Question: How do DNA sequences work in bacteria?
About the article "DNA", section "Sense and antisense".

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Most bacteria do not go through a well-defined cell cycle but instead continuously copy their DNA; during rapid growth, this can result in the concurrent occurrence of multiple rounds of replication.
In "E. coli", the best-characterized bacteria, DNA replication is regulated through several mechanisms, including: the hemimethylation and sequestering of the origin sequence, the ratio of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and the levels of protein DnaA.
All these control the binding of initiator proteins to the origin sequences.
Because "E. coli" methylates GATC DNA sequences, DNA synthesis results in hemimethylated sequences.
This hemimethylated DNA is recognized by the protein SeqA, which binds and sequesters the origin sequence; in addition, DnaA (required for initiation of replication) binds less well to hemimethylated DNA.
As a result, newly replicated origins are prevented from immediately initiating another round of DNA replication.ATP builds up when the cell is in a rich medium, triggering DNA replication once the cell has reached a specific size.
ATP competes with ADP to bind to DnaA, and the DnaA-ATP complex is able to initiate replication.
A certain number of DnaA proteins are also required for DNA replication — each time the origin is copied, the number of binding sites for DnaA doubles, requiring the synthesis of more DnaA to enable another initiation of replication. 
A statistical distinction between coding and noncoding DNA sequences has been found.
It has been observed that nucleotides in non-coding DNA sequences display long range power law correlations while coding sequences do not. 
The episome that harbors the F factor can exist as an independent plasmid or integrate into the bacterial cell's genome.
There are several names for the possible states: Hfr bacteria possess the entire F episome integrated into the bacterial genome.
F+ bacteria possess F factor as a plasmid independent of the bacterial genome.
The F plasmid contains only F factor DNA and no DNA from the bacterial genome.
F' (F-prime) bacteria is formed by incorrect excision from the chromosome, resulting in an F plasmid carrying bacterial sequences that were next to where the F episome was inserted.
F- bacteria do not contain F factor.
Will act as the recipient.  
Although genes were known to exist on chromosomes, chromosomes are composed of both protein and DNA, and scientists did not know which of these is responsible for inheritance.
In 1928, Frederick Griffith discovered the phenomenon of transformation (see Griffith's experiment): dead bacteria could transfer genetic material to "transform" other still-living bacteria.
Sixteen years later, in 1944, Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty identified the molecule responsible for transformation as DNA.
The role of the nucleus as the repository of genetic information in eukaryotes had been established by Hämmerling in 1943 in his work on the single celled alga "Acetabularia".
The Hershey-Chase experiment in 1952 confirmed that DNA (rather than protein) is the genetic material of the viruses that infect bacteria, providing further evidence that DNA is the molecule responsible for inheritance.
James D. Watson and Francis Crick determined the structure of DNA in 1953, using the X-ray crystallography work of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins that indicated DNA had a helical structure (i.e., shaped like a corkscrew).
Their double-helix model had two strands of DNA with the nucleotides pointing inward, each matching a complementary nucleotide on the other strand to form what looks like rungs on a twisted ladder.
This structure showed that genetic information exists in the sequence of nucleotides on each strand of DNA.
The structure also suggested a simple method for duplication: if the strands are separated, new partner strands can be reconstructed for each based on the sequence of the old strand.
Although the structure of DNA showed how inheritance works, it was still not known how DNA influences the behavior of cells.
In the following years, scientists tried to understand how DNA controls the process of protein production.
It was discovered that the cell uses DNA as a template to create matching messenger RNA, molecules with nucleotides very similar to DNA.
The nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA is used to create an amino acid sequence in protein; this translation between nucleotide sequenced and amino acid sequences is known as the genetic code.
With the newfound molecular understanding of inheritance came an explosion of research.
One important development was chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger.
This technology allows scientists to read the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule.
In 1983, Kary Banks Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction, providing a quick way to isolate and amplify a specific section of DNA from a mixture.
The efforts of the Human Genome Project, Department of Energy, NIH, and parallel private effort by Celera Genomics led to the sequencing of the human genome in 2003. 
Uptake signal sequence (USS) are short DNA sequences preferentially taken up by competent bacteria belonging to the Pasteurellacea family ("e.g.
", "Haemophilus influenzae").
Similar sequences, called DNA uptake sequence (DUS), are found in species belonging to the Neisseriaceae family (including "Neisseria meningitidis" and "Neisseria gonorrhoeae").