in a standard keyboard, but, what can users do if they cannot use a keyboard?. How can they enter text to participate in what is called e-democracy, for example to express their opinion on a particular blog, wiki or mailing list? People with motor disabilities use a wide variety of creative solutions to control both their environment and computers. In general, a motor disabled person does not have the ability to efficiently use a multidimensional input device such as a keyboard, a joystick or a mouse. Users with a severe motor disability such as quadriplegia have the capacity to produce "single bit" signals [37] , [29] .

Users with a severe motor disability such as quadriplegia have the capacity to produce "single bit" signals.


Various management practices have been proposed to control NO 3 leaching. For example crop rotation, controlled-release fertilizer, fine-tuned irrigation and N management based on soil testing programs, groundwater table control, reduced till or no-till practices. Many long-term studies have been developed to evaluate the effects of management practices on NO 3 -N leaching, aquifer water quality, and crop yields [2, 6, 7] .

Many long-term studies have been developed to evaluate the effects of management practices on NO 3 -N leaching, aquifer water quality, and crop yields.


For the sake of filament winding process development, many researchers have focused on improving filament winding machine axes, mechanical performances, and material properties experiments on filament wound composite products. It can be divided into two parts, which are filament winding machine development and filament wound composite product experiments. F.H.Abdalla et.al have demonstrated that a 2-axis filament winding machine was designed and fabricated as pipes and round shape specimens [3] . M.R.M.Rejab et.al have proposed four axes filament winding machine modification and machine structure [4] . Saad Mutasher et.al performed experimental investigations on small-scale automated filament winding machine controlled by a single PIC 18F452 microcontroller. Winding test of the prototype shows that it is capable of producing winding angles in the range of 40 to 80 degree [5] . The filament winding process has faced limiting fabrication obstacles, which can try to design complex geometries of the composite structure. E.Vargas Rojas et.al have discussed the challenges and validates a generic mathematical model that contributes either to wind complex shapes or solve common filament winding disadvantages on basis of an integrated strategy [6] . However, there are no related studies examined using 3-axis filament winding machine experiment products compared with CADWIND software simulation results, which can have a good understanding and comparison results to improve the tested machine process capability.

F.H.Abdalla et.al have demonstrated that a 2-axis filament winding machine was designed and fabricated as pipes and round shape specimens.

M.R.M.Rejab et.al have proposed four axes filament winding machine modification and machine structure.

Winding test of the prototype shows that it is capable of producing winding angles in the range of 40 to 80 degree.

E.Vargas Rojas et.al have discussed the challenges and validates a generic mathematical model that contributes either to wind complex shapes or solve common filament winding disadvantages on basis of an integrated strategy.


Another winding research branch is to perform and analyze the filament wound composite products, which can get high mechanical performances. A.Zuraida et.al have investigated the experimental and finite element analysis for hybrid and non-hybrid glass and carbon/epoxy composite tubes subjected to quasi-static lateral indentation loading. A useful comparison was done for the tested composite tubes between the finite element and the experimental results, which shows that carbon/epoxy tubes resist higher load with less deformation the glass and hybrid glass-carbon tubes [7] . Xiaolong Jia et.al have noted that the cylinder with end reinforcing layer had higher compressive properties and sequentially showed brittle fracturing model, local buckling model and transverse shearing mode with winding angle increasing [8] . Previous research has shown that composite products can have quite potential properties to replace common material in the next time.

A useful comparison was done for the tested composite tubes between the finite element and the experimental results, which shows that carbon/epoxy tubes resist higher load with less deformation the glass and hybrid glass-carbon tubes.

Xiaolong Jia et.al have noted that the cylinder with end reinforcing layer had higher compressive properties and sequentially showed brittle fracturing model, local buckling model and transverse shearing mode with winding angle increasing.


The composite material has been gradually recognized by the many advanced material industries and researchers as a potential engineering material, which can replace the conventional and general materials in producing light-weight and low-cost products. Filament winding is a mature manufacturing process in the composite material, which can produce a wide range of moderate and high mechanical performance parts. For more than 30 years the primary aim of filament winding process and development, this technique has been evolved into automated advanced composite materials with different structures. The industries and companies are looking for the light-weight, high mechanical performances and cost savings. There are many types and sophisticated development in modern filament winding for the initial process, which collects different type fibres are continuously wound on a rotation supporting form or mandrel with the different winding angle. The first filament winding machine was developed in 1950 in accordance with the revolutions of the filament winding application [1] . Filament wound applications are applied to make tube-shaped or pipe-shaped production such as high-pressure storage tanks, rocket motor cases, and launch tubes. For commercial applications, filament wound products can be used for commercial equipment such as golf club shafts and fishing rods [2] .

The first filament winding machine was developed in 1950 in accordance with the revolutions of the filament winding application.

For commercial applications, filament wound products can be used for commercial equipment such as golf club shafts and fishing rods.


A content analysis of the career calling construct derived from the literature review and the focus groups identified three elements of career calling important to this age group. First was personal meaning, which covers aspects of calling that acknowledge career choice as a fit with one's personal values and identity (i.e., is important to the self, is intrinsically rewarding, and generates satisfaction). Second, other-oriented meaning covered aspects related to helping and altruistic behaviors (i.e., engagement in socially significant goals, contributing to the community, and sense of satisfaction from helping others). The third domain was active engagement, which reflected the action orientation in pursuit of a calling (i.e., pursuing interests and competencies, having a quest for fulfilment and enjoyment, being driven by an inner urge or passion). To ensure a broad coverage for the three career calling dimensions, we identified items that reflected behavioral, cognitive, and affective manifestations of each domain (e.g., "I do things [volunteer, read, scan the internet] just to find out more about my dream career" reflects a behavioral manifestation of the selfdirectedness dimension). Our goal was to develop a scale of approximately 15 items to minimise respondent's fatigue or response bias, while assuring sufficient content coverage (Hinkin, 1998) .

Our goal was to develop a scale of approximately 15 items to minimise respondent's fatigue or response bias, while assuring sufficient content coverage.


Our approach has a number of advantages, the principal one being its calculational simplicity. A novel point is that we do not introduce the position of the brane under consideration as part of a gauge field, but rather encode it in the open string tachyon. This allows us to progress with considerably less effort past the Born-Infeld limit. As we shall explain below, we base our analysis only on the properties of the quadratic interactions on the boundaries of an open string worldsheet. We exhibit our method for the bosonic string but it can easily be adapted to its supersymmetric cousins because the BSFT for the superstrings have been developed [15, 16] . One can also generalize to include higher drivative terms not present in this work.

We exhibit our method for the bosonic string but it can easily be adapted to its supersymmetric cousins because the BSFT for the superstrings have been developed.


The dynamical degrees of freedom on the brane are those of the transverse excitations. These massless scalars, φ, originate physically from the spontaneously broken translation symmetry of the position of the brane. In string theory these degrees of freedom are part of the massless spectrum of the open strings ending on the brane. Together with the other massless open strings which are the gauge fields they can be described by the Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action [11, 12, 13, 14] . The standard form of the DBI action incorporates the higher powers of the gauge field strength (curvature) in fact it does so to all orders in α ′ . We observe that the corrections to the D-brane effective action arising from higher orders in the curvature of the brane world-volume are relatively much less explored. In this paper we develop a method to systematically compute in the framework of open string field theory those corrections to any given order in the extrinsic curvature of the brane world-volume. This expansion in power of α ′ like in the case of DBI, incorporates stringy effects of only worldsheets of the lowest genus, the disk.

Together with the other massless open strings which are the gauge fields they can be described by the Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action.


Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae) is a small, leguminous and native to tropical America, now widely distributed in southern Asia and neighboring islands [1] . Previous studies have show that gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin and epicatechin, extracted from the roots of L. leucocephala was found to exhibit the nitrification inhibition bioassay against the bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea [2] . L. leucocephala was chosen for further phytochemical investigation. The MeOH extract of its plants were subjected to solvent partitioning and chromatographic separation to afford 14 pure substances. The chemical constituents in the plants of L. leucocephala were separated with column chromatography.

Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae) is a small, leguminous and native to tropical America, now widely distributed in southern Asia and neighboring islands.

Previous studies have show that gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin and epicatechin, extracted from the roots of L. leucocephala was found to exhibit the nitrification inhibition bioassay against the bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea.


