Question: When did France establish an American aid program?
About the article "American Revolution", section "France".

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In October 1940, Field resigned his post in Geneva to become director of the American Unitarian Universalist Service Committee's relief mission in Marseilles with his wife Herta in 1941, providing relief for endangered Jewish refugees including antifascists and leftists, and helped many to flee to Switzerland.
Field began a major collaboration with the Œuvre de secours aux enfants (Jewish Children’s Aid Society, OSE) and the Marseilles director, Joseph Weill.
The two organizations subsequently shared the same quarters in Marseilles and Noel Field, with help from Herta, set up kindergartens in the Camp de Rivesaltes.
The Fields worked with a number of French Jewish women and collaborated with OSE to openly liberate Jewish children from French internment camps or to smuggle them out, if the camp director would not cooperate.
Also beginning in early 1941, Noel Field established an extensive medical program to provide aid to Jewish refugees in hiding, those waiting to emigrate or those held in internment camps.
Drawing from medical expertise of some of the Jewish refugees, Field was able to develop a team of about 20 medical doctors, dentists, and nurses, some with international reputations.
With his contacts in Switzerland, Noel Field managed to obtain medicines and nutritional supplements that were extraordinary for that time.
With the American Friends Service Committee, and his lead doctor, Rene Zimmer, Field was able to implement a nutritional survey of many of the thousands of refugees interred in French camps, and provide additional food for those in greatest need.
During this period, Noel Field worked effectively with the Nîmes Committee, a network of about 30 relief organizations in Vichy France, and maintained congenial ties with Varian Fry and other relief workers who viewed Field to be a dedicated humanitarian who seemed to be working himself into exhaustion and nervous collapse.
Field developed a roster of several hundred refugees whose emigration he attempted to realize.
Unlike some members of the Unitarian Service Committee and Varian Fry, Field did not face hostility from staff at the US Embassy in Marseilles for his activities, possibly because he sent many of his refugee clients in the direction of Switzerland, rather than the United States.
In 1942 Robert Dexter, director of the Unitarian Service Committee, recruited Noel Field to pass on information to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS).
When the Germans occupied the rest of France in November 1942, the Fields made a last minute escape from Marseilles and re-established a refugee program in Geneva.
In 1944, Noel Field made a dramatic return to southern France, traveling with the Maquis and with the approval of Allen Dulles before the area was fully liberated.
He arranged for a colleague, Herta Tempi, to establish a small office in Paris as a relief project for the Unitarian Service Committee.
In his relief activities, Field came into contact with a number of communist and antifascist refugees and exiles from Germany and elsewhere and used his position to relay information among various groups.
During the war years, Field, based in Switzerland, continued to work on behalf of refugees, including antifascists and communists who would, after the war, assume positions of power in Eastern Europe.
Field served Allen Dulles, then of the OSS and later Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) chief, as liaison to Communist resistance fighters when they were needed for OSS operations.
Dulles had first met Field in Zurich in 1918 at the home of Field's father.
The two had often seen each other in Washington D.C. when both worked at the State Department.
Dulles hoped that Field could use his Communist connections in Switzerland and Germany to shed light on Stalin's postwar objectives in Europe. 
Born in Charleston, South Carolina, St. Julien was the oldest child of merchant and ship owner John Ravenel and his wife Anna Eliza Ford.
After attending grammar schools in Charleston, he left for Morristown, New Jersey to continue his education.
In 1840 he graduated from the Medical College in Charleston after studying medicine under J. E. Holbrook, then continued his studies for a summer in Philadelphia and a year at Paris, France.
Returning to Charleston, he began to practice medicine and was named Demonstrator of Anatomy at the Medical College.
Finding the medical work distasteful and disliking the drudgery of being a doctor, he began an association with Professor Louis Agassiz, studying microscopy, natural history, and physiology.
When the American Association for the Advancement of Science met in Charleston during 1850, Dr. Ravenel was the treasurer.
On March 20, 1851, he was married to Harriott Horry Rutledge (1832–1912), the sole child of Edward Cotesworth Rutledge and Rebecca Motte Lowndes.
Between 1852–72, St. Julien and Harriott would have nine children.
Julien undertook the study of chemistry beginning in 1852.
However, he did not completely forsake his previous work.
When an outbreak of Yellow Fever struck Norfolk, Virginia in 1855, he was one of the first on the scene and worked throughout the epidemic to aid the patients.
At his Stony Landing Plantation along the Cooper River, he experimented with the production of lime from marl deposits located along the river banks.
After cement was discovered under the limestone layers, in 1856 he partnered with Clement H. Stevens to establish the Colleton Lime Works at his plantation which sold lime for 0.90c per barrel.
