community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: What form of government does Ireland have?
About the article "Republic of Ireland", section "Politics".

Candidate passages:
The Republic of Ireland does not have an official identity card. 
  "Main article: Government of Northern Ireland and Politics of Northern Ireland"  Form of government:  Capital of Northern Ireland: Belfast  Taxation in Northern Ireland  
  "Main article: Government of Ireland and Politics of Ireland"  Form of government: parliamentary representative democratic republic  Capital of Ireland: Dublin  Elections in the Republic of Ireland  Political parties in Ireland  Political scandals of Ireland  Taxation in Ireland  
Traditionally, Ireland is subdivided into four provinces: Connacht (west), Leinster (east), Munster (south), and Ulster (north).
In a system that developed between the 13th and 17th centuries, Ireland has 32 traditional counties.
Twenty-six of these counties are in the Republic of Ireland and six are in Northern Ireland.
The six counties that constitute Northern Ireland are all in the province of Ulster (which has nine counties in total).
As such, "Ulster" is often used as a synonym for Northern Ireland, although the two are not coterminous.
In the Republic of Ireland, counties form the basis of the system of local government.
Counties Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Tipperary have been broken up into smaller administrative areas.
However, they are still treated as counties for cultural and some official purposes, for example postal addresses and by the Ordnance Survey Ireland.
Counties in Northern Ireland are no longer used for local governmental purposes, but, as in the Republic, their traditional boundaries are still used for informal purposes such as sports leagues and in cultural or tourism contexts.
City status in Ireland is decided by legislative or royal charter.
Dublin, with over 1 million residents in the Greater Dublin Area, is the largest city on the island.
Belfast, with 579,726 residents, is the largest city in Northern Ireland.
City status does not directly equate with population size.
For example, Armagh, with 14,590 is the seat of the Church of Ireland and the Roman Catholic Primate of All Ireland and was re-granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994 (having lost that status in local government reforms of 1840).
In the Republic of Ireland, Kilkenny, seat of the Butler dynasty, while no longer a city for administrative purposes (since the 2001 Local Government Act), is entitled by law to continue to use the description. 
Iceland's first ambassador to Ireland was Pétur Benediktsson in 1951.
Iceland's current ambassador to Ireland is Benedikt Jónsson.
Iceland does not have an embassy in Ireland.
Question: What is the origin of the word "cake?"
About the article "Cake", section "History".

Candidate passages:
The Berlingozzo is a cake from Lamporecchio, in the province of Pistoia, central Italy.
It is a simple ring-shaped cake, and it has its origins in the time of the Medici.
It is a typical Carnival cake, its name appearing to derive from the word "Berlingaccio", meaning “Fat Thursday”. 
The term "cake" has a long history.
The word itself is of Viking origin, from the Old Norse word "kaka".
Although clear examples of the difference between cake and bread are easy to find, the precise classification has always been elusive.
For example, banana bread may be properly considered either a quick bread or a cake.
The Greeks invented beer as a leavener, frying fritters in olive oil, and cheesecakes using goat's milk.
In ancient Rome, basic bread dough was sometimes enriched with butter, eggs, and honey, which produced a sweet and cake-like baked good.
Latin poet Ovid refers to the birthday of him and his brother with party and cake in his first book of exile, "Tristia".
Early cakes in England were also essentially bread: the most obvious differences between a "cake" and "bread" were the round, flat shape of the cakes, and the cooking method, which turned cakes over once while cooking, while bread was left upright throughout the baking process.
Sponge cakes, leavened with beaten eggs, originated during the Renaissance, possibly in Spain.
  Butter pecan cake  Caramel cake  Coconut cake  Hummingbird cake  Italian cream cake  King cake  Lane cake  Peach shortcake  Pound cake  Red velvet cake   Stack cake  Tipsy cake  
Battenberg cake is a light sponge cake.
The cake is covered in marzipan and, when cut in cross section, displays a distinctive two-by-two check pattern alternately coloured pink and yellow.
The origin of the cake is unknown, with early recipes also using the alternative names "Domino Cake" (recipe by Agnes Berthe Marshall, 1898), "Neapolitan Roll" (recipe by Robert Wells, 1898), or "Church Window Cake."
The link to the town of Battenberg in central Germany (the seat of the aristocratic family known in Britain as Mountbatten), is purported to have come from the marriage in 1884 of Prince Louis of Battenberg to Princess Victoria, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. 
The word wicker is from the Middle English "wiker", of Scandinavian origin.
Question: What internal national system did Chile overhaul in 2005?
About the article "Chile", section "Government and politics".

