community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the "Mars effect"?
About the article "Astrology", section "Effectiveness".

Candidate passages:
"Mars vs. Mars" is the 14th episode of season one of the television show "Veronica Mars". 
A Martian is a native inhabitant of the planet Mars.
Although the search for evidence of life on Mars continues, many science fiction writers have imagined what extraterrestrial life on Mars might be like. 
  Life On Mars / What The World Is Coming To (CD) Together Once Again (2005)  
The geography of Mars, also known as areography, entails the delineation and characterization of regions on Mars.
Martian geography is mainly focused on what is called physical geography on Earth; that is the distribution of physical features across Mars and their cartographic representations. 
The NASA Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander was a planned Mars probe which was canceled in May 2000 in the wake of the failures of the Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander missions in late 1999.
The Lander was a component of the "Mars Surveyor 2001" project, and its companion spacecraft Mars Surveyor 2001 Orbiter, renamed 2001 Mars Odyssey, was launched and went into orbit about Mars on October 24, 2001.
The 2001 Surveyor lander spacecraft was built under contract to NASA by the Lockheed Martin corporation.
The basic lander design is identical to that of the Mars Polar Lander, which had been intended to be the first of a series of low-cost "Mars Surveyor" landers sent to Mars.
Prior to mission cancellation, cost overruns and technical problems caused the Lander design to be rescoped, and the planned large Athena rover was replaced by a small rover duplicating the "Sojourner" which was a part of the Mars Pathfinder mission.
The Athena did later make it to Mars, however, with two such rovers making up the Mars Exploration Rover Mission of 2004.
The second of these, MER-B "Opportunity", landed at Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander's target site, Meridiani Planum.
The 2001 Surveyor lander was also intended to carry to Mars a test payload, MIP (Mars ISPP Precursor), that was to demonstrate manufacture of oxygen from the atmosphere of Mars, as well as test solar cell technologies and methods of mitigating the effect of Martian dust on the power systems.
The Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander itself was kept in storage and then used as the lander on the "Phoenix" mission; it is currently on Mars in the north polar region.
The "Phoenix" lander has on board three instruments that were originally built for the Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander:   the Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA);  the never-used Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) camera;  the Robotic Arm, which was modified for the "Phoenix" mission.
Question: Has stronger been covered on TV?
About the article "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)", section "Cover versions".

Candidate passages:
The album has been reissued several times on compact disc since the 1980s.
The band Psychic TV covered "Translucent Carriages" on their 1984 album "Pagan Day". 
Spears first performed the song live on 2000's Oops!...
I Did It Again World Tour.
The show began with the video introduction "The Britney Spears Experience", in which three images of Spears welcomed spectators to the show.
Then, a giant metal orb was lowered onstage and lifted again to reveal Spears standing behind it.
Wearing a glittery jeans and an orange halter top, she opened the show with a dance-oriented performance of the song.
"Stronger" was last performed on 2002's Dream Within a Dream Tour.
After a dance-oriented performance of "Boys", Spears performed the song, in which she wore a paint-covered robe and in some shows a bowler hat.
Spears also performed the song on several television appearances, including on the American Music Awards of 2001, and on a MTV special titled "Total Britney Live".
A Fox special titled "Britney In Hawaii", aired on June 8, 2000, included an exclusive performance of the song.
A performance of "Stronger" live from Germany was broadcast on Radio Music Awards of 2000, since Spears was on tour by the time of the awards.
"Stronger" was not included on the set lists of any of Spears' tours until it was included in her Las Vegas residency show .
"Stronger" was covered by Kevin McHale on TV series "Glee", on an episode titled "Britney/Brittany", that was dedicated to the singer.
In the episode, McHale's character Artie has a hallucination of himself singing "Stronger" during a dental visit.
The cover received positive reviews from contemporary music critics.
Raymund Flandez of "The Wall Street Journal" enjoyed the cover version, appreciating the twist of having males sing a feminist empowerment song, while Tim Stack of "Entertainment Weekly" deemed "Stronger" his favorite performance of the episode, as well as the best incorporation of Spears' music, as the song served Artie's storyline. 
Gerard's expeditions have been covered by "Fantástico" on TV Globo and his projects have been covered by TV Câmara, National Geographic, Estadão, and several newspapers, magazines and websites, both Brazilian and foreign. 
Stronger is the second album by the Swedish singer and Idol-winner Agnes Carlsson.
The album was released on October 11, 2006 and features 11 tracks.
Two of her songs, "I Believe In You" and "I Had A Feelin'", were covered by the German band No Angels on their "Destiny" album.
The song "Love Is All Around" has been covered in at least three other continents.
The album was released in the United Kingdom, but only sold 121 copies. 
In 2005, Switch extensively sampled the covered version by Michael Viner's Incredible Bongo Band for his track "A Bit Patchy" (wordplay on "Apache").
The track has since been used to advertise William Hill Online on TV, and has been remixed by artists such as Eric Prydz and Sinden.
Question: How many Austrians have spoken the local languange since birth?
About the article "Austria", section "Language".

