community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: How are cowboy boots designed?
About the article "Equestrianism", section ""Western" riding".

Candidate passages:
 Combat boots - military boots designed for soldiers Cowboy boots - riding boots historically worn by cowboys Wellington boots - waterproof, almost knee-high boots made from rubber or PVC  
New Rock products include 'Gothic' boots and shoes, motorcycle style boots, Western/cowboy boots, high-heeled boots, formal shoes and boots, and New Rock trainers.
Gothic musician Voltaire mentions New Rock products as a symbol of uniformity in "The Industrial Revolution (And How It Ruined My Life)."
There are a wide variety of different types of shoes.
Most types of shoes are designed for specific activities.
For example, boots are typically designed for work or heavy outdoor use.
Athletic shoes are designed for particular sports such as running, walking, or other sports.
Some shoes are designed to be worn at more formal occasions, and others are designed for casual wear.
There are also a wide variety of shoes designed for different types of dancing.
Orthopedic shoes are special types of footwear designed for individuals with particular foot problems or special needs.
Other animals, such as dogs and horses, may also wear special shoes to protect their feet as well.
Depending on the activity for which they are designed, some types of footwear may fit into multiple categories.
For example, Cowboy boots are considered boots, but may also be worn in more formal occasions and used as dress shoes.
Hiking boots incorporate many of the protective features of boots, but also provide the extra flexibility and comfort of many athletic shoes.
Flip-flops are considered casual footwear, but have also been worn in formal occasions, such as visits to the White House. 
The Lucchese Boot Company () is an American retailer of cowboy boots. 
Combat boots are military boots designed to be worn by soldiers during actual combat or combat training as opposed to during parades and other ceremonial duties.
Modern combat boots are designed to provide a combination of grip, ankle stability, and foot protection suitable to a rugged environment.
They are traditionally made of hardened, sometimes waterproofed leather.
Today, many combat boots incorporate many technologies originating in civilian hiking boots, such as Gore-Tex nylon side panels, which improve ventilation and comfort.
They are also often specialized for certain climates and conditions, such as jungle boots, desert boots, and cold weather boots as well as specific uses, such as tanker boots and jump boots.
Question: How do nucleosides form?
About the article "Biomolecule", section "Nucleosides and nucleotides".

Candidate passages:
Denufosol consists of two nucleosides (composed of a nucleobase and a sugar each), 2'-desoxycytidine and uridine, linked by four units of phosphoric acid.
It is used in form of its tetrasodium salt. 
Angustmycins are bio-active nucleosides. 
Transglycosylation, which involves the reversible transfer of a sugar moiety from one heterocyclic base to another, is effective for the conversion of pyrimidine nucleosides to purine nucleosides.
Most other transglycosylation reactions are low yielding due to a small thermodynamic difference between equilibrating nucleosides.
Deoxyribose-derived electrophiles are unable to form the cyclic cation 1; as a result, the stereoselective synthesis of deoxyribonucleosides is more difficult than the synthesis of ribonucleosides.
One solution to this problem involves the synthesis of a ribonucleoside, followed by protection of the 3'- and 5'-hydroxyl groups, removal of the 2'-hydroxyl group through a Barton deoxygenation, and deprotection. 
Purinergic signalling (or signaling: "see American and British English differences") is a form of extracellular signalling mediated by purine nucleotides and nucleosides such as adenosine and ATP, leading to the activation of purinergic receptors in the cell and/or in nearby cells, thereby regulating cellular functions. 
Arabinosyl nucleosides are derivatives of the nucleosides.
They contain – in contrast to most nucleosides – instead of the β-D-Ribofuranose the β-D-Arabinofuranose.
They are mostly used as cytostatics or virostatics.
Question: Who was the critic from Entertainment Weekly that gave negative reviews of Family Guy?
About the article "Family Guy", section "Criticism and controversy".

