community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: What years do fossils at Zhoukoudian date back to?
About the article "China", section "Prehistory".

Candidate passages:
More than 20 fossil bearing localities have been excavated in Zhoukoudian to date. 
Excavation work was recommenced in 1949 unearthing new Peking Man fossils including 5 teeth and fragments of thigh and shin bone.
The following year a third premolar was discovered in the material sent back to Uppsala by Zdansky in 1921 and 1923.
The Peking Man Site is designated "type section of cave deposits of Middle Pleistocene in North China" by the Annual Congress of the National Committee of Stratigraphy of China 1959 and a mandible fragment is unearthed.
Excavations led by Pei in 1966 unearthed a premolar and two pieces of skull fragment, these were discovered to match fragments retained from previous excavations in 1934 and 1936, and the only extant example of a nearly complete skullcap was pieced together.
Excavations at Locality 4 in Zhoukoudian, from 1972–73, unearth a "Homo sapiens" premolar.
Modern scientific dating techniques confirm that the site was occupied between 500,000 and 230,000 years ago. 
Archaeological evidence suggests that early hominids inhabited China between 250,000 and 2.24 million years ago.
A cave in Zhoukoudian (near present-day Beijing) exhibits hominid fossils dated at between 680,000 and 780,000 BCE.
The fossils are of Peking Man, an example of "Homo erectus" who used fire.
The Peking Man site has also yielded remains of "Homo sapiens" dating back to 18,000–11,000 BCE.
Some scholars assert that a form of proto-writing existed in China as early as 3000 BCE.
According to Chinese tradition, the first imperial dynasty was the Xia, which emerged around 2070 BCE.
However, the dynasty was considered mythical by historians until scientific excavations found early Bronze Age sites at Erlitou, Henan in 1959.
It remains unclear whether these sites are the remains of the Xia Dynasty or of another culture from the same period.
  Davidson Black founds the Cenozoic Research Laboratory for the research and appraisal of fossils unearthed at Peking Man Site in Zhoukoudian, China  
Early history.
The earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District, where Peking Man lived.
"Homo erectus" fossils from the caves date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago.
Paleolithic "homo sapiens" also lived there more recently, about 27,000 years ago.
Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality, including in Wangfujing, located in downtown Beijing.
The first walled city in Beijing was Ji, a city-state from the 11th to 7th century BC.
Within modern Beijing, Ji was located south of the present Beijing West Railway Station.
This settlement was later conquered by the state of Yan and made its capital under the name Yanjing.
Question: Who created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion?
About the article "The Holocaust", section "Homosexuals".

Candidate passages:
The Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion () was the central instrument of Nazi Germany for the persecution of homosexuals and the fight against abortion. 
Carl-Heinz Rodenberg, sometimes known as Karl-Heinz Rodenberg (born 19 November 1904 in Heide – died in 1995) was a German neurologist and psychiatrist.
Rodenberg was proficient in the murder of mental patients by the Nazis, the Action T4 "euthanasia" program, and from 1943 was scientific director of the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion ("Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung der Homosexualität und der Abtreibung"). 
After the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler promoted Himmler and the SS, who then zealously suppressed homosexuality, saying: "We must exterminate these people root and branch ... the homosexual must be eliminated."
In 1936, Himmler established the "Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung der Homosexualität und Abtreibung" ("Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion").
The Nazi régime incarcerated some 100,000 homosexuals during the 1930s.
As concentration camp prisoners, homosexual men were forced to wear pink triangle badges.
Nazi ideology still viewed German gay men as part of the Aryan master race but attempted to force them into sexual and social conformity.
Gay men who would not change or feign a change in their sexual orientation were sent to concentration camps under the "Extermination Through Work" campaign. 
After the end of the war, Rodenberg lived in Wald-Michelbach.
Because of his participation in the conference of 27 October 1942, the prosecution of Darmstadt and Berlin investigated him in the 1970s, but failed to prosecute.
Speaking to the Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes in 1986, Rodenberg denied his activities in the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion.
He stated that studies on the therapeutic success of castration had been limited to moral crimes, not to homosexuals.
Rodenberg's claim that he was indifferent to "the way in which homosexual adults appease their sexual desires freely amongst themselves" was contrary to Rodenberg's publications during the Nazi regime. 
  The Nazis establish the Federal Security Department for Combating Abortion and Homosexuality.
Question: How was the message transmitted?
About the article "Attack on Pearl Harbor", section "Japanese declaration of war".

