In support of this perspective, researchers have recently begun examining associations between conspiracist ideation and traits such as paranoid ideation, superstitious beliefs, magical ideation, and belief in the paranormal (Brotherton, French, & Pickering, 2013; Bruder, Haffke, Neave, Nouripanah, & Imhoff, 2013; Darwin, Neave, & Holmes, 2011; Stieger, Gumhalter, Tran, Voracek, & Swami, 2013; Swami et al., 2011) . In addition, three studies have reported significant associations between conspiracist ideation and schizotypal personality disposition (Bruder et al., 2013; Darwin et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2013) . Schizotypy is believed to refer to one's proneness to schizophrenia and holds that there is a continuum of cognitive, perceptual, and affective characteristics and experiences ranging from normal dissociative states to extreme states (Claridge, 1997) . In explanation, it has been suggested that the relationship is a function of schizotypal individuals being more open to arguments in support of conspiracy theories as a result of their suspiciousness of others (Darwin et al., 2011) .

In support of this perspective, researchers have recently begun examining associations between conspiracist ideation and traits such as paranoid ideation, superstitious beliefs, magical ideation, and belief in the paranormal.

In addition, three studies have reported significant associations between conspiracist ideation and schizotypal personality disposition.

Schizotypy is believed to refer to one's proneness to schizophrenia and holds that there is a continuum of cognitive, perceptual, and affective characteristics and experiences ranging from normal dissociative states to extreme states.

In explanation, it has been suggested that the relationship is a function of schizotypal individuals being more open to arguments in support of conspiracy theories as a result of their suspiciousness of others.


We have by explicit analytical solutions of a one-dimensional periodic system shown how the branch ambiguity in the extraction of effective parameters is arising as a direct consequence of the underlying Bloch state physics. Rather than being mathematical artifacts, the different branches are potentially all physically meaningful solutions to the electromagnetic wave problem. However, their mutual importance depends on the experimental context. Meaningful effective parameters can only be attributed in cases where a particular branch of the Bloch states with λ eff a dominates. The simple one-dimensional case illustrates how a scattering experiments predominantly excites m = 0 branches. The mutual population of branches is also influenced by the impedance matching to the incident field, but impedance considerations are by themselves not always sufficient in choosing the branch index. For one-dimensional structures the identification of a single predominant branch may be clear because only a single Bloch band is supported at a given frequency. For more complex two and three-dimensional unit-cell designs, the coexistence of more Bloch bands at the same frequency is not always prohibited, depending on the symmetry of the structure [22] . In such cases the identification of a predominant mode and branch is not always meaningful. In addition, spatial dispersion has become an issue of major concern for the concept of homogenizing optical metamaterials [21] . We emphasize that while the attenuation coefficient 2κ does not discriminate between branches of the same Bloch band, it could on the other hand serve to select one Bloch band over another. Such a discrimination would make thin slabs behave differently form thick slabs of the same metamaterial.

For more complex two and three-dimensional unit-cell designs, the coexistence of more Bloch bands at the same frequency is not always prohibited, depending on the symmetry of the structure.

In addition, spatial dispersion has become an issue of major concern for the concept of homogenizing optical metamaterials.


Indomethacin (IndoH), molecular formula C 19 H 16 ClNO 4 and chemical name 2-[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindol-3-yl]acetic acid (Scheme 1), a member of the arylalkanoic acid family, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity [4] . It has been identified as a nonselective inhibitor drug of cyclooxygenase enzymes COX1 and COX2, which inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . Its solubility in water is very low but acceptable enough to carry out UV-Vis Spectroscopy determination of some of its physicochemical properties in solution [4, 10, 11] . For instance, so far, the p a value of the IndoH has been found by UV-Vis and density functional theory (DFT) based methods, among other approaches; these p a values range from 4.13 to 4.52 [10, [12] [13] [14] .

Indomethacin (IndoH), molecular formula C 19 H 16 ClNO 4 and chemical name 2-[1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindol-3-yl]acetic acid (Scheme 1), a member of the arylalkanoic acid family, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity.

It has been identified as a nonselective inhibitor drug of cyclooxygenase enzymes COX1 and COX2, which inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins.

Its solubility in water is very low but acceptable enough to carry out UV-Vis Spectroscopy determination of some of its physicochemical properties in solution.

For instance, so far, the p a value of the IndoH has been found by UV-Vis and density functional theory (DFT) based methods, among other approaches; these p a values range from 4.13 to 4.52.


Blood calcium is distributed among several forms, of which the major forms are free calcium ions and proteinbound calcium. Calcium content is closely associated with a large number of diseases, such as hypo-and hyperthyroidism, acute pancreatitis, malignancy, and vitamin D deficiency [1] . Thus, many researchers have turned their attention to developing quantitative measurements of calcium levels in serum specimens because of the potential for diagnosing these disorders. Until recently, improvements in alternative approaches for assaying calcium depended heavily on the types of calcium found in blood circulation.

Calcium content is closely associated with a large number of diseases, such as hypo-and hyperthyroidism, acute pancreatitis, malignancy, and vitamin D deficiency.


Although there have been investigations directly into the dynamics of high area-to-mass-ratio spacecraft, these remained sparse until recent interest driven by solar sailing. Before this growing interest, work on high area-to-mass ratio spacecraft stemmed from early missions such as the Echo reflective balloon satellites for passive terrestrial communications [3] . The unusual evolution of Echo"s orbit was understood as due to its high reflectivity and area-tomass ratio and predictions based on the effect of solar radiation pressure which matched the observed orbit for Echo. Echo 1A and Echo 2 had area-to-mass ratios of 9.6 m2/kg and 5.2 m2/kg respectively. Later studies investigated the novel astrodynamics of these spacecraft, assuming them to behave completely passively [4] . More recently, stable orbits have been identified and their longterm evolution analyzed for high-area-to-mass ratio spacecraft under the influence of solar radiation pressure with or without eclipses, drag and J2 [5] [6] [7] [8] . Active control of the influence of SRP has mainly been the subject of solar sailing, where a change in the attitude of the sail is used to direct the SRP effect on the spacecraft.

Before this growing interest, work on high area-to-mass ratio spacecraft stemmed from early missions such as the Echo reflective balloon satellites for passive terrestrial communications.

Later studies investigated the novel astrodynamics of these spacecraft, assuming them to behave completely passively.

More recently, stable orbits have been identified and their longterm evolution analyzed for high-area-to-mass ratio spacecraft under the influence of solar radiation pressure with or without eclipses, drag and J2.


The orbital dynamics of high area-to-mass ratio objects have long been investigated in the guise of natural planetary and interplanetary dust dynamics. Such motion is highly non-Keplerian due to the significant influence of perturbations such as solar radiation pressure (SRP), aerodynamic drag, Poynting-Robertson drag and electrostatic forces [1] . Insights into the dynamics of such natural systems can provide important tools for investigating the dynamics of engineered "smart dust" devices such as SpaceChips. Area-to-mass ratio increases with decreasing length-scale since mass scales as lengthscale cubed, while area scales as length-scale squared [2] .

Such motion is highly non-Keplerian due to the significant influence of perturbations such as solar radiation pressure (SRP), aerodynamic drag, Poynting-Robertson drag and electrostatic forces.

Area-to-mass ratio increases with decreasing length-scale since mass scales as lengthscale cubed, while area scales as length-scale squared.


Estimating in real-time product quality or other important process variables when on-line analyzers are not available is an essential component of modern process industry. Softsensors are a key technology for the task and allow to optimize production toward high-quality products while reducing operational and off-specification costs. In chemical and power industry, soft-sensors are extensively used to estimate hard-to-measure primary variables in process units starting from other easy-to-measure secondary variables (Kadlec et al., 2009) . Widely accepted technologies for soft-sensor design are based on prediction models like Multivariable Linear Regression (MLR), Principal Component and Partial Least Squares Regression (PCR and PLSR) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN).

In chemical and power industry, soft-sensors are extensively used to estimate hard-to-measure primary variables in process units starting from other easy-to-measure secondary variables.


Besides, the broadness of this mode is associated with the extent of hydrogen bonding in proteins and polysaccharides (Dalvi et al., 2000; Turker et al., 2007; Turker et al., 2014) . The finding of a rising area of the peak might mean that BAP treatment with all concentrations led to an increase in proteins and carbohydrates together with high hydrogen capacity. On the contrary, it is known that plant cells can increase in size by enhancing cell volume due to intracellular vacuole expansion. This is achieved by uptake of water, which may cause hydrogen bond formation between the related biomolecules. According to our data, 2.0 mg l -1 concentration of BAP has the most capability to provoke rising the concentration of hydrogen bonded proteins and carbohydrates, which may be an indication of cell growth and cell wall expansion.

Besides, the broadness of this mode is associated with the extent of hydrogen bonding in proteins and polysaccharides.


The extended storage times significantly (p = 0.00 I) influenced the toxicity of the sediment-associated cadmium. A positive relationship (r2 = 0.371) between the times and percent survival indicates a toxicity reduction resulting from extended storage times (Fig. 21) . Significant decreases in the BAF values were observed between the experiments with the extended storage and the freshly spiked sediments (Table 4 ). The decrease in the BAF values is likely due to the shift of cadmium partitioning from the reversible 'pool into resistant sites within the sediment structure after extended storage times (Karickhoff and Morris, 1985) . This change in sorption would result in the reduction of the cadmium bioavailability and toxicity (Stemmer et al.. 1990) . To confirm the result on the cadi urn bioavailability and toxicity reduction.

