community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: When was "Conclusions from the capillarity phenoma" published.
About the article "Albert Einstein", section "Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics".

Candidate passages:
Albert Einstein's first paper submitted in 1900 to "Annalen der Physik" was on capillary attraction.
It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena".
Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to interpret atomic phenomena from a statistical point of view.
These papers were the foundation for the 1905 paper on Brownian motion, which showed that Brownian movement can be construed as firm evidence that molecules exist.
His research in 1903 and 1904 was mainly concerned with the effect of finite atomic size on diffusion phenomena.
  Albert Einstein publishes his conclusions on capillarity.
Owen Richardson describes the phenomenon in thermionic emission which gives rise to Richardson's Law.
Ivan Yarkovsky describes the Yarkovsky effect, a thermal force acting on rotating bodies in space, in a pamphlet on "The density of light ether and the resistance it offers to motion" published in Bryansk.
December 12 - Guglielmo Marconi receives the first trans-Atlantic radio signal, sent from Poldhu in Cornwall, England, to Newfoundland, the letter "S" in Morse.  
Elasto-capillarity is the ability of capillary force to deform an elastic material.
This interaction between elasticity and capillarity becomes important in the small scale. 
The Flying Circus of Physics by Jearl Walker (1975, published by John Wiley and Sons, second edition in 2006), is a book that poses (and answers) about a thousand questions concerned with everyday physics.
The emphasis is strongly on phenomena that might be encountered in one's daily life.
From the preface: "if you start thinking about physics when you are cooking, flying, or just lazing next to a stream, then I will feel the book was worthwhile".
Typically, the questions posed by the book are about phenomena that many readers will have encountered, but not thought through physically.
For example: "Why do many candles, especially small ones, flicker and pop in the last moments before burning out?
What determines the frequency of flickering?"
(3.110).
Walker's answer involves qualitative arguments of capillarity, negative feedback, and latent heat of vaporization.  
 Albert Einstein published his first article in an academic journal, "Folgerungen aus der Kapillaritatserscheinungen" ("Deductions from the Phenomena of Capillarity"), in "Annalen der Physik".
Terry McGovern became undisputed light weight boxing champion of the world in a bout in Chicago against Joe Gans, knocking him out in the seconc round, in a fight that many observers thought was fixed.
Britain, France and Italy signed an agreement to preserve, in Ethiopia, the integrity of the ancient empire of Abyssinia.
Question: In 1699, who attempted to encourage his countrymen to eat salads?
About the article "Salad", section "History".

Candidate passages:
The Romans and ancient Greeks ate mixed greens with dressing.
In his 1699 book, "Acetaria: A Discourse on Sallets", John Evelyn attempted with little success to encourage his fellow Britons to eat fresh salad greens.
Mary, Queen of Scots, ate boiled celery root over greens covered with creamy mustard dressing, truffles, chervil, and slices of hard-boiled eggs.
The United States popularized mixed greens salads in the late 19th century; other regions of the world adopted them throughout the second half of the 20th century.
From Europe and the Americas to China, Japan, and Australia, salads are sold in supermarkets, at restaurants and at fast food chains.
In the US market, restaurants will often have a "Salad Bar" laid out with salad-making ingredients, which the customers will use to put together their salad.
Apart from both cold and warm sandwiches, Rodilla offers filled croissants, salads, pastries and fried dishes to eat in the shop or to take away. 
Bill Binder retired in 1985, turning Philippe's over to his sons, John Binder and Richard Binder, who continue to run the restaurant as of February 2010.
The brothers added new menu items, such as salads and turkey sandwiches, after Binder's retirement, though he continued to eat breakfast at Philippe's frequently.
Bill Binder died at a nursing facility in Pasadena, California, on January 28, 2010, at the age of 96.
He was survived by his sons, John and Richard, who continue to run Philippe's; his daughter, Kathleen Binder Halstead, 10 grandchildren and 12 great-grandchildren.
His wife, Beverly, died in 2001.
His memorial service was held at St. Therese Catholic Church in Alhambra, California. 
The Great Deli Co. is a BMMI subsidiary which produces ready-to-eat meals including salads, sandwiches, wraps and sushi rolls.
A spin-off from the brand is The Great Deli Café which operates an outlet in Amwaj Islands and Saar, which serves an array of hearty, home-style breakfasts, soups, salads, baguettes, cakes and fresh beverages. 
That the Parliament had declared Ireland's autonomy was of interest to 19th century Irish nationalists, in particular the Young Irelander Thomas Davis who wrote a history of the parliament as an inspiration to his fellow countrymen.
Question: What is a clove hitch?
About the article "Sailing", section "Knots and line handling".

