Recent experimental findings suggest that AEA, the endogenous ligand of CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, is tonically released to play a modulatory role in the trigeminovascular system. AEA seems to act both presynaptically, to prevent CGRP release from trigeminal sensory fibers, and postsynaptically to inhibit the CGRP-induced nitric oxide (NO) release in the smooth muscle of dural arteries. AEA is tonically released to play some form of modulatory role in the trigeminovascular system (Akerman et al, 2004a) . All these suggestions prompted us to test the hypothesis that the endogenous CB system may be dysfunctional in chronic migraine (CM), as in other chronic pain entities such as fibromyalgia and IBS. We therefore examined whether the concentrations of AEA, PEA, and 2-AG in the CSF of CM patients and probable CM and probable analgesic-overuse headache (PCM + PAOH) patients are altered compared with control subjects and if an association exists between their concentrations and those of CGRP and nitrites, the end products of NO.

AEA is tonically released to play some form of modulatory role in the trigeminovascular system.


Current anecdotal references continue to refer to the putative efficacy of AEA for migraine, but biochemical studies providing a scientific basis for such treatment are lacking (Russo, 1998) . In the present study, reduced AEA levels in the CSF of CM patients support the hypothesis of the failure of this endogenous CB system in CM, which seems to be related to increased CGRP and NO production in this pathological condition. This finding might be due to a failure of the inhibitory role of the endocannabinoid AEA on the trigeminovascular system activation via CB(1) receptors localized on fibers in the spinal trigeminal tract and spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis. This inhibitory effect has been demonstrated in experimental settings where AEA was able to inhibit dural blood vessel dilation due either to electrical stimulation or to CGRP, capsaicin, or NO application. This effect was reversed by the CB(1) receptor antagonist AM251 (Akerman et al, 2004a) .

Current anecdotal references continue to refer to the putative efficacy of AEA for migraine, but biochemical studies providing a scientific basis for such treatment are lacking.

This effect was reversed by the CB(1) receptor antagonist AM251.


CSF determination of nitrite. The oxidation products of NO, nitrite and nitrate, were determined as total NO 2 À after enzymatic reduction of nitrate to nitrite by fluorimetric HPLC analysis with precolumn hydralazine derivatization, as reported in one previous paper of our group (Gallai et al, 2003) . Detection was achieved by fluorescence evaluation of the nitrite derivative at 360 nm emission and 228 nm excitation; quantification was performed by external standard calibration. The detection limit of the method was 0.3-0.5 pmol of NO 2 À in the column. The recovery of nitrite was calculated to range between 96 and 99%. The reproducibility, including sample preparation and analysis, was specified with a CV of 6%. The day-to-day variability of identical samples was 0.9% (CV). Data were expressed as mmol/l.

CSF determination of nitrite.

The oxidation products of NO, nitrite and nitrate, were determined as total NO 2 À after enzymatic reduction of nitrate to nitrite by fluorimetric HPLC analysis with precolumn hydralazine derivatization, as reported in one previous paper of our group.

Data were expressed as mmol/l.


In contrast to the reduction of AEA, significantly higher levels of PEA were found in both patient groups compared to nonmigraineur controls. It can hypothesized that increased PEA levels represent a compensatory response to reduced levels of AEA, the latter due probably to an acceleration of its metabolism in CM patients and PCM + PAOH. Experimental findings support in fact the role of PEA and PEA derivatives in the inhibition of FAAH-catalyzed hydrolysis of AEA, which can result in a potentiation of AEA action (Vandevoorde et al, 2003) . Based on these findings, increased levels of PEA can be interpreted as a physiological mechanism counteracting accelerated AEA catabolism in these pathological chronic pain conditions.

Experimental findings support in fact the role of PEA and PEA derivatives in the inhibition of FAAH-catalyzed hydrolysis of AEA, which can result in a potentiation of AEA action.


In many cases, firms must expend substantial amounts of time and money if they are suspected of involvement in patent infringement [1] . To avoid this, firms often employ patent engineering teams to routinely retrieve and organize current patents relevant to the firm's technologies [2] . This allows firms to understand which technologies are under patent protection, avoid conflicts between technologies from their research and development (R&D) and those in existing patents, and reduce the likelihood of patent infringement [2] . Analyzing the patent distribution of an industry is a vital task in preventing of each document is also calculated: If the local density of a document is smaller than neighboring local densities, that document possesses higher outlierness, which indicates a lower number of similar patents and a gap in related technologies, which may indicate technological opportunity [16] .

In many cases, firms must expend substantial amounts of time and money if they are suspected of involvement in patent infringement.

To avoid this, firms often employ patent engineering teams to routinely retrieve and organize current patents relevant to the firm's technologies.

This allows firms to understand which technologies are under patent protection, avoid conflicts between technologies from their research and development (R&D) and those in existing patents, and reduce the likelihood of patent infringement.

Analyzing the patent distribution of an industry is a vital task in preventing of each document is also calculated: If the local density of a document is smaller than neighboring local densities, that document possesses higher outlierness, which indicates a lower number of similar patents and a gap in related technologies, which may indicate technological opportunity.


By studying homogeneous line bundles over Y _ corresponding to integral weights * # h _ * , we obtain discrete series of G [16] . However, each * gives at most one discrete series. Therefore, we shall work on line bundles over X _ instead to obtain the holomorphic discrete model.

By studying homogeneous line bundles over Y _ corresponding to integral weights * # h _ * , we obtain discrete series of G.


An aluminum sheet with 2-mm thickness and 1-cm × 5-cm size was prepared. The sample was washed with acetone and distilled water in order to wash the impureness from the surface. The morphology of anodized alumina has direct relation to the annealing time, so the Al sheet was annealed at 450°C for 2 h in air [16] . In order to remove an oxide layer of the substrate, the samples were etched in a 1 M NaOH solution for 3 min. The Al sheet was electropolished in a mixture of perchloric acid and ethanol with a value ratio of 25:75 for 3 min to decrease the roughness of the substrate.

The morphology of anodized alumina has direct relation to the annealing time, so the Al sheet was annealed at 450°C for 2 h in air.


Ferrimagnetic strontium hexaferrites are n-type semiconductor with band gap energy of 0.6 eV. Researchers are attempting to improve the intrinsic properties of these ferrites for innovations. For this purpose, introduction of some divalent or trivalent dopant element and optimization of preparation technique play a vital role. Diamagnetic Pb ions, substituted at Fe sites with spin up, could enhance the hard magnetic characteristics of SrFe 12 O 19 when doped stoichiometrically. Hence, it has been understood as a quite suitable dopant choice for these ferrites to improve not only the structural properties but also the magnetic properties [2, 3, 8] . In the present work, we have successfully employed sol-gel based autocombustion technique to prepare the ferrite samples in phase-pure form to investigate the structural and low temperature magnetic properties of Pb-doped strontium hexaferrites for use in devices that work efficiently with high values of coercivity and electrical devices that show minimum energy losses at higher applied frequencies.

Hence, it has been understood as a quite suitable dopant choice for these ferrites to improve not only the structural properties but also the magnetic properties.


From the above case studies it is evident that in India, in addition to the necessary conditions such as biomass availability and appropriate technological solutions, community acceptance also has significant influence over sustainable bioenergy projects even if it is not in the same magnitude as mentioned in other cases from the developed countries (Plate et al., 2010; Upham & Shackley, 2006; Upreti, 2004) . This emphasises the significance of achieving community acceptance for bioenergy projects in India to be sustainable, which is an outside-in linkage for the business (Porter & Kramer, 2006) . These findings call for more attention from the practitioners regarding community acceptance of the projects.

From the above case studies it is evident that in India, in addition to the necessary conditions such as biomass availability and appropriate technological solutions, community acceptance also has significant influence over sustainable bioenergy projects even if it is not in the same magnitude as mentioned in other cases from the developed countries.

This emphasises the significance of achieving community acceptance for bioenergy projects in India to be sustainable, which is an outside-in linkage for the business.


The important concerns in the cases studied were local air pollution, inappropriate storage of the by-products and credibility of the developer. From the cases that have been examined it can be seen that concerns of the community were justifiable and mostly related to impact on health of the nearby residents and fear of potential discrimination against a particular group. All these concerns were also identified in other countries which are shown in the Table 2 developed using literature review. However the scope of the concerns is minimal in India when compared to those of the developed countries. One of the potential reasons for this varying degree of community concerns in different countries can be different socio-economic situations of the community which can indirectly influence the acceptance of the projects in a particular region such as income level, life style, employment rate, etc (Halder et al., 2013; Wegener & Kelly, 2008) . Therefore, these findings from the case studies can be seen as the very minimum requirement for bioenergy projects in India and other requirements of the community need to be further analyzed for the individual projects.

One of the potential reasons for this varying degree of community concerns in different countries can be different socio-economic situations of the community which can indirectly influence the acceptance of the projects in a particular region such as income level, life style, employment rate, etc.


Radio frequency microelectromechanical system (RF-MEMS) switches are considered as promising devices for use in high frequency communication modules owing to their superior RF characteristics, which include low insertion loss and high isolation, in comparison to those of corresponding semiconductor-based devices [1] [2] [3] . Therefore, RF-MEMS switches are expected to replace conventional semiconductor switches, especially in 5G transceiver modules [4] . Moreover, they are considered key devices in future satellite communication systems [5, 6] . However, RF-MEMS switches also have disadvantages that stem from their successive mechanical movement during ON-OFF switching. In particular, failure at contact points and self-actuation of ohmic contact type switches and capacitive type switches, respectively, are the main problems to be solved. In the case of ohmic contact type RF-MEMS switches, a failure in contacts are the most important factor limiting the devices' life time.

