Question: What impact did Japan's 1973 oil crisis have on their energy use?
About the article "Japan", section "Environment".

Candidate passages:
Energy statistics refers to collecting, compiling, analyzing and disseminating data on commodities such as coal, crude oil, natural gas, electricity, or renewable energy sources (biomass, geothermal, wind or solar energy), when they are used for the energy they contain.
Energy is the capability of some substances, resulting from their physico-chemical properties, to do work or produce heat.
Some energy commodities, called fuels, release their energy content as heat when they burn.
This heat could be used to run an internal or external combustion engine.
The need to have statistics on energy commodities became obvious during the 1973 oil crisis that brought tenfold increase in petroleum prices.
Before the crisis, to have accurate data on global energy supply and demand was not deemed critical.
Another concern of energy statistics today is a huge gap in energy use between developed and developing countries.
As the gap narrows ("see picture"), the pressure on energy supply increases tremendously.
The data on energy and electricity come from three principal sources:  Energy industry  Other industries ("self-producers")  Consumers The flows of and trade in energy commodities are measured both in physical units (e.g., metric tons), and, when energy balances are calculated, in energy units (e.g., terajoules or tons of oil equivalent).
What makes energy statistics specific and different from other fields of economic statistics is the fact that energy commodities undergo greater number of transformations (flows) than other commodities.
In these transformations energy is conserved, as defined by and within the limitations of the first and second laws of thermodynamics.  
In its balance of payments accounts, Japan has traditionally run a deficit in services.
Trade in services includes transportation (freight and passenger fares), insurance, travel expenditures, royalties, licensing fees, and income from investments.
The deficit in services rose steadily from US$99 million in 1960, to nearly US$1.8 billion in 1970 and to more than US$11.3 billion in 1980 which can be attributed to rising royalty and licensing payments for Japan's acquisition of technology from other industrial countries and to rising deficits in the trade-related services of transportation and insurance.
The transportation deficit rose after the 1960s, as rapidly climbing labor costs made Japanese-flag vessels less competitive, leading to greater use of foreign-flag carriers (including many flag of convenience vessels actually owned by Japanese interests).
Beginning in the late 1970s, however, rapidly growing overseas investments began to increase the inflow of investment income.
The investments themselves are part of capital flows in the balance of payments, but repatriation of earnings on those investments is part of the services account.
From a small surplus of US$900 million in 1978, the balance on investment income (earnings from abroad minus the earnings of foreigners in Japan) grew to US$21 billion by 1988.
The tremendous growth in Japanese investments abroad had not been matched by any such growth of foreign investment in Japan.
Despite the rapid growth in Japan's investment income surplus, the country's total services account remained in deficit in the 1980s.
Offsetting the rising surpluses in investment income were an enormous jump in the deficit on overseas travel and purchases by Japanese citizens while abroad.
The net balance on passenger transportation deteriorated from a net deficit of US$1.3 billion in 1985 to a net deficit of US$3.7 billion by 1988, and travel (purchases of goods and services by individuals while abroad) increased from US$3.7 billion to US$15.8 billion over the same short time.
This burst of overseas travel and spending came as the movement in the exchange rate made foreign travel more attractive to the Japanese.
It also reflected the rising perception among Japanese consumers that prices for a wide range of manufactured items were substantially lower abroad than at home, giving them an incentive to purchase these items while out of their country.
By the end of the decade, the number of Japanese taking overseas trips approached 10 million annually.
One other nonmerchandise transaction is included in the current account balance—net transfers.
These represent the flow of foreign aid from Japan.
As the country supplied more foreign aid, the deficit in this account rose from US$1.5 billion in 1980 to US$5.4 billion in 1990 and more than doubled to US$17.6 billion in 1991.
Adding net exports of services and net transfers to the merchandise trade balance, with imports measured free on board (f.o.b.
), rather than as customs, insurance, and freight (c.i.f.
), gives the balance on current account.
Movements in Japan's current account balance have generally mirrored those of the merchandise trade balance considered earlier, although deficits in services and net transfers have offset the surpluses somewhat.
Japan began to register surpluses in the current account in 1965, which later continued to rise, although they were punctuated by short-term deficits following the two oil price hikes in 1973 and 1979 (cf.
1973 oil crisis and 1979 energy crisis).
During the 1980s, Japan's current account balance shot from a record deficit of US$10.7 billion in 1980 to a record surplus of US$87 billion in 1987 before declining to US$57.1 billion in 1989.
As a share of GNP, this surplus reached a peak of 4.4 percent in 1985, a large value for a current account surplus.
The appreciation of the yen against the United States dollar and other currencies, beginning in 1985, was slow to have any impact on the dollar value of the current account surplus, although it did decline by US$8 billion in 1988. 
Human beings have been transferring energy from one form to another since their use of fire.
The efficiency of the transfer of energy is a new field.
The oil crisis of 1973 and energy crisis of 1979 brought to light the need to get more work out of less energy.
The United States government passed several laws in the seventies to promote increased energy efficiency, such as United States public law 94-413, the Federal Clean Car Incentive Program. 
For many net oil importing countries the 2000s energy crisis brought back concerns first raised during the 1973 oil crisis.
For the United States, the other developed countries and emerging countries their dependence on foreign oil has revived concerns about their vulnerability to price shocks and supply disruption.
Also, there have been concerns about the uncertainty surrounding peak oil production and the higher cost of extracting unconventional oil.
A third issue that has been raised is the threat to national security because most proven oil reserves are concentrated in relatively few geographic locations, including some countries with strong resource nationalism, unstable governments or hostile to U.S. interests.
In addition, for many developing countries, and particularly for the poorest African countries, high oil prices have an adverse impact on the government budget and deteriorate their terms of trade thus jeopardizing their balance of payments, all leading to lower economic growth.
Through the gradual replacement of internal combustion engine vehicles for electric cars and plug-in hybrids, electric drive vehicles can contribute significantly to lessen the dependence of the transport sector on imported oil as well as contributing to the development of a more resilient energy supply. 
Long term measures to increase energy security center on reducing dependence on any one source of imported energy, increasing the number of suppliers, exploiting native fossil fuel or renewable energy resources, and reducing overall demand through energy conservation measures.
It can also involve entering into international agreements to underpin international energy trading relationships, such as the Energy Charter Treaty in Europe.
All the concern coming from security threats on oil sources long term security measures will help reduce the future cost of importing and exporting fuel into and out of countries without having to worry about harm coming to the goods being transported.
The impact of the 1973 oil crisis and the emergence of the OPEC cartel was a particular milestone that prompted some countries to increase their energy security.
Japan, almost totally dependent on imported oil, steadily introduced the use of natural gas, nuclear power, high-speed mass transit systems, and implemented energy conservation measures.
The United Kingdom began exploiting North Sea oil and gas reserves, and became a net exporter of energy into the 2000s.
In other countries energy security has historically been a lower priority.
The United States, for example, has continued to increase its dependency on imported oil although, following the oil price increases since 2003, the development of biofuels has been suggested as a means of addressing this.
Increasing energy security is also one of the reasons behind a block on the development of natural gas imports in Sweden.
Greater investment in native renewable energy technologies and energy conservation is envisaged instead.
India is carrying out a major hunt for domestic oil to decrease its dependency on OPEC, while Iceland is well advanced in its plans to become energy-independent by 2050 through deploying 100% renewable energy.