Candidate passages:
The buntline hitch is simply a clove hitch tied around the standing part, with the turns of the clove hitch progressing towards the object. 
The lobster buoy hitch is similar to the buntline hitch, but made with a cow hitch around the standing part rather than a clove hitch.
Like the buntline hitch, this knot is strong, secure and compact. 
The clove hitch is commonly used in pioneering to start and finish a lashing such as the traditional square lashing, tripod lashing, round lashing, and sheer lashing. 
The clove hitch is a type of knot.
Along with the bowline and the sheet bend, it is often considered one of the most important knots.
A clove hitch is two successive half-hitches around an object.
It is most effectively used as a crossing knot.
It can be used as a binding knot, but is not particularly secure in that role.
A clove hitch made around the rope's own standing part is known as either two half-hitches or buntline hitch, depending on whether the turns of the clove hitch progress away from or towards the hitched object. 
The pipe hitch can be started by rolling four coils around the pipe or pole that it is being hitched onto.
The next step is to cross the coils and the standing part.
It can be finished with a clove hitch, which is also known as double half-hitch.
Question: Who invented the atomic force microscope?
About the article "Microscope", section "Scanning probe microscopy".

Candidate passages:
  Atomic force microscope invented by Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christopher Berger.  
The scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, was developed in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.
Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber invented the first atomic force microscope in 1986.
The first commercially available atomic force microscope was introduced in 1989.IBM researcher Don Eigler was the first to manipulate atoms using a scanning tunneling microscope in 1989.
He used 35 Xenon atoms to spell out the IBM logo.
He shared the 2010 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience for this work. 
 Electron microscope *Transmission electron microscope Optical microscope uses reflectiveness or refractiveness of light to produce an image.
Scanning acoustic microscope Scanning probe microscope *Atomic force microscope (AFM) *Scanning electron microscope *Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)  Focus variation X-ray microscope Sub-microstructural properties of condensed matter, gas.
Imaging technology, Microscope.
See also the article on spectroscopy and the list of materials analysis methods. 
This is a sub-diffraction technique.
Examples of scanning probe microscopes are the atomic force microscope (AFM), the Scanning tunneling microscope, the photonic force microscope and the recurrence tracking microscope.
All such methods imply a solid probe tip in the (near field) of an object, which is supposed to be almost flat. 
  Simulation  Optical microscope * Liquid crystal  Scanning acoustic microscope (SAM)  Scanning acoustic tomography (SCAT)  Atomic force microscope (AFM)  Stereomicroscope  Photoemission electron microscope (PEM)   X-ray microscope  Infra-red microscope  Scanning SQUID microscope  USB microscope
Question: Who started as Walt Bishop in the movie Moonrise Kingdom?
About the article "Moonrise Kingdom", section "Cast".

