Question: Did Salvator Gravano have a nickname?
About the article "The Godfather", section "Critical response".

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Salvatore Gravano was born in 1945 to Giorlando (Gerry) and Caterina (Kay) Gravano.
He was the youngest of three children, and the only boy.
The Gravano family lived in Bensonhurst, a largely Italian neighborhood in Brooklyn.
Early on, one of Gravano's relatives remarked that he looked like his uncle Sammy.
From that point on, everyone called Gravano "Sammy" instead of "Salvatore".
His father ran a small dress factory and maintained a good standard of living for the family.
At age seven or eight, Gravano started stealing two cupcakes every day from a corner store in Bensonhurst on his way to school.
After being caught by a store employee, a distraught Gravano received a stern warning.
At age 13, Gravano joined the Rampers, a prominent street gang in Bensonhurst.
At an early age, Sammy found a few people that had stolen his bicycle and went to fight the thieves.
Made men who were watching from a cafe saw him take on a few people at once, and they gave Sammy back his bike.
As Sammy was leaving, one of the Mafia made men remarked on how little Sammy fought "like a bull."
This is how Sammy got his nickname Sammy "The Bull" Gravano.
Gravano did poorly in school, possibly due to dyslexia.
However, teachers dismissed his problems as "being a slow learner."
Gravano was held back from grade advancement on two occasions.
At first, other children taunted him about this, but the taunting ended after Gravano assaulted several bullies.
When Gravano reached age 16, the school refused to keep him any longer.
Gravano's father tried to redirect and discipline his son, including forcing him to attend Mass, but had little success.
In 1964, Gravano was drafted into the United States Army and served in the United States.
While an enlisted man, Gravano mainly worked as a mess hall cook.
He rose to the rank of corporal and was granted an honorable discharge after two years.
In 1971, Gravano married Debra Scibetta; they had two children.
As of 2012, his daughter Karen Gravano was appearing on the VH1 reality series, "Mob Wives".
Later in his mob career, Gravano was ordered to help arrange the murder of his brother-in-law, Nicholas Scibetta.
Gravano is also the brother-in-law of Gambino capo Edward Garafola and Mario Garafola.
Gravano was a childhood friend of Colombo crime family associate Gerard Pappa. 
Michael DeBatt, the son of a late friend of Gravano's, had also become addicted to crack cocaine.
DeBatt's wife came to Gravano pleading for help.
She told Gravano that DeBatt stayed up at night with a gun claiming "they were coming to get him."
Gravano had taken DeBatt under his wing after the elder DeBatt's death, as he had done with Joey D' Angelo.
Gravano responded to DeBatt's wife's cries for help by having DeBatt shot to death at Tali's, Gravano's bar.
The shooters emptied the cash register and left DeBatt in the bar to make it look like a robbery.
Not long after this, Gravano became the family's consigliere and his old crew was taken over by Louis "Big Lou" Vallario.
Louie Milito, Gravano's old buddy from his childhood days with the Rampers, was not pleased with this decision.
Milito made the mistake of telling other crew members that it was he who should have been given the top spot in Gravano's crew after Gravano's promotion, and not Vallario.
Gravano claimed in his book "Underboss" that before the Castellano hit, Milito had become much closer to Castellano and Bilotti.
Castellano had informed Milito that Gravano should have been killed after the unsanctioned murder of Frank Fiala as well as after Gravano threatened fellow made man Louie DiBono.
With John Gotti and the Bergin crew in hot water with the indictment of Angelo Ruggerio on heroin distribution charges, Milito feared Gravano and his crew could be in danger of being killed along with Gotti, once Neil Dellacroce died.
Milito, according to Gravano, severed business ties with Gravano and started a loanshark operation with Tommy Bilotti.
When Castellano and Bilotti were murdered, Milito was in prison.
Upon his release, Gravano claims Gotti wanted Milito killed.
Gravano claims he stood up for Milito and stopped the murder from happening.
After he was read the riot act, Milito returned to Gravano's crew, only to badmouth his old friend's choice of Vallario as captain after Gravano's promotion.
Milito was called to a meeting to discuss the murder of a Gambino associate.
Gene Gotti, John Carneglia, Louie Valario and Arnold Squitieri were present at the meeting, as was Gravano.
While Milito was drinking some espresso, Carneglia shot him to death.
Milito's body has never been found.
