community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: Provide examples of gymnosperms.
About the article "Botany", section "Evolution".

Candidate passages:
Gymnosperms have major economic uses.
Pine, fir, spruce, and cedar are all examples of conifers that are used for lumber.
Some other common uses for gymnosperms are soap, varnish, nail polish, food, gum, and perfumes. 
There are at least 20 species of Gymnosperms or Coniferous plants in Montana.
The conifers, division Pinophyta, also known as division Coniferophyta or Coniferae, are one of 13 or 14 division level taxa within the Kingdom Plantae.
Pinophytes are gymnosperms.
They are cone-bearing seed plants with vascular tissue; all extant conifers are woody plants, the great majority being trees with just a few being shrubs.
Typical examples of conifers include cedars, Douglas-firs, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauris, larches, pines, hemlocks, redwoods, spruces, and yews.
The division contains approximately eight families, 68 genera, and 630 living species.
The Ponderosa Pine, a conifer, is the Montana State Tree.  
Only Angiosperms have fruit, a structure that surrounds the seed.
Gymnosperms have naked seeds, but some of them have reproductive structures that resemble fruit. 
Abiotic pollination refers to situations where pollination is mediated without the involvement of other organisms.
Only 10% of flowering plants are pollinated without animal assistance.
The most common form of abiotic pollination, anemophily, is pollination by wind.
This form of pollination is predominant in grasses, most conifers, and many deciduous trees.
Hydrophily is pollination by water, and occurs in aquatic plants which release their pollen directly into the surrounding water.
About 80% of all plant pollination is biotic.
In gymnosperms, biotic pollination is generally incidental when it occurs, though some gymnosperms and their pollinators are mutually adapted for pollination.
The best-known examples probably are members of the order Cycadales and associated species of beetles.
Most conifera are anemophilous; they depend on wind pollination.
Of the abiotically pollinated species, 98% are anemophilous and 2% hydrophilous, being pollinated by water. 
Only two species of gymnosperms are native to the ACT.
These are a shrub called "Podocarpus lawrencei" (mountain plum pine) and a small tree "Callitris endlicheri" (black cypress pine).
The cypress grows in steep stony soil in places such as Molonglo Gorge, Murrumbidgee River valley and Ginninderra Gorge.
Other gymnosperms are cultivated in the ACT such as "Pinus radiata".
Question: What process includes the phonoomenon of energy flow in cells?
About the article "Biology", section "Cell theory".