Candidate passages:
Kara Hayward (born November 17, 1998) is an American actress, best known for her role as Suzy Bishop in the 2012 feature film "Moonrise Kingdom", which earned her a 2013 Young Artist Award nomination in Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress. 
 Jeremy Hanley – Former Chairman of the Conservative Party.
Kara Hayward – Actress, starred in Wes Anderson's 2012 movie "Moonrise Kingdom".
Glenne Headly – Emmy nominated actress.
Alfred George Hinds – British criminal and prison escape artist who later used his legal knowledge to obtain a full pardon.  
  2011 - "Moonrise Kingdom" Op.
19 - music for the movie directed by Wes Anderson "Moonrise Kingdom."
Op.
19 refers to all music Jarvis worked on including original music, arrangements and transcriptions.
Published by Indian Paintbrush Productions.  
Hayward was born and raised in Andover, Massachusetts.
She acted in her first play in summer camp, Kaleidoscope.
She went to an open casting call for "Moonrise Kingdom" and was chosen for the role of Suzy Bishop.
It was her first movie audition and she was twelve years old at the time of filming.
She has been a member of Mensa since the age of nine. 
 "Moonrise" (Penny Wolfson book), a biography of Wolfson's son, who is afflicted with muscular dystrophy "Moonrise" (novel), the second novel in Erin Hunter's Warriors fantasy series "Moonrise", a Ben Bova science fiction novel, part of his Grand Tour series "Moonrise", a children's book by Terri Farley "Moonrise", a book by romance novelist Anne Stuart
Question: List and describe the murals made for the film Fruitvale Station if any were used.
About the article "Fruitvale Station", section "Promotion".

Candidate passages:
 Canada Fruitvale, British Columbia United States Fruitvale, California * Fruitvale, Fresno County, California * Fruitvale, Kern County, California * Fruitvale, Oakland, California ** Fruitvale (BART station) * the Fruitvale Oil Field, underneath Bakersfield, California Fruitvale, Colorado Fruitvale, Tennessee Fruitvale, Texas Fruitvale, Washington  
The Weinstein Company commissioned three murals to be painted in Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco by well-known street artists Ron English, Lydia Emily and LNY, in anticipation of the film.
Some people questioned having a poster for the film in Fruitvale Station, but a BART spokeswoman said about this decision: "there was no debate whether to allow "Fruitvale Station" on BART.
None whatsoever.
We really support Ryan.
He's just an amazing person...
I think that Ryan had said it was his intention to show his love for Oakland and the people of Oakland, and he really succeeded.
"Promotional material used on the film's Facebook page and website referred to the controversial shooting of Trayvon Martin in Florida, which was in the news at the same time as the film's release.
This drew some criticism, with publicist Angie Meyer stating, "It's absolutely inappropriate and morally wrong to use a high profile case to create publicity and buzz around a movie release.
"As part of its film promotion, the Weinstein Co. set up the "I am __" campaign to encourage people to share stories of overcoming acts of social injustice or mistreatment, and to upload photos or other artworks related to those experiences.
"Fruitvale Station" was shot in Oakland, California, in 20 days in July 2012.
Scenes were shot at and around the Bay Area Rapid Transit platform where Grant was killed.
The BART agreed to let the crew film at the Fruitvale BART station for three four-hour nights.
Most of the platform scenes were shot over the course of two nights (with another night dedicated to the sequences on the train that led up to the police confrontation).
San Quentin State Prison served as a filming location for a flashback scene with prisoners featured as extras.
The film was shot in Super 16 mm format using Arriflex 416 cameras and Zeiss Ultra 16 lenses.
The film includes actual amateur footage of the shooting.
Coogler explained the decision: "That was something that I was initially very firmly against.
I didn't want any real footage in the film.
But you sometimes have to take a step back.
Being from the Bay Area, I knew that footage like the back of my hand, but more people from around the world had no idea about this story.
It made sense for them to see that footage and see what happened to Oscar, and I think it was a responsibility that we had to put that out there."
 Ryan Coogler — Fruitvale Station  
The village of Fruitvale is situated in the Beaver Valley, which is made up of Fruitvale, Beaver Falls, and Montrose
Question: When was "Fruitvale Sation" released?
About the article "Fruitvale Station", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
"Fruitvale Station" was available in Digital HD via Anchor Bay on December 31, 2013.
DVD and Blu-ray combo packs were released on January 14, 2014. 
Fruitvale is a census-designated place (CDP) in Mesa County, Colorado, United States.
The population was 7,675 at the 2010 census.
The Grand Junction Post Office (ZIP Code 81504) serves Fruitvale postal addresses. 
Fruitvale is an unincorporated community in Kern County, California.
It is located west of Bakersfield, at an elevation of 397 feet (121 m).
Fruitvale was founded in 1891. 
Fruitvale is a former settlement in Fresno County, California.
It was located northeast of Fresno.
A post office operated at Fruitvale from 1883 to 1892, with a closure for part of 1888. 
Fruitvale is an unincorporated rural community in Crockett County, Tennessee, United States.
As of 2012, there were about 65 people living in Fruitvale.
The village was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 as the Fruitvale Historic District.
The zipcode (PO Box) is: 38336.
Question: When was the Museum of the Defense of Moscow created?
About the article "Battle of Moscow", section "Aftermath".

