Question: During what year was Batman written?
About the article "Batman Begins", section "Reception".

Candidate passages:
During the filming of "Batman & Robin", Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies, prompting them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to return as director for a sequel.
However, writer Akiva Goldsman turned down an offer to write the script.
In late 1996, Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth "Batman" film.
A projected mid-1999 release date was announced.
Titled "Batman Triumphant", Protosevich's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain.
Through the use of his fear toxin, he resurrects the Joker as a hallucination in Batman's mind.
Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character, written as the Joker's daughter.
George Clooney and Chris O'Donnell were set to reprise the roles of Batman and Robin, and Jack Nicholson was in negotiations to return as the Joker.
However, following the failure of "Batman & Robin", Clooney vowed never to reprise his role.
Warner Bros. decided to consider a live-action "Batman Beyond" film and an adaptation of Frank Miller's "".
Warner would then produce whichever idea suited them the most.
Schumacher felt he "owe the Batman culture a real "Batman" movie.
I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight."
He approached Warner Bros. about doing "Batman: Year One" in mid-1998, but they were more interested in hiring Darren Aronofsky.
Aronofsky and Frank Miller developed a "Year One" script with Aronofsky to direct, but it was ultimately canceled.
Christopher Nolan was eventually hired to helm the next "Batman" film in January 2003, resulting in the rebooted "Batman Begins" (2005).
In "Legends of the Dark Knight", an episode of "The New Batman Adventures", three teenagers discuss their ideas about what Batman is really like.
They briefly meet a youth called "Joel" whose idea of Batman reflects characterizations and costumes portrayed within Schumacher's "Batman and Robin".
The teens treat Joel's ideas with utter disdain.
In "Watchmen", director Zack Snyder and comic book artist Dave Gibbons choose to parody the molded muscle and nipple Batsuit design from "Batman & Robin" for the Ozymandias costume.
The film is referenced in the ' episode "Legends of the Dark Mite!
", when Bat-Mite briefly uses his powers to transform Batman's costume into the same suit shown in the Joel Schumacher "Batman" films, before declaring it "Too icky".
The Batman from "Batman & Robin" later appeared as part of an army of Batmen gathered from across the Multiverse in "Night of the Batmen!
", complete with the rubber blue Batsuit.
Additionally, while there where worries within Warner Bros., surrounding the negative critical reaction to "Batman & Robin" and how that may come to harm the success of their subsequent direct-to-video animated feature film, ', that was originally planned for release at around the same time as "Batman & Robin" but was subsequently delayed.
"SubZero", nevertheless, still managed to go on to receive a far stronger positive response from critics, faring much better than "Batman & Robin", with Mr.
Freeze's role within it being seen in a much more positive rather than negative light, returning his status as a "Batman" antagonist to one which was at least a lot closer to the level of popularity that was reached by him within the two Emmy-winning episodes that featured him in "". 
Proposals for fifth film.
"Batman Triumphant".
During the filming of "Batman & Robin", Warner Bros. was impressed with the dailies.
This prompted them to immediately hire Joel Schumacher to return as director for a sequel, but writer Akiva Goldsman, who worked on "Batman Forever" and "Batman & Robin" with Schumacher, turned down the chance to write the script.
In late 1996, Warner Bros. and Schumacher hired Mark Protosevich to write the script for a fifth "Batman" film.
A projected mid-1999 release date was announced.
Titled "Batman Triumphant", Protosevich's script had the Scarecrow as the main villain, and he was set to be played by radio talk show host Howard Stern.
The Joker would return as a hallucination in Batman's mind caused by the Scarecrow's fear toxin.
Harley Quinn appeared as a supporting character, written as the Joker's daughter trying to get revenge on Batman for the Joker's death.
With Quinn, Mad Hatter appeared also as a supporting character, written with a similar story of Edward Nygma in "Batman Forever".
George Clooney, Chris O'Donnell and Alicia Silverstone were set to reprise the roles of Batman, Robin, and Batgirl.
However, when "Batman & Robin" received negative reviews and failed to outgross any of its predecessors, Warner Bros. was unsure of their plans for "Batman Triumphant".
The studio decided it was best to consider a live-action "Batman Beyond" film and an adaptation of Frank Miller's "".
Warner Bros. would then greenlight whichever idea suited them the most.
Schumacher felt he "owe the Batman culture a real "Batman" movie.
I would go back to the basics and make a dark portrayal of the Dark Knight."
He approached Warner Bros. to do "Batman: Year One" in mid-1998. 
