community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the earths natural satellite?
About the article "Solar System", section "Earth".

Candidate passages:
GURPS Alternate Earths is a "GURPS" role-playing game supplement for the game's Third Edition. 
Just'a Lotta Animals lived on the parallel world of Earth-C-Minus, and made its headquarters in an orbiting satellite space station.
Events and characters on Earth-C-Minus were considered to be fictional to natives of Earth-C, similar to how events and characters of Earth-Two were considered as fictional on Earth-One.
Additionally, events and characters on Earth-C-Minus paralleled those of the then-mainstream DC Universe of Earth-One.
Like Earth-C, the names of characters and locations tended to make heavy use of various animal-based puns.
After the events of the 1985 miniseries "Crisis on Infinite Earths", it was revealed that Earth-C-Minus (and Earth-C) survived intact, as they were actually "alternate dimensions" instead of parallel Earths, although the most recent mini-series "Captain Carrot and the Final Ark" has suggested that Earth-C is now also considered Earth-26, one of the new 52 parallel Earths in the new DC Multiverse. 
Brown earths have a long history of being a major grouping in most soil classifications.
In France they have been included with "sol brun acide", although these soils may tend to have more iron and aluminium in the B horizon, and tend to what, in the British classification, is called a brown podzolic soil.
Brown earths are also classified in the German and Austrian soil taxonomy as "Braunerde."
Braunerden are widespread and frequently occur on unconsolidated parent sand or loess parent materials.
"Parabraunerde" is the classification for a brown earth with an elluvial horison above a slightly argillic, clayey illuvial horizon.
This gives rise to a universal division of these, generally brown and well drained soils into the weakly leached brown earths - called cambisols in the international World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB); and more leached brown podzolic soils in which there is an orange-brown B horizon, but no pale leached horizon between the A and the B horizons.
These are called Umbrisols in the WRB, and are particularly common in western Europe, covering large areas in NW Spain.
Further east in Europe, in more continental climates, the soils show greater leaching of clay and other minerals, and are mapped as luvisols in the WRB.
These are rather similar to brown earths, and some other classifications, including the British and French, call these soils argillic brown earths (sol brun lessive), because they have an argillic, i.e.
clay-enriched horizon at some depth well below the A horizon.
The argillic character is rather weakly expressed in the oceanic climate of the UK, and the differences between brown earths proper (cambic brown earths) and argillic yellow earths are not apparent to the general observer. 
Methone is a very small natural satellite of Saturn lying between the orbits of Mimas and Enceladus. 
Perkunas Virgae is a streak of colour on Titan, the natural satellite of Saturn.
Question: How many assist the referee?
About the article "Association football", section "Players, equipment, and officials".

Candidate passages:
The touch judges and assistant referees cannot stop play, but can signal the referee to enable them to assist the referee. 
The touch judges cannot stop play but can signal the referee to enable them to assist the referee. 
In-goal judges may be used if no video referee system is present at a match to assist the referee in his decision making. 
The term referee originated in association football.
Originally the team captains would consult with each other in order to resolve any dispute on the pitch.
Eventually this role was delegated to an "umpire".
Each team would bring their own partisan umpire allowing the team captains to concentrate on the game.
Later, the referee, a third "neutral" official was added, this "referee" would be "referred to" if the umpires could not resolve a dispute.
The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891, when the umpires became linesmen (now assistant referees).
Today, in many amateur football matches, each side will still supply their own partisan assistant referees (still commonly called club linesmen) to assist the neutral referee appointed by the governing football association if one or both assistant referees are not provided.
In this case, the role of the linesmen is limited to indicating out of play and cannot decide off side. 
Rugby league games are controlled by an on field referee assisted by two touch judges, and often a video referee during televised games.
With non-televised games in rugby league, the referee has 2 touch judges and 2 in-goal judges to assist.
The referee and the touch judges cannot be contradicted by any player, but captains may discuss calls with them.
In some rugby league competitions, most notably Australia's National Rugby League, public criticism of officials by players or coaching staff can result in fines being levied against the offending club.
The National Rugby League is also experimenting with a two-referee system: the control referee is primarily in charge of the play and calling penalties, and the assist referee, who communicates with the control referee but should not blow the whistle.
The two referees exchange roles on changes of possession.
Question: Who was the reviewer of Popmatters?
About the article "Turn Me On (David Guetta song)", section "Critical reception".