Candidate passages:
Based on 15 critic reviews (5 positive, 7 mixed and 3 negative) "Chasing Madoff" received a Metascore of 51 out of 100 on Metacritic.
Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ rating. 
Critical reception was predominantly negative and review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes hosts three reviews for "Incubus", all negative.
Dread Central, Entertainment Weekly, and DVD Talk all gave negative reviews for "Incubus", all of whom heavily criticized Reid's acting in the film. 
Rogers' debut album received a four-star review from Allmusic critic Richard Foss, who said that it showed country and bluegrass influences with "delightful twists".
Her self-titled second album was also met with favorable reviews.
"Country Standard Time" critic Norm Rosenfield also described "Tammy Rogers" favorably, with his review noting the multiple guest musicians and prominent bluegrass influence.
Tony Scherman of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a B+ rating, saying that Rogers sounded like a "less-ethereal Alison Krauss".
"Country Standard Time" critic Dan Williams also compared Rogers to Krauss in his review of "The Speed of Love", saying that she sounded like Krauss' "less tradition-bound older sister", and that her "achingly sweet soprano" made even the weaker tracks "consistently listenable". 
Although Guy Pearce's role was generally well received, critical reception of the film itself ranged from mixed to negative.
The film earned a score of 48 out of 100 from 32 critics on review aggregate website Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.
It also garnered 38% approval from 114 critics on Rotten Tomatoes – an average score of 5 out of 10 – whose consensus reads: "Guy Pearce does the best he can with what he's given, but "Lockout" is ultimately too derivative and shallow to build on the many sci-fi thrillers it borrows from."
CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a "B−" on an A+ to F scale.
Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a C grade, writing: ""Lockout" floats like space junk in the final frontier."
"Boxoffice" reported the film was, "A sleek, slick and shameless rip-off of John Carpenter's Snake Plissken films "Escape from New York" and "Escape from L.A."" 
Critical reception.
The show's early reviews were mixed.
It scored an average of 44 on Metacritic based on 15 reviews.
An "Entertainment Weekly" critic wrote of the opening episodes: "At times relatably funny: The rules of one-night stands can be fairly confusing.
But other times, characters say things like 'Who is that mansicle?'"
Others were praising the performance of Milano but gave a negative review of the show, like "USA Today": "As terrible as "Romantically" is, it is in the end more puzzling than insulting.
Why would any studio or network waste a star like Milano on a show that would seem to have virtually no chance of survival?"
Question: What is the process aspect of computer programming?
About the article "Computer science", section "Education".

Candidate passages:
Computer programming – process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs, which is written in one or more programming languages. 
In aspect-oriented computer programming, a pointcut is a set of join points.  
Computer programming is the iterative process of writing or editing source code.
Editing source code involves testing, analyzing, refining, and sometimes coordinating with other programmers on a jointly developed program.
A person who practices this skill is referred to as a computer programmer, software developer, and sometimes coder.
The sometimes lengthy process of computer programming is usually referred to as software development.
The term software engineering is becoming popular as the process is seen as an engineering discipline. 
Halide is a computer programming language designed specifically to make easy write high-performance image processing code, automating the process of parallelization algorithm. 
 "Aspects redirects here.
For the musical group, see Aspects (band)" Aspect may be: Aspect (computer programming), a feature that is linked to many parts of a program, but which is not necessarily the primary function of the program.
Grammatical aspect, in linguistics, a component of the conjugation of a verb, having to do with the internal temporal flow of an event Lexical aspect, in linguistics, a distinction among different kinds of verb according to their relation to time Astrological aspect, the relative angle between two heavenly bodies Aspect (geography), the direction in which a slope faces Aspect (trade union), a trade union in the United Kingdom  An anatomic term, see Anatomical terms of location Aspect (Dungeons & Dragons), aspect refers to a figure which is the representation of a god Companies: Aspect Co., a Japanese video game company Warner Aspect, an imprint of the publishing company Warner Books, focusing on works of science fiction People: Alain Aspect, a French physicist Aspect may also refer to: In railway signalling, the aspect is the number of lights on a signal, and their state.
For example, the standard three-light traffic signal is a three-aspect signal.
Question: What was the worldwide gross for The Matrix?
About the article "The Matrix", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
"It Might Get Loud" opened at #37 (shown in 7 theaters with $13,240 average) and took in a gross income of $92,679 in the opening weekend.
The final domestic gross income was $1,610,163 while the foreign gross income was far lower at $197,343 for a worldwide gross income of $1,807,506. 
Box office.
"Derailed" opened in 2,443 theaters for an opening weekend gross of $12,211,986.
The film made a domestic gross of $36,024,076 and an international gross of $21,455,000, giving it a worldwide gross of $57,479,076. 
"Lage Raho Munna Bhai" was the third highest grossing Bollywood film of 2006, earning gross in India alone, and was rated a "Blockbuster".
It was also financially successful overseas, earning gross in the United Kingdom, gross in North America, and gross for the rest of the overseas proceeds, for a total of .
Its total worldwide lifetime gross is . 
One of the first amino acid substitution matrices, the PAM "(Point Accepted Mutation)" matrix was developed by Margaret Dayhoff in the 1970s.
This matrix is calculated by observing the differences in closely related proteins.
The PAM1 matrix estimates what rate of substitution would be expected if 1% of the amino acids had changed.
The PAM1 matrix is used as the basis for calculating other matrices by assuming that repeated mutations would follow the same pattern as those in the PAM1 matrix, and multiple substitutions can occur at the same site.
Using this logic, Dayhoff derived matrices as high as PAM250.
Usually the PAM 30 and the PAM70 are used.
A matrix for divergent sequences can be calculated from a matrix for closely related sequences by taking the second matrix to a power.
For instance, we can roughly approximate the WIKI2 matrix from the WIKI1 matrix by saying formula_11 where formula_12 is WIKI1 and formula_13 is WIKI2.
This is how the PAM250 matrix is calculated. 
Box Office.
The film was number one at the Turkish box office for two weeks running and has made a total worldwide gross of $9,146,764.
Question: What was the video game version of The Godfather released?
About the article "The Godfather", section "Video game".

