Question: Which country occupied Bessarabia in 1812?
About the article "Romania", section "Middle Ages".

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After the 1360s the region was gradually included in the principality of Moldavia, which by 1392 established control over the fortresses of Cetatea Albă and Chilia, its eastern border becoming the River Dniester.
In the latter part of the 14th century, the southern part of the region was for several decades part of Wallachia.
The main dynasty of Wallachia was called Basarab, from which the current name of the region originated.
In the 15th century, the entire region was a part of the principality of Moldavia.
Stephen the Great ruled between 1457 and 1504, a period of nearly 50 years during which he won 32 battles defending his country against virtually all his neighbours (mainly the Ottomans and the Tatars, but also the Hungarians and the Poles), while losing only two.
During this period, after each victory, he raised a monastery or a church close to the battlefield honoring Christianity.
Many of these battlefields and churches, as well as old fortresses, are situated in Bessarabia (mainly along Dniester).
In 1484, the Turks invaded and captured Chilia and Cetatea Albă (Akkerman in Turkish), and annexed the shoreline southern part of Bessarabia, which was then divided into two sanjaks (districts) of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1538, the Ottomans annexed more Bessarabian land in the south as far as Tighina, while the central and northern parts of Bessarabia were already formally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire as part of the principality of Moldavia.
Between 1711 and 1812, the Russian Empire occupied the region five times during its wars against Ottoman and Austrian Empires.
Between 1812 and 1846, the Bulgarian and Gagauz population migrated to the Russian Empire via the River Danube, after living many years under oppressive Ottoman rule, and settled in southern Bessarabia.
Turkic-speaking tribes of the Nogai horde also inhabited the Budjak Region (in Turkish Bucak) of southern Bessarabia from the 16th to 18th centuries, but were totally driven out prior to 1812. 
As the Russian Empire noticed the weakening of the Ottoman Empire, it occupied the eastern half of the autonomous Principality of Moldavia, between the Prut and Dniester rivers.
This was followed by six years of warfare, which were concluded by the Treaty of Bucharest (1812), by which the Ottoman Empire acknowledged the Russian annexation of the province.
Before the Russian annexation, the territory had no particular name, Moldavia being traditionally divided into "Ţara de Sus" (the Upper Lands, the mountainous area of the Carpathians) and "Ţara de Jos" (the Lower Lands, the plains which included this territory).
Bessarabia was the southern part of this territory (now known as Budjak), being named after the Wallachian house of Basarab, which ruled it in 14th century.
The Russians used the name "Bessarabia" for the whole region rather than the southern area.
Bessarabia had an area of 45,630 km², more than the rest of Moldavia and a population between 240,000 and 360,000, most of them being Romanian-speaking Moldavians.
The boyars of Bessarabia protested against the annexation, arguing that the Ottoman Empire had no right to cede a territory that was not theirs in the first place (Moldavia being only a vassal, not an Ottoman province), but this did not prevent the Sultan from signing the treaty in May 1812. 
Orhei takes its name from the medieval city of Old Orhei, about below the modern city on the Răut River, which was destroyed by the Crimean Tatars in the 14th to 16th centuries.
It was the Turkish military center of northern Bessarabia until it was taken by the Russian Empire in 1812.
Like the rest of Bessarabia, Orhei became part of the Kingdom of Romania after World War I and was occupied by the USSR in 1940.
It was completely destroyed during the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive of August 1944 and was rebuilt after the war.
In 1991 it became part of the Republic of Moldova.
Prior to 2003, Orhei was the capital of Orhei County, a large administrative region, but the country was divided further in Raion, or districts.
The St. Dumitru Church built by Vasile Lupu is located in this town.
Orhei gets its name from Orheiul Vechi, an active monastery near the village of Ivancea.
The name "Orhei" is, according to one theory, derived from the Hungarian word Őrhely, meaning "lookout post", dating from the 13th century, when Hungarian forces built a series of defences in the area. 
The uyezds of Bessarabia Governorate were called Ţinut or Judeţ in Romanian, which would translate as "county". 
The oldest historical attestations about the settlements in the district from the period 1443-1470 when the mentioned villages Cotova, Hasnasenii Mari, Mindic.
In the next century of growth followed both economic, cultural and demographic explosion, shown by the fact that 11 villages in the district had 3,000 inhabitants.
After the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812, Bessarabia as Drochia district are occupied by the Russian Empire at this time there is a massive colonization by Ukrainians and Russians.
In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with the motherland Romania.
And in 1940, Bessarabia is again occupied by the USSR on the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty.
After the 2004 census the population was 94.500 inhabitants of the district.