community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: In electrochemistry, what is the procedure used on a Neutral medium?
About the article "Electrochemistry", section "Neutral medium".

Candidate passages:
The same procedure as used on acid medium is applied, for example on balancing using electron ion method to complete combustion of propane.
"Unbalanced reaction": C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
"Reduction": 4 H+ + O2 + 4 e– → 2 H2O
"Oxidation": 6 H2O + C3H8 → 3 CO2 + 20 e– + 20 H+
As in acid and basic medium, electrons which were used to compensate oxidation changes are multiplied to opposite half reactions, thus solving the equation.
20 H+ + 5 O2 + 20 e– → 10 H2O
6 H2O + C3H8 → 3 CO2 + 20 e– + 20 H+
Equation balanced:
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Concentration polarization is a term used in the scientific fields of electrochemistry and membrane science. 
Magnetoelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry dealing with magnetic effects in electrochemistry. 
Often the term is used to indicate an ion that is present in a solution but is not redox active.
For example when studying the electrochemistry of ferrocenium (FeCp2+), the counteranion (typically BF4- or PF6-) has only a small effect on the redox potential.
Redox potentials are however influenced by ion pairing, an effect that is accentuated in solvents of low dielectric constant. 
The Journal of Applied Electrochemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering electrochemistry, focusing on technologically orientated aspects.
A major topic of the journal is the application of electrochemistry to technological development and practice.
Subjects covered are cell design, electrochemical reaction engineering, corrosion, hydrometallurgy, the electrochemical treatment of effluents, molten salt and solid state electrochemistry, solar cells, new battery systems, and surface finishing.
Question: Estonian youth demonstrated on what day?
About the article "Dissolution of the Soviet Union", section "Estonia – the first demonstrations".

Candidate passages:
 "Eesti mees, eesti naine!
"(Estonian man, Estonian woman!)
was the starting phrase of the speeches and articles by the leaders of the Vaps movement.
"Meie olukord on sitt, aga see on meie tuleviku väetis" (The situation is shitty, but this is the fertilizer of our future) by President of Estonia Lennart Meri in 1997.
"Ükskord me võidame, niikuinii!"
(One day we will win, no matter what!)
Heinz Valk's famous phrase during the Singing Revolution  
Sirk died after a fall from a hotel window in Echternach in circumstances that have remained suspicious for some commentators to this day.
Estonian historians including Pusta and Tomingas have argued that the death was an act of defenestration by agents of Päts, although local police in Luxembourg stated that it was a suicide.
Sirk's funeral was held in Helsinki on 9 October.
The eulogy was delivered by Elias Simojoki whilst hundreds of members of Simojoki's "Sinimustat" youth movement and the Academic Karelia Society were in attendance.
August Jääger, an Estonian nationalist in attendance, blamed Sirk's death on the Estonian government, helping to begin the historical debate over the death. 
Those seeking to become Estonian citizens via naturalisation require to fulfill the following criteria:  applicant is aged 15 or over  resided in Estonia legally for at least eight years and from that last five years permanent stay in Estonia  be familiar in the Estonian language.
People who have graduated from an Estonian-speaking high school or an institute of higher education are assumed to fulfill this criterion without the need to take a full examination.
take an examination demonstrating familiarity with the Estonian Constitution  showing a demonstrated means of support  taking an oath of loyalty Those who have committed serious crimes or are foreign military personnel on active duty are ineligible to seek naturalisation as an Estonian citizen. 
Youth Day is celebrated on March 12. 
Võro is a descendant of the old South Estonian regional language and is the least influenced by Standard Estonian (which is based on Northern Estonian dialects).
Võro was once spoken further south and east of historical Võromaa in South Estonian-speaking enclaves Lutsi, Leivu and Kraasna in what is now Latvia and Russia.
In addition to Võro, other contemporary variants of South Estonian include the Mulgi, Tartu and Seto language or dialect.
One of the earliest written evidences of South Estonian is a translation of the New Testament ("Wastne Testament") published in 1686.
Although the status of South Estonian began to diminish after the 1880s, the language began to undergo a revival in the late 1980s.
Question: What date did Transformers: The Ride open?
About the article "Universal Studios Hollywood", section "Attraction history".