Radio frequency microelectromechanical system (RF-MEMS) switches are considered as promising devices for use in high frequency communication modules owing to their superior RF characteristics, which include low insertion loss and high isolation, in comparison to those of corresponding semiconductor-based devices.

Therefore, RF-MEMS switches are expected to replace conventional semiconductor switches, especially in 5G transceiver modules.

Moreover, they are considered key devices in future satellite communication systems.


Political instability in a country can directly impact the feasibility and sustainability of business opportunities in countries as well as the ability of that country in servicing its debts (Grindle, 2004) . Political risk can be defined as the risk that the yields from investment could suffer from low institutional quality and political instability in a country (Hayakawa et al., 2011) . In most cases it could be assumed that political risk would have a negative impact on FDI flows as it increases the uncertainty of the economic environment, thus reducing the incentives for foreign investors (Khan & Akbar, 2013) .

Political instability in a country can directly impact the feasibility and sustainability of business opportunities in countries as well as the ability of that country in servicing its debts.

Political risk can be defined as the risk that the yields from investment could suffer from low institutional quality and political instability in a country.

In most cases it could be assumed that political risk would have a negative impact on FDI flows as it increases the uncertainty of the economic environment, thus reducing the incentives for foreign investors.


Three subjects were asked to create summaries of the 205 spoken documents for the summarization experiments as references (the gold standard) for evaluation. The reference summaries were generated by ranking the sentences in the manual transcript of a spoken document by importance without assigning a score to each sentence. For the assessment of summarization performance, we adopted the widely-used ROUGE metrics [33] . It evaluates the quality of the summarization by counting the number of overlapping units, such as N-grams, longest common subsequences or skip-bigram, between the automatic summary and a set of reference summaries. Three variants of the ROUGE metrics were used to quantify the utility of the proposed methods. They are, respectively, the ROUGE-1 (unigram) metric, the ROUGE-2 (bigram) metric and the ROUGE-L (longest common subsequence) metric [33] .

For the assessment of summarization performance, we adopted the widely-used ROUGE metrics.

They are, respectively, the ROUGE-1 (unigram) metric, the ROUGE-2 (bigram) metric and the ROUGE-L (longest common subsequence) metric.


Cereals and legumes constitute the most important diet component for the majority of people in the world and are usually stored to provide food and feed reserves as well as seed for planting. The presence of pests is a serious on-going problem in stored grains and its derived industry (Pérez Mendoza et al., 2004) . Flour beetles of Tribolium genus are important pests of stored substances such as flour, cereals, beans, and manufactured products (Jovanovic et al., 2007; Mediouni Ben Jemâa et al., 2013) . In many storage systems, the use of chemical pesticides and fumigants is the most economical and common practice used (Boyer et al., 2012) . However, in many countries have also been reported developments of insect strains resistant to pesticides, toxic residues for human consumption, acute and chronic toxicity for workers and adverse effects on the environment (Vinayachandra and Chandrashekar, 2011) .

The presence of pests is a serious on-going problem in stored grains and its derived industry.

Flour beetles of Tribolium genus are important pests of stored substances such as flour, cereals, beans, and manufactured products.

In many storage systems, the use of chemical pesticides and fumigants is the most economical and common practice used.

However, in many countries have also been reported developments of insect strains resistant to pesticides, toxic residues for human consumption, acute and chronic toxicity for workers and adverse effects on the environment.


Pre-implementation testing methods include test-driven development (TDD). TDD follows a pattern of short iterations: write a test which is failed; write just enough code to pass the test; refactor the code. This is repeated until the implementation is complete [2] . Once the implementation is complete, the tests which have driven the implementation act as a regression test suite. Therefore, as the code is refactored for subsequent versions new tests can be added to the test suite which drive the new code in the same way while the existing tests ensure we do not compromise existing correctness. In TDD, tests are developed from the requirements of the code, which may be expressed as use cases or scenarios, and as such rely on the skill of the developer to translate these into comprehensive tests. There is no pre-defined plan for constructing the code beyond the requirements (which drive the tests).

This is repeated until the implementation is complete.


Although overwinter survival of female PMJM was improved by long, cold winters, overwinter survival of male PMJM was unaffected by winter severity. Total snowfall was the best predictor of overwinter survival of males, but the odds ratio of the influence was 1 (b ¼ À0.03), suggesting that snowfall may be of little biological importance. Male jumping mice are more sensitive to increases in soil temperature and emerge from hibernation earlier than females (French and Forand 2000) . Males that emerge early may be exposed to late-winter or early-spring snowfall and may have limited access to food resources (Farand et al. 2002; Van Vuren and Armitage 1991) .

Male jumping mice are more sensitive to increases in soil temperature and emerge from hibernation earlier than females.

Males that emerge early may be exposed to late-winter or early-spring snowfall and may have limited access to food resources.


Without any information about images, it is not safe to assume anything about camera calibration and possibly not even that both cameras in the stereopair have the same radial distortion. In the second contribution of this paper we allow radial distortion be different in different cameras and provide a minimal solution which can compute epipolar geometry of cameras from nine correspondences. This is a considerable advancement of the previosuly known nonminimal solution which used 15 points [1] . A smaller number of the points considerably reduces the number of samples in RANSAC [4, 10] . On the other hand, the resulting systems of polynomial equations are more difficult than, e.g., the systems arising from similar problems for estimating epipolar geometry of perspective cameras [23, 22] . In principal, every solvable system of polynomial equations can be algorithmically solved by finding the reduced Gröbner basis of its corresponding ideal [2, 3] . In practice however, two main problems occur. First, the construction of a Göbner basis has in general exponential complexity and many practical problems lead to difficult an impractical computations. Secondly, even tractable computations may require extreme numerical precision to yield useful results.

This is a considerable advancement of the previosuly known nonminimal solution which used 15 points.

A smaller number of the points considerably reduces the number of samples in RANSAC.

On the other hand, the resulting systems of polynomial equations are more difficult than, e.g., the systems arising from similar problems for estimating epipolar geometry of perspective cameras.

In principal, every solvable system of polynomial equations can be algorithmically solved by finding the reduced Gröbner basis of its corresponding ideal.


Having found that the regression was significant, the study suggests that students with high quality concept maps are more likely to have higher course achievement. Comprehension and retention of materials in conceptual courses are likely to be associated with students' cognitive processing of information and their system of concept formation. According to the Ausebelian view of human cognitive processes, this system includes an understanding of characteristics of concepts and how they are logically interconnected. As can be observed from the participants' perceptions, this study reveals that CM can facilitate such processes, which, in turn, as shown by the regression analysis, is associated with student achievement. Similar findings were reported in previous research studies on various subjects (Asan, 2007; Chiou, 2008; Erdogan, 2009; Kwon & Cifuentes, 2007; Liu, Chen & Chang, 2010; Schaal, 2010) . Therefore, teacher educators should try to provide pre-service teachers with more opportunities of constructing concept maps in their pedagogical courses.

Similar findings were reported in previous research studies on various subjects.


Our results challenge established views of the amount of mitochondrial diversity that can be harboured within single species. An assessment of intraspecific mitochondrial diversity in other animal groups, particularly those with dynamic mitochondrial genomes, such as ctenophores, urochordates or brachiopods, may uncover other exceptions [6] . Until more of these hyperdiverse taxa are identified, chaetognaths represent a new and pivotal model to understand the molecular evolution of animal mitochondrial genomes.

An assessment of intraspecific mitochondrial diversity in other animal groups, particularly those with dynamic mitochondrial genomes, such as ctenophores, urochordates or brachiopods, may uncover other exceptions.


Patient's participation in medical decision making has been increasingly advocated as a means to enhance selfdetermination and empowerment of patients [1] . Shared decision-making (SDM) is a patient-centered approach in which the healthcare professional and patient exchange information on the best available treatment and discuss the implications of each option [2] [3] [4] . In the process, patient autonomy is respected, the patient is assisted with setting their values and preferences, and final treatment decisions reflect a mutual agreement between patient and physician rather than a unilateral decision taken solely by the physician, or by the patient.

Patient's participation in medical decision making has been increasingly advocated as a means to enhance selfdetermination and empowerment of patients.

Shared decision-making (SDM) is a patient-centered approach in which the healthcare professional and patient exchange information on the best available treatment and discuss the implications of each option.


Patients with depressive disorders prefer to know all the options available about their treatment but rely on knowledge of their psychiatrist and delegate final decisions on them. When facing a depressive disorder, making even simple decisions can become a major undertaking, and more difficult decisions can become impossible. It is well established that depressed individuals tend to focus their attention on unhappy and unflattering information, to interpret information negatively, and to harbour pervasively pessimistic beliefs [24] [25] [26] . Negative thinking is not only a concomitant or symptom of depression it is also a causal antecedent of depression since cognitive biases precede and give rise to depressive symptoms [27] .

It is well established that depressed individuals tend to focus their attention on unhappy and unflattering information, to interpret information negatively, and to harbour pervasively pessimistic beliefs.