Candidate passages:
Around 2005, there were of Syrah in Chile. 
 Chile national football team  Chile national under-20 football team  Chile national under-17 football team  1962 FIFA World Cup  Ballet Azul  Battle of Santiago  Federación de Fútbol de Chile  Chilean football league system  Los de Abajo  
The National Association of Television (Asociación Nacional de Televisión) devised a content rating system in 1993. 
  Climate of Chile  Environmental issues in Chile  Ecoregions in Chile  Renewable energy in Chile  Geology of Chile * Earthquakes in Chile * Volcanism of Chile  Protected areas of Chile * Biosphere reserves in Chile * National parks of Chile  Wildlife of Chile * Flora of Chile * Fauna of Chile ** Birds of Chile ** Mammals of Chile  
In 2005 Cabral was part of the Argentina U20 team that won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship.
In 2007 Cabral was called up to the national team for a friendly against Chile but did not feature in the match.
Question: In Electrochemistry, what procedure is used on a Neutral medium?
About the article "Electrochemistry", section "Neutral medium".

Candidate passages:
The same procedure as used on acid medium is applied, for example on balancing using electron ion method to complete combustion of propane.
"Unbalanced reaction": C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
"Reduction": 4 H+ + O2 + 4 e– → 2 H2O
"Oxidation": 6 H2O + C3H8 → 3 CO2 + 20 e– + 20 H+
As in acid and basic medium, electrons which were used to compensate oxidation changes are multiplied to opposite half reactions, thus solving the equation.
20 H+ + 5 O2 + 20 e– → 10 H2O
6 H2O + C3H8 → 3 CO2 + 20 e– + 20 H+
Equation balanced:
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Magnetoelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry dealing with magnetic effects in electrochemistry. 
Concentration polarization is a term used in the scientific fields of electrochemistry and membrane science. 
Often the term is used to indicate an ion that is present in a solution but is not redox active.
For example when studying the electrochemistry of ferrocenium (FeCp2+), the counteranion (typically BF4- or PF6-) has only a small effect on the redox potential.
Redox potentials are however influenced by ion pairing, an effect that is accentuated in solvents of low dielectric constant. 
The Journal of Applied Electrochemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering electrochemistry, focusing on technologically orientated aspects.
A major topic of the journal is the application of electrochemistry to technological development and practice.
Subjects covered are cell design, electrochemical reaction engineering, corrosion, hydrometallurgy, the electrochemical treatment of effluents, molten salt and solid state electrochemistry, solar cells, new battery systems, and surface finishing.
Question: How much was the production budget for principal photography?
About the article "The Cabin in the Woods", section "Production".

Candidate passages:
Principal photography took place in Germany, at the Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam-Babelsberg, from November 2012 to February 2013, on a production budget of €35 million. 
A film production budget determines how much money will be spent on the entire film project.
It involves the identification and estimation of cost items for each phase of filmmaking (development, pre-production, production, post-production and distribution).
The budget structure is normally split into "above-the-line" (creative) and "below-the-line" (technical) costs.
Production budget may also refer to a budget set by a business for how many units of a product will be produced. 
Planning for "Honeymoon" began in 2010, after Janiak viewed "Monsters" and "Tiny Furniture", and she and Phil Graziadei began writing the script in 2012.
While writing the film's script Janiak was inspired by the idea that "Even small moments though can drive a wedge between people" and with her writing partner, wondered "how far we could push them until they started falling apart".
Janiak chose Rose Leslie to perform as Bea after viewing her performance on "Game of Thrones".
Principal photography began in spring 2013 and had a limited budget. 
Cast.
"Haeundae" is a joint venture between production company Doosaboo Film and distributors CJ Entertainment.
Directed by Doosaboo CEO Yoon Je-kyoon, the film was funded by CJ Entertainment with a budget estimated at , one of the largest for a Korean production, although the budget is approximately a fifth of what traditionally would be needed to create comparable effects in modern cinema.
Principal photography commenced on 18 August 2008 at the beaches of Busan, South Korea, before moving to the United States in November for special effects photography.
Filming wrapped on 17 December 2008 in San Francisco.
Special effects and CGI were produced by American company Polygon Entertainment. 
Principal photography took 35 days, shooting was done entirely in Malaysia.
Actor Bob Mercer had only 3 weeks to learn and memorise his lines in Malay.
Initially the owners of the Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion were reluctant to have their premise used for filming.
But after a series of meetings and much persuasion that lead them to better understand the concept of the movie, they finally allowed the crew and cast in.
The film's budget is an estimated RM1.5 million.
Question: Which performer sang "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"  on the album?
About the article "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", section "Lyrics".

Candidate passages:
 "Merry Christmas" (Bing Crosby album), 1957 "Merry Christmas" (Johnny Mathis album), 1958 "Merry Christmas" (The Supremes album), 1965  "Merry Christmas" (Andy Williams album), 1965  "Merry Christmas" (Daniel Johnston album), 1988  "Merry Christmas" (Glen Campbell album), 1991 "Merry Christmas" (Franciscus Henri album), 1993 "Merry Christmas" (Mariah Carey album), 1994  "Merry Christmas" (Cookies album), 2002  "Merry Christmas" (Jeanette album), 2004 ""Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"", a 1944 song by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane ""Merry Christmas Everyone"", a 1985 single by Shakin Stevens ""Merry Christmas Jakey Boy"", a 2006 single by Jake Stevens  
 She released a single version of "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", an electronic duet with her mother.
She sang backing vocals on the Blondie album "Eat to the Beat".
She performed "After You've Gone" with Rufus Wainwright for Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall in June 2006.  
December is the fifth studio album by trumpet player Chris Botti.
It was released by Columbia Records on October 22, 2002.
Botti himself provided vocal on "Perfect Day" and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas". 
Aguilera achieved her early success following the release of the two first studio albums, "Christina Aguilera" in 1999 and "Mi Reflejo" in mid-2000, both of which were certified multi-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
"My Kind of Christmas" was recorded in late 1999 and mid-2000, when Aguilera was going on her debut concert tour to support her two debut recordings.
Originally, Aguilera's idol Etta James was planned to be included as a featured performer on the track "Merry Christmas, Baby".
However the idea was later canceled, and Dr. John was chosen as her replacement afterwards.
It is a Christmas and dance-pop album, which contains mainly cover versions of Christmas standards and several new tracks, including "Christmas Time", "This Year" and "Xtina's Xmas".
"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" and "Merry Christmas, Baby" are the two "soulful" ballads from the album, backed by a 70-piece orchestra.
"Christmas Time" and the "Diane Warren-written" track "These Are the Special Times", meanwhile, are the two "painful" tracks.
"Christmas Time" and "This Year" are the two "hip hop influenced" pop tracks.
"The Christmas Song (Holiday Remix)" was remade as a dance-styled number, which is set to "a kicking dance beat". 
  1998: "Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas"
Question: What year was Mt. Rushmore digitally recorded?
About the article "Mount Rushmore", section "Conservation".

Candidate passages:
KFCR AM 1490 and KAWK FM 105.1, owned by Mt.
Rushmore Broadcasting, Inc. 
 KFCR AM 1490* KAWK FM 105.1*  
 KRAL AM 1240* KIQZ FM 92.7*  
Tomorrow, In a Year is the studio version of the music commissioned by the Danish performance group Hotel Pro Forma for its opera based on Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species".
It is a collaboration between The Knife, Mt.
Sims and Planningtorock.
It was released digitally on 1 February 2010 through The Knife's own label Rabid Records prior to the physical release.
The album was recorded, mixed and produced in Berlin, Stockholm and Copenhagen between 2008 and 2009.
Recording for the live percussion took place at Sounds Studio in Iceland, while outdoor sounds were recorded at the Mamori Artlab Workshop on the Amazon River, Brazil.
"Tomorrow, In a Year" features guest appearances by mezzo-soprano Kristina Wahlin, Danish actress Lærke Winther Andersen and Swedish pop artist Jonathan Johansson. 
KIQZ (92.7 FM) was a radio station broadcasting an Adult Contemporary format.
Licensed to Rawlins, Wyoming, USA, the station is owned by Mt.
Rushmore Broadcasting, Inc.
It previously featured programing from AP Radio and Jones Radio Network.
KIQZ was simulcasted on sister station KRAL also from Rawlins.
Question: When did the Vincent van Gogh Foundation established?
About the article "Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)", section "Provenances".

