Question: When did the Corruption Perceptions Index survey begin?
About the article "Venezuela", section "Law and crime".

Candidate passages:
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be.
It is a composite index – a combination of polls – drawing on corruption-related data collected by a variety of reputable institutions.
The CPI reflects the views of observers from around the world.
The Corruption Perceptions Index has received criticisms over the years.
The main one stems from the difficulty in measuring corruption, which by definition happens behind the scenes.
The Corruption Perceptions Index therefore needs to rely on third-party survey which have been criticized as potentially unreliable.
Data can vary widely depending on the public perception of a country, the completeness of the surveys and the methodology used.
The second issue is that data cannot be compared from year to year because Transparency International uses different methodologies and samples every year.
This makes it difficult to evaluate the result of new policies.
The Corruption Perceptions Index authors replied to these criticisms by reminding that the Corruption Perceptions Index is meant to measure "perception" and not "reality".
They argue that "perceptions matter in their own right, since... firms and individuals take actions based on perceptions". 
In the 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index Canada ranked as the tenth least corrupt country in the world.  
Corruption in Zimbabwe has become endemic within its political, private and civil sectors.
Zimbabwe ranks joint 163rd out of 176 countries in the 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index, ranking it alongside Equatorial Guinea.
On a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 10 (very clean), the Corruption Perceptions Index marked Zimbabwe 2.0.
This marks an increase in corruption since 1999, when the country ranked 4.1. 
The 2010 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index gave Botswana a corruption perceptions index of 5.8, where 10.0 is the most clean and 0.0 is the most corrupt.
Botswana was the 33rd lowest out of 178 countries in terms of how corrupt its public sector was perceived to be.
Botswana has the highest score in Africa.
In a survey carried out by Afrobarometer, 32 percent of those polled thought either all or most of the officials in non-local government and those with jobs as civil servants were involved with corruption.29 percent thought the same of members of parliament.
Local government was perceived as less corrupt with 20 percent saying either all or most of the officials in local government were involved with corruption.
When asked if they personally had to bribe a government official to obtain employment, a government payment (such as a pension or a loan), electricity or water, or housing and land, each category had 96 to 97 percent responding they had never bribed a government official.
This suggests the experience with corruption of people in Botswana is much lower than that of people living in other countries in Africa.
Corruption in Botswana is primarily investigated by the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crimes (DCEC).
Botswana is a member of the Eastern and Southern Anti-Money Laundering Group. 
Corruption is a problem in Laos.
The 2012 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked the country at number 160, out of 176 countries in total.
The government has been making an effort or curb corruption.