Candidate passages:
The album was given a six out of ten rating by PopMatters, with reviewer John Bergstrom, calling "Online Pharmacy" a "Hendrix redux", and stating that Hingley sounds "like the bastard child of Paul Weller and Roger Daltrey". 
  PopMatters – The 20 Top Female Performances of 2008 at popmatters  
The reception of "Undressing Underwater" was generally positive.
Gary Glauber of PopMatters stated that the album was "an impressive debut from a startlingly talented musician who has taken a lot of time to get things right".
Some reviewers praised Anderson for the number of big-ticket guest stars on the album, from McCartney to Parthenon Huxley.
Anderson’s guitar playing ability, experimental views to rock music, and striving to create new combinations of music were mentioned among the positives of the album.
However, reviewers noted that the album did not live up to the greatness that was expected, as stated by a reviewer: "The material itself seems somewhat limited... most of them don't seem to reverberate very far".
Reviewer Meredith Williams stated that Rusty Anderson "provides the oh-so-common rock-pop appeal of a catchy chorus, with guitar solos echoing in the background — but not always effectively". 
In a review for PopMatters, Wilson Neate praised Atlas' mixture of "Arabic vocal styles, Middle Eastern pop and Western electronic dance beats."
Pitchfork Media reviewer Mark Richard-San said that "The Remix Collection" was "just about perfect from the dancefloor perspective" and named the remix of "Amulet" by 16B as the album's best track.
Rick Anderson of Allmusic wrote that the album is "as good as one would expect."
The critical reception towards the song was warm; Popmatters reviewer Spencer Tricker called "Big Jumps" the "catchiest tune" on the album (alongside Jungle Drum), "every bit as good as the singles from Fisherman's Woman".
Andrew Leahey from allmusic wrote that the song features "strings of endearing doop-de-doop vocals and a commercial pop chorus" and Matthew Allard from ARTISTdirect said it "upthe tempo in a sunny, radio-ready way".
Question: Who makes up the duo Espionage?
About the article "Drive By (song)", section "Critical reception".

Candidate passages:
Svein Berge (born 17 February 1976 in Tromsø, Norway) is a Norwegian electronic musician who makes up half of the duo Röyksopp. 
Chris Lowe (born Christopher Sean Lowe, 4 October 1959) is an English musician, who, with colleague Neil Tennant, makes up the pop duo Pet Shop Boys. 
Julian Thomas Hamilton (born 1976) is a singer, song-writer and keyboardist, who, with bandmate Kim Moyes, makes up successful Sydney electronica duo, The Presets. 
After collaborating with the Norwegian production duo Espionage (Espen Lind and Amund Bjørklund) in the writing and recording of the track "Brick by Brick", Train's lead singer Pat Monahan decided to record another track with the duo. 
Neil Francis Tennant (born 10 July 1954) is an English musician, singer and songwriter, who, with band mate Chris Lowe, makes up the electronic pop duo Pet Shop Boys, and worked for the magazine "Smash Hits" before joining Pet Shop Boys.
Question: What is zakat?
About the article "Saudi Arabia", section "Society".