Candidate passages:
Moscow defense zone was established on December 2, 1941.
It controlled the army for the defense of Moscow in the 24th and 60th army battalion. 
The Moscow Museum of Modern Art is a museum of modern and contemporary art located in Moscow, Russia.
It was opened to public in December 1999.
The project of the Museum was initiated and executed by Zurab Tsereteli, president of the Russian Academy of Arts. 
  Aviation Museum at Torzok, Torzok  Central Air Force Museum, Monino  Central Armed Forces Museum, Moscow  Kurgansky Aviation Museum, Kurgan  Long Range Aviation Museum, Ryazan  Memorial Museum of Astronautics, Moscow  Museum of Civil Aviation, Ulyanovsk  Museum of Stalingrad battle, Volgograd  Museum of Military Transport Aviation, Ivanovo  RKK Energiya museum, Moscow  Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, Kaluga  Vadim Zadorozhny Technical Museum, Moscow  
The museum was created in 2001 when the City of Tampere, the University of Tampere, telephone company Elisa and newspaper "Aamulehti" partnered together.
The museum opened in 2003.  
  ARKA Gallery, Saint Petersburg  ART4.RU Contemporary Art Museum, Moscow  The Garage, Moscow  Erarta, Saint Petersburg  MAGMA, Moscow  Moscow House of Photography, Moscow  Moscow Museum of Modern Art, Moscow  Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow  National Centre for Contemporary Arts, Moscow  New Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
Question: What is the Japanese term for yellowtail?
About the article "Sushi", section "Neta".

Candidate passages:
The yellowtail was more common in waters around California and Mexico, but has recently been overfished by Japanese commercial fishing ships.
Overfishing is becoming more of a problem as fishers move away from areas in which this fish has become scarce to United States' waters in search of more.
Yellowtail spawn in warm waters 100–300 miles off the California coast and return in May or June until September or December.
They spawn slowly, but may live in excess of 30 years.
Spawning usually begins at three years of age.
One major spawning ground is at Cedros Island, where mass amounts of 15- to 20-pound yellowtail can be caught.
Yellowtail are aggressive towards other fish.
They will often feed more frequently during spawning, which makes them an easy target for commercial fishing boats.
They are currently not on the endangered list. 
Yellowtail wanted every American Indian to learn about the spiritual traditions of their ancestors.
While many of those traditions have been lost, Yellowtail believed that what remains is sufficient to constitute a valid spiritual path - what he called the Sun Dance Religion.
Yellowtail counseled the Native Americans who sought his guidance to follow the way of the Vision Quest, sweat lodge, and Daily Prayer with the Pipe under the guidance of a legitimate Sun Dance Chief.
He encouraged American Indian youth to learn the language of their tribe and to seek out the spiritual leaders who followed the traditional ceremonies of their people.
Thomas Yellowtail wrote his autobiography as a means of preserving the ancient spiritual traditions he held sacred for future generations.
Thomas Yellowtail was a member of that pivotal generation that made the wrenching cultural transition into a new and bewildering world, while never forgetting the old ways.
He, and many others across the plains tribes, held fast to the spiritual legacy of their ancestors, insuring that the ways of his Grandfathers would not be lost. 
Yellowtail Sardinella (Sardinella rouxi) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus "Sardinella". 
The yellowtail amberjack or great amberjack, Seriola lalandi, buri or hiramasa is a large fish found in the Pacific and Indian oceans.
It can be divided into three subspecies:   The California yellowtail, "Seriola lalandi dorsalis"  The southern yellowtail, or in New Zealand and Australia the yellowtail kingfish or kingfish "S. l. lalandi"  The Asian yellowtail, "S. l. aureovitta".  
  Bill Yellowtail, former candidate for the Montana seat in the United States House of Representatives, is from Wyola.
Question: During the German invasion of Poland, what was expected from the German minority in terms of assistance?
About the article "Invasion of Poland", section "German plan".

