community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: Why is there a high level of endemism in Borneo?
About the article "Malaysia", section "Biodiversity".

Candidate passages:
There is a high level of endemism in the flora and fauna, including an estimated 40 species of plants, 4 vertebrates and at least 46 species of arthropod found nowhere else. 
This article is one of a series providing information about endemism among birds in the World's various zoogeographic zones.
For an overview of this subject see Endemism in birds. 
A Centre of Endemism is an area in which the ranges of restricted-range species overlap, or a localised area which has a high occurrence of endemics.
Centres of endemism may overlap with biodiversity hotspots which are biogeographic regions characterized both by high levels of plant endemism "and by serious levels of habitat loss".
The exact delineation of centres of endemism is difficult and some overlap with one another.
Centres of endemism are high conservation priority areas. 
Malaysia is a megadiverse country, with a high number of species and high levels of endemism.
These forests contain the Rafflesia, the largest flower in the world.
The clearing of the Borneo lowland rain forests has been cleared causing wildlife to retreat into the upland rain forests inland. 
This region is notable not just for the high number of endemic species, but for endemism in higher-level taxonomic groupings too.
Question: How many copies of the song sold in the United States as of May 2013?
About the article "Glad You Came", section "Chart performance".

Candidate passages:
As of October 2013, the song has sold 463,000 digital copies in the United States. 
The song has sold 280,000 digital copies in the United States as of March 2014. 
In its first week "Strange Clouds" sold 76,000 copies in the United States.
As of November 2013, it has sold 297,000 copies in the United States. 
The song sold 153,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release.
It is also their highest-charting song both in the US and the UK to date.
It has sold over 2 million copies in the US as of April 2013, their second song to do so. 
As of December 2013, "Sainthood" has sold 115,000 copies in the United States.
Question: Did Ken Tucker have a positve impression of the series?
About the article "The New Normal (TV series)", section "Critical reception".

Candidate passages:
In October 1993, Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the series a C+. 
Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" rated the series a C, saying that "rarely has a bad sitcom been better acted".
Despite being impressed with the acting from Stapleton and Little, Tucker was disappointed that the producers did not hire better writers, to match the quality of the movie on which the series is based. 
Reviews have been mixed to negative.
Ken Tucker gave the film a bad review. 
Season five received favourable reviews and has a rating of 72 on the review aggregator site Metacritic.
Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" praised the series by calling it a "richly detailed portrait of self-righteous villainy". 
Caryn James of "The New York Times" called the series "relentlessly unfunny".
Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" rated the series as one of the worst of the year.
Question: who provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering
About the article "Mexico", section "Science and technology".

Candidate passages:
The Academy works with the engineering profession and other partners to increase the diversity and number of people that study science, technology, engineering and mathematics and focuses on enriching the experience by bringing real-world engineering practice into schools, further education colleges and universities.
The Academy also hosts the professional engineering alliance Education for Engineering which provides a unified voice in education debates and advice on all aspects of engineering education policy. 
CTS provides diploma level education in various engineering disciplines, including Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science,Civil Engineering and Electrical Engineering. 
 This excerpt is taken from the Columbia Engineering website: * "The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, as a part of the world-class teaching and research university, strives to provide the best in both undergraduate and graduate education.
We are preparing engineering leaders who will solve the problems of the new century, fostering scientific inquiry but never losing sight of its human implications.
The School's programs are designed to produce well-educated engineers who can put their knowledge to work for society.
This broad educational thrust takes advantage of the School's links to a great liberal arts college and to distinguished graduate programs in law, business, and medicine.
Through a synergy of teaching and research, we seek to educate a distinguished cadre of leaders in engineering and applied science who will thrive in an atmosphere of recently emerging technologies."
Engineering philosophy.
Columbia embraces innovative approaches, including computer-assisted design, the use of "smart" materials, and collaborations with other Columbia departments and schools are opening frontiers in an expanding host of fields: from financial engineering to corrosion control, cryogenic manufacturing to biomedical engineering. 
 "Who's Who in America" "Who's Who in the World" "Who's Who of American Women" "Who's Who in Medicine and Healthcare" "Who's Who in Science and Engineering" "Who's Who in Finance and Business" "Who's Who in American Law" "Who's Who in American Politics" "Who's Who in American Art" "Who's Who in American Education" "Who's Who in Corporate America"  
The college provides undergraduate (Bachelor of Technology) course in  Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)  Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)  Computer Science Engineering (CSE)  Mechanical Engineering  Information Technology (IT)  Civil Engineering (CIV) Post graduate (Master of Technology) course in  Computer Science Engineering (CSE)  VLSI (ECE)
Question: What was the first week sales of The Motto?
About the article "The Motto", section "Chart performance".

