Question: What can genetic tests confirm or rule out?
About the article "Nucleic acid sequence", section "Genetic testing".

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The DNA in an organism's genome can be analyzed to diagnose vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a child's paternity (genetic father) or a person's ancestry.
Normally, every person carries two variations of every gene, one inherited from their mother, the other inherited from their father.
The human genome is believed to contain around 20,000 - 25,000 genes.
In addition to studying chromosomes to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders.
Genetic testing identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins.
Usually, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders.
The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder.
Several hundred genetic tests are currently in use, and more are being developed.
Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a child's parentage (genetic mother and father) or in general a person's ancestry.
In addition to studying chromosomes to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders.
Genetic testing identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins.
Most of the time, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders.
The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder.
Several hundred genetic tests are currently in use, and more are being developed.
Since genetic testing may open up ethical or psychological problems, genetic testing is often accompanied by genetic counseling.
Because genetic mutations can directly affect the structure of the proteins they code for, testing for specific genetic diseases can also be accomplished by looking at those proteins or their metabolites, or looking at stained or fluorescent chromosomes under a microscope.
This article focuses on genetic testing for medical purposes.
DNA sequencing, which actually produces a sequences of As, Cs, Gs, and Ts, is used in molecular biology, evolutionary biology, metagenomics, epidemiology, ecology, and microbiome research. 
In medicine, modern biotechnology finds applications in areas such as pharmaceutical drug discovery and production, pharmacogenomics, and genetic testing (or genetic screening).
Pharmacogenomics (a combination of pharmacology and genomics) is the technology that analyses how genetic makeup affects an individual's response to drugs.
It deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity.
By doing so, pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects.
Such approaches promise the advent of "personalized medicine"; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup.
Biotechnology has contributed to the discovery and manufacturing of traditional small molecule pharmaceutical drugs as well as drugs that are the product of biotechnology - biopharmaceutics.
Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply.
The first genetically engineered products were medicines designed to treat human diseases.
To cite one example, in 1978 Genentech developed synthetic humanized insulin by joining its gene with a plasmid vector inserted into the bacterium "Escherichia coli".
Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was previously extracted from the pancreas of abattoir animals (cattle and/or pigs).
The resulting genetically engineered bacterium enabled the production of vast quantities of synthetic human insulin at relatively low cost.
Biotechnology has also enabled emerging therapeutics like gene therapy.
The application of biotechnology to basic science (for example through the Human Genome Project) has also dramatically improved our understanding of biology and as our scientific knowledge of normal and disease biology has increased, our ability to develop new medicines to treat previously untreatable diseases has increased as well.
Genetic testing allows the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases, and can also be used to determine a child's parentage (genetic mother and father) or in general a person's ancestry.
In addition to studying chromosomes to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes biochemical tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders.
Genetic testing identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins.
Most of the time, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders.
The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder.
As of 2011 several hundred genetic tests were in use.
Since genetic testing may open up ethical or psychological problems, genetic testing is often accompanied by genetic counseling. 
The development of PCR-based genetic (or DNA) fingerprinting protocols has seen widespread application in forensics:  In its most discriminating form, Genetic fingerprinting can uniquely discriminate any one person from the entire population of the world.
Minute samples of DNA can be isolated from a crime scene, and compared to that from suspects, or from a DNA database of earlier evidence or convicts.
Simpler versions of these tests are often used to rapidly rule out suspects during a criminal investigation.
Evidence from decades-old crimes can be tested, confirming or exonerating the people originally convicted.
Less discriminating forms of DNA fingerprinting can help in Parental testing, where an individual is matched with their close relatives.
DNA from unidentified human remains can be tested, and compared with that from possible parents, siblings, or children.
Similar testing can be used to confirm the biological parents of an adopted (or kidnapped) child.
The actual biological father of a newborn can also be confirmed (or ruled out).  
The diagnosis of AOS is a clinical diagnosis based on the specific features described above.
A system of major and minor criteria was proposed.
The combination of two major criteria would be sufficient for the diagnosis of AOS, while a combination of one major and one minor feature would be suggestive of AOS.
There is currently no genetic testing that can be performed in order to confirm or rule out this condition.