Candidate passages:
The hadith also admonish those who do not give the zakat.
According to the hadith, refusal to pay zakat is a sign of hypocrisy, and God will not accept the prayers of such people.
The hadith assert that the poor wouldn't be hungry if the rich gave zakat.
But they also state that zakat purifies those who give it.
It is believed that Allah safeguards the property of those who give zakat.
On the day of Judgment, those who didn't give the zakat will be held accountable and punished.
The hadith contain advice on the state-authorized collection of the zakat.
The collectors are required not to take more than what is due, and those who are paying the zakat are asked not to evade payment.
The hadith also warn of punishment to those who take zakat when they are not eligible to receive it (see beneficiaries of zakat). 
The Qur'an talks about the zakat in more than 30 different verses, mainly in the Medinan suras.
In the quranic view, zakat is a way to redistribute the wealth, thus defining a charity-based economy with a particular interest in the poor and the dispossessed Muslims.
Zakat is considered more than taxation.
One must give zakat for the sake of one's salvation: while those who give zakat can expect reward from God in the afterlife, neglecting to give zakat can result in damnation.
The giving of the zakat is considered a means of purifying one's wealth and soul.
Non-Muslims are not required to pay zakat, but give a tax by a different name called Jizyah tax.
Giving of taxes to Muslims (which includes zakat) is also part of the primordial covenant between God and humankind.
The Qur'an lists the beneficiaries of zakat (discussed below). 
In Islam this is called Zakat, and is one of the five pillars upon which the Muslim religion is based, 2.5% of one's saving is to be given as Zakat per Islamic calendar year. 
The zakat, one of the pillars of Islam, is discussed in both the Qur'an and the hadith literature. 
Today, in most Muslim countries, "zakat" is collected through a decentralized and voluntary system where eligible Muslims are expected to pay the "zakat" based on worship and love of God.
Under this voluntary system, "zakat" committees are established, which are tasked with the collection and distribution of "zakat" funds.
In a handful of Muslim countries including Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, the "zakat" is obligatory and is collected in a centralized manner by the state.
In Jordan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, and Bangladesh, the "zakat" is regulated by the state, but contributions are voluntary.
Question: Who commanded the right division at the Battle of Hasting?
About the article "Battle of Hastings", section "Dispositions of forces and tactics".

Candidate passages:
  14 June 1800: Commanded a brigade in Chambarlhac's Division at the Battle of Marengo  3 December 1805: Commanded an infantry division in the I Corps at the Battle of Austerlitz  17 October 1806: Commanded the 2nd Division of the I Corps at the Battle of Halle  6 November 1806: Commanded the 2nd Division of the I Corps at the Battle of Lübeck  
Supreme commander: Mao Zedong, assisted by Zhu De and Zhou EnlaiThe right (eastern) column of the 1st Corps commanded by Liu Bocheng and Nie Rongzhen  The 1st Division commanded by Li Jukui (李聚奎) * The 1st Regiment commanded by Yang Dezhi (杨得志) and political commissar Li Lin (黎林) * The 2nd Regiment * The 3rd Regiment The left (western) column of the 1st Corps commanded by Lin Biao  The 2nd Division commanded by Chen Guang (陈光) * The 4th Regiment commanded by Wang Kaixiang (王开湘) and the political commissar Yang Chengwu (杨成武), who were the actual commanders of the battle.
Due to the devastating attrition rate during the Long March, the communist forces were so under-manned that brigade designations did not exist at the time of the incident. 
Communist order of battle: (30,000+ total) First Front Army of Chinese Red Army  
Julia Hasting (born 1970 in Bremen, Germany) is a graphic designer based in Zürich.
She is the Design Director of Phaidon Press, head of the design department. 
 "El Ala del Sur" (roughly: "Southern Wing", 1926) "Poesías de la Guerra Civil Española" ("Poetry of the Spanish Civil War", 1938) "Primavera en Eaton Hasting" ("Spring in Eaton Hasting", 1939)
Question: What is one of the concepts of evolutionary biology?
About the article "Evolution", section "Applications".

