Question: What year did the Manchus accomplish climbing over the Great Wall?
About the article "Great Wall of China", section "Ming era".

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In 1628, under the new government, Yuan Chonghuan was reinstated as field marshal of all the forces of the Northeast.
He embarked on an ambitious five-year plan for the complete recovery of Liaodong.
The Chongzhen Emperor had begun his reign in 1627 at the age of 16, and in 1629 (at the age of 18) he appointed Yuan Chonghuan.
In 1629 Yuan was granted the title of "Senior Guardian of the Heir Apparent".
The Chongzhen Emperor gave him his Imperial Sword and stated that he would fully support Yuan's decisions.
This time Yuan had to face again a larger Manchu force of over 200,000 troops under Huang Taiji.
The Manchus had incorporated more men in their army, including the newly surrendered Mongols, Ming rebels, conquered Korea, and various small tribes of the North.
However, the Manchus were reluctant to attack Jinzhou or Ningyuan and never did so again.
The Manchus changed their strategy.
Bypassing Jinzhou, Ningyuan and Shanhai Pass, they broke through the Great Wall west of Shanhai Pass and reached north of Beijing in the winter of 1629.
Yuan rushed back with an elite army from Ningyuan to defend the capital.
He reached Beijing just days before the Manchus.
Outside the city wall of Beijing, he defeated the Manchurian "Eight Banners" which numbered around 100,000 men, but failed to destroy the Manchu army.
The Manchus' surprise attack on Beijing was foiled.
Despite the fact that Yuan prevented the Manchus from even reaching the city wall, Yuan was heavily criticized when he arrived in Beijing, and some eunuchs even accused Yuan of collaborating with the enemy.
In fact, they were actually tricked by Huang Taiji into thinking that Yuan had betrayed them.
The Chongzhen Emperor ordered Yuan's arrest during an audience with the Emperor on 13 January 1630.
Despite little evidence, he was accused of collusion with the enemy and condemned to death by "slow slicing" at Ganshiqiao () in Beijing.
When Yuan was asked for last words before his execution, he produced the poem: "A life's work always ends up in vain; half of my career seems to be in dreams.
I do not worry about lacking brave warriors after my death, for my loyal spirit will continue to guard Liaodong."
() Imperial records show he took half a day to die.
Yuan was mourned throughout most of the country outside Beijing and even in Joseon Korea.
After his death, many regarded the Ming and their allies as extremely vulnerable to Manchu invasion.
It was said that upon hearing of his apparent "betrayal", many Beijing residents hated him so much that they rushed to buy his body parts so they could eat them.
He was left there after the torture, shouting for half a day before stopping.
His head, the only recognizable part after the torture, was taken outside the Inner City Wall by a city guard, whose surname is She, and buried in Huashi near Guangqumen.
The guard's family have guarded it for generations since.
His tomb was recently renovated to become the Yuan Chonghuan Memorial.
Huang Taiji publicly stated that he would never be able to beat Yuan in a fair game, thus having the Chongzhen Emperor kill him was the only method to get rid of him.
Just as the message of Yuan's death reach Huang Taiji's ears, he changed his dynasty's name from Jin to Qing and proclaimed himself Emperor Qing Taizong.
Historical records state that Huang Taiji feared Yuan's last words that his soul would always guard Liaodong Peninsula.
Some say to overcome Yuan Chonghuan, whose name means "Undying Flames" (which contains the element of Fire), he had his dynasty name changed to Qing, meaning "to cleanse", which contains the Chinese element of "Water". 
Šarhūda, (Manchu: ) known also under the Chinese transcription of his name, Shaerhuda (), (1599–1659) was a Manchu military commander during the early Qing Dynasty, active both before and after the Manchus' seizing control of the entire China.
Sarhuda was a member of the Guwalgiya clan of the Suwan (蘇完) Manchu tribe living in the Hurka River Valley.
Along with his father he joined Nurhaci-led Manchu forces; they were assigned to the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner.
Sarhuda fought both in the Manchus' campaigns against the Ming and in the operations to expand the Manchu control over the native tribes of what today is Heilongjiang Province.
When the Manchus led by Dorgon crossed the Great Wall of China in 1644, Sarhuda commanded the vanguard division, which entered Beijing and later pursued the ousted usurper Li Zicheng to Dongguan, Shaanxi.
Later on, he fought against the loyalist Ming forces in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong and Jiangxi.
In recognition of his services, he was promoted the position of deputy lieutenant-general of the Manchu Bordered Blue Banner, and granted the hereditary rank of baron (男) of the first class.
In February 1652 Sarhuda was appointed the commander of the troops of the newly created garrison at Ninguta, which was at the time the main Manchu garrison not just in the Hurka Valley, but in the entire Manchuria north of the Willow Palisade.
In June 1653, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general (昂邦章京, "Angbang-zhangjing"; Manchu: amban-jianggin) of Ninguta.
In 1658 Sarhuda conducted a campaign against the Russian Cossacks led by Onufriy Stepanov, who had been extracting tribute from the natives of the middle Amur valley.
Sarhuda's fleet of some 40 (or 45) boats, manned by Manchu soldiers and a Korean contingent led by General Shin Ryu, totaling about 1400 people,descended the Hurka and the Sungari, and on the 10th day of the 6th month of the Chinese calendar (i.e., some time in July) encountered Onufriy Stepanov's 11-boat fleet with over 400 Cossacks aboard near the fall of Sungari into the Amur.
The Russian ships retreated some 30 li down the Amur, when the artillery battle between the two fleets began.
Sarhuda's and Shin Ryu's Manchu-Korean force killed Stepanov and destroyed most of his force; out of 11 Russian ships, 7 was burned, 3 captured by the Manchu-Korean force, and 1, although first captured, was recaptured by some Russian survivors of the battle, who used it to get away.
Ten Russians were taken prisoners, and around a hundred Ducher women, which had been kept by the Cossacks aboard their ships, were released.
The Manchus also captured over 300 flintlock small arms.
Despite the Koreans' requests to share the captured weapons (which were a novelty in this region at the time) with them, Sarhuda did not give them any.
This victory was said to have cleared the Amur Valley from major Russian presence until 1669, which the Russians built Albazin much farther upstream (and much closer to their bases in the Transbaikalia).
Sarhuda died the following year (1659), and was canonised as Xiangzhuang (襄壯).
Sarhuda's son, Bahai (巴海), inherited his father's rank and replaced him as the commander of the Ninguta garrison; he also campaigned against the Russians. 
The Great Wall concept was revived again during the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century, and following the Ming army's defeat by the Oirats in the Battle of Tumu.
The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the Manchurian and Mongolian tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire.
The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China.
Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the Ordos Desert, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the Yellow River.
Unlike the earlier fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth.
Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall.
As Mongol raids continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls.
Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong.
Qi Jiguang between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall, faced sections of the ram-earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders.
During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built a so-called "Liaodong Wall".
Similar in function to the Great Wall (whose extension, in a sense, it was), but more basic in construction, the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the Liaodong province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the Jianzhou Jurchens from the north.
While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.
Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions that began around 1600.
Even after the loss of all of Liaodong, the Ming army held the heavily fortified Shanhaiguan pass, preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland.
The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, after Beijing had already fallen to Li Zicheng's rebels.
Before this time, the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid, but this time it was for conquest.
The gates at Shanhaiguan were opened by the commanding Ming general Wu Sangui on May 25 who formed an alliance with the Manchus, hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing.
The Manchus quickly seized Beijing, and defeated both the rebel-founded Shun Dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance, establishing the Qing Dynasty rule over all of China.
Under Qing rule, China's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued.
On the other hand, the so-called Willow Palisade, following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall, was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria.
Its purpose, however, was not defense but rather migration control.
Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir.
As the Jurchens had traditionally "elected" their leader through a council of nobles, the Qing state did not have in place a clear succession system until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor.
The leading contenders for power at this time were Hong Taiji's oldest son Hooge and Hong Taiji' half brother Dorgon.
A compromise candidate in the person of Hong Taiji's five-year-old son, Fulin, was installed as the Shunzhi Emperor, with Dorgon as regent and de facto leader of the Manchu nation.
Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions.
They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor.
In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official, who established a short-lived Shun dynasty.
The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty.
Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000 to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass.
Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses were what kept the Manchus from directly raiding the Ming capital.
Wu Sangui, caught between a rebel army twice his size and a foreign enemy he had fought for years, decided to cast his lot with the Manchus with whom he was familiar.
Wu Sangui may have been influenced by the rebels' mistreatment of his family and other wealthy and cultured officials; it was said that Li also took Wu's concubine Chen Yuanyuan for himself.
Wu and Dorgon's armies joined in the name of avenging the death of the Chongzhen Emperor.
Together, the two former enemies met and defeated Li Zicheng's rebel forces in battle on May 27, 1644.
Wu's armies and the Manchus captured Beijing on June 6.
The Shunzhi Emperor was installed as the "Son of Heaven" on October 30.
The Manchus who had positioned themselves as political heir to the Ming emperor by defeating the rebel Li Zicheng, completed the symbolic act of transition by holding a formal funeral for the Chongzhen Emperor.