After the four-issue interlude "Batman: Grotesk", Morrison returned with the prose story "The Clown at Midnight" in "Batman" # 663.
The stand-alone story was about the Joker killing some of his former henchmen and tempting Batman to come after him.
The story was acclaimed and called one of the definitive Joker stories.
Den of Geek called it one of 10 essential Joker stories, and it was revealed that Heath Ledger read the story to help him become the character for the film, "The Dark Knight".
Many of the plot points in the story were used later in Morrison's run during the story arc "Batman R.I.P."
when the Joker would return.
Morrison's next three issues have been called by the title of the first one, in "Batman" #664, "The Three Ghosts of Batman".
The ghosts referred to in the title were introduced in the arc, with three individuals who wear variants of Batman's costume and take his crime fighting to the extreme.
The first was the fake Batman who showed up and shot the Joker in Morrison's first issue.
Later in that issue, he had been revealed to be an ex-cop who had become a vigilante.
The second ghost showed up in #664 when a pimp that had been supplying an ex-policeman who lived on an abandoned facility with prostitutes told Batman that the women turned up dead.
Batman tracked him down and was severely beaten by the man, who was dressed in a mixture of Batman's and Bane's costumes.
Batman suspected the imposter had used Hugo Strange's Monster Serum and daily Venom shots to gain his size and strength.
Batman is able to stop this ghost with Robin's help eventually.
He tells Alfred of a vision he had of three ghost Batmen who had taken his crime-fighting to the extreme limits.
He had written of these visions in "The Black Casebook" and knew after these encounters that he may have to revisit the strange cases in the book.
The third Batman was introduced in a future story in "Batman" #666.
The story is presented as a possible future where Damian has taken over the job as Batman.
Police commissioner Barbara Gordon blames him for the death of Bruce Wayne and wants him arrested while Damian is pursuing the third ghost, who claims to be the son of the Antichrist.
Damian eventually kills the man by throwing him out of the window of the Hotel Bethlehem.
In Morrison's next story arc, Batman takes Robin with him to the "Island of Mister Mayhew" where he learns that the organization the Black Glove is out to kill him.
After a two-issue interlude in the Batman title crossover "The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul", the true history of the three ghosts was revealed.
The third ghost showed up at police headquarters looking for Commissioner Vane and killed a number of officers.
Batman, who had started a love affair with Jezebel Jet as Bruce Wayne, was attacked by the ghost on the roof of the headquarters.
His heart stopped and he had visions of old cases of his which had many unexplained phenomena as well as a vision of Joe Chill, the thief who had murdered his parents when he was a child.
When he awoke from the visions, he was a captive of the ghost.
As the man talked to him, Batman remembered from where the ghosts had come.
What Batman thought was a hallucination turned out to be a forgotten memory in which three men were chosen from the police force to train with Batman to replace him should anything ever happen to him.
During the test, Batman had himself isolated so that a Doctor Simon Hurt could study his moves and what drives him.
When the three replacement Batmen came in to challenge him, Batman took them down easily.
Dr. Hurt decided that the three Batmen needed to be driven by rage and sorrow to become like Batman.
The first, Josef Muller, was an ace marksman as a cop, but had both hands broken by Batman in their fight causing him to have to retire.
Hurt killed the third man's, whose name was Lane, family, and began adding Venom and monster serum to Branca's, the second man, diet until he was driven to kill his own family in rage.
Doctor Hurt put hypnotic suggestions into Batman's head to help him forget the whole experience and dismiss it as a bad dream.
The three replacement cops were hidden away to await the day they would return.
Batman is eventually able to escape, but Lane warns him that Hurt is after him and his luck would soon be gone.
This leads into the "Batman R.I.P."
In recent events, Lane was revealed to be Michael Washington Lane.
He became the new Azrael, the agent of the Order of Purity, a splinter group of the Order of Saint Dumas, in "Azrael: Death's Dark Knight" #1.
In keeping with his imitation of Batman, he wears the "Suit of Sorrows" given to Bruce Wayne by Talia al Ghul during "Batman: The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul".
Lane accepts the Order's offer to become Azrael as a way of atoning for his perceived role in the demise of Batman.
As Azrael, his mission is to spread "God's Justice" through Gotham City in the chaos resulting from the absence of Bruce Wayne as Batman. 
"The Dark Knight Returns" is set in 1986 in Gotham City.
Bruce Wayne is 55 years old and has retired as Batman; and levels of crime are rising.
Wayne, finding his retirement difficult, becomes Batman again.