Candidate passages:
Different classes of flow cells (batteries) have been developed, including redox, hybrid and membraneless.
The fundamental difference between conventional batteries and flow cells is that energy is stored as the electrode material in conventional batteries but as the electrolyte in flow cells. 
Fuel cells and flow cells, although perhaps using similar chemistry to batteries, have the distinction of not containing the energy storage medium or fuel.
With a continuous flow of fuel and oxidant, available fuel cells and flow cells continue to convert the energy storage medium into electric energy and waste products.
Fuel cells distinctly contain a fixed electrolyte whereas flow cells also require a continuous flow of electrolyte.
Flow cells typically have the fuel dissolved in the electrolyte. 
Photoelectrochemical cells or PECs are solar cells that produce electrical energy or hydrogen in a process similar to the electrolysis of water. 
By preserving the energy metabolism in cells exposed to hypoxia or ischemia, trimetazidine prevents a decrease in intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels, thereby ensuring the proper functioning of ionic pumps and transmembranous sodium-potassium flow whilst maintaining cellular homeostasis.
It also inhibits oxidation of fatty acid in blood vessels.
Trimetazidine inhibits beta-oxidation of fatty acids by blocking long-chain 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, which enhances glucose oxidation.
In an ischaemic cell, energy obtained during glucose oxidation requires less oxygen consumption than in the beta-oxidation process.
Potentiation of glucose oxidation optimizes cellular energy processes, thereby maintaining proper energy metabolism during ischaemia.
By preserving energy metabolism in cells exposed to hypoxia or ischaemia, trimetazidine prevents a decrease in intracellular ATP levels, thereby ensuring the proper functioning of ionic pumps and transmembrane sodium-potassium flow whilst maintaining cellular homeostasis. 
Organelle biogenesis is the biogenesis, or creation, of cellular organelles in cells.
Organelle biogenesis includes the process by which cellular organelles are split between daughter cells during mitosis; this process is called organelle inheritance.
Question: What did Van Gogh call the Bedroom in Arles?
About the article "Bedroom in Arles", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
Bedroom at Arles is a 1992 oil and Magna on canvas painting by Roy Lichtenstein based on the "Bedroom in Arles" series of paintings by Vincent van Gogh.
It is the only quotation of another painting that Lichtenstein did of an interior.
It is located on the Fitzhugh Farm in Maryland in the Robert and Jane Meyerhoff Collection. 
In 2008 Yolande Clergue’s original ambition to create a Fondation Van Gogh was given new momentum by Luc Hoffmann who established a permanent framework called Fondation Vincent van Gogh Arles for activities designed to preserve the memory of Vincent Van Gogh in Arles and to foster contemporary art. 
View of Arles, Flowering Orchards is a painting by Vincent van Gogh, executed in spring 1889, one of several paintings he produced on the subject of Flowering Orchards (Van Gogh series) while living in Arles.  
Van Gogh made a drawing of the courtyard of the hospital in June 1889.
The vantage point for the painting was his room within the hospital.
Van Gogh's description and his painting of the garden allow for identification of its flowers, such as: blue bearded irises, forget-me-nots, oleander, pansies, primroses, and poppies.
The original design of the courtyard as described by Van Gogh has been preserved.
Radiating segments are surrounded by a "plante bande" now filled with irises.
A difference between Van Gogh’s painting and the garden is that Van Gogh increased the size of the central fish garden for better composition.
Adept at using color to convey mood, the shades of blue and gold in the painting seem to suggest melancholy.
The yellow, orange, red and green in the painting are not vivid shades seen in other work from Arles, such as "Bedroom in Arles."
Van Gogh went to Arles for the sun, color and country lifestyle but more than anything else "what I really hope to do is paint a good portrait."
Question: What is the title of the track following the 4th title on "Some Nights"?
About the article "Some Nights", section "Track listing".

Candidate passages:
"So Many Nights" is the title track from The Cat Empire's 2007 album of the same name.
It was the second single released from the album and was released as an EP on the iTunes Store.
The second track from the EP is a cover, taken from the Paul Kelly album, "Under the Sun".
"So Many Nights" was ranked number 50 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2007. 
White Nights 3.98 () is a 1998 South Korean television series based on the novel of the same title by Han Tae-hoon.
It aired on SBS. 
"On some versions of the CD, "End Title" is two tracks (20 and 21) with lengths of 1:10 and 3:55 respectively.
In this case, track 21 is considered a "hidden track" but features the same music as the 20-track release, which keeps "End Title" as one track."
The title "Restless Knights" is a pun on "restless nights," or chronic insomnia. 
Nights at the Circus is the debut album by British electronic singer Bishi.
It was released by Gryphon Records on 12 November 2007.
The album's title was inspired by the Angela Carter novel of the same name.
Question: Who was the right for stronger.
About the article "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
"Kick Back Relax" is a pop song recorded by Swedish singer and Idol winner Agnes taken from her second album "Stronger".
The track was written by Jörgen Elofsson who also wrote her debut single "Right Here Right Now".
It was released as the album's first single in September 2006.
The song first entered the Swedish chart on September 28 and peaked that same week at two.
It stayed on the chart for fourteen weeks. 
Richard Anthony Hutton (born 6 September 1942) is a former English cricketer, who played in five Tests for England in 1971.
A right-handed batsman and right-arm seam bowler, Hutton's bowling was probably his stronger discipline, but he was considered an all-rounder.
He played first-class cricket for Yorkshire. 
Some players find cross-dominance advantageous in golf, especially if a left-handed player utilizes right-handed clubs.
Having more precise coordination with the left hand is believed to allow better-controlled, and stronger drives.
Mac O'Grady was a touring pro who played right-handed, yet could play "scratch" (no handicap) golf left-handed.
He lobbied the USGA for years to be certified as an amateur "lefty" and a pro "righty" to no avail.
Although not ambidextrous, Phil Mickelson and Mike Weir are both right-handers who golf left-handed; Ben Hogan was the opposite, being a natural left-hander who played golf right-handed.
This is known as cross-dominance or mixed-handedness.
Katelyn Johnson is a famous ambidextrous women's golf player. 
The music video for "Love a Little Stronger" was made by Deaton-Flanigen Productions. 
A romantic comedy about a man obsessed with pornography who discovers that love is stronger than fantasy when he finds the right woman.
Question: How many years did the Holocene last?
About the article "Climate change", section "Glaciers".

