Question: What do you call variables that are chosen ahead of time?
About the article "Thermodynamics", section "Dependent and independent variables for a process".

Candidate passages:
In computer programming, a global variable is a variable with global scope, meaning that it is visible (hence accessible) throughout the program, unless shadowed.
The set of all global variables is known as the "global environment" or "global state."
In compiled languages, global variables are generally static variables, whose extent (lifetime) is the entire runtime of the program, though in interpreted languages (including command-line interpreters), global variables are generally dynamically allocated when declared, since they are not known ahead of time.
In some languages, all variables are global, or global by default, while in most modern languages variables have limited scope, generally lexical scope, though global variables are often available by declaring a variable at the top level of the program.
In other languages, however, global variables do not exist; these are generally modular programming languages that enforce a module structure, or class-based object-oriented programming languages that enforce a class structure. 
This variation of Euchre is played with a regular deck and 4 players.
The player left of the dealer calls trump before the cards are dealt.
If the top card matches what the player has "predicted" that is automatically trump and that player gets the card and discards one, not the dealer.
If any other suit comes up other than the "predicted" trump the 2 other players and dealer have the option of either "ordering it up" or "pick it up".
Game continues as normal.
When calling trump ahead of time you can decide to "go alone" but you can not change your mind after you see your cards.
If you get all 5 tricks you receive 5 points.
If you call trump ahead of time and call "for the game", you are going alone plus you play all your cards face down.
If you get all five tricks (good luck) you receive 10 points and win the game.
If at anytime you go alone and do not at least get 3 tricks it is called getting "Larried". 
For the novice, pie menus are easy because they are a self-revealing gestural interface: They show what you can do and direct you how to do it.
By clicking and popping up a pie menu, looking at the labels, moving the pointer in the desired direction, then clicking to make a selection, you learn the menu and practice the gesture to "mark ahead" ("mouse ahead" in the case of a mouse, "wave ahead" in the case of a dataglove).
With a little practice, it becomes quite easy to mark ahead even through nested pie menus.
For the expert, they're efficient because—without even looking—you can move in any direction, and mark ahead so fast that the menu doesn't even pop up.
Only when used more slowly like a traditional menu, does a pie menu pop up on the screen, to reveal the available selections.
Most importantly, novices soon become experts, because every time you select from a pie menu, you practice the motion to mark ahead, so you naturally learn to do it by feel.
As Jaron Lanier of VPL Research has remarked, "The mind may forget, but the body remembers."
Pie menus take advantage of the body's ability to remember muscle motion and direction, even when the mind has forgotten the corresponding symbolic labels. 
Communication is the top quality that employers look for.
Effective business communication starts by asking the right questions to understand the customer’s needs and wants to be able to recommend a product or service customized to the customer.
One good tip would be to speak, pause, and listen.
Communicate what you need and then pause to let the recipient process and respond to the information.
With an average of 1800 messages being sent by workers through memos, telephone, email, faxes, and face to face, it is important to listen and pay attention to the recipient and send your information clearly.
All in all, to be effective in business communication you need to be clear, brief, focused, and committed You make an impression on everyone with the way you handle your communication skills from your voice to your body language.
Face-to-face CommunicationFace-to-face communication helps to establish a personal connection and will help sell the product or service to the customer.
These interactions can portray a whole different message than written communication as tone, pitch, and body language is observed.
Information is easier to access and delivered immediately with these interactions rather than waiting for an email or phone call.
Conflicts are also easily resolved this way as verbal and non-verbal cues are observed and acted upon.
Communicating professional is very important as you are representing the company.
Speak clearly and ask questions to understand the needs and wants, let the recipient respond as you resolve the issue.
Decisions are made more confidently during a face-to-face interaction as the recipient asks questions to understand and move forward with their decision.
Email CommunicationWhen using email to communicate in the business world it is important to be careful how things are worded.
Miscommunication is very frequent as the reader doesn’t know what non-verbal cues you are giving off, such as the pitch, tone, or expressions.
Before beginning an email make sure the email address you are using is appropriate and professional as well as the message you are going to send.
Again, make sure the information is clear and to the point so the recipient isn’t confused.
Make sure you include your signature, title, and other contact information at the end.
Telephone CommunicationWhen making a business call make it clear who you are and where you are from as well as your message when on the phone.
Smile and have a positive attitude as the recipient will be able to read you and that will affect how they react.
When leaving a message, make sure you are clear and brief.
State your name and who you are and why you are calling them as well as contact information.
If replying to a voicemail try to respond as soon as possible and take into consideration the time of day.
Don’t call to early or too late, as it is important to respect other’s time.
Also be mindful of where you are and the noise level as well as the people you are around when trying to reach someone by phone.
When making sales call, hope for the person you are trying to connect to does not answer the phone.
Leave up to five enticing messages and your target audience will be ready to speak to you when you either get a call back or your call and reach the person.
The enticing message prepares the person to speak with you.
It may be that the person is not interested based on what you have said in each voice message.
Don't worry, you have not wasted your time.
Always be polite and accept that you have many more to call.
If you do reach the individual you might ask if there might be someone better suited for your program.
If you have reached the correct person and they accept your call you will be way ahead of any competition because you have handled the call appropriately.
If you are calling and leaving voice messages include your time of availability for call backs.
There is nothing worst than a call back coming to you and you are not available.
Use the telephone as a great communication tool.
Be polite and always put yourself in the other person's position.
For more tips on making business calls and leaving enticing messages see Harlan J Brown's book on Telephone Participation.
Memorandum CommunicationMemorandums are straight to the point and used within a company to communicate information to individuals or departments.
Make sure the memo includes a subject and stays brief but to the point.
Include what the recipient needs to do after reading the memo and a signature or initials of whom it is from.
Business memos should have a center title in uppercase and to, from, and date aligned to the left.
To begin, state the problem, and then discuss the causes of the problem and why it exists, and end with what to do to solve the problem while offering assistance. 
Lor (), also spelled lorh or loh, from Cantonese (囉, "lor"), is a casual, sometimes jocular way to assert upon the listener either direct observations or obvious inferences.
It also carries a sense of resignation, or alternatively, dismissiveness.
that "it happens this way and can't be helped":  If you don't do the work, then you die lor!
"If you don't do the work, then you're dead!"
Kay lor, you go and do what you want.
"Fine, go ahead and do what you want."
Dun have work to do, den go home lor.
"If you're done working, you should go home.
(What are you waiting for?)"
Ya lor."!
"Used when agreeing with someone"