Candidate passages:
Siguno is the Sign Languange of the Esperanto language. 
Slovene, an official language in Carinthia, is spoken by 0.3% of Austrians.
Carinthian Slovenes are recognized as a minority and have enjoyed special rights following the Austrian State Treaty (Staatsvertrag) of 1955. 
Burgenland Croatian, an official language in Burgenland, is spoken by 2.5% of Austrians, and Burgenland Croats are recognized as a minority and have enjoyed special rights following the Austrian State Treaty (Staatsvertrag) of 1955. 
Since the birth of comparative linguistics in the 19th century, the riddle of the apparently isolated Caucasian language families has attracted the attention of many scholars, who have endeavored to relate them to each other or to languages outside the Caucasus region.
The most promising proposals are connections between the Northwest and Northeast Caucasian families and each other or with languages formerly spoken in Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia. 
The Germans and Austrians have created the Society of Germans and Austrians of Croatia.
There is a German culture centre in Osijek, and a small number of German schools in the area.
Since the fall of communism and Croatian independence, the minority has held an annual academic conference titled "Germans and Austrians in the Croatian cultural circle".
Question: Did the Tang dynasty build walls or was it the Song Dynasty?
About the article "Great Wall of China", section "Early walls".

Candidate passages:
The New Book of Tang (), generally translated as “New History of the Tang,” or “New Tang History,” is a work of official history covering the Tang Dynasty in ten volumes and 225 chapters.
The work was compiled by a team of scholars of the Song Dynasty, led by Ouyang Xiu () and Song Qi ().
It was originally simply called the "Tangshu" (Book of Tang) until the 18th century. 
Each of the following poems (詞牌) was written during either the Tang Dynasty (南唐) (618–907) or the Song Dynasty (宋) (960–1279).
Total length – 39:26 
The Pagoda Forest at Shaolin Temple refers to the 228 stone or brick pagodas built from 791 AD during the Tang Dynasty through the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, and Qing Dynasty.  
The transition from the Tang to the Song dynasty (960–1279) in China did not greatly interrupt the trends of Muslims established during the Tang. 
The Old Book of Tang (), or simply the Book of Tang (), is the first classic historical work about the Tang Dynasty, comprising 200 chapters, and is one of the Twenty-Four Histories.
Originally compiled during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, it was superseded by the "New Book of Tang" which was compiled in the Song Dynasty, but later regained acceptance.
Question: What is Stan's threat?
About the article "American Dad!", section "Farces".

Candidate passages:
Stan's Coaching Record at Guildford is as follows: Wins 396, Losses 174, Ties and Overtime Losses 42.
Stan's Titles for his clubs as head coach are as follows: 
"Dr. Stan's Prescription, Volume 2" is a limited edition, live archival recording chosen by band archivist Dr. Stan, and chronicles the first night of the second annual moe.down in Turin, New York on August 31 2001. 
Recurring characters.
Agent Frank Gaad.
Played by Richard Thomas, Frank Gaad is the FBI supervisor and Stan's boss. 
=Personal Life=Stan's son Shaun Joplin, is a Wide Receiver for the Bowling Green State University football team. 
St. Stan's Brewery is a microbrewery located in Modesto, California.
The company was established in 1984 and is one of the longest microbreweries in operation in the state of California.
The brewery is best known for its production of ales and lagers representing traditional old style German beer styles.
St. Stan's was the first brewery in the United States to brew an Altbier style beer.
The brewery was a leader in the microbrewery movement in the 1980s.
Question: Name some of the animals that scientists have sucessfully cloned?
About the article "Cloning", section "Organism cloning".

