Question: What are Peru's Bourbon Reforms?
About the article "Peru", section "History".

Candidate passages:
Reforms and attempted reforms are outlined below. 
  House of Bourbon, French and Spanish royal dynasties  Duke of Bourbon, a title in the peerage of France  Bourbon Reforms, a series of measures taken by the Spanish Crown  Bourbon Restoration, the return to the French throne of the Bourbon Dynasty  Bourbon Democrat, from 1876 to 1904 a conservative member of the US Democratic Party  
Bourbon County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky.
As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,985.
Its county seat is Paris, Kentucky.
Bourbon County is the remnant of what was previously a much larger Bourbon County, established as part of Virginia in 1785, and comprising what are now thirty-four modern Kentucky counties.
The area later became known as Old Bourbon in reference to its historical expanse.
It was originally part of the French province of Louisiana, then after 1763 became part of Virginia, but was to the newly formed Commonwealth of Kentucky in 1792.
The county is best known for its historical association with bourbon whiskey, although no bourbon whiskey is currently made within Bourbon County.
Bourbon County is part of the Lexington–Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area. 
In the days immediately following the takeover, the International Committee of the Red Cross acted as an intermediary between the government and members of the guerrilla group.
Among the hostages were high officials of Peru's security forces, including Máximo Rivera, the chief of Peru's anti-terrorist police, DIRCOTE, and former chief Carlos Domínguez.
Other hostages included Alejandro Toledo, who later became President of Peru, and Javier Diez Canseco, a socialist politicianPeruvian congressman.
The 24 Japanese hostages included President Fujimori's own mother and younger brother.
The leader of the MRTA insurgents was identified as 43-year old Néstor Cerpa.
The insurgents made a series of demands:   The release of their members from prisons around Peru (including recently convicted US activist Lori Berenson and Cerpa's wife).
A revision of the government's neoliberal free market reforms.
They singled out Japan's foreign assistance program in Peru for criticism, arguing that this aid benefited only a narrow segment of society.
They also protested against what they claimed were cruel and inhumane conditions in Peru's jails.
Leftist politician Javier Diez Canseco was among the 38 men who were released very shortly after the hostages were taken.
He defended the MRTA and called for the government to negotiate a settlement.
Diez Canseco said that the hostage-takers are ""18 to 20 years old, maybe 21 ...
They're a group of special forces, commandos.
I think they're young men who want to live.
They don't want to die.
""Upon being freed, Alejandro Toledo said that what the MRTA really wanted was an amnesty that would allow its members to participate in public life.
He said that any attempt to rescue the hostages by force would be "insane", as they were "armed to the teeth".
Rooms in the building, he said, were wired with explosives, as well as the roof.
He added that the terrorists had anti-tank weapons and wore backpacks that were filled with explosives that could be detonated by pulling a cord on their chest. 
Many causes contributed to the revolt of 1781.
Some causes were long-standing, related to the viceroyalty in New Granada in 1717.
There is a debate among historians over what the main factor was that contributed to the start of the rebellion of 1781, but what is clear is the fact that the need for economic and political reform and the idea of self-government were all contributors.
A series of reforms to the economy and government of the colonies, now called the Bourbon Reforms, are believed to be a factor in the beginning of the revolt.
As the growth of the population and development of the New World began to outgrow that of Spain, Spain began to look for ways to make the colonies more profitable.
The Spanish government sought to eliminate tax evasion to reduce benefits of the colonies and created new laws and taxes to establish greater support and a larger revenue for the home country.
Spain also created trading companies, allowed for agricultural and industrial “royal monopolies” and encouraged a greater amount of imports to the colonies to decrease the manufacturing capability of the colonies.
These economic and social reforms increased the limitations for colonists to produce crops and changed their economy.
Another factor considered by scholars is the major political reforms that the Spanish government forced on the colonies.
In order for Spain to benefit economically from the colonies, it needed stricter control over their government.
These political changes were also part of the Bourbon Reforms.
Some historians such as Brian Hamnett believe that it was the age-long battle between “absolutism versus the unwritten constitution” of New Granada that spurred on the colonists.
He believes that the imperialism of the Spanish home country and its dependence upon the colonies contributed for the need of the colonies’ “decentralization.” He states that the revolt was started, not with the goal of an independence movement, political freedom and self-government, but only with the hope of reversing the reforms.