The decrease in the BAF values is likely due to the shift of cadmium partitioning from the reversible 'pool into resistant sites within the sediment structure after extended storage times.

This change in sorption would result in the reduction of the cadmium bioavailability and toxicity.


The power used to test the prepared DSSC was a 150 W Xe lamp, which simulates sunlight (AM 1.5). Before the test, the distance between the light source and the sample was adjusted to allow a light source density of 100 mW/cm 2 . The cell performance parameters, including the short-circuit current density ( sc ), the open-circuit voltage ( oc ), the fill factor (FF), and the photoelectronic conversion efficiency ( (%) = sc × oc × FF/total incident energy × 100), were measured and calculated using the -characteristics of DSSC's. Figure 2 shows the deposition rates for samples number 1, number 2, number and 3. These three samples (where nitrogen was added) were deposited using O 2 flow-rate ratios from 35 to 18 mL/min (see Table 1 ). The deposition rate increases as the O 2 partial pressure decreases. Greater oxygen flow increases the probability of collision with Ar + ions and decreases the energy of the Ar + ions that bombard the Ti surface. Increasing the O 2 flow rate also results in a significant decrease in the sputtering voltage [22] . Therefore, the dissociation gas is reduced, along with the plasma density and the deposition rate. Table 2 shows the deposition rates and roughness values for all samples. For nitrogen-doped samples, the roughness is increased when the Ar flow fraction is increased. Figure 3(a) shows the absorption spectrum for MB under UV irradiation for 4 h, for films deposited under various coating conditions. If no nitrogen is added during the deposition process, the best degradation of MB is demonstrated by sample number 2, with a MB absorbance of 0.74. When nitrogen is added during the deposition process, the best absorbance of MB is 0.54, for sample number 8. The deposition parameters for sample number 8 are a rf power of 100 W, a deposition pressure of 10 mtorr, an Ar/O 2 /N 2 flow rate of 36/18/9 mL/min, and substrate temperature of with the addition of nitrogen is 20 ∘ less after UV irradiation. This result shows that the photo-induced hydrophilicity of TiO 2−x N x film is better than that of TiO 2 film.

Increasing the O 2 flow rate also results in a significant decrease in the sputtering voltage.


Insulin dosage adjustments are based on blood glucose levels. Nowadays, doctors generally use two types of insulin injection; regular insulin and NPH (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) insulin. Regular insulin starts being absorbed in 30-60 minutes, and in most individuals, their peak action is within 2 to 3 hours after injection. Regular insulin is often used before eating to control the large rise of blood glucose that often occurs after a meal. NPH insulin is slow or long acting insulin. NPH insulin starts being absorbed 3-4 hours after being injected and their peak action is after 7-9 hours. The best act is injection at bedtime to control the morning glucose of the next day [4] .

The best act is injection at bedtime to control the morning glucose of the next day.


We intended that the investigator who placed the mask should be blind to the presence or absence of cricoid pressure, but the blinding was not perfect. In our previous study, where bimanual cricoid pressure was applied, the position of the patient's head and neck was similar with and without cricoid pressure, and the investigator experienced no difficulty in ventilating the lungs via a face mask and in opening the mouth after application of cricoid pressure. The investigator was thus blinded effectively when the patient's neck was covered with a drape [4] . In the current study, however, this was not effectively so, because when cricoid pressure was applied, extension of the head and opening of the mouth were often more difficult and a Guedel airway was sometimes required.

The investigator was thus blinded effectively when the patient's neck was covered with a drape.


This characterisation suggests that the quality of decision making may need to be judged by the kinds of criteria suggested to evaluate qualitative research, such as authenticity, credibility and trustworthiness (Rolfe, 2006) . One implication of this way of understanding POVA team decisions is the need for the team to have a close understanding of the settings involved in social care services, particularly given the lack of social work, health and social care experiences within the team. Without such a good understanding, it is possible that the judgements made may not reflect important elements of the situation. For example, direct encounters with people who receive services and with practitioners would be valuable in increasing understanding of the experiences of social care and the understanding of different kinds of behaviour of workers. Further, such understanding is not gained on a once and for all basis but needs to be regularly renewed. Alternatively, there may be scope for considering involving social workers, social care workers and people using services in the overall decision-making process, which might provide a valuable way of ensuring that this is this informed by relevant understandings.

This characterisation suggests that the quality of decision making may need to be judged by the kinds of criteria suggested to evaluate qualitative research, such as authenticity, credibility and trustworthiness.


Part of the process of interpreting information as evidence involves an interaction with the emotional reactions and moral sensibilities of the POVA team. In the course of this interaction, the team draws a balance between the levels of harm, the kinds of misconduct and the personal qualities of the individual. This is a dynamic process establishing what is then created as a relatively fixed trait of being unsuitable or not to work with adults in vulnerable situations. As such, decision-making about whether to bar an individual is an ethical endeavour, being concerned with evaluating conduct and ascribing responsibility (Birch et al., 2002) . A central ethical element of these decisions is balancing individual responsibility against the impact of contexts, such as training and staffing levels.

As such, decision-making about whether to bar an individual is an ethical endeavour, being concerned with evaluating conduct and ascribing responsibility.


Addressing concerns about the quality of social care has been a central part of New Labour's modernising agenda (Newman and Hughes, 2007) . Policies to improve adult protection practice are key aspects of these concerns, which are illustrative of an increasing focus on risk more generally (McLaughlin, 2007) . The concept of adult abuse emerged in the 1970s in the United Kingdom (UK), although unlike child abuse, it was not the subject of specific policy developments until the 1990s (Galpin and Parker, 2007) . This article reports on one element of research investigating how decisions are taken to bar individuals from working with vulnerable adults to promote their safety, through placement on the Protection of Vulnerable Adults (POVA) List, which is one development resulting from the increased policy gaze on adult safeguarding in England and Wales (McLaughlin, 2007) .

Addressing concerns about the quality of social care has been a central part of New Labour's modernising agenda.

Policies to improve adult protection practice are key aspects of these concerns, which are illustrative of an increasing focus on risk more generally.

The concept of adult abuse emerged in the 1970s in the United Kingdom (UK), although unlike child abuse, it was not the subject of specific policy developments until the 1990s.

This article reports on one element of research investigating how decisions are taken to bar individuals from working with vulnerable adults to promote their safety, through placement on the Protection of Vulnerable Adults (POVA) List, which is one development resulting from the increased policy gaze on adult safeguarding in England and Wales.


Besides, talent resources are another essential factor influencing regional economic development. In traditional economic theories, labor is a major influencing factor. However, China's current regional economic development is faced with a serious restriction of talent resources. Disproportional distribution of talent resources has in some way seriously impeded promotion of productivity. Although China's economy has been ushered into a stably transitional period, the economic development status of China's eastern coastal areas and west inland areas suggest that the gap in talent resource distribution has imposed a significant influence on regional economy, which deprives sustainable regional economic development of a solid foundation [2] .

Although China's economy has been ushered into a stably transitional period, the economic development status of China's eastern coastal areas and west inland areas suggest that the gap in talent resource distribution has imposed a significant influence on regional economy, which deprives sustainable regional economic development of a solid foundation.


Along with continuous development of China's economy, differentiation of regional economy has gradually become an important factor restricting a country's overall economic development. This problem is mainly reflected as slow development of finance in rural areas, funding difficulties of small-and medium-sized enterprises, disproportional distribution of talent resources, etc. All this has resulted in a widening gap of regional economic development. To alleviate funding difficulty of micro-, small-and medium-sized enterprises and to promote rural financial development, inclusive finance was put forward for the first time in the International Year of Microcredit 2005. Its purpose is to improve service quality and clients of financial institutions by increasing depth and breadth of financial services and building corresponding inclusive finance institutions. To traditional economic theories, the functioning mechanism of financial institutions is, to some extent, independent. This results in a major difference in the influence of financial institutions of different types. It is apt to say that emergence of inclusive finance has largely alleviated the difficulty of how to more accurately analyze influence of financial institutions on different industries. Not only can service quality of financial institutions be more effectively measured, but also the service scope of financial institutions can be macroscopically measured. With construction of the inclusive finance system, economic activities have obtained more and more financial resources, thus creating more and more opportunities for economic development. This also demonstrates the promoting effect of inclusive finance on sustainable regional economic development [1] .

This also demonstrates the promoting effect of inclusive finance on sustainable regional economic development.


What is almost completely absent until now is the experimental investigation of physical activity on a spatial cognition task. According to our knowledge, only one study investigated the effect of a specific motor training in adults on mental rotation ability [17] . The authors provided evidence that a program of juggling training over a period of three months improved mental rotation performance in adults, compared to a control group that did not receive any training. Because the physical activation training in the former study lasted over three months, we were interested if a short physical activation (45 minutes) improved mental rotation as well. As a control group we chose a kind of cognitive activation. Students had to listen to a theoretical lesson of physical activation while they were allowed to ask something and to answer questions. Both groups were chosen because both were real educational situations, which enhance the ecological validity.

According to our knowledge, only one study investigated the effect of a specific motor training in adults on mental rotation ability.