Candidate passages:
The album debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 59,000 copies. 
The motto of Mathew is in Welsh: "Y Fyn Duw A Fydd" ("What God willeth will be"). 
  First week estimate: 23,230  Total estimate: 66,840  
The party's motto is "Ghana first". 
The game sold 5,258 copies in its first week in Japan and reached 22nd place in its first week of the UK sales chart.
Question: What is the location of the Grand Terminal?
About the article "Grand Central Terminal", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
The terminal is located in Puthuvype near the city of Kochi. 
Parañaque is also the location of one of Ninoy Aquino International Airport's terminal.
This terminal is Terminal 1 located along Ninoy Aquino Avenue.
The flights of major international airlines are located in this terminal. 
The school is located near the Charles Street Transit Terminal, making commuting easy via intercity buses and regional Grand River Transit buses. 
The terminal is situated on the European side of İstanbul, in Bayrampaşa district.
It occupies , which makes it the largest bus terminal in southeastern Europe, Europe and in Turkey.
It is the third largest in the world.
The terminal has 324 platforms. 
The city shares the location of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport with Parañaque City.
Terminal 2 and Terminal 3, as well as the terminal of Manila Domestic Airport are located in Pasay City.
Villamor Airbase of the Philippine Air Force is also located there.
Access roads to the terminals are: Terminal 2 (Centennial) – NAIA Road Terminal 3 (New) – Andrews Avenue (adjacent to Villamor Air Base) Domestic Terminal – Domestic Road
Question: Charlie Bisharat played violin for what songs?
About the article "It Will Rain", section "Credits and personnel".

Candidate passages:
  Christopher Brady - String Arrangements  Charlie Bisharat - violin  Peter Kent - violin  Darrin McCann - viola  Steve Richards - cello  
 Charlie Adams – drums Osama Afifi – bass guitar Charlie Bisharat – violin Michael Bruno – percussion Joyce Imbesi – keyboards Bradley Joseph – keyboards  
 Charlie Adams – drums Osama Afifi – bass guitar Charlie Bisharat - violin Michael Bruno – percussion Bradley Joseph – keyboards Amy Shiotani – keyboards  
 Charlie Adams – drums Charlie Bisharat – violin Karen Briggs – violin Ric Fierabracci – bass guitar Michael "Kalani" Bruno – percussion Julie Homi – keyboards Bradley Joseph – keyboards Shardad Rohani – Conductor  
I also wish to thank my band: Osama Afifi (bass), Charlie Bisharat (violin), Karen Briggs (violin), Michael Bruno (percussion), Julie Homi (keyboards), Bradley Joseph (keyboards), Sachi McHenry (cello), and my crew.
Question: When did the Pharaoh Khufu live?
About the article "Great Sphinx of Giza", section "Modern dissenting hypotheses".

Candidate passages:
 Khaba (Egyptian Pharaoh) Khafra (Egyptian Pharaoh) Khasekhemwy (Egyptian Pharaoh) Khufu (Egyptian Pharaoh)  
Nefertiabet ("nfr.t ỉ3b.t"; "Beautiful One of the East") was an ancient Egyptian princess of the 4th dynasty.
She was possibly a daughter of Pharaoh Khufu. 
Minkhaf I was an ancient Egyptian prince of the 4th Dynasty.
He was a son of Pharaoh Khufu and served as vizier. 
Henutsen is identified with the daughter of Khufu in Herodotus's Histories whom the pharaoh prostituted to finance the building of his pyramid.
The story is completely groundless. 
Queen Meresankh III was the daughter of Hetepheres II and Prince Kawab and a granddaughter of the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu.
She was the wife of King Khafre.
Question: WHat is the definition of Ramen?
About the article "Ramen", section "Instant ramen".

