Question: Where do birds have scales?
About the article "Anatomy", section "Bird anatomy".

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Distinguishing limber pine from the related whitebark pine ("P. albicaulis"), also a white pine, is very much more difficult, and can only easily be done by the cones.
In limber pine, the cones are - long where the species overlap, green when immature, and open to release the seeds; the scales are not fragile.
In whitebark pine, the cones are - long, dark purple when immature, and do not open on drying, but are fragile and are pulled apart by birds (see below) to release the seeds.
A useful clue is that whitebark pines almost never have intact old cones lying under them, whereas limber pines usually do. 
The Virgin Islands dwarf sphaero is one of the smallest known amniotes (which includes 23,000 species of reptiles, birds, and mammals), with an average body size (measured as the snout–vent length or SVL) of and a maximum body mass of , but ranging as low as and averaging .
The only known amniote that is smaller is the closely related "S. ariasae", which measures and weighs a maximum of .
Typically, the species has a deep brown colouration on the dorsal side and legs, often with a scattering or a fine pattern of interconnected darker scales.
The species has a preocular transverse bar (a line of coloured scales in front of the eyes at the base of the snout), although this can be hard to see in some individuals.
Along each side and directly behind the eyes, a narrow, dark-edged, yellow-brown postocular stripe crosses the temple and fades out near the base of the head.
In the occipital region, on top of the head behind the eyes, an almost oval-shaped, dark-edged, yellow-brown bar stretches from one side of the head to the other and sometimes connects with the postocular stripes.
The dark brown scales on the dorsal side cross over to the ventral side (underside) and fade out, although many scales retain dark edges.
The ventral side is light grey or cream.
The tail is mostly yellowish-brown with occasional clusters or short lines of darker scales.
The gular (throat) pattern has faint to bold lines of light scales running laterally.
There is no sexual dichromatism in this species (the genders do not differ in colour), although females may be larger than males, with the SVL of females averaging , but only in males.
The snout is moderate in length and blunt.
The tail regenerates if broken off.
The dorsal scales are generally small, acute, keeled, imbricate, and flattened, while the throat and pectoral (chest) scales are keeled.
Granular (bumpy) scales are found on the top of the head and the anterior neck, while the scales on the middle of the neck are keeled, acute, flattened, and imbricate.
In the middle of the back, there is some crowding and size reduction in the scales, and none of these scales are granular.
On the dorsal side of the tail, the scales are acute, keeled, imbricate, and flattened.
On the underside of the tail, the scales are smooth, rounded, and enlarged towards the centre of the tail (mid-ventrally).
The ventral scales are rounded, smooth, cycloid (have a smooth outer edge), and imbricate.
The scales on the ventral caudal (head) scales are smooth, cycloid, and enlarged mid-ventrally.
The count of dorsal scales, from axilla (armpit) to groin, averages 32 with a range of 30 to 35.
The ventral count from axilla to groin along the midventral line averages 28 scales and ranges from 26 to 29.
The scales around the midbody average approximately 52 and range from 50 to 55.
There are two postnasals and one to three (usually two) internasal scales.
There are two to three (usually three) scales from the upper lip to the eye (upper labials).
On the fourth toe of the right foot, there are eight or nine (usually eight) lamellae, or plate-like scales that provide traction for geckos.
The escutcheons (scales around the genital region) are relatively small and only slightly extend onto the thighs, varying from three to five scales in length and 11 to 13 scales in width. 
The majority of adult Hydrophiinae species grow to between in length, with the largest, "Hydrophis spiralis", reaching a maximum of .
Their eyes are relatively small with a round pupil and most have nostrils that are located dorsally.
The skulls do not differ significantly from terrestrial elapids, although the dentition is relatively primitive with short fangs and (with the exception of "Emydocephalus") as many as 18 smaller teeth behind them on the maxilla.
Most Hydrophiinae are completely aquatic and have adapted to their environments in many ways, the most characteristic of which is a paddle-like tail that has increased their swimming ability.