The bit-error ratio (BER) performance curves of bit-interleaved coded modulation using iterative decoding (BICM-ID) may be divided into three regions: 1) the region of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with negligible iterative BER reduction; 2) the so-called turbo-cliff or waterfall region exhibiting persistent iterative BER reduction over many iterations; and finally 3) the BER floor region typically experienced at moderate to high SNRs, where a rather low BER can be reached after a few iterations [1] . In order to attain a near-capacity performance, the SNR value corresponding to the turbo cliff has to be reduced. The crucial point at the receiver is that the concatenated detectors/demappers/decoders are soft-in/soft-out (SISO) decoders that accept and deliver probabilities or soft values, where the extrinsic information of the softoutput of one detector/demapper/decoder is passed on to the other detector/demapper/decoder to be used as a priori input.

The bit-error ratio (BER) performance curves of bit-interleaved coded modulation using iterative decoding (BICM-ID) may be divided into three regions: 1) the region of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with negligible iterative BER reduction; 2) the so-called turbo-cliff or waterfall region exhibiting persistent iterative BER reduction over many iterations; and finally 3) the BER floor region typically experienced at moderate to high SNRs, where a rather low BER can be reached after a few iterations.


Implications for research, practice, and policy Innovation is seen as crucial vehicle for increasing India's growth and helping reduce poverty and rising living standards (Dutz 2007) . Nearly 90% of India's workforce is employed in the informal sector, which is typically characterized by low productivity and low-skill activities, and about 60% is employed in the informal agriculture sector. India would benefit from encouraging rural level innovation by promoting creative efforts by the poor (Utz and Dahlman 2007) . To overcome institutional voids in developing countries like India, there is a need to create and strengthen formal institutional arrangements that can support rural level innovation and entrepreneurship.

Implications for research, practice, and policy Innovation is seen as crucial vehicle for increasing India's growth and helping reduce poverty and rising living standards.

India would benefit from encouraging rural level innovation by promoting creative efforts by the poor.


The problem of supply chain formation can be particularly challenging when firms must contend for scarce resources at multiple levels in the supply chain hierarchy [15] . That resource availability cannot be guaranteed until contracts are finalized makes it difficult for firms to coordinate the negotiations between their various Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. EC'00, October 17-20, 2000 , Minneapolis, Minnesota. Copyright 2000 ACM 1-58113-272-7/00/0010 ..$5.00 input resources and their production outputs. Production technologies typically contain strong complementarities. That is, the values of obtaining various inputs and for producing outputs are mutually dependent. A firm could be penalized (either explicitly, or by loss of reputation) if it is infeasible, that is unable to acquire all inputs necessary to meet its production obligations, and could be unprofitable if it acquires extraneous inputs or produces goods it cannot sell.

The problem of supply chain formation can be particularly challenging when firms must contend for scarce resources at multiple levels in the supply chain hierarchy.


Without binder modification with silane coupling agent, the formulation with coarse waste (CW) also provides the best compressive test results when compared to the formulation with fine waste (FW). For both formulations, the best results were found for GFRP waste contents in the range of 9e12%, with the optimal points at 11.25% and 9.75% for, respectively, CW and FW based formulations. Predicted compressive strength increases of around 10% and 12% were found for these formulations when compared to GFRP waste FBN output: Average compressive strength and estimated error (MPa) (CW-0 and FW-0). According to ANOVA results in Table 6 , all the material factors have a statistical significant influence on compressive strength of resultant PMs; though, 'Waste content' is the most influencing factor contributing with almost 30% to global variation, followed by 'Waste type' with 10% contribution, and 'Silane content' with a minor contribution of 3%. The 2-factor interaction 'Waste content * Silane content' also has a non-disregarded contribution to global variation. Though, caution should be taken when analysing the interaction effects results obtained by Kruskal-Wallis test as this analysis may be unable to properly identify interaction effects when multiple factors are involved (Wobbrock et al., 2011) .

Though, caution should be taken when analysing the interaction effects results obtained by Kruskal-Wallis test as this analysis may be unable to properly identify interaction effects when multiple factors are involved.


Models of a patch theory are represented as functions from the higher inductive type representing it. Because functions in homotopy type theory are always functorial, such models are a functorial semantics in the sense of Lawvere [18] . These models depend crucially on the proof-relevance of paths, assigning proofs of equalities a computational meaning as functions acting on repositories. Functoriality implies that a model must respect identity, inverses, and composition (e.g. sending composition of patches to composition of functions) and validate the patch laws. So a patch theory is a formal object, a particular higher inductive type, and the theory is realized by a formal object, a mapping into another type. One syntactic theory of patches can have many different models, e.g. ones that maintain different metadata. Syntactic transformations on patches, such as patch optimization or merging, can be implemented as functions on paths. Some of these operations can be defined directly in a functorial way, whereas others require developing a derived recursion principle for patches.

Because functions in homotopy type theory are always functorial, such models are a functorial semantics in the sense of Lawvere.


Snake robots with many degrees of freedom have been studied in the last thirty years [6] . Some types of limbless locomotion were achieved in snake robots [12, 13, 1] . Two main planar models, serpentine locomotion (horizontal locomotion) and traveling wave locomotion (vertical locomotion) are often adopted in snake robot [8, 7, 9, 2] . The serpentine locomotion is formed in the supporting plane, and its driving forces originate from the different friction coefficients of the body in the tangential and the normal directions with respect to the supporting plane [5, 14] . So the locomotors usually need wheels to realize the directional friction and hence the adaptability to the environment was somewhat weakened. On the contrary, traveling wave locomotion developed in vertical plane orthogonal to the supporting plane has more substantial potential for adaptability to the environment without additional consideration of the friction condition. Firstly, in vertical locomotion, its motion width is only approximately equal to its body section. However, in horizontal locomotion, its motion width is decided by the amplitude of its body shape, which is much wider than the body section. Thus, vertical locomotion has some advantages over horizontal locomotion in a narrow environment. Secondly, in vertical locomotion the snake robot can control not only the body shape but also every joint's torque to create a proper supporting forces and driving forces. However, in the horizontal locomotion, this can be achieved only by controlling the body shape. Thirdly, by controlling the vertical joints in vertical locomotion, the snake robot can lift its head or some sections of its body to make its head reach the other edge of a gap, and then move forward to cross the gap. Moreover, the authors also found that three-dimensional locomotion may be achieved through the combination of these two types of planar locomotion [3] .

Snake robots with many degrees of freedom have been studied in the last thirty years.

Some types of limbless locomotion were achieved in snake robots.

Two main planar models, serpentine locomotion (horizontal locomotion) and traveling wave locomotion (vertical locomotion) are often adopted in snake robot.

The serpentine locomotion is formed in the supporting plane, and its driving forces originate from the different friction coefficients of the body in the tangential and the normal directions with respect to the supporting plane.

Moreover, the authors also found that three-dimensional locomotion may be achieved through the combination of these two types of planar locomotion.


In recent years, radar methods in the microwave, millimeter-wave and Terahertz frequency range have been investigated intensively for the non-destructive inspection of fiber composite materials [8, 9] . A structural damage, such as a delamination, can be detected based on a local change in the electromagnetic properties [2] . In contrast to related techniques the electromagnetic NDT methods are non-contact, enable a one-sided scanning, are free of couplants and without safety concerns due to the low radiated power [10] . Electromagnetic waves are able to penetrate non-conductive materials and also provide the material's spectral response [11] . Depending on the frequency band chosen for the radar, the probing wavelength is relatively short, which results in a relatively good spatial resolution.

In recent years, radar methods in the microwave, millimeter-wave and Terahertz frequency range have been investigated intensively for the non-destructive inspection of fiber composite materials.

A structural damage, such as a delamination, can be detected based on a local change in the electromagnetic properties.

In contrast to related techniques the electromagnetic NDT methods are non-contact, enable a one-sided scanning, are free of couplants and without safety concerns due to the low radiated power.

Electromagnetic waves are able to penetrate non-conductive materials and also provide the material's spectral response.


Condition monitoring (CM) and structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are important for reducing the maintenance and operational costs of wind energy plants [1] [2] [3] . Especially, the blades of a wind turbine are critical structural components, because of their large dimensions as well as their diverse failure mechanisms [4] [5] [6] [7] . Among the various monitoring techniques vibration-based approaches as well as methods based on acoustic emission are widely used to assess the health status of a wind turbine blade. However, both techniques have drawbacks either in terms of their damage detection sensitivity or a limited monitoring area.