Negative thinking is not only a concomitant or symptom of depression it is also a causal antecedent of depression since cognitive biases precede and give rise to depressive symptoms.


However, not all patients are prepared, suitable, or want to participate to the same degree in the process of making decisions about the treatment of their disease. The suitability of a decision in SDM depends on the clinical context, patient preferences, and the responsibility of healthcare professionals [8] . Furthermore, making the right medical choices is harder than ever since patients are overwhelmed by information from all sides: their doctors' recommendations, dissenting expert opinions, confusing statistics, conflicting media reports, the advice of friends, claims on the internet, and a neverending stream of drug company ads [9] . In addition, patients may wish to participate in a variety of ways including seeking and exchanging information, discussing options in care, and making the final decisions about treatment. Some may want to play an active role in discussing treatment options, but ultimately want their doctors to be the ones who make decisions on their behalf [10] . For this reason, healthcare professionals and health organizations should not assume that patients want to participate in clinical decision-making, but must assess each patient's preferences and tailor care accordingly.

The suitability of a decision in SDM depends on the clinical context, patient preferences, and the responsibility of healthcare professionals.

Furthermore, making the right medical choices is harder than ever since patients are overwhelmed by information from all sides: their doctors' recommendations, dissenting expert opinions, confusing statistics, conflicting media reports, the advice of friends, claims on the internet, and a neverending stream of drug company ads.

Some may want to play an active role in discussing treatment options, but ultimately want their doctors to be the ones who make decisions on their behalf.


The model of shared decision making represents a promising possibility for increasing the autonomy of psychiatric patients and this autonomy encouragement could be an improvement in drug adherence [5, 6] . In particular, poor adherence to pharmacologic treatment of affective disorders is a worldwide problem of striking magnitude that prevents patients from gaining access to the best treatment [7] . Moreover, involving psychiatric patients in therapeutic decisions help implement basic rights of a group of patients who have not sufficiently benefited from consumer empowerment in other medical fields.

The model of shared decision making represents a promising possibility for increasing the autonomy of psychiatric patients and this autonomy encouragement could be an improvement in drug adherence.

In particular, poor adherence to pharmacologic treatment of affective disorders is a worldwide problem of striking magnitude that prevents patients from gaining access to the best treatment.


Many reasons such as women's starting to work life, divorce, death and having illegitimate child make it compulsory for fathers to take over their children's responsibilities more and all these suggest the necessity of fathers' being educated in child development and education at least as much as mothers (Tezel Şahin, & Özyürek, 2010) . In the literature, it can be seen that, studies about father training are getting increased. However, in Turkey, it is observed that the number of these kinds of studies are few in number (Aydın, 2003; Kocayörük, 2010) . Within the framework of all these realities, it is essential to organize such training programs for fathers and reveal their effects on children.

Many reasons such as women's starting to work life, divorce, death and having illegitimate child make it compulsory for fathers to take over their children's responsibilities more and all these suggest the necessity of fathers' being educated in child development and education at least as much as mothers.

However, in Turkey, it is observed that the number of these kinds of studies are few in number.


The very first years of human life has been a popular research subject of many scientific studies due to its significance. The environment in early childhood and the quality of education provided to children determine their future achievements and so their quality of life to a great extent. Some research studies reveal that the lack of stimulating environment and experiences in the early childhood restrict their learning and development in the following years, whereas an environment rich in stimulation increases the competency of using mother tongue that forms the basis of school education, logical-mathematical and spatial abilities, achievement motives, study habits and so their learning levels (Senemoğlu, 2004) .

Some research studies reveal that the lack of stimulating environment and experiences in the early childhood restrict their learning and development in the following years, whereas an environment rich in stimulation increases the competency of using mother tongue that forms the basis of school education, logical-mathematical and spatial abilities, achievement motives, study habits and so their learning levels.


Coal mining requires various kinds of machinery. The fault diagnosis of this equipment has a great impact on mine production. The problem of incorrect classification of noisy data by traditional support vector machines is addressed by a proposed Probability Least Squares Support Vector Classification Machine (PLSSVCM) [28] . The introduction of a probability value gives the classification results from traditional LSSVCM a quantitative evaluation to match their qualitative explanation. The PLSSVCM is applicable to binary and multi-class problems. Diagnostic results using roller bearings show that PLSSVCM performs well with small-scale fault diagnosis problems. It has a perfect generalization property even with uncertain, noisy samples. If the number of samples is larger than large computation, loads will be needed to use the cross-validation method of determining the regularization factor and the width of a Gaussian kernel. Therefore, future research will focus on the selection of optimal kernel parameters for PLSSVCM that will improve its accuracy even more.

The problem of incorrect classification of noisy data by traditional support vector machines is addressed by a proposed Probability Least Squares Support Vector Classification Machine (PLSSVCM).


Today, it is widely accepted that information systems (IS) have penetrated almost all aspects of our life in a huge variety of ways. However, the development of IS is always a complex process due to the lack of information on system and customer needs. Therefore, the success/failure of the system is heavily dependent on how well it fulfills the expectations of its users and how it will fit with the user's environment [6] . In this context, systems requirements is a method that to obtain this information, and RE is a set of activities concerned with the identification of the user, system needs and the contexts in which the system will be used. A successful RE process involves determining the needs of the system including who are the stakeholders; what needs to be included in the system; why the system is needed; and where it is going to be used.

Therefore, the success/failure of the system is heavily dependent on how well it fulfills the expectations of its users and how it will fit with the user's environment.


Modern technological breakthroughs have resulted in the extensive use of a spectrum of electrical devices which in turn have created an escalating demand for power. In addition, the repetitive nature of routine daily life features bursts of activities forming demand peaks which in many cases result in exceeding the available power and in turn blackouts. Many countries around the globe have witnessed large scale blackouts, the most striking being in India which affected 700 million users [1] . Deploying additional power generation capability is becoming prohibitively costly with often a negative impact on the environment. One alternative is to redistribute demand evenly throughout the day, in so doing eliminating the need for peak load generation and satisfying the demand with base load only. This motivation has stimulated a plethora of load management techniques, measures and strategies, Demand Side Management (DSM) being the most noteworthy. Demand is modulated using various principles such as peak clipping, valley lifting, load shifting, demand conservation and build-up. Customers are essential participants in all solutions; all successful deployments rely on end user approval and collaboration. Blackouts can be precipitated by a range of events, the most obvious being escalating demand resulting in a 'peak time' blackouts. The severity of the power shortage specifies how deep or long a blackout is. If the power shortage continues for extended periods of time, the blackout migrates into a cyclic mode in which power is provided according to an ON/OFF ratio. Finally, if the power system reaches a steady state at which point generation always lags demand for an extended period of time (years), the cyclic blackout evolves to the most severe chronic mode. This mode is as a result of a wide scale degradation of the installed power generation, transmission and/or distribution sub-systems owing to post-war or post-disaster periods; Iraq is a recent example.

Many countries around the globe have witnessed large scale blackouts, the most striking being in India which affected 700 million users.


Because Eq. (3) contains a linear confining potential ∝ Σ , the holon is bound to the lattice site j s = (j s x , 0) where it was initially created. Due to spin exchanges this lattice site j s will develop dynamics on its own, but on a time scale 1/J larger than 1/t on which the holon motion takes place. The string tension dE/d depends only on the local correlators C x 1 , C 2 but does not require long-range order. The average string length in the bound state scales as (t/J y ) 1/3 when t dE/d [20] . Physically, this bound state can be understood as a meson formed by a spin-less holon and a charge-neutral spinon, which are connected by the geometric string Σ of displaced spins [18, 26] . In general, the end of the string at lattice site j s corresponds to a geometric defect in real space. Since it was initially created from |Ψ 0 by removing a spin-down fermion, it can be associated with a spin S z = 1/2, thus corresponding to a spinon excitation. Because there exist no deconfined spinons in the 2D Heisenberg AFM, the geometric defect and the spinon are expected to form a stable bound state.

The average string length in the bound state scales as (t/J y ) 1/3 when t dE/d.

Physically, this bound state can be understood as a meson formed by a spin-less holon and a charge-neutral spinon, which are connected by the geometric string Σ of displaced spins.


Finally, we explain the motivation for using rules (i) -(iii) defined above. As mentioned in the main text, the basic idea is that nearest-neighbor correlations C 1 are enhanced compared to C 2,3,... in the 2D Heisenberg AFM due to a large admixture of local singlets [44] . Therefore, if we consider the ground state |Ψ 0 of the 2D Heisenberg model without any geometric strings, Ĉ σ (j x ) = −0.45 is large and negative while Ĉ ± Σ (j x ) = −0.09 is a five times smaller negative number. In contrast, if we shift all spins on the central chain (with j y = 0) by one lattice site, mimicking the effect of a geometric string, we find that Ĉ ± Σ (j x ) have large negative values of −0.45 and −0.34 whereas Ĉ σ (j x ) = −0.09 is a small negative number much closer to zero. This explains rule (iii), which identifies strings by finding the smallest of the three correlators.

As mentioned in the main text, the basic idea is that nearest-neighbor correlations C 1 are enhanced compared to C 2,3,... in the 2D Heisenberg AFM due to a large admixture of local singlets.