Candidate passages:
Being a Hasbro only release, he did not appear in the "" anime series.
This toy did not receive any official bio from Hasbro either, so it is unknown who he is and what his personality is like. 
Although the animated Transformers series was canceled before Leadfoot was released, Leadfoot did appear briefly in animated for in Transformers commercials.
He was voiced by Garry Chalk, who went on to become a prolific Transformers voice actor. 
Japan did not receive the following Pretenders: 
There is some debate over what year the ride actually opened to the public.
Some historical accounts claim the ride was built and opened in 1925.
Others claim that the ride was built in 1925, but did not open until 1926, and still others find that the ride was built and opened in 1926.
To satisfy all three claims, the park celebrated the ride's 80th anniversary in 2006 as well as 2005.
A rare photo of the ride has been recovered which clearly states that the photo was taken in 1925, however whether or not the Big Dipper has been completely built or even opened cannot be ascertained from the photograph. 
According to an interview with producer Tom DeSanto published in issue #15 of the "Transformers Collectors Club" magazine, the original lineup pitched for the Decepticons in the live-action "Transformers" film was Megatron, Starscream, Soundwave, Ravage, Laserbeak, Rumble, Skywarp and Shockwave.
Rumble did not make it to the final list; Frenzy did instead.
Question: What illness caused Greene's death in "The Shawshank Redemption"?
About the article "The Shawshank Redemption", section "Production".

Candidate passages:
 Samuel Norton ("The Shawshank Redemption") shoots himself  
Samuel Norton may refer to: Samuel Norton, character in "The Shawshank Redemption" Samuel Tilden Norton  
Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption is a novella by Stephen King, from his collection "Different Seasons" (1982), subtitled "Hope Springs Eternal".
It was adapted for the screen in 1994 as "The Shawshank Redemption", which was nominated for seven Academy Awards in 1994, including Best Picture.
In 2009, it was adapted for the stage as the play "The Shawshank Redemption".
The novella's plotline is heavily based on "God Sees the Truth, But Waits" by Leo Tolstoy. 
In the 1994 film "The Shawshank Redemption" (1994), Red crosses the U.S. border into Mexico at Fort Hancock to join his friend, Andy, who earlier escaped from Shawshank Prison and fled to Mexico via Fort Hancock. 
 "The Shawshank Redemption" *Stephen King (author); Frank Darabont (screenwriter)
Question: Who is Seaworld's spokesperson?
About the article "SeaWorld", section "Drive hunt captures".

