Question: In what year did Britain end it's ruling over India?
About the article "Pakistan", section "Colonial period".

Candidate passages:
Beginning in 1933, Indian Muslims, especially from the United Provinces, began to urge Jinnah to return to India and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League, an organisation which had fallen into inactivity.
He remained titular president of the League, but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April, writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year.
Among those who met with Jinnah to seek his return was Liaquat Ali Khan, who would be a major political associate of Jinnah in the years to come and the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.
At Jinnah's request, Liaquat discussed the return with a large number of Muslim politicians and confirmed his recommendation to Jinnah.
In early 1934, Jinnah relocated to the subcontinent, though he shuttled between London and India on business for the next few years, selling his house in Hampstead and closing his legal practice in Britain.
Muslims of Bombay elected Jinnah, though then absent in London, as their representative to the Central Legislative Assembly in October 1934.
The British Parliament's Government of India Act 1935 gave considerable power to India's provinces, with a weak central parliament in New Delhi, which had no authority over such matters as foreign policy, defence, and much of the budget.
Full power remained in the hands of the Viceroy, however, who could dissolve legislatures and rule by decree.
The League reluctantly accepted the scheme, though expressing reservations about the weak parliament.
The Congress was much better prepared for the provincial elections in 1937, and the League failed to win a majority even of the Muslim seats in any of the provinces where members of that faith held a majority.
It did win a majority of the Muslim seats in Delhi, but could not form a government anywhere, though it was part of the ruling coalition in Bengal.
The Congress and its allies formed the government even in the North-West Frontier Province (N.W.F.P.
), where the League won no seats despite the fact that almost all residents were Muslim.
According to Singh, "the events of 1937 had a tremendous, almost a traumatic effect upon Jinnah".
Despite his beliefs of twenty years that Muslims could protect their rights in a united India through separate electorates, provincial boundaries drawn to preserve Muslim majorities, and by other protections of minority rights, Muslim voters had failed to unite, with the issues Jinnah hoped to bring forward lost amid factional fighting.
Singh notes the effect of the 1937 elections on Muslim political opinion, "when the Congress formed a government with almost all of the Muslim MLAs sitting on the Opposition benches, non-Congress Muslims were suddenly faced with this stark reality of near total political powerlessness.
It was brought home to them, like a bolt of lightning, that even if the Congress did not win a single Muslim seat ... as long as it won an absolute majority in the House, on the strength of the general seats, it could and would form a government entirely on its own ..."In the next two years, Jinnah worked to build support among Muslims for the League.
He secured the right to speak for the Muslim-led Bengali and Punjabi provincial governments in the central government in New Delhi ("the centre").
He worked to expand the league, reducing the cost of membership to two annas (⅛ of a rupee), half of what it cost to join the Congress.
He restructured the League along the lines of the Congress, putting most power in a Working Committee, which he appointed.
By December 1939, Liaquat estimated that the League had three million two-anna members. 
From October 1946, opposition leader, Winston Churchill, began calling for Palestine to be given to the United Nations.
Britain increasingly began to see its attempts to suppress the Jewish insurgency as a costly and futile exercise, and its resolve began to weaken.
British security forces, which were constantly taking casualties, were unable to suppress the insurgents due to their hit-and-run tactics, poor intelligence, and a non-cooperative civilian population.
The insurgents were also making the country ungovernable; the King David hotel bombing resulted in the deaths of a large number of civil servants and the loss of many documents, devastating the mandatory administration, while IED attacks on British vehicles began to limit the British Army's freedom of movement throughout the country.
At the same time, attacks carried out on economic targets cost Britain almost £2 million in economic damage; meanwhile, Britain was paying about £40 million a year to keep it's troops in Palestine, while at the same time the country was going through a deep economic crisis as a result of World War II, with widespread power cuts and rationing.
There were also indications, such as several successful bombings in London and the letter-bombing campaign against British politicians, that the insurgents were beginning to take the war home to Britain.
In addition, British treatment of Holocaust survivors and tactics in Palestine were earning Britain bad publicity around the world, particularly in the United States, and earned the British government constant diplomatic harassment from the Truman administration.
In January 1947, all British civilians were evacuated from Palestine.
On February 11, 1947, British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin informed the House of Commons that the Palestine question would be referred to the United Nations.
Meanwhile, depending on perspective, a low-level guerrilla war, or campaigns of terrorism, continued through 1947 and 1948.
Eventually, Jewish insurgency against the British was overshadowed by the Jewish-Arab fighting of the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, which started following the UN vote in favor of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.
In 1947, the United States chapter of the United Jewish Appeal raised $150 million in its annual appeal – at that time the largest sum of money ever raised by a charity dependent on private contributions.
Half was earmarked for Palestine.
"The Times" reported that Palestine brought more dollars into the sterling zone than any other country, save Britain.
In April 1947 the issue was formally referred to the UN.
By this time over 100,000 British soldiers were stationed in Palestine.
Referral to the UN led to a period of uncertainty over Palestine's future.
A United Nations committee, the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) was sent to investigate the problem.
On August 31, 1947, UNSCOP recommended that Palestine be partitioned into Jewish and Arab states.