Candidate passages:
This painting never left the artist's estate.
Since 1962, it has been in the possession of the Vincent van Gogh Foundation, established by Vincent Willem van Gogh, the artist's nephew, and on permanent loan to the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. 
In 1983 Yolande Clergue, a curator married to the photographer Lucien Clergue, founded the Association for the Creation of the Fondation Van Gogh (subsequently known simply as the Fondation Van Gogh).
In 1985 Yolande Clergue proposed initiating a collection of works executed by contemporary artists in tribute to Van Gogh, including Francis Bacon.
Bacon responded enthusiastically by producing a painting specifically for the foundation.
More than ninety artists chose to contribute to this homage to Vincent van Gogh.
In 2008 Yolande Clergue’s original ambition to create a Fondation Van Gogh was given new momentum by Luc Hoffmann who established a permanent framework for activities designed to preserve the memory of Van Gogh in Arles and to foster contemporary art.
This new foundation was officially established in 2010, under the name of the Fondation Vincent van Gogh Arles.
It iis now located in the Hôtel Léautaud de Donines. 
In 2008 Yolande Clergue’s original ambition to create a Fondation Van Gogh was given new momentum by Luc Hoffmann who established a permanent framework called Fondation Vincent van Gogh Arles for activities designed to preserve the memory of Vincent Van Gogh in Arles and to foster contemporary art. 
 November 6: Vincent van Gogh (Uncle Cent) married Cornelia Carbentus, in The Hague.  
 The first version never left the artist's estate.
Since 1962, it is in the possession of the Vincent van Gogh Foundation, established by Vincent Willem van Gogh, the artist's nephew, and on permanent loan to the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam.
The second version has, since 1926, been the possession of the Art Institute of Chicago.
The third version, formerly in the possession of Van Gogh's sister Wil and later acquired by Prince Matsukata, entered the French national collections in 1959, following the French-Japanese peace settlement, and is on permanent display in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris.
Question: What is quantum mechanics?
About the article "Quantum mechanics", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
In quantum mechanics, "observation" is synonymous with quantum measurement and "observer" with a measurement apparatus and observable with what can be measured.
See also quantum mind-body problem, measurement in quantum mechanics and Schrödinger's cat. 
In quantum mechanics, negativity is a measure of quantum entanglement which is easy to compute.  
Measurement plays an important role in quantum mechanics, and it is viewed in different ways among various interpretations of quantum mechanics.
In spite of considerable "philosophical" differences, different views of measurement almost universally agree on the "practical" question of what results from a routine quantum-physics laboratory measurement.
To understand this, the Copenhagen interpretation, which has been commonly used, is employed in this article. 
In theoretical physics, supersymmetric quantum mechanics is an area of research where mathematical concepts from high-energy physics are applied to the field of quantum mechanics. 
Quantum chaos is a branch of physics which studies how chaotic classical dynamical systems can be described in terms of quantum theory.
The primary question that quantum chaos seeks to answer is: "What is the relationship between quantum mechanics and classical chaos?"
The correspondence principle states that classical mechanics is the classical limit of quantum mechanics.
If this is true, then there must be quantum mechanisms underlying classical chaos; although this may not be a fruitful way of examining classical chaos.
If quantum mechanics does not demonstrate an exponential sensitivity to initial conditions, how can exponential sensitivity to initial conditions arise in classical chaos, which must be the correspondence principle limit of quantum mechanics?
In seeking to address the basic question of quantum chaos, several approaches have been employed:  Development of methods for solving quantum problems where the perturbation cannot be considered small in perturbation theory and where quantum numbers are large.
Correlating statistical descriptions of eigenvalues (energy levels) with the classical behavior of the same Hamiltonian (system).
Semiclassical methods such as periodic-orbit theory connecting the classical trajectories of the dynamical system with quantum features.
Direct application of the correspondence principle.
Question: What was The Frey
About the article "How to Save a Life", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
He was the father of Raymond Frey and the grandfather of Sébastien Frey and Nicolas Frey. 
  A mountain refuge in the Nahuel Huapi National Park was named "Refugio Emilio Frey" after him.
"Lago Frey" carries his name.  
Łucja Frey or Łucja Frey-Gottesman (November 3, 1889 in Lwów – 1942?)
was a Polish physician and neurologist, known for describing the syndrome later named after her.
Łucja Frey was one of the first female academic neurologists in Europe.
She perished during the Holocaust in 1942 in Lwów ghetto aged 53. 
Frey was born on April 6, 1990 in Roseville, California.
Frey's father Demetryst Cornish is a Walter Payton fan, and named Frey's dogs "Bear" and "Payton".
Frey and linebacker Lance Briggs were also from the same area. 
It tells the story of a couple that takes their excessive lifestyle to the edge.
On "In the Studio with Redbeard", Glenn Frey revealed that the title came to him one day when he was riding on the freeway with a drug dealer known as "The Count".
Frey asked the dealer to slow down and the response was, "What do you mean?
It's life in the fast lane!"
In that same interview, Frey indicated that the song's central riff was played by Walsh while the band was warming up in rehearsals and Walsh was told to "keep that, it's a song".
The song was also recorded for an MTV special as part of the Eagles 1994 reunion tour and "Hell Freezes Over" album.
Question: What flag is at the end of American Dad?
About the article "American Dad!", section "Closing theme".

