Question: When was The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp made?
About the article "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp", section "Abstract".

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Nicolaes Tulp (9 October 1593 – 12 September 1674) was a Dutch surgeon and mayor of Amsterdam.
Tulp was well known for his upstanding moral character and as the subject of Rembrandt's famous painting "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp" 
The Anatomy Lesson (1995) is a novel by John David Morley, inspired by Rembrandt’s painting "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp". 
 Rembrandt *"The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp" *"Jacob de Gheyn" *"Maurits Huygens" *"Philosopher in Meditation" (or "Interior with Tobit and Anna") Sir Anthony van Dyck - "Queen Henrietta Maria" Diego Velázquez *"Christ Crucified" *"Temptation of St. Thomas"  
"The anatomy lesson of Joan Deyman" (or "Jan Deijman")[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_008.jpg] painted by Rembrandt in 1656, was intended to be displayed in the Anatomical Hall in Amsterdam alongside "The anatomy lesson of Tulp.
Deijman was Tulp's immediate successor in the post of praelector chirugic et anatomie.
The painting was damaged by fire in 1723, and only a central fragment survives.
Around 1856 Édouard Manet visited The Hague and made a small oil on panel copy of "The Anatomy Lesson".
Broadly painted in a limited palette, Manet gave the painting to his physician, Dr. Siredey.
A less detailed copy of The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp by an unknown artist hangs in Edinburgh as part of The University of Edinburgh Fine Art Collection"The Gross Clinic" of 1875 and "The Agnew Clinic" of 1889 are paintings by the American artist Thomas Eakins which treat a similar subject, operations on live patients in the presence of medical students.
In 2010, Yiull Damaso created a parody of the painting depicting prominent South Africans.
Nelson Mandela was the cadaver, Nkosi Johnson was the instructor, and the students were Desmond Tutu, F. W. de Klerk, Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma, Cyril Ramaphosa, Trevor Manuel, and Helen Zille.
The African National Congress condemned the work as disrespectful to Mandela, racist, and culturally insensitive to African taboos on depiction of living people as dead.
The 2011 video game "" references the painting in both in-game portraits that can be found on the wall and in a certain cinematic trailer, featuring the main protagonist Adam Jensen as the cadaver as Dr. Nicolaes and his students study his charred and ruined arms, which in the actual story become amputated and replaced with mechanical limbs.
The painting is discussed by the narrator (a young man) and his mother during a visit to the Met in "The Goldfinch", a 2013 novel by Donna Tartt.
In the 2012 German film Barbara, there is a scene in which Dr. Andre offers his interpretation of the painting to Dr. Barbara when she points out the inaccuracy of Arendt's left hand. 
The praelector would give yearly anatomy lessons each winter, performing them on victims of public hanging.
At that time the dissection of bodies was only legal if the subject was a male criminal and considered outside of the Church.
The dissections were performed with the consent of the city council, and were a means to collect funds for city council meetings and dinners.
All council and guild members were required to attend and pay an admission fee.
Throughout Europe, these dissections were attended by prominent learned men, who exchanged ideas about anatomy and the chemical processes of the human body.
As befits a new praelector, the Guild commissioned a new group portrait of the prominent councilmen and guildmasters.
Rembrandt, himself a young man of 26 and new to the city, won this commission and made a famous painting of him: "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp".
This painting, which now hangs in the Mauritshuis museum of the Hague, depicts Tulp dissecting such a criminal's forearm.
There has been much speculation as to why the dissection began on the forearm.
This is possibly because current medical thought was concentrated on recent observations on lymphatics and 'the white veins'.
There was a popular anatomical Latin text on this subject by William Harvey, called "Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus", later expanded and corrected by Marcello Malpighi.
In a dissection of a freshly hanged criminal in 1628 orchestrated by the French senator of Aix Nicolas Peiresc the chyliferous vessels were first seen in a human, because the unfortunate prisoner had eaten a copious meal before execution and the body was inspected only an hour and a half afterwards.
The vessels were only visible to the naked eye when the subject had recently eaten.
The next year in Copenhagen a similar public dissection was done by Royal Anatomist Ole Worm, brother-in-law to Caspar Bartholin, father of an important writer on anatomy, Thomas Bartholin.
Rembrandt's event depicted in the painting can be dated to 16 January 1632; the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons, of which Tulp was official City Anatomist, permitted only one public dissection a year and the body would have to be that of an executed criminal.
The criminal is identified as the robber Aris Kindt.
Rembrandt would later make a painting of Tulp's successor in 1656 "The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Jan Deijman".
Since the painting of Tulp's predecessor in 1619, "The Osteology Lesson of Dr Sebastiaen Egbertsz" was a group portrait around a skeleton, it is clear that the subject of a dead body had set a precedent.
It would be another 100 years before the surgeons were allowed to dissect a female cadaver.