Question: Who was the leader of Vietnam who, in the aftermath of the war, ordered the government to embark on a mass campaign of collectivization of farms and factories?
About the article "Vietnam", section "1976–present: reunification and reforms".

Candidate passages:
In the aftermath of the war, under Lê Duẩn's administration, the government embarked on a mass campaign of collectivization of farms and factories.
This caused economic chaos and resulted in triple-digit inflation, while national reconstruction efforts progressed slowly.
At least one million South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps, with an estimated 165,000 prisoners dying.
Between 100,000 and 200,000 South Vietnamese were executed in extrajudicial killings; another 50,000 died performing hard labor in "New Economic Zones".
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, millions of people fled the country in crudely built boats, creating an international humanitarian crisis; hundreds of thousands died at sea.
In 1978, the Vietnamese military invaded Cambodia to remove from power the Khmer Rouge, who had been attacking Vietnamese border villages.
Vietnam was victorious, installing a government in Cambodia which ruled until 1989.
This action worsened relations with the Chinese, who launched a brief incursion into northern Vietnam in 1979.
This conflict caused Vietnam to rely even more heavily on Soviet economic and military aid.
At the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam in December 1986, reformist politicians replaced the "old guard" government with new leadership.
The reformers were led by 71-year-old Nguyen Van Linh, who became the party's new general secretary.
Linh and the reformers implemented a series of free-market reforms – known as "" ("Renovation") – which carefully managed the transition from a planned economy to a "socialist-oriented market economy".
Though the authority of the state remained unchallenged under "Đổi Mới", the government encouraged private ownership of farms and factories, economic deregulation and foreign investment, while maintaining control over strategic industries.
The Vietnamese economy subsequently achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports and foreign investment.
However, these reforms have also caused a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam implemented collective farming although "de jure" private ownership existed.
Starting in 1958 collective farming was pushed such that by 1960, 85% of farmers and 70% of farmlands were collectivized including those seized by force.
Collectivization however was seen by the communist leadership as a half-measure when compared to full state ownership.
Following the Fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, the South Vietnam briefly came under the authority of a Provisional Revolutionary Government, a puppet state under military occupation by North Vietnam, before being officially reunified with the North under Communist rule as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on July 2, 1976.
Upon taking control, the Vietnamese communists banned other political parties, arrested suspects believed to have collaborated with the United States and embarked on a mass campaign of collectivization of farms and factories.
Private land ownership was "transformed" to subsume under State and collective ownership.
Reconstruction of the war-ravaged country was slow and serious humanitarian and economic problems confronted the communist regime.
In a historic shift in 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam implemented free-market reforms known as ("Renovation").
With the authority of the state remaining unchallenged, private enterprise, deregulation and foreign investment were encouraged.
Land ownership nonetheless is the sole prerogative of the state.
The economy of Vietnam has achieved rapid growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction and housing, exports and foreign investment.
However, the power of the Communist Party of Vietnam over all organs of government remains firm. 
Collectivization in the Soviet Union was a policy, pursued between 1928 and 1933, to consolidate individual land and labour into collective farms (, "kolkhoz", plural "kolkhozy").
The Soviet leaders were confident that the replacement of individual peasant farms by kolkhozy would immediately increase food supplies for the urban population, the supply of raw materials for processing industry, and agricultural exports generally.
Collectivization was thus regarded as the solution to the crisis in agricultural distribution (mainly in grain deliveries) that had developed since 1927 and was becoming more acute as the Soviet Union pressed ahead with its ambitious industrialization program.
As the peasantry, with the exception of the poorest part, resisted the collectivization policy, the Soviet government resorted to harsh measures to force the farmers to collectivize.
In his conversation with Winston Churchill Stalin gave his estimate of the number of "kulaks" who were repressed for resisting collectivization as 10 million, including those forcibly deported. 
Collectivization in the People's Republic of Poland was a policy pursued during the Stalinist period, from 1948 until the liberalization during the Gomułka's thaw of 1956.
However, Poland, was the only country of the Eastern Bloc where large scale collectivization was a failure.
Legacy of the collectivization in Poland was the network of inefficient State Agricultural Farms (PGRs), many of which can still be seen in the countryside of modern Poland, especially its northern and western provinces (Recovered Territories).
The decision to carry out the process of collectivization of Polish farmls was taken in September 1948 by the Central Committee of the Polish Workers' Party.
It was based on the June 20, 1948 Bucharest resolution of the Cominform, which stipulated that collectivization was to be started in all Communist countries.
In July 1948, during a Politburo meeting, Hilary Minc gave a speech on private ownership in Polish economy.
Minc, referring to Lenins notion of permanent rebirth of capitalism, announced transformation of Polish economy into a socialist one.
The process of restructuring Polish agriculture was officially presented as protection of small farmers, whose position was endangered by the rich kulaks.