Candidate passages:
The Godfather Saga is a TV miniseries that combines "The Godfather" and "The Godfather Part II" into one film.
It originally aired on NBC over four consecutive nights (one three-hour segment and three two-hour segments) in November 1977.
"The Godfather Saga" is also known as The Godfather: The Complete Novel For Television, The Godfather: A Novel for Television, and The Godfather Novella.
The television version was the basis for a shorter, 1981 video release known as The Godfather 1902–1959: The Complete Epic.
Following the release of "The Godfather Part III" in 1990, a third unified version was released to video in 1992 entitled The Godfather Trilogy: 1901–1980. 
The video game based on the film was released in April 2009 by Electronic Arts. 
In March 2006, a video game version of "The Godfather" was released by Electronic Arts.
Before his death, Marlon Brando provided voice work for Vito; however, owing to poor sound quality from Brando's failing health, only parts of the recordings could be used.
A sound-alike's voice had to be used in the "missing parts".
James Caan, Robert Duvall, and Abe Vigoda lent their voices and likenesses as well, and several other "Godfather" cast members had their likeness in the game.
However, Al Pacino's likeness and voice (Michael Corleone) was not in the game as Al Pacino sold his likeness and voice exclusively for use in the "" video game.
Francis Ford Coppola said in April 2005 that he was not informed and did not approve of Paramount allowing the game's production, and openly criticized the move.
 "The Godfather" video game series: *"", a 2006 video game based on the Puzo novel and film *"The Godfather II" (video game), a 2009 video game based on the second film  
In addition to the three films that were released to theaters, three compilations were created by Coppola and editors Barry Malkin and Walter Murch: "The Godfather Saga" (1977) – a 7-hour television miniseries based on the first two films, and incorporating additional footage that was not included in the theatrical releases.
"The Godfather 1902–1959: The Complete Epic" (1981) – a version of "The Godfather Saga" that was released to video (VHS format).
"The Godfather Trilogy: 1901–1980" (1992) – a 10-hour compilation released directly to video (VHS and LaserDisc formats) in 1992 and 1997.
It encompasses all three films, and again incorporates footage that was not included in the theatrical releases, more additional footage than either the "Saga" or "Epic" had previously included.
Question: What studio was once located where Hell's Kitchen is now filmed?
About the article "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)", section "Setting".