As in Eq. (5) we assume that all spin operators are evaluated on the central chain, i.e. j y = 0, and j 0 denotes a reference site. Note that C z SH is defined as a sum of two terms, which contribute with opposite signs and correspond to holes on different sublattices. This cancels weak residual oscillations of the individual terms with d h , originating from imbalanced hole populations in the two sublattices related to the spin quantum number of the spinon. The latter is fixed to S z = 1/2 in our case because we restrict our numerical analysis to systems with net magnetization S z = 1/2. Experimentally, the threepoint function in Eq. (5) is advantageous, because in contrast to C z SH (d h ) it does not depend sensitively on the net magnetization, which varies from shot to shot [36] .

Experimentally, the threepoint function in Eq. (5) is advantageous, because in contrast to C z SH (d h ) it does not depend sensitively on the net magnetization, which varies from shot to shot.


The second types of processes (ii) lead to polaronic dressing of the meson by spin-wave excitations. Now we argue that this can be understood as a result of quantum fluctuations of the surrounding spins. To describe such fluctuations, we introduce a generalization of the squeezed space commonly used to describe the 1D t − J model [35, 38] . In 2D, the squeezed space can be constructed as an extension of the restricted string basis, assuming a fixed spinon position j s . A new set of operatorsSj is defined on the squeezed space lattice, which is obtained from the original 2D lattice by excluding the site (j s x , 0) where the hole was initially created.

To describe such fluctuations, we introduce a generalization of the squeezed space commonly used to describe the 1D t − J model.


To solve nursing problems, critical thinking disposition is required in students, in other words, the perceptive ability to observe nursing problems, technically conceptualize them through introspection and inference, and be able to apply, analyze, integrate, and evaluate them. In addition, by sharing the thinking process in nursing behavior as seen in detailed clinical cases with colleagues, a problem can be solved and clinical performance can be improved (Kim, 2012) . This research conducted multi-mode simulation learning in juniors at a4 year nursing school enrolled in an emergency and critical patient nursing course, to examine the effect on critical thinking disposition, problem solving process, and clinical competence of nursing students.

In addition, by sharing the thinking process in nursing behavior as seen in detailed clinical cases with colleagues, a problem can be solved and clinical performance can be improved.


High temperature heat-treatment of wood is a feasible alternative to chemical treatment which has adverse effect on human health as well as environment [1] . Heat-treated wood gained much attention in the recent past due to its dark brown color, better dimensional stability, and improved biological resistance compared to those of natural wood [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] . Heat-treated woods are mainly used for decorative purposes in building materials. Unfortunately, the color of heat-treated wood is not stable in outer environment if left unprotected [12] [13] [14] . To overcome this problem a non toxic and transparent coating need to be developed which can protect this value-added product from outer environment without changing its appearance and texture. Acrylic polyurethane coatings containing bark extract and lignin stabilizer found to be highly effective in protecting heat-treated jack pine under accelerated aging conditions [15] . In this paper, the efficiency of this coating in preventing the discoloration of heat-treated jack pine is compared with its efficiency in protecting heat-treated white birch and heat-treated quaking aspen. These results are also compared with acrylic polyurethane coating containing commercially available light stabilizers to give an overview about the effectiveness of bark extracts.

High temperature heat-treatment of wood is a feasible alternative to chemical treatment which has adverse effect on human health as well as environment.

Heat-treated wood gained much attention in the recent past due to its dark brown color, better dimensional stability, and improved biological resistance compared to those of natural wood.

Unfortunately, the color of heat-treated wood is not stable in outer environment if left unprotected.

Acrylic polyurethane coatings containing bark extract and lignin stabilizer found to be highly effective in protecting heat-treated jack pine under accelerated aging conditions.


Pain and its intensity can be noticed in one's face. Movements in the facial muscles can depict one's current emotional state. Facial expression can provide information about pain and emotional severity [3] . This information can be measured by the Facial Action Unit (FACS) coding [4] . Prkachin and Solomon Pain Intensity (PSPI) metric developed later was based on FACS to measure pain level [4] . Machine learning algorithms and computer vision-based techniques can use FACS and PSPI codes to predict pain and its intensity from patients' faces [4] .

Facial expression can provide information about pain and emotional severity.

This information can be measured by the Facial Action Unit (FACS) coding.

Prkachin and Solomon Pain Intensity (PSPI) metric developed later was based on FACS to measure pain level.

Machine learning algorithms and computer vision-based techniques can use FACS and PSPI codes to predict pain and its intensity from patients' faces.


In spinal cord collected from Day 32 post-surgery, IHC data show compensatory upregulation of IL-10 following minor CCI in Sac control rats. In contrast, PAE rats with minor CCI demonstrate blunted IL-10 responses (Fig. 3b) , supporting the notion that PAE dysregulates IL-10 compensatory responses under conditions of enduring allodynia. DRG data demonstrate a downregulation of IL-10 following minor CCI in Sac controls but blunted IL-10 responses as a result of PAE alone (Fig. 5c) , while Day 14 post-surgery rats show increased protein IL-10 at the SCN only in PAE rats with minor CCI (Fig. 8) . These differences could be attributed to multiple factors including the distinct cell types capable of generating present in the DRG (satellite glia), SCN (peripheral immune cells), and spinal cord (astrocytes, microglia and infiltrating immune cells) that are programmed to respond to tissue injury while minimizing unintended bystander damage. The timepoints at which the tissue was analyzed; that is Day 14 (Fig. 1) or Day 32 ( Fig. 7) post-surgery, which may be an additional critical factor, as immune and glial cell phenotypes adapt with the duration of exposure to the tissue environment. Previous reports demonstrate that at Day 10 CCI, IL-10 responses decrease both in the dorsal horn spinal cord and DRG in rats (without PAE manipulation) [61] . This finding is replicated in the current report of Day 32 DRG data (Fig. 5c) but not from spinal cord (Fig. 3b) . Additionally, Noor and colleagues demonstrate increases in IL-10 expression following CCI in Sac control rats, albeit with application of a standard CCI model at Day 28, but a blunted IL-10 response in PAE rats [42] . These data support the notion that IL-10 expression is different based on the time point at which analysis occurs. Thus, it is possible that the IL-10 expression changes over time following CCI surgery. A final potential factor that could influence differences in protein levels collected at different timepoints could be the detection method used. For example, IHC semi-quantitative analysis (in Figs. 3 and 5) versus protein assay by electrochemiluminescence (Fig. 8) . One of the benefits to using IHC to assess protein expression is the ability to quantify distinct anatomical regions of the DRG and the spinal cord. This allows for careful characterization within specific regions that sensory neurons from the DRG project to within the spinal cord. Discrete anatomical analysis is not possible when using electrochemiluminescence to analyze protein because this method requires whole tissue homogenization which includes grey and white matter thereby obscuring accurate protein signal preventing us from determining discrete protein levels within discrete anatomical regions.

Previous reports demonstrate that at Day 10 CCI, IL-10 responses decrease both in the dorsal horn spinal cord and DRG in rats (without PAE manipulation).

Additionally, Noor and colleagues demonstrate increases in IL-10 expression following CCI in Sac control rats, albeit with application of a standard CCI model at Day 28, but a blunted IL-10 response in PAE rats.


In western Japan, using freshwater shrimp as bait is a popular method of sport fishing. Both P. paucidens and P. sinensis are sold as Japanese trade name 'Shirasa ebi' (Niwa 2010; Saito et al. 2011) . Both escape of the shrimp or its release by anglers are thought to be the potential cause of the occurrence of P. sinensis in waterbodies.

Both P. paucidens and P. sinensis are sold as Japanese trade name 'Shirasa ebi'.


The School Health Evaluation Study found that peak knowledge, attitudes, and practice scores of students in grades 4-7 were obtained after approximately 50 hours of instruction (Connell, Turner, & Manson, 1985) . An evaluation of the Nutrition for Life program for inner-city junior high school students found that an increase in program intensity from two to five hours produced improved attitude and behavior scores (Devine, Olson, & Frongillo, 1992) . Lastly, among adult EFNEP participants in New York, the number of lessons completed was significantly associated with a greater reduction in food insecurity scores (Dollahite, Olsen, & Scott-Pierce, 2003) .

The School Health Evaluation Study found that peak knowledge, attitudes, and practice scores of students in grades 4-7 were obtained after approximately 50 hours of instruction.

An evaluation of the Nutrition for Life program for inner-city junior high school students found that an increase in program intensity from two to five hours produced improved attitude and behavior scores.

Lastly, among adult EFNEP participants in New York, the number of lessons completed was significantly associated with a greater reduction in food insecurity scores.


Second, our physical activity behavior measure may have low power, i.e., a limited ability to detect change. We do not have the psychometric analysis detecting the ability of the tool to detect change following the intervention, i.e. sensitivity to change (Townsend & Kaiser, 2007) . The low reliability coefficient most certainly indicated sizable amounts of random error associated with the tool (Townsend et al., 2008) .

We do not have the psychometric analysis detecting the ability of the tool to detect change following the intervention, i.e. sensitivity to change.

The low reliability coefficient most certainly indicated sizable amounts of random error associated with the tool.


Two major limitations should be discussed. These limitations are sufficiently critical to account for the findings of no difference between the two dosages. First, both consent and assent forms were not returned for 32 children participating in the study. Although the attrition rates were not different for the two groups, the individual dropouts may have differentially influenced the outcomes (Campbell & Stanley, 1966) .

Although the attrition rates were not different for the two groups, the individual dropouts may have differentially influenced the outcomes.