Candidate passages:
An endangered species of wolf cloned by South Korean scientists including the controversial scientist Hwang Woo-Suk There are two cloned wolves in a zoo in South Korea for public view, they are called Snuwolf and Snuwolffy which are names taken from the university in South Korea, Seoul National University.  
  An endangered species, the Mouflon was the first to live past infancy.
Cloned 2001  
 South Korean scientist Hwang Woo-Suk cloned the first dog, an afghan hound named Snuppy.
Later in 2005 Hwang Woo-Suk was found to have fabricated evidence in stem cell research projects.
This caused some to question the veracity of his other experiments, including Snuppy.
In their investigation of Hwang Woo-Suk's publication, however, a team from SNU confirmed that Snuppy was a true clone of Tei, the DNA donor dog.
In 2008 South Korean scientists cloned seven Labrador 'sniffer' dogs.
BioArts International held a dog cloning contest where people would send in submissions about which dog was the most suited to be cloned.
The winner was Trakr, a K-9 police dog who was a 9/11 hero.  
On December 28, 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the consumption of meat and other products from cloned animals.
Cloned-animal products were said to be virtually indistinguishable from the non-cloned animals.
Furthermore, companies would not be required to provide labels informing the consumer that the meat comes from a cloned animal.
In 2007, some meat and dairy producers did propose a system to track all cloned animals as they move through the food chain, suggesting that a national database system integrated into the National Animal Identification System could eventually allow food labeling.
However, as of 2013 tracking system exists, and products from cloned animals are sold for human consumption in the United States.
Critics have raised objections to the FDA's approval of cloned-animal products for human consumption, arguing that the FDA's research was inadequate, inappropriately limited, and of questionable scientific validity.
Several consumer-advocate groups are working to encourage a tracking program that would allow consumers to become more aware of cloned-animal products within their food.
A 2013 review noted that there is widespread misunderstanding about cloned and cattle, and found that cloned cattle that reached adulthood and entered the food supply were substantially equivalent to conventional cattle with respect to the quality of meat and milk, and with respect to their reproductive capability. 
This is a list of animals that have been cloned in alphabetical order.
One significant aspect of this list is documenting the transition from early concerns that animal cloning procedures might be limited to a few species, that cloned animals might be physiologically abnormal, or cloning might lack utility for society.
Question: What artist wrote "What Makes You Beautiful"?
About the article "What Makes You Beautiful", section "Background and release".

Candidate passages:
 Katy Perry - "Part of Me" One Direction - "What Makes You Beautiful"  
 Digital download and CD single  "What Makes You Beautiful" – 3:18 "Na Na Na" – 3:05  
Carly Rae Jepsen — "Call Me Maybe" Fun featuring Janelle Monáe — "We Are Young" Generations — "Brave It Out" One Direction — "What Makes You Beautiful" Salu featuring H. Tefron — "The Girl On A Board"  
 One Direction will sing "What Makes "U" Useful" for their appearance on "Sesame Street" for the 45th season.
This song is a parody of "What Makes You Beautiful".
"Benjamin Stockham" performed that tune in his school talent show on the pilot episode of About A Boy.  
"What Makes You Beautiful" runs for 3:18 (3 minutes, 18 seconds).
According to the sheet music published by EMI Music Publishing, "What Makes You Beautiful" is set in common time with a tempo of 120 beats per minute.
Written in the key of E major, it follows the chord progression E–A–B; vocal elements range from the note of B3 to G5.
"What Makes You Beautiful" is a teen pop, pop rock and power pop song, with electropop influences.
James C. McKinley Jr. of "The New York Times" compared its chord progression to "La Bamba".
The opening guitar riff has been noted as similar to that of "Grease" single "Summer Nights".
"What Makes You Beautiful" has a guitar-based chorus; Digital Spy's Robert Copsey likened it to a cross between Pink's "Raise Your Glass" and McFly's "All About You".
It also contains cowbell instrumentation, and the middle eight consists of an "oh na na na" hook.
Question: What does hong chang mean in Chinese?
About the article "Sausage", section "China".