Candidate passages:
During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939,German minority members in Poland on 10 September with help of German army murdered 17 Poles and Jews.
The victims were buried in mass graves. 
During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939, German forces incited by members of German minority killed 39 Poles and one Jew in the town.
The victims were picked out by local Germans for execution.
The oldest victim was 75, the youngest 17. 
During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939, Wehrmacht soldiers and local German minority members murdered 44 people from the town on 14 September.
Some of the victims were brutally beaten with rifles(up to the point that they broke apart). 
During the German Invasion of Poland in 1939, German forces on 3 September murdered 26 Poles.
The massacre happened as Poles were attending Church mass from which they were dragged out by German soldiers and shot. 
The remaining German minority in Poland (152,897 people according to the 2002 census) has minority rights on the basis of the Polish - German treaty and minority law.
German parties are not subject to the 5% threshold during the Sejm elections so Germans are able to obtain two seats.
There are German speakers throughout Poland, but only the voivodeship of Opole/Oppeln has a larger concentration.
Question: What shooting sport uses combat style shooting?
About the article "Shooting", section "Competitive shooting".

Candidate passages:
Marksmanship has inspired competition, and in several countries rifle clubs started to form in the 19th century.
Soon international shooting events evolved, including shooting at the Summer Olympics (from 1896) and World Championships (from 1897).
The International Shooting Sport Federation still administers Olympic and non-Olympic rifle, pistol, shotgun, and running target shooting competitions, although there is also a large number of national and international shooting sports controlled by unrelated organizations.
Shooting technique differs depending on factors like the type of firearm used (from a handgun to a sniper rifle; the distance to and nature of the target; the required precision; and the available time.
Breathing and position play an important role when handling a handgun or a rifle.
Some shooting sports, such as IPSC shooting, make a sport of combat style shooting.
The prone position, kneeling position, and standing position offer different amounts of support for the shooter.
Shooting classification is done by the IPC. 
A football field and shooting 
John Bellamy is a British sport shooter residing near Preston, Lancashire, noted for his consistent achievements in shooting competitions and for his similar shooting style to that of John Stafford. 
Combat pistol shooting is a modern martial art that focuses on the use of the handgun as a defensive weapon for self defense, or for military and police use.
Like most martial arts, combat pistol shooting is practiced both for defense and for sport.
Many of the action shooting disciplines are based on combat pistol techniques, and take the form of simulations of defensive or combat situations.
Question: What were the names of the South Park creators?
About the article "South Park", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
In a 2011 interview, "South Park" creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone stated that they regretted how Gary Condit and the were portrayed in the episode. 
 The US based Comedy Central network airs "Cartoon Wars Part II," an episode of the controversial animated series "South Park."
Though the creators wanted to include an image of Muhammad in the episode as part of its message, the network ultimately demanded it censored.
The episode also included disrespectful images of Jesus, George Bush and the American flag that were "not" censored, which the creators have said is meant to highlight the double standard.  
Since the late 1990s, South Park has been best known as the eponymous setting of the animated series "South Park".
Trey Parker, one of the creators of the "South Park" series, grew up in Conifer, about 40 miles (65 km) east of Fairplay. 
In 1997, Ashton played Saffi in the movie "Orgazmo", a comedy-action film by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, the creators of the animated series South Park. 
Orgazmo is a 1997 American comedy film written by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, the creators of the animated series "South Park", and directed by Parker.