community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: History of the first scanning tunneling microscope
About the article "Microscope", section "Scanning probe microscopy".

Candidate passages:
The 1980s saw the development of the first scanning probe microscopes.
The first was the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981, developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.
This was closely followed in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the atomic force microscope.
 Electron microscope *Transmission electron microscope Optical microscope uses reflectiveness or refractiveness of light to produce an image.
Scanning acoustic microscope Scanning probe microscope *Atomic force microscope (AFM) *Scanning electron microscope *Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)  Focus variation X-ray microscope Sub-microstructural properties of condensed matter, gas.
Imaging technology, Microscope.
See also the article on spectroscopy and the list of materials analysis methods. 
The scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, was developed in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.
Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber invented the first atomic force microscope in 1986.
The first commercially available atomic force microscope was introduced in 1989.IBM researcher Don Eigler was the first to manipulate atoms using a scanning tunneling microscope in 1989.
He used 35 Xenon atoms to spell out the IBM logo.
He shared the 2010 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience for this work. 
  AFM, atomic force microscopy  BEEM, ballistic electron emission microscopy  EFM, electrostatic force microscope  ESTM electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope  FMM, force modulation microscopy  KPFM, kelvin probe force microscopy  MFM, magnetic force microscopy  MRFM, magnetic resonance force microscopy  NSOM, near-field scanning optical microscopy (or SNOM, scanning near-field optical microscopy)  PFM, piezo force microscopy  PSTM, photon scanning tunneling microscopy  PTMS, photothermal microspectroscopy/microscopy  SAP, scanning atom probe  SCM, scanning capacitance microscopy  SECM, scanning electrochemical microscopy  SGM, scanning gate microscopy  SICM, scanning ion-conductance microscopy  SPSM spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy  SThM, scanning thermal microscopy  STM, scanning tunneling microscopy  SVM, scanning voltage microscopy  SHPM, scanning Hall probe microscopy  SSM, Scanning SQUID microscope  RTM, Recurrence tracking microscope Scanning probe.
Of these techniques AFM and STM are the most commonly used. 
This is a sub-diffraction technique.
Examples of scanning probe microscopes are the atomic force microscope (AFM), the Scanning tunneling microscope, the photonic force microscope and the recurrence tracking microscope.
All such methods imply a solid probe tip in the (near field) of an object, which is supposed to be almost flat.
Question: What was the Romanian unemployment rate in 2011?
About the article "Romania", section "Social welfare".

Candidate passages:
Unemployment rate in Bahrain is among the highest in GCC countries.
According to a report released by Al Masah Capital in 2011, the total unemployment was 15% and youth unemployment was 20%.
"Gulf News" said total unemