community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: Where does Russia's railway begin?
About the article "Mongolia", section "Transportation".

Candidate passages:
  August 1 – Russia's Railway Worker Day national holiday is restored under Soviet rule; the observance date is changed from July 8 to the first Sunday of August.  
The town of Sergach is located on one of the Russia's high-speed railways connecting Moscow with Kazan and has its own railway station. 
A branch railway has connected the town to Russia's rail network since 1972.
Krasnokamensk is served by the Krasnokamensk Airport. 
The station became increasingly ramshackle and cluttered as the 19th century went on, until the decision was taken to tear the whole thing down and begin again.
Construction started in 1901 and lasted for three years.
Stanislaw Brzozowski gave the new two-storey station an ornate frontage in an assortment of historical styles, with decorative reliefs, floriated Jugendstil detailing, outsize semicircular windows and two regular features of 19th-century train stations: a pseudo-Renaissance cupola and a square clocktower.
However, it was Sima Minash's opulent Art Nouveau interior that established the building as the most ornate of St. Petersburg stations.
Minash was responsible for the sweeping staircases, foyer with stained glass and spacious halls boasting a series of painted panels that chronicle the history of Russia's first railway.
The building's soaring arches and expanses of glass proclaimed the architect's familiarity with advanced construction techniques of the West. 
Naushki is Russia's border station on the Ulan-Ude – Ulan Baator railway, which connects Russia with Mongolia and continues on to China.
The counterpart station on the Mongolian side is Sükhbaatar.
Question: What latitude does the Czech Republic lie?
About the article "Czech Republic", section "Geography".

Candidate passages:
Iceland's first ambassador to the Czech Republic was Eiður Svanberg Guðnason in 1993.
Iceland's current ambassador to the Czech Republic is Stefán Skjaldarson.
Iceland does not have an embassy in the Czech Republic. 
  Regions of the Czech Republic * Districts of the Czech Republic  
  Czech language * Czech alphabet, hacek  
  "Main article: Culture of the Czech Republic"  Architecture of the Czech Republic  Cuisine of the Czech Republic * Beer in the Czech Republic  Languages of the Czech Republic  Media in the Czech Republic  Museums in the Czech Republic  National symbols of the Czech Republic * Coat of arms of the Czech Republic * Flag of the Czech Republic * National anthem of the Czech Republic  People of the Czech Republic * Lists of Czechs  Prostitution in the Czech Republic  Public holidays in the Czech Republic  Religion in the Czech Republic * Buddhism in the Czech Republic * Christianity in the Czech Republic * Hinduism in the Czech Republic * Islam in the Czech Republic * Judaism in the Czech Republic * Sikhism in the Czech Republic  World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic  Youth in the Czech Republic  
The Czech Republic mandates school counseling.
Question: Where is the wrestler Alexander Karelin from?
About the article "Wrestling", section "Greco-Roman".

Candidate passages:
A gutwrench suplex which begins with the opponent lying on the mat.
The wrestler locks his arms around the opponent's waist and stands up, lifting the opponent.
He then throws the opponent to his side, dropping them to the mat face up on to their shoulders or face down on their chest.
This move was borrowed from Greco-Roman wrestling, where it was most famously the signature move of Russian Alexander Karelin. 
 Alexander Karelin — Wrestling, Heavyweight  
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Karelin, or simply Alexander Karelin, (; born September 19, 1967 in Novosibirsk, Russian SFSR) is a Hero of the Russian Federation and was a dominant Greco-Roman wrestler for the Soviet Union and Russia.
Nicknamed the "Russian Bear," "Alexander the Great" and "The Experiment", he was universally considered the greatest Greco-Roman wrestler of all time, he won gold medals at the 1988, 1992 and 1996, as well as a silver in the 2000 Olympic Games.
Karelin's wrestling record is 887 wins and only two losses in his entire sport career. 
Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Medved' (, ; born September 16, 1937 in Bila Tserkva, Ukrainian SSR) is a famous Soviet/Belarussian wrestler.
He is considered by most to be the best freestyle wrestler of all time.
He was the first person ever to win three gold medals in freestyle wrestling.
FILA recognizes Medved as The Greatest Wrestler of the 20th Century in Freestyle (with Alexander Karelin being the greatest in Greco-Roman).
He has written two books on the sport. 
In early 1997 he married Darya Shmeleva, a Russian Olympic swimmer whom he had dated since 1995.
They have two sons, Vladimir (b.
1997) and Anton (b.
2000), and a daughter, Mia (b.
22 December 2010).
Popov is a friend of the legendary wrestler Aleksandr Karelin.
Question: In a redox reaction, sodium meal loses how man elections?
About the article "Chemical reaction", section "Oxidation and reduction".

Candidate passages:
In redox processes, the reductant transfers electrons to the oxidant.
Thus, in the reaction, the reductant or "reducing agent" loses electrons and is oxidized, and the oxidant or "oxidizing agent" gains electrons and is reduced.
The pair of an oxidizing and reducing agent that are involved in a particular reaction is called a redox pair.
A redox couple is a reducing species and its corresponding oxidized form, e.g., Fe2+/Fe3+. 
A redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which there is a change in oxidation state of atoms participating in the reaction. 
Thiophenols, especially in the presence of base is easily oxidized to diphenyl disulfide:  2 C6H5SH + 1/2 O2 → C6H5S-SC6H5 + H2O The disulfide can be reduced back the thiol using sodium borohydride followed by acidification.
This redox reaction is also exploited in the use of C6H5SH as a source of H atoms. 
 H2TeO3 → H+ + HTeO3– pK 2.48 Tellurite-related reactions.
Telluric acid loses a proton at this pKa.
HTeO3– → H+ + TeO32– pK 7.7 Hydrogen tellurite loses a proton at this pKa to become the tellurite ion.
This would happen in the reaction of tellurous acid with sodium hydroxide to make sodium tellurite.
TeO2 + 2OH– → TeO32– + H2O This is the reaction of tellurium dioxide with a base to make a tellurite salt. 
Redox titrations are based on a reduction-oxidation reaction between an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent.
A potentiometer or a redox indicator is usually used to determine the endpoint of the titration, as when one of the constituents is the oxidizing agent potassium dichromate.
The color change of the solution from orange to green is not definite, therefore an indicator such as sodium diphenylamine is used.
Analysis of wines for sulfur dioxide requires iodine as an oxidizing agent.
In this case, starch is used as an indicator; a blue starch-iodine complex is formed in the presence of excess iodine, signalling the endpoint.
Some redox titrations do not require an indicator, due to the intense color of the constituents.
For instance, in permanganometry a slight persisting pink color signals the endpoint of the titration because of the color of the excess oxidizing agent potassium permanganate.
Question: Who contributed the  Gothic cathedrals such as St. Patrick's?
About the article "Republic of Ireland", section "Architecture".

Candidate passages:
Cathedrals of the Roman Catholic Church in Barbados: St. Patrick's Cathedral, Bridgetown  
Regional examples.
A number of Australia’s cathedrals have Gothic Revival rose windows including three by William Wardell at St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney and another at St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne which form the upper part of a very large seven-light window in the west end. 
The 18th and 19th centuries were a time of expansion and colonisation by Western Europeans.
It was also a time of much Christian revival and in England, a considerable growth in the Roman Catholic Church.
There was also much industrialisation and the growth of towns.
New churches and cathedrals were needed.
The Medieval styles, and particularly Gothic, were seen as the most suitable for the building of new cathedrals, both in Europe and in the colonies.
Cathedrals in the Gothic Revival style include Liverpool Anglican Cathedral in England, the New Cathedral, Linz in Austria, the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in New York and St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne in Australia.
Not all of the cathedrals that are in a revivalist style are Gothic.
Westminster Cathedral, the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster, is an eclectic design of predominantly Byzantine style with polychrome walls, domes and a very tall Italian-style campanile.
Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral in Canada is a Renaissance revival building based on St Peter's, Rome. 
Thomas John Duff (1792–1848) was an Irish architect from the town (now city) of Newry, County Down.
Duff was the principal architect of a number of Roman Catholic churches and cathedrals in the northeast of Ireland.
His work included three churches dedicated to St. Patrick: St. Patrick's Pro-Cathedral, Dundalk (modelled on King's College Chapel, Cambridge); the Cathedral Church of St. Patrick and St. Colman, Newry, and Saint Patrick's Cathedral in Armagh city.
Duff also designed St. Patrick's School in Belfast, the city's first National School and believed to be the last remaining Gothic Revival building in Belfast and the museum of the Belfast Natural History Society 
Wardell died at his home, Upton Grange, in Edward Street, North Sydney on 19 November 1899 of heart failure and pleurisy.
He is buried in the Catholic section of Gore Hill Cemetery.
He did not live long enough to see the final finishing touches to St Patrick's Cathedral, and St Mary's Cathedral was far from finished.
His legacy to Australia has been to give that country two cathedrals which rank among the finest modern examples of gothic architecture.
St Patrick's Cathedral is considered one of the few Australian buildings to be of world significance.
However, Wardell's work was more than the design of two cathedrals, his work was versatile and skilful in both the Gothic and classical styles and has given both Sydney and Melbourne some of their most distinguished 19th-century buildings.
Question: What is India most notable for?
About the article "India", section "Culture".

Candidate passages:
William Arntz is an American film director and producer, most notable for directing "What the Bleep Do We Know?"
Ashwath Sundarasan (born on 12 February 1986 in Chennai, India), is a one time New Zealand based actor most notable for the role of "Dal" in the television drama series The Tribe. 
Sudhir Trehan is a notable CEO in India, known for his turnaround strategies. 
Elizabeth Draper, also known as Eliza (5 April 1744 – 3 August 1778) is most notable for her association with Laurence Sterne, whom she met while visiting England in 1766–1767.
Sterne's "Journal to Eliza" was written for her.
She lived in India for most of her life. 
This is a list of the notable glaciers in India.
Most glaciers lie in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
Question: Which year was "Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire" written?
About the article "The Christmas Song", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
She was married to sketch artist and famed songwriter Robert Wells (1922–1998) from 1949 until her death in 1990.
They had no children.
Wells co-wrote "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)" with Mel Torme. 
  "Marvelous Toy"  "Blue Christmas"  "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer"  "Little Drummer Boy"  "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire)"  "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"  
  "Aspenglow"  "The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)"  "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"  "Silver Bells"  "Please, Daddy (Don’t Get Drunk This Christmas)"  "Christmas for Cowboys"  
Tormé wrote more than 250 songs, several of which became jazz standards.
He also often wrote the arrangements for the songs he sang.
He often collaborated with Bob Wells, and the best known Tormé-Wells song is "The Christmas Song" (1946), often referred to by its opening line "Chestnuts roasting on an open fire".
The song was recorded first by Nat King Cole.
Tormé said that he wrote the music to the song in only 45 minutes, and that it was not one of his personal favorites, calling it, somewhat dismissively, "my annuity".
The song's verse ("All through the year..."), which is rarely sung, was added by Tormé in 1963.
"For a partial Tormé discography, see the Mel Tormé discography".  
"A Song And A Christmas Tree" began as "The Twelve Days of Christmas", which was first published in 1780.
In 1818 "Stille Nacht", which was later translated into "Silent Night", was first performed in Austria.
"The First Noël" debuted in print in 1833.
"O Holy Night" originated in French as "Cantique de Noël" in 1847.
The song that came to be known as "Jingle Bells" was published under the name "The One Horse Open Sleigh" in 1857.
And the earliest printing of the lyrics to "Away In A Manger" dates back to 1885.
Of the songs on the album composed in the 20th century, "Sweet Little Jesus Boy" is the oldest, written on Christmas Eve, 1932.
In the 1942 film "Holiday Inn", Bing Crosby performed "White Christmas" and "Happy Holiday", with the former spending 11 weeks at the top of "Billboard" magazine's Best Seller chart that same year.
Kay Thompson first performed her song "The Holiday Season" as well as her "Jingle Bells" variation on December 22, 1945.
"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire)" was a number three hit for Nat King Cole's King Cole Trio when it was first issued in 1946.
And the Harry Simeone Chorale reached number 13 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 with "The Little Drummer Boy" upon its first release in 1958.
Question: In Turkey how many members are there of different denominations of Christianity?
About the article "Turkey", section "Religion".

Candidate passages:
The major denominations of Christianity present in the state are the Baptist and the Roman Catholic Churches.
There are also many churches of the Believer Church, Presbyterian and Assembly of God in the state. 
Early Christianity is often divided into three different branches that differ in theology and traditions, which all appeared in the 1st century AD.
They include Jewish Christianity, Pauline Christianity and Gnostic Christianity.
All modern Christian denominations are said to have descended from these three branches.
There are also other theories on the origin of Christianity.  
Like in many other South African cities and villages there are church buildings of different denominations. 
There are many active religions in Luxembourg.
As of 2008, 73% of the Luxembourgers adhere to forms of Christianity (68.8% are Catholics, 1.8% are Protestants, while 1.9% adhere to other Christian denominations, especially Orthodox Christianity).
2.6% of the population follow non-Christian religions.
25% of the Luxembourgers are atheists or agnostics. 
Arts and culture.
A wide variety of faiths are practised, including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Judaism.
There are many denominations of Christianity including Pentecostal, Methodist, Presbyterian, Roman Catholic, Baptistand Mormons.
Question: What is the Mexican name for professional wrestling?
About the article "Wrestling", section "Lucha libre".

Candidate passages:
Leono (Born September 18, 1982 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico) is a Mexican "luchador", or professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) portraying a "tecnico" ("Good guy") wrestling character.
His ring name is the Spanish translation of Lion-O from the ThunderCats cartoon. 
La Comandante (Born April 23, 1978 in Ecatepec, State of Mexico) is the ring name of a Mexican "luchadora", or female professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) portraying a "ruda" ("Bad guy") wrestling character. 
Jesús Guillermo Anaya Cortés is a Mexican luchador, or professional wrestler, best known under the ring name "Bam Bam", a Mini-Estrella, or "Mini" wrestler.
Anaya made his professional wrestling debut in 2002 and has worked mainly for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), where he is a former CMLL World Mini-Estrella Champion.
He is the son of professional wrestler Popitekus, Jr. who also helped train him for his pro wrestling career. 
Dinamic Black (born June 26, 1992) is a Mexican "luchador enmascarado", or masked professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) portraying a "tecnico" ("Good guy") wrestling character.
Dinamic Black's real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans. 
Carta Brava, Jr. (born January 18, 1987 in Mexico City, Mexico) is a Mexican "luchador enmascarado", or masked professional wrestler currently working for the Mexican professional wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) portraying a "rudo" ("bad guy") wrestling character.
Carta Brava, Jr.'s real name is not a matter of public record, as is often the case with masked wrestlers in Mexico where their private lives are kept a secret from the wrestling fans.
Question: What's the definition of a subatomic particle?
About the article "Subatomic particle", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
  The electron is a fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge.  
  The proton is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit  
By statistics.
Any subatomic particle, like any particle in the 3-dimensional space that obeys laws of quantum mechanics, can be either a boson (that means an integer spin) or a fermion (that means a half-integer spin). 
In scattering theory, particle physics and nuclear physics, the rate at which a specific subatomic particle reaction occurs is a physical quantity measuring the number of reactions per unit time. 
 Quantum mechanics - the study of how atoms, molecules, subatomic particles, etc.
behave and are structured quarks - elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter
Question: Any milk of mammals is considered to be what?
About the article "Dairy product", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
Weaning is the process of gradually introducing a mammal infant to what will be its adult diet and withdrawing the supply of its mother's milk.
The process takes place only in mammals, as only mammals produce milk.
The infant is considered to be fully weaned once it no longer receives any breast milk (or bottled substitute). 
The majority of genetically modified mammals are used in research to investigate changes in phenotype when specific genes are altered.
This can be used to discover the function of an unknown gene, any genetic interactions that occur or where the gene is expressed.
Genetic modification can also produce mammals that are susceptible to certain compounds or stresses for testing in biomedical research.
Some genetically modified mammals are used as models of human diseases and potential treatments and cures can first be tested on them.
Other mammals have been engineered with the aim of potentially increasing their use to medicine and industry.
These possibilities include pigs expressing human antigens aiming to increasing the success of xenotransplantation to lactating mammals expressing useful proteins in their milk. 
Embryotroph is the embryonic nourishment in placental mammals.
In order to explain in more depth what an embryotroph actually is, other words such as syncytiotrophoblast and "uterine milk" must be mentioned in that same context. 
Milk is a nutrient liquid produced by mammals, via the mammary glands.
Chinese in earlier dynasties evidently drank milk and ate dairy products, although not necessarily from cows, but perhaps "koumiss" (fermented mare's milk) or goat's milk.
After the Tang dynasty there emerged a line dividing Asia into two groups, those who depend on milk products (India, Tibet, Central Asians) and those who reject those foods.
Chinese depend on soy, as more efficient way of supporting density, and to differentiate themselves from border nomads.
Most Chinese until recently have avoided milk, partly because pasturage for milk producers in a monsoon rice ecology is not economic, partly because milk products became negatively associated with horse riding, milk drinking nomadic tribes.
There may even be a biological bias.
A certain number of people in any ethnic group are lactose intolerant.
In addition, human beings, like other mammals, after they are weaned, stop producing lactase enzymes (needed to digest milk) unless they drink milk.
Lactose intolerance, then, is partly cultural, partly biological.
But this non-dairy tradition has undergone some changes as a result of changing perceptions and global influences.
For example, it has been suggested that, in the early 20th century Shanghai, “Western food, and in particular identifiably nourishing items like milk, became a symbol of a neo-traditional Chinese notion of family.”
Question: Which country produces the world's most-watched cinema?
About the article "India", section "Motion pictures".

Candidate passages:
The Indian film industry produces the world's most-watched cinema.
Established regional cinematic traditions exist in the Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Punjabi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu languages.
South Indian cinema attracts more than 75% of national film revenue.
Television broadcasting began in India in 1959 as a state-run medium of communication, and had slow expansion for more than two decades.
The state monopoly on television broadcast ended in the 1990s and, since then, satellite channels have increasingly shaped popular culture of Indian society.
Today, television is the most penetrative media in India; industry estimates indicate that as of 2012 there are over 554 million TV consumers, 462 million with satellite and/or cable connections, compared to other forms of mass media such as press (350 million), radio (156 million) or internet (37 million).
Every year the Indian film industry produces in excess of 2000 films between the nine different regional film industries: Hindustani cinema, Bengali cinema, Punjabi cinema, Tamil cinema, Malayalam cinema, Kannada cinema, Marathi cinema, Assamese cinema, Oriya cinema and Telugu cinema.
Each industry should have two lists, the first with a more detailed summary of the highest grossing and most critically acclaimed films, and the second with a more generalized film chronology of the particular industry in question: 
Cinema Popular () is a Hong Kong-Chinese production company which develops, produces and distributes feature films.
Cinema Popular began in 2009 as an attempt to promote Chinese cinema by Hong Kong and mainland directors Peter Chan and Huang Jianxin respectively to create a new Chinese studio in response to the rapid box-office growth in the country. 
The Iranian Film Industry (or the "Cinema of Iran"; in Persian: "سینمای ایران") refers to the cinema and film industries in Iran which produce a variety of commercial films annually.
Iranian art films have garnered international fame and now enjoy a global following.
Along with China, Iran has been lauded as one of the best exporters of cinema in the 1990s.
Some critics now rank Iran as the world's most important national cinema, artistically, with a significance that invites comparison to Italian neorealism and similar movements in past decades.
A range of international film festivals have honored Iranian cinema in the last twenty years.
World-renowned Austrian filmmaker Michael Haneke and German filmmaker Werner Herzog, along with many film critics from around the world, have praised Iranian cinema as one of the world's most important artistic cinemas. 
  World's most visited country (UNWTO): ranked 52(2008)