Condition monitoring (CM) and structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are important for reducing the maintenance and operational costs of wind energy plants.

Especially, the blades of a wind turbine are critical structural components, because of their large dimensions as well as their diverse failure mechanisms.


The Tortricidae are a large family of small moths (c. 5000 species worldwide) represented in most vegetated parts of the world. About 600 species of T ortricidae are named from Australia at present, but the total fauna may be double this number (Common 1980) . The larvae, familiar as leaf-rolling caterpillars, characteristically form small shelters from leaves of their foodplant bound with silk, or bore into plant tissue. Collectively, a very wide range of plants are used as hosts but most foodplants are perennial shrubs or trees.

About 600 species of T ortricidae are named from Australia at present, but the total fauna may be double this number.


In the present article we study R-factorizable paratopological groups. This notion has its origin in the celebrated result proved by L.S. Pontryagin in [23, Example 37] : For every continuous function f : G → R on a compact topological group G, there exist a continuous homomorphism φ : G → H onto a second countable topological group H and a continuous function h : H → R such that f = h • φ. The conclusion remains valid for pseudocompact topological groups, a result due to W.W. Comfort and K.A. Ross [13] . These results motivated the second-listed author to introduce the class of R-factorizable groups as the topological groups satisfying the condition that every real-valued continuous function is factorized through a continuous homomorphism onto a second countable topological group. The class of R-factorizable groups is unexpectedly wide. For example, it contains all Lindelöf groups and arbitrary (not necessarily closed) subgroups of Lindelöf Σ -groups.

The conclusion remains valid for pseudocompact topological groups, a result due to W.W. Comfort and K.A. Ross.


Machine learning algorithms are becoming the preferred tool to empower systems across multiple applications domains ranging from automatically monitoring employee hygiene and safety to influencing control decisions in self-driving cars and trading. With such pervasive use, it is critical to understand and address the vulnerabilities associated with machine learning algorithms so as to mitigate the risks in real systems. Adversarial machine learning attacks are one class of such vulnerabilities in which an attacker can reliably induce predictable errors in machine learning systems. At a high-level, given a model and a correctly labelled input, an adversarial attack computes the necessary modifications on the input such that the model incorrectly labels the input, while ensuring that the modifications are inconspicuous (e.g., imperceptible to a human observer). In an effort to mitigate or prevent the effect of adversarial attacks, multiple defensive techniques have been proposed. Of them, the most promising technique, adversarial training, uses a basic data augmentation strategy to improve a model's performance in adversarial scenarios (Madry et al. 2018) . During training, adversarial examples are computed on-the-fly and added to the training data. This approach has proven to greatly improve the prediction accuracy on adversarial inputs for certain types of adversarial attacks. However, adversarial training requires retraining the classifier on adversarial data and introduces significant performance overhead during training as adversarial examples must be generated during each training step. Modifications to the original approach have been made to reduce the performance overhead on larger datasets such as Imagenet by weakening the adversarial attack algorithm used at training time and diversifying the models used to generate adversarial inputs (Kurakin, Goodfellow, and Bengio 2017; Tramèr et al. 2018) . Despite these modifications, there still remains a problem, which is that the benefits of adversarial training only extend to a single model. In order to create additional adversarially robust models, adversarial training procedure must be repeated for each model.

Of them, the most promising technique, adversarial training, uses a basic data augmentation strategy to improve a model's performance in adversarial scenarios.

Modifications to the original approach have been made to reduce the performance overhead on larger datasets such as Imagenet by weakening the adversarial attack algorithm used at training time and diversifying the models used to generate adversarial inputs.


This study focuses on the climatology of PM 10 in the Po Valley, a European region well known for its remarkably high concentration levels of air pollutants, compared to most of the rest of Europe (Bigi et al., 2012; Putaud et al., 2010) . In this region several previous studies focused on ambient air quality, particularly on particulate aerosols, and relied on medium-to short-term sampling campaigns. The main outcome of these studies is a set of detailed information on the chemical and physical properties of particulate matter, highlighting a large presence of secondary inorganic aerosols Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.

This study focuses on the climatology of PM 10 in the Po Valley, a European region well known for its remarkably high concentration levels of air pollutants, compared to most of the rest of Europe.


The two mentioned features of E-Chaser result in reducing the developer effort of applying E-Chaser to multiple-language software because s/he only needs to deal with one verification system. E-Chaser increases the accuracy of the verification in two ways. First, no properties of the software are excluded from the verification due to unsupported implementation languages; and second the individual properties of each subsystem as well as the synchronization properties of multiple subsystems can be specified and verified. E-Chaser is designed based on the concept of the Composition Filter Model [11] . In the Composition Filter Model, the messages (e.g. method calls or events) which are exchanged between objects are filtered for different purposes such as verification. In this manner, E-Chaser provides a runtime-verification filter that is used to verify a sequence of messages expressed as a regular expression. Since in the current Composition Filter Model, filters can only be used to verify properties of individual subsystems, E-Chaser extends it with the notion of synchronization messages and synchronization filters, to support verification of the synchronization properties of multiple subsystems. The specification of software is composed of specifications of individual subsystems plus specifications of synchronization among them. E-Chaser utilizes and extends Compose*, which is a compiler for the Composition Filter Model, to generate executable verification code from the composition filters.

E-Chaser is designed based on the concept of the Composition Filter Model.


As can be seen from figure 2, habituation of the contralateral R2 response increases in our study whatever the experimental intervention is. During repeated stimulation with an inter-stimulus interval of 15-17sec as used here, nBR responses clearly habituate bilaterally in healthy subjects, but not in migraine patients [31] . The more pronounced habituation of contralateral responses could be related to the fact that 1 st block amplitude is overall lower on the side opposite to the supraorbital stimulus, a relation that was also reported for visual evoked potentials [32] .

During repeated stimulation with an inter-stimulus interval of 15-17sec as used here, nBR responses clearly habituate bilaterally in healthy subjects, but not in migraine patients.

The more pronounced habituation of contralateral responses could be related to the fact that 1 st block amplitude is overall lower on the side opposite to the supraorbital stimulus, a relation that was also reported for visual evoked potentials.


Variations of the impacting mass affects only the structural deformation and has no considerable effect on energy-absorption productivity. If a thin-walled part collapses, variations in its thickness would directly affect the structure's cross section. Impact loading increases the thickness of the structure and reduces its deformation, but can fully absorb the impact energy. Thus, wall thickness has a considerable effect on energy absorption. Velocity variation of the impacting body would directly change the impact force and cause a change in the initial peak force and the mean force as well. Test results show that kinetic energy is affected more by the velocity of the impacting body than by its mass. This also affects the amount of the absorbed energy (Tai, 2010) .

This also affects the amount of the absorbed energy.


Energy absorption systems are used in many engineering applications, moving systems in particular, for preventing or reducing damage. Thin-walled structures are high strength-to-weight ratios and high energy absorption capacity. For this reason, they are the center of attention in many different industries including car manufacturing industries. In some systems, energy absorbers are used for absorbing kinetic energy or converting it into other forms of energy. Mechanical cylindrical tubes absorb energy through doing work in the plastic region. The most common absorbers are thin-walled cylindrical shells which dissipate energy by collapsing under axial loads. These absorbers are irreversible and cannot be reused upon deformation (Lau et al., 2012) .

These absorbers are irreversible and cannot be reused upon deformation.


Most absorbers are of the throw-away type and are discarded upon plastic deformation. For this reason, design requirements for such tubes would be achieving higher absorbing capability at lower mass with emphasis on higher specific energy absorption. Axial collapse in different designs usually occurs in three stages. First, the collapse force reaches a peak value to overcome the initial tube resistance. Second, the force diminishes and fluctuates as crushing develops. Third, the force rapidly increases, expanding the collapsed parts until the collapse ends (Ghamarian et al., 2011; Song et al., 2013) .

Third, the force rapidly increases, expanding the collapsed parts until the collapse ends.


Impact tests and numerical analysis are concentrated on the failure mechanism as well as the load bearing capacity. On the average, impact loading is applied via free fall of a hammer. Due to the specific features of impact loading, the dynamic response of the structure under impact loading is evidently different from that under quasi-static loading. These results were recorded completely during testing (Qu et al., 2014) .

These results were recorded completely during testing.


