community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: In the Battle of Red Cliffs had three stages, what were those stages?
About the article "Battle of Red Cliffs", section "Battle".

Candidate passages:
The 1976 Tour de France started on 24 June, and had two rest days, the first in Divonne-les-Bains the second at Pyrénées 2000.
The 1976 Tour de France was divided into 22 stages and one prologue.
Of the 22 stages, three were split stages: stages 5 and 22 were split into two half stages, and stage 18 was split into three smaller stages.
There were five types of stages, with respect to how many points could be earned for the points classification in the Tour de France: Normal stages: stages 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 16, 19, 21 Mountain stages: stages 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20 Long time trials: stages 3 and 17 Team time trials: stage 5a Short time trials: prologue and stage 22a Half stages: stages 5b, 18a, 18b, 18c and 22b  
In the first week, the stages were mostly flat in the North of France.
The last two weeks had mountain stages in the Pyrenees and Alps. 
The reforms were done largely in three stages, according to the changing members of the reform council and the involvement of Japan.
There were three stages of development. 
This edition of the Giro contained three individual time trial events that covered a total of .
The organizers divided the remaining eighteen stages into three categories: flat stages, medium mountain stages, and mountain stages.
Ten of the stages were declared flat stages.
Of the eight stages remaining, three stages were designated medium mountain stages and five were ranked as mountain stages.
The fifteenth was originally intended to be and to start in Livigno.
However, due to very poor weather conditions the start was moved to Villa di Tirano, and the stage was shortened to .
The route originally had the riders crossing the Forcola di Livigno, a mountain located outside of the original start in Livigno, but due to the bad weather at the base and top of the climb the organizers were forced to exclude the pass.
Of the five mountain stages, four ended with summit finishes: stage 11 to Zoldo Alto, stage 13 to Urtijëi, stage 17 to Colle di Tenda, and stage 19 to Sestriere.
While some of the non-mountain stages contained climbs near the end of the stage, none of them had summit finishes. 
Ichthyoplankton researchers generally use the terminology and development stages introduced in 1984 by Kendall and others.
This consists of three main developmental stages and two transitional stages.
Question: How many lakes are in Switzerland?
About the article "Switzerland", section "Geography".

Candidate passages:
This is a list of lakes in Switzerland by canton.
Lakes are listed once for each canton. 
There are many lakes in the republic.
Major lakes include: Sindorskoye Lake Yam-Ozero Lake  
There are 328 lakes in Jyväskylä.
All of the lakes are listed here.
Coordinates are given if there are many lakes with a same name. 
  Islands of Switzerland  Lakes of Switzerland  Mountains of Switzerland * Glaciers of Switzerland  Rivers of Switzerland * Waterfalls of Switzerland  Valleys of Switzerland  World Heritage Sites in Switzerland  
The lakes of the White Cloud Mountains are located within the Sawtooth National Recreation Area of Custer County, Idaho.
There are hundreds of lakes in the mountains, and most of the lakes were created by alpine glaciers.
Many of the lakes are small and unnamed.
Question: Which battle was fought on the Eastern Front during World War II?
About the article "Battle of Moscow", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
The 34th Infantry Division, (), was a German military unit that fought in the Battle of France and on the Eastern Front during World War II. 
Viktor Pavičić (15 October 1898 – 20 January 1943) was a Croatian military commander who led the 369th Reinforced Croatian Infantry Regiment, which fought on the Eastern Front and was involved in the Battle of Stalingrad during World War II. 
The 1st Tank Army was a Soviet armoured formation that fought as part of the Red Army on the Eastern Front during World War II.
The army was commanded throughout most of the war by Mikhail Katukov.
It fought in the early defense during the Battle of Stalingrad, and Operation Uranus.  
Luftlande-Sturm-Regiment 1 (also known as "Versuchsabteilung Friedrichshafen" or "Sturmabteilung Koch") was a Nazi German "Luftwaffe" "Fallschirmjäger" Regiment which captured the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael during the Battle of Belgium, assaulted Crete, and fought on the Eastern Front during World War II. 
The 1st Guards Army was a Soviet field army that fought on the Eastern Front during World War II.
Question: In memory of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., what is engraved at the Lincoln Memorial and where is it located?
About the article "Lincoln Memorial", section "Sacred space".

Candidate passages:
Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard starts out as a neighborhood street at Alps Drive and ends at Palmetto Street which it merges into Pittman-Sullivan Park.
Then, Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard travels from New Braunfels Avenue to W.W. White Road.
Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard is located on San Antonio's east side, which is one of two predominately African American area of San Antonio, the other being north east San Antonio.
St. Phillips College, a community college originally founded as a HBCU is also located on Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard.
It is crossed by I-10, where it meets Martin Luther King Park, which holds one of the largest Martin Luther King Day parades in the United States. 
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is a public art work designed by American artist Erik Blome, located in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
The bronze sculpture depicts the Civil Rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. standing on a pedestal of books.
It was commissioned by the YWCA of Greater Milwaukee and is located in front of the King Heights apartments. 
Martin Luther King Jr. Shoreline is a regional park located on the shores of the San Leandro Bay in Oakland, CA that is part of the East Bay Regional Parks system.
It is named after the American Civil Rights Movement leader, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. 
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Plaza is a Metrorail station in the unincorporated Miami-Dade County community of Gladeview, Florida (with a Miami address).
This station is located at the intersection of West 27th Avenue (SR 9) and North 62nd Street/Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard, opening to service May 19, 1985. 
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. High School is located at 3200 East Lafayette Boulevard in Detroit, Michigan; the building is operated by the Detroit Board of Education.
King's district encompasses Downtown and Midtown Detroit; it also includes Lafayette Park, the Brewster-Douglass Housing Projects, the Martin Luther King Apartments and Riverfront Condominiums.
In addition it includes the three Wayne State University housing complexes that permit families with children (Chatsworth Tower, DeRoy, and University Tower).
Question: How many forest ecoregions does Japan have?
About the article "Japan", section "Biodiversity".

Candidate passages:
Japan is home to a nine forest ecoregions, which reflect its climate and geography.
The islands that constitute Japan generally have a humid climate, which ranges from warm subtropical in the southern islands to cool temperate on the northern island of Hokkaidō.
Japan lies at the convergence of three terrestrial ecozones, the Palearctic, Indomalaya, and Oceania, and its flora and fauna combine elements from all three.
The ecoregions that cover the main islands of Japan, Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, and Shikoku, along with the nearby islands, are considered part of the Palearctic ecozone.
The island arcs of southern Japan, the Ryukyu Islands to the southwest and the Ogasawara Islands to the southeast, are home to subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregions; the Nansei Islands subtropical evergreen forests ecoregion is part of the Indomalaya ecozone, while the Ogasawara subtropical moist forests of the Ogasawaras is part of the Oceania ecozone. 
  List of ecoregions in Japan  
Recreational Forest Reserve of Fontinhas 
A Pinyon-juniper woodland is a forest type characteristic of many parts the Western United States, often in higher elevations of desert ecoregions. 
Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands.
They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.
Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife, including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, and the Japanese giant salamander.
A large network of national parks has been established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as thirty-seven Ramsar wetland sites.
Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value.
Question: Is Russia the largest country in the world?
About the article "Russia", section "Geography".

Candidate passages:
Russia (, "Rossiya"), also known as the Russian Federation, is the largest country in the world, located in northern Eurasia.
Russia may also refer to: 
On December 2, 2010, Russia was awarded the FIFA World Cup 2018.
Russia will host the tournament for the first time.
Because it is the largest country in the world, it becomes the largest nation to host the World Cup, a title once held by the United States since 1994. 
Russia was ranked as the 5th coal producing country in the world in 2010, with a total production of 316.9 million tonnes.
Russia itself is the possessor of the world's second largest coal reserves.
Russia also has equal rights to coal located in the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, in accordance with the Svalbard Treaty. 
Coal power in Russia is one of the largest sources of energy in Russia, accounting for 14.4% of the country's energy consumption.
The prominence of coal power in Russia has been declining since 1990, although Russia has among the largest coal reserves in the world.
Russia is the fifth largest consumer of coal in the world and is the sixth largest producer of coal. 
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Russia.
The Russian Federation, commonly known as Russia, is the most extensive country in the world, covering , more than an eighth of the Earth’s land area.
Russia is a transcontinental country extending across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe; it spans 11 time zones and incorporates a great range of environments and landforms.
With 143 million people, Russia is the eighth most populated country.
Russia has the world's largest mineral and energy resources, has the world's largest forest reserves, and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the Earth's fresh liquid water.
Question: "How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy" was released on what date?
About the article "How I Met Your Mother", section "Books".

Candidate passages:
"Double Date" is the second episode of the fifth season of the sitcom "How I Met Your Mother", and the 90th episode overall.
It originally aired on September 28, 2009. 
  A soundtrack album entitled "How I Met Your Music: Original Songs from the Hit Series" was released digitally to iTunes on September 24, 2012.  
 "The Bro Code", cited by Barney many times throughout the series, is a set of written rules for bros to follow, and has been published as a tie-in novel, an audiobook, an iPhone Application and an Android Application.
Barney alleges it was written by Barnabus Stinson, a contemporary of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin.
Many of the rules listed in this book also appear in the show's closing vanity cards in syndication, similar to what Chuck Lorre uses to end episodes of several of his shows, "Dharma and Greg", "The Big Bang Theory", "Two and a Half Men", and "Mike and Molly".
 "Bro on the Go", a companion to "The Bro Code", released in 2009.
 "Bro Code for Parents: What to Expect When You're Awesome", released in 2012.
 "The Playbook," based on the fifth season episode of the same name, by Barney Stinson and Matt Kuhn.
 "How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy", released in 2013.
" How I Met Your Mother"CaseyEpisode: " How Your Mother Met Me ". 
"Pilot" is the first episode of the television series "How I Met Your Mother".
It originally aired on September 19, 2005.
The episode was written by Carter Bays & Craig Thomas and directed by Pamela Fryman.
Question: Who organized the English army?
About the article "Battle of Hastings", section "English army and Harold's preparations".

Candidate passages:
  "The Guards Army" is the frequently used English translation for the "Wuwei" troop () organized under the Qing dynasty.  
 Veterans' Association.
The Women's Army Corps Veterans' Association was organized to serve those who have served honorably with the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, The Women's Army Corps, or those who have served or are serving honorably in the United States Army, the United States Army Reserve or the Army National Guard of the United States.  
Uderzeniowe Bataliony Kadrowe ("UBK", English: "Striking Cadre Battalions") were armed anti-Nazi resistance units organized by the right-wing Polish organization Konfederacja Narodu.
They existed between 1942 and 1944 (after 1943 they were part of the Home Army). 
Jane Hungerford Milbank (April 10, 1871 - March 4, 1931) was an American suffragette who organized the Army of Columbians. 
The Army Science Board does army science.
The ASB is a Federal Advisory Committee organized under the Federal Advisory Committee Act.
It is the Department of the Army senior scientific advisory body that was chartered in 1977 to replace the Army Scientific Advisory Panel.
The ASB advises and makes recommendations to the Secretary of the Army, the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics and Technology (ASA(ALT)), the army staff, and major Army commanders on scientific and technological matters of concern to the Army.
The Secretary of the Army delegates oversight authority to the ASA(ALT), who functions as the ASB Director.
Terms are generally three years with one reappointment.
Question: What are proteins made of?
About the article "Biochemistry", section "Proteins".