Candidate passages:
This level represents the last 1,700 years of the Holocene with artifacts including pecked stone fragments, scrapers, straight-based lanceolate points and microblades. 
Meiolania ("small roamer") is an extinct genus of cryptodire turtle from the Oligocene to Holocene, with the last relict populations at New Caledonia which survived until 2,000 years ago.  
The Holocene epoch begins 11,700 years BP, (10 000 14C years ago) 
With indices running from 0 to 8, the VEI associated with an eruption is dependent on how much volcanic material is thrown out, to what height, and how long the eruption lasts.
The scale is logarithmic from VEI 2 and up; an increase of 1 index indicates an eruption that is 10 times as powerful.
As such there is a discontinuity in the definition of the VEI between indices 1 and 2.
The lower border of the volume of ejecta jumps by a factor of 100 from while the factor is 10 between all higher indices.
A total of 47 eruptions of VEI 8 magnitude or above, ranging in age from Ordovician to Pleistocene, have been identified, of which 42 occurred in the past 36 million years.
The most recent is Lake Taupo's Oruanui eruption, 26,500 years ago, which means that there have not been any Holocene (within the last 10,000 years) eruptions with a VEI of 8.
There have been at least five identified Holocene eruptions with a VEI of 7.
There are also 58 plinian eruptions, and 13 caldera-forming eruptions, of large, but unknown magnitudes.
There are likely many other eruptions that are not identified. 
The Holocene Epoch began approximately 11,550 calendar years before present and continues to the present.
During the Holocene, continental motions have been less than a kilometer.
The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago.
Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about in the early part of the Holocene.
In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today.
The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea.
Holocene marine fossils are known from Vermont, Quebec, Ontario and Michigan.
Other than higher latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain and cave deposits.
Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely upthrusting of non-glacial origin.
Post-glacial rebound in Scandinavia resulted in the emergence of coastal areas around the Baltic Sea, including much of Finland.
The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe.
The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.
Question: Traits of Candadian Aboriginal?
About the article "Canada", section "Aboriginal peoples".

Candidate passages:
 "For additional Aboriginal leaders: List of Canadian Aboriginal leaders"  
 Appletree Aboriginal Area Finchley Aboriginal Area Howe Aboriginal Area Mooney Mooney Aboriginal Area Mount Kuring-gai Aboriginal Area  
Population of Aboriginal peoples in Canada: 
Population of Aboriginal peoples in Canada: 
Aboriginal land councils in the Northern Territory are areas of Aboriginal self-governance.
Question: How many instrumental versions are there?
About the article "Where Have You Been", section "Track listing".

Candidate passages:
Django Reinhardt recorded two versions of the song, one in 1947 with the Quintette du Hot Club de France and another in 1953.
The Melachrino Strings recorded an instrumental version of the song in London on August 18, 1950.
It was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 9952.
There are many instrumental renditions during the 1950s as well, including versions by Artie Shaw, Dave Brubeck, Erroll Garner, Harry James, Liberace, Earl Bostic, Art Tatum, Mantovani, Sidney Bechet, Red Norvo, Al Hirt, and Charles Mingus and George Shearing on "Velvet Carpet" (1956).
Among the most famous recent versions are the piano solo by Roger Williams, and a "smokey" version by jazz-trumpet legend Chet Baker recorded in 1983.
Other instrumental versions include: Art Pepper on "Straight Life" (1980).
Other instrumental versions include Bireli Lagrene (A tribute to Django Reinhardt 2006), Gary Burton (Departure 2007), Thomas Dutronc (Comme un manouche sans guitare 2007), Jan Lundgren European standards 2009), Ignasi Terraza (Jazz a les Fosques 2009) and David Grisman. 
There are six versions of Garrett's first-hand account.
Brief descriptions of these follow:       There are also many smaller publishers that offer facsimiles of the above versions.  
There are several variations of "Song #1".
The title remains the same with the addition of a colour following it.
There are 14 versions in all with colours:   Red (Eurovision short version)  Violet  Black  Pink  Green  Yellow  Sky Blue  Vinous  Grey  White  Blue  Red 2 (Extended video version)  Orange (a cappella)  Silver (video) There are two Russian versions of this song: uncensored () and radio version ().
There is also an instrumental version, as well as many unofficial remixes of the song. 
As with many simple children's songs, it is often desired to have the number of beats be a power of two, so the first verse plus the chorus takes up, for example, 64 beats, so it is often nice to put some kind of instrumental or improvised section at the end of the chorus to make it fit nicely into 64 rather than 56 beats for one verse plus one run of the chorus.
Alternatively an 8-beat rest (zero padding) may be inserted and the end of the chorus.
Many versions are in a major key, but there are some versions that are also in a minor key.
The chord progression for many of the minor-key versions is Em, G, C, B. 
Versions have been released in many languages, including originally in Hungarian and English versions.
There are two Greek versions, the original one and another which produced for a commercial.
There is a Persian version.
Question: The blocker uses what information to decide to block?
About the article "Beach volleyball", section "Common block signals".

Candidate passages:
  parental controls  pop-up blocker; lets users categorize websites, allow/block sites, restrict programs, and more.
information protection; allows the user to control their internet history storage.
form filler  
"Poper Blocker" is a Chrome extension dedicated to block pop-unders that use various techniques to bypass the window.open call restriction as described above. 
Like Mozilla's built-in image blocker, Adblock Plus blocks HTTP and HTTPS requests according to their source address and additional context information and can block iframes, scripts, and Flash.
It also uses automatically generated user stylesheets to hide elements such as text ads on a page as they load instead of blocking them, known as element hiding. 
Closed fist
No block should be attempted for the opponent on that side of the court, also known as "pull-off"
One finger
The blocker should block an opponent's "line" attack, or a ball hit toward the nearest sideline
Two fingers
The blocker should block an opponent's "angle" attack, or a ball hit diagonally from the net and across the court
Open hand
The blocker should block "ball", deciding how to block based upon the opposing team's set, and the hitter's approach and arm-swing technique.
Common block signals.
Note: In Europe closed fist and open hand signals have the opposite meaning of blocking.
If the partner is showing the closed fist the blocker should block "ball" and open hand means that the blocker should "pull-off" the net.
Stinger Division.
Six regulation size rubber balls should be used: 4 "blockers" () and 2 "stingers" ().
Prior to starting the game, the balls should be arranged along the center court line as follows: blocker, stinger, blocker, blocker, stinger, blocker.
Question: What was Einstein at the height of in 1917?
About the article "Albert Einstein", section "Modern quantum theory".

Candidate passages:
Einstein was displeased with quantum theory and mechanics (the very theory he helped create), despite its acceptance by other physicists, stating that God "is not playing at dice."
Einstein continued to maintain his disbelief in the theory, and attempted unsuccessfully to disprove it until he died at the age of 76.
In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in "Physikalische Zeitschrift" that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser.
This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be consistent with Planck's distribution law if the emission of light into a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission of light into an empty mode.
This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws.
Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie's work, and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first.
In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave a wave equation for de Broglie waves, which Einstein suggested was the Hamilton–Jacobi equation of mechanics.
This paper would inspire Schrödinger's work of 1926.
  Albert Einstein introduces the idea of stimulated radiation emission.  
Elsa Einstein (January 18, 1876 – December 20, 1936) was a German cousin and the second wife of Albert Einstein.
Elsa had the surname of Einstein at birth, lost it when she took the name of her first husband Max Löwenthal, and regained it in 1919 when she married her cousin Albert. 
  To what degree Einstein was familiar with Poincaré's work * It is known that Einstein was familiar with but it is not known to what extent he was familiar with other work of Poincaré in 1905.
However it is known that he knew [Poi00 in 1906, because he quoted it in .
Lorentz' paper containing the transformations bearing his name appeared in 1904.
The question is whether Einstein was familiar in 1905 with either this paper itself or a review of it (which appeared in the Annalen der Physik).
To what degree Einstein was following other physicists' work at the time.
Some authors claim that Einstein worked in relative isolation and with restricted access to the physics literature in 1905.
Others, however, disagree; a personal friend of Einstein, Maurice Solovine, later acknowledged that he and Einstein both pored "for weeks" over Poincaré's 1902 book, keeping them "breathless for weeks on end" .
Whether his wife, Mileva Marić, may have contributed to Einstein's work, although Einstein scholars say that there is no substantive evidence that she made significant contributions.  
Hermann Einstein (August 30, 1847 – October 10, 1902) was the father of Albert Einstein.
Question: What songs are about lovers on the Take Care album?
About the article "Take Care (album)", section "Lyrics".

Candidate passages:
Songs for Swinging Lovers is the second album by The Indelicates, released on 12 April 2010.
The album was recorded in Berlin in 2009 and produced by Ed East.
Initially available for download "on a 'pay-what-you-like' basis", CD and special editions will follow in June 2010. 
"What are your personal favorite songs on the album and why?"
Media response to "Intimacy Remixed" was generally negative.
Emily Tartanella of PopMatters explained that the remixers' efforts ultimately make Bloc Party's work "less engaging, less meaningful".
Ben Patashnik of "NME" stated that the album is largely monotonous and includes too many pedestrian experiments in dance music.
Drowned in Sound's Chris Power indicated that "in putting their names to the album Bloc Party seem to be saying they either don't care about what they ask fans to spend their money on or they don't know much about electronic music".BBC's Lou Thomas was more receptive and commented that "Intimacy Remixed" is unprecedented in its field and entirely better than "Intimacy".
James Hendicott of State.ie described the album as "something special" that should appeal to both Bloc Party fans and dance music lovers due to its "highly listenable, subtly energetic sound".
Pitchfork Media's Ian Cohen was largely disappointed with the record and concluded, "Remix albums all but acknowledge their own inessentiality—why not take more chances when only the diehards are going to subject themselves to 60 minutes of someone else's idea of what "Intimacy" could sound like?"
Love Songs is a compilation album by R&B artist, Babyface that contains songs from his first four studio albums: Lovers (1986), Tender Lover (1989), For the Cool in You (1993), The Day (1996).
There are no new songs on this album. 
The album was produced by Matt Wallace.
The lead single off the album is "Whipped Cream."
Topics on the new album include, "skeletons, pirates, cyborgs, robots, leprechauns, witches, curses, Bonnie and Clyde and 1950s R&B."
Volpe said of the new album, "I like to write from my imagination, so there are songs about skeletons, grave robbing lovers, a cyclops and of course love and all that stuff."
Question: What event originated in the year 1891?
About the article "Cycling", section "Bicycle Touring".

Candidate passages:
Events in the year 1891 in Norway. 
Events in the year 1891 in Germany. 
Events in the year 1891 in Chile. 
Events in the year 1891 in Brazil. 
Events in the year 1891 in India.