copenlu/answerable_tydiqa huggingface dataset:
เรณูวิทยา

 
ลาวัลย์ รักสัตย์ นักพฤกษศาสตร์เรณูวิทยา(Botanist&Palynologist) 2526. ได้ศึกษาเรณูพืชในประเทศไทยและการเทียบเคียงเรณูพืชของป่าฝนเขตร้อน นอกจากนี้ยังติดตามคณะศึกษาโครงการงานทางด้านเรณูวิทยาโบราณคดีร่วมกับคณะโบราณคดี มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปกร ซึ่งลาวัลย์ รักสัตย์ ได้นำดินจากหลุมศพทางภาคใต้(ภายใต้โครงการของ ศ.ดร.สุรินทร์ ภู่ขจร และคณะ  คณะโบราณคดี ม.ศิลปกร)มาศึกษาวิเคราะห์พบเรณูสัณฐานบ่งชี้สภาพของพื้นที่นั้นเคยเป็นแอ่งน้ำมาก่อน ด้วยการปรากฏเรณูสัณฐานของแพงพวยน้ำ (Jussiaea repens L.) เป็นจำนวนมากกว่าเรณูของพืชชนิดอื่นๆ นอกจากนี้ยังได้ติดตามคณะสำรวจภายใต้โครงการ(ดร.สว่าง เลิศฤทธิ์ และคณะ)ของคณะโบราณคดี มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปกรไปศึกษาการขุดซากของวัตถุโบราณที่ จ.ลพบุรี และได้เก็บตัวอย่างดินมาวิเคราะห์ศึกษา พบเรณูสัณฐานบ่งชี้ของพืชหลายชนิดโดยภาพรวมเป็นสภาพป่าแดงหรือป่าโคก และมีเรณูสัณฐาณของพรรณไม้สัก(Tectona grandis L.)เป็นจำนวนมาก ทั้งนี้เนื่องจากบริเวณพื้นที่ที่ทำการสำรวจรอบๆนั้นมีร่องรอยของการทำสวนป่าสัก  ลาวัลย์ รักสัตย์ มีผลงานอ้างอิงไว้ดังนี้

Question: การศึกษาเรณูวิทยาในประเทศไทย เริ่มต้นโดยผู้ใด?
Answer: ลาวัลย์ รักสัตย์

เรณูวิทยา

คำว่า “palynology” (มีความหมายว่า “เรณูวิทยา”) ถูกเสนอใช้โดยไฮด์ และวิลเลียมในปี ค.ศ. 1944 (ตามการใช้โดยแอนเทฝส์ นักธรณีวิทยาชาวสวีเดน) ในหลายหน้าของเอกสารแจก (เป็นหนึ่งของวารสารฉบับแรกๆที่อุทิศให้เกี่ยวกับการวิเคราะห์ทางละอองเรณูผลิตโดยพอล เซียร์ในอเมริการเหนือ) ไฮด์และวิลเลียมเลือกคำว่า “palynology” บนพื้นฐานรากศัพท์กรีกโบราณจากคำว่า “paluno” หมายถึงการหว่านหรือพรมและ “pale” หมายถึงฝุ่นละออง (ซึ่งตรงกับคำว่า “pollen” ในภาษาลาติน) [6]

Question: ใครเป็นผู้เสนอให้ใช้คำว่า เรณูวิทยา?
Answer: ไฮด์ และวิลเลียม

เรณูวิทยา

เรณูวิทยาเป็นวิทยาศาสตร์เชิงสหวิทยาการและเป็นสาขาหนึ่งของธรณีวิทยาและชีววิทยาโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งพฤกษศาสตร์ วิชาการลำดับชั้นหินทางเรณูวิทยาเป็นสาขาหนึ่งของวิชาบรรพชีวินวิทยาจุลภาคและพฤกษศาสตร์โบราณซึ่งศึกษาเกี่ยวกับซากดึกดำบรรพ์ของเรณูสัณฐานจากช่วงพรีแคมเบรียนตลอดจนถึงสมัยโฮโลซีน

Question: เรณูวิทยาเป็นวิทยาศาสตร์เชิงสหวิทยาการและเป็นสาขาหนึ่งของอะไร?
Answer: ธรณีวิทยาและชีววิทยา

เรณูวิทยา

มีรายงานการค้นพบละอองเรณูภายใต้กล้องจุลทรรศน์เป็นครั้งแรกสุดในช่วงทศวรรษที่ 1640 โดย เนเฮเมียห์ กรีว นักพฤกษศาสตร์ชาวอังกฤษ[2]เป็นผู้บรรยายลักษณะของละอองเรณู เกสรตัวผู้ และเป็นผู้ทำนายได้อย่างถูกต้องว่าละอองเรณูเป็นสิ่งจำเป็นในการสืบพันธุ์ของพืชทั้งหลาย กล้องจุลทรรศน์ได้เข้ามามีบทบาทในการศึกษาเรณูวิทยามากยิ่งขึ้นรวมไปถึงผลงานของโรเบิร์ต คิดสตัน และพี เรนช์ผู้ตรวจสอบพบสปอร์ในชั้นถ่านหินที่เปรียบเทียบได้กับสปอร์ของพืชปัจจุบัน[3] ผู้บุกเบิกช่วงแรกๆยังรวมถึงคริสเตียน กอทต์ฟรายด์ อีห์เรนเบิร์ก (ผู้ศึกษาเรดิโอลาเรียนและไดอะตอม) ไกเดียน แมนเทลล์ (ผู้ศึกษาสาหร่ายเดสมิด) และเฮนรี โฮฟเรย์ ไวต์ (ผู้ศึกษาไดโนแฟลกเจลเลต)

Question: เนเฮเมียห์ กรีว นักพฤกษศาสตร์ชาวอะไร?
Answer: อังกฤษ

เรณูวิทยา

Moore, P.D., et al. (1991), Pollen Analysis (Second Edition). Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 0-632-02176-4
Traverse, A. (1988), Paleopalynology. Unwin Hyman ISBN 0-04-561001-0
Roberts, N. (1998), The Holocene an environmental history, Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-18638-7

Question: การศึกษาเรณูวิทยาในประเทศไทย เริ่มต้นโดยผู้ใด?

เรณูวิทยา

- ลาวัลย์ รักสัตย์ (2534). ละอองเรณู. เอกสารประกอบการบรรยาย. พิมพ์ครั้งแรก. 134 หน้า.

Question: ใครเป็นผู้เสนอให้ใช้คำว่า เรณูวิทยา?
เรณูวิทยา

มีรายงานการค้นพบละอองเรณูภายใต้กล้องจุลทรรศน์เป็นครั้งแรกสุดในช่วงทศวรรษที่ 1640 โดย เนเฮเมียห์ กรีว นักพฤกษศาสตร์ชาวอังกฤษ[2]เป็นผู้บรรยายลักษณะของละอองเรณู เกสรตัวผู้ และเป็นผู้ทำนายได้อย่างถูกต้องว่าละอองเรณูเป็นสิ่งจำเป็นในการสืบพันธุ์ของพืชทั้งหลาย กล้องจุลทรรศน์ได้เข้ามามีบทบาทในการศึกษาเรณูวิทยามากยิ่งขึ้นรวมไปถึงผลงานของโรเบิร์ต คิดสตัน และพี เรนช์ผู้ตรวจสอบพบสปอร์ในชั้นถ่านหินที่เปรียบเทียบได้กับสปอร์ของพืชปัจจุบัน[3] ผู้บุกเบิกช่วงแรกๆยังรวมถึงคริสเตียน กอทต์ฟรายด์ อีห์เรนเบิร์ก (ผู้ศึกษาเรดิโอลาเรียนและไดอะตอม) ไกเดียน แมนเทลล์ (ผู้ศึกษาสาหร่ายเดสมิด) และเฮนรี โฮฟเรย์ ไวต์ (ผู้ศึกษาไดโนแฟลกเจลเลต)

Question: เรณูวิทยาเป็นวิทยาศาสตร์เชิงสหวิทยาการและเป็นสาขาหนึ่งของอะไร?

เรณูวิทยา

- ลาวัลย์ รักสัตย์ (2528). พิษภัยจากเกสรผึ้ง. วารสารฉลาดบริโภค ปีที่ 13 ฉบับที่ 3 กทม., หน้า 27-32.

Question: เนเฮเมียห์ กรีว นักพฤกษศาสตร์ชาวอะไร?
French orthography

The French alphabet is based on the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, uppercase and lowercase, with five diacritics and two orthographic ligatures.

Question: How many letters are used in the French alphabet?
Answer: 26

French orthography

As in coût (cost) → cout, abîme (abyss) → abime but sûr (sure) because of sur (on)

Question: How many letters are used in the French alphabet?
توهم مرضي



من الأمراض المهمة التي تبدأ بشكاوي بدنية مرض توهم المرض، وهو الشكوى المستمرة من أعراض تظهر في الجسم وآلا لام يؤولها المريض علي أنها علامات لمرض خطير كالسرطان أو القلب أو الكلية، ومهما حاولنا إقناعه بعدم خطورة حالته الصحية وعمل الأبحاث الطبية المختلفة فهو دائم التردد علي الأطباء وعمل الأبحاث في معامل عدة وكذلك اضطراب الجسد، وهو الشكاوي في عدة أجهزة من الجسم ولكن دون الخوف من مرض معين وعادة ماتكون الأمراض آلاماً في الحسم وأعراضاً في الجهاز العصبي أو القلب الدوري.

Question: ماذا يعني شخص مصاب بتوهم حاد ؟
Answer: الشكوى المستمرة من أعراض تظهر في الجسم وآلا لام يؤولها المريض علي أنها علامات لمرض خطير كالسرطان أو القلب أو الكلية

توهم مرضي

عملية أو حيلة الإزاحة:

Question: ماذا يعني شخص مصاب بتوهم حاد ؟
Dan Patch

Dan Patch (April 29, 1896 – July 11, 1916) was a noted American Standardbred pacer. At a time when harness racing was one of the largest sports in the nation, Dan Patch was a major celebrity. He was undefeated in open competition and was so dominant on the racetrack that other owners eventually refused to enter their horses against him. Instead, he ended his racing career performing time trials and traveled extensively on exhibition, earning millions of dollars in purses, attendance gate receipts and product endorsements. Dan Patch broke world speed records at least 14 times in the early 1900s. In 1905, he set a world's record for the fastest mile by a harness horse (1:55​1⁄4 – 1 minute, ​551⁄4 seconds) that stood unmatched for over 30 years. Unofficially, Dan Patch broke this record in 1906 with a clocking of 1:55. He died on July 11, 1916. His owner Marion Willis Savage died just one day later.[1]

Question: How long did the American Standardbred Dan Patch live?
Answer: April 29, 1896 – July 11, 1916

Dan Patch

In 1901, Messner decided to test Dan Patch against the best horses in the country on the Grand Circuit, a series of valuable races around the north-eastern United States. Accordingly, he hired Myron McHenry to be Dan Patch's new trainer and driver. Though McHenry was reputed to be difficult to work with, his ability with horses was such that he was called "America's greatest reinsman". On May 13, Dan Patch left Oxford on a train bound for Cleveland so that McHenry could try him out. In their first drive together, Dan Patch did not appear to be working hard but the stopwatch showed he had been moving fast. McHenry reportedly said to the horse, "You're either the world's biggest counterfeit, or you're the fastest horse in the world."[15]

Question: How long did the American Standardbred Dan Patch live?
FX (TV channel)

FX (originally an initialism of Fox Extended) is an American pay television channel based in Los Angeles, California, owned by 21st Century Fox through FX Networks, LLC. Originally launched on June 1, 1994, the network's original programming aspired to the standards of premium cable channels such as HBO, Showtime, and Starz in regard to adult themes and content, higher-quality writing, directing, acting, and sister channels such as FXX and FXM. It also carries reruns of theatrical films and broadcast network sitcoms.

Question: Who owns FX network?
Answer: 21st Century Fox

FX (TV channel)

The channel prided itself on its interactivity with viewers. fX, in 1994, was an early adopter of the internet, embracing e-mail and the World Wide Web as methods of feedback. Most of the shows would feature instant responses to e-mailed questions, and one show, Backchat (hosted by Jeff Probst), was exclusively devoted to responding to viewer mail, whether sent through e-mail or traditional postal mail. Select viewers were allowed to spend a day at the "apartment" and take part in all of the channel's shows. Inside the channel's syndicated programming blocks, channel hosts would frequently appear during commercial breaks to read news headlines, respond to e-mails from viewers about the episode that was airing, or to promote upcoming programming.

Question: Who owns FX network?
Andy McCoy

Andy McCoy (oikealta nimeltään Antti Hulkko, s. 11. lokakuuta 1962 Pelkosenniemi) on suomalainen rock-muusikko. Hän oli Hanoi Rocks -yhtyeen kitaristi, taustalaulaja ja pääasiallinen lauluntekijä. Lisäksi McCoy tunnetaan muun muassa ensimmäisen suomalaisen levyttäneen punkyhtyeen Briardin ja Pelle Miljoona Oy:n ensimmäisen kokoonpanon kitaristina. McCoy on myös tunnettu värikkäänä ”elämäntaparokkarina”.[1][2]


Question: Missä Andy McCoy on syntynyt?
Answer: Pelkosenniemi

Andy McCoy

Vuonna 1976 Andy Hulkon veli Ilkka Hulkko perusti Pete ”Räkä” Malmin kanssa punk-yhtyeen Briard. Malmi sai järjestettyä Briardin Linnanmäen vuoden 1977 kesäkauden päättäjäisjuhlien esiintyjäksi 1 400:lle ihmiselle. Konsertin jälkeen Finnlevyn Robbie Lindberg tuli tarjoamaan leyvytyssopimusta. Hulkko oli tällöin vasta 15-vuotias.[8]

Question: Missä Andy McCoy on syntynyt?
لخضر بن خلوف

يعتبره السكان المحليون في ضواحي مستغانم بالغرب الجزائري و كامل الشمال الإفريقي بولي صالح و شيد له ضريح بمدينة سيدي لخضر

Question: اين دفن الشاعر سيدي الاخضر بن خلوف؟
Answer: سيدي لخضر

لخضر بن خلوف

اختارك الواحد الأحد، يقول فيها
اختارك الواحد الأحد
سبحانه الجليل الفرد الصمد
لم يلد ولم يولد
ولم يكن له كفوا أحد
أنت العزيز يا محمد
ما أعز منك إلا رب العباد
سعدي بسيدنا محمد
أنت العزيز يا معزوزي
عزك بالدوام رب العزة
سماك علي الرسل افروزي
نطفة من النعيم مفروزة
الأبيات من مديحك تجزي
والخير الكل من يجزا
مشغوف بك ماني رايد
سوي الجليل وأنت نعم المراد
زعزعتها وزير وقايد
نمدح النبي علي رؤوس الأشهاد
سعدي بسيدنا محمد

Question: اين دفن الشاعر سيدي الاخضر بن خلوف؟
House of Lords

While the House of Commons has a defined 650-seat membership, the number of members in the House of Lords is not fixed. There are currently 790 sitting Lords. The House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament to be larger than its lower house.[8]

Question: How many members are there of the UK House of Lords?
Answer: 790

House of Lords

Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg introduced the House of Lords Reform Bill 2012 on 27 June 2012[33] which built on proposals published on 17 May 2011.[34] However, this Bill was abandoned[35] by the Government on 6 August 2012 following opposition from within the Conservative Party.

Question: How many members are there of the UK House of Lords?
రేవూరు (అనంతసాగరం)

రేవూరు ఆంధ్ర ప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్రం, శ్రీ పొట్టి శ్రీరాములు నెల్లూరు జిల్లా, అనంతసాగరం మండలంలోని గ్రామం. ఇది మండల కేంద్రమైన అనంతసాగరం నుండి 12 కి. మీ. దూరం లోను,నియోజకవర్గ కేంద్రమైన ఆత్మకూరుకు 13 కిమీ,  సమీప పట్టణమైన నెల్లూరు నుండి 67 కి. మీ. దూరంలోనూ ఉంది.కాశీ రామేశ్వరం పోయే కాలిబాట పెన్నానది దాటుకునే రేవు ప్రక్కనే ఉన్నందున ఈ ఊరికి రేవూరు అనేపేరు వచ్చింది.  2011 భారత జనగణన గణాంకాల ప్రకారం ఈ గ్రామం 877 ఇళ్లతో, 3296 జనాభాతో 1255 హెక్టార్లలో విస్తరించి ఉంది. గ్రామంలో మగవారి సంఖ్య 1651, ఆడవారి సంఖ్య 1645. షెడ్యూల్డ్ కులాల సంఖ్య 815 కాగా షెడ్యూల్డ్ తెగల సంఖ్య 206. గ్రామం యొక్క జనగణన లొకేషన్ కోడ్ 591981[1].పిన్ కోడ్: 524303.

Question: రేవూరు గ్రామ పిన్ కోడ్ ఏంటి?
Answer: 524303

రేవూరు (అనంతసాగరం)

రేవూరులో ఈ కింది వస్తువులు ఉత్పత్తి అవుతున్నాయి.

Question: రేవూరు గ్రామ పిన్ కోడ్ ఏంటి?
మలేరియా

మలేరియా వ్యాప్తి సాధారణంగా దోమకాటు వలన జరుగుతుంది. తన జీవిత చక్రాన్ని పూర్తి చేసుకోవడం కోసం మలేరియా పరాన్నజీవికి మనుషులు అవసరం. మనిషిని కుట్టినప్పుడు లాలాజలాన్ని వదులుతుంది. ఆ లాలాజలములో స్పోరోజాయిట్స్ ఉంటాయి. అవి మనిషి శరీరములోకి ప్రవేశిస్తాయి, అక్కడ నుండి అవి మీరోజాయిట్స్ గా కాలేయము, ఎర్ర రక్త కణాలలో పరిణతి చెందుతాయి. ఇలా పరిణతి చెందిన మీరోజాయిట్స్ వల్ల వ్యాధి లక్షణాలు కనిపిస్తాయి. అయితే అన్ని దోమలూ మలేరియాను వ్యాప్తి చేయవు. కేవలం అనోఫిలస్ (anopheles)  అనే జాతిలోని ఆడ దోమల వల్ల మాత్రమే మనుషులకు వ్యాధి సోకుతుంది.

Question: మలేరియా వ్యాధి ఏ దోమకాటు వల్ల వస్తుంది ?
Answer: అనోఫిలస్ (anopheles)  అనే జాతిలోని ఆడ దోమ

మలేరియా

మలేరియా వ్యాప్తి సాధారణంగా దోమకాటు వలన జరుగుతుంది. తన జీవిత చక్రాన్ని పూర్తి చేసుకోవడం కోసం మలేరియా పరాన్నజీవికి మనుషులు అవసరం. మనిషిని కుట్టినప్పుడు లాలాజలాన్ని వదులుతుంది. ఆ లాలాజలములో స్పోరోజాయిట్స్ ఉంటాయి. అవి మనిషి శరీరములోకి ప్రవేశిస్తాయి, అక్కడ నుండి అవి మీరోజాయిట్స్ గా కాలేయము, ఎర్ర రక్త కణాలలో పరిణతి చెందుతాయి. ఇలా పరిణతి చెందిన మీరోజాయిట్స్ వల్ల వ్యాధి లక్షణాలు కనిపిస్తాయి. అయితే అన్ని దోమలూ మలేరియాను వ్యాప్తి చేయవు. కేవలం అనోఫిలస్ (anopheles)  అనే జాతిలోని ఆడ దోమల వల్ల మాత్రమే మనుషులకు వ్యాధి సోకుతుంది.

Question: మలేరియా వ్యాధి ఏ దోమ కుట్టడం వల్ల వస్తుంది ?
Answer: అనోఫిలస్

మలేరియా

మలేరియా వ్యాప్తి సాధారణంగా దోమకాటు వలన జరుగుతుంది. తన జీవిత చక్రాన్ని పూర్తి చేసుకోవడం కోసం మలేరియా పరాన్నజీవికి మనుషులు అవసరం. మనిషిని కుట్టినప్పుడు లాలాజలాన్ని వదులుతుంది. ఆ లాలాజలములో స్పోరోజాయిట్స్ ఉంటాయి. అవి మనిషి శరీరములోకి ప్రవేశిస్తాయి, అక్కడ నుండి అవి మీరోజాయిట్స్ గా కాలేయము, ఎర్ర రక్త కణాలలో పరిణతి చెందుతాయి. ఇలా పరిణతి చెందిన మీరోజాయిట్స్ వల్ల వ్యాధి లక్షణాలు కనిపిస్తాయి. అయితే అన్ని దోమలూ మలేరియాను వ్యాప్తి చేయవు. కేవలం అనోఫిలస్ (anopheles)  అనే జాతిలోని ఆడ దోమల వల్ల మాత్రమే మనుషులకు వ్యాధి సోకుతుంది.

Question: మలేరియా వ్యాధిని వ్యాపించే దోమ పేరేమిటి ?
Answer: అనోఫిలస్

మలేరియా

మలేరియా వ్యాప్తి సాధారణంగా దోమకాటు వలన జరుగుతుంది. తన జీవిత చక్రాన్ని పూర్తి చేసుకోవడం కోసం మలేరియా పరాన్నజీవికి మనుషులు అవసరం. మనిషిని కుట్టినప్పుడు లాలాజలాన్ని వదులుతుంది. ఆ లాలాజలములో స్పోరోజాయిట్స్ ఉంటాయి. అవి మనిషి శరీరములోకి ప్రవేశిస్తాయి, అక్కడ నుండి అవి మీరోజాయిట్స్ గా కాలేయము, ఎర్ర రక్త కణాలలో పరిణతి చెందుతాయి. ఇలా పరిణతి చెందిన మీరోజాయిట్స్ వల్ల వ్యాధి లక్షణాలు కనిపిస్తాయి. అయితే అన్ని దోమలూ మలేరియాను వ్యాప్తి చేయవు. కేవలం అనోఫిలస్ (anopheles)  అనే జాతిలోని ఆడ దోమల వల్ల మాత్రమే మనుషులకు వ్యాధి సోకుతుంది.

Question: మలేరియా వ్యాధి ఏ దోమ వల్ల వస్తుంది ?
Answer: అనోఫిలస్ (anopheles)  అనే జాతిలోని ఆడ దోమ
మలేరియా


మలేరియా (Malaria), దోమల ద్వారా వ్యాపించే ఒక రోగం. మనిషి రక్తంలో పరాన్నజీవులు చేరినప్పుడు మలేరియా సోకుతుంది. పరాన్నజీవులు తమ ఆహారం కోసం తాము నివసిస్తున్న మనుషులపైనే అధారపడతాయి. మలేరియా ఏ విధంగా వస్తుందో కనిపెట్టినందుకుగాను ఫ్రెంచి రక్షణ వైద్యుడయిన "చార్లెస్ లూయీ ఆల్ఫోన్సె లావెరెన్"కు 1907లో నోబెల్ బహుమతి లభించింది. మలేరియా పరాన్నజీవి యొక్క జీవిత చక్రము, అది దోమలలో మరియు మనుషులలో ఎలా నివసిస్తుందో తెలిపినందుకు 1902లో రొనాల్డ్ రాస్‌కు నోబెల్ బహుమతి లభించింది. సర్ రోనాల్డ్ రాస్ మలేరియా పరాన్న జీవి జీవిత చక్రాన్ని సికింద్రాబాదు నగరంలో పరిశోధన చేస్తున్నప్పుడు కనుగొన్నాడు.
ప్రపంచంలో ఏటా 500 మిలియన్ల జనాభా మలేరియా జ్వరాల బారిన పడి వారిలో 2.7 మిలియన్ల మంది మరణిస్తున్నారు.
"ప్లాస్మోడియం" (Plasmodium) అనే ప్రొటోజోవా పరాన్నజీవి మలేరియా వ్యాధి కారకము. ప్రోటోజోవాలు ఏకకణజీవులు. కానీ వీటి నిర్మాణము బ్యాక్టీరియా కంటే క్లిష్టమైనది. బ్యాక్టీరియా చాలా సులువయిన నిర్మాణము కలిగి ఉంటాయి. వివిధ ప్లాస్ల్మోడియం స్పీసీస్లు మనుషులలో వివిధ రకాల మలేరియాలను కలుగజేస్తాయి. అందులో ముఖ్యమైనవి 

Question: మలేరియా వ్యాధి ఏ దోమకాటు వల్ల వస్తుంది ?

మలేరియా

మలేరియా పీడిత ప్రాంతాలలో నివసించేవారు ప్రొఫైలాక్సిస్ (prophylaxis) అనే మందును మలేరియా రాకుండా వాడవచ్చు. ఈ మందు కొంచెం ఖరీదయినదే. అంతేకాదు, కొన్ని ప్లాస్మోడియాలు ఈ మందును కూడా తట్టుకునే శక్తి పెంచేసుకున్నాయి. కాబట్టి ప్రొఫైలాక్సిస్ తీసుకున్నప్పటికీ మలేరియా వచ్చే అవకాశం ఉంది. ఈ మందును ఎక్కువగా మలేరియా పీడిత ప్రాంతాలను సందర్శించేవారు వాడుతూ ఉంటారు. ప్రొఫైలాక్సిస్ మందుని మలేరియా పీడీత ప్రాంతాలకు వెళ్ళే ముందూ, వచ్చిన తరువాత 4 వారాల వరకూ వాడితే మంచి గుణము కనిపిస్తుంది.

Question: మలేరియా వ్యాధి ఏ దోమ కుట్టడం వల్ల వస్తుంది ?

మలేరియా

కీళ్ళ నొప్పులు
తలనొప్పి
వాంతులు
ఓపిక లేకపోవటం లేక మగతగా అనిపించటం
రక్తహీనత (ఎర్ర రక్తకణాల క్షీణత)
చర్మం పచ్చగా మారటం
దగ్గు
కాలేయం పెరుగడం
అతిగా చెమట పట్టడం
అతిగా చలి పుట్టడం
కోమాలోకి వెళ్ళిపోవడం
గుండెకొట్టుకునే వేగం తగ్గటం

Question: మలేరియా వ్యాధిని వ్యాపించే దోమ పేరేమిటి ?

మలేరియా

అయితే పైన చెప్పిన ప్లాస్మోడియంలలో ప.వివాక్స్ మరియు ప.ఒవేల్ కాలేయంలో ఎక్కువ సేపు ఉంటాయి. అవి కాలేయంలో ఉన్నంత సేపు మనిషి బాగానే కనిపిస్తాడు, కానీ లోపల అవి వాటి సంతతిని వృద్ధి చేసుకుంటాయి. దీనిని నిద్రాణ దశ (dormant phase) " అని అనుకోవచ్చు. కొన్ని వారాలు లేదా నెలల తరువాత ప్లాస్మోడియం కాలేయం నుండి మెల్లగా రక్తంలోకి ప్రవేశిస్తుంది. ఈ సమయంలోనే మనిషికి జ్వరం లక్షణాలు కనిపిస్తాయి.

Question: మలేరియా వ్యాధి ఏ దోమ వల్ల వస్తుంది ?
Language death

In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker. By extension, language extinction is when the language is no longer known, including by second-language speakers. Other similar terms include linguicide,[1] the death of a language from natural or political causes, and rarely glottophagy,[2] the absorption or replacement of a minor language by a major language.

Question: When is a language considered dead?
Answer: when a language loses its last native speaker

Language death

During language loss—sometimes referred to as obsolescence in the linguistic literature—the language that is being lost generally undergoes changes as speakers make their language more similar to the language that they are shifting to. This process of change has been described by Appel (1983) in two categories, though they are not mutually exclusive. Often speakers replace elements of their own language with something from the language they are shifting toward. Also, if their heritage language has an element that the new language does not, speakers may drop it.

Question: When is a language considered dead?
Pesarean Gunung Kawi


Dengan ditangkapnya Pangeran Diponegoro pada tahun 1830, sebagian pengikutnya melarikan diri ke Jawa Timur. Kyai Zakaria II yang menjadi penasihat spiritual Pangeran Diponegoro mengganti namanya menjadi Eyang Soedjoego atau Eyang Djoego. Ia mengungsi ke timur melewati berbagai tempat seperti Pati, Bagelen, Tuban, Kepanjen, hingga akhirnya tiba di Desa Jugo, Kesamben, Blitar sekitar tahun 1840. Ia mendiami suatu dusun yang selanjutnya dikenal sebagai Dusun Jugo (Djoego). Sekitar satu dekade pertama, Eyang Djoego membuka padepokan dan menerima murid yang salah satu diantaranya menjadi putera angkatnya, yaitu Raden Mas Jonet atau Raden Mas Iman Soedjono (Eyang Soedjo) yang merupakan salah satu senapati Pangeran Diponegoro. Pada dekade kedua, Ki Moeridun dari Warungasem, Pekalongan datang menjadi murid R.M. Iman Soedjono.[4]

Question: Siapakah Kanjeng Kyai Zakaria II ?
Answer: penasihat spiritual Pangeran Diponegoro

Pesarean Gunung Kawi

Pesarean Gunung Kawi merupakan lokasi pemakaman Kanjeng Kyai Zakaria II atau juga dikenal sebagai Eyang Djoego yang menjadi tempat ziarah spiritual hingga ke manca negara. Pesarean ini terletak di kawasan Gunung Kawi, Jawa Timur sehingga dikenal dengan namanya yang sekarang, meskipun desa tempat situs ini berada bernama Wonosari. Situs Pesarean Gunung Kawi terletak di sebelah barat Malang dengan jarak sekitar ± 53 Km dari kota.[1] Selain itu, sekitar 5 km di atas pesarean terdapat Petilasan Prabu Sri Kameswara yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Keraton.[2]

Question: Siapakah Kanjeng Kyai Zakaria II ?
عبد الله بن الحارث بن جزء



هو عبد الله بن الحارث بن جزء بن معديكرب بن عمرو بن عسم بن عمرو بن عويج بن عمرو بن زبيد الزبيدي
عبد الله بن الحارث بن جزء الصحابي العالم المعمر شيخ المصريين أبو الحارث الزبيدي المصري شهد فتح مصر وسكنها فكان آخر الصحابة بها موتا له جماعة أحاديث روى عنه أئمة حدث عنه يزيد بن أبي حبيب وعقبة بن مسلم وعبيد الله بن المغيرة وسليمان بن زياد الحضرمي وعمرو بن جابر الحضرمي وآخرون وزعم من لا معرفة له أن الإمام أبا حنيفة لقيه وسمع منه وهذا جاء من رواية رجل متهم بالكذب ولعل أبا حنيفة أخذ عن عبد الله بن الحارث الزبيدي الكوفي أحد التابعين فهذا محتمل وأما الصحابي فلم يره أبدا ويزعم الواضع أن الإمام ارتحل به أبوه ودار على سبعة من الصحابة المتأخرين وشافههم وإنما المحفوظ أنه رأى أنس بن مالك لما قدم عليهم الكوفة، نعم وصاحب الترجمة هو ابن أخي الصحابي محمية بن جزء الزبيدي

Question: من هو عبد الله بن الحارث؟
Answer: عبد الله بن الحارث بن جزء الصحابي العالم المعمر شيخ المصريين أبو الحارث الزبيدي المصري شهد فتح مصر وسكنها فكان آخر الصحابة بها موتا

عبد الله بن الحارث بن جزء

صاحب رسول الله  ، كان اسمه العاص قبل الإسلام، ذكر شيخ الإسلام ابن حجر العسقلاني: (روى أبو زرعة الدمشقي عن عبد الله بن صالح عن يزيد بن أبي حبيب عن عبد الله بن الحارث أنهم حضروا مع النبي جنازة، فقال النبي ما اسمك: قال العاص، وقال لابن عمرو ما اسمك ؟ قال العاص، وقال لابن عمر ما اسمك ؟ قال العاص، فقال النبي: أنتم عبيد الله، فخرجنا وقد غيرت أسماؤنا.

Question: من هو عبد الله بن الحارث؟
تيودور فونتانه

تيودور فونتانه  روائي وشاعر ألماني. (30 ديسمبر 1819 - 20 سبتمبر 1898). يعده الكثيرون أهم روائي أدب واقعي كتب باللغة الألمانية في القرن التاسع عشر.
ولد فونتانه في نويروبين لعائلة تتبع المصلح الفرنسي هوجنوت، وعمل في البداية في مجال الصيدلة في لايبتسج وبرلين. وفي برلين استطاع عقد صلات مع الدوائر الأدبية وفي الفترة من عام 1855 حتى عام 1859 عمل مراسلاً صحفياًَ في لندن، ثم محرراً لأخبار الحروب. وفي الفترة من 1870 حتى 1890 عمل ناقداً مسرحياً في جريدة فوس في برلين. ولم يعمل في بالكتابة الأدبية إلا ابتداءً من 1870.[1]

Question: من هو تيودور فونتانه؟
Answer: روائي وشاعر ألماني

تيودور فونتانه

توفي فونتانه في 20 سبتمبر 1898، في برلين. دفن في مقبرة ليزنستراب Liesenstraße. وبجواره دفنت زوجته إميلي التي توفيت بعد أربع سنوات. تضررت المقبرة في الحرب العالمية الثانية ولكن أعيد ترميمها بعد ذلك.