To a varying degree, the bodies of many species are laterally compressed, especially in the pelagic species.
This has often caused the ventral scales to become reduced in size, even difficult to distinguish from the adjoining scales.
Their lack of ventral scales means they have become virtually helpless on land, but as they live out their entire life cycles at sea, they have no need to leave the water.
The only genus that has retained the enlarged ventral scales is the sea kraits, "Laticauda", with only five species.
These snakes are considered to be more primitive, as they still spend much of their time on land, where their ventral scales afford them the necessary grip.
"Laticauda" species are also the only sea snakes with internasal scales, i.e., their nostrils are not located dorsally.
Since it is easier for a snake's tongue to fulfil its olfactory function under water, its action is short compared to that of terrestrial snake species.
Only the forked tips protrude from the mouth through a divided notch in the middle of the rostral scale.
The nostrils have valves consisting of a specialized spongy tissue to exclude water, and the windpipe can be drawn up to where the short nasal passage opens into the roof of the mouth.
This is an important adaptation for an animal that must surface to breathe, but may have its head partially submerged when doing so.
The lung has become very large and extends almost the entire length of the body, although the rear portion is thought to have developed to aid buoyancy rather than to exchange gases.
The extended lung possibly also serves to store air for dives.
Most species of Hydrophiinae are able to respire through the top of their skin.
This is unusual for reptiles, because their skin is thick and scaly, but experiments with the black-and-yellow sea snake, "Pelamis platurus" (a pelagic species), have shown this species can satisfy about 25% of its oxygen requirements in this manner, which allows for prolonged dives.
Like other land animals that have adapted to life in a marine environment, sea snakes ingest considerably more salt than their terrestrial relatives through their diets, and when seawater is inadvertently swallowed.
This meant they had to evolve a more effective means of regulating the salt concentration of their blood.
Mammals have the advantage of being able to pass salt in solution, mostly in the urine, but kidney function in birds and reptiles is too weak to remove salt in sufficient amounts.
In birds, such as penguins, salt is removed through nasal glands, just as with the marine iguanas of the Galapagos Islands.
Sea turtles' lacrimal glands allow them to produce very salty tears.
In sea snakes, the posterior sub lingual glands, located under and around the tongue sheath, evolved to allow them to expel salt with their tongue action.
Scalation among sea snakes is highly variable.
As opposed to terrestrial snake species that have imbricate scales to protect against abrasion, the scales of most pelagic sea snakes do not overlap.
Reef-dwelling species, such as "Aipysurus", do have imbricate scales to protect against the sharp coral.
The scales themselves may be smooth, keeled, spiny or granular, the latter often looking like warts.
"Pelamis" has body scales that are "peg-like", while those on its tail are juxtaposed hexagonal plates.
"Aipysurus laevis" has been found to have photoreceptors in the skin of its tail, allowing it to detect light and presumably ensuring it is completely hidden, including its tail, inside coral holes during the day.
While other species have not been tested, "A. laevis" possibly is not unique among sea snakes in this respect.
Interestingly, dermal light sensitivity is found in all the major animal phyla. 
Scale armour is armour in which the individual scales are sewn or laced to a backing by one or more edges and arranged in overlapping rows resembling the scales of a fish/reptile or roofing tiles.
Lorica squamata is an ancient Roman armour of this type and is the Japanese (samurai) name for this type of scale armour.
Other types of armours made from individual scales but constructed in a different manner have their own separate names such as lamellar armour where the individual scales are perforated on several or all edges and lashed tightly to each other in straight ridged rows and do not need to be attached to a backing.
The Romans also had a variant called lorica plumata in which the scales were attached to mail. 
Further to the East, in the forest just above the streets "Sonnhalde" and "Jägerpfad", there is a very interesting birding trail with more than 40 nest boxes where numerous species of birds are breeding.
Furthermore, a large number of birds which do not have their nests in cavities can be observed there as well.