The primary goal of heart failure management is to maximise life expectancy and improve quality of life [5] . Maximising quality of life is particularly important, given that the prognosis in heart failure is worse than in either breast or prostate cancer [6] . Indeed, there is evidence that patients place a high priority on quality of life; for example, it has been found that many people with heart failure are willing to risk the possibility of drug-induced death for an improvement in quality of life [7] . Quality of life has also been identified as predictive of hospitalisation and mortality in heart failure [8] [9] [10] .

The primary goal of heart failure management is to maximise life expectancy and improve quality of life.

Maximising quality of life is particularly important, given that the prognosis in heart failure is worse than in either breast or prostate cancer.

Indeed, there is evidence that patients place a high priority on quality of life; for example, it has been found that many people with heart failure are willing to risk the possibility of drug-induced death for an improvement in quality of life.

Quality of life has also been identified as predictive of hospitalisation and mortality in heart failure.


The interviews conducted for this research suggest that the decentralization of HIV/AIDS treatment and care at the community level, implemented mainly since 2003, has proved effective in reaching rural infected patients, who had been marginalized by the reforms of the health system since the 1980 s. Previously, other studies had stressed long distances and costly transportation to explain the low access to health in some rural areas [21] . In the three sites studied, designated community-level health facilities are always located relatively close to the populations covered, eliminating therefore a potential barrier to access to health care.

Previously, other studies had stressed long distances and costly transportation to explain the low access to health in some rural areas.


Central precocious puberty (CPP) is due to early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis prior to the age of 8 in girls or the age of 9 in boys and results in the presence of secondary sexual characteristics and accelerated somatic growth. CPP is much more common in girls compared to boys and is typically idiopathic in nature [1] . Medical intervention is warranted in children with CPP to prevent short adult height secondary to early epiphyseal closure. Treatment of CPP with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) has been found to be safe and effective [2, 3] . However, a predictable increase in adult height occurs primarily in girls under the age of 6 years [4, 5, 3] . Despite this, girls under the age of 6 comprise only a small number of those who are treated.

CPP is much more common in girls compared to boys and is typically idiopathic in nature.

Treatment of CPP with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) has been found to be safe and effective.

However, a predictable increase in adult height occurs primarily in girls under the age of 6 years.


Previous analyses had yielded significant effects of grade and the knowledge base on these three dependent variables: Older children and soccer experts remembered more text details, drew more correct inferences, and detected more contradictions in the text (Weinert et al., 1984) . No significant interactions were found in these analyses. The major question of interest in this secondary analysis of the data was whether the subdivision of experts and novices into high-and lowaptitude children described above would lead to a different pattern of results. Preliminary analyses revealed that there were no significant differences in the knowledge base of highversus low-aptitude soccer experts, regardless of age. On the average, experts answered about 10 out of 13 questions on the soccer knowledge questionnaire correctly. Performance ranged from a mean of 9.8 (third graders) to 10.6 (seventh graders). Not surprisingly, novices' performances were considerably lower and ranged from an average of 5.3 points (third graders) to 6.1 points (seventh graders). Differences among novice groups were not significant. Table 1 contains the means and standard deviations for all three dependent variables as a function of aptitude, grade, and expertise. These data were analyzed in three 2x3x2 (Aptitude x Grade x Expertise) factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAS) with memory for text details, correct inferences, and detection of contradictions as dependent variables.

Previous analyses had yielded significant effects of grade and the knowledge base on these three dependent variables: Older children and soccer experts remembered more text details, drew more correct inferences, and detected more contradictions in the text.


Techniques such as the use of activated carbon, zeolites and reverse osmosis are currently being used to treat water before consumption. However, activated carbon fails to remove many organic pollutants at concentration levels of nanograms per litre (Li and Ma, 1999) . Zeolites also show low affinity for organic compounds and reverse osmosis is currently too expensive for wide spread use (Li and Ma, 1999) . Thus, an effective, yet economical method to remove these organic pollutants to safe concentration levels is often required.

However, activated carbon fails to remove many organic pollutants at concentration levels of nanograms per litre.

Zeolites also show low affinity for organic compounds and reverse osmosis is currently too expensive for wide spread use.


We investigated the relationships between wetland plant communities and environmental factors in the Tumen River Basin upstream, midstream, and downstream. Communities were strongly structured by the environment, suggesting that stochastic processes may have little influence in delineating communities in this system. Around 60% of the variance explained the relation between the environment and species distribution, and we speculate that the remainder might be in part explained by biotic factors such as competition and facilitation [41] . Plant communities at different levels of the basin were determined by different environmental factors. Upstream communities were mostly affected by elevation, precipitation, and total potassium, whereas midstream and downstream communities appear to be mostly structured by soil properties such as available potassium and available phosphorus. This suggests that the plant communities are limited by different soil properties and this was reflected in the index of similarity of plant communities between the three areas.

Around 60% of the variance explained the relation between the environment and species distribution, and we speculate that the remainder might be in part explained by biotic factors such as competition and facilitation.


The parameter k in the optimization goal (4) is set to 7 to model the fact that the block erasure latency is about 6.67 times of the migration latency, as shown in Table 2 . We select four real-world traces from the Microsoft I/O trace sets [31] . Their characteristics are summarized in Table 3 . All of these traces are collected from real-world working servers. Table 3 shows that these traces display a relatively heavy server workload at about 14 requests per second, while the size of each request is one page. The heavy workload not only makes the performance of the storage system critical, but also generates a large number of invalid data. For instance the benchmark stg, which is a web staging server, may have many temporary files and cookies which, from user's perspective, are already deleted. The benchmark hm, which is a hardware monitoring server, may contain many system failure reports which, from system administrator's perspective, are also deleted. To protect user's privacy, those invalid data should be permanently removed with secure deletion approaches.

We select four real-world traces from the Microsoft I/O trace sets.


RAPD marker could be used as molecular markers of A. hydrophila pointed towards the amplicons generated by OPA-03. The species specificity can be confirmed only by checking these primes with isolates of other aeromonads. Large number of RAPD genotypes can be an ideal method for species identification [15] . The results show that RAPD fingerprinting is one of the best molecular tools for identification but protein profiling has some limits to differentiate Aeromonas species, and the present study indicates that SDS-PAGE technique is not suitable for the characterization within a species.

Large number of RAPD genotypes can be an ideal method for species identification.


As a simplistic overview, the FPGA design essentially allows software to manage memory and interfaces, loosely like a direct memory access (DMA). The software architecture laid out here is being designed to operate both with system storage, and with the FPGA's dedicated memory, which is off of the system bus [18] . Current strides have resulted in pieces of the HDTN software being created, and benchmarking has begun. Preliminary tests have shown bundle generation, processing, transmission, receiving, processing, and payload delivery working at 10Gbps rates in software. To make HiDRA practical, a web interface is being developed that both explores the system view, but also the (local) network view.

The software architecture laid out here is being designed to operate both with system storage, and with the FPGA's dedicated memory, which is off of the system bus.


One example of such a system is the free-space optical system. Free-space optics are at a reasonably advanced stage of development, and have seen a number of successful deployments. One example of such a deployment was the Lunar Laser Communications Demo (LLCD) [1] . LLCD was successful in demonstrating laser communications between the moon and the Earth at a rate of 622 Mbps, but its deployment revealed a fundamental issue with such high-frequency systems: the large rates involved meant that the radio was no longer the bottleneck in data return! In the case of LLCD, while the laser payload could transmit data at 622Mbps, the connection to the host spacecraft, the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), was constrained to 40Mbps. Thus, while this demonstration illustrated that free-space optical could be a viable technology, it also demonstrated a fundamental issue with the deployment of such high-frequency systems in the general case: it is likely that spacecraft would lack the bus and processing capabilities necessary to source data at such extremely high transmission rates. Thus, rather than the radio link acting as the bottleneck for scientific data return, the bottleneck had become the spacecraft itself.

One example of such a deployment was the Lunar Laser Communications Demo (LLCD).


Another case study to consider is with the International Space Station (ISS), whose infrastructure has been and will continue to be constantly evolving. From a data source perspective the performance of imaging and remote sensing technologies have also advanced, and in fact in certain scenarios have outpaced standard practice communication systems [2] [3] . The ISS has enjoyed several RF systems upgrades, and is currently adding laser communication capability. These state of the art technologies will help to realize higher data rates, but must also interface with the existing and aging data infrastructure, which introduces considerable rate mismatches between the existing and emerging capabilities. The ISS additionally presents an interesting challenge in that it hosts a large network of experiments and sensors (data sources), which must be routed to a variety of communication systems. In this way it is a large multiple-in-multiple-out (MIMO) system whose traffic must be carefully managed to successfully route data to the correct destination at a certain quality of service (QoS).

From a data source perspective the performance of imaging and remote sensing technologies have also advanced, and in fact in certain scenarios have outpaced standard practice communication systems.