Candidate passages:
"Shamu's Deep Sea Adventures" is a video game linked to SeaWorld's popular Shamu orca shows.
The game was released on November 1, 2005 and is available for GameCube, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2, and Xbox. 
SeaWorld Orlando is a theme park, and marine-life based zoological park, in Orlando, Florida.
It is owned and operated by SeaWorld Entertainment, a subsidiary of Blackstone Group.
When combined with its neighbor Discovery Cove and Aquatica, it forms Seaworld Parks and Resorts Orlando, an entertainment complex consisting of the three parks and many neighboring hotels.
In 2010, SeaWorld Orlando hosted an estimated 5.1 million guests, ranking it the ninth-most visited amusement park in the United States.
However, SeaWorld's owners have challenged the estimated figures in the past; in 2007, the estimate was 5.8 million guests, while the park's internal data, normally not released to the public, was closer to 6.2 million guests.
A spokesperson for then-owner Busch Entertainment Corporation disagreed with the report, saying, "They are wrong across the board."
On December 7, 2010, TMZ reported that PETA and Mötley Crüe member Tommy Lee sent a letter to Terry Prather, SeaWorld's president, referencing SeaWorld's announcement regarding limiting human contact with Tilikum.
In the letter, Lee refers to Tilikum as SeaWorld's "Chief Sperm Bank" and asserts that "we know from SeaWorld's own director of safety (as well as videos on the web)" that SeaWorld obtains sperm from Tilikum by having a person "get into the pool and masturbate him with a cow's vagina filled with hot water" which constitutes continued human contact.
The letter implores SeaWorld to release Tilikum from his tank stating "I hope it doesn't take another tragic death for SeaWorld to realize it shouldn't frustrate these smart animals by keeping them in tanks".
On December 8, 2010, the SeaWorld VP of Communications responded to Mr. Lee's letter via E!
News, stating that PETA's facts were not only inaccurate, but that SeaWorld trainers "do not now, nor have they ever entered the water with Tilikum for this purpose.
"Tilikum and the captivity of other orcas is the main subject of the documentary film "Blackfish", which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2013.
The film and a subsequent online petition have led to several popular musical groups cancelling performances at SeaWorld and Busch Gardens "Bands, Brew & BBQ" event in 2014. 
SeaWorld's "Wild Arctic" exhibit is currently home to two polar bears named Snowflake (F) and Szenja (F).
Snowflake, born November 28, 1995 came from the Buffalo Zoo in New York.
The park's other polar bear, Szenja recently returned from a breeding loan at the Pittsburgh Zoo.
The polar bear exhibit is the only non-fish exhibit to have live fish in the aquarium. 
Greg LeMond, three-time Tour de France winner, is the national spokesperson.
Question: What is the film Captain Phillips?
About the article "Captain Phillips (film)", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
 Castellano is portrayed by actor Yul Vazquez in the 2013 film, "Captain Phillips".  
 Howard is featured in the 2013 film, "Captain Phillips".  
Oliver Tarney is a Supervising Sound Editor and Sound Designer (filmmaking).
Tarney is nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing for the 2013 film "Captain Phillips".
and was nominated for two BAFTA's for Best Sound, in 2007 for "United 93" and in 2014 for "Captain Phillips" 
Chris Burdon is a sound engineer.
Burdon and his fellow sound engineers are nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound for the 2013 film "Captain Phillips". 
Mike Prestwood Smith is a sound engineer.
Smith and his fellow sound engineers are nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound for the 2013 film "Captain Phillips".
Question: What is the percentage of injured competitors?
About the article "Taekwondo", section "Safety".

Candidate passages:
Competitor indexing is a price setting technique used by marketers.
Generally, it involves using the price of competitors' products in determining the price of your own products.
Variations of this strategy include:  matching competitors price  setting price at an amount above competitors' price (say $5 more)  setting price at an amount below competitors' price (say $4 less)  setting price at a percentage above competitors' price (say 3% more)  setting price at a percentage below competitors' price (say 10% less)  setting price within a range of the competitors' price (say no more than 5% more and no less than 8% less than competitors price) This strategy is typically used by fringe firms, in an industry with one or two dominant companies (in fact, it is sometimes referred to as the "follow the leader strategy").
Its main advantage is ease of use.
Extensive marketing research and statistical analysis are not required.
The main disadvantage is that it is purely reactive.
Price cannot be used as a variable when constructing a marketing mix: it becomes a constant over which the firm has no control. 
The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games: 
The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games: 
The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games. 
The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games.
Question: What portion of GDP in the UK is expended on healthcare?
About the article "United Kingdom", section "Healthcare".