Candidate passages:
Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of biology concerned with the study of the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
Someone who studies evolutionary biology is known as an evolutionary biologist.
Evolutionary biologists study the descent of species, and the origin of new species. 
Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of biology concerned with the study of the evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
Someone who studies evolutionary biology is known as an evolutionary biologist.
Evolutionary biologists study the descent of species, and the origin of new species. 
In one direction, Evolutionary Synthetic Biology attempts to develop and validate models of DNA and protein evolution.
Closing the circle, Evolutionary Synthetic Biology develops novel biomolecules for medicine and industry by exploiting evolutionary platforms.
See also:Synthetic Biology,Evolutionary Biology,Directed Evolution,Ancestral sequence reconstruction 
This is a list of topics in evolutionary biology. 
The study of evolution is the unifying concept in evolutionary biology.
Evolutionary biology is a conceptual subfield of biology that intersects with other subfields that are delimited by organizational level (e.g., cell biology, population biology), taxonomic level (e.g., zoology, ornithology, herpetology) or angle of approach (e.g., field biology, theoretical biology, experimental evolution, paleontology).
Usually, these intersections are combined into specific fields such as evolutionary ecology and evolutionary developmental biology.
Question: How man times was the Olympic Games hosted in the United States?
About the article "United States", section "Sports".

Candidate passages:
The United States hosted both the Summer and Winter games in 1932 and has hosted the Games on more occasions than any other country — eight times, four times each for the Summer and Winter Games: 
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, competing as Great Britain, was the host nation for the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.
It was the second time that the United Kingdom had hosted the Summer Olympic Games, equalling the record of France and the United States to that point.
British athletes have competed in every Summer Olympic Games.
398 competitors, 331 men and 67 women, took part in 138 events in 20 sports. 
The 1908 Summer Olympics (the Games of the IV Olympiad) were the fourth modern Olympic Games and the third to be hosted outside of Athens, Greece.
The International Olympic Committee considers them the fourth Olympic Games, discounting the intercalated 1906 Summer Olympics.
The 1908 Olympic Games were scheduled to take place in Rome, but the eruption of Mount Vesuvius on 7 April 1906 required the Italian government to redirect funds away from the Olympics.
The events took place between 27 April 1908 and 31 October 1908, with 22 nations participating in 110 events.
The British team easily topped the unofficial medal count, finishing with three times as many medals as the second-place United States. 
The women's national discus championships are hosted by USA Track & Field at a venue voted on by the committee.
The competition has been held in the United States since 1923, five years before it was added to the Olympic Games in 1928. 
The Kuwait national under-23 football team is the youth association football team representing Kuwait in youth competitions and it's controlled by Kuwait Football Association.
Kuwait under 23 Could also be called as Kuwait Olympic Team.
Kuwait under 23 also represents its country in the Olympic Games.
From 1900 to 1976 Kuwait has not been qualified to the Olympic Games but in 1980 Kuwait has been qualified to the Olympic Games in China and had the best record of their country finishing in the quarter-finals of that Olympic games.
Kuwait sadly missed the 1984 and 1988 Olympic games but in 1992 Kuwait finally qualified to the 1992 Olympic Games in Spain but with their poor performance Kuwait was eliminated in the first round of that tournament after that Kuwait missed the 1996 Olympic Games that was hosted by the United States Kuwait were then qualified to the 2000 Olympic Games in Australia and that was the last time Kuwait qualified to the Olympic Games.
Kuwait has never won the Gulf Cup of Nations Under 23 but their best finish at that Compatetion was as a runner up in 2010.
Question: Where was karate created?
About the article "Karate", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu Ohshima.
It is affiliated with another of his organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA).
However, in 1965 Taiji Kase came from Japan along with Enoeda and Shirai, who went to England and Italy respectively, and karate came under the influence of the JKA. 
 in Europe.
In 1954 Minoru Mochizuki taught the first European students Yoseikan Karate, first in Switzerland and then in France, where he was invited to teach for the founder of the French Karate Federation, Henri Plee.
From there Yoseikan Karate, as it became known, crept across Europe. 
Between 1945 and 1952 he intensified his Karate practices, traveling throughout Japan and dedicating himself to the study of two styles of Karate: Nihon Shindo Karate-Do and Nihon-Den Karate-Do.
In 1952 he joined the Fire Department in his hometown and for the first time taught Karate.
On the morning of March 28, 1964, in a Shinto temple called Isekotaigingie in the province of Mie, Japan, he created Nihon Koden Shindo Ryu.
This new style of Karate he created was based on the modifications he made to the techniques he learned from the other styles of karate. 
  Garyu Unique.
The kata Garyu, is not taken from traditional Okinawan karate but was created by Oyama and named after his pen name (Garyu =reclining dragon), which is the Japanese pronunciation of the characters 臥龍, the name of the village (Il Loong) in Korea where he was born. 
The Deutsche JKA-Karate Bund (DJKB) was created 1993 by Hideo Ochi as the German branch of the Japan Karate Association (JKA).
The reason for the founding of the DJKB were disagreements with the Deutsche Karate Verband (DKV) about the importance of the traditional values of Shōtōkan karate.
Today the DJKB is an independent and not with the German Olympic Sports Confederation affiliated confederation with more than 21000 members and 450 dojos and clubs.
Question: How do Poutine differ in France and Quebec?
About the article "Poutine", section "Recipe".