Shock wave interactions with solid obstacles arranged in various geometrical patterns can be used for both shock strength amplification or mitigation purposes. Knowledge of one area can be transferred to the other, since the governing shock dynamics is essentially the same. The shock dynamics community has been interested in amplifying the shock strength using converging shock waves since the 1950s [1] . The main reason for the interest in shock focusing is that it can be used as an efficient tool to create high temperatures and pressures at the focal region. A number of experimental efforts have proven that obstacles placed in the path of the converging shock wave can help to stabilize the shock during the focusing phase [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . On the other hand, the opposite of shock focusing, namely shock wave attenuation, is highly relevant to a number of military and civil applications. If an incident shock wave can be deflected or diminished in strength, people and structures can be kept safe. For example, ventilation ducts and tunnels act as wave guides; therefore, it is important to understand how to attenuate shock waves using obstacle barriers. Simply erecting a wall to reflect the shock wave back is not necessarily desirable, since the increase in thermodynamic properties due to the reflection are high. Shock tube experiments and simulations can be used to a great extent to understand wave propagation in tunnels and to find optimal ways to attenuate an incident shock wave.

The shock dynamics community has been interested in amplifying the shock strength using converging shock waves since the 1950s.

A number of experimental efforts have proven that obstacles placed in the path of the converging shock wave can help to stabilize the shock during the focusing phase.


Effects on shock wave attenuation by obstacles have been investigated by numerous research groups, and among the first to publish results was Donsanjh [8] . Dosanjh performed shock tube experiments with grids inserted in the path of the shock wave to study the reflected and transmitted shock waves, using both shadowgraph visualizations and hot-wire anemometry. Various grids were used for a range of Mach numbers, and choking effects by obstacles in supersonic flow were explained.

Effects on shock wave attenuation by obstacles have been investigated by numerous research groups, and among the first to publish results was Donsanjh.


Algorithm A: Hierarchical system for objectionable video detection [12] . Algorithm B: High performance objectionable video classification system [11] . Algorithm C: Adult image filtering for web safety with SVM classifier [42] . Algorithm D: Adult image filtering for web safety with KNN classifier [42] . Algorithm E: An algorithm for nudity detection with KNN classifier [43] . Algorithm F: An algorithm for nudity detection with SVM classifier [43] . Algorithm G: A practical system for detecting obscene videos [15] . Table 6 illustrates the average RR for the implemented algorithms. We tested the algorithms with the same data as the proposed algorithm. We examined KNN classifier with various K values, and SVM classifier with different kernels, and the best results are reported in Table 6 . As shown in this table, the maximum recognition belongs to the Algorithm C. Comparisons between the results of Tables 2 and 6 show that the proposed algorithm has improved the RR by 9.34%.

Algorithm A: Hierarchical system for objectionable video detection.

Algorithm B: High performance objectionable video classification system.

Algorithm C: Adult image filtering for web safety with SVM classifier.

Algorithm D: Adult image filtering for web safety with KNN classifier.

Algorithm E: An algorithm for nudity detection with KNN classifier.

Algorithm F: An algorithm for nudity detection with SVM classifier.

Algorithm G: A practical system for detecting obscene videos.


The choice for multilateralism is an important one. Multilateral agencies have never received the majority of US aid funds. Our data suggests a reason: far less than a majority of the American public supports multilateralism in aid. Elites in our sample show the same preferences for bilateral policies, and their partisan debates over multilateralism are reflected in all likelihood in public attitudes. This weak support arises despite evidence that multilateralism is more effective than bilateralism. Moreover, it contrasts with other donor countries, who give a greater percentage of multilateral aid and have stronger public support for multilateralism (Milner 2006) . Policy makers in the US choose low levels of multilateral giving, elites in the US are divided over the use of international institutions, and public opinion reflects this.

Moreover, it contrasts with other donor countries, who give a greater percentage of multilateral aid and have stronger public support for multilateralism.


Since multilateralism is often about delegation to an international institution, our research has implications for theories of international institutions. Previous studies have argued that such institutions are demanded by states to the extent that they reduce transaction costs or allow powerful countries to bind themselves credibly (Ikenberry 2003; Lake 1999) . Our project presents a more complex view of international institutions. Principal-agent models show that the benefits of delegation can be reduced transaction costs and enhanced collective action (Epstein and O'Halloran 1999) . But the loss of control involved raises issues about the distribution of benefits from delegation to international institutions. Realists have focused on relative gains among states (Gruber 2000; Krasner 1978) . The distributive problem here is domestic. Some domestic actors may pay higher costs for delegation to international institutions than others because their preferences may be less congruent with those of the institution. Multilateralism as a form of delegation may thus raise thorny domestic political issues. While it may reduce international transaction costs and induce greater collective action, delegation to multilateral institutions may create and/or exacerbate domestic distributional struggles.

Previous studies have argued that such institutions are demanded by states to the extent that they reduce transaction costs or allow powerful countries to bind themselves credibly.

Principal-agent models show that the benefits of delegation can be reduced transaction costs and enhanced collective action.

Realists have focused on relative gains among states.


Low velocity impact is one of the most critical load factors for composite laminates. Indeed, for structures submitted to low energy impacts or small dropped objects, such as tools during assembly or maintenance operations, composite laminates reveal a brittle behavior and can undergo significant damage in terms of matrix cracks, fiber breakage or delamination. This damage is particularly dangerous because it drastically reduces the residual mechanical characteristics of the structure, and at the same time can leave very limited visible marks on the impacted surface [1] .

This damage is particularly dangerous because it drastically reduces the residual mechanical characteristics of the structure, and at the same time can leave very limited visible marks on the impacted surface.


Sports activities, such as aerobic exercises, not only improve the person's physical health, but will affect the mental one. Since physical and mental states are ge nerally related to each other, physical abilities reduc tion causes a fall in self-esteem sense, which means the person believes in the set of abilities, competence and characteristics of his/her own [6] . With regard to sports activities, they increase self-confidence, efficiency, com petence and self-esteem, so they will have consi derable influence on optimal performance, educational health, social and psychological health. Therefore, one of the research hypotheses is that a 12-week aerobic training leads to enhancement of the self-esteem in male stu dents. Moreover, sports activities evoke enhance ment of the lust for life, improvement in personal and social lives and mental hygiene [7] .

Since physical and mental states are ge nerally related to each other, physical abilities reduc tion causes a fall in self-esteem sense, which means the person believes in the set of abilities, competence and characteristics of his/her own.

Moreover, sports activities evoke enhance ment of the lust for life, improvement in personal and social lives and mental hygiene.


Human is a social being and he/she knows his/her value in society but sometimes his/her life and social pro blems can endanger his/her mental health [1] . Though medical treatments are useful in curing these disorders, also sports activities can be one of the main elements of the treatment. The physiological effect of major exercises (aerobic and non-aerobic) is improving the body form and enhancing the breathing efficiency [2] . Aerobic exercise, which belongs to the long term sport activities, needs oxygen for performance [3] . This kind of exercise activates the systems which pro vide oxygen to all the cells in the organism, and in this way active muscles receive the oxygen through blood circulation. To establish this kind of aerobic me tabolism, the intensity of training should be low, while duration of training should be long [4] .

Human is a social being and he/she knows his/her value in society but sometimes his/her life and social pro blems can endanger his/her mental health.

The physiological effect of major exercises (aerobic and non-aerobic) is improving the body form and enhancing the breathing efficiency.

Aerobic exercise, which belongs to the long term sport activities, needs oxygen for performance.

To establish this kind of aerobic me tabolism, the intensity of training should be low, while duration of training should be long.


People having a good mental health, have good social re lations and relatively healthy lives. Mental health is necessary for happiness and for a quiet life, away from disorders; it helps persons to mix socially with others more easily. However, these social interactions usually breed some conflicts, in many cases these con flicts will threaten the person's mental health so some times will pro duce disorders in the person, such as de pression, anxiety and a feeling of social insufficiency [5] .

However, these social interactions usually breed some conflicts, in many cases these con flicts will threaten the person's mental health so some times will pro duce disorders in the person, such as de pression, anxiety and a feeling of social insufficiency.