Candidate passages:
Varieties of restaurants like "izakaya" drinking establishments, karaoke halls, and amusement parks offer ramen - but the best quality ramen is usually only available in "ramen-ya" restaurants.
The menus in "ramen-ya" restaurants offer mainly ramen dishes, so they lack much variety.
Besides ramen, some of the dishes generally available in a "ramen-ya" restaurant include fried rice (called "Chahan" or "Yakimeshi"), "Gyōza" (Chinese dumplings), and beer. 
The Shin-Yokohama Raumen Museum is a unique museum about ramen, located in the Shin-Yokohama district of Kōhoku-ku, Yokohama. 
Early years and signing with Fueled by Ramen (2001–2005).
The original members of Cute Is What We Aim For were childhood friends and formed the band in their teenage years.
After touring small venues and marketing their demo the band eventually signed to Fueled by Ramen in 2005.
Since the band's inception, it has been subject to several line-up changes. 
Definition is an EP released by Jersey for Fueled by Ramen on May 8, 2001. 
Mr. Noodles is the brand name of a Canadian instant noodles product.
The Mr. Noodles brand is sold in packages the same size of traditional ramen.
Mr. Noodles is sold in instant ramen pack (single, dual or multi-pack), instant ramen cup or instant ramen bowl.
It is sold at grocery and convenience stores, and sometimes in vending machines.
A newer offering from the company is its "Kimchi Noodle" bowls which have a spicier flavour.
Question: Who invented ski jumping?
About the article "Ski jumping", section "History".

Candidate passages:
In 2002, Winterlich invented a glass ceramic inrun trail at the Bischofsgrün ski jumping facility in Germany.
Together with the already existing plastic mats, it allows ski jumping in both summer and winter.
Winterlich also helped to improve the jumping arena in Garmisch Partenkirchen. 
Ivan Lunardi (born Asiago, May 15, 1973) was an Italian ski jumper who competed from 1986 to 2000.
At the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, he finished seventh in the individual large hill event.
Lunardi's best individual finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was fourth in the normal hill event at Falun in 1993.
His best finish at the Ski-flying World Championships was ninth at Harrachov in 1992.
Lunardi's only World Cup victory was in a large hill event in Finland in 1993.
Further notable results  1991: 3rd, Italian championships of ski jumping  1992: 1st, Italian championships of ski jumping  1993: 1st, Italian championships of ski jumping  1994: 2nd, Italian championships of ski jumping  1996: 3rd, Italian championships of ski jumping  1997: 2nd, Italian championships of ski jumping  1998: 2nd, Italian championships of ski jumping  1999: 2nd, Italian championships of ski jumping  2000: 2nd, Italian championships of ski jumping  
Sigurd Solid was a Norwegian ski jumper who competed in the 1930s.
He won a ski jumping bronze at the 1937 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Chamonix. 
  1924: 1st, Italian ski jumping championships   1925: 1st, Italian ski jumping championships  1926: 1st, Italian ski jumping championships  1927: 2nd, Italian ski jumping championships  
Lisa Demetz (born 21 May 1989) is an Italian ski jumper, who represents as a military athlete the C.S.
Demetz, born in Bolzano, made her debut in the Continental Cup, the highest level in women's ski jumping, on 23 July 2004 with a 11th place in Park City.
She has finished among the top three 4 times, with one win and two second places.
She was selected to compete for Italy in the 2011 World Championship in Oslo.
Further notable results  2004: 2nd, Italian championships of ski jumping, K62  2005: * 1st, Italian championships of ski jumping * 1st, Italian championships of ski jumping, K60  2007: 1st, Italian championships of ski jumping  2008: 2nd, Italian championships of ski jumping  2009: 1st, Italian championships of ski jumping  2010: 1st, Italian championships of ski jumping  2011: 1st, Italian championships of ski jumping
Question: When did the film make $200 million?
About the article "Despicable Me", section "Box office".