Candidate passages:
Arnold Chang ( Zhang Hong, studio name 巨川 Juchuan) (born 1954) is a Chinese American artist, curator, and art historian.
He specializes in Chinese literati-style landscape paintings.
He was the founder of the Chinese painting department at Sotheby's. 
Chang Zhenming (Simplified Chinese: 常振明), born October 1956 in Beijing, China, is the Chairman of CITIC Group and the Chairman and Managing Director of CITIC Group's Hong Kong listed subsidiary company, CITIC Pacific. 
Johnson Chang (Cantonese: Chang Tsong-zung) is a curator and dealer of contemporary Chinese art.
He is a co-founder of the Asia Art Archive (AAA) in Hong Kong and a guest professor of the China Academy of Art in Hangzhou. 
They are led by Chang, who is a proficient gun fighter in his own right.
Chang is more patient than Balalaika in terms of getting into battle.
Under his services are Shenhua, who is his top assassin; Sawyer, who does disposal jobs for him frequently despite not being a member of the organization, and Leigharch, who is their getaway driver until recent events prevented him from acting in this capacity. 
In 1963, Hong Kong female singer CHANG Loo (張露) (1932–2009), covered this song, under title name of Run Samson Run/英雄美人, in alternate English and Mandarin Chinese language, on her LP album "An Evening With Chang Loo" with EMI Columbia Records.
Question: what incurs from rull infractions?
About the article "Golf", section "Penalties".

Candidate passages:
Penalties are incurred in certain situations.
They are counted towards a player's score as if there were extra swing(s) at the ball.
Strokes are added for rule infractions or for hitting one's ball into an unplayable situation.
A lost ball or a ball hit out of bounds result in a penalty of one stroke and distance (Rule 27–1).
A one-stroke penalty is assessed if a player's equipment causes the ball to move or the removal of a loose impediment causes the ball to move (Rule 18–2).
If a golfer makes a stroke at the wrong ball (Rule 19–2) or hits a fellow golfer's ball with a putt (Rule 19–5), the player incurs a two-stroke penalty.
Most rule infractions lead to stroke penalties but also can lead to disqualification.
Disqualification could be from cheating, signing for a lower score, or from rule infractions that lead to improper play.
"El Diví", Feliu Elias, Lambert Escaler, Manuel Esclusa, Joaquim Espalter Rull, Antonio María Esquivel Suárez de Urbina, Baldassare d'Este, Enrique de Estencop, Francesc Esteve. 
Rull Men's Meetinghouse is a historic meeting house in Rull within the Federated States of Micronesia. 
Rull () is a municipality in the southern part of the island Yap, Federated States of Micronesia.
It has a traditional dancing ground.
Rull has a population of 1,847.
The historic Rull Men's Meetinghouse is located within the town. 
Prostitution in Iran is illegal, and incurs various punishments ranging from fines and jail terms to execution for repeat offenders.
Question: What is Hadaka udon?
About the article "Udon", section "Cold".

Candidate passages:
 "Zaru udon": Chilled udon noodles topped with shredded nori and served on a zaru (笊 or ざる), a sieve-like bamboo tray.
Accompanied by a chilled dipping sauce, usually a strong mixture of dashi, mirin, and shoyu.
Eaten with wasabi or grated ginger.
 "Bukkake udon": Cold udon served with thick dashi-broth.
 "Hadaka udon" (naked udon 裸うどん): Cold udon served on its own.
 Kijoyu udon: Served in a cold soup of raw (unpasteurized) soy sauce and sudachi (a type of citrus) juice, sometimes with a bit of grated daikon.
Udon Thani means Northern City.
The origin of the name "Udon Thani" is lost in history. 
Mueang Udon Thani () is the capital district ("Amphoe Mueang") of Udon Thani Province, northeastern Thailand. 
Hadaka Jime is also recognized as Hadaka-Jime-San in Danzan Ryu jujitsu's twenty-five techniques in the Shimete list.
Danzan Ryu also recognizes the Guillotine choke as Hadaka-Jime-Ichi.
But the principle is the same as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu's ground version, as demonstrated here. 
Udon is a type of noodle used in Japanese cuisine.
Udon may also refer to: Udon Entertainment, a Canadian art studio and publisher Udon Thani, a city in Thailand Udon Thani Province, a province in Thailand
Question: Are knockouts common or rare?
About the article "Boxing", section "Counter puncher".