He first faces Harvey Dent, who was believed to have been cured, after successful plastic surgery.
Dent holds the city for ransom with a bomb.
When Batman defeats Dent, he discovers that Dent's evil "Two-Face" persona has returned.
Batman saves 13-year-old Carrie Kelley from an attack by a gang called the Mutants.
Kelley buys herself an imitation Robin costume and searches for Batman, seeking to help him.
She finds Batman at the city dump where he fights an army of Mutants.
Though Batman defeats the Mutant army with his weaponry, the Mutant leader beats him in combat.
Kelley distracts the leader long enough to allow herself and Batman to escape.
With the help of retiring Commissioner James Gordon and the new Robin, Batman defeats the Mutant leader on his own terms.
The Mutants disband and some rename themselves the Sons of Batman, using excessive violent force with good intentions.
Batman's return stimulates The Joker to awaken from a catatonic state at Arkham Asylum.
With renewed purpose, The Joker manipulates his caretakers to allow him to appear on a television talk show; he murders everyone in the television studio and escapes.
Batman and Robin track him to a county fair, where he has already murdered many people.
Batman defeats the Joker in a violent confrontation, almost killing him.
To incriminate Batman for murder and thus defeat him, the Joker snaps his own neck.
After another confrontation with the Gotham police and a citywide manhunt is begun, Batman escapes.
Superman diverts a Russian nuclear warhead, which detonates in a desert.
The United States is hit by an electromagnetic pulse and descends into chaos during the resulting blackout.
In Gotham, Batman realizes what has happened and he and Robin turn the remaining Mutants and the Sons of the Batman into a non-lethal fighting force, leading them against looters and ensuring the flow of essential supplies.
In the midst of a nuclear winter, Gotham becomes the safest city in the United States.
The U.S. government sees this as an embarrassment and orders Superman to remove Batman.
Oliver Queen (the former Green Arrow) predicts to Wayne that the government lackey Superman and the maverick Batman will have a final confrontation.
Superman demands to meet Batman.
Knowing that Batman may die, Wayne symbolically chooses Crime Alley where he first became Batman.
He relies on Superman's weakness caused by his near-death in the nuclear blast.
Superman tries to reason with Batman, but Batman uses his technological inventions and mastery of hand-to-hand combat to fight him.
During the battle, Superman compromises Batman's exoframe, and Queen wields a kryptonite-tipped arrow to greatly weaken Superman.
Batman suddenly has a heart attack, apparently dying.
Alfred Pennyworth destroys the Batcave and Wayne Manor and dies from a stroke, exposing Batman as Bruce Wayne, whose fortune has disappeared.
After Wayne's funeral, it is revealed that his death was staged using chemicals that can suspend his vital life signs.
Clark Kent attends the funeral and winks at Robin after hearing Wayne's heartbeat as he leaves the cemetery.
Sometime afterward, Bruce Wayne leads Robin, Queen, and the rest of his followers into the caverns beyond the Batcave and prepares to continue his war on crime.
He plans to assemble an army to bring order back to the world.
In the current DC Multiverse, the events of "The Dark Knight Returns" and its associated titles are designated to occur on Earth-31. 
In December 2013, Snyder announced that "Batman" #28, originally scheduled to be part of the "Zero Year" story, would instead act as a preview issue to the future story line in "Batman" and "Batman Eternal".
The issue was written by Snyder and Tynion, with Dustin Nguyen and Derek Fridolfs providing the artwork.
Snyder stated that if "Batman" #28 was an issue of "Eternal" it would be issue 39.5, which equates to a year's time from the continuity seen at the end of "Forever Evil" and the start of "Eternal", and was done as a way to tease where "Eternal" will lead in 2014.
The issue introduces a Gotham where the police are no longer allies to Batman and a curfew is being enforced.
Harper Row is able to gain access to The Egyptian, the last remaining nightclub in New Gotham, where she reveals to security that her brother is sick in the Narrows at "ground zero" and was hoping to meet the new "kingpin" of Gotham to get help.
When security starts to question her reason for being there, he shuts off the lights, to allow Batman to enter.
Learning where to go next from a mysterious girl in the Batcave, whose silhouette resembles Carrie Kelley, Harper begins to help Batman remove the remaining security teams, working under the name Bluebird.
Batman and Bluebird learn that the new "kingpin" is Selina Kyle, who has quickly taken control of the underworld.
They request to get something from her safe that will help the people dying in Gotham.
At the safe, it is revealed Selina has Stephanie Brown / The Spoiler tied up and she is the only one who knows how to stop what is coming next.