It was supposed to take place in the "fire of the class struggle".
According to Minc, a kulak was a "village capitalist", who "exploits other peasants".
Since this definition was imprecise, Party officials decided that a "Polish kulak" was a farmer whose farm was larger than 15 hectares (in Southern and Eastern Poland - 8 to 10 hectares).
Furthermore, kulaks were even those farmers who had at least two horses, so any Polish peasant who ran his farm properly, could have been accused of being a kulak.
Despite widespread use of force, by 1951 only 2200 cooperatives were created in Poland, which occupied only 0.8% of arable land, and had some 23,000 members.
The cooperatives were divided into groups, such as "Associations of Land Cultivation" ("Zrzeszenia Uprawy Ziemi", "ZUZ"), which kept private ownership of tools and machines, and "Farmer’s Cooperative Teams" ("Rolnicze Zespoły Spółdzielcze", "RZS"), in which both land and machines were collective.
Most members of these cooperatives were poor peasants, who had received land during the land reforms of 1944 - 1948.
Since Polish peasantry was mostly opposed to giving up their land, in June 1952 several repressive measures were introduced against those who resisted collectivization.
Their houses were searched, they were arrested, extra tax and quotas were imposed on them, their machines and goods were illegally destroyed.
Furthermore, there were financial fees; between 1948 and 1955, some 1.5 million farmers were fined and some ended up in labor camps and prisons.
In 1952, after special privileges were introduced for collective farms, their number grew.
A year later there were 7800 such farms, which occupied 6.7% of arable land in Poland.
In 1955, the number of such farms reached 9800, covering 9.2% of Poland’s arable land, with 205,000 farmers.
An average collective farm in Poland employed approximately 20 people, and covered 80 hectares, with 65 livestock.
In comparison to privately owned farms, productivity at collective farms was low.
In 1949, State Agricultural Farms, or "PGRs" were created.
In course of time, these farms came to control approximately 10% of Poland’s arable land.
Like collective farms, the "PGRs" were inefficient, with low productivity.
Polish farmers fiercely resisted collectivization.
In some cases, they cut down forests which were marked for nationalization.
According to sources, peasants feared collectivization more than a hypothetical future World War Three, hoping that the war would help them to keep their land.
However, a number of poor peasants, influenced by official propaganda, supported the changes, hoping that their quality of lives would improve.
Collectivization was more widespread in the so-called Recovered Territories, where settlers were not emotionally connected to the land.
Collectivization and persecution of private farmers, on whom quotas were enforced, led to a collapse of Polish agricultural production after 1950, and a large scale exodus of villagers.
Furthermore, government planners decided that national budget would above all finance heavy industry at the expense of agriculture.
As a result, fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and tools were in short supply on farms.
Official propaganda blamed "Western imperialists", "saboteurs" and kulaks for these problems.
After political changes of Polish October 1956, Władysław Gomułka officially recognized private farming as a specific element of the so-called "Polish road to Socialism", and the government changed its course.
The number of collective farms declined.
In September 1956, there were some 10,000 of them.
On December 31 of the same year, the number of such farms was reduced to less than 2,000.
The idea of collectivization returned in the early 1970s, after Edward Giereks visit to Moscow (January 1971), where Leonid Brezhnev stated that Gomułka did not carry out collectivization, and that is why he had "problems".
However, the position of private farmers was well-established by that time, and after some attempts, the government gave up. 
After World War II, Poland became a communist country, a satellite of the Soviet Union.
Since collective farming is a key component of communist notion of agriculture, in June 1948, the Polish United Workers' Party, spurred by the announcement of the Komintern, decided to begin the process.
From the very beginning, compulsory collectivization faced strong resistance of Polish farmers, who did not want to give up their land.
Despite using different methods of persuasion, the progress was slow.
By 1951, only 1% of arable land was collectivized, with some 23 000 farmers working there.
Altogether, in that year there were some 2200 collective farms.
Most of them were located in western and northern Poland, in the Recovered Territories, where population consisted of people resettled from former eastern borderlands of Poland.
After the Polish October, Władysław Gomułka officially declared that private farms were part of the so-called "Polish road to Socialism" and the government gradually changed its stance.
In the late 1950s, number of collective farms fell to 1 800, and Poland was the only country of the Soviet Bloc which tolerated private ownership of the arable land.
In 1958, Moscow ordered the resumption of collectivization, but unlike her neighbors, Poland refused.
By 1960, collectivization in Poland was ended, never to be resumed, and Engels' opinion that peasants would spontaneously create collective forms of agricultural production because of the threat of the big landed estates was not confirmed in Poland.
Preservation of individual agriculture was a key factor in future events.
Nevertheless, forced collectivization of farmland had disastrous consequences, as Poland, traditionally a grain exporter, had to import food, including grain, to prevent famine.