Question: In which country were telescopes invented?
About the article "Telescope", section "Abstract".

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A telescope is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light).
The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses.
They found use in terrestrial applications and astronomy.
Within a few decades, the reflecting telescope was invented, which used mirrors.
In the 20th century many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s.
The word "telescope" now refers to a wide range of instruments detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.
The word ""telescope"" (from the Greek τῆλε, "tele" "far" and σκοπεῖν, "skopein" "to look or see"; τηλεσκόπος, "teleskopos" "far-seeing") was coined in 1611 by the Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei's instruments presented at a banquet at the Accademia dei Lincei.
In the "Starry Messenger", Galileo had used the term "perspicillum".
There were several key developments that led to the invention of the infrared telescope:  In 1800, William Herschel discovered infrared radiation.
In 1878, Samuel Pierpoint Langley created the first bolometer.
This was a very sensitive instrument that could electrically detect incredibly small changes in temperature in the infrared spectrum.
In the 1950s, scientists used lead-sulfide detectors to detect the infrared radiation from space.
These detectors were cooled with liquid nitrogen.
Between 1959 and 1961, Harold Johnson created near-infrared photometers which allowed scientists to measure thousands of stars.
In 1961, Frank Low invented the first germanium bolometer.
This invention, cooled by liquid helium, led the way for current infrared telescope development.
Infrared telescopes may be ground-based, air-borne, or space telescopes.
They contain an infrared camera with a special solid-state infrared detector which must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures.
Ground-based telescopes were the first to be used to observe outer space in infrared.
Their popularity increased in the mid-1960s.
Ground-based telescopes have limitations because water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere absorbs infrared radiation.
Ground-based infrared telescopes tend to be placed on high mountains and in very dry climates to improve visibility.
In the 1960s, scientists used balloons to lift infrared telescopes to higher altitudes.
With balloons, they were able to reach about 25 (40 km) miles up.
In 1967, infrared telescopes were placed on rockets.
These were the first air-borne infrared telescopes.
A more recent air-borne infrared telescope to reach the stratosphere was NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) in May 2010.
Together, United States scientists and the German Aerospace Center scientists placed a 17 ton infrared telescope on a Boeing 747 jet airplane.
Placing infrared telescopes in space completely eliminates the interference from the Earth's atmosphere.
One of the most significant infrared telescope projects was the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) that launched in 1983.
It revealed information about other galaxies, as well as information about the center of our galaxy the Milky Way.
NASA presently has solar-powered spacecraft in space with an infrared telescope called the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).
It was launched on December 14 in 2009. 
Single lenses have a variety of applications including photographic lenses, corrective lenses, and magnifying glasses while single mirrors are used in parabolic reflectors and rear-view mirrors.
Combining a number of mirrors, prisms, and lenses produces compound optical instruments which have practical uses.
For example, a periscope is simply two plane mirrors aligned to allow for viewing around obstructions.
The most famous compound optical instruments in science are the microscope and the telescope which were both invented by the Dutch in the late 16th century.
Microscopes were first developed with just two lenses: an objective lens and an eyepiece.
The objective lens is essentially a magnifying glass and was designed with a very small focal length while the eyepiece generally has a longer focal length.
This has the effect of producing magnified images of close objects.
Generally, an additional source of illumination is used since magnified images are dimmer due to the conservation of energy and the spreading of light rays over a larger surface area.
Modern microscopes, known as "compound microscopes" have many lenses in them (typically four) to optimize the functionality and enhance image stability.
A slightly different variety of microscope, the comparison microscope, looks at side-by-side images to produce a stereoscopic binocular view that appears three dimensional when used by humans.
The first telescopes, called "refracting telescopes" were also developed with a single objective and eyepiece lens.
In contrast to the microscope, the objective lens of the telescope was designed with a large focal length to avoid optical aberrations.
The objective focuses an image of a distant object at its focal point which is adjusted to be at the focal point of an eyepiece of a much smaller focal length.
The main goal of a telescope is not necessarily magnification, but rather collection of light which is determined by the physical size of the objective lens.
Thus, telescopes are normally indicated by the diameters of their objectives rather than by the magnification which can be changed by switching eyepieces.
Because the magnification of a telescope is equal to the focal length of the objective divided by the focal length of the eyepiece, smaller focal-length eyepieces cause greater magnification.
Since crafting large lenses is much more difficult than crafting large mirrors, most modern telescopes are "reflecting telescopes", that is, telescopes that use a primary mirror rather than an objective lens.
The same general optical considerations apply to reflecting telescopes that applied to refracting telescopes, namely, the larger the primary mirror, the more light collected, and the magnification is still equal to the focal length of the primary mirror divided by the focal length of the eyepiece.
Professional telescopes generally do not have eyepieces and instead place an instrument (often a charge-coupled device) at the focal point instead. 
  Shadow clocks invented in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia  
A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is an optical telescope which uses a single or combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image.
The reflecting telescope was invented in the 17th century as an alternative to the refracting telescope which, at that time, was a design that suffered from severe chromatic aberration.
Although reflecting telescopes produce other types of optical aberrations, it is a design that allows for very large diameter objectives.
Almost all of the major telescopes used in astronomy research are reflectors.
Reflecting telescopes come in many design variations and may employ extra optical elements to improve image quality or place the image in a mechanically advantageous position.
Since reflecting telescopes use mirrors, the design is sometimes referred to as a "catoptric" telescope.