Candidate passages:
InterPro contains three main entities: proteins, signatures (also referred to as "methods" or "models") and entries.
The proteins in UniProtKB are also the central protein entities in InterPro.
Information regarding which signatures significantly match these proteins are calculated as the sequences are released by UniProtKB and these results are made available to the public (see below).
The matches of signatures to proteins are what determine how signatures are integrated together into InterPro entries: comparative overlap of matched protein sets and the location of the signatures' matches on the sequences are used as indicators of relatedness.
Only signatures deemed to be of sufficient quality are integrated into InterPro.
InterPro also includes data for splice variants and the proteins contained in the UniParc and UniMES databases. 
The cDNAs of novel identified Open Reading Frames(ORF) are tagged with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and expressed in eukaryotic cells.
Subsequently, the subcellular localisation of the fusion proteins is recorded by fluorescence microscopy. 
The big questions for ERAD are: How are misfolded proteins more specifically recognized?
What is the channel for the retrotranslocation of luminal ER proteins?
Which E3 ligase finally tags the proteins for the proteasomal degradation?  
Mallory bodies are highly eosinophilic and thus appear pink on H&E stain.
The bodies themselves are made up of intermediate keratin filament proteins that have been ubiquinated, or bound by other proteins such as heat shock proteins, or p62. 
Telomere-binding proteins are proteins that mediate telomere function by binding to them.
There are two types of telomere-binding proteins: single-strand DNA telomere binding proteins and double-strand DNA telomere binding proteins.
Question: When did the Smithsonian food worker protest happen?
About the article "National Air and Space Museum", section "Controversies".

Candidate passages:
 "Brother John Sellers" (Vanguard Records, 1954) "Sings Blues and Folk Songs" (Vanguard, 1954) "Baptist Shouts and Gospel Songs" (Monitor Records/Smithsonian Folkways) "Big Boat Up The River" (Monitor Records/Smithsonian Folkways) "Classic Protest Songs from Smithsonian Folkways" (Smithsonian Folkways) "Let Praise Arise" (Integrity Music, 1984)  
Students met with Zinser.
She agreed to the second and fourth demands of the students, but that did not satisfy the protesters.
They stated that Gallaudet needed to stand as a role model for deaf people and other deaf schools, a goal easier accomplished with a deaf president.
Meanwhile, in the University's interpreter/communication center, hearing protesters received phone calls from businesses, friends and anonymous donations of money, food and other supplies to aid the protest.
Other help outside the deaf community came from worker unions.
Moe Biller, then president of the American Postal Workers Union, shared his support for the protest.
One of the protest's most important turn of events was delivered in a speech by Jordan, who proclaimed, "I only have anger towards the decision of the Board.
We need to focus the world's attention on the larger issue.
The four demands are justified.
Zinser resigned."
Appearances: Season 2Natural food store worker. 
In 2006 Malamud complained that private company Showtime Networks and the publicly owned Smithsonian Institution were entering a contract to establish Smithsonian Networks without sufficient public disclosure.
Under the contract Showtime would be able to deny permission to other media producers wishing access to Smithsonian collections.
Documentarian Ken Burns said of this deal "I find this deal terrifying...
It feels like the Smithsonian has essentially optioned America's attic to one company". 
After leaving the presidency Menke became the pastor and rector of Sacred Heart Cathedral.
He served as a chairperson for one of the commissions during the diocesan synod in 1974.
Msgr.
Menke also chaired a board that was working on the consolidation of St. Luke’s and Mercy Hospitals in Davenport.
Like the merger of the two colleges, the hospital merger did not happen either.
He was involved in establishing the United Way of the Quad-Cities Area.
El Centro Cultural Hispano, an organization that cared for the needs of the Spanish-speaking people of the Quad City area, was established at Sacred Heart in 1975.
Two years later Mass in Spanish was added to the cathedral schedule.
Msgr.
Menke was instrumental in establishing a food pantry and a clothing center at the cathedral.
He helped out at the Catholic Worker House and the East Side Development Center.
He was involved with other social service agencies and racial matters.
Question: How does the film the Matrix used the code of the Matrix?
About the article "The Matrix", section "Production design".

