Question: Which Communist governments became the first to negotiate organizing of competitive elections?
About the article "Cold War", section "East Europe breaks away".

Candidate passages:
By 1989, the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse, and, deprived of Soviet military support, the Communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power.
Grassroots organizations, such as Poland's Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases.
In 1989, the Communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections.
In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched Communist leaders.
The Communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising.
Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania, on behalf of the opposition, to prevent bloodshed.
The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, which symbolized the collapse of European Communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe.
The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe peacefully overthrew all the Soviet-style communist states: East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria, Romania was the only Eastern-bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state.
Grassroots organizations, such as Poland's Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases.
In 1989, the Communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections.
In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched Communist leaders.
The Communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising.
Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania, on behalf of the opposition, to prevent bloodshed.
The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, which symbolized the collapse of European Communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe.
The collapse of the European governments with Gorbachev's tacit consent inadvertently encouraged several Soviet republics to seek greater independence from Moscow's rule.
Agitation for independence in the Baltic states led to first Lithuania, and then Estonia and Latvia, declaring their independence.
Disaffection in the other republics was met by promises of greater decentralization.
More open elections led to the election of candidates opposed to Communist Party rule.
In an attempt to halt the rapid changes to the system, a group of Soviet hard-liners represented by Vice-President Gennady Yanayev launched a coup overthrowing Gorbachev in August 1991.
Russian President Boris Yeltsin rallied the people and much of the army against the coup and the effort collapsed.
Although restored to power, Gorbachev's authority had been irreparably undermined.
In September, the Baltic states were granted independence.
On December 1, Ukraine withdrew from the USSR.
On December 26, 1991 the USSR officially dissolved, breaking up into fifteen separate nations. 
Alberta had recognized Communist Party speakers and activists starting at the time of the founding of the Communist Party of Canada in 1922.
The first years were troubled by uncertainty of its relationship to the radical One Big Union movement, that had originated in Alberta in 1919.
The post-WWI depression caused many Albertans to seek radical change of the economic system and the Communist Party was a potent force, active in organizing amongst, and lobbying governments on behalf of, the poor unemployed in the cities, struggling farmers and poorly-paid urban workers.
Its radical views found a good hearing among the immigrant communities who had fled unfair economic conditions in their homelands - Ukrainian, Finnish, Italians and Jews were prominent in the early movement, while British Communist immigrants led the movement due to their facility in the English language and their secure citizenship.
Recent immigrants from other lands, even if naturalized, could be deported back to their land of origin due to political activism, and many were.
Communist Party member Henry Bartholomew, a well-known Communist speaker and lecturer in the city, ran in a 1924 Edmonton by-election under the banner of the Canadian Labour Party, which at the time took in both non-Communists and Communist Party members.
He came in a strong third with 29 percent of the vote, and the transferable balloting system in effect at the time gave him more votes in the first round of ballot transfers, so that he was almost in second place, but, held out of the first two spots, he was dropped off and his ballots re-distributed.
The Communist Party first ran its own candidate in the Edmonton by-election of January 9, 1931.
It contested two more by-elections after that, the last of which was a by-election held on October 7, 1937 in the Edmonton electoral district in which Jan Lakeman, leader of the Alberta Communists, finished third.
The party has not contested another by-election since but has placed candidates in many general provincial elections, beginning in 1935.
The federal government, worried about its latent strength, banned the Communist Party of Canada (and its Alberta wing) in the early 1930s and again at the start of WWII.
Communist Party candidates had some resonable results under the Single Transferable Vote system that Alberta used between 1924 and 1959, but its candidates rarely made it past the first vote transfer.
The party has been a very minor force due to Alberta's conservative politics that overtook the province starting in the 1940s.
It achieved its best results in the 1940s with a couple of distant second place finishes.
In those elections, it called itself the "Labour-Progressive Party" because of the federal government's ban.
(see also United Progressive which the party used in the 1940 election in Vegreville)The party started using the Communist name again in 1963.
The Communist Party was less successful than other left wing parties in the province, such as the Labour Party and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation.
In the 1975 provincial election, the Communist Party split the far left wing vote with the Constitutional Socialist Party, and in other elections the Communist Party (Maoist-Leninist) also ran candidates.
The Communist Party did not run in the 1967 and 1971 elections.
The party has ran at least one candidate in every general election since then.
