Question: What dynasty built walls?
About the article "Great Wall of China", section "Early walls".

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From very early history to modern times, walls have been a near necessity for every city.
Uruk in ancient Sumer (Mesopotamia) is one of the world's oldest known walled cities.
Before that, the city (or rather proto-city) of Jericho in what is now the West Bank had a wall surrounding it as early as the 8th millennium BC.
The Assyrians deployed large labour forces to build new palaces, temples and defensive walls.
Some settlements in the Indus Valley Civilization were also fortified.
By about 3500 B.C., hundreds of small farming villages dotted the Indus floodplain.
Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets.
The stone and mud brick houses of Kot Diji were clustered behind massive stone flood dykes and defensive walls, for neighboring communities quarreled constantly about the control of prime agricultural land.
Mundigak (c. 2500 B.C.)
in present day south-east Afghanistan has defensive walls and square bastions of sun dried bricks.
Babylon was one of the most famous cities of the ancient world, especially as a result of the building program of Nebuchadnezzar, who expanded the walls and built the Ishtar Gate.
Exceptions were few — notably, ancient Sparta and ancient Rome did not have walls for a long time, choosing to rely on their militaries for defense instead.
Initially, these fortifications were simple constructions of wood and earth, which were later replaced by mixed constructions of stones piled on top of each other without mortar.
In Central Europe, the Celts built large fortified settlements known as oppida, whose walls seem partially influenced by those built in the Mediterranean.
The fortifications were continuously expanded and improved.
In ancient Greece, large stone walls had been built in Mycenaean Greece, such as the ancient site of Mycenae (famous for the huge stone blocks of its 'cyclopean' walls).
In classical era Greece, the city of Athens built a long set of parallel stone walls called the Long Walls that reached their guarded seaport at Piraeus.
Large tempered earth (i.e.
rammed earth) walls were built in ancient China since the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1050 BC), as the capital at ancient Ao had enormous walls built in this fashion (see siege for more info).
Although stone walls were built in China during the Warring States (481-221 BC), mass conversion to stone architecture did not begin in earnest until the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD).
In terms of China's longest and most impressive fortification, the Great Wall sections had been built prior to the Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC) and subsequently connected and fortified during the Qin dynasty, although its present form was mostly an engineering feat and remodeling of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) during the 15th and 16th centuries.
The large walls of Pingyao serve as one example.
Likewise, the famous walls of the Forbidden City in Beijing were established in the early 15th century by the Yongle Emperor.
The Romans fortified their cities with massive, mortar-bound stone walls.
The most famous of these are the largely extant Aurelian Walls of Rome and the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople, together with partial remains elsewhere.
These are mostly city gates, like the Porta Nigra in Trier or Newport Arch in Lincoln.
Apart from these, the early Middle Ages also saw the creation of some towns built around castles.
These cities were only rarely protected by simple stone walls and more usually by a combination of both walls and ditches.
From the 12th century AD hundreds of settlements of all sizes were founded all across Europe, who very often obtained the right of fortification soon afterwards.
The founding of urban centers was an important means of territorial expansion and many cities, especially in central and eastern Europe, were founded precisely for this purpose during the period of Eastern settlement.
These cities are easy to recognise due to their regular layout and large market spaces.
The fortifications of these settlements were continuously improved to reflect the current level of military development.
During the Renaissance era, the Venetians raised great walls around cities threatened by the Ottoman empire.
Among the finest examples are the walled cities of Nicosia and Famagusta in Cyprus and the fortifications of Candia and Chania in Crete, which still stand to this day. 
The Man mandir palace was built by the King of Tomar Dynasty - Maharaja Man Singh.
It is a big palace with wonderful architecture,and beautiful art work done on its front as well as some interior walls. 
Structural engineering and public works.
Materials and construction.
Timber was the chief building material in Han architecture.
It was used for grand palace halls, multi-story towers, multi-story residential halls, and humble abodes.
However, due to wood's rapid decay over time and susceptibility to fire, the oldest wooden buildings found in China (i.e.
several temple halls of Mount Wutai) date no earlier than the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE).
Architectural historian Robert L. Thorp describes the scarcity of Han-era archaeological remains, as well as the often unreliable Han-era literary and artistic sources used by historians for clues about non-existent Han architecture.
What remains of Han-dynasty architecture are ruins of brick and rammed earth walls (including aboveground city walls and underground tomb walls), rammed earth platforms for terraced altars and halls, funerary stone or brick pillar-gates, and scattered ceramic roof tiles that once adorned timber halls.
Sections of the Han-era rammed earth Great Wall still exist in Gansu province, along with the Han frontier ruins of thirty beacon towers and two fortified castles with crenellations.
Han walls of frontier towns and forts in Inner Mongolia were typically constructed with stamped clay bricks instead of rammed earth.
Thatched or tiled roofs were supported by wooden pillars, since the addition of brick, rammed earth, or mud walls of these halls did not actually support the roof.
Stone and plaster were also used for domestic architecture.
Tiled eaves projecting outward were built to distance falling rainwater from the walls; they were supported by "dougong" brackets that were sometimes elaborately decorated.
Molded designs usually decorated the ends of roof tiles, as seen in artistic models of buildings and in surviving tile pieces. 
Song and the conquest dynasties (907–1368).
The northern walls of the Khitan, Jurchens, and Tanguts.
After the Tang dynasty ended in 907, the northern frontier area remained out of Han Chinese hands until the establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368.
During this period, non-Han "conquest dynasties" ruled the north: the Khitan Liao dynasty (9071125) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty (11151234) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia (10381227) in the west, all of which had built walls against the north.
In 907, the Khitan chieftain Abaoji succeeded in getting himself appointed khaghan of all Khitan tribes in the north, laying the foundations to what would officially become the Liao dynasty.
In 936, the Khitan supported the Shanxi rebel Shi Jingtang in his revolt against the Shatuo Turkic Later Tang, which had destroyed the usurpers of the Tang in 923.
The Khitan leader, Abaoji's second son Yelü Deguang, convinced Shi to found a new dynasty (the Later Jin, 936946), and received the crucial border region known as the Sixteen Prefectures in return.
With the Sixteen Prefectures, the Khitan now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the plains of northern China, including the main Great Wall line.
Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe, the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei, and started to use Chinese methods of defence.
In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River.
When the Jurchens, once Liao vassals, rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin Dynasty, they continued Liao's wall-building activities with extensive work begun before 1138.
Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong, and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong.
This long period of wall-building burdened the populace and provoked controversy.
Sometime between 1190 to 1196, during Zhangzong's reign, the high official Zhang Wangong (張萬公) and the Censorate recommended that work on the wall be indefinitely suspended due to a recent drought, noting: "What has been begun is already being flattened by sandstorms, and bullying the people into defence works will simply exhaust them."
However, Chancellor Wanyan Xiang (完顏襄) convinced the emperor of the walls' merits based on an optimistic cost estimate – "Although the initial outlay for the walls will be one million strings of cash, when the work is done the frontier will be secure with only half the present number of soldiers needed to defend it, which means that every year you will save three million strings of cash ...
The benefits will be everlasting" – and so construction continued unabated.
All this work created an extensive systems of walls, which consisted of a "outer wall" from Heilongjiang to Mongolia and a network of "inner walls" north and northeast of Beijing.
Together, they formed a roughly elliptical web of fortifications in length and in diameter.
Some of these walls had inner moats (from in width), beacon towers, battlements, parapets, and outward-facing semicircular platforms protruding from the wall — features that set the Jin walls apart from their predecessors.
In the west, the Tanguts took control of the Ordos region, where they established the Western Xia dynasty.
Although the Xia were not traditionally known for building walls, in 2011 archeologists uncovered of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory.
Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160.
The walls were as tall as at places when they were discovered, and may have been around taller originally.
They were built with mud and saxaul (a desert shrub) in one section, and dark basalt blocks in another, suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site.
Archaeologists have not yet found traces of human activity around this stretch of wall, which suggests that the Xia wall in this location may have been incomplete and not ready for use. 
As early as 453 BCE, Yiju people built a double wall in the southern part of the Mu Us Sandyland to protect themselves against the northern most Chinese states, especially the Qin, although the Qin Dynasty also are reported to have done wall building in the area.
Indeed, later in the history of the Qin, they dominated all of this area and built walls.
In 129 BCE the Han Dynasty gained control of the area and strengthened the walls although they were still fighting to maintain control in AD 45.
Much later the Ming Dynasty version of the Great Wall crossed the area.