Milito's wife Lynda claims in her book "Mafia Wife" that when Louie Milito did not come home or call, she went to see Gravano at his home.
Lynda said Gravano gave her $5,000 and cut all ties to her.
Lynda also wrote that a friend saw Gravano driving Louie Milito's Lincoln and was able to identify it by damage done to the car before Louie Milito went missing.
Lynda Milito would cry foul in her book after Gravano testified he had not been the shooter in Louie Milito's murder; she said that a Gambino family member later informed her Gravano had shot and killed Louie Milito, contrary to what Gravano had told the FBI.
Gravano, however, claims in his book "Underboss" that after Milito was killed, he finished the construction work Milito was having done on his home and continued to support Lynda Milito and her family.
Despite Gravano's rise in status to consigliere, Gotti continued to use Gravano for the task of murder.
In May 1988, Gravano and Robert Bisaccia, a New Jersey crime family soldier, murdered Francessco Oliverri for beating a Gambino family crew member to death.
Bisaccia shot Oliverri to death while Gravano waited in a stolen get-away car.
After Oliverri, John Gotti had finally got around to taking care of Wilfred "Willie Boy" Johnson.
Johnson had been a childhood friend of Gotti's and a longtime crew member while Gotti was captain of the Bergin crew.
However, at Gotti's RICO trial, Diane Giacalone, the head prosecutor, revealed that Johnson had been an informant for the FBI for years.
Johnson refused to testify for the prosecution.
In "Underboss" Gravano claims that Gotti met with Johnson during the trial and informed Johnson that as long as he never testified against Gotti, he and his family would not be harmed.
Johnson would never be allowed to participate in mob matters again, however.
Johnson asked Gotti to swear on his dead son, Frank Gotti, who had been killed in an accident years ago.
Gotti swore.
Now Gotti was having second thoughts.
"John discussed how it should go, using me to bounce off ideas about the best way to do it.
That was my only involvement," Gravano explained.
Johnson was shot while walking to his car to go to work in front of his house in May 1988.
In 1990, Gravano was involved in two murders, the first of which was Eddie Garofalo, a demolition contractor who made the mistake of running afoul of the Gambinos.
On August 9, 1990, Garofalo was shot to death in front of his home as arranged by Gravano.
The last murder to involve Gravano was the murder of Louie DiBono, the made man Gravano had threatened to kill earlier.
Gravano described the reasons for the murder in "Underboss": "He was still robbing the family and I asked for permission to take him out.
But John had a meeting with DiBono, and DiBono told John that he had a billion dollars of drywall work that was coming out of the World Trade Center.
John bit, hook, line and sinker, and refused my request.
John said he would handle DiBono personally and become his partner.
But DiBono was up to his old tricks double-dealing.
He had obviously been bullshitting John.
So when John called Louie in for meetings to discuss their new partnership, DiBono didn't show up.
John was humiliated.
This meant an automatic death penalty.
John gave the contract to DiBono's captain, Pat Conte.
Conte botched an ideal opportunity to kill DiBono.
Then, as Gotti grew increasingly impatient, Conte explained that the problem now was trying to corner DiBono again.
Whenever a meeting with him was arranged, DiBono never appeared.
It was a joke, what was going on.
I couldn't help laughing to myself.
I told John why didn't Pat simplify everything.
Just call Louie up and tell him to hang himself.
Ten months went by.
John looks like an asshole.
He was too embarrassed even to ask me for help.
"A construction associate of Gravano's unknowingly informed Gravano of DiBono's activities.
Gravano informed Gotti and DiBono's body was found in his car in the parking lot of the World Trade Center in October 1990.
Gravano's intentions for this murder would be called into question as it was suspected Gravano might have had different reasons for wanting DiBono dead due to his jealousy over DiBono's drywall business.
With Gotti's permission, Gravano set up the murders of Tommy Spero and several other Gambino associates.
Eventually, Gotti would name Gravano his underboss, and move LoCascio to consigliere.
When Gotti was tried for racketeering and assault charges in the winter of 1986–87, Gravano paid a juror to vote not guilty regardless of the evidence.
It was this trial that allowed Gotti to make his reputation as "the Teflon Don."
Later life.
Book and interviews.
In 1994, Gravano was released early and entered the U.S. federal Witness Protection Program.
The government moved him to Tempe, Arizona, where he assumed the name Jimmy Moran and started a swimming pool installation company.
However, in 1995 Gravano and his family left Witness Protection and relocated to Scottsdale, Arizona.