Question: من هو تيودور فونتانه؟
Islam

Islam jakautuu kahteen pääsuuntaukseen, sunnalaisuuteen ja šiialaisuuteen, joiden sisällä puolestaan on erilaisia koulukuntia ja lahkoja. Lisäksi on ahmadiyyalaisia, ibadilaisia ja druuseja. Sufilaisuus on mystiikkaa korostava islamin suuntaus, jonka seuraajia löytyy niin šiialaisten kuin sunnien joukosta.

Question: Keitä ovat sufit?
Answer: mystiikkaa korostava islamin suuntaus, jonka seuraajia löytyy niin šiialaisten kuin sunnien joukosta

Islam

Islam ( 'alistuminen'; vanha[1] nimitys muhamettilaisuus[2]) on monoteistinen abrahamilainen uskonto. Islamilaisen perimätiedon mukaan islam sai alkunsa Arabian niemimaalla profeetta Muhammedin ilmestyksien pohjalta vuonna 610. 

Question: Ketä pidetään islamin uskon perustajana?
Answer: profeetta Muhammed

Islam


Islam perustuu osin samoille periaatteille kuin juutalaisuus sekä kristinusko, mutta kolmen abrahamilaisen maailmanuskonnon välillä on myös merkittäviä eroja. Esimerkiksi kristinuskosta islam eroaa merkittävästi muun muassa sikäli, että se on lakikeskeinen uskonto, jossa uskonnollinen laki on perinteisesti tarkoittanut aina myös yhteiskunnallista tai valtiollista lakia,[7] ja islamin levittäminen on uskonnon klassisessa muodossa tarkoittanut nimenomaan islamilaisen yhteiskunta- tai valtiomuodon levittämistä, eikä islamin alaisuuteen valloitettujen alueiden asukkaita edes pyritty käännyttämään sikäli kuin he edustivat kirjan uskontoja.[8] Vastaavasti varhainen kristinusko syntyi poliittisen vallan ulkopuolella ja jopa vainottuna se pyrki aktiivisesti kaikkien vääräuskoisten käännyttämiseen, ja esimerkiksi Paavali kehottaa kristittyjä alistumaan roomalaiseen (sekulaariin) lakiin, eikä kristinuskoon sisälly ajatusta uskonnollisesta laista valtiollisena lakina Mooseksen lain tai Sharian tapaan (ks. esim. Kirje galatalaisille). Juutalaisuudesta islam eroaa muun muassa sikäli, että se on kristinuskon tavoin voimakkaasti käännytykseen (vaikka ei vastaavalla tavoin kuin kristinusko) ja uskonnon laajenentamiseen pyrkivä oppi. Islamia on perinteisen tai klassisen katsannon mukaan pyritty laajentamaan aloittamalla käännytyksestä eli esittämällä jonkin ei-islamilaisen alueen väestölle kutsu (da'wa) kääntyä islamiin, mutta jos kutsusta on kieltäydytty, on islamilaisen valtion päämiehellä katsottu olevan velvollisuus julistaa pyhä sota (jihad) aluetta vastaan.[9][10]

Question: Keitä ovat sufit?

Islam

Henkisenä kamppailuna jihad on jokaisen muslimin velvollisuus, jotta pahuus ei saisi yliotetta.[32] Tässä taistelussa ovat aseina muslimien velvollisuudet uskontunnustus, rukous, paasto, almut ja pyhiinvaellus. Tämän kamppailun osana on myös islaminuskon rauhanomainen levittäminen lähetystyönä.[38]

Question: Ketä pidetään islamin uskon perustajana?
보루시아 도르트문트

발슈필-페어라인 보루시아 1909 e. V. 도르트문트(Ballspiel-Verein Borussia 1909 e. V. Dortmund)는 흔히 도르트문트 또는 BVB로 알려진 노르트라인베스트팔렌주 도르트문트를 연고로 하는 독일의 축구 클럽이다. 현재 독일 축구 1부 리그인 1 분데스리가에 속해 있다. 독일에서 가장 성공적인 축구 클럽 가운데 하나로 여겨진다.[1][2]

Question: 도르트문트는 어느 나라의 도시인가?
Answer: 독일

보루시아 도르트문트

다음 몇십년 동안, 클럽은 지역 리그에 뛰면서 소규모 성공을 거두었다. 그들은 프로 선수를 계약하여 클럽을 발전시키기 위해 1929년에 부도를 극복하여야 했다. 그들은 겨우 지역 서포터의 관대함 덕에 부도 문제를 해결할 수 있었다.

Question: 도르트문트는 어느 나라의 도시인가?