However, natural fibers and TBP composites produce low mechanical properties, especially in tensile properties, and are not competitive with petroleum-based polymers; thus, limits its application, especially in the engineering sector. The primary cause of this occurrence is the incompatibility issue between natural fibers and the polymer matrices. This phenomenon produces poor adhesion between the natural fiber and polymer matrix and leads to undesirable mechanical properties of the composites [7] . A good interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix is required for effective stress transfer from matrix to fiber. To enhance the interfacial adhesion between fibers and TBP, two different common methods were conducted according to previous studies; the use of coupling agents and alkali treatments. The utilization of coupling agent has been proven to improve the composites interfacial adhesion. The chemical composition of coupling agents created a reaction with the fiber surface by forming a bridge of chemical bonds between the fiber and matrix [7, 13] . The most common coupling agents that have been widely used through the process of dry blending are maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) and maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE) [14] . However, previous finding shows that MAPP appeared to be less effective when the polyethylene (PE) matrix was used in the composites and vice versa as shown in Fig. 1 [15] . Also, the concentration of coupling agents used also plays an important role in improving the interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix.

This phenomenon produces poor adhesion between the natural fiber and polymer matrix and leads to undesirable mechanical properties of the composites.

The chemical composition of coupling agents created a reaction with the fiber surface by forming a bridge of chemical bonds between the fiber and matrix.

The most common coupling agents that have been widely used through the process of dry blending are maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) and maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE).

However, previous finding shows that MAPP appeared to be less effective when the polyethylene (PE) matrix was used in the composites and vice versa as shown in Fig. 1.


Besides the use of coupling agents, the utilization of alkali treatment has also proven the capability to improve the interfacial adhesion between natural fiber and matrix [16] . Various extensive research was carried out with different alkali concentrations and soak durations to produce a better interfacial adhesion. The findings from these studies showed that alkali treatment is capable of removing hemicellulose and lignin components from natural fibers, resulting in a better-purified cellulose [17] . As lignin is removed, the middle lamella joining the ultimate cells is expected to be more plastic, as well as homogeneous, due to the gradual elimination of micro voids. Moreover, alkali treatment increases the amount of crystalline cellulose and removes natural and artificial impurities, producing a rough surface topography. The increase in fiber surface roughness provides physical interlocking between fiber and matrix, which affects tensile properties of composites. The reaction occurring in alkali treatment is shown in Fig. 2 .

Besides the use of coupling agents, the utilization of alkali treatment has also proven the capability to improve the interfacial adhesion between natural fiber and matrix.

The findings from these studies showed that alkali treatment is capable of removing hemicellulose and lignin components from natural fibers, resulting in a better-purified cellulose.


A topic is composed of several events and could track associate follow-up events with relationships. Hence, Maedche and Steffen applied association rules to construct combinations of different conceptual relationships with support and confidence [6] . Knowledge based rules must train lots of rules and include basic patterns in the database. In order to express knowledge entities, those rules are going to be utilized to combine for relationships [11] .

Hence, Maedche and Steffen applied association rules to construct combinations of different conceptual relationships with support and confidence.

In order to express knowledge entities, those rules are going to be utilized to combine for relationships.


Although the lysimeter tanks had no significant effect on root or canopy growth (Table 2) , trees outside tanks in 1993 had lower leaf N and fruit yield than medium-N-rate trees in tanks. Yield of SO trees was increased by growing in tanks in 1992. We did not attempt to measure water use by trees growing outside tanks but trees on SO apparently benefited more from growing in the tanks than did trees on VL. Plants that have relatively low N can take up available N more efficiently than plants that have high N (Marschner, 1986) . Large concentration gradients of N between roots and soil can exist when roots are deficient. In citrus trees, a larger percentage of applied N is removed with harvested fruit when trees have been fertilized at low than high N rates (Smith, 1966a) . However, our data did not show high N uptake efficiency at conditions of low plant N. Based on leachate data in 1993, low N trees on SO absorbed a smaller percentage of the smaller amount of N applied than the medium-N trees on SO (Table 1) . Similarly, low-N trees on VL with high fibrous root densities also took up a smaller percentage of the applied N than medium-N trees on VL with sufficient N. The relatively high irrigation rates, which were not modified for differences in ET, may have contributed to the high percentages of N leaching at the low N rates. These results underscore the importance of considering fertilizer and irrigation practices in concert. Any efforts to minimize N leaching losses by allowing trees to become N deficient to the point where shoot growth is reduced may be futile if irrigation rates are not reduced accordingly.

Plants that have relatively low N can take up available N more efficiently than plants that have high N.

In citrus trees, a larger percentage of applied N is removed with harvested fruit when trees have been fertilized at low than high N rates.


When growing citrus on sandy soils that are vulnerable to leaching, a small amount of N leaching into groundwater probably is unavoidable (Dasberg, 1987) . The relatively low concentrations of N in the drainage water from most of these lysimeters, however, show that citrus can be grown in the sandy soils of central Florida with only minimum contamination of groundwater (<10 mg N/ liter) if best management practices are followed and reduced N application rates are used. Fertilizer rates and irrigation practices can be modified for trees on different rootstock to minimize N leaching losses if tree growth and leaf N concentrations are considered.

When growing citrus on sandy soils that are vulnerable to leaching, a small amount of N leaching into groundwater probably is unavoidable.


Furthermore, stochastic optimization techniques are used to find the global optimum of a problem which contains many local optima [8] . Due to the constraint nature of Sudoku, it is very likely to find a solution which satisfies some of the constraints but not all of them, hence finding a local optimum. Due to the stochastic nature of these techniques, the solution space is still searched even though a local optimum has been found, allowing for the global optimum to be detected. This paper explores the implementation of four different stochastic optimization techniques as applied to the Sudoku problem: Cultural Genetic Algorithm, Repulsive Particle Swarm Optimization, Quantum Simulated Annealing and Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing. Each Technique is discussed, implemented and tested on the puzzle in Figure 1 . Results are compared and critically evaluated.

Furthermore, stochastic optimization techniques are used to find the global optimum of a problem which contains many local optima.


Motivation holds much information of our inner lives. It supports us as an impulse to direct our behaviors and reach our goals (Kupfermann & Schwartz 1996) . Motivation as function is considered as a power, which lets the individual increase it energy and sustains its active condition (Berelson & Steiner, 1969) . In terms of pedagogics, the learner develops an individual attitude relevant to its own learning behavior in the learning environment and decides whether to participate in the learning process or not (Ipfling, 1974) .

It supports us as an impulse to direct our behaviors and reach our goals.

Motivation as function is considered as a power, which lets the individual increase it energy and sustains its active condition.

In terms of pedagogics, the learner develops an individual attitude relevant to its own learning behavior in the learning environment and decides whether to participate in the learning process or not.


There is a direct correlation between the cognitive functions of the new information processing of the language learner with the affective dimension. Cognitive and affective dimensions confront us in learning processes as two strong partners working together (Metzig & Schuster 1982) . For this reason, the language learners emotions, desires, goals etc. towards the learned foreign language, come to the forefront as substantial factors. At this point, the motivation gains importance, especially its effects on the success in educational scope.

Cognitive and affective dimensions confront us in learning processes as two strong partners working together.


The teaching method in the foreign language learning process expects that the learner experiences successful learning, meets positive learning moods and provides motivation hidden in success feelings as a result. Individuals with contrary experiences encounter despair, discomfort, negative emotions and inevitable failure at the end of the process. In the process of foreign language learning, even maintaining a positive attitude to that language comes across as one of the most important factors to be achieved. On the contrary, at the end of a negative attitude process, foreign language losses can be caused even at short breaks (Albayrak, 2006; Albayrak & Serindağ, 2007) .

On the contrary, at the end of a negative attitude process, foreign language losses can be caused even at short breaks.


Some practical applications from this study are considered. First, exercise professionals can encourage individuals to seek self-determined and personally meaningful exercise benefits. Affective benefits and intrinsic goals should be emphasized, but without explicitly or implicitly denigrate appearance, weight control, or any other extrinsic motive for exercising (Ingledew & Markland, 2008) . Second, participants of both RT and CrossFit groups perceived competence as a mediator of exercise behavior, indicating that focusing on improvement mastery over new skills is an important factor for these individuals. Fitness instructors can incorporate higher-skill movements (e.g., Olympic weightlifting, plyometric exercises) into the exercise program, with emphasis on appropriate learning progression and self-referenced improvements. Third, exercise professionals can support their client's perception of autonomy by offering them choices, regarding exercise selection, order, and intensity. The adjustment of the exercise workload might be important for increasing exercise enjoyment.

Affective benefits and intrinsic goals should be emphasized, but without explicitly or implicitly denigrate appearance, weight control, or any other extrinsic motive for exercising.


Linear friction welding is a solid-state joining process which, if successfully implemented into the civil aeroengine industry, could allow for a significant reduction in the weight of these engines and in turn produce benefits in performance, economy, and emissions [1] . This is achieved by replacing the dovetail mechanical joint that holds the blades to the discs with a weld line-to form an integrally bladed disc or blisk component [2] . The process has been well described within the literature, in terms of its process parameters and the process phases [3] . Whilst much of the research has been focused upon microstructural characterisation and weld quality, a number of papers have considered the governing process physics and used FE analysis to better understand these process fundamentals. Linear friction welding is an ideal method of joining components, such as the blisk, given the nonaxisymmetric nature of the joint and the size of the component. In essence, the process consists of holding one component stationary, whilst linearly oscillating a second component, with the two in contact and under an applied normal force, as illustrated in Figure 1 .

Linear friction welding is a solid-state joining process which, if successfully implemented into the civil aeroengine industry, could allow for a significant reduction in the weight of these engines and in turn produce benefits in performance, economy, and emissions.