Candidate passages:
The healthcare proposals would require the National Assembly to approve a law that allocated sufficient financial resources to provide universal health insurance, and an annual increase of 0.5% in the share of GDP spent on healthcare until 2012 (or to a figure of at least 4% of GDP). 
In Poland, healthcare is delivered through a publicly funded healthcare system, which is free for all citizens, and this is enshrined in Article 68 of the Constitution of Poland.
Poland's expenditure on healthcare was 6.7% of GDP in 2012 or $900 per capita.
The public spending rate for Poland in 2012 was 72% - in line with the OECD average.
A number of private medical complexes also complement public healthcare institutions nationwide. 
The Congressional Budget Office reported in February 2013 that Medicare costs were 3.5% GDP in 2012, down from 3.7% GDP in 2011 but up from 2.2% GDP in 2000.
Medicaid costs were 1.6% GDP in 2012, down from 1.8% GDP in 2011 but up from 1.2% GDP in 2000.CBO projected in June 2012 that federal spending on healthcare programs will rise from 5.4% GDP in 2012 to 9.6% GDP by 2037.
This would be driven by a significant increase in the number of program beneficiaries due to the retirement of the Baby Boomers, along with healthcare cost inflation. 
Crookes Healthcare is a healthcare manufacturer based in Nottingham, UK.
It manufactures some of the most well-known health remedies and over-the-counter medicines (OTC) found in British chemists.
Around six hundred people work on the site. 
Healthcare overview.
China spent $97 billion, or 5.6% of its GDP, on healthcare in 2004.
As previously stated, public spending on healthcare remains low; public spending in 2004 accounted for only 17% of total healthcare expenditure while out-of-pocket expenses reached 53.6%.
Question: Describe a reef knot.
About the article "Sailing", section "Knots and line handling".

Candidate passages:
The Bourchier knot is shown in two forms: as a reef knot and as a granny knot. 
In knot theory, the square knot is a composite knot obtained by taking the connected sum of a trefoil knot with its reflection.
It is closely related to the granny knot, which is also a connected sum of two trefoils.
Because the trefoil knot is the simplest nontrivial knot, the square knot and the granny knot are the simplest of all composite knots.
The square knot is the mathematical version of the common reef knot. 
The granny knot is a binding knot, used to secure a rope or line around an object.
It is considered inferior to the reef knot (square knot), which it superficially resembles.
Neither of these knots should be used as a bend knot for attaching two ropes together.
When attempting to tie a reef knot, it is easy to produce a granny knot accidentally.
This is dangerous because the granny knot can slip when heavily loaded.
A tightened granny knot can also jam and is often more difficult to untie than the reef knot.
It is better to tie a reef knot in nearly all circumstances.
One way to distinguish them is that in the reef knot each loop passes completely over, or completely under (not through) the neck of the other.
The reef knot is commonly taught as "left over right, tuck under" then "right over left, tuck under".
The granny knot is the first step repeated twice, "left over right, tuck under".
This is a very common mistake made by people learning to tie a reef knot.
The knot is also called a granary knot, after its usage in loosely tying around the neck of a grain sack. 
The shoelace knot, also known as the bow knot, is a knot which is commonly used for tying shoelaces and bow-ties.
The shoelace knot is designed for quick release and easily comes untied when either of the working ends is pulled.
During the tying of the knot, the farther the loops are pulled, the shorter the working ends become.
The shoelace knot is a doubly slipped reef knot, the original being far harder to undo.
The shoelace knot differs from the reef knot by having the working ends pushed back through the knot, creating the loops which allow the knot to be untied so easily.
The two loops are sometimes referred to as "bunny ears", especially when the knot is being taught to young children. 
The reef knot or square knot is an ancient and simple binding knot used to secure a rope or line around an object.
Although the reef knot is often seen used for tying two ropes together, it is not recommended for this purpose due to potential instability of the knot, and over-use has resulted in many deaths.
A reef knot is formed by tying a left-handed overhand knot and then a right-handed overhand knot, or vice versa.
A common mnemonic for this procedure is "right over left; left over right", which is often appended with the rhyming suffix "... makes a knot both tidy and tight".
Two consecutive overhands of the same handedness will make a granny knot.
The working ends of the reef knot must emerge both at the top or both at the bottom, otherwise a thief knot results.
Question: When was the official announcement made for Before Midnight?
About the article "Before Midnight (film)", section "Production".