While its constituent materials are similar to that of normal concrete, PC contains little or no fine aggregate. It is also known as permeable concrete, porous concrete and no-fine concrete. PC has been used in low-traffic pavements such as parking lots and sidewalks [2] . Permeability coefficient or hydraulic conductivity is the most important performance characteristic of PCs, and with any some material, transport properties are dependent on the pore structure features [3] . PC allows water to pass through its structure due to an increased air voids network. This open structure gives this concrete the added possibility to be applied in pavement engineering as a water drainage layer [4] . The costs of such asphalt pavements will grow the coming years due to the foreseeable increase in oil prices. PC is therefore a suitable material to be considered for increased usage in the developing sustainable pavement [5] . Natural Resources are increasingly consumed due to rapid urbanization and thereafter human construction activities, so that various strategies are being investigated by engineers to protect and restore natural ecosystems in the world. PC pavement is termed as comprising materials that facilitate storm water infiltrate and transfer to the underlying subsoil [6] . The porosity is the ratio of the Volume of Voids to the total Volume of the Specimen. Some of the voids in PC are not effective in Carrying water through the material. The Voids that are frequently called the "effective void" are important. Some methods for finding the porosity of PC only calculate the effective voids. Some researchers recommends to finding the total porosity of PC using a water displacement method [7] . The water displacement method is based on Archimedes principle of buoyancy, which states that the buoyancy force is equal to the weight of fluids displaced. The dry mass, the submerged mass and the total volume must be known to calculate the porosity using the water displacement method [8] .

PC has been used in low-traffic pavements such as parking lots and sidewalks.

Permeability coefficient or hydraulic conductivity is the most important performance characteristic of PCs, and with any some material, transport properties are dependent on the pore structure features.

This open structure gives this concrete the added possibility to be applied in pavement engineering as a water drainage layer.

PC is therefore a suitable material to be considered for increased usage in the developing sustainable pavement.

PC pavement is termed as comprising materials that facilitate storm water infiltrate and transfer to the underlying subsoil.

Some researchers recommends to finding the total porosity of PC using a water displacement method.

The dry mass, the submerged mass and the total volume must be known to calculate the porosity using the water displacement method.


In this systematic review we summarize research on CD14 and TLRs in relation to asthma in Caucasian children. By selecting this specific group we expect more clarity in study outcome as conclusions can differ between ethnicities [29] . Consequently, a better insight into the relation between CD14 and TLRs and pathology of childhood asthma in Caucasians would be achieved. Further, we analyzed the effect of environmental factors on the relation between CD14 and TLRs and asthma in Caucasian children.

By selecting this specific group we expect more clarity in study outcome as conclusions can differ between ethnicities.


Sandwich structures are commonly used in aerospace, naval construction, and transport structures, since they offer a great stiffness over weight ratio. The purpose of the core is to maintain the distance between the skins and to resist the shear deformation. A variation of the core, the thickness and the material of the face sheet of the sandwich structures, makes it possible to obtain various properties and the desired performance [1] [2] [3] [4] . Typical core configurations include different foams, honeycomb or lattice core material.

A variation of the core, the thickness and the material of the face sheet of the sandwich structures, makes it possible to obtain various properties and the desired performance.


Because of its high costs, the use of nursing and residential care has dominated discussions concerning the long-term care of the elderly [6] . To formulate sustainable long-term care policies, it is critical to understand the relationship between the provision of informal care and public expenditure on elderly care. Policy initiatives that encourage family care giving are only cost-effective if informal care does indeed reduce expenditure on elderly care.

Because of its high costs, the use of nursing and residential care has dominated discussions concerning the long-term care of the elderly.


The formulation of a simplified model for the sound transmission through holes, slits and openings connecting cuboid-shaped rooms will be exposed here. The pressure field inside the rooms is described by means of the undamped eigenfunctions of the room. They have a well known expression [26, 34] . This is a good option if the connections between the rooms are weak and do not largely modify the modal pattern of the system. This is the case for holes, thin slits or small openings. With this model the large costs of the resolution of the Helmholtz equation by means of the finite element method can be reduced. In addition, its implementation is simpler and faster, and a mesh is not required.

They have a well known expression.


Three subsystems are considered, see Fig. 1 : i) sending room (on the left); ii) receiving room (on the right) and iii) the connecting element between the rooms (hole, slit or opening). The relationship between the rooms and the connecting element is established by means of a Dirichlet-to-Neumann strategy [9] . The effect of the slit on both rooms is considered as an imposed velocity (Neumann boundary of the rooms). In a complementary way, the effect of the rooms on the slit is considered by means of an imposed pressure (Dirichlet boundary condition on the slit). The interpolation of the pressure field inside the slit is designed in order to satisfy this boundary condition.

The relationship between the rooms and the connecting element is established by means of a Dirichlet-to-Neumann strategy.


In future wireless communication networks, multipath fading is the key problem to achieve high data rate. Time, frequency and spatial diversity techniques are considered to alleviate the multipath fading. Taking specifically spatial diversity, which normally improves the system by introducing independent path communication. Primitively, the concept was achieved by introducing multiple antennas (MIMO) which improves the performance manifolds. Due to size, cost along with some hardware limitations, the system practical implementation becomes another problem itself. For overcoming these concerns, cooperative communication was introduced as a virtual MIMO environment [1] . For bringing independent path communication into being for practical implementation and exploiting the broadcast nature of the wireless communication destination relays are introduced between source and destination, which in literal sense are not more than forwarders of the source signal based on some designed protocol [2] .

For overcoming these concerns, cooperative communication was introduced as a virtual MIMO environment.

For bringing independent path communication into being for practical implementation and exploiting the broadcast nature of the wireless communication destination relays are introduced between source and destination, which in literal sense are not more than forwarders of the source signal based on some designed protocol.


Although no previous studies have examined pre-and post-CBT MDS scores, several sessions implemented in the present study, including those involving safety behaviors and attentional bias, have been an effective part of CBT treatment for SAD [41] [42] [43] . These findings lend credibility to the use of CBT to treat mental defeat in patients with PD. By understanding the mechanisms underlying PD and the skills needed to manage symptoms, patients can reduce feelings of mental defeat, including helplessness and powerlessness.

Although no previous studies have examined pre-and post-CBT MDS scores, several sessions implemented in the present study, including those involving safety behaviors and attentional bias, have been an effective part of CBT treatment for SAD.


We close this section by noting that as the predual of a von Neumann algebra, A(G) carries the additional structure of an operator space. Ample evidence exists to suggest that in studying the cohomological properties of A(G), the operator structure plays a crucial role when G is not abelian. Indeed, it is known that the Fourier algerba A(G) is amenable as a Banach algebra if and only if the group G is a finite extension of an abelian group [17] . This means that the dual to Johnson's fundamental theorem on amenability of L 1 (G), namely that A(G) is amenable as a Banach algebra if and only if G is amenable, fails spectacularly. In contract, Ruan showed that A(G) is amenable in the operator space category precisely when G is amenable [39] . Ruan's result can be viewed as a true analog of Johnson's Theorem because for group algebras the underlying operator space structure is essentially trivial and as such amenability in the category of Banach spaces and in the category of operator spaces is the same.

Indeed, it is known that the Fourier algerba A(G) is amenable as a Banach algebra if and only if the group G is a finite extension of an abelian group.

In contract, Ruan showed that A(G) is amenable in the operator space category precisely when G is amenable.


With the beginning of the financial crisis in 2007, many health systems worldwide had to face with an increase in cost and competitive pressure [3] . Since cardiovascular disease represents a major economic burden in most countries, vigorous efforts to increase profitability were focused on cardiology units and in particular on cardiac catheterization laboratories [14, 15] . Based on our local experience, a significant increase in the number of treated patients and in total revenues has been realized in the meantime. However, an increase in case volume does not necessarily imply that economic performance improved as well. Based on a detailed analysis of material and labor expenses, our study provided a CBM analysis of typical CCL procedures over a 5-year period. Our objective was to demonstrate the excellent suitability of this approach to evaluate the economic performance of a catheterization laboratory on different hierarchical levels (overall and with respect to different service lines). Based on a detailed analysis of material and labor expenses, our study analyzed overall CCL profitability and the CBMs of typical procedure groups and procedures over a 5-year period.

With the beginning of the financial crisis in 2007, many health systems worldwide had to face with an increase in cost and competitive pressure.

Since cardiovascular disease represents a major economic burden in most countries, vigorous efforts to increase profitability were focused on cardiology units and in particular on cardiac catheterization laboratories.


Greek under the left-handed part of the Lorentz group, and dotted Greek indices under the right-handed part. Horizontal lines separate operators that conserve both B and L, and those that don't. Note that the inclusion of a real scalar singlet spoils the correspondence between operator dimension and B and L charges which is present in the Standard Model [13, 14] .

Note that the inclusion of a real scalar singlet spoils the correspondence between operator dimension and B and L charges which is present in the Standard Model.