The passive transport rate of a molecule through the skin is proportionally related to its degree of saturation in the applied vehicle [1] . Therefore, drug supersaturation in topical formulations can be induced to improve the penetration into stratum corneum. Systems that are transiently drug supersaturated, namely those systems which become supersaturated only after dose actuation, seem to be more promising as dosage forms compared to preformed drug supersaturated patches, since the latter need to maintain the supersaturated state during their entire shelf-life. Transient supersaturation entails the reduction of drug solubility in the vehicle that is applied on the skin surface and this is most commonly achieved through solvent evaporation [1] . The simplest approach to achieve this goal consists in the design of polymeric film forming systems (FFS) which comprises a film-forming polymer dissolved in a volatile and skin tolerated solvent. When they are applied and/or sprayed on the surface of the skin, the rapid solvent evaporation leads to the formation of a polymeric film in situ [2] . The potential advantages of these dosage forms reside not only in the possibility to overcome the issue related to the physical instability of a supersaturated system, but also in a possible enhancement effect related to the solvent skin penetration during the metamorphosis of the formulation [3, 4] . The last claimed advantage of FFS is related to the cosmetic attributes of the film. Indeed, many patients complain about the high visibility of transdermal patches, which are considered cosmetically unattractive, while the formed film is supposed to be almost invisible.

The passive transport rate of a molecule through the skin is proportionally related to its degree of saturation in the applied vehicle.

Transient supersaturation entails the reduction of drug solubility in the vehicle that is applied on the skin surface and this is most commonly achieved through solvent evaporation.

When they are applied and/or sprayed on the surface of the skin, the rapid solvent evaporation leads to the formation of a polymeric film in situ.

The potential advantages of these dosage forms reside not only in the possibility to overcome the issue related to the physical instability of a supersaturated system, but also in a possible enhancement effect related to the solvent skin penetration during the metamorphosis of the formulation.


Numerous researches indicate that learning approaches are shaped by various factors such as the learning subject, students' scholastic background, and their study area, lecturers' methods of teaching and evaluation, students' mindset to plan of study, learning atmosphere, students' motivation, levels of self-regulation, academic self-efficacy, achievement goal orientation and so on (Entwistle and Smith, 2002; Kong and Hau, 1996; Ramsden, 2003; Smith and Miller, 2005; Phan, 2011) . Among these factors, academic self-efficacy and achievement goal orientations are particularly significant as they are the crucial components of students' self-regulative skills, making up their motivation (Ames, 1992; Bandura and Wood, 1989) . They are important tools for the students seeking for a change in their academic status and striving for attaining accomplishments during their educational process. They are essential drives for students' scholastic developments.

Numerous researches indicate that learning approaches are shaped by various factors such as the learning subject, students' scholastic background, and their study area, lecturers' methods of teaching and evaluation, students' mindset to plan of study, learning atmosphere, students' motivation, levels of self-regulation, academic self-efficacy, achievement goal orientation and so on.

Among these factors, academic self-efficacy and achievement goal orientations are particularly significant as they are the crucial components of students' self-regulative skills, making up their motivation.


We have confirmed in our study that the dilution-rheology method is indeed sensitive to the presence of LCB, as it was thus claimed [16] . It gives a clear signal revealing its presence. However, one should note the limit of the dilution theory. If we have a linear polymer, the predicted gradient from Eq. 5 will be null (since f b = 0). In other words, the theory predicts no variation in the relaxation times, which contradicts with the physical observations. The idea of this dilution rheology method is not far from that of SEC-V. Both methods involve the dilution of polymer in order to have intrinsic information of a chain. The latter quantifies the LCB via the hydrodynamic volume whereas the former via the number of entanglements per chain or the average molecular weight between branch points. One major drawback of this dilution rheology method is its time-consuming sample preparation step. In addition, this method still requires an independent measure of M W from SEC, as well as the knowledge of the type/topology of LCB present in the polymer, to quantify the LCB. Hence, dilution-rheology measurements alone are not sufficient for the quantification of the degree of LCB present in PE. However, theoretically, we can make the dilution rheology method independent simply by measuring the gradient, if and only if, we have two polymers of identical LCB type and molecular weight (doubtless, we would need SEC measurements for this purpose but not for the ranking of LCB). In this particular case, the gradient itself depends solely on the degree of LCB. This method does provide important insights into the topology of polymer.

We have confirmed in our study that the dilution-rheology method is indeed sensitive to the presence of LCB, as it was thus claimed.


For other types of complexes, no methods were available for investigating their 3D structures. The vast majority of the publications of those days thus were based on the visual recognition of specific molecular views and their interpretation in terms of the three-dimensional of the macromolecules. For example, a large literature body existed on the 3D structure of the ribosome-based antibody labelling experiments [9] [10] . The problem with the visual interpretation of two-dimensional molecular images was obviously the lack of objectivity and reproducibility in the analyses. Based on essentially the same data, entirely different 3D models for the ribosome had been proposed [9] . There clearly was a need for more objective methods for dealing with two-dimensional images of three-dimensional biological macromolecules.

For example, a large literature body existed on the 3D structure of the ribosome-based antibody labelling experiments.

Based on essentially the same data, entirely different 3D models for the ribosome had been proposed.


Lectins are ubiquitous proteins or glycoproteins of plant/animal or microbial origin possessing an ability to specifically bind carbohydrate moieties including cells (Pajic et al. 2002) . The wide distribution of lectins in viruses, protozoa, bacteria, algae, yeasts, fungi, animals and plants attribute their important physiological functions. Many biological functions of these lectins have been elucidated and they have been used in biological and biomedical applications (Shimokawa et al. 2012) . The carbohydrate binding properties of lectins are critically important not only to clarify their biological roles, but also to develop them as carbohydrate probes or medicines. Carbohydrate binding properties of lectins have been applied in the fields of immunology, cell biology, cancer research and genetic engineering (Han et al. 2012) . Recently, new technology such as lectin array is becoming more popular, therefore lectins with specific sugar-binding properties are required (Suzuki et al. 2012) .

Lectins are ubiquitous proteins or glycoproteins of plant/animal or microbial origin possessing an ability to specifically bind carbohydrate moieties including cells.

Many biological functions of these lectins have been elucidated and they have been used in biological and biomedical applications.

Carbohydrate binding properties of lectins have been applied in the fields of immunology, cell biology, cancer research and genetic engineering.

Recently, new technology such as lectin array is becoming more popular, therefore lectins with specific sugar-binding properties are required.


Antiviral agents for the treatment of herpes include acyclovir and its derivatives. Since they are nucleoside analogues that function as DNA chain terminators, preventing the elongation of the viral DNA, they act as inhibitors of the DNA polymerase of the virus (De Clercq, 2004) . Nonetheless, some of these antiviral agents might produce toxic side-effects and the emergence of virus strains resistant to commonly used anti-herpes virus drugs is a growing problem, particularly in immunocompromised patients (Bacon et al., 2003) . Thus, there is a need to develop new drugs with antiviral action and, preferentially, of lower cost.

Since they are nucleoside analogues that function as DNA chain terminators, preventing the elongation of the viral DNA, they act as inhibitors of the DNA polymerase of the virus.

Nonetheless, some of these antiviral agents might produce toxic side-effects and the emergence of virus strains resistant to commonly used anti-herpes virus drugs is a growing problem, particularly in immunocompromised patients.


Available treatments for many viral diseases are still limited, which demonstrates the need for research in this area. Furthermore, the increasing appearance of viral resistance to the available treatments further underscores this necessity. Although marine organisms that contain bioactive substances have been known for many centuries, systematic investigations of marine natural products only began fi fty years ago (Yasuhara-Bell & Lu, 2010) . One of these products is acyclovir, a well-known synthetic antiviral product that acts against HSV and is derived from arabinosyl nucleosides of the sponge Tethya cripta (Elion et al., 1977) .

Although marine organisms that contain bioactive substances have been known for many centuries, systematic investigations of marine natural products only began fi fty years ago.

One of these products is acyclovir, a well-known synthetic antiviral product that acts against HSV and is derived from arabinosyl nucleosides of the sponge Tethya cripta.


Pre-clinical trials are required for the determination of the degree of toxicity and efficacy of a new drug. These trials are performed in four separate stages, according to the exposure time, and are classified as: acute, repeated doses, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity (Botham, 2004; Goldim, 2007) . The aim of the present study was to assess the acute toxicity of the diterpene dolabelladienotriol, a promising antiviral substance in mice.

These trials are performed in four separate stages, according to the exposure time, and are classified as: acute, repeated doses, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity.


Finally, the integration of our model on the current technology is also one of our pending work. We are aware of the uselessness of our approach if we do not have a working prototype integrated with any of them, such as UDDI or similar. In this way, our quality trader will be a component leveled at the top of a pyramid wherein lower levels would be devoted to functional-aspects of WSP [1] . This stage of development is currently starting, but we hope to have a completely functional prototype in the very near future.

In this way, our quality trader will be a component leveled at the top of a pyramid wherein lower levels would be devoted to functional-aspects of WSP.


Irradiation by ionizing radiations is a distinctive and influential mean for modifying the physical properties of polymers. Radiation induces modifications in the chemical, physical and mechanical properties in the polymer material. Molecular chain scission, intermolecular crosslinking, rearrangement of bonding, and formation of carbon-rich clusters are some structural deformations in the irradiated polymer that direct to modify in the optical and dielectric properties of the material [11, 12] . It is noticeable that the main physical interaction of radiations with the SSNTDs creates particular damage identified as chemical bond scission, free radicals and consecutive cross-linking [13] . For numerous polymers, together processes coexist and whichever one may dominate depending not only upon the chemical structure of the polymer, but also upon the circumstances of irradiation [14] . The cross-linking and main chain scissions that take place throughout irradiation possibly will lead to sharp changes in the physical properties of the polymer.

Molecular chain scission, intermolecular crosslinking, rearrangement of bonding, and formation of carbon-rich clusters are some structural deformations in the irradiated polymer that direct to modify in the optical and dielectric properties of the material.

It is noticeable that the main physical interaction of radiations with the SSNTDs creates particular damage identified as chemical bond scission, free radicals and consecutive cross-linking.

For numerous polymers, together processes coexist and whichever one may dominate depending not only upon the chemical structure of the polymer, but also upon the circumstances of irradiation.


Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) and Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) concepts have been shown as promising techniques for simultaneous NOx and soot reduction [1] [2] [3] . However, a major concern for light duty engines is noise generated during the combustion process. HCCI combustion tends to produce high rates of pressure rise and therefore can result in higher combustion noise than conventional diesel operation.

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) and Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) concepts have been shown as promising techniques for simultaneous NOx and soot reduction.


Our assumption that water is a limiting factor in the RB is consistent with farmers' statements on the matter and is evidenced by the administration's policies in the hydrological plans. Furthermore, in areas where farmers adopt DI practices as the predominant private response, the price elasticity of water demand is also affected, meaning that water pricing becomes ineffective at curtailing water demand unless a disproportionately high threshold price is reached [11] . Thus, our first research hypothesis is that the adoption of DI practices limits the effectiveness of the public (regulator) response aimed at reducing pressures associated with water extractions, thus rebooting the DPSIR chain of causality. Conversely, our second hypothesis to test is that the widespread use of DI practices tends to maximise economic returns to water, thus offsetting the increasing cost of water and preventing a further decline in farmers' net income (the driving force in our DPSIR model).

Furthermore, in areas where farmers adopt DI practices as the predominant private response, the price elasticity of water demand is also affected, meaning that water pricing becomes ineffective at curtailing water demand unless a disproportionately high threshold price is reached.


The past twenty years have seen substantial progress in the practical application of DI techniques for both annual and perennial crops [41] . Most related studies examine the agronomic technicalities of the optimal DI supply, whereas the economic and environmental consequences have received little attention. This study has presented preliminary results regarding the implications of DI for the sustainable use of irrigation water. To do so, it relies on a DPSIR model and the elicitation of optimal water use and threshold price levels for a sample of olive farmers in Southern Spain.

The past twenty years have seen substantial progress in the practical application of DI techniques for both annual and perennial crops.


In order to address this challenge, market based policy approaches have been argued to be a crucial part of achieving an international solution. Chief amongst these is the introduction of carbon markets. A carbon market is a market based solution designed to optimise the allocation of capital in the context of a carbon-constrained world by putting a price on carbon and letting the market operate efficiently around this price. This is in contrast to (although typically used in complement with) direct government interventions through, for example, environmental standards or direct investment in technologies where national or local governments make decisions on collective action. The ability of carbon markets to successfully address the collective action problem embedded in the climate challenge is in part contingent on how well carbon markets can be scaled up and inter-linked by governments globally (Grubb, 2009) . The introduction of a carbon market within a single country or even region alone is arguably insufficient to create the radical transformations needed to effectively de-carbonize the global economy.

The ability of carbon markets to successfully address the collective action problem embedded in the climate challenge is in part contingent on how well carbon markets can be scaled up and inter-linked by governments globally.


Outside the confines of ordinary gauge mediation the parameter space is populated by many models that predict different values of the ratio of gaugino to scalar masses, Λ G /Λ S . In models with explicit messengers one expects this ratio to be close to one, while for direct mediation models the gaugino masses are often suppressed relative to the scalar masses [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] . Recently, hybrid models have been constructed which interpolate between these two cases [11] . It is also possible to achieve values Λ G /Λ S > 1 by increasing the "effective number of messengers" in the context of extraordinary gauge mediation models [12] . Indeed we argue that the set of models defined by Λ G , Λ S and M mess are the gauge mediation equivalent to the canonical mSUGRA (or Constrained MSSM) scenario, with Λ G and Λ S playing the role of the parameters m 1/2 and m 0 in those models.

In models with explicit messengers one expects this ratio to be close to one, while for direct mediation models the gaugino masses are often suppressed relative to the scalar masses.

Recently, hybrid models have been constructed which interpolate between these two cases.

It is also possible to achieve values Λ G /Λ S > 1 by increasing the "effective number of messengers" in the context of extraordinary gauge mediation models.


The residual stresses have a significant effect on the geometrical accuracy in SPIF. Different strategies have been discussed from the literature that analyze the intensity of the residual stresses and its effects on the geometrical accuracy. It is important to consider that all these strategies only analyze the final state of the residual stresses, i.e., an unclamped or a trimmed state. The effect of the process parameters on the residual stresses have also been analyzed in the same way; i.e., only the final stress state has been taken into consideration. The analysis of the residual stresses only in the final state is not sufficient because the change in the residual stresses occur threefold in the SPIF process, i.e., during the actual process, upon unclamping, and upon trimming. Hence, to better understand the role of the residual stresses on the geometric deviations, insight into the development of the residual stresses during the entire SPIF process is necessary. Until now, this information has been missing in the literature. The current study bridges this knowledge gap in the literature and analyzes the state of residual stresses during the entire SPIF process, i.e., before and after unclamping and in the final trimmed state. Similarly, the effect of the process parameters on the residual stresses has also been studied for the entire SPIF process. Further, literature on the SPIF suggests that the geometrical accuracy can be increased by using smaller tool diameter, a smaller tool step-down, and thicker sheets [19, 20] . An explanation of these conclusions in the scope of the state of the residual stresses is missing.

Further, literature on the SPIF suggests that the geometrical accuracy can be increased by using smaller tool diameter, a smaller tool step-down, and thicker sheets.


The single point incremental forming (SPIF) process is an advanced flexible manufacturing process, in which a clamped sheet is formed into the desired shape by the movement of a hemispherical tool. The movement of the tool, i.e., the tool path, is controlled by a CNC machine to create the desired shape. The sheet is then locally deformed along the tool path, which covers the part geometry. The sum of these local deformations constitutes the final formed shape of the part [1] . The localized deformation mechanism of SPIF allows the sheet to be stretched well beyond the conventional forming limit curves (FLC) [2] . Hence, due to high deformations, the process is likely to induce high residual stress levels in the formed components. These residual stresses often cause a substantial deviation from the desired target geometry as soon as the parts are unclamped from the blank holder and trimmed to the final shape [3] . The low geometrical accuracy of SPIF is a limiting factor for a wider industrial application of the process [4] . Hence, a better understanding of the residual stresses is necessary to increase the geometrical accuracy of the SPIF.

The sum of these local deformations constitutes the final formed shape of the part.

The localized deformation mechanism of SPIF allows the sheet to be stretched well beyond the conventional forming limit curves (FLC).

These residual stresses often cause a substantial deviation from the desired target geometry as soon as the parts are unclamped from the blank holder and trimmed to the final shape.

The low geometrical accuracy of SPIF is a limiting factor for a wider industrial application of the process.


On the other hand, residual stresses are defined as the internal stresses in a material, present in the absence of external loading. The residual stresses are mainly caused due to local yielding of the material as a consequence of deformation and/or thermal gradients, solid state transformations, as well as volumetric changes occurring during solidification [5] . In the current study, residual stresses are generated due to plastic deformation of the material. The lifetime and integrity of the components are highly affected by the state and intensity of residual stresses. For example, a combination of tensile residual stresses with service stresses adversely affects the fatigue life of the components, whereas compressive residual stresses are beneficial for improving the fatigue life of formed components [6, 7] . Furthermore, depending on the nature of the residual stresses, they can cause an early onset of the plastic deformation or postpone yielding [8] . They are also a source of geometric deviations for the plastically formed components [9] . Hence, a better understanding of the induced residual stresses in the material is necessary to overcome these issues and it can further assist in benefitting from these stresses.

The residual stresses are mainly caused due to local yielding of the material as a consequence of deformation and/or thermal gradients, solid state transformations, as well as volumetric changes occurring during solidification.

For example, a combination of tensile residual stresses with service stresses adversely affects the fatigue life of the components, whereas compressive residual stresses are beneficial for improving the fatigue life of formed components.

Furthermore, depending on the nature of the residual stresses, they can cause an early onset of the plastic deformation or postpone yielding.

They are also a source of geometric deviations for the plastically formed components.


We presented and discussed various examples, all involving rotational motion, whose analysis requires the first law of thermodynamics in addition to the Newton's second law. We started with a situation for which the mechanical treatment is sufficient. Such processes are reversible and do not lead to an entropy increase of the universe. In general, this is not the case when we are in the presence of dissipative forces, also analyzed in this paper. In particular we considered kinetic friction forces whose work is thermodynamically equivalent and considered as heat (therefore that work can set to zero and included as heat). The role of friction forces is subtle and sometimes not adequately addressed in textbooks [31] . Examples with rotational kinetic energy increase due to internal sources were also considered here, in particular we discussed the motion of a fireworks wheel.

The role of friction forces is subtle and sometimes not adequately addressed in textbooks.


Equity theory is a theory that attempts to explain relational satisfaction in terms of perceptions of fair/unfair distributions of resources within interpersonal relationships. Considered one of the justice theories, equity theory was first developed in 1963 by John Stacey Adams, who asserted that employees seek to maintain equity between the inputs that they bring to a job and the outcomes that they receive from it against the perceived inputs and outcomes of others [29] . The belief is that people value fair treatment which causes them to be motivated to keep the fairness maintained within the relationships of their co-workers and the organization. The structure of equity in the workplace is based on the ratio of inputs to outcomes. Inputs are the contributions made by the employee for the organization.

Considered one of the justice theories, equity theory was first developed in 1963 by John Stacey Adams, who asserted that employees seek to maintain equity between the inputs that they bring to a job and the outcomes that they receive from it against the perceived inputs and outcomes of others.


Some typical job stressors seen in the work environment-such as time sensitive project deadlines and limited times for ending the plans up, office politics, insincere/negative managers, important job presentations and meetings-can produce similar physiological and psychological responses to that experienced by war veterans' responses to combat "stress" [19] . Many researchers have found the negative relationship between the job stressses and coping skills; social support can be an important mediator for the job stress and job satisfaction [20] . Some of studies showed that about 75% of the flight accidents regarding to the human agents; among this, the mental pressure has the highest percentage in this case [21] .

Some typical job stressors seen in the work environment-such as time sensitive project deadlines and limited times for ending the plans up, office politics, insincere/negative managers, important job presentations and meetings-can produce similar physiological and psychological responses to that experienced by war veterans' responses to combat "stress".

Many researchers have found the negative relationship between the job stressses and coping skills; social support can be an important mediator for the job stress and job satisfaction.

Some of studies showed that about 75% of the flight accidents regarding to the human agents; among this, the mental pressure has the highest percentage in this case.


The self-determination theory clarifies that the global cognitive mental needs like competency, independency and relationship that the humans become motivate based on them. The satisfaction of these needs plays a key role in the staffs' well-being. The satisfaction of these needs can increase the well-being and motivation of the whole staffs in every culture. Of course the importance of these needs is different in the whole different fields [30] .

Of course the importance of these needs is different in the whole different fields.


The job satisfactions subjected to the pleasant satisfaction meeting the basic requirements at work and the effectiveness of the functional affairs [7] [8] . Herzberg defines two dimensions for the process of job satisfaction. The first dimension includes the occupational features such as the peer rights, interpersonal communication and work conditions; the second one is related to the motivational factors regarding the importance of progression, reputation, responsibility and growth [9] . The whole organizations tend to persuade their staffs' job satisfaction. When these staffs are satisfied of their occupation, they will be more creative giving suggestions in order to the progression case. The lack of job satisfaction leads to the low commitment level preventing an organization to reach to the most suitable function in this regard. An employer having high satisfaction will have low reluctance along with low stress leading to the increase of profitability and productivity [10] .

The job satisfactions subjected to the pleasant satisfaction meeting the basic requirements at work and the effectiveness of the functional affairs.

The first dimension includes the occupational features such as the peer rights, interpersonal communication and work conditions; the second one is related to the motivational factors regarding the importance of progression, reputation, responsibility and growth.

An employer having high satisfaction will have low reluctance along with low stress leading to the increase of profitability and productivity.


Shareh in his researches concluded that there is a relationship between the job tensions and coping skills, inhibition of somatization and job satisfaction; people using coping strategy of problem solving can manage the related tensions easily reaching to high job satisfaction and mental physical health [43] . Due to the fact that the flight personnel are facing with higher catastrophic events, they will feel higher stressful settings making them towards the mental pressures. It seems that the stress coping skills can represent the level of job satisfaction. Due to the mentioned statements, it is tried to response the question whether the pilots and co-pilots job satisfaction can be predicted with the coping skills?

Shareh in his researches concluded that there is a relationship between the job tensions and coping skills, inhibition of somatization and job satisfaction; people using coping strategy of problem solving can manage the related tensions easily reaching to high job satisfaction and mental physical health.


The use of human cadavers as a learning and teaching tool is restricted naturally by decomposition. In an educational setting, where dissection lessons are spread across the academic year, preservation of the cadaver is essential to provide optimal teaching conditions and facilitate efficient utilization of this limited and valuable resource (Brenner et al., 2003) . Preservation for anatomical purposes is considered successful when infection risks are minimized, decomposition is prevented, and softness of tissues and color of muscles and organs resemble unpreserved subjects closely (Brenner, 2014) .

In an educational setting, where dissection lessons are spread across the academic year, preservation of the cadaver is essential to provide optimal teaching conditions and facilitate efficient utilization of this limited and valuable resource.

Preservation for anatomical purposes is considered successful when infection risks are minimized, decomposition is prevented, and softness of tissues and color of muscles and organs resemble unpreserved subjects closely.


The increasing penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), both non-synchronous generators and energy storage technologies, is raising a series of questions concerning the operation and security of power systems. DERs are usually based on relatively new technologies that influence the dynamics of conventional power systems in ways that have not yet been clearly defined [1] , [2] . Since conventional generators tend to be displaced by DERs, power systems are driven closer to the stability margin rendering preventive and corrective control very important. Therefore, the need for fast and accurate methods for the online identification of power system dynamic signatures with increased DER penetration becomes very significant [3] , [4] .

DERs are usually based on relatively new technologies that influence the dynamics of conventional power systems in ways that have not yet been clearly defined.

Therefore, the need for fast and accurate methods for the online identification of power system dynamic signatures with increased DER penetration becomes very significant.


Though the umbilical cord lipids were low when compared to the lipids in serum samples (i.e., 20%-30% of the lipid content of serum samples), we still observed significant associations between ΣPCB concentrations measured in all samples at all time points. Previous analyses had already shown that PCB concentrations in cord and cord blood correlated well (Grandjean et al., 2001b) . Because the umbilical cord data, likely representative of maternal exposures, were more highly associated with the serum concentrations from participants 14 years of age than those from participants 7 years of age, the data suggest that Faroese adolescents share exposures, likely dietary, with their mothers.

Previous analyses had already shown that PCB concentrations in cord and cord blood correlated well.


Because of the high correlation between selected higher chlorination PCB congeners (e.g., 74, 99, 105, 118, 138/158, 153, 180, 170) , one or more of them would be reasonably representative of the ΣPCB concentration. PCB 153 comprised about 25% of the ΣPCB concentration. The sum of 138/158, 153, and 180 comprised about 65% of the ΣPCB concentration and about 74% of the total umbilical cord concentration. Those figures are somewhat higher than the 50% contribution of these congeners observed in Faroese breast milk pools, perhaps in part because the milk pools included several additional congeners not detected in the analyses presented here (Grandjean et al., 1995) . Thus, it is not surprising that the summation method that doubles the sum of PCBs 138/158, 153, and 180 and the Schulte and Malisch summation method overestimates the ΣPCB concentration. Instead, multiplying this sum by a factor of about 1.5 would more closely approximate the true ΣPCB concentration.

Those figures are somewhat higher than the 50% contribution of these congeners observed in Faroese breast milk pools, perhaps in part because the milk pools included several additional congeners not detected in the analyses presented here.


Peer-review writing workshops are an accepted method of teaching writing and editing skills to students of all age groups and abilities and provide specific help with the revision process. Researchers have found that writing workshops are important to developing students' writing skills and an important part of the writing process [5] . Graham agreed and added, "Writing should not have to be a solitary process. Yes, writers must have ownership of what they have written, but there is great benefit in collaborating with others for help and supporting ideas" ( [6] , p. 362). Peer-review workshops also provide students responsibility for their writing and for helping their peers with the writing process. Writing workshops "aim to enhance students' authority and responsibility as readers and writers" [7] . Herrington and Cadman believe writing workshops "give students the gift of having some responsibility-some authority for their own learning" ( [4] , p. 197). Writing workshops can empower students as both writers and as readers.

Researchers have found that writing workshops are important to developing students' writing skills and an important part of the writing process.

Yes, writers must have ownership of what they have written, but there is great benefit in collaborating with others for help and supporting ideas" (, p. 362).

Writing workshops "aim to enhance students' authority and responsibility as readers and writers".

Herrington and Cadman believe writing workshops "give students the gift of having some responsibility-some authority for their own learning" (, p. 197).


Research also establishes, however; that not all students respond positively to writing workshops. Research has found that often students do not like writing workshops because they do not see the point of the workshop [9] . Dubson writes about how distanced students often are from their papers and from what they wrote for their writing classes ( [9] , p. 99). Often the goal of the writing workshop is fix errors, not "rethink and revise" ( [10] , p. 18). Teachers must provide the direction and preparation necessary for peer-review workshops to be positive experiences for students.

Research has found that often students do not like writing workshops because they do not see the point of the workshop.

Dubson writes about how distanced students often are from their papers and from what they wrote for their writing classes (, p. 99).

Often the goal of the writing workshop is fix errors, not "rethink and revise" (, p. 18).


Despite extensive research on classroom-based peer-review workshops, research on online workshops is more limited. Some of the research on online peer-review workshops focuses more on peer assessment and less on the benefits of peer-review and revision [11, 12] . Wen and Tsai found that students viewed online peer-reviews as a "technical tool to facilitate assessment, rather than as a learning aid" [11] . Several studies focus more on how students dislike participating in such online writing workshops and resist participating [11, 12] . Much of the research on online peer-reviews does show that peer-review writing workshops have similar benefits as classroom-based workshops. The research has established that there is a need for instructors to train students on how to comment on papers, that students need to be engaged in the process, and that there needs to be direct links to how this activity helps in the revision and writing process [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] .