Candidate passages:
Hell's Kitchen Park is small park in Hell's Kitchen in Manhattan, New York City. 
For the show's first two seasons, the "Hell's Kitchen" restaurant set itself was housed in the former studios of Los Angeles television station KCOP at 915 North La Brea Avenue, in Hollywood, which at one time hosted production of game shows "Tic Tac Dough" and "The Joker's Wild".
Originally the studio was put up for sale, but in the end they were retooled for the production of "Hell's Kitchen".
The dining room area was the location of the former KCOP news studios, and living quarters for the contestants were built on behind the restaurant.
Before season three, the Hell's Kitchen facility was moved to Century Studios at 3322 La Cienega Place in Los Angeles.
Since the fourth season, Hell's Kitchen's venue has been located at 8660 Hayden Place in Culver City.
According to Arthur Perkins, the soundstage is only open for audience members when filming is taking place.
The studio sits on the former location of the famous RKO Forty Acres backlot, which was used in movies such as Gone With The Wind and television series such as "The Andy Griffith Show" and "The Adventures of Superman".
The studio building sits on the location of the military camp seen in the television series "Gomer Pyle U.S.M.C.
".
This article contains contestant information and episode summaries from Season 3 of the American competitive reality television series "Hell's Kitchen".
Cast during February 2007, the third season started airing on the Fox television network on June 4, 2007 and concluded on August 13, 2007.
The Hell's Kitchen set moved from a building at LaBrea and Willoughby, where it was located for seasons one and two, to a Century Studios building on La Cienega Place, off West Jefferson Blvd for season three.
During Episode 9 (aired July 30, 2007), a casting call was announced for the fourth season of the show.
This was the first "Hell's Kitchen" season to be filmed in high definition.
The season finale was a record high for the show's ratings, drawing 9.8 million viewers.
Executive Chef Rahman "Rock" Harper won the season and was awarded a US$250,000 per year head-chef position at a restaurant in the Green Valley Ranch resort and spa in Henderson, Nevada, near Las Vegas. 
This season was filmed in the warehouse district in Culver City, California. 
"Hell's Kitchen" is a 1939 Warner Bros. film starring Ronald Reagan and The Dead End Kids.
Question: What year was Forrest Gump released on VHS tape?
About the article "Forrest Gump", section "Home media".

Candidate passages:
"Forrest Gump" was first released on VHS tape on April 27, 1995, as a two-disc Laserdisc set on April 28, 1995, (including the "Through the Eyes of Forrest" special feature), before being released in a two-disc DVD set on August 28, 2001.
Special features included director and producer commentaries, production featurettes, and screen tests.
The film was released on Blu-ray disc in November 2009.
Forrest Gump is the soundtrack album based on the Academy Award- and Golden Globe-winning film, "Forrest Gump", and contains music from many well-known artists.
The score, composed by Alan Silvestri, was released separately (as "Forrest Gump – Original Motion Picture Score") on the same day.
The album was reissued in 2001 with additional tracks. 
"Babes in Arms" was released on VHS tape in 1992. 
A VHS tape (""Muddy Puddles"") was released on 7 February 2005, a VHS tape (""Flying a Kite"") was released on 4 July 2005 and a VHS tape (""New Shoes"") was released on 7 November 2005 (i.e.
the VHS tapes were released on the same dates as the corresponding primary DVD's).
Another VHS tape (""Polly Parrot"") has also been released. 
"The Comic" was produced on a VHS tape published by RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video (Burbank, CA) in 1986 ().
Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment also released a VHS edition the same year (ISBN 0800132823).
Question: What actor plays D.A Dan Russell?
About the article "Body of Proof", section "Recurring cast".

Candidate passages:
He is the father of actor Paul Johansson, who plays Dan Scott in American TV show One Tree Hill, and comedian Pete Johansson. 
Dan Sultan is an Australian singer and songwriter.
Sultan plays what he calls country soul rock ‘n’ roll. 
Peter Brown (born October 5, 1935) is an American television actor known for his four-year role as young Deputy Johnny McKay opposite John Russell as Marshal Dan Troop in the 1958-1962 ABC/Warner Brothers western television series, "Lawman". 
Dan Lorge is a voice actor. 
Darren Andrew "D.A."
Points (born December 1, 1976) is an American professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour.
Question: Is Venezuela urbanized?
About the article "Venezuela", section "Demographics".