Candidate passages:
"Aladin" did not perform well at the box office.
Its lifetime gross was 135 million with the budget not being made back: 200 million.
The film was rated "Average Grosser" by India Boxoffice. 
"Seediq Bale" was released in 2011, but Wei began to work on the film much earlier.
According to an interview, Wei got the idea to make the film "Seediq Bale" in 1996 when he saw a protest demanding land to be returned to Taiwanese aborigines.
Wei began to study history relevant to the aborigines and decided to make a film about chief Mona Rudao.
In late 2003, Wei raised NTD 2.5 million and shot a five-minute demonstration film in order to further raise NTD 300 million (USD 10 million) to shoot the complete film.
The fundraising failed, and director Chen Kuo-fu advised Wei to make another film to win the trust of investors, so Wei turned his attention to make "Cape No.
After the success of "Cape No.
7" in 2008 Wei returned to work on "Seediq Bale."
However in 2009 Typhoon Morakot destroyed the set, and the cost grew from NTD 200 million to NTD 600 million.
Aside from technical problems, Wei said that he had to direct the film and raise the money at the same time, and the company often ran out of money.
Wei said this made him nervous and grouchy, and he had to rely on the patience of the family and employees.
The film was released in September 2011, both locally and internationally. 
80 Million () is a 2011 Polish drama film directed by Waldemar Krzystek.
The film was selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards, but it did not make the final shortlist. 
With "Enemy Mine" costing over $40 million, the studio hoped for a large first weekend opening.
That did not occur, with the film pulling in only $1.6 million at 703 theaters nationwide.
As of Christmas day, the film had taken in $2.3 million at the box office.
When asked exactly how much the movie would have to take in during its theatrical run to make its money back, an executive with Fox replied "It doesn't really matter, because it's not going to do it."
Hines made his first attempt at a Busch race in 2000, when he attempted to qualify for the Cheez-It 200 in a car owned by Jimmy Spencer.
He did not make the field.
Question: On what date did the final episode air?
About the article "Rules of Engagement (TV series)", section "History".

Candidate passages:
  Episode 1: "Nights of Living Dangerously": Air Date: 18 October 2004  Episode 2: "Desiree": Air Date: 28 October 2004  Episode 3: "The Olive Garden": Air Date: 4 November 2004  Episode 4: "Swimming Upstream": Air Date: 11 November 2004  Episode 5: "Waltzing Sakamoto": Air Date: 18 November 2004  Episode 6: "The Gingerbread Man": Air Date: 25 November 2004  Episode 7: "Beef with You": Air Date: 2 December 2004  Episode 8: "Beer and Skittles": Air Date: 9 December 2004  Episode 9: "Blood and Chocolate": Air Date: 16 December 2004  Episode 10: "Hole Lotta Love": Air Date: 23 December 2004  Episode 11: "Heart of Marshmallow": Air Date: 30 December 2004  Episode 12: "Honey and Wounds": Air Date: 6 January 2005  Episode 13: "Sticky": Air Date: 13 January 2005  Episode 13: "Sticky Part 2": Air Date: 14 January 2005  
  Air date - 16 January 2014  
 Air date: November 5, 2013 Spotlight Challenge: The final three must create two characters, a Swan and a Sorcerer, based on different time periods for a performance of Swan Lake.
*Winner: Laura  
  Air date - 30 January 2014
Question: How many people watched the "Family Guy" premier?
About the article "Family Guy", section "Early history and cancellation".

Candidate passages:
The episode received a 1.6 rating and was watched by a total of 3.45 million people.
This made it the fourth most watched show on Animation Domination that night, beating "The Cleveland Show" but losing to "Family Guy". 
The episode received a 1.8 rating and was watched by a total of 3.93 million people.
This made it the fourth most watched show on Animation Domination that night, beating "The Cleveland Show" but losing to "Family Guy". 
The episode received a 1.8 rating and was watched by a total of 4.20 million people, this made it the most watched show on Animation Domination that night beating "American Dad!
", "Bob's Burgers" and "Family Guy". 
The episode received a 3.0 rating and was watched by a total of 6.78 million people, this made it the most watched show on Animation Domination that night beating "American Dad!
", "Bob's Burgers" and "Family Guy". 
The episode received a 1.8 rating and was watched by a total of 3.45 million people.
This made it the fourth most watched show on Animation Domination that night, beating "The Cleveland Show" but losing to "Family Guy".
Question: Slopes facing which direction receive the full amount of sunlight in the Sonoran Desert?
About the article "Grand Canyon", section "Plants".