This is achieved by replacing the dovetail mechanical joint that holds the blades to the discs with a weld line-to form an integrally bladed disc or blisk component.

The process has been well described within the literature, in terms of its process parameters and the process phases.


European oceans are subject to rapid development of new economic activities. With its Blue Growth strategy, the European Union seeks to strengthen the economy, increase jobs and income, and secure long-term wealth by "unlocking the potential of the ocean" [1] . Further development of ocean energy, aquaculture, coastal tourism, seabed mining, and marine biotechnology is foreseen. These activities compete with existing uses-e.g., shipping, fisheries, military purposes, and oil and gas-as they claim space in already intensively used European seas [2] .

With its Blue Growth strategy, the European Union seeks to strengthen the economy, increase jobs and income, and secure long-term wealth by "unlocking the potential of the ocean".

These activities compete with existing uses-e.g., shipping, fisheries, military purposes, and oil and gas-as they claim space in already intensively used European seas.


The marine ecosystem is a stressed ecosystem, under pressure from human activities [3] [4] [5] . The combination of new marine developments, competition for space, and ecosystems under pressure calls for effective use of marine space to avoid competing claims [6] . This can include the development of "multi-use platforms at sea" (MUPS), in which different marine activities are combined in a certain marine area [7, 8] .

The marine ecosystem is a stressed ecosystem, under pressure from human activities.

The combination of new marine developments, competition for space, and ecosystems under pressure calls for effective use of marine space to avoid competing claims.

This can include the development of "multi-use platforms at sea" (MUPS), in which different marine activities are combined in a certain marine area.


The present approach allows to infer micromechanical parameters of DEM models from macroscopic measurements in a fast and automated manner. The efficiency of the Bayesian approach is demonstrated by calibrating DEM simulations of glass beads under cyclic oedometric compression. The initial particle configuration is obtained from 3D feature-based image analysis. A uniform proposal density is initially adopted to sample parameter space from an initial guess. The predictive capability of the DEM model is evaluated through the statistics on the micromechanical and macroscopic quantities [43] [44] [45] [46] . After three iterations, the uncertainties in all QOIs reduce to less than 5%. The micro-micro and micro-macro correlations are extracted from the landscape of the posterior distribution. To the authors' knowledge, this work is the first attempt to bridge DEM simulations and the history-dependent macroscopic behavior of granular materials within an iterative Bayesian framework.

The predictive capability of the DEM model is evaluated through the statistics on the micromechanical and macroscopic quantities.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of the most important technologies that have been improved due to recent developments in wireless communication and are applied in different areas such as healthcare applications [1] [2] [3] [4] . They have inherent characteristics unlike traditional wireless networks. Sensor nodes have scarce resources for computation, storage, communication bandwidth, and, most importantly, energy supply. Recently, extensive studies have been done in different layers of WSN's [5, 6] . The event-driven nature of WSNs leads to unpredictable network load, especially in healthcare applications. Typically, WSNs carry the low traffic load when there are no special events. But the occurrence of important events may cause a burst traffics which leads to congestion in the network. Transport protocols control congestion in end to end or cross layer manner.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of the most important technologies that have been improved due to recent developments in wireless communication and are applied in different areas such as healthcare applications.

Recently, extensive studies have been done in different layers of WSN's.


Nowadays, Healthcare Wireless Sensor Networks have received great attention due to the properties of WSNs such as reliability, interoperability, efficiency, low-power consumption and inexpensiveness. One of the applications of WSNs is remote monitoring of patients by doctors and nurses which eliminates the need to be physically present in the patient sites [7] . Figure 1 shows different sensors attached to patients which are capable of sensing patient information which can be sensitive (vital signs, such as the heart rate and breathing condition) or non-sensitive (motion signs, such as leg sensors). The received information can be transmitted to the control center with the help of a PDA and neighboring nodes. Sensitive information needs low delay and low packet loss while non-sensitive data can tolerate more delay and more packet loss. We restricted ourselves to healthcare applications which require stationary sensor nodes (they do not change their locations for at least a few hours).

One of the applications of WSNs is remote monitoring of patients by doctors and nurses which eliminates the need to be physically present in the patient sites.


In both coupling approaches, two independent simulators calculate either fluid or rock dynamics, whereby the information exchanged between both depends on the chosen coupling method. Our one-way coupling implementation considers pore pressure changes calculated by the flow simulator as input to the hydromechanical simulator to determine effective stresses and calculate grid point velocities. In our two-way coupling implementation, the flow simulator receives a feedback from the hydromechanical simulator in case of altered hydraulic properties due to volumetric strain increments [6, [11] [12] [13] . One-way coupled simulations generally reduce the complexity of the computational implementation; however, hydromechanical effects on fluid flow are likely to be underestimated without taking into account mechanically induced porosity and permeability changes, affecting fluid flow and pore pressure propagation.

In our two-way coupling implementation, the flow simulator receives a feedback from the hydromechanical simulator in case of altered hydraulic properties due to volumetric strain increments.


Nowadays, lots of information is exchanged through the internet. Security of the information plays an important role in internet to protect the data from the attackers or intruders. Many researchers are using cryptography and steganography for data security over the internet medium. Cryptography deals message encryption but the communication is visible but on the other hand, steganography deals with secret message hiding but the communication is not visible [1] . One of the foremost variations of steganography with cryptography is that encoding the traffic, the communications will be secured but people become aware of the existence of message by observing coded information, although they are not able to realize the message in the data. The steganography technique hides the existence of the message so that intruders cannot detect what communication is going on, thus providing an advanced level of security than cryptography. Both steganography and cryptography systems are used in providing secret communications almost in a similar approach but vary in terms of methods used to break the system [2] .

Cryptography deals message encryption but the communication is visible but on the other hand, steganography deals with secret message hiding but the communication is not visible.

Both steganography and cryptography systems are used in providing secret communications almost in a similar approach but vary in terms of methods used to break the system.


Software metrics measure different aspects of software complexity and therefore play an important role in analyzing and improving software quality. Measures of software complexity, for example metrics for coupling or cohesion, provide a means of quantifying its internal quality. Internal quality measures are those, which can be performed in terms of the software product itself, and it will be measureable during and after the creation of the software product. However, it has no inherent, practical meaning within itself. To give meaning to these measures it has to be characterized in terms of the external quality. External quality measures are evaluated with respect to how a product relates to its environment. The reliability, maintainability, testability, efficiency and reuse of a product are some examples. These measures are deemed inherently meaningful. Previous studies have indicated that software metrics can be used to obtain useful information on external quality aspects of software [19] [29] .

Previous studies have indicated that software metrics can be used to obtain useful information on external quality aspects of software.


GAs are a good problem resolution model for this kind of NP issues. This is because GAs finds good solutions to complex optimization problems [8] [9] . For this reason, in this work we propose a methodology that uses distributed GA for solving the above mentioned problems, keeping a good balance between area occupation and wire density according to the requirements of each situation.

This is because GAs finds good solutions to complex optimization problems.


The goal of our study is to extend the results obtained so far for idealized and isolated geostrophic structures to a fully turbulent mesoscale eddy eld characterized by a continuous wavenumber spectrum over a large range of horizontal scales. This should allow us to understand the dispersion of NIOs in more realistic situations where mesoscale structures interact strongly; i.e., where the inverse energy cascade and the direct tracer cascade are both signi cant. Such structures have been well documented in regions such as the Gulf Stream, the Azores Front, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and recent satellite data have revealed their existence in other regions (Stammer, 1997; Wunsch, 1997) . We address several speci c questions. For a turbulent eddy eld, does the 'trapping' regime or the 'strong dispersion' regime dominate? What can be deduced about the spatial structure of different NIO baroclinic modes? In which mesoscale structures is NIO dispersion most ef cient? What are the effects of advection relative to refraction and dispersion effects? The present study focuses mostly on the horizontal dispersion of different NIO baroclinic modes. Implications for the vertical propagation and on the resulting 3-D distribution of the near-inertial waves will be analyzed in a future study. Hence, the present work should be considered as a rst step in understanding 3-D NIO dispersion in a fully turbulent mesoscale eddy eld.

Such structures have been well documented in regions such as the Gulf Stream, the Azores Front, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and recent satellite data have revealed their existence in other regions.

We address several speci c questions.


The ward round is a situation with both a primary user (the doctor) and a secondary user of a system (the patient). Mobile electronic patient record systems for bedside usage are primarily designed with the doctor in mind. Few have considered the effects on the patient. Therefore, we have retrospectively analyzed the data and findings from two previously conducted usability evaluation studies of prototype mobile systems for hospitals [11, 12] . Both evaluations were conducted in a simulated hospital environment with multiple persons involved; real physicians consulting patient actors lying in the hospital beds.

Therefore, we have retrospectively analyzed the data and findings from two previously conducted usability evaluation studies of prototype mobile systems for hospitals.


The pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) remains to be elucidated. Many reports have revealed the involvement of neurotoxins in the deterioration of nigrostriatal dopamine system in PD . Three endogenous alkaloids were proposed as potential candidates of dopaminergic neurotoxins named salsolinol 2, 3, Sal) , tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) derivative (1BnTIQ) and β-carbolines. Sal, in particular, is toxic to dopaminergic neurons and has recently gained much attention due to its structural similarity with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, a potent neurotoxin that specifically degenerates the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, resulting in dopamine deficiency in the striatum, and hence the symptoms of Parkinsonism (Quan et al. 2005) . Therefore, Sal may have an influential role directly or indirectly in causing PD.