Candidate passages:
A logical matrix, binary matrix, relation matrix, Boolean matrix, or (0,1) matrix is a matrix with entries from the Boolean domain B = {0, 1}.
Such a matrix can be used to represent a binary relation between a pair of finite sets. 
The following matrices find their main application in graph and network theory.
Adjacency matrix — a square matrix representing a graph, with "aij" non-zero if vertex "i" and vertex "j" are adjacent.
Biadjacency matrix — a special class of adjacency matrix that describes adjacency in bipartite graphs.
Degree matrix — a diagonal matrix defining the degree of each vertex in a graph.
Edmonds matrix — a square matrix of a bipartite graph.
Incidence matrix — a matrix representing a relationship between two classes of objects (usually vertices and edges in the context of graph theory).
Laplacian matrix — a matrix equal to the degree matrix minus the adjacency matrix for a graph, used to find the number of spanning trees in the graph.
Seidel adjacency matrix — a matrix similar to the usual adjacency matrix but with −1 for adjacency; +1 for nonadjacency; 0 on the diagonal.
Tutte matrix — a generalisation of the Edmonds matrix for a balanced bipartite graph.  
  "The Matrix" (franchise), a science fiction franchise * "The Matrix", the first film in the franchise * "", a soundtrack album  Matrix ("Doctor Who"), a computer system  "Matrix" (TV series), a 1993 fantasy adventure series  "Matrix" (talk show), an Italian news and talk show from 2005 to 2012  Matrix, a "ReBoot" character  John Matrix, hero of "Commando" (film), played by Arnold Schwarzenegger   
Matrix exponentials can be used to express the solution of formula_6  formula_10.  
Matrix digital rain, Matrix code or sometimes green rain, is the computer code featured in the "Matrix" series.
The falling green code is a way of representing the activity of the virtual reality environment of the Matrix on screen.
All three "Matrix" movies, as well as the spin-off "The Animatrix" episodes, open with the code.
It is a characteristic mark of the franchise, similar to the opening crawl in "Star Wars".
Question: What regions are all seven seasons of "Gilmore Girls" available on DVD?
About the article "Gilmore Girls", section "DVD releases".

Candidate passages:
"Warner Bros. Home Entertainment" has released all seven seasons of "Gilmore Girls" on DVD in region 1, 2, 4.
All seasons are available for digital download on the iTunes Store, Amazon.com and other digital sales websites.
Seasons 4 through 7 are also available in HD on iTunes Store.
The following is a list of episodes of the television show Gilmore Girls, an American comedy drama series created by Amy Sherman-Palladino.
Sherman-Palladino shares executive producer duties with David S Rosenthal, Gavin Polone, Daniel Palladino.
It is produced by Dorothy Parker Drank Here Productions, Hofflund/Polone and Warner Bros. Television.
The show follows single mother Lorelai Victoria Gilmore (Graham) and her daughter Lorelai "Rory" Leigh Gilmore (Bledel) in the fictional town of Stars Hollow, Connecticut, a close-knit small town with many quirky characters, located roughly thirty minutes south of Hartford.
Between October 5, 2000, and May 9, 2006, the first six seasons of "Gilmore Girls" aired on the American television network The WB, before it merged with UPN in 2006 to form The CW, the broadcaster since September 26, 2006.
All seven seasons are currently available on DVD in Regions 1, 2, and 4.
Since the series premiered, it has averaged 5 million viewers per episode over its seven seasons.
The show placed #32 on "Entertainment Weekly" "New TV Classics" list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of "Time" magazine's "All-TIME 100 TV Shows."
The show is known for its fast dialogue with endless run-on sentences.
Over the course of seven seasons, "Gilmore Girls" aired a total of 153 episodes. 
Warner Home Video has released all seven seasons of The Dukes of Hazzard on DVD in regions 1 and 2.
The two TV-movies that followed the series were released on DVD in Region 1 on June 10, 2008.
In Region 4, Warner has released only the first six seasons on DVD. 
All three series of "The House of Eliott" are available on DVD for regions 1, 2 and 4 DVD and distributed by Acorn Media UK. 
The DVD release of season one was released after the season has completed broadcast on television.
It has been released in Regions 1, 2 and 4.
As well as every episode from the season, the DVD release features bonus material such as deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes featurettes and Gilmore-ism featurettes.