Laser speckle imaging systems may be implemented by unifying the related image processing methods in association with artificial intelligence tools and low-cost laser-optics instrumentation to reach an optimum accuracy in the classification of tablets as either in-or out-of-specification, with regard to certain attributes associated with the tablet microstructure. Within the proposed system, we acquire laser speckle images from tablet illuminated by lasers at 650 and 808 wavelengths, then apply texture analysis algorithms with 9 texture measures (and then Bayesian classifier or Bayesian inference method). This novel technique is called Bintelligent laser speckle classification (ILSC)^ [5, 6] . The aim of the current study is to investigate the application of the ILSC technique in the classification of tablets according to the surface microstructures associated with different tablet densities from using a range of granule sizes and with the microscale defects that result from tablet sticking, with the future possibility of integrating our proposed system with the traditional die-punch set for a lowcost, high speed and accurate tablet inspection process.

This novel technique is called Bintelligent laser speckle classification (ILSC)^.


A well motivated underlying theory would be string theory. From the very early days of string theory phenomenology attempts were made to understand the possible origin of SUSY-breaking soft terms [10] . It was also soon realized that the Kahler moduli T i , dilaton S and complex structure M i fields which appear in string compactifications are natural candidates to constitute the hidden sector of the theory. For certain classes of heterotic compactifications (i.e. Abelian orbifolds and certain large volume limits of Calabi-Yau (CY) compactifications) it was possible to compute in perturbation theory the form of the functions K, W and f a [11] . Two natural sources of SUSY-breaking were put forward: gaugino condensation and a non-vanishing flux H ijk in compact dimensions for the two index antisymmetric field B ij appearing in the heterotic [10] . However the latter source did not look very promising since those fluxes are quantized and give rise to too large SUSY breaking of order the Planck scale.

From the very early days of string theory phenomenology attempts were made to understand the possible origin of SUSY-breaking soft terms.

For certain classes of heterotic compactifications (i.e. Abelian orbifolds and certain large volume limits of Calabi-Yau (CY) compactifications) it was possible to compute in perturbation theory the form of the functions K, W and f a.

Two natural sources of SUSY-breaking were put forward: gaugino condensation and a non-vanishing flux H ijk in compact dimensions for the two index antisymmetric field B ij appearing in the heterotic.


Many studies have utilized and applied the strong oxidizing power of TiO 2 photo-catalysts in environmental systems such as purification, water disinfection and hazardous waste remediation [17, 18] . In an effort to commercialize TiO 2 photo-catalysts, many different types of TiO 2 coated materials, such as paper, thin film and glass that exhibit great antimicrobial activities, have been prepared and evaluated [17, 18] . Although a wealth of TiO 2 photo-catalyst coated products containing antimicrobial activity have already been developed and commercialized, as far as we know, there have been a few report suggested for automobile air conditioning system as a combination of an Ag-doped TiO 2 coating layer on Al evaporator and UVA-LEDs.

Many studies have utilized and applied the strong oxidizing power of TiO 2 photo-catalysts in environmental systems such as purification, water disinfection and hazardous waste remediation.

In an effort to commercialize TiO 2 photo-catalysts, many different types of TiO 2 coated materials, such as paper, thin film and glass that exhibit great antimicrobial activities, have been prepared and evaluated.


Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is well-developed sterilization way that has been used in water and air in many countries. Sterilization by UV is friendlier to the environment and inactivates bacteria and viruses [2] [3] [4] . For many UV applications, however, there are sustainability issues that arise from current low-pressure lamp in use. Disadvantages of mercury lamps such as mercury waste products, short life span of lamp and lost energy in the form of heat have led researchers to seek a new environmental technology.

Sterilization by UV is friendlier to the environment and inactivates bacteria and viruses.


These facts highlight the importance that adequate tools to detect NMS, in order to optimize the treatment of PD patients. Accordingly, a more recent review has described the instruments available for the detection and assessment of NMS, as well as recommendations for their treatment [4] . Fortunately, specific and valid instruments may help clinicians to assess these symptoms although therapeutic strategies remain limited in 2012 [19] . This paper was recently published with the objective to update previous Evidence-Based Medicine reviews on treatments for NMS in PD. Only four treatments are considered efficacious: Pramipexole for the treatment of depressive symptoms, Clozapine for the treatment of psychosis, Rivastigmine for the treatment of dementia, and botulinum toxin for the treatment of sialorrhea [19] .

Accordingly, a more recent review has described the instruments available for the detection and assessment of NMS, as well as recommendations for their treatment.

Fortunately, specific and valid instruments may help clinicians to assess these symptoms although therapeutic strategies remain limited in 2012.

Only four treatments are considered efficacious: Pramipexole for the treatment of depressive symptoms, Clozapine for the treatment of psychosis, Rivastigmine for the treatment of dementia, and botulinum toxin for the treatment of sialorrhea.


HOTS is a process of thinking students in higher cognitive levels developed from various concepts and cognitive methods and taxonomy of learning such as problem-solving methods, bloom taxonomy, and taxonomy of learning, teaching, and assessment (Saputra, 2016) . HOTS is a way of thinking that is no longer just verbalistic memorisation but also means the essence of what is contained, among other things, to be able to interpret the meaning that is integralistic thinking by analysing synthesis, associating to conclude the creation of creative ideas and products (Ernawati, 2017) . HOTS involves the ability to solve problems, the ability to think creatively, think critically, the ability to argue, and the ability to make decisions guided by truth ideas, each of which has meaning. Therefore, it can be concluded that HOTS in this study is a highlevel thinking ability that is not just remembering, restating, or referring without processing, but high-level thinking skills to critically analyze information, transfer one concept to another, creative, creative and able to solve problems based on ideas or ideas constructed from within the students themselves based on real issues.

HOTS is a process of thinking students in higher cognitive levels developed from various concepts and cognitive methods and taxonomy of learning such as problem-solving methods, bloom taxonomy, and taxonomy of learning, teaching, and assessment.

HOTS is a way of thinking that is no longer just verbalistic memorisation but also means the essence of what is contained, among other things, to be able to interpret the meaning that is integralistic thinking by analysing synthesis, associating to conclude the creation of creative ideas and products.


How do we measure that the model is said to be successful in improving the quality of capabilities needed in the 21st century? Before we discuss this, 21st-century capabilities can be measured by seeing how students can communicate, collaborate, think critically, do problem-solving, have creativity and innovation. The ability to communicate, collaborate, think critically, do problem-solving, have creativity, and change can be measured by seeing how the students' high-level thinking skills value in mathematics. By learning mathematics, these abilities can be easily measured because mathematics is learning that needs the ability to think critically. The ability to think higher or commonly known as HOTS is a thought process that requires students to manipulate information and ideas in specific ways that give them new insights and implications (Gunawan, 2012) .

The ability to think higher or commonly known as HOTS is a thought process that requires students to manipulate information and ideas in specific ways that give them new insights and implications.


In this paper, we proposed a new solution for control of selective and total harmonic distortion problem known as shuffled frog-leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA is a meta-heuristic optimization method based on observing and modeling the behavior of frogs. SFLA combines the benefits of the genetic-based memetic algorithms (MAs) and the social behavior-based PSO algorithm [31] .

SFLA combines the benefits of the genetic-based memetic algorithms (MAs) and the social behavior-based PSO algorithm.


Now there is the belief that there should exist space-time as a medium which allows to order physical events. The 'new' ether is a collection of physical properties of a continuum space-time (Einstein, 1991) . In this paper we propose a discrete picture for the dynamics in classical particle mechanics, where the continuum has no physical meaning at all. We work on the possibility that the world is, in some sense, atomistic. And space-time, as one of the constituents of the world, is also atomistic. We show that we may have causality without any time interval, in the usual sense, between two events.

The 'new' ether is a collection of physical properties of a continuum space-time.


Carbon fiber is a new engineering material, which has become popular in aerospace, missile and rocket development [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . In recent years, these materials have been developed rapidly in the field of civil construction, including in architecture and sports [6, 7] . The resin composite sheet of carbon fiber fabrics is an enhanced product with unidirectional (UD) carbon fiber, which is frequently used because of its excellent mechanical properties and easy repairability [8] . Due to these superior properties, it is currently becoming a promising material in construction industries.

Carbon fiber is a new engineering material, which has become popular in aerospace, missile and rocket development.