Sal, in particular, is toxic to dopaminergic neurons and has recently gained much attention due to its structural similarity with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, a potent neurotoxin that specifically degenerates the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, resulting in dopamine deficiency in the striatum, and hence the symptoms of Parkinsonism.


In order to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of MRF RC structures, a specific performance-based assessment framework is needed. An interesting approach is presented by the PEER Center [15] . This approach was developed based on data from USA buildings and hazards, so it cannot be applied to other seismic regions or other parts of the world where building design practices are generally significantly different. This is particularly the case for Mediterranean RC buildings and their seismic performance assessments with regard particularly to hazard analysis, response and damage analyses, and loss analysis. It is clear that the proposed performance assessment procedure in this study could be used to improve the seismic risk analysis in Mediterranean areas.

An interesting approach is presented by the PEER Center.


In order to study the preferences of respondents with respect to departures from the current environmental conditions, the so-called status quo (SQ), analysts often place this as an alternative in all choice sets. However, recent studies have shown that description of the status quo, or its mere presence in the choice context is not neutral to the choice outcome [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . Later in this paper we review the literature on current research results involving status quo in choice experiments, but we will focus on one area of relatively poor investigation, namely that of identifying the specific effect that respondent's perception of status quo conditions has on implied welfare estimates. In particular, respondents may or may not have a clear perception of how the status quo conditions they experience relate to the attributes and levels considered in the choice exercise. In short, some respondents may not be able to map into the descriptors of environmental status used by the researcher. In this case, it is necessary for the purpose of the choice exercise to provide respondents with a description of the SQ conditions using the specific metric selected for the experimental design. So, one can distinguish two types of respondents. A first type, whose perceptions of the SQ can be mapped into the choice experiment, and a second group, to whom a mapping needs to be supplied during the course of the interview on the basis of some previous, possibly technical, knowledge. Our contribution to the literature is that of investigating whether the effects of such an asymmetry of treatment systematically results in different welfare estimates from an endogenous split sample design.

However, recent studies have shown that description of the status quo, or its mere presence in the choice context is not neutral to the choice outcome.


Such average population measures are obtained through a consultative process involving the recording of expert assessments and public opinions, usually through focus groups. Additionally, other information obtained from a literature search may also be incorporated [19] . In as much as the latter approach is the most commonly used in environmental valuation the following issues are worth addressing. First, what if the predicted average levels of environmental quality deviate from the attribute levels perceived by respondents? Second, in the face of a discrepancy between the perceived attribute levels and predicted average attribute levels for the SQ alternative, how will respondents perceive the choice tasks presented to them? Third, what are the implications for the implied welfare measures of using SQ scenarios that directly account for individual specific perceived knowledge of environmental quality?

Additionally, other information obtained from a literature search may also be incorporated.


Even "clean and green" New Zealand has its share of environmental problems. This is especially true in areas exposed to intensive agricultural production such as the Waikato region which accounts for around 30% of New Zealand's dairy production. Policy makers are torn between supporting the country's leading export industry and ensuring sustainably high environmental quality for the 400,000 people who live in the region. Water pollution from agricultural activities is considered to be one of the most important environmental issues facing New Zealand and is the most frequently mentioned environmental concern for the region's residents [1] . These concerns are well founded since levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in many streams, rivers and lakes have increased over the last two decades leading to a progressive decline in water quality and increased incidence of algal blooms in freshwater bodies [2] .

Water pollution from agricultural activities is considered to be one of the most important environmental issues facing New Zealand and is the most frequently mentioned environmental concern for the region's residents.

These concerns are well founded since levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in many streams, rivers and lakes have increased over the last two decades leading to a progressive decline in water quality and increased incidence of algal blooms in freshwater bodies.


While BRWs have provided a novel route for PM χ 2 nonlinearities in semiconductors, the method is associated with some limitations and can benefit from further optimization. For instance, in conventional quarter-wave BRWs (QtWBRWs), the core thickness is restricted to a few hundreds of nanometers, resulting in a poor confinement factor combined with a degraded spatial overlap factor between the modes of the interacting waves and challenges in the light in-coupling efficiency. Moreover, in quantum optical applications, where entangled photons are generated through spontaneous parametric downconversion, the state of the entangled photons resulting from this process and the quality of entanglement can be engineered through control of properties of the three interacting waves, namely, the pump, signal, and idler. One of the most powerful means of exercising control over the pump, signal, and idler is to have them propagate in three separate modes. This can provide a superior level of control over their properties, including dispersion and birefringence, among others [10, 12] . Having TIR and BRW modes coexisting with another type of mode in the same structure can enable this control.

This can provide a superior level of control over their properties, including dispersion and birefringence, among others.


Failure to keep data center temperatures within operational ranges drastically decreases hardware reliability and may potentially violate the Service Level Agreement (SLA) with the customers. A major portion (over 70%) of the heat is generated by the data center infrastructure [26] . Therefore, optimized infrastructure installation may play a significant role in the OPEX reduction.

A major portion (over 70%) of the heat is generated by the data center infrastructure.


Asymmetric interleavers separate the odd and even channels with different pass bandwidths. In fact, symmetric interleavers are a particular case in which both channel groups have the same pass bandwidths. As an example, asymmetric interleavers allow accommodating the next-generation systems with 40-Gb/s signals in the larger bandwidth and maintaining legacy systems with 10-Gb/s signals in the smaller bandwidth [1] , [2] . This is an effective and low-cost solution to extend the existing legacy network capacity, for systems upgrade and bidirectional network implementations.

As an example, asymmetric interleavers allow accommodating the next-generation systems with 40-Gb/s signals in the larger bandwidth and maintaining legacy systems with 10-Gb/s signals in the smaller bandwidth.


With the proposed optimization process, it is also possible to reduce the interleaver's order to M ¼ 4 by removing the constraint that H M ðzÞ has to be a filter with exactly linear-phase response. In this case, the resulting maximum dispersion is AE50 ps/nm (AE4 normalized), at both outputs, and the other parameters are maintained with good performance (isolation of À25 dB over 30% FSR and 13% FSR at Tx and Ty , respectively). The dispersion of the interleaver outputs is defined by the linearity of the FIR filter that represents each output. It increases when increasing the output's box-like [4] characteristics.

It increases when increasing the output's box-like characteristics.


In general, lattice interleaver designs include methods based on Fourier series, digital filter design, and computational optimization, but most of them do not take into account a simultaneous analysis of both outputs, which is an essential aspect in interleavers design. Fourier-series-based method uses a lattice structure with delay lines multiples of a unit value [4] . This method uses M-simultaneous equations to determine an M-order filter structure to fit an ideal transfer function shape. It requires high-order filters to obtain low side lobes.

Fourier-series-based method uses a lattice structure with delay lines multiples of a unit value.


Recently, many efforts have been devoted to balancing the carrier mobility in the absorption layer. It was reported that the carrier mobility could be modulated by doping pentacene into the absorption layer of the conventional PSCs and the performances of the resulting devices were improved [21] . In order to further improve the performance of the PSCs, in this work, the inverted PSCs with pentacene-doped absorption layer were fabricated and investigated. To clearly identify the electron mobility and the hole mobility in the absorption layers, the electron-only devices and the holeonly devices with the corresponding absorption layers were analyzed, respectively, using the space-charge-limited current (SCLC) method. By varying pentacene doping content in the absorption layer, the optimal mobility balance condition was obtained. It is clarified that the PCE of the inverted PSCs was enhanced by properly balancing the carrier mobility in the absorption layer. Figure 1 shows the schematic configuration of the inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs). The 25 nm thick Al-doped ZnO (AZO) film was deposited on the ITO-coated glass substrate using a magnetron radio-frequency (RF) sputtering system. The AZO film worked as the electron transportation and hole blocking layer. The mixed solution of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), (6, 6)-phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), and pentacene with given mixing ratio in the 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) was then spread on the AZO film using a spin-coating technique to form a P3HT : PCBM : pentacene absorption layer of the inverted PSCs. The thickness of the absorption layer was 200 nm. Subsequently, the deposited absorption layer was annealed in a nitrogen glove box at 110 ∘ C for 20 minutes. Finally, the 10 nm thick MoO 3 layer and the 100 nm thick Ag layer were subsequently deposited on the absorption layer as the anode electrode of the inverted PSCs using a thermal evaporator. The absorption area of the inverted PSCs was about 4 mm 2 . Thus fabricated inverted PSCs with various pentacene doping ratios (0, 0.05, 0.06, 0.065, and 0.07 by weight) in the P3HT : PCBM (1 : 0.8) absorption layers were, respectively, named solar cells A, B, C, D, and E, hereafter. For estimating the hole mobility and the electron mobility in the absorption layer, the hole-only devices of Au/P3HT : PCBM : pentacene/MoO 3 /Ag (100/ 200/10/100 nm) and the electron-only devices of ITO/AZO/ P3HT : PCBM : pentacene/Al (300/25/200/100 nm) were fabricated. In this work, ten batches, each batch had six devices, of the electron-only devices, the hole-only devices, and the inverted PSCs were fabricated and measured.

It was reported that the carrier mobility could be modulated by doping pentacene into the absorption layer of the conventional PSCs and the performances of the resulting devices were improved.