Question: Most rule infractions result in what?
About the article "Golf", section "Penalties".

Candidate passages:
Penalties are incurred in certain situations.
They are counted towards a player's score as if there were extra swing(s) at the ball.
Strokes are added for rule infractions or for hitting one's ball into an unplayable situation.
A lost ball or a ball hit out of bounds result in a penalty of one stroke and distance (Rule 27–1).
A one-stroke penalty is assessed if a player's equipment causes the ball to move or the removal of a loose impediment causes the ball to move (Rule 18–2).
If a golfer makes a stroke at the wrong ball (Rule 19–2) or hits a fellow golfer's ball with a putt (Rule 19–5), the player incurs a two-stroke penalty.
Most rule infractions lead to stroke penalties but also can lead to disqualification.
Disqualification could be from cheating, signing for a lower score, or from rule infractions that lead to improper play.
A penalty is a punishment for infractions of the rules.
A referee makes most penalty calls while the linesmen may call only obvious technical infractions such as "too many men on the rink".
During a penalty, the player who committed the infraction is sent to the penalty box.
Small infractions are deemed minor penalties, and the player is kept off the floor for two minutes of gameplay.
More dangerous infractions, such as fighting, are deemed major penalties and have a duration of five minutes.
The penalized team cannot replace the player on the floor and is thus shorthanded for the duration of the penalty.
Normally, inline hockey teams have four skaters (plus the goaltender) on the floor.
If a minor or major penalty is called, play becomes "four-on-three" - four skaters versus three skaters.
This situation is called a power play for the non-penalized team and a penalty kill for the penalized team.
A team is far more likely to score on a power play than during normal play.
If the penalized team is scored on during a minor penalty, the penalty immediately terminates.
Unlike minor penalties, major penalties must be served to their full completion, regardless of number of goals scored during the power play.
When a penalty is about to be called, an official will raise his arm to signal what is referred to as a "delayed penalty".
Play will continue until the offending team touches the puck, at which point, the official will blow the play dead and assess the penalty.
If the team committing a penalty yields a goal and is already shorthanded because of a minor penalty, the penalty will be called when the goal is scored, and the team scoring a goal will be awarded a fresh power play.
Furthermore, when goals are scored, penalties come off the board in the order in which they were called (if multiple penalties have been called).
The offending team cannot score a goal themselves during a delayed penalty.
This usually results in the opposing team replacing their goalie with an extra forward until the offending team touches the puck, since the offending team cannot score on the empty net by touching the puck.
This situation, however, can result in an own goal.
There are exceptions to the rule where a team cannot replace a player on the ice after a penalty: mutual majors for fighting, where there are two participants in a fight, will result in each person receiving five minutes, but the penalties will not affect the on-ice strength of either team (play remains five-on-five), unless a player is deemed to be the instigator of the fight, in which case that player will receive an additional two-minute minor.
There are also "coincidental" minors in which the penalties called against both teams are simultaneous and equal in length, so that neither team receives a power play, with teams skating four-on-four.
After the 2004–05 NHL lockout, a new rule was instituted that imposes a minor delay-of-game penalty on any defensive player who directs the puck out of bounds (e.g., over the glass into the stands or into the safety netting.
When the puck is shot into either of the players’ benches, the penalty will not apply.
There are also game- and 10-minute-misconduct penalties which are reserved for infractions such as continued disputing of a call with an official or for intent-to-injure penalties.
A player receiving a misconduct penalty does not cause his team to play short-handed unless he also receives a minor, major or match penalty in addition to the misconduct penalty.
Various combinations of penalties may also result in match-ups such as 4-on-2, 3-on-2, 3-on-3 or even 2-on-2.
A team, however, may not have fewer than 3 players (including the goaltender) on the floor at any point in the game.
After a penalty is assessed, play resumes with a face-off in the offending team's defensive zone under most circumstances. 
Enamel infractions are microcracks seen within the dental enamel of a tooth.
They are commonly the result of dental trauma to the brittle enamel, which remains adherent to the underlying dentine.
They can be seen more clearly when transillumination is used.
Enamel infractions are found more often in older teeth, as the accumulated trauma is greatest.
Enamel infractions can also be found as a result of iatrogenic damage inadvertently caused by instrumentation during dental treatments. 
An infraction is any action which is against the rules of the game, such as playing a card when it is not one's turn to play or the accidental exposure of a card, informally known as 'bleeding'.
In many official sets of rules for card games, the rules specifying the penalties for various infractions occupy more pages than the rules specifying how to play correctly.
This is tedious, but necessary for games that are played seriously.
Players who intend to play a card game at a high level generally ensure before beginning that all agree on the penalties to be used.
When playing privately, this will normally be a question of agreeing house rules.
In a tournament there will probably be a tournament director who will enforce the rules when required and arbitrate in cases of doubt.
If a player breaks the rules of a game deliberately, this is cheating.
Most card players would refuse to play cards with a known cheat.
The rest of this section is therefore about accidental infractions, caused by ignorance, clumsiness, inattention, etc.
As the same game is played repeatedly among a group of players, precedents build up about how a particular infraction of the rules should be handled.
For example, "Sheila just led a card when it wasn't her turn.
Last week when Jo did that, we agreed ...
etc."
Sets of such precedents tend to become established among groups of players, and to be regarded as part of the house rules.
Sets of house rules become formalized, as described in the previous section.
Therefore, for some games, there is a "proper" way of handling infractions of the rules.
But for many games, without governing bodies, there is no standard way of handling infractions.
In many circumstances, there is no need for special rules dealing with what happens after an infraction.