In recent years, these materials have been developed rapidly in the field of civil construction, including in architecture and sports.

The resin composite sheet of carbon fiber fabrics is an enhanced product with unidirectional (UD) carbon fiber, which is frequently used because of its excellent mechanical properties and easy repairability.


An effective method for discovering q-series with interesting number-theoretic behavior is to generalize the combinatorics of partitions. Perhaps the most striking example of this is work of the second two authors relating the rank of an overpartition to the Hurwitz class numbers [12] . Another example is work of Osburn and the second two authors, where extensions of Andrews' (k + 1)-marked Durfee symbols and 2kth symmetrized rank moments to overpartition pairs led to many new quasimock modular forms [13] .

Perhaps the most striking example of this is work of the second two authors relating the rank of an overpartition to the Hurwitz class numbers.

Another example is work of Osburn and the second two authors, where extensions of Andrews' (k + 1)-marked Durfee symbols and 2kth symmetrized rank moments to overpartition pairs led to many new quasimock modular forms.


Studies on future Exascale High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems point out energy efficiency as the main concern [16] . An Exascale system should have the same power consumption as the existing Petascale systems while providing thousand times more computational power. A direct consequence of this observation is that the number of flops per watt provided by a single chip should dramatically increase compared to the current situation [27] . The solution is to increase the level of parallelism on a single chip by moving from multi-core to many-core chips [5] . A many-core chip integrates a large number of cores connected using a powerful Network-on-Chip (NoC). Soon, chips with hundreds if not thousands of cores will be available.

Studies on future Exascale High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems point out energy efficiency as the main concern.

A direct consequence of this observation is that the number of flops per watt provided by a single chip should dramatically increase compared to the current situation.

The solution is to increase the level of parallelism on a single chip by moving from multi-core to many-core chips.


Niu and Tan proposed a control flow integrity (CFI) approach to harden JIT compilers, called RockJIT [19] . RockJIT is built upon modular control flow integrity. RockJIT build control flow graph from the JIT compiler's source and updates the control-flow policy of the JIT compiler dynamically when new code is generated on the fly.

Niu and Tan proposed a control flow integrity (CFI) approach to harden JIT compilers, called RockJIT.


When selecting a set of study variables, researchers frequently test correlations between the outcome variables (i.e. dependent variables) and theoretically relevant predictor variables (i.e. independent variables) [1] . In some instances, one or more of the predictor variables are uncorrelated with the outcome variable [2] . This situation poses the question of whether researchers' multiple regression analysis should exclude independent variables that are not significantly correlated with the dependent variable [3] .

When selecting a set of study variables, researchers frequently test correlations between the outcome variables (i.e. dependent variables) and theoretically relevant predictor variables (i.e. independent variables).

In some instances, one or more of the predictor variables are uncorrelated with the outcome variable.

This situation poses the question of whether researchers' multiple regression analysis should exclude independent variables that are not significantly correlated with the dependent variable.


Only when a predictor variable that is uncorrelated with other predictors is included in a multiple regression, will the regression weight of other predictor variables remain stable and not change. However, in most research, explanatory variables are inter-correlated, and regression coefficients are calculated after adjusting for all the bi-variate correlations between independent variables. When a multiple regression model is altered by adding a variable that is uncorrelated with other predictor variables, the usual outcome is that the uncorrelated variable reduces the regression weight of the other predictor variable(s). The impact will be different if the added variable (or set of variables) is a suppressor variable. The suppressor variable will account for irrelevant predictive variance in some predictors and, therefore, will yield an increase in the regression weight of those predictors. Moreover, the regressor weight of the suppressor may improve, thus improving the overall predictive power of the model [6] . Suppression implies that the relationship between some independent variables of interest and the outcome variables are blurred because of outcome-irrelevant variance; the addition of suppressor variables clears or, purifies the outcome-irrelevant variation from the independent variables, thus revealing the true relationship between the independent and outcome variables.

Moreover, the regressor weight of the suppressor may improve, thus improving the overall predictive power of the model.


The purpose of this paper is to examine whether network configuration and NC influence small firms' innovativeness and firm performance. The present study is unique as it includes NC and network configuration, which are two important variables derived from network-based literature that have a potentially strong influence on small firm innovativeness and performance. Thus, this paper contributes to the growing body of network literature (Borgatti and Foster, 2003) . Besides, the focus on NC ties in with the growing body of literature on organisational capabilities. The capabilities-based view propagates the importance of firm capabilities as antecedents to competitive advantage (Teece et al., 1997; Walter et al., 2006) . Finally, we also attempt to advance the literature on small firm innovation, which has been neglected in the past (Bougrain and Haudeville, 2002; Hörte et al., 2008) .

Thus, this paper contributes to the growing body of network literature.

The capabilities-based view propagates the importance of firm capabilities as antecedents to competitive advantage.

Finally, we also attempt to advance the literature on small firm innovation, which has been neglected in the past.


The amount of noise in CT images depends on several factors: section collimation, acquisition time, and tube current [14] . Theoretically a decrease in tube current by a factor 2 leads to an increase in image noise by the square root of 2 (1.41), given that all other scanning parameters are kept constant [14] . By reconstructing images acquired with half the tube current using iDose level 4 IR, we expected, and found, noise to be reduced to the level of the initial tube current setting (Table 1) . When low dose scans were reconstructed with iDose level 4, mean image noise was again similar to the high-dose scans ( Table 1 ). The 50% radiation dose reduction (CTDIvol /DLP 35.3/473.4 mGy vs. 17.7/236.5 mGy) is mainly compensated for by the improvement of spatial resolution due to the denoising properties of the iterative reconstruction algorithm (Fig. 6) . Hypo-and hyperdense artifacts were comparable between high dose scans with FBP and low dose scans reconstructed with iDose level 4 IR (Fig. 7) . IR performed similar in the systolic and diastolic phase for the reduction of PHV artifacts (Table 3) .

The amount of noise in CT images depends on several factors: section collimation, acquisition time, and tube current.

Theoretically a decrease in tube current by a factor 2 leads to an increase in image noise by the square root of 2 (1.41), given that all other scanning parameters are kept constant.


The usefulness of TM suggestions mainly depends on two factors: the matching process and the quality of the TU. To increase recall, the retrieval is based on computing a "fuzzy match" score. Depending on how the matching is performed, its output can be a mix of perfect and partial matches requiring variable amounts of correc-tions by the user. For this reason, most prior works on TM technology focused on improving this aspect (Gupta et al., 2014; Bloodgood and Strauss, 2014; Vanallemeersch and Vandeghinste, 2015; Chatzitheodoroou, 2015; Gupta et al., 2015) .

For this reason, most prior works on TM technology focused on improving this aspect.


However, the study has some limitations. First, the majority of the studies included in the pooled analysis were crosssectional. This precludes an analysis of the temporal relationship between ART use and the cardiometabolic risk factors studied. Second, our results may have been confounded by fasting status, as some of the studies included in the pooled analyses provided non-fasted lipids and glucose measurements. However, studies of fasting participants and studies of unfasted participants have reported only minor differences in the strength of associations between TG and CHD [2] . This, and the fact that non-fasted lipids and glucose were presented by only two studies, suggests that the impact of potential confounding due to differences in fasting status on the validity of our results is likely to be minimal.

However, studies of fasting participants and studies of unfasted participants have reported only minor differences in the strength of associations between TG and CHD.


Polypropylene (PP) is a widely used synthetic polymer, and has been applied in many fields, such as industry, construction, electronic devices. To meet the growing requirement of addressing the flammability of all materials, particularly for the synthetic polymeric materials, flame retardant technology has been a substantial development in recent years. The IFRs, typically consisting of three ingredients: acid source, carbon source and blowing agent, have become the major choice as non-halogen flame retardants for PP [1] [2] [3] . In recent years, nano materials have attracted considerable attention as the next generation of reinforcement materials for polymer. The addition of nanoscale materials, such as CNTs and graphene can significantly enhance the flame retardant, electrical, thermal properties, etc. of polymers, and thereby the applications of polymer materials are broadened [4] [5] [6] . Few researches has been done on the fire toxicity of these polymer composites during the combustion, however, fire toxicity has been proved to be the main cause of fire death [7, 8] .

The IFRs, typically consisting of three ingredients: acid source, carbon source and blowing agent, have become the major choice as non-halogen flame retardants for PP.

The addition of nanoscale materials, such as CNTs and graphene can significantly enhance the flame retardant, electrical, thermal properties, etc. of polymers, and thereby the applications of polymer materials are broadened.