Candidate passages:
Biology and ecology.
There are approximately 1,737 known species of vascular plants, 167 species of fungi, 64 species of moss and 195 species of lichen found in Grand Canyon National Park.
This variety is largely due to the 8,000 foot elevation change from the Colorado River up to the highest point on the North Rim.
Grand Canyon boasts a dozen endemic plants (known only within the Park's boundaries) while only ten percent of the Park's flora is exotic.
Sixty-three plants found here have been given special status by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service.
The Mojave Desert influences the western sections of the canyon, Sonoran Desert vegetation covers the eastern sections, and ponderosa and pinyon pine forests grow on both rims.
Natural seeps and springs percolating out of the canyon walls are home to 11% of all the plant species found in the Grand Canyon.
The Canyon itself can act as a connection between the east and the west by providing corridors of appropriate habitat along its length.
The canyon can also be a genetic barrier to some species, like the Tassel-eared squirrel.
The aspect, or direction a slope faces, also plays a major role in adding diversity to the Grand Canyon.
North-facing slopes receive about one-third the normal amount of sunlight, so plants growing there are similar to plants found at higher elevations, or in more northern latitudes.
The south-facing slopes receive the full amount of sunlight and are covered in vegetation typical of the Sonoran Desert.
 Main articles in: Category: Fauna of the Sonoran Desert  
 See articles in: Fauna of the Sonoran Desert  
Yucca schidigera, also known as the Mojave yucca or Spanish Dagger, is a flowering plant that is native to the Mojave Desert, Chihuahuan Desert and Sonoran Desert of southeastern California, Baja California, New Mexico, southern Nevada and Arizona.
This yucca typically grows on rocky desert slopes and creosote desert flats between altitude, rarely up to .
They thrive in full sun and in soil with excellent drainage.
It also needs no summer water.
It is related to the Banana yucca ("Yucca baccata"), which occurs in the same general area; hybrids between the two are sometimes found. 
Chionactis palarostris, commonly known as the Sonoran shovelnose snake, is species of small nonvenomous colubrid which is a native of the Sonoran Desert in North America.
It is one of only two species in the genus "Chionactis".
Question: What does Ecology study?
About the article "Biology", section "Ecological and environmental".

Candidate passages:
  Arctic ecology –  Polar ecology –  Tropical ecology –  
 Entropy (ecology), a measure of biodiversity in the study of biological ecology  
  Benthic ecology – study of sea-floor organisms, and their interaction with each other and with the environment  Desert ecology –  Forest ecology –  Grassland ecology –  Marine ecology – and aquatic ecology, where the dominant environmental milieu is water;  Urban ecology – the study of ecosystems in urban areas.  
The study of phage ecology reflects established scientific disciplines in ecological studies in scope, the most obvious being general ecology.
Accordingly, phage ecology is treated under the following heads "organismal" ecology, population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology.
Phage ecology also may be considered (though mostly less well formally explored) from perspectives of phage behavioral ecology, evolutionary ecology, functional ecology, landscape ecology, mathematical ecology, molecular ecology, physiological ecology (or ecophysiology), and spatial ecology.
Phage ecology additionally draws (extensively) from microbiology, particularly in terms of environmental microbiology, but also from an enormous catalog (90 years) of study of phage and phage-bacterial interactions in terms of their physiology and, especially, their molecular biology. 
Integral ecology integrates over 80 schools of ecology and 70 schools of environmental thought.
It integrates these approaches by recognizing that environmental phenomena are the result of an observer using a particular method of observation to observe some aspect of nature.
This postmetaphysical formula is summarized as Who (the observer) x How (method of observation) x What (that which is observed).
Integral ecology uses a framework of eight ecological worldviews (e.g.,eco-manager, eco-holist, eco-radical, eco-sage), eight ecological modes of research (e.g., phenomenology, ethnomethodology, empiricism, systems theory), and four terrains (i.e., experience, behaviors, cultures, and systems).
See table below for an overview of a few of the schools of ecology that integral ecology weaves together:Integral ecology is defined as the mixed methods study of the subjective and objective aspects of organisms in relationship to their intersubjective and interobjective environments.
As a result integral ecology doesn’t require a new definition of ecology as much as it provides an integral interpretation of the standard definition of ecology, where organisms and their environments are recognized as having interiority.
Integral ecology also examines developmental stages in both nature and humankind, including how nature shows up to people operating from differing worldviews.
Key integrative figures drawn on in integral ecology include: Thomas Berry, Edgar Morin, Aldo Leopold, and Stan Salthe.