In recent years, the Communist Party has not attracted more than a couple candidates with vote totals that rarely top 100 in each electoral district contested.
The Communist Party – Alberta is a full provincial wing of the federal Communist Party of Canada. 
The original plan, as created by Wilfred Havelock, Michael Blundell, and R. S. Alexander, would have created three autonomous, self-governing regions (Rift Valley, Western and Coast) in Kenya, which would share governance of the country based upon the mandate of the regional governments.
This way, The Kikuyu and Luo people would each receive their own majority-ethnic governments and would negotiate with each other and with the other region for the creation and execution of any law on the national level.
This was assumed as reasonable because of the fear that tribalist politics between the Kikuyu and Luo under a Westminster system would have been damaging for the other ethnic minorities in Kenya, including the European settlers and Asian residents.
It became a part of the party platform for Ronald Ngala's KADU, which competed in the first post-independence elections against Jomo Kenyatta's nationalist Kenya African National Union party.
In the Lancaster house constitutional conferences, Ngala's K.A.D.U delegation managed to negotiate the adoption of Federal system of governance based on 8 autonomous regions based on Kenya's provinces.
However amendments to Kenya's constitution meant by 1970 Kenya had reverted to being a unitary state. 
The PCV was founded in 1931 as a clandestine organization during the military dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez.
It was initially led by Juan Bautista Fuenmayor and Francisco José "Kotepa" Delgado.
The PCV became the Venezuelan affiliate of the Communist International.
A forerunner of the PCV, the Venezuelan Revolutionary Party, had been founded in exile in Mexico in 1926 and attempted a rebellion in Venezuela in 1929.
The PCV remained an illegal organization until 1941, when it entered into an alliance with the progressive military regime of Isaías Medina Angarita, following orders from Comintern for communist parties throughout the world to support governments that aided the allied war effort.
During this time it published the weekly newspaper "Aquí Está".
The PCV was outlawed during the conservative military dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez (1948–1958), when it played a key role in organizing the clandestine resistance to the regime, alongside activist from the (also banned) Acción Democrática party.
In 1952, despite remaining an illegal organization, PCV provided key support to the non-communist leftist party URD in elections organized by the military regime to legitimize its rule.
When URD's election victory became apparent, the military ordered the ballot counting process stopped and refused to accept its defeat at the hands of the communist-supported opposition.
The episode shifted the balance of power in the military from relative moderates to the hard-line faction led by Marcos Pérez Jiménez, which substantially stepped up efforts to repress the clandestine opposition.
In 1958, the three main non-communist opposition parties (Accion Democratica, COPEI and URD) made a conscious choice to exclude PCV from the power-sharing agreement, (the Punto Fijo Pact) that would underpin the transition to democracy.
Appearing on a Venezuelan election ballot for the first time in the 1958 election, PCV backed the candidacy of URD's Wolfgang Larrazábal and received 3.2% of the vote (84,451 votes), contributing towards Larrazábal's total of 34.88%.
The figure understates the party's influence in Venezuelan politics at the time, which stemmed less from its mass support than from its highly disciplined internal organization, including many full-time party organizers, and its ideological and financial ties to the Soviet Union.
In the early 1960s, inspired by the Cuban Revolution, the party became much more radical and launched a guerrilla war against the newly elected AD government led by Rómulo Betancourt, causing it to be outlawed once more.
The PCV guerrilla effort was unable to mobilize substantial support from the Venezuelan peasantry, which largely supported Betancourt's reformism, and was unable to mount a serious military challenge to the new regime.
Disillusioned with the guerrilla experience, the majority of PCV members split away from the party in 1971 to enter electoral politics as part of the reformist Movement toward Socialism (MAS).
At the same time, a much smaller group of activists split off to form the trade-union based party La Causa Radical, better known as Causa R, a forerunner of today's Patria Para Todos party.
Remaining Communist fighters were later given a general amnesty by President Rafael Caldera as part of his "pacificacion" process.
"(Controversial matter.
See: Discussion)"In the following years, the PCV became a marginal force in Venezuelan politics.
The party received 0.7% of the national vote in the 1973 elections, 0.5% in the 1978 election, 1% in 1983, and 0.3% in both the 1988 and 1993 elections: with its high-water mark coming in 1983, with 67,681 votes.
In the 1993 presidential elections, the PCV endorsed Rafael Caldera, a member of the Convergencia alliance.
PCV broke with President Caldera in 1996.