This company would provide most of the lime used by the southern states during the American Civil War. 
 The Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act was signed into law by U.S. President Truman, giving Puerto Rico the authority to establish its own government to administer "matters of purely local concern".
New Zealand dispatched its first troops to the Korean War, as the ships HMNZS "Pukaki" and the HMNZS "Tutira" departed to aid the UN war effort.
An express train crashed into an excursion bus near Bourg-en-Bresse in France, killing 23 people on the bus.
In a cablegram sent from North Korea's Foreign Minister, Pak Hen Nen, to United Nations Secretary General Trygve Lie, North Korea announced that it had no intention of agreeing to the UN Security Council resolution 82, calling for an end to hostilities and withdrawal of troops.
The first U.S. Navy jet attack in the Korean War took place when a Grumman F9F Panther took off from the USS "Valley Forge" to attack North Korean troops.
Ensign Eldon W. Brown, Jr., made the first kill, downing a Yak-9 fighter near Pyongyang, before returning to the "Valley Forge".
"The Hazel Scott Show" made its debut on the DuMont Television Network, becoming the first television program to be hosted by an African-American woman.
Singer Hazel Scott appeared live on Monday, Wednesday and Friday evenings from 7:45 pm to 8:00 pm Eastern Time on DuMont stations.  
Immediately following the defeat of France, Walsh was the sponsor along with Senator Vinson of the Vinson-Walsh Act of July 1940 that increased the size of the U.S. Navy by 70%.
It included 7 battleships, 18 aircraft carriers and 15,000 aircraft.
In the Senate, Walsh was a consistent isolationist He supported American neutrality with respect to the Spanish Civil War and opposed an American alliance with the United Kingdom until the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Speaking in the Senate on June 21, 1940, he denounced Roosevelt's plans to provide armaments to Great Britain: I say it is too risky, too dangerous, to try to determine how far we can go tapping the resources of our own Government and furnishing naval vessels, air planes, powder and bombs.
It is trampling on dangerous ground.
It is moving toward the edge of a precipice--a precipice of stupendous and horrifying depths...I do not want our forces deprive of one gun, or one bomb, or one ship which can aid that American boy whom you and I may some day have to draft.
I want every instrument.
I want every bomb.
I want every plane.
I want every boat ready and available.
So I can say when and if it becomes necessary to draft him: "Young man, you have every possible weapon of defense your Government can give you."
At the 1940 Democratic National Convention, where Walsh supported James Farley for president rather than FDR, he and his fellow isolationist Senator Burton Wheeler of Montana proposed a plank for the party platform that read: "We will not participate in foreign wars and we will not or army or navy or air force to fight in foreign lands outside of the Americas."
When the President added the words "except in case of attack", they accepted the change.
In that year's election, he out-polled Roosevelt in Massachusetts despite being opposed by the CIO for his anti-New Deal positions.
After the 1940 election in particular, he opposed any action that would compromise American neutrality, first in closed-door hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee, which he headed, and then in attacking the Lend-Lease program on the floor of the Senate.
He was a leading member of the America First movement, opposing U.S. involvement in World War II.
In 1940, the "New York Times" described Walsh as a "more moderate critic" of the administration's attempts to aid Great Britain even as he called the August commitment FDR made to Churchill one "that goes far beyond the Constitutional powers of the President and one that no other President in our history even presumed to assume...
The President alone, and on his own initiative, has undertaken to pledge our government, our nation, and the lives of 130,000,000 persons and their descendants for generations to come.
"When the Senate considered the Burke-Wadsworth Act to establish peacetime conscription for the first time in U.S. history, Walsh offered an amendment, which failed to pass, that would have delayed the law's effective date until war was declared.
In June, 1940, he authored an amendment to the naval appropriations bill, sometimes called the Walsh Act of 1940, which permitted "surplus military equipment" to be sold only if it was certified as useless for American defense.
To aid Great Britain, the administration evaded the Walsh provision by substituting leases for sales and by trading equipment for bases.
In 1941, when the administration used the Greer incident, an exchange of fire between a German submarine and an American destroyer, to authorize American forces to "shoot on sight," Walsh held hearings of the Naval Affairs Committee to demonstrate that the administration was misrepresenting the facts of the encounter to support its case for American military action against Germany. 
Soon after Poland's defeat in October 1939, controversies arose on whether the Nazis could be trusted to distribute the food properly.
Contributions from the Polish-American community dropped, as the community became split over that issue.
By early spring 1940, CPR efforts were much reduced in effectiveness as a result of the drop in donations and Nazi government opposition.