Candidate passages:
 Girls.
A Knockouts Girl is a licensed Cosmetologist and/or Barber or a licensed Massage Therapist employed by a Knockouts salon.
They are recognizable by their uniform, which features a white or red cotton top with the Knockouts logo on the front paired with short satin boxing shorts.
There are other shorts and shirts that can be worn together, or paired with an outfit more suitable for cold weather.
The company also uses other colors and designs for tops, such as a jersey or other athletic wear.
The remainder of the uniform consists of white “scrunch” socks and white athletic shoes. 
Marvel Superstars booster packs contain 20 cards each.
Cards have four possible rarities: common, uncommon, rare, or super rare.
Super rare cards are foil.
Each booster has 15 commons, including one leader and one resource, 4 uncommons and 1 rare or super rare. 
This is a video-game only match much akin to a Gauntlet match in the sense that two wrestlers begin the match and are replaced whenever one is eliminated, but the goal of the match is for the first wrestler to eliminate opponents by knockouts pin falls or submissions, and reach 100 knockouts. 
Common: Common is the highest droprate of Raiderz and also common armor or weapon are most times the badest gear.
Uncommon: Uncommon have a lower droprate then common and this a little bit better then >Common<.
Rare: Rare is the second most low droprate of Raiderz the most gear of Raiderz is RareLegendary: Legendary have the lowest droprate and there can be make the best gear out and you can have it only at higher lvl's 
At the DNA level.
Genetic interaction mapping.
Systematic pairwise deletion of genes or inhibition of gene expression can be used to identify genes with related function, even if they do not interact physically.
Epistasis refers to the fact that effects for two different gene knockouts may not be additive; that is, the phenotype that results when two genes are inhibited may be different from the sum of the effects of single knockouts.
Question: The title "The Usual Suspects" is derived from a line featured in which movie?
About the article "The Usual Suspects", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
 The track "When Death Embrace Me" contains a sample from the movie The Usual Suspects The track "Sick Is The One Who Adores Me" contains a line from the movie Memento The track "Drukne I Taarer" contains samples from the movie Lost Souls The track "God Eats God" contains a sample from the movie Full Metal Jacket  
The encyclical.
As is usual practice with encyclicals, the text derived its title from the Latin opening words, which translate into English as "It has hardly reached[...]".
The opening sentence refers to a debate, held in Italy at the time, about the validity of interest-bearing loan contracts, which had reached the Pontiff's ears. 
 "Keyser Söze", a character in the 1995 film "The Usual Suspects"  
The episode title is derived from "Say Anything..." (1989), a romantic movie starring John Cusack and Ione Skye which was written and directed by Cameron Crowe. 
Winner: "The Usual Suspects" Shortlist: "Copycat" "Devil in a Blue Dress" "Get Shorty" "Seven"
Question: What was the Metacritic score for Season 1?
About the article "Orange Is the New Black", section "Critical reception".

Candidate passages:
Critical reception.
Although reception to individual seasons has varied, the response to "Dexter" has been mostly positive.
The review aggregator website Metacritic calculated a score of 77 from a possible 100 for Season 1 based on 27 reviews, making it the third-best reviewed show of the 2006 fall season.
This score includes four 100% scores from the "New York Daily News", "San Francisco Chronicle", "Chicago Sun-Times" and "People Weekly."
Brian Lowry, who had written one of the three poor reviews Metacritic tallied for the show, recanted his negative review in a year-end column for the trade magazine "Variety" after watching the full season.
On Metacritic, season two has a score of 85 with all 11 reviews positive; Season 3 has 78 with 13 reviews; Season 4 has 79 with 14 reviews; Season 5 has a score of 75 with 11 reviews; Season 6 has a score of 63 with 10 reviews; Season 7 has a score of 81 with 7 reviews; Season 8 has a score of 71 with 10 reviews.
While remarking on some of the show's more formulaic elements (quirky detective, hero with dense workmates, convenient plot contrivances), Tad Friend of "The New Yorker" remarked that when Dexter is struggling to connect with Rita or soliciting advice from his victims, "the show finds its voice."
Reaction to “Alpha House” has been generally positive.
Metacritic gives season 1 an average rating of 68/100 based on reviews from 18 critics.
Rotten Tomatoes gives the show a score of 72% based on reviews from 25 critics. 
Although some reviews criticize the game for being repetitive and frustrating, the overall response was positive.
It achieved an average score of 79/100 on review aggregator Metacritic.  
Critical response.
Metacritic gave "season 1" a score of 40% based on reviews by 18 critics. 
The show was met with mixed reviews, and holds a Metacritic score of 57 out of 100.