Candidate passages:
Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas, which is also the largest city.
About 93% of the population lives in urban areas in northern Venezuela; 73% live less than from the coastline.
Though almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans live there.
The largest and most important city south of the Orinoco is Ciudad Guayana, which is the sixth most populous conurbation.
Other major cities include Barquisimeto, Valencia, Maracay, Maracaibo, Mérida, San Cristóbal and Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz.
The United States Census Bureau defines an Urbanized Area to be "one or more places ('central place') and the adjacent densely settled surrounding territory ('urban fringe') that together have a minimum of 50,000 persons."
There are a number of rules specifying what is included in the urban fringe, but it "generally consists of contiguous territory having a density of at least 1,000 persons per square mile".
Urbanized Areas often form the cores of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and as they comprise census tracts rather than local political subdivisions (counties, in Florida), they are generally smaller than the corresponding Metropolitan Statistical Area.
A Metropolitan Statistical Area may have more than one Urbanized Area within its boundaries, and an Urbanized Area may extend into more than one Metropolitan Statistical Area.
As of 2010, the US Census Bureau has defined thirty Urbanized Areas in Florida.
Davao Region is subdivided into 5 provinces, 5 component cities, and 1 highly-urbanized city. 
In Venezuela it is known as Chinchurria and is roasted. 
South Cotabato is subdivided into 10 municipalities, 1 Component City and 1 Highly Urbanized City.
Question: What measurement charts the movement of systems across the Milky Way?
About the article "Astronomy", section "Astrometry and celestial mechanics".

Candidate passages:
There are many myths and legends about the origin of the Milky Way, the crowd of stars that makes a distinctive bright streak across the night sky. 
One of the oldest fields in astronomy, and in all of science, is the measurement of the positions of celestial objects.
Historically, accurate knowledge of the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars has been essential in celestial navigation (the use of celestial objects to guide navigation) and in the making of calendars.
Careful measurement of the positions of the planets has led to a solid understanding of gravitational perturbations, and an ability to determine past and future positions of the planets with great accuracy, a field known as celestial mechanics.
More recently the tracking of near-Earth objects will allow for predictions of close encounters, and potential collisions, with the Earth.
The measurement of stellar parallax of nearby stars provides a fundamental baseline in the cosmic distance ladder that is used to measure the scale of the universe.
Parallax measurements of nearby stars provide an absolute baseline for the properties of more distant stars, as their properties can be compared.
Measurements of radial velocity and proper motion plot the movement of these systems through the Milky Way galaxy.
Astrometric results are the basis used to calculate the distribution of dark matter in the galaxy.
During the 1990s, the measurement of the stellar wobble of nearby stars was used to detect large extrasolar planets orbiting nearby stars.
s and kiloparsecs.
Distances expressed in "parsecs" (pc) include distances between nearby stars, such as those in the same spiral arm or globular cluster.
A distance of parsecs ( light-years) is commonly denoted by the "kiloparsec" (kpc).
Astronomers typically use kiloparsecs to express distances between parts of a galaxy, or within groups of galaxies.
So, for example:  One parsec is approximately 3.26 light-years.
The nearest known star to the Earth, other than the Sun, Proxima Centauri, is 1.30 parsecs (4.24 light-years) away, by direct parallax measurement.
The distance to the open cluster Pleiades is 130 ± 10 pc (420 ± 32.6 light-years) from us, per Hipparcos parallax measurement.
The center of the Milky Way is more than 8 kiloparsecs () from the Earth, and the Milky Way is roughly 34 kpc () across.
The Andromeda Galaxy (M31) is ~780 kpc (~2.5 million light-years) away from the Earth.  
The following are old systems of measurement in Austria. 
Mythology among cultures.
Ancient Armenian mythology called the Milky Way the "Straw Thief's Way".
According to legend, the god Vahagn stole some straw from the Assyrian king Barsham and brought it to Armenia during a cold winter.
When he fled across the heavens, he spilled some of the straw along the way.