Candidate passages:
Montreal hosts a competitive "Semaine de la Poutine" (Poutine Week) every year in February.
Ottawa-Gatineau, Toronto, and Quebec City similarly hold 'La Poutine Week'. 
There are also words for Quebec specialties that do not exist in Europe, for example poutine, "CEGEP", tuque (a Canadianism in both official languages), and "dépanneur" (a corner store/small grocery; "dépanneur" in France is a mechanic who comes in to repair a car or a household appliance, which is called a "dépanneuse" in Quebec).
Blueberries, abundant in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, are called "bleuets"; in France, they are lumped together with "myrtilles" (bilberries) and "bleuet" means cornflower.
("Bleuet" is also slang for someone from Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean.)
Though it should be noted that while very similar, these are not the same plants (i.e.
myrtilles are "Vaccinium myrtillus" and bleuets are "Vaccinium angustifolium" or "corymbosum"). 
La Banquise is a restaurant in Montreal, Quebec, Canada which specializes in the dish of poutine.
It serves twenty-five different kinds of poutine and is open 24 hours.
Its address is 994 Rachel Street East in the borough of Le Plateau-Mont-Royal. 
Poutine (; , Quebec French:) is a common Canadian dish, originally from Quebec, made with french fries, topped with a light brown gravy-like sauce and cheese curds.
This fast food dish can now be found across Canada, and is also found in some places in the northern United States, where it is sometimes required to be described due to its exotic nature.
It is sold in small "greasy spoon" type diners (commonly known as "cantines" or "casse-croûtes" in Quebec) and pubs, as well as by roadside fry wagons (commonly known as "cabanes à patates", literally "potato shacks").
National and international chains like New York Fries, McDonald's, A&W, KFC, and Burger King, and Harvey's also sell mass-market poutine in Canada (although not always country-wide). 
The dish originated in rural Quebec, Canada, in the late 1950s.
Several Québécois communities claim to be the birthplace of poutine, including Drummondville (by Jean-Paul Roy in 1964), Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, and Victoriaville.
One often-cited tale is that of Fernand Lachance, from Warwick, Quebec, which claims that poutine was invented there in 1957; Lachance is said to have exclaimed, ""ça va faire une maudite poutine"" ("it will make a damn mess") when asked to put a handful of curds on some french fries, hence the name.
The sauce was allegedly added later, to keep the fries warm longer.
Over time the dish's popularity spread mainly across the province (and later throughout Canada), often served in small town restaurants, bars, as well as being quite popular in ski resorts.
Question: How did the Natinoal Air and Space Museum keep costs low in the 1970s
About the article "National Air and Space Museum", section "History".

Candidate passages:
 Vehicles  
The wreckage of the S-60 was transferred to the New England Air Museum in the 1970s, and is currently being restored by its new owners, the Connecticut Air and Space Center, in Stratford, Connecticut. 
The Massachusetts Air and Space Museum is a proposed aviation and space travel museum in the state of Massachusetts.
It is proposed to be located at Hanscom Field, which co-operates alongside Hanscom Air Force Base. 
The List of aircraft in the Pima Air & Space Museum 
The Oregon Air and Space Museum holds a collection of historic aircraft and spacecraft.