Few researches has been done on the fire toxicity of these polymer composites during the combustion, however, fire toxicity has been proved to be the main cause of fire death.


These characteristics of wireless sensors enable them to be used in many areas especially for surveillance and monitoring [3] . Compared with the traditional technique of environment monitoring, WSNs technology is a promising green technology for the future in detecting efficiently the environmental variation. WSNs for environment monitoring consist of a large number of low-cost battery-powered sensor nodes, densely deployed throughout a remote or inaccessible physical space [4] .

These characteristics of wireless sensors enable them to be used in many areas especially for surveillance and monitoring.

WSNs for environment monitoring consist of a large number of low-cost battery-powered sensor nodes, densely deployed throughout a remote or inaccessible physical space.


Clustering in WSN consists of grouping efficiently the sensor nodes into distinct clusters; each cluster has one leader called cluster head (CH). The CHs collect the data from all their corresponding members, aggregate them, and transmit them to the BS. Each sensor node belongs to one and only one cluster and communicates only with its CH. Therefore, selection of CHs needs to be properly addressed in order to balance the energy consumption of the CHs; otherwise they would die quickly due to the extra work load for data aggregation and data forwarding. Most cluster based routing algorithms select initially the CHs randomly or by probabilities and then form the clusters [7] . However, in such cases, all CHs can be located in a small region of the network and some ordinary nodes will be isolated, which may cause a network dysfunction.

Most cluster based routing algorithms select initially the CHs randomly or by probabilities and then form the clusters.


Corticosteroids mediate their anti-inflammatory effects primarily through the modulation of the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) at the genomic level [7, 8] . After corticosteroids bind to the GR in the cytoplasm, the activated corticosteroid-GR complex migrates to the nucleus, where it upregulates the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins and represses the expression of proinflammatory proteins. However, recent work suggests that the activated corticosteroid-GR complex also elicits nongenomic effects, particularly the inhibition of vasodilation, vascular permeability, and migration of leukocytes [7, 9] . In addition, corticosteroids mediate anti-inflammatory activity through membranebound GR-mediated nongenomic effects and through direct nonspecific interactions with cellular membranes [9, 10] .

Corticosteroids mediate their anti-inflammatory effects primarily through the modulation of the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) at the genomic level.

However, recent work suggests that the activated corticosteroid-GR complex also elicits nongenomic effects, particularly the inhibition of vasodilation, vascular permeability, and migration of leukocytes.

In addition, corticosteroids mediate anti-inflammatory activity through membranebound GR-mediated nongenomic effects and through direct nonspecific interactions with cellular membranes.


The effect of cultivation condition on the heterologous protein production by recombinant Aspergillus strains using molasses as growth medium was also illustrated. The use of the constitutive gpd promoter enabled the strain to produce the recombinant enzymes upon germination without being effected by the sugar concentration in the media [31] . Production of the recombinant enzymes using the gpd promoter does not require the addition of an inducer, thus simplifying the production of recombinant enzymes in bulk.

The use of the constitutive gpd promoter enabled the strain to produce the recombinant enzymes upon germination without being effected by the sugar concentration in the media.


In order to estimate the thermomechanical behavior of the supports by using this multiscale approach, the problem is separated into two parts. The first one deals with the heat transfer within the composite. This analysis and the ensuing results have been published in a previous paper (Alzina et al., 2006) . The second one deals with the thermoelasticity problem and is the purpose of this paper.

This analysis and the ensuing results have been published in a previous paper.


The simplicity of the original MH algorithm and theoretically sound statistical basis of the method has lead to widespread implementation and use. However, the MH algorithm requires tuning of some internal variables before the MCMC simulator works effectively. The efficiency of the method is affected by the scale and orientation of the proposal distribution, ^(XM,·) used to generate trial moves (transitions) in the Markov Chain. When the proposal distribution is too wide, too many candidate points are rejected, and therefore the chain will not mix efficiently and converge only slowly to the target distribution. On the other hand, when the proposal distribution is too narrow, nearly all candidate points are accepted, but the distance moved is so small that it will take a prohibitively large number of updates before the sampler has converged to the target distribution. The choice of the proposal distribution is therefore crucial and determines the practical applicability of MCMC simulation in many fields of study [14] .

The choice of the proposal distribution is therefore crucial and determines the practical applicability of MCMC simulation in many fields of study.


The Metropolis ratio is used to decide whether to accept candidate points or not. From the guidelines of sj in RWM, the optimal choice of γ = 2.38 /V(2<0-Every 10 th generation, γ-1.0 to allow direct jumps between two modes [27] . The DE-MC approach solves two important problems in MCMC sampling. First, DE-MC automatically selects an appropriate scale and orientation of the proposal distribution en route to the target distribution. Second, heavy-tailed and multimodal target distributions are efficiently accommodated, as DE-MC directly uses the current location of the chains (stored in X), instead of Cov(X) or the adaptive covariance, to generate candidate points, allowing the possibility of direct jumps between one mode of X and another.

From the guidelines of sj in RWM, the optimal choice of γ = 2.38 /V(2<0-Every 10 th generation, γ-1.0 to allow direct jumps between two modes.


To track the spatial distribution of volcanic ash, satellite remote sensing is important as the spatial distribution of ash varies strongly especially after an eruption. Ground-based stations are inadequate for understanding the spatial distribution as they only provide point measurements. Satellites are also an important tool for verifying models that predict ash concentrations and spatial distributions (Millington et al., 2012) . These models are usually high-resolution dispersion models that predict height-dependent ash concentrations used by Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs). Although polar orbiting satellites such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) can provide high Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.

Satellites are also an important tool for verifying models that predict ash concentrations and spatial distributions.


In this paper, we have studied the velocity field corresponding to the flow of a non-Newtonian Spriggs fluid over a flat plate with oscillatory motion. Homotopy solution for the non-linear problem is obtained and convergence of the series solution is discussed. The plate was subjected to sine and cosine oscillations. The governing equations were non-dimensionalised and solved by using HAM. The influence of transient flow of non-Newtonian Spriggs fluid is greater than that of Newtonian fluid [27] . The impact of non-Newtonian Spriggs fluid over the time requires reaching the steady state for both sine and cosine oscillation of plate is appropriately discussed. Velocity decays to zero faster for a non-Newtonian Spriggs fluid as compared to a Newtonian fluid. Further, oscillations disappear away abruptly for shear thickening fluids than shear thinning fluids. The analyses of wall shear stress for both oscillations are presented through graphs for different time intervals. Both oscillations show similar amplitudes but have phase shift. The action of power index over velocity profile at fixed time is shown. The action of index n on wall shear stress is explored. At a fixed distance from the wall of the plate, the behaviour of sine and cosine oscillations is examined in Sec. 4.6 for shear thinning and shear thickening fluids.

The influence of transient flow of non-Newtonian Spriggs fluid is greater than that of Newtonian fluid.


Furthermore, co-occurring AUs can be non-additive, in the case of which one AU masks another, or a new and distinct set of appearances is created [6] . As an example of the non-additive effect, AU4 (brow lowerer) appears differently depending on whether it occurs alone or in combination with AU1 (inner brow raise). When AU4 occurs alone, the brows are drawn together and lowered, while in AU1+4, the brows are drawn together but are raised due to the activation of AU1. This, in turn, significantly affects their appearance. Moreover, some AUs are often activated together, e.g. AU12 and AU6 in the case of smiles, but with different intensities depending on the type of smile (e.g., genuine vs. posed). Therefore, modeling dependencies among (the intensities of) multiple AUs is expected to result in models that are more robust to noisy features and imbalanced training data, leading to a more accurate estimation of the target AU intensities [26, 16] .

Furthermore, co-occurring AUs can be non-additive, in the case of which one AU masks another, or a new and distinct set of appearances is created.

Therefore, modeling dependencies among (the intensities of) multiple AUs is expected to result in models that are more robust to noisy features and imbalanced training data, leading to a more accurate estimation of the target AU intensities.


The rest of the paper is organized as follows: we first briefly introduce related research in Section 2, and review the classification SVMs in Section 3. We formulate the classification model in Section 4 and present experiments in Section 5. In Section 6, we analyze the post-editing effort approximated by the TER metric (Snover et al., 2006) . Section 7 concludes the paper and points out avenues for future research.

In Section 6, we analyze the post-editing effort approximated by the TER metric.