Candidate passages:
Four levels of message perishability are provided by the system, and the TSR specifies which level applies to the data to be transmitted.
Perishability allows the definition of how old the data can be before it is no longer relevant, and the Link 22 system ensures that data that has perished is not transmitted. 
On 27 March 1899, Marconi transmitted from Wimereux, Bologne, France the first international wireless message which was received at the South Foreland Lighthouse near Dover, United Kingdom. 
The article was one of the founding works of the field of information theory.
Shannon expanded the ideas of this article in a 1949 book with Warren Weaver titled "The Mathematical Theory of Communication" (ISBN 0-252-72546-8).
The book was released as a paperback in 1963 (ISBN 0-252-72548-4).
The article was divided up into 3 levels of communication problems.
These problems were: 1) technical, 2) semantic, and 3) influential.
First the book briefly explains how the symbols of communication are transmitted, then how the transmitted symbols convey meaning, and lastly the effect of the received meaning.
Shannon's article laid out the basic elements of communication: An information source that produces a message A transmitter that operates on the message to create a signal which can be sent through a channel A channel, which is the medium over which the signal, carrying the information that composes the message, is sent A receiver, which transforms the signal back into the message intended for delivery A destination, which can be a person or a machine, for whom or which the message is intended It also developed the concepts of information entropy and redundancy, and introduced the term bit as a unit of information. 
There was a METI message sent to HD 10307.
It was transmitted from Eurasia's largest radar, 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar.
The message was named Cosmic Call 2, it was sent on July 6, 2003, and it will arrive at HD 10307 in September 2044. 
This message was designed for the SOTDMA protocol, and is too long to be transmitted as CSTDMA.
However a coast station can poll the transponder for this message to be sent.MMSI, time, SOG, COG, longitude, latitude, true heading, ship type, dimensions.
Question: How is ice cream frozen and hardened?
About the article "Ice cream", section "Cryogenic".

Candidate passages:
Chocolate Shoppe Ice Cream Co. is an ice cream company based in Madison, Wisconsin that manufactures and distributes super-premium ice cream, frozen yogurt, Italian ice, soy ice cream, and no sugar added ice cream. 
Ice cream is a frozen dessert.
Ice Cream may also refer to:  "Ice Cream" (film), 1986 Malayalam  Ice Cream (mango), named mango cultivar originating in Trinidad and Tobago  Ice Cream, a clothing brand from Billionaire Boys Club  Ice Cream, nickname of Nigerian footballer Osa Guobadia  
Ice cream parlors (or parlours) are places that sell ice cream, gelato, sorbet and frozen yogurt to consumers.
Ice cream is typically sold as regular ice cream (also called hard-packed ice cream), gelato and soft serve, which is typically dispensed by a machine with a limited number of flavors (e.g.
chocolate, vanilla, and "twist", a mix of the two).
It is customary for ice cream parlors to offer several ice cream flavors and items. 
Cookies and Cream (or Cookies 'n Cream) is a variety of ice cream and milkshake based on flavoring from chocolate cookies.
Often called the "King Kong of Ice Cream" because it immediately rocketed to the top of the World's Favorite Ice Cream Flavors list, Cookies and Cream ice cream uses sweet cream ice cream (often vanilla) and chocolate wafer cookies of any type.
The flavor is widely associated with the Oreo cookie, a kind of cookie sandwich with a sweet, white cream filling commonly used in milkshakes and other frozen desserts such as Blizzards, pies, etc.
Though traditional cookies and cream ice cream is made with vanilla or sweet cream ice cream, there are variations that use chocolate, coffee or mint ice cream instead. 
Frozen custard is a cold dessert similar to ice cream, but made with eggs in addition to cream and sugar.
Question: Which planet is closest to the Sun?
About the article "Solar System", section "Mercury".

Candidate passages:
It reached perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) around 1952, and is currently 69.8 AU from the Sun.
In September 2014 it will move beyond 70 AU from the Sun.
It is possibly a dwarf planet. 
 Viritrilbia is the Oyarsa or Ruler of the planet Mercury, described as the herald of knowledge and the angel closest to the sun.
Viritrilbia is based in the Greek god Hermes (C. S. Lewis's That Hideous Strength)  
In 1999, New Age author V. M. Rabolu wrote in "Hercolubus or Red Planet" that Barnard's star is actually a planet known to the ancients as Hercolubus, which purportedly came dangerously close to Earth in the past, destroying Atlantis, and will come close to Earth again.
Lieder subsequently used Rabolu's ideas to bolster her claims.
Barnard's star has been directly measured to be 5.98 ± 0.003 light years from Earth (35.15 trillion miles).
While it is approaching Earth, Barnard's Star will not make its closest approach to the Sun until around 11,700 AD, when it will approach to within some 3.8 light-years.
This is only slightly closer than the closest star to the Sun (Proxima Centauri) lies today. 
Ninth planet may refer to: Pluto, widely considered the ninth planet in the Solar System from 1930 until 2006 Neptune, the ninth-closest planet from the Sun from 1979 to 1999 (with Pluto then considered the eighth-closest planet from the Sun) The asteroid 2 Pallas, considered to be the ninth planet in chronological discovery order from 1802 until its reclassification as a minor planet in the 1850s Jupiter, considered the ninth-closest planet from the Sun from 1807 to 1845 as a result of the discovery of minor planets Planet X, various hypothetical planets beyond Neptune  
17 October 2012 brought news of an unverified planet, Alpha Centauri Bb, orbiting a star in the star system closest to Earth, Alpha Centauri.
It is an Earth-size planet, but not in the habitable zone within which liquid water can exist.
As of March 2014, NASA's Kepler mission had identified more than 2,900 planetary candidates, several of them being nearly Earth-sized and located in the habitable zone, some around Sun-like stars.
Question: Why did local pregnant women protest?
About the article "Hong Kong", section "Health".

Candidate passages:
Under dynamic postural stability, which can be defined as the response to anterior (front) and posterior (back) translation perturbations, the effects of pregnancy are different.
Initial sway,total sway, and sway velocity (see figure for description of variables) are significantly less during the third trimester than during the second trimester and when compared to non-pregnant women.
These biomechanical characteristics are possible reasons why falls are more prevalent during the second trimester during pregnancy.
Additionally, the time it takes for pregnant women (any stage of pregnancy) to react to a translational disturbance is not significantly different than that of non-pregnant women.
This alludes to some sort of stability mechanism that allow pregnant women to compensate for the changes they experience during pregnancy. 
Women who don't ovulate and who want to get pregnant need a medical work-up to find out why they don't ovulate.
Drugs are often given to induce ovulation, including oral medication such as clomiphene or injectable medications.
In patients who do not want to get pregnant anovulation can be managed with the use of cyclic progesterone or progestin supplementation or use of hormonal contraception. 
In the State of Utah, some issues facing CHIP are in regards to pregnant mothers, whom are presently not covered.
Pregnant women with no forms of prenatal care are “more than 3.5 times as likely to have a low birth weight baby—one of the leading causes of infant mortality—and nearly three times as likely to give birth prematurely as other pregnant women”.
When authorizing CHIPRA 2009, several states decided to amend their programs to cover pregnant women; Utah did not make that choice. 
Women trying to become pregnant should look at the guidelines for pregnant women given in the next section. 
Women have, throughout history, made contributions to science, literature and art.
One area where women have been permitted most access historically was that of obstetrics and gynecology (prior to the 18th century, caring for pregnant women in Europe was undertaken by women; from the mid 18th century onwards medical monitoring of pregnant women started to require rigorous formal education, to which women did not generally have access, therefore the practice was largely transferred to men).
Writing was generally also considered acceptable for upper class women, although achieving success as a female writer in a male dominated world could be very difficult; as a result several women writers adopted a male pen-name (e.g.
George Sand, George Eliot).
Question: Which season is warmest in south-east England?
About the article "United Kingdom", section "Climate".

Candidate passages:
Along with the rest of South East England, Fleet has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and warmer than the rest of the country.
The annual mean temperature is approximately and shows a seasonal and a diurnal variation.
January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between and .
July is the warmest month in the area with average daily maxima around . 
Summer lasts from June to August and is the warmest and usually the sunniest season.
Rainfall totals can have a wide local variation due to localised thunderstorms.
These thunderstorms mainly occur in southern, eastern, and central England and are less frequent and severe in the north and west.
North Atlantic depressions are not as severe in summer but increase both in severity and frequency towards the end of the season.
Summer can see high pressure systems from the Azores High.
Climatic differences at this time of year are more influenced by latitude and temperatures are highest in southern and central areas and lowest in the north.
Summer temperatures rarely exceed 35°C, but when this does occur it happens more frequently in London and the South East than other parts of the country.
Scotland and northern England have the coolest summers (average to ), while Wales and the south-west of England have warmer summers ( to ) and the south and south-east of England have the warmest summers ( to ).
The record maximum is recorded in Faversham, Kent in August 2003. 
Along with the rest of South East England, Alton has a temperate climate which is generally warmer than the rest of the country.
The annual mean temperature is approximately and shows a seasonal and a diurnal variation, but due to the effect of the sea the range is less than in most other parts of the UK.
January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between and .
June and July are the warmest months in the area with average daily maximum around .
Alton is the highest town in Hampshire which receives colder than average weather and is usually seriously affected in the snow. 
The British Isles undergo very small temperature variations.
This is due to its proximity to the Atlantic, which acts as a temperature buffer, warming the Isles in winter and cooling them in summer.
Coastal areas tend to be more temperate than inland areas, as the influence of the ocean is less acute.
Valleys can be especially cold, as cool air collects in them during the winter.
July is usually the warmest month, with the highest temperatures being found closest to Continental Europe, in south-east England.
Temperatures usually do not reach freezing points, especially in coastal are.
However, the temperature is mainly warm to mediate temperatures. 
The nearest weather station to is Carlisle which is 14.2 miles north-east from Waverton.
The warmest months on average in Waverton are July and August with the highest temperatures being at an average of 19 degrees.
Question: How is a luge defined?
About the article "Luge", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
Street luge is an extreme gravity-powered activity that involves riding a street luge board (sometimes referred to as a sled) down a paved road or course.
Street luge is also known as land luge or road luge.
Like skateboarding, street luge is often done for sport and for recreation.
Other than the supine riding position and very high speeds (40-97 mph / 64-157 km/h), street luge has little relation to its winter namesake (luge). 
Sarajevo Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track is a bobsleigh and luge track situated on Trebević mountain overlooking the City of Sarajevo, built for the 1984 Winter Olympics. 
The Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a venue for bobsleigh, luge and skeleton located in Altenberg, Germany. 
The Paramonovo bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton located in Paramonovo, Russia, outside of Moscow. 
The Luge World Cup season is a yearly competition first organized by the International Luge Federation since 1977–78.
This represents the highest form of competition in the sport.
Question: What was the air time of Private Practice?
About the article "Private Practice (TV series)", section "Broadcast history".

Candidate passages:
Davis was married (Betty), and had two daughters and two grand-daughters at the time of his death.
Prior to private civilian practice, Davis served as Chief of Psychiatry at Langley Air Force Base and as Vice President for the Air Force Society of Psychiatrists.
He held a pilot's license, and died in the crash of a small single-engine aircraft near Milford, Illinois, on 20 November 2006.
He was the sole occupant of the craft. 
A native of Plymouth, Wisconsin, Anderson served in the United States Air Force, achieving the rank of captain.
He earned the Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster during his service time.
Later, he graduated cum laude from the University of Wisconsin Law School and went into private practice with his father. 
After graduating from law school, Davis obtained the three signatures necessary to receive a law license, and joined his father in practice in Clarksburg, in what was called Davis and Davis, Attorneys at Law.
Davis lost his first three cases before his fortunes began to turn.
Before Davis had completed his first year of private practice, he was asked to come back to Washington & Lee Law School as an assistant professor, starting in the fall of 1896.
At the time, the law school had a faculty of two, and Davis became the third.
At the end of the year, Davis was asked to return but demurred.
He decided that he needed the "rough & tumble" of private practice. 
In New York in 1945 she opened what she believed to be “the first full-time practice of psychodiagnostics and consulting, later to include psychotherapy”.
After 22 years, her private practice ended in 1966 with the illness of her second husband, businessman Mortimer Lahm.
During her time in private practice she did diagnostic work-ups of over 1600 patients and developed a method of poetry therapy using poems to show how poets cope with the experiences that clients find disturbing.
Dr. Harrower wrote poetry through much of her life and published several books of poetry.
She also consulted widely for groups as diverse as the United States Army and Air Force, the U. S. State Department, the Children’s Court of Manhattan, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, and the Unitarian-Universalist Church.
She helped develop a program of certification for practicing psychologists in the State of New York.
Concerned with the effectiveness of her work, she combined her science and practice interests in a major study of the effectiveness of predictors of patient improvement with therapy.
Upon the death of her second husband, she moved to Gainesville, Florida in 1967 and served on the University of Florida faculty until the age of 70.
She died in Orlando on February 20, 1999 at the age of 93. 
Instone Air Line was an early British airline from 1919 to 1924.
Along with other private airlines of the time, it was absorbed into Imperial Airways.
Question: Are there multiple types of indoor netballs?
About the article "Netball", section "Indoor netball".

Candidate passages:
There are several types of Brachydactyly: 
There are three very basic types of tears: 
There are many different types of bearings. 
There are several types of chemical peels, 
There are two types of compressor stall: