Question: What kind of fee might a person be forced to pay for certain health care received?
About the article "Republic of Ireland", section "Healthcare".

Candidate passages:
All persons resident in the Republic of Ireland are entitled to health care through the public health care system, which is managed by the Health Service Executive and funded by general taxation.
A person may be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received; this depends on income, age, illness or disability.
All maternity services are however paid for by the government, as well as health care of infants under 6 months of age.
Emergency care is provided at a cost of €120 for a visit to a hospital Emergency Department. 
All persons resident in Ireland are entitled to receive health care through the public health care system, which is managed by the Health Service Executive and funded by general taxation.
A person may be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received; this depends on income, age, illness or disability.
All maternity services and child care up to the age of six months are provided free of charge.
Emergency care is provided at a cost of €100 for a visit to the Accident and Emergency department.
Everyone living in the country, and visitors to Ireland who hold a European Health Insurance Card, are entitled to free maintenance and treatment in public beds in Health Service Executive and voluntary hospitals.
Outpatient services are also provided for free.
However the majority of patients on median incomes or above, are required to pay subsidised hospital charges.
The "Medical Card" – which entitles holders to free hospital care, GP visits, dental services, optical services, aural services, prescription drugs and medical appliances- is available to those receiving welfare payments, low earners, those with certain long-term or severe illnesses and in certain other cases.
Many political parties support extending the availability of the Medical Card to eventually cover everyone resident in Ireland – they currently cover 31.9% of the population.
Those on slightly higher incomes are eligible for a "GP Visit Card" which entitles the holder to free general practitioner visits.
For persons over 70 years who are not entitled to a medical card or GP visit card they instead receive an annual cash grant of €400 up to a certain income.
People who are not entitled to a Medical Card (i.e.
68.1% of the population) must pay fees for certain health care services.
There is a €100 A&E charge for those who attend an accident and emergency department without a referral letter from a family doctor (a visit to which usually costs €50–75).
Hospital charges (for inpatients) are a flat fee of €100 per day up to a maximum of €1000 in any twelve-month period, irrespective of the actual care received.
Specialist assessments and diagnostic assessments (such as X-rays, laboratory tests, physiotherapy, etc.)
are provided for free.
If a person cannot afford to pay hospital charges, the HSE will provide the services free of charge. 
A health insurance policy is:   A contract between an insurance provider (e.g.
an insurance company or a government) and an individual or his/her sponsor (e.g.
an employer or a community organization).
The contract can be renewable (e.g.
annually, monthly) or lifelong in the case of private insurance, or be mandatory for all citizens in the case of national plans.
The type and amount of health care costs that will be covered by the health insurance provider are specified in writing, in a member contract or "Evidence of Coverage" booklet for private insurance, or in a national health policy for public insurance.
Provided by an employer-sponsored self-funded ERISA plan.
The company generally advertises that they have one of the big insurance companies.
However, in an ERISA case, that insurance company "doesn't engage in the act of insurance", they just administer it.
Therefore ERISA plans are not subject to state laws.
ERISA plans are governed by federal law under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Labor (USDOL).
The specific benefits or coverage details are found in the Summary Plan Description (SPD).
An appeal must go through the insurance company, then to the Employer's Plan Fiduciary.
If still required, the Fiduciary’s decision can be brought to the USDOL to review for ERISA compliance, and then file a lawsuit in federal court.
The individual insured person's obligations may take several forms:  Premium: The amount the policy-holder or their sponsor (e.g.
an employer) pays to the health plan to purchase health coverage.
Deductible: The amount that the insured must pay out-of-pocket before the health insurer pays its share.
For example, policy-holders might have to pay a $500 deductible per year, before any of their health care is covered by the health insurer.
It may take several doctor's visits or prescription refills before the insured person reaches the deductible and the insurance company starts to pay for care.
Furthermore, most policies do not apply co-pays for doctor's visits or prescriptions against your deductible.
Co-payment: The amount that the insured person must pay out of pocket before the health insurer pays for a particular visit or service.
For example, an insured person might pay a $45 co-payment for a doctor's visit, or to obtain a prescription.
A co-payment must be paid each time a particular service is obtained.
Coinsurance: Instead of, or in addition to, paying a fixed amount up front (a co-payment), the co-insurance is a percentage of the total cost that insured person may also pay.
For example, the member might have to pay 20% of the cost of a surgery over and above a co-payment, while the insurance company pays the other 80%.
If there is an upper limit on coinsurance, the policy-holder could end up owing very little, or a great deal, depending on the actual costs of the services they obtain.
Exclusions: Not all services are covered.
The insured are generally expected to pay the full cost of non-covered services out of their own pockets.
Coverage limits: Some health insurance policies only pay for health care up to a certain dollar amount.
The insured person may be expected to pay any charges in excess of the health plan's maximum payment for a specific service.
In addition, some insurance company schemes have annual or lifetime coverage maxima.
In these cases, the health plan will stop payment when they reach the benefit maximum, and the policy-holder must pay all remaining costs.
Out-of-pocket maxima: Similar to coverage limits, except that in this case, the insured person's payment obligation ends when they reach the out-of-pocket maximum, and health insurance pays all further covered costs.
Out-of-pocket maxima can be limited to a specific benefit category (such as prescription drugs) or can apply to all coverage provided during a specific benefit year.
Capitation: An amount paid by an insurer to a health care provider, for which the provider agrees to treat all members of the insurer.
In-Network Provider: (U.S. term) A health care provider on a list of providers preselected by the insurer.
The insurer will offer discounted coinsurance or co-payments, or additional benefits, to a plan member to see an in-network provider.
Generally, providers in network are providers who have a contract with the insurer to accept rates further discounted from the "usual and customary" charges the insurer pays to out-of-network providers.
Prior Authorization: A certification or authorization that an insurer provides prior to medical service occurring.
Obtaining an authorization means that the insurer is obligated to pay for the service, assuming it matches what was authorized.
Many smaller, routine services do not require authorization.
Explanation of Benefits: A document that may be sent by an insurer to a patient explaining what was covered for a medical service, and how payment amount and patient responsibility amount were determined.
Prescription drug plans are a form of insurance offered through some health insurance plans.
In the U.S., the patient usually pays a copayment and the prescription drug insurance part or all of the balance for drugs covered in the formulary of the plan.
Such plans are routinely part of national health insurance programs.
For example in the province of Quebec, Canada, prescription drug insurance is universally required as part of the public health insurance plan, but may be purchased and administered either through private or group plans, or through the public plan.
Some, if not most, health care providers in the United States will agree to bill the insurance company if patients are willing to sign an agreement that they will be responsible for the amount that the insurance company doesn't pay.
The insurance company pays out of network providers according to "reasonable and customary" charges, which may be less than the provider's usual fee.
The provider may also have a separate contract with the insurer to accept what amounts to a discounted rate or capitation to the provider's standard charges.
It generally costs the patient less to use an in-network provider. 
Although the Irish healthcare system comes under constant criticism from politicians and the public, Ireland has one of the most developed systems of healthcare in the world and healthcare professionals who are highly trained.
Healthcare in Ireland is provided by both public and private healthcare providers.
The Minister for Health has responsibility for setting overall health service policy.
Every resident of Ireland is entitled to receive health care through the public health care system, which is managed by the Health Service Executive and funded by general taxation.
A person may be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received; this depends on income, age, illness or disability.
All maternity services are provided free of charge and children up to the age of 6 months.
Emergency care is provided to patients who present to a hospital Emergency Department.
However, visitors to Emergency Departments in non-emergency situations who are not referred by their GP may incur a fee of €100.
In some circumstances this fee is not payable or may be waived.
Anyone holding a European Health Insurance Card is entitled to free maintenance and treatment in public beds in Health Service Executive and voluntary hospitals.
Outpatient services are also provided for free.
However, the majority of patients on median incomes or above are required to pay subsidised hospital charges.
Private health insurance is available to the population for those who want to avail of it.
The average life expectancy in Ireland in 2012 is 81 years (OECD average life expectancy in 2012 was 80 years), with 78.2 years for men and 83.6 years for women.
It has the highest birth rate in the EU (16.8 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to an EU average of 10.7) and a very low infant mortality rate (3.5 per 1,000 live births).
The Irish healthcare system ranked 13th out of 34 European countries in 2012 according to the European Health Consumer Index produced by Health Consumer Powerhouse.
The same report ranked The Irish healthcare system as having the 8th best health outcomes but only the 21st most accessible system in Europe.
There are basically two types of Health Insurance: Fee-for-Service (Indemnity) and Managed Care.
Health Insurance policies may vary from low cost to all-inclusive, meeting different demands of customers.
Which Health Insurance type and plan you choose largely depends on your needs, preferences and budget.
Fee-for-Service is a traditional kind of health care policy wherein insurance companies pay medical staff fees for each service provided to an insured patient.
Fee-for-service plans offer a wide choice of doctors and hospitals.
Fee-for-Service coverage falls into Basic and Major Medical Protection categories.
Basic protection deals with costs of a hospital room, hospital services, care and supplies, cost of surgery in or out of hospital, and doctor visits.
Major Medical Protection covers costs of serious illnesses and injuries, which usually require long-term treatment and rehabilitation period.
Basic and Major Medical Insurance coverage combined are called a Comprehensive Health Care Plan.
It is vitally important to know your insurance policy, since some services can be limited and some not covered at all.