Question: Where can the attacker go with the ball that would result in it being turned over to the defense in water polo?
About the article "Water polo", section "Advancing the ball".

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When the offense takes possession of the ball, the strategy is to advance the ball down the field of play and to score a goal.
Players can move the ball by throwing it to a teammate or swimming with the ball in front of them ("dribbling").
If an attacker uses his/her arm to push away a defending player and free up space for a pass or shot, the referee will rule a turnover and the defence will take possession of the ball.
If an attacker advances inside the 2-meter line without the ball or before the ball is inside the 2-meter area, (s)he is ruled offside and the ball is turned over to the defence.
This is often overlooked if the attacker is well to the side of the pool or when the ball is at the other side of the pool.
On defense, the players work to regain possession of the ball and to prevent a goal in their own net.
The defense attempts to knock away or steal the ball from the offense or to commit a foul in order to stop an offensive player from taking a goal shot.
The defender attempts to stay between the attacker and the goal, a position known as "inside water". 
Water polo is a contact sport, with little protective gear besides swim suits and caps with ear protectors.
Among the most common serious injuries are those affecting the head and shoulders.
Those induced to the head are usually caused by elbows or the ball itself.
One case would be when the defense guards the offense, the defense are right behind offense trying to steal the ball or trying to stop the ball from scoring or being passed.
So as a result of the offense trying to shake off the defense to either score or pass the ball, a lot of elbowing and forceful removal from the defensive grab is needed.
Many times the head being the main body part out of the water is injured in such a way.
Many times these injuries are intentional and can sometimes anger many players to take revenge.
Another common injury would be in the shoulder.
Throwing or shooting the ball with a "cold arm" can strain the shoulder if not warmed up properly.
Also occasionally, the defensive player will sometimes pull the arm to foul the offensive player.
This can also injure the shoulder.
With the arm, fingers are also usually harmed, due to not catching the ball right or blocking the ball.
Many sprained fingers or on a more serious scale, fractured fingers have resulted from water polo.
Some of the most injured players on the field are the goalies.
They have to endure the ball thrown at them at a fast speed and are expected to "throw it down" to prevent the ball from going into the goal and scoring.
When blocking shots the ball can hit the fingers instead of the whole hand causing fractures and strains.
Goalies have also been known to suffer nosebleeds.
Other injuries take place underwater as many things can not be seen from above the surface and not much padding is used to protect the players.
Sunburn is a common minor injury in outdoor matches.
The irritation of the sunburn can be restrictive because of the sheer amount of movement involved in the sport.
Players will often neglect applying sunscreen as this will impair the player's ability to grip the ball and rapidly deteriorate the ball's physical grip due to the oily nature of sunscreen.
Having large amounts of sunscreen on during an official match is banned by FINA and most other state/national governing bodies.
Eye irritation from pool chlorine is also common because players cannot wear goggles.
They are regarded as a safety hazard because they may cause cuts, bruises or suction injuries during player-to-player contact or if the player is hit in the face by the ball. 
 impede :Defensive guarding that prevents a player from moving; a foul if the impeded player does not have the ball.
inner tube water polo :A version of water polo in which players are allowed to float in inner tubes to avoid treading water during the game, which requires superb conditioning.
Usually played as an intramural sport on college campuses, often coed.
inside water :Best position for a defender: between the attacker he is guarding and the goal.
inside water shot :The shooter swims toward the goal and unexpectedly flips the ball out of the water past the goalkeeper into the goal, timed with his swimming stroke.
Examples are the pop shot and spring shot.  
The rules of polo are written and used to provide for the safety of both players and horses.
The rules are enforced in the game by the umpires who blow whistles when a penalty occurs.
Strategic plays in polo are based on the "line of the ball", an imaginary line created by the ball as it travels down the field.
This line traces the ball's path and extends past the ball along that trajectory.
The line of the ball defines rules for players to approach the ball safely.
These rules are created and enforced to ensure the welfare of players and their horses.
The "line of the ball" changes each time the ball changes direction.
The player who hit the ball generally has the right of way, and other players cannot cross the line of the ball in front of that player.
As players approach the ball, they ride on either side of the line of the ball giving each access to the ball.
A player can cross the line of the ball when it does not create a dangerous situation.
Most fouls and penalty shots are related to players improperly crossing the line of the ball or the right of way.
When a player has the line of the ball on his right, he has the right of way.
A "ride-off" is when a player moves another player off the line of the ball by making shoulder-to-shoulder contact with the other players’ horses.
The defending player has a variety of opportunities for his or her team to gain possession of the ball.
He/she can push the opponent off the line or steal the ball from the opponent.
Another common defensive play is called "hooking."
While a player is taking a swing at the ball, his/her opponent can block the swing by using his/her mallet to hook the mallet of the player swinging at the ball.
A player may hook only if is he/she is on the side where the swing is being made or directly behind an opponent.
A player may not purposely touch another player, his/her tack or pony with his/her mallet.
Unsafe hooking is a foul that will result in a penalty shot being awarded.
For example, it is a foul for a player to reach over an opponent's mount in an attempt to hook.
The other basic defensive play is called the bump or ride-off.
It's similar to a body check in hockey.
In a ride-off, a player rides his pony alongside an opponent's mount in order to move an opponent away from the ball or to take him out of a play.
It must be executed properly so that it does not endanger the horses or the players.
The angle of contact must be safe and can not knock the horses off balance, or harm the horses in any way.
Two players following the line of the ball and riding one another off have the right of way over a single man coming from any direction.
Like in hockey or basketball, fouls are potentially dangerous plays that infringe on the rules of the game.
To the novice spectator, fouls may be difficult to discern.
There are degrees of dangerous and unfair play and penalty shots are awarded depending based on the severity of the foul and where the foul was committed on the polo field.
White lines on the polo field indicate where the mid-field, sixty, forty and thirty yard penalties are taken.
The official set of rules and rules interpretations are reviewed and published each year by each country's polo association.
Most of the smaller associations follow the rules of the Hurlingham Polo Association, the national governing body of the sport of polo in the United Kingdom.