A Federal prosecutor later said that Gravano did not like the constraints of the program.
Gravano began living very openly, giving interviews to magazines and appearing in a nationally televised interview with television journalist Diane Sawyer.
He appeared on live TV after having had plastic surgery to hide his appearance from the mob.
In one interview with author/journalist Howard Blum, Gravano boasted: "They send a hit team down, I'll kill them.
They better not miss, because even if they get me, there will still be a lot of body bags going back to New York.
I'm not afraid.
I don't have it in me.
I'm too detached maybe.
If it happens, fuck it.
A bullet in the head is pretty quick.
You go like that!
It's better than cancer.
I'm not meeting you in Montana on some fuckin' farm.
I'm not sitting here like some jerk-off with a phony beard.
I'll tell you something else: I'm a fuckin' pro.
If someone comes to my house, I got a few little surprises for them.
Even if they win, there might be surprises."
In 1997, Gravano wrote a book called "Underboss" with author Peter Maas.
In it, Gravano claimed that he became a government witness after Gotti attempted to defame him at their trial.
Gravano finally realized that the Cosa Nostra code of honor was a sham.
At this time, Gravano also hired a publicist, despite the fact Gravano complained often about the publicity-seeking Gotti.
After the publication of "Underboss", several families of Gravano's victims filed a $25 million lawsuit against him.
Also in 1997, New York State took legal action to seize Gravano's profits from the book.
During an interview Gravano had with the newspaper "The Arizona Republic", he claimed federal agents he had met after becoming a government witness had become his personal friends and even visited him in Arizona while on vacation.
Gravano later claimed that he didn't want "The Republic" to publish the story, but relented after the paper allegedly threatened to reveal that his family was living with him in Phoenix.
The story so incensed his former mob compatriots that they forced the Gambinos to put a murder contract on him. 
Like his friend Nicholas Mormando, DeBatt became addicted to crack cocaine sometime during the Crack epidemic in 1984.
He suffered from a paranoid psychosis brought on by the effects of the drugs.
Gravano later surmised that his friend Nicholas Mormando got DeBatt addicted to the potent narcotic.
He later became involved in murder and committing robberies to support his habit.
He became estranged from his wife and children.
Gravano later said, "He went crazy.
He didn't come down for days.
And when he does, he's sweating, he's all jumpy.
His wife came to me (Gravano) crying, "I don't know what happened to him.
He sits in the house behind a window with the blinds down, and he's got a rifle."
She also stated that he told her, "If they come, I'm gonna battle it out."
While Sammy Gravano and his crew did not approve of drug use, they did not have problems channeling the tasks of dealing to associates.
It is unknown exactly who supplied Michael, or if it was Nicholas Mormando. 
On February 24, 2003, New Jersey state prosecutors announced they would indict Gravano for ordering the 1980 murder of NYPD detective Peter Calabro by contract killer Richard Kuklinski.
Prosecutors later dropped the charges when Kuklinski, the star witness, died before he could testify.
Federal inmates who served time with Gravano claimed that he privately admitted to a role in the 1980 killing of a New York cop.
Inmates also claimed that Gravano bragged about killing many more than 19 people.
Lynda Milito claimed in her book "Mafia Wife" she had heard Gravano had smothered an elderly woman to death during a botched robbery.
Milito also claimed that Gravano's former crew members told her that Gravano had shot her husband Louie Milito twice in the back of the head and once under the chin.
In his court testimony, Gravano had claimed to be a bystander when Milito was shot.
John Gotti's lawyers also accused Gravano of being involved in two other murders that were not disclosed by the FBI, but these charges were never proven.
If it is ever proven that Gravano lied about how many people he killed, appeals by people he helped put in prison could follow.
Since Gravano's imprisonment on drug charges, he has been diagnosed with Graves' disease, a thyroid disorder which can cause fatigue, weight loss with increased appetite, and hair loss.
Gravano appeared at his drug trial missing hair on his head and eyebrows and appeared to have lost weight.
In Phillip Carlo's book "Confessions of a Mafia Boss", mobster Anthony "Gaspipe" Casso, also imprisoned at Florence, claims that Gravano only ventures out of his cell to get food and that Casso has only seen him in the mess hall a couple of times.
As of May 2012, Gravano is in an Arizona prison.
He will not be eligible for release until 2019, and will be on supervised release for the rest of his life.