The matters were further complicated as the UK had a naval blockade in place against delivery of food to territory controlled by Nazi Germany.
At first it was possible to get exceptions to the blockade from the British, and this was regularly the case while Neville Chamberlain was Prime Minister.
The US government and the American Red Cross (ARC) spoke in favor of the blockade, which played a role in diverting donations from the CPR to the ARC.
The Roosevelt Administration attempted to minimize aid to Poland as it preferred to focus on aiding the UK and France and wanted to avoid being drawn into the war.
In May 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Chamberlain as the UK Prime Minister, and his policy made it much more difficult to ship food to continental Europe.
In August 1940, the British Government decided to not permit any further aid shipments to areas in Europe under occupation by Nazi Germany.
This decision was motivated by the Nazi conquest of Denmark, Norway, the Low Countries and France, the growing importance of economic warfare and difficulties experienced by the Americans in adequately supervising the distribution of supplies in Poland.
The British government believed that the Nazi German government could not be trusted to allow aid to be delivered to its intended recipients and that there was no way of supervising how it was actually used.
Given the large population in the German-occupied countries, the British were also concerned that the amount of goods which would be delivered through an aid program would free up considerable reserves of Nazi Germany manpower.
On 7 June, the British Foreign Office also learned that the German government had withdrawn all offers to facilitate American relief aid to Polish territories under Nazi occupation and interpreted this as meaning that the Commission for Polish Relief and a Red Cross aid program to the country had broken down.
As a result, and after extensive discussions by the British cabinet and between government departments, Churchill announced on 20 August that Britain would maintain a strict blockade of Nazi Germany and countries it occupied.
He also stated that while Nazi Germany must be responsible for feeding its occupied countries, Britain would make preparations to rapidly provide aid to any territories which were liberated from Nazi control.
This policy was supported by the European governments in exile which were based in London, though the promise of aid once territories were liberated was made in response to concerns they raised about the blockade potentially encouraging people in occupied countries to cooperate with the Nazi German forces.
At the time of its announcement, the British government had no evidence that there was any actual or impending starvation in Europe and believed that food supplies would be adequate to prevent significant shortages until the spring of 1941.
Nazi German propaganda statements made at this time also claimed that no part of Nazi-occupied Europe would go short of food, and on 26 June the Deutschlandsender radio station had broadcast a statement explicitly rejecting aid from Herbert Hoover's organisation to feed the populations of Belgium, France and the Netherlands.
The British Government was concerned about the reaction in the United States to its decision to cut off aid to Nazi occupied Europe.
The United States government supported the blockade, with Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles telling the British ambassador Lord Lothian on 13 July, more than a month before the blockade was announced, that President Roosevelt, the US State Department and American public opinion all were opposed to "any action which would relieve pressure on Germany by feeding the distressed people of Europe".
Secretary of State Cordell Hull later told Lord Lothian that an argument in favour of the blockade was that experience had shown that it was impossible to arrange any system of providing relief that did not, directly or indirectly, increase the food available to the German government.
Hoover campaigned against the British blockade.
He was critical of Churchill, and later wrote that for Churchill, civilian starvation, if speeding up the end of the war, was justified.
On 11 August 1940, Hoover issued a statement arguing that there was no reason why aid could not be sent to Europe through a neutral non-government organisation.
This statement specified that such a scheme should go ahead only if the German government agreed to not take food from the occupied countries—which the Nazis were doing in Poland from the start of the occupation.
Other demands by Hoover included permitting imports from the USSR and Balkan countries, granting unimpeded passage to aid ships and allowing the non-government organisation to control the distribution of aid to the degree necessary for it to be confident that these guarantees were being met.
Hoover also requested that the British allow aid shipments as long as the German Government met the conditions he had specified and asked that the governments in exile provide funding for aid supplies.
He also argued that "the obvious truth is that there will be wholesale starvation, death and disease in these little countries unless something is done about it".
The US Government did not support Hoover's statement and it also failed to win public support.
An opinion poll conducted on 1 September 1940 found that only 38 percent of Americans believed that the country should send food aid if famine broke out in Nazi-occupied European countries of Belgium, France and the Netherlands.
Nevertheless, a campaign to provide food relief to Europe continued in the US until the end of the war, though it attracted little attention after the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
In response to the British blockade, the Commission for Polish Relief attempted to purchase food from the Soviet Union and the Baltic states, but the results were meager.
The Commission was able to continue to provide a very limited amount of relief to Poland until December 1941, when Nazi Germany declared war on the United States.
The Commission operated for several more years, providing aid to Poles outside German occupied territories.
Hoover Institution Archives list the Commission documents from up to 1949.