On September 20, 1947, the British cabinet voted to evacuate Palestine.
Although the insurgency played a major role in persuading the British to quit Palestine, other factors also influenced British policy.
Britain, facing a deep economic crisis and heavily dependent on the United States, was facing a massive financial burden over it's many colonies, military bases, and commitments abroad.
At the same time, Britain had also lost the centerpiece of the rationale of it's Middle East policy after the end of the British Raj in Colonial India.
Britain's Middle East policy had been centered around protecting the flanks of it's sea lines of communication to India.
After Britain resolved to terminate it's rule in India, and following the independence of India and Pakistan in August 1947, it no longer needed Palestine.
Finally, Britain still had alternative locations such as Egypt, Libya, and Kenya to base it's troops. 
After Anne's accession, the problem of the succession re-emerged.
The Scottish Parliament, infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia's family as the next heirs, passed the Act of Security, threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland.
The Parliament of England retaliated with the Alien Act 1705, threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade.
The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the Act of Union 1707, under which England and Scotland were united into a single Kingdom of Great Britain, with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement.
In 1714, Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin, and Sophia's son, George I, Elector of Hanover, who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719.
The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors, but retained control over his German kingdoms, with which Britain was now in personal union.
Power shifted towards George's ministers, especially to Sir Robert Walpole, who is often considered the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, although the title was not then in use.
The next monarch, George II, witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746, when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated.
During the long reign of his grandson, George III, Britain's American colonies were lost, the former colonies having formed the United States of America, but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created by the Act of Union 1800.
From 1811 to 1820 George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be porphyria, an illness rendering him incapable of ruling.
His son, the future George IV, ruled in his stead as Prince Regent.
During the Regency and his own reign, the power of the monarchy declined and by the time of his successor, William IV, the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power.
In 1834, William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, and appointed a Tory, Sir Robert Peel.
In the ensuing elections, however, Peel lost.
The King had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne.
During William IV's reign the Reform Act 1832, which reformed parliamentary representation, was passed.
Together with others passed later in the century, the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise, and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament.
The final transition to a constitutional monarchy was made during the long reign of William IV's successor, Victoria.
As a woman, Victoria could not rule Hanover, which only permitted succession in the male line, so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end.
The Victorian era was marked by great cultural change, technological progress, and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world's foremost powers.
In recognition of British rule over India, Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1876.
However, her reign was also marked by increased support for the republican movement, due in part to Victoria's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of her husband in 1861.
Victoria's son, Edward VII, became the first monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1901.
In 1917, the next monarch, George V, changed "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Windsor" in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the First World War.
George V's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom, and the Irish Free State, an independent nation, in 1922. 
During this period, the East India Company began tax administration reforms in a fast expanding empire spread over , or 35 per cent of Indian domain.
Indirect rule was also established on protectorates and buffer states.
Ray (2009) raises three basic questions about the 19th-century cotton textile industry in Bengal: when did the industry begin to decay, what was the extent of its decay during the early 19th century, and what were the factors that led to this?
Since there is no data on production, Ray uses the industry's market performance and its consumption of raw materials.
Ray challenges the prevailing belief that the industry's permanent decline started in the late 18th century or the early 19th century.
The decline actually started in the mid-1820s.
The pace of its decline was, however, slow though steady at the beginning, but reached crisis point by 1860, when 563,000 workers lost their jobs.
Ray estimates that the industry shrank by about 28% by 1850.
However, it survived in the high-end and low-end domestic markets.
Ray agrees that British discriminatory policies undoubtedly depressed the industry's export outlet, but suggests its decay is better explained by technological innovations in Britain. 
At the request of Robert Stigwood, the band's manager, Barry and Robin Gibb wrote "To Love Somebody", a soulful ballad in the style of Sam & Dave or The Rascals, for Otis Redding.
The Bee Gees recorded "To Love Somebody" at IBC Studios, London in March 1967 and released it as a single in mid-July 1967 in the US.
Redding died in an aeroplane crash later that year, before having a chance to record the song.
The song was recorded around April 1967 with "Gilbert Green" and "End of My Song" at the IBC Studios in London, England.
Robin said, "Everyone told us what a great record they thought it was, Other groups all raved about it but for some reason people in Britain just did not seem to like it".
Barry said "I think the reason it didn't do well here was because it's a soul number, Americans loved it, but it just wasn't right for this country".
Barry Gibb explained in a June 2001 interview with "Mojo" magazine:It was for Robert.
I say that unabashedly.
He asked me to write a song for him, personally.
It was written in New York and played to Otis but, personally, it was for Robert.
He meant a great deal to me.
I don't think it was a homosexual affection but a tremendous admiration for this man's abilities and gifts.
The simple title refrain of the chorus, "You don't know what it's like, Baby, you don't know what it's like, To love somebody...the way I love you" has the effect of being at once heartbreaking and triumphant, a self-pitying put-down to an unrequited love.
"There's... a certain kind of light that never shone on me... You ain't got to be so blind, I'm a man, can't you see what I am?, I live and breathe for you, But what good does that do, If I ain't got you?
".