Question: What technology has replaced vacuum tubes?
About the article "Electron", section "Other applications".

Candidate passages:
The discovery in 1912 of the amplifying ability of the Audion vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest, solved these problems.
The vacuum tube feedback oscillator invented in 1912 by Alexander Meissner and Edwin Armstrong, was a cheap source of continuous waves and could be easily modulated to make an AM transmitter.
Nongovernmental radio transmission was prohibited in many countries during World War 1, but AM radio technology advanced greatly due to wartime research, and after the war the availability of cheap tubes sparked a great increase in the number of amateur radio stations experimenting with AM transmission of news or music, giving people more to listen to.
New vacuum tube receivers coming on the market could power loudspeakers, so the entire family could sit and listen together, and people could dance to broadcast music.
Vacuum tubes remained the central technology of radio for 50 years, until transistors replaced them in the 1960s, and they are still used in broadcast transmitters. 
Vacuum is space that is devoid of matter.
The word stems from the Latin adjective "vacuus" for "vacant" or "void".
An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure.
Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a "perfect" vacuum, which they sometimes simply call "vacuum" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space.
The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum.
The "quality" of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum.
Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum.
For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%.
Much higher-quality vacuums are possible.
Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10−12) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm3.
Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average.
According to modern understanding, even if all matter could be removed from a volume, it would still not be "empty" due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, transiting gamma- and cosmic rays, neutrinos, along with other phenomena in quantum physics.
In modern particle physics, the vacuum state is considered as the ground state of matter.
Vacuum has been a frequent topic of philosophical debate since ancient Greek times, but was not studied empirically until the 17th century.
Evangelista Torricelli produced the first laboratory vacuum in 1643, and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his theories of atmospheric pressure.
A torricellian vacuum is created by filling with mercury a tall glass container closed at one end and then inverting the container into a bowl to contain the mercury.
Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the 20th century with the introduction of incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available.
The recent development of human spaceflight has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human health, and on life forms in general. 
Most small signal vacuum tube devices have been superseded by semiconductors, but some vacuum tube electronic devices are still in common use.
The magnetron is the type of tube used in all microwave ovens.
In spite of the advancing state of the art in power semiconductor technology, the vacuum tube still has reliability and cost advantages for high-frequency RF power generation.
Some tubes, such as magnetrons, traveling-wave tubes, carcinotrons, and klystrons, combine magnetic and electrostatic effects.
These are efficient (usually narrow-band) RF generators and still find use in radar, microwave ovens and industrial heating.
Traveling-wave tubes (TWTs) are very good amplifiers and are even used in some communications satellites.
High-powered klystron amplifier tubes can provide hundreds of kilowatts in the UHF range. 
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube used particularly for display purposes.
Although there are still many televisions and computer monitors using cathode ray tubes, they are rapidly being replaced by flat panel displays whose quality has greatly improved even as their prices drop.
This is also true of digital oscilloscopes (based on internal computers and analog to digital converters), although traditional analog scopes (dependent upon CRT's) continue to be produced, are economical, and preferred by many technicians.
At one time many radios used "magic eye tubes", a specialized sort of CRT used in place of a meter movement to indicate signal strength, or input level in a tape recorder.
A modern indicator device, the vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) is also a sort of cathode ray tube.
Gyrotrons or vacuum masers, used to generate high-power millimeter band waves, are magnetic vacuum tubes in which a small relativistic effect, due to the high voltage, is used for bunching the electrons.
Gyrotrons can generate very high powers (hundreds of kilowatts).
Free electron lasers, used to generate high-power coherent light and even X-rays, are highly relativistic vacuum tubes driven by high-energy particle accelerators.
Thus these are sorts of cathode ray tubes. 
Vacuum tubes produced in the former Soviet Union and in present-day Russia are designated in Cyrillic.
Some confusion has been created in transliterating these designations to Latin.