However the process of conquering the rest of China took another seventeen years of battling Ming loyalists, pretenders and rebels.
The last Ming pretender, Prince Gui, sought refuge with the King of Burma, but was turned over to a Qing expeditionary army commanded by Wu Sangui, who had him brought back to Yunnan province and executed in early 1662.
The first seven years of the Shunzhi Emperor's reign were dominated by the regent prince Dorgon.
Because of his own political insecurity, Dorgon followed Hong Taiji's example by ruling in the name of the emperor at the expense of rival Manchu princes, many of whom he demoted or imprisoned under one pretext or another.
Although the period of his regency was relatively short, Dorgon cast a long shadow over the Qing dynasty.
First, the Manchus had entered "China proper" because Dorgon responded decisively to Wu Sangui's appeal.
Then, after capturing Beijing, instead of sacking the city as the rebels had done, Dorgon insisted, over the protests of other Manchu princes, on making it the dynastic capital and reappointing most Ming officials.
Choosing Beijing as the capital was not a straightforward decision, since no major Chinese dynasty had directly taken over its immediate predecessor's capital.
Keeping the Ming capital and bureaucracy intact helped quickly stabilize the regime and sped up the conquest of the rest of the country.
However, not all of Dorgon's policies were equally popular nor easily implemented.
Dorgon's controversial July 1645 edict (the "haircutting order") forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into a queue, on pain of death.
The popular description of the order was: "To keep the hair, you lose the head; To keep your head, you cut the hair."
To the Manchus, this policy was a test of loyalty and an aid in distinguishing friend from foe.
For the Han Chinese, however, it was a humiliating reminder of Qing authority that challenged traditional Confucian values.
The "Classic of Filial Piety" ("Xiaojing") held that "a person's body and hair, being gifts from one's parents, are not to be damaged."
Under the Ming dynasty, adult men did not cut their hair but instead wore it in the form of a top-knot.
The order triggered strong resistance to Qing rule in Jiangnan and massive killing of ethnic Han Chinese.
Li Chengdong, a Han Chinese general who had served the Ming but surrendered to the Qing, ordered troops to carry out three separate massacres in the city of Jiading within a month, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths.
At the end of the third massacre, there was hardly any living person left in this city.
On December 31, 1650, Dorgon suddenly died during a hunting expedition, marking the official start of the Shunzhi Emperor's personal rule.
Because the emperor was only 12 years old at that time, most decisions were made on his behalf by his mother, the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang, who turned out to be a skilled political operator.
Although Dorgon's support had been essential to Shunzhi's ascent, Dorgon had through the years centralised so much power in his hands as to become a direct threat to the throne.
So much so that upon his death he was extraordinarily bestowed the posthumous title of Emperor Yi (), the only instance in Qing history in which a Manchu "prince of the blood" () was so honored.
Two months into Shunzhi's personal rule, Dorgon was not only stripped of his titles, but his corpse was disinterred and mutilated.
to atone for multiple "crimes", one of which was persecuting to death Shunzhi’s agnate eldest brother, Hooge.
More importantly, Dorgon's symbolic fall from grace also signalled a political purge of his family and associates at court, thus reverting power back to the person of the emperor.
After a promising start, Shunzhi's reign was cut short by his early death in 1661 at the age of twenty-four from smallpox.
He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who reigned as the Kangxi Emperor. 
Having reached Tobolsk in 1585, it was natural to continue up the Irtysh River to the Kazakh steppes north of Lake Balkhash to Dzungaria and western Mongolia.
This was the route used by Fyodor Baykov to reach China.
In 1714 Peter the Great sent Ivan Bukholts with 1,500 troops including Swedish miners who were prisoners of war up the Irtysh to Lake Zaysan to search for gold.
Next year he ascended the river again with 3,000 workers to build a fort.
Tsewang Rabtan (or Tseren-Donduk) of the Zunghar Khanate attacked them and drove them back to Omsk.
In 1720 an expedition under Ivan Likharev ascended the river and founded a permanent settlement at Ust-Kamenogorsk just west of the lake.
At just this time the Zunghars were severely defeated by the Manchus and driven out of Tibet.
In 1721/23 Peter sent Ivan Unkovsky to discuss an alliance, but this failed.
A major reason was that Lorents Lange at Selenginsk had turned over a number of Mongol refugees to the Manchus as part of the buildup to the Treaty of Kyakhta.
In 1755 the Qing destroyed the remnants of the Zunghar Khanate, creating a Russo-Chinese border in Xinjiang.
This area did not become active again until about 1880 (Russian Turkestan).