Some of the research on online peer-review workshops focuses more on peer assessment and less on the benefits of peer-review and revision.

Wen and Tsai found that students viewed online peer-reviews as a "technical tool to facilitate assessment, rather than as a learning aid".

Several studies focus more on how students dislike participating in such online writing workshops and resist participating.

The research has established that there is a need for instructors to train students on how to comment on papers, that students need to be engaged in the process, and that there needs to be direct links to how this activity helps in the revision and writing process.


Stopwatch is an extension of timed models to facilitate modeling of interruption and resumption of a job. Once an interrupt happens, a task is suspended. Later, it is retrieved and continued from where it was interrupted. During the interruption, the clock of interrupted task is stopped while other clocks progress normally. The idea of stopwatch has been discussed and extended to timed automata (TA) as well as time petri nets (TPN) and some types of TA and TPN associated with stopwatch are already introduced [2] [3] [4] [5] . In stopwatch, we may have some states whose clocks keep progressing, while in some other states the clock is stopped and keeps the value it had before being interrupted as if the clock has a memory and after being retrieved it continues with its previous value.

The idea of stopwatch has been discussed and extended to timed automata (TA) as well as time petri nets (TPN) and some types of TA and TPN associated with stopwatch are already introduced.


On the other hand, a study of anger expression styles in girls with and without a tendency for violence, found higher and more intense trait anger in adolescents showing violent behavior (Thomas & Smith, 2000) . The findings of the current study revealed that the trait anger is high in female offenders however it is not possible to state that it is higher in women with violence tendency because in this study control group was not included. In the future studies, addition of a control group in the research would help in deriving conclusions.

On the other hand, a study of anger expression styles in girls with and without a tendency for violence, found higher and more intense trait anger in adolescents showing violent behavior.


In the light of the literature findings, it may be argued that the childhood traumatic experiences may be a critical factor in understanding the violent behavior. Since the data available for female offenders is limited, accordingly, investigating the relationship between the childhood trauma experiences and anger expression styles of women who committed homicide was considered to be important in this context. Conducting research on this subject is thought to have an important influence on the development of new rehabilitation methods and support services for convicted women. Additionally, since crime rates of female are lower than men, the issue of female criminality has been neglected for a long time (Saygılı & Aliustaoğlu, 2009) . A study on the female criminality may bring an emphasis on the issue and may help to clarify the dynamics of women murderers.

Additionally, since crime rates of female are lower than men, the issue of female criminality has been neglected for a long time.


The lamella and ejecta sheets are labelled in figure 1. While figures 1(a) and 1(b) show two distinct jets, figure 1(c) shows a single jet. Furthermore, this single jet is what we would normally classify as a lamella (Zhang et al. 2010) . We examined the evolution of this jet at all accessible times and find no other jet. This raises the question of whether there is a bifurcation in the dynamics at which the ejecta sheet loses or gains integrity.

Furthermore, this single jet is what we would normally classify as a lamella.


In addition, most suitable habitats are now isolated and therefore populations are extremely vulnerable to extinction, while recolonization is hardly possible. Therefore, also intentional interventions are needed that are directed to the connection of isolated populations by solving the present bottlenecks that prevent the necessary expansion of the remaining populations. To efficiently allocate restoration efforts, ecological models could be useful for the assessment of these bottlenecks in the river basin (Mouton et al., 2008) .

To efficiently allocate restoration efforts, ecological models could be useful for the assessment of these bottlenecks in the river basin.


Screening experiments have been conducted to identify anthracnose-tolerant lupin genotypes in Ecuador (Peralta et al. 2004; Murillo et al. 2006) . Visual observations of naturally infected adult plants suggested that lupin is most susceptible during bloom (Peralta et al. 2004) . Some tolerance in L. mutabilis has been found after spraying with C. acutatum on 2-week-old plants (Murillo et al. 2006) . In L. angustifolius and L. albus, two methods of inoculation were used under greenhouse conditions to identify anthracnose-tolerant plants (Talhinhas 2002) . However, the study could not distinguish different levels of tolerance and there were differences between results for the field and greenhouse. A reliable method to evaluate anthracnose resistance in Andean lupin and knowledge about the appropriate phenological stage to evaluate for resistance are needed for breeding programs.

Screening experiments have been conducted to identify anthracnose-tolerant lupin genotypes in Ecuador.

Visual observations of naturally infected adult plants suggested that lupin is most susceptible during bloom.

Some tolerance in L. mutabilis has been found after spraying with C. acutatum on 2-week-old plants.

In L. angustifolius and L. albus, two methods of inoculation were used under greenhouse conditions to identify anthracnose-tolerant plants.


The participants for this research study were sixteen adolescent Montagnard immigrant youth between the ages of 12-17 (8 male and 8 female). The sixteen youth were recruited based on the following criteria: (1) adolescent Montagnard immigrant youth aged 12-17 years, (2) resident of Guilford County, North Carolina, (3) and had lived in the United States for less than 5 years. A total of ten participants reported that they had lived in the United States of America for less than four years (6 male and 4female), and the remaining six (2 male and 4 female) reported that they had lived in the United States of America for four years. They were in middle (n=10) and high school (n=6), and they spoke four different languages (Rhade, Koho, jarai & Bnong) . The participants were all selected from Guilford County and Greensboro in particular because the City has the largest number of Montagnard refugees in the world outside of Vietnam (Bailey 2003) .

The participants were all selected from Guilford County and Greensboro in particular because the City has the largest number of Montagnard refugees in the world outside of Vietnam.


Other determinants that have been mentioned include access to appropriate play spaces or facilities, availability of physical activity equipment, facilities, and transportation to sports programs (Stucky-Ropp & DiLorenzo, 1993) . Social economic status has had significant influences on physical activity participation (Lox et al, 2003) . Specific data from the United States indicated that lower income individuals were less likely (14%) to engage in vigorous physical activity than the entire US population (18%) (Lox et al, 2003) . Additional information from this report indicated that lower income individuals were more sedentary (28%), when compared with the overall population (23%).

Other determinants that have been mentioned include access to appropriate play spaces or facilities, availability of physical activity equipment, facilities, and transportation to sports programs.

Social economic status has had significant influences on physical activity participation.

Specific data from the United States indicated that lower income individuals were less likely (14%) to engage in vigorous physical activity than the entire US population (18%).


For the study of a carbon tax, Pigou believed that government intervention (e.g., in the form of taxes or subsidies) was necessary to internalize the external costs of the traveler and to improve the environment [18] . By analyzing the effect of a carbon tax on carbon dioxide emissions from energy-related industries, Floros and Vlachou concluded that a carbon tax can reduce carbon dioxide emissions effectively [19] . Greedy and Sleeman analyzed the relationship between a carbon tax and social welfare and concluded that a carbon tax would lead to only a small excess marginal cost [20] . Yusuf and Resosudarmo took Indonesia as an example to analyze the effect of a carbon tax in developing countries using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model [21] . Hammar and Jagers tested the CO 2 tax increase effects on the emission reduction in Sweden and found that car use frequency is the relative key factor of the fairness principle [22] . Giblin and McNabola modeled the introduction of carbon-based taxes in Ireland, and the results indicated that this tax would reduce the CO 2 emissions intensity by 3.6%-3.8% [23] . Fu and Kelly also evaluated the adoption of carbonrelated tax impacts in Ireland and declared that this fuel-based carbon tax might reduce 1.75%-3.82% of the CO 2 emissions, depending on the scenario [24] .

For the study of a carbon tax, Pigou believed that government intervention (e.g., in the form of taxes or subsidies) was necessary to internalize the external costs of the traveler and to improve the environment.

By analyzing the effect of a carbon tax on carbon dioxide emissions from energy-related industries, Floros and Vlachou concluded that a carbon tax can reduce carbon dioxide emissions effectively.

Greedy and Sleeman analyzed the relationship between a carbon tax and social welfare and concluded that a carbon tax would lead to only a small excess marginal cost.

Yusuf and Resosudarmo took Indonesia as an example to analyze the effect of a carbon tax in developing countries using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model.

Hammar and Jagers tested the CO 2 tax increase effects on the emission reduction in Sweden and found that car use frequency is the relative key factor of the fairness principle.

Giblin and McNabola modeled the introduction of carbon-based taxes in Ireland, and the results indicated that this tax would reduce the CO 2 emissions intensity by 3.6%-3.8%.

Fu and Kelly also evaluated the adoption of carbonrelated tax impacts in Ireland and declared that this fuel-based carbon tax might reduce 1.75%-3.82% of the CO 2 emissions, depending on the scenario.


In order to fully investigate the effects of thin-film solar cell back-texturing, there is a need for a coupled electro-optical simulation, which includes the exciton generation and recombination of the carriers. A special care should be taken to the back-electrode recombination, which is a critical efficiency loss mechanism in ultra-thin absorber layers. However, the results of the presented simulation could not be regarded as very promising, due to the slight increase of parasitic absorption in the Mo back-electrode. For the possible experimental implementation of light trapping mechanism in ultra-thin solar cells some of the more promising alternative approaches could be applied [10, 12] .

For the possible experimental implementation of light trapping mechanism in ultra-thin solar cells some of the more promising alternative approaches could be applied.


Thin-film solar cells with Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) absorber layer are one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies, with reported highest efficiency over 21% [1] . A crucial factor that determines the efficiency of CIGS thin-film devices are the optical properties of the absorber material [2] . This chalcopyrite compound possesses an excellent absorbing ability in the wide range of electromagnetic spectrum (typically 400-1200 nm, depending on the precise gallium amount within the material), making it ideal for the application in thin-film photovoltaics, despite its polycrystalline nature.

Thin-film solar cells with Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) absorber layer are one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies, with reported highest efficiency over 21%.

A crucial factor that determines the efficiency of CIGS thin-film devices are the optical properties of the absorber material.


Glass materials have been widely used in the fields of optics, MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems), electronics and biomedical applications because of their excellent optical, mechanical, chemical properties and high thermal stability [1] . In general, an adhesive material is mainly used to join glass materials. The performance of this technique is greatly affected by the properties of the adhesive material and the processing environment. The joint accuracy might be affected by the heterogeneous shrinkage of the adhesive material, and the performance of the glass material such as mechanical strength and corrosion resistance may deteriorate. Therefore, a joining technique without an adhesive material or interlayer is required to overcome these problems [2] . The anodic bonding of glass to glass using an ultra-thin silicon interlayer has been proposed [3] . However, it is difficult to perform space selective joining using this technique.

Glass materials have been widely used in the fields of optics, MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems), electronics and biomedical applications because of their excellent optical, mechanical, chemical properties and high thermal stability.

Therefore, a joining technique without an adhesive material or interlayer is required to overcome these problems.

The anodic bonding of glass to glass using an ultra-thin silicon interlayer has been proposed.


Levelised cost of electricity varies between 200 and 295 euro per MWh depending on the discount rate applied (see Table 6 ) calculated to be €262 per MWh. This LCoE is on the high end of a range of values calculated by Hernández-Moro and Martínez-Duart [56] . The results here are on the higher and of that range due to the lower level of solar resource available for the location, and as such the low capacity factor of 0.093. The costs for the production of PV electricity in this study are higher than is usual in countries where the solar PV market is more developed, e.g., Germany, due to constraints with building integration and lack of experienced PV installers. The price of the PV system will be influenced strongly by the development of the Irish solar PV market and supply chain. As more PV is deployed, the Irish PV installer base will increase and 'learning by doing' effects will allow installers to install projects more efficiently and quickly under Irish conditions. These effects will apply in all parts of the solar PV supply chain, and are likely to be particularly strong in the rooftop market where installers must adapt to the particular characteristics of a country's building stock [57] .

This LCoE is on the high end of a range of values calculated by Hernández-Moro and Martínez-Duart.

These effects will apply in all parts of the solar PV supply chain, and are likely to be particularly strong in the rooftop market where installers must adapt to the particular characteristics of a country's building stock.


This study demonstrates the feasibility of a solar PV installation in University College Dublin from a technical, environmental and economic point of view. The system will produce net energy (net of the energy required to manufacture and install the system) from year 5.23 after installation. Solar electricity generated will yield significant GHG emissions savings when compared to the Irish national grid. Solar electricity has higher associated GHG emissions per kWh than wind and biomass CHP systems, however as energy use in production of the solar panels has a significant impact on overall emissions, future greening of national grids will result in reduced life cycle GHG emissions. The results of the study clearly demonstrate the importance of extending REFIT to include solar PV REFITs vary from country to country, some recent rates in European countries are; €0.1381 per kWh in France, €0.1191 per kWh (with self-consumption) in Germany, and 0.0818-0.1779 per kWh in the UK [14] . Differing REFIT rates and costs of production give rise to varying economic payback periods; 17-19 years in France, 10-19 years in Germany, and 13 years in the UK. To achieve a similar economic payback time in Irish conditions, the REFIT rate would need to be set at €0.146 per kWh in this analysis.

The results of the study clearly demonstrate the importance of extending REFIT to include solar PV REFITs vary from country to country, some recent rates in European countries are; €0.1381 per kWh in France, €0.1191 per kWh (with self-consumption) in Germany, and 0.0818-0.1779 per kWh in the UK.


In this study, we found that there was a trend toward increasing in SV and SI with the increasing Child-Pugh class of liver cirrhosis. Our results were consistent with the published reports, which showed SV increasing with the progress of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis [19, 24] . This finding could be explained by the progressive increase in intrahepatic portal vein pressure gradient with increasing severity of liver cirrhosis as shown in the histological-hemodynamic studies [25] . The resultant increase in the portal vein pressure may increase the barriers to spleen blood stream, and then spleen enlarges with the increasing portal vein diameter, splenic blood flow and portal blood flow [10, 26, 27] . Therefore, the portal hemodynamics may be important in splenomegaly resulted from cirrhosis [28] . Additionally, we reported that there was a trend toward decreasing in RV/SV with the increasing Child-Pugh class of liver cirrhosis. This finding can be explained by the possible pathologic mechanism that patients with liver cirrhosis are often presented with the atrophy of right liver lobe, and splenomegaly. We have confirmed that, in cirrhosis, the liver is not the only one organ to be mainly characterized by diminution, and that the spleen enlarges with the increasing spleen blood flow [10, 16] . For the first time, we combined SV and RV in this study to quantitatively assess the presence and severity of liver cirrhosis. In addition, we did not combine SI and RV to evaluate the progress of liver cirrhosis because SI was not as accurate as SV to depict the spleen size.

Our results were consistent with the published reports, which showed SV increasing with the progress of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.

This finding could be explained by the progressive increase in intrahepatic portal vein pressure gradient with increasing severity of liver cirrhosis as shown in the histological-hemodynamic studies.

The resultant increase in the portal vein pressure may increase the barriers to spleen blood stream, and then spleen enlarges with the increasing portal vein diameter, splenic blood flow and portal blood flow.

Therefore, the portal hemodynamics may be important in splenomegaly resulted from cirrhosis.

We have confirmed that, in cirrhosis, the liver is not the only one organ to be mainly characterized by diminution, and that the spleen enlarges with the increasing spleen blood flow.


The admission rate for children with gastroenteritis has not declined in recent years, and may even have risen [6] . The costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis contribute to a critical burden of disease in the pediatric population [8, 9] . A recent update of the global burden of rotavirus disease put the median cost of hospital stay in EU-25 Member States at about €1,417 [9] .

The admission rate for children with gastroenteritis has not declined in recent years, and may even have risen.

The costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis contribute to a critical burden of disease in the pediatric population.

A recent update of the global burden of rotavirus disease put the median cost of hospital stay in EU-25 Member States at about €1,417.


The Sahara desert is the largest dust source worldwide. It contributes more than half of the earth's mineral dust to the total global atmospheric dust budget (Prospero et al., 2002) . Mineral dust particles from the Sahara often travel thousands of kilometres across the Atlantic Ocean and into Northern Europe (Prospero et al., 2002; Dinter et al., 2009) .

It contributes more than half of the earth's mineral dust to the total global atmospheric dust budget.

Mineral dust particles from the Sahara often travel thousands of kilometres across the Atlantic Ocean and into Northern Europe.


The term "mesh" is a discretization of a geometric domain into small elementary cells, such as triangles or quadrilaterals in two dimensions and tetrahedral or hexahedral elements in three [15] . The meshing of geometrical objects is a first step in EM modeling using numerical techniques, and the overall solution efficiency strongly depends on the geometrical mesh algorithms [15] [16] [17] . The majority of the PEEC implementations mesh surfaces using quadrilateral elements and volume cells are created as hexahedral cells. The basic rule of thumb when carrying out discretization for PEEC modeling is to use a fixed number of cells per shortest wavelength λ min corresponding to the highest frequency of interest [18] . Following this conventional solution, excessive number of unknowns and subdivisions will be introduced, especially for large structures at high frequencies.

The term "mesh" is a discretization of a geometric domain into small elementary cells, such as triangles or quadrilaterals in two dimensions and tetrahedral or hexahedral elements in three.

The meshing of geometrical objects is a first step in EM modeling using numerical techniques, and the overall solution efficiency strongly depends on the geometrical mesh algorithms.

The basic rule of thumb when carrying out discretization for PEEC modeling is to use a fixed number of cells per shortest wavelength λ min corresponding to the highest frequency of interest.


Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is now becoming one of the key abilities guaranteeing avionics systems' normal performances without suffering unacceptable degradation or causing unintentional degradation [1] [2] [3] [4] . Wire connection is an important medium for necessary signal and power transmission. However, unreasonable wiring or incorrect wire connection provides an undesired electromagnetic interference (EMI) coupling path to the subsystems or equipments. It is reported that most of the performance degradation of equipments or systems results from electromagnetic coupling via wires/cables [5] [6] [7] [8] .

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is now becoming one of the key abilities guaranteeing avionics systems' normal performances without suffering unacceptable degradation or causing unintentional degradation.

It is reported that most of the performance degradation of equipments or systems results from electromagnetic coupling via wires/cables.


The population growth of many mite pest species is efficiently controlled by their natural enemies (Nucifora and Vacante 1985) . Many predators like Typhlodromus pyri reduce the population growth of red mites in natural condition (Kneifl and Knourkova 1991) . The different species of insect predators have also significant impact on the population suppression of mites. The interacting components between natural enemies and prey should clearly be understood to enhance or augment the effect of natural enemies in a prey population (Rabb 1974) . The interacting components include functional response occurring at individual level of both predator and prey and numerical response occurring at population level of both predator and prey (Holling 1959) .

The population growth of many mite pest species is efficiently controlled by their natural enemies.

Many predators like Typhlodromus pyri reduce the population growth of red mites in natural condition.

The interacting components between natural enemies and prey should clearly be understood to enhance or augment the effect of natural enemies in a prey population.

The interacting components include functional response occurring at individual level of both predator and prey and numerical response occurring at population level of both predator and prey.


China is now building the largest single dish radio telescope in the world in Guizhou province, which is called Fivehundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) [1] [2] [3] . Figure 1 (a) shows the conceptual design of the FAST. The feed support system of FAST includes two parts: one is a six-cable driven parallel manipulator with a large span that drives the feed adjustable mechanism equipped with a coarse positioning; the other one is a feed adjustable mechanism. Figure 1 (b) shows the feed adjustable mechanism. The feed adjustable mechanism looks like a cabin, and it moves on a focus surface. So it is also called the focus cabin. The diameter of the focus cabin is about 13 m. There are two main mechanisms in the focus cabin: an A-B rotator and a Stewart manipulator.

China is now building the largest single dish radio telescope in the world in Guizhou province, which is called Fivehundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST).

So it is also called the focus cabin.


Poses of the nine feeds are redundantly controlled by both the six-cable driven parallel manipulator and A-B rotator. Sixcable driven parallel manipulator is a flexible mechanism, while A-B rotator is a rigid mechanism. Previous researchers did plenty of work on optimization study of cable driven parallel manipulators and rigid mechanisms, respectively [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . However, for the feed support system of FAST, pose planning method should be studied based on the different characteristics of the six-cable driven parallel manipulator and A-B rotator at the same time. This paper is expected to fill that gap.

Previous researchers did plenty of work on optimization study of cable driven parallel manipulators and rigid mechanisms, respectively.


Cable can only bear tension but not pressure, so a cable driven parallel manipulator may not be perfectly controlled due to a small cable tension [9] [10] [11] . Therefore, cable tension should be taken into account for pose planning of the sixcable driven parallel manipulator. For the A-B rotator, small pose angle can reduce the gravity center change of the feed support system, which improves stability and accuracy of the feed support system.

Cable can only bear tension but not pressure, so a cable driven parallel manipulator may not be perfectly controlled due to a small cable tension.


The system we consider arises in various T -dual forms: we can dualize in one or more of the DD 2-, 3-, and 9-directions to produce higher dimensional versions, where the soliton is independent of the additional coordinates. The most well-studied intersecting brane system is probably D3-D5 intersecting in 2+1 dimensions [5] . We can reach this by T -dualities in the 2-and 5-directions, reaching the configuration shown in Table 2 . However, this requires a T -dual in one of the ND-directions, and this changes the nature of the system. In particular the would-be magnetic object is not part of the brane intersection: the D1 becomes a D3 extended in the 5-direction, so it cannot end on the D3. The various phenomena that we encounter are not present.

The most well-studied intersecting brane system is probably D3-D5 intersecting in 2+1 dimensions.


Extensive data support the notion that diets low in calories, cholesterol, and saturated fatty acids, but rich in vegetables, fruits, and fish, may delay the onset and/or slow the progression of clinical AD. The regulation of various secretases by dietary components is also well-documented (e.g., cholesterol regulation of γ-secretase; [3] ). However, there have been no head-to-head studies employing diets high with various specified sources of calories to determine whether dietary composition has importance beyond the known effect of high caloric intake to exacer-bate amyloid pathology [4] . Therefore, in the current study we evaluated the effects of 4 different diets in a murine model of AD (TgCRND8) that harbors 3 mutations in the APP gene (K670M/N671L and V717F) [5] . Using this mouse model of AD, we set out to determine whether different dietary compositions could modulate Aβ levels, brain mass, neuronal density, and/or tissue volume in 3 subregions of the hippocampus.

The regulation of various secretases by dietary components is also well-documented (e.g., cholesterol regulation of γ-secretase;).

However, there have been no head-to-head studies employing diets high with various specified sources of calories to determine whether dietary composition has importance beyond the known effect of high caloric intake to exacer-bate amyloid pathology.

Therefore, in the current study we evaluated the effects of 4 different diets in a murine model of AD (TgCRND8) that harbors 3 mutations in the APP gene (K670M/N671L and V717F).


Inter-organizational information systems (IOISs) are information systems that two or more companies share (Kumar & van Dissel, 1996) . Some examples of IOISs are Supply Chain Management (SCM), and Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) systems. The concept of IOIS consists of the general idea of a collaborative system for supply chain management, enabling the flow of information between enterprises for competitive and collaborative advantages (Criado-Fernández, 2000) .

Inter-organizational information systems (IOISs) are information systems that two or more companies share.

The concept of IOIS consists of the general idea of a collaborative system for supply chain management, enabling the flow of information between enterprises for competitive and collaborative advantages.


The influence of vegetarian diet on vascular stiffness remains a major issue, especially for high-risk groups such as chronic dialysis patients. The primary endpoint of baPWV was chosen in this study as a surrogate for CVD risk. However, presence of severe PAOD decreases baPWV due to decreased blood flow and internal pressure. Arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular block, also interfere with the results of baPWV analysis. In the present study, patients with atrial fibrillation, high-degree atrioventricular block, and PAOD had waveform images that were inadequate for the calculation of baPWV. Hence, all confounding factors of baPWV were excluded. BaPWV measurement in this study was a valid and acceptable representation of aortic PWV measured using conventional methods. Vascular stiffness in vegetarians, assessed by baPWV, was worse than that in non-vegetarians. Consuming a vegetarian diet was an independent risk factor for vascular stiffness, even after adjusting for other known factors of arterial stiffness (Table 5) . Vegetarian diet resulting in 25(OH) D deficiencies may be a possible etiology. The vitamin D hormone is essential for the preservation of serum calcium and phosphate levels, but may also be a regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and arterial stiffness [22] . As many previous studies have revealed, lower serum 25(OH) D concentrations are associated with higher arterial calcification score, more LV hypertrophy and dilatation, and increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients on chronic dialysis [23] [24] [25] . Furthermore, a vegetarian diet may also lead to low dietary protein intake. A low protein diet has been confirmed to enhance vascular calcification in uremic rats with hyperphosphatemia [26] . The combination of these factors may limit the beneficial cardiovascular effects of a vegetarian diet and even result in adverse effects.

The vitamin D hormone is essential for the preservation of serum calcium and phosphate levels, but may also be a regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and arterial stiffness.

As many previous studies have revealed, lower serum 25(OH) D concentrations are associated with higher arterial calcification score, more LV hypertrophy and dilatation, and increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients on chronic dialysis.

A low protein diet has been confirmed to enhance vascular calcification in uremic rats with hyperphosphatemia.


The reutilization of bottom residues in MSWIs has become a common idea after the wide deployment of "the most effective technique for PCDD/F emission control" (Buekens and Huang, 1998) . However, the bottom residues are industrial wastes which are often buried in landfills, and PBDEs observed at levels of the sum of PBDE-47, -99 and -100 were n.d.-4000 pg/L in the raw landfill leachate (Osako et al., 2004) . Therefore, the safety of reutilization of bottom residues from MWSIs and TPPs needs to be investigated because the chemical characteristics of PBDEs and PCDD/Fs could be different. Hence, the investigation of PBDE distribution in MSWIs and TPP should not be ignored even though many studies have already been conducted on PBDE toxicology, behavioral characteristics, and fate in the environment.

The reutilization of bottom residues in MSWIs has become a common idea after the wide deployment of "the most effective technique for PCDD/F emission control".

However, the bottom residues are industrial wastes which are often buried in landfills, and PBDEs observed at levels of the sum of PBDE-47, -99 and -100 were n.d.-4000 pg/L in the raw landfill leachate.


Closely linked to the subject of business service management is the so-called Service Level Agreement (SLA). This is the actual basis that outlines what service provider (SP) and customer have agreed on, e.g. in terms of quality or availability of service. In next sections, we discuss the issues across SLAs and business service management in detail [4] .

In next sections, we discuss the issues across SLAs and business service management in detail.


Non-rigid image registration is a highly ill-posed problem. This means that a number of qualitatively different transformations can achieve the same image similarity after registration. This justifies the vast literature on image registration methods with differences on transformation characterization, regularizers, image similarity metrics, optimization methods, and additional constraints [27] .

This justifies the vast literature on image registration methods with differences on transformation characterization, regularizers, image similarity metrics, optimization methods, and additional constraints.


RFID grouping-proof technology is a mechanism that can prove a group of tagged items appeared at the same time and the same place [1] . The grouping-proof protocol can be widely adopted to many applications that need coexistence proof to guarantee the items with RFID tags have been scanned simultaneously, such as supply-chain, health care, and evidence in law [2] [3] [4] . For example, in logistics management, we can generate a proof to guarantee the integrity of the container and the goods in it by scanning their tags simultaneously. In the intelligent health care environment, we can validate the correctness of the medicine taking through scanning the patients and their unit-dose medications at the same time and place [5] . In the manufacturing field, a manufacturer of aircraft equipment can certify that a certain part always leaves its factories with a safety cap attached by scanning their RFID tags simultaneously.

RFID grouping-proof technology is a mechanism that can prove a group of tagged items appeared at the same time and the same place.

The grouping-proof protocol can be widely adopted to many applications that need coexistence proof to guarantee the items with RFID tags have been scanned simultaneously, such as supply-chain, health care, and evidence in law.

In the intelligent health care environment, we can validate the correctness of the medicine taking through scanning the patients and their unit-dose medications at the same time and place.