Candidate passages:
Mark Hoppus made an announcement via Twitter and on Blink-182's Facebook that a new song of the album called "After Midnight" would debut on Radio 1 for England and on the official web page for the rest of the world.
It premiered on the Zane Lowe's program on September 6 at 7:45 p.m.
The same day the band launched a minigame on a web page called get182.com, and consisted to get the number 182 to download the song.
"After Midnight" was played for the first time on the Honda Civic Tour along with "Ghost On The Dance Floor" before the release of the album.
The band also performed the song on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!"
on October 3, 2011, and on "Conan" on December 8, 2011. 
When the official announcement for Star Idol was made via Internet, an article posted asked for suggestions of the mascot.
It was later decided that a large red gorilla that resembled King Kong would become the official mascot for Star Idol. 
Capcom officially hinted at the game in early September 2009 when they opened a teaser site in their official Japanese website.
An official announcement was made on September 28, 2009, for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, with an arcade version initially only considered a possibility depending on fan support. 
Variations of midnight blue.
Dark midnight blue.
At right is displayed the dark shade of midnight blue that is called "midnight blue" in Crayola crayons.
Midnight blue has been an official Crayola color since 1958; before that, since having been formulated by Crayola in 1949, it was called Prussian blue. 
The first lineup was announced at midnight on 16 July.
The Red Hot Chili Peppers were announced shortly before the first lineup announcement.
Lucha VaVOOM was announced as a non-musical special guest.
Bold indicates headline act.
Question: When was the electron discovered?
About the article "Chemistry", section "Chemical structure".

Candidate passages:
The electron neutrino was discovered by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956. 
Discovered in 1937 by Robin Hill, Hill reagents allowed the discovery of electron transport chains during photosynthesis.
These are dyes that act as artificial electron acceptors, changing color when they are reduced.
Ex : 2,6 - dichlorophelindophenol (DCPIP) 
Evidence for electron-hole droplets was first observed by J. R. Haynes of Bell Labs in 1966, who observed a frequency shift in the spectrum radiated by silicon at low temperatures (~3 K).
The shift was attributed to the recombination of a bound state of two excitons (electron-hole pairs).
V. M. Asnin and A.
A. Rogachev discovered metallic conduction in germanium at low temperatures when the density of excitons exceeded the amount required to transition into a metallic state. 
The electron neutrino () is a subatomic lepton elementary particle which has no net electric charge.
Together with the electron it forms the first generation of leptons, hence its name "electron neutrino".
It was first hypothesized by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930, to account for missing momentum and missing energy in beta decay, and was discovered in 1956 by a team led by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines (see Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment). 
Clinton Joseph Davisson (October 22, 1881 – February 1, 1958), was an American physicist who won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of electron diffraction.
Davisson shared the Nobel Prize with George Paget Thomson, who independently discovered electron diffraction at about the same time as Davisson.
Question: How many different species live in Japan?
About the article "Japan", section "Biodiversity".

Candidate passages:
This order includes all the whales, toothed whales, and dolphins of the different waters.
Since they live in the ocean and travel a lot, it is hard to tell exactly how many species there are.
There are probably about 8, most which live in the Arctic Ocean, off Finland's northern coast. 
In the series, a wildfire has driven away many species of forest animals, who reluctantly must live uneasily with each other.
But seven young open-minded survivors taught by their mentor the Old Oak of the Forest, step forth to prove that the animals no matter how different they are from each other, can live and work together as a community in peace and friendship.
Frequently the rats cause trouble and inconvenience for the animals. 
  "Kiseki/Miracle Live" (CD, DVD and VCD, 2003)  "Twelve Girls Band Live at Budokan Japan 2004 (DVD, 2004)  "Journey to Silk Road" (VCD, 2005) Discography.
Live albums.
Most of these CDs were released in different versions for in the USA, China, Hong Kong and Macau, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Korea.
Please see the official individual album page for information on how the tracklist differs. 
 US/Japan CD-Single/US cassette tape  How Do I Live 4:28  How Do I Live Version 4:07 European CD single  How Do I Live Version 4:07  How Do I Live 4:28  She's in Love with the Boy 4:05  
The habitat for species in the "Saganoa" subgenus from Japan is caves and wells.
""Akiyoshia"" species from China live in streams.