As a general principle, the person who broke a rule should not benefit by it, and the other players should not lose by it.
An exception to this may be made in games with fixed partnerships, in which it may be felt that the partner(s) of the person who broke a rule should also not benefit.
The penalty for an accidental infraction should be as mild as reasonable, consistent with there being no possible benefit to the person responsible. 
A penalty is a punishment for infractions of the rules.
A referee makes most penalty calls while the linesmen may call only obvious technical infractions such as "too many men on the ice".
In the NHL, the linesman may also call major intent-to-injure penalties that the referee may have missed.
During a penalty, the player who committed the infraction is sent to the penalty box.
Small infractions are deemed minor penalties, and the player is kept off the ice for two minutes of gameplay.
A larger infraction such as high-sticking that causes the victimized player to have a visible physical injury is deemed a double-minor, and the perpetrator is kept off the ice for four minutes.
More dangerous infractions, such as fighting, are deemed major penalties and have a duration of five minutes.
The penalized team cannot replace the player on the ice and is thus shorthanded for the duration of the penalty.
Normally, hockey teams have five skaters (plus the goaltender) on the ice.
If a minor or major penalty is called, play becomes "five-on-four"—five skaters versus four skaters.
This situation is called a power play for the non-penalized team and a penalty kill for the penalized team.
A team is far more likely to score on a power play than during normal play.
If the penalized team is scored on during a minor penalty, the penalty immediately terminates.
A double-minor is divided into two separate two-minute minor penalties that are served consecutively.
This means that if a goal is scored by the team on the power play before the first minor is over (before the two-minute mark of the power play), the first minor ends and the penalty clock goes down to two minutes.
If a goal is scored during the second minor (after the two-minute mark of the power play), the penalty ends.
Unlike minor penalties, major penalties must be served to their full completion, regardless of number of goals scored during the power play.
When a penalty is about to be called, an official will raise his arm to signal what is referred to as a "delayed penalty".
Play will continue until the offending team touches the puck, at which point, the official will blow the play dead and assess the penalty.
If the team committing a penalty yields a goal and is already shorthanded because of a minor penalty, the penalty will be called when the goal is scored, and the team scoring a goal will be awarded a fresh power play.
Furthermore, when goals are scored, penalties come off the board in the order in which they were called (if multiple penalties have been called).
The offending team cannot touch the puck during a delayed penalty.
This usually results in the opposing team replacing their goalie with an extra forward until the offending team touches the puck, since the offending team must touch the puck in order to score on the empty net.
This situation, however, can result in an own goal.
For example:  In the November 24, 2008 New York Islanders–Montreal Canadiens game, when the referee was about to call a penalty against New York, Montreal Canadiens goaltender Carey Price headed back to the bench for an extra forward.
At that moment, Canadiens defenseman Ryan O'Byrne, not noticing the delayed penalty and the empty net, attempted to pass the puck to his (now-missing) goaltender.
Instead, the puck landed in the net and a goal was awarded to the Islanders.
In the March 21, 2009 game between the Vancouver Canucks and the Phoenix Coyotes, Phoenix scored an empty-net goal during a delayed penalty against the Coyotes' Viktor Tikhonov.
In an attempt to take possession and thus stop play, Tikhonov poke-checked Vancouver's Henrik Sedin near the Vancouver blue line.
Since Tikhonov only ever touched Sedin's stick, and not the puck, play continued, even though the puck was now headed straight for Vancouver's goal.
Sedin's teammate Shane O'Brien skated after the errant puck, but to no avail.
Both the puck and O'Brien landed in the net, and Tikhonov was credited with the goal.
In the March 21, 2013 game between the New Jersey Devils and the Carolina Hurricanes, when the referee was about to call a 2:00 minor penalty against the Devils' Marek Zidlicky for hooking, Carolina goaltender Dan Ellis was about to head to the bench for an extra attacker, when he discovered that Jordan Staal's pass to Tim Gleason was unsuccessful and, as a result, made the puck bounce off the boards and into the empty net.
Ellis tried to chase after it, but he was too slow, and, because Carolina's Alex Semin was already in the penalty box at that time, a power play goal was awarded to the Devils; its goaltender, Martin Brodeur—the last Devil to touch the puck—was credited with the goal.
There are exceptions to the rule where a team cannot replace a player on the ice after a penalty: mutual majors for fighting, where there are two participants in a fight, will result in each person receiving five minutes, but the penalties will not affect the on-ice strength of either team (play remains five-on-five), unless a player is deemed to be the instigator of the fight, in which case that player will receive an additional two-minute minor.
There are also "coincidental" minors in which the penalties called against both teams are simultaneous and equal in length, so that neither team receives a power play, with teams skating four-on-four.
After the 2004–05 NHL lockout, a new rule was instituted that imposes a minor delay-of-game penalty on any defensive player who directs the puck out of bounds (e.g., over the glass into the stands or into the safety netting).
When the puck is shot into either of the players’ benches, the penalty will not apply.
There are also game- and 10-minute-misconduct penalties which are reserved for infractions such as continued disputing of a call with an official or for intent-to-injure penalties.
A player receiving a misconduct penalty does not cause his team to play short-handed unless he also receives a minor, major, or match penalty in addition to the misconduct penalty.
Various combinations of penalties may also result in match-ups such as 5-on-3, 4-on-3, 4-on-4 or even 3-on-3.
A team, however, may not have fewer than four players (including the goaltender) on the ice at any point in the game.
After a penalty is assessed, play resumes with a face-off in the offending team's defensive zone under most circumstances.