Candidate passages:
The final frame of the introduction was changed for seasons beyond the first season.
At the end of the credits in the first season, all that could be seen was a big "American Dad!"
logo in front of the American flag.
In all subsequent scenes, this logo was shrunk to fit the names to the series creators on the same screen.
Following each episode's ending credits is a live action video of a security guard representing the Underdog Productions logo.
In the logo, the security guard always breaks the fourth wall, waving and typically stating "Bye, have a beautiful time", into the camcorder.
There are, however, different versions of this logo where his comments are different from the above.
"3-2-1 Win" said at the end of any game in which Dad's team wins.
"You know what's next, right?"
said when Dad complains about something, followed by a one-word description of what Dad thinks will happen as a result.
"I'd hate to be you when Mom finds out.
""Hey Tom!""Geh-outta-there!"
spoken as one word, whenever one of the family pets is in a place where they aren't supposed to be. 
  "American Dad: The Best Christmas Story Never Told" (2006)  "American Dad: The Most Adequate Christmas Ever" (2007)  "American Dad: Rapture's Delight" (2009)  "American Dad: For Whom the Sleigh Bell Tolls" (2010)  "American Dad: Season's Beatings" (2011)  "American Dad: Minstrel Krampus" (2013)  
Henry's uncle and Dad's younger brother.
Voiced by Aidan Cook.
He has curly blonde hair which is similar to Peter's, just as Dad's hair is brown, like Henry's, although Dad also has curly hair.
He wears a green jacket and orange tie and he only appears so far in "Horrid Henry and the Silly Siblings".
He is shown not to get on with Dad, as they argue often and this is also where a slightly childish aspect of Dad's personality is revealed.
He is said to be fussy, as when he visits he inspects the staircase for dust when he comes in.
At the end of "Horrid Henry and the Silly Siblings", he calls Dad "Silly Simon", which is presumably what he was called when he was a kid.
At the end of this episode it is also implied that Peter gets his goody-goody streak from him, while Henry gets his horrid streak from Dad. 
This is a list of flag bearers who have represented American Samoa at the Olympics.
Flag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.
Question: In which year did the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center open?
About the article "National Air and Space Museum", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
The spacecraft is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, Chantilly, Virginia. 
A cutaway Westinghouse 9.5A/J32 turbojet engine is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Washington D.C. 
 National Air and Space Museum Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center - Aerobile "N54P"  
 Military Aviation Museum at the Virginia Beach Airport, Virginia Beach Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center at the Washington Dulles International Airport, Chantilly Virginia Aviation Museum at the Richmond International Airport, Richmond  
Preserved Le Rhône 9J engines are on public display at the following museums: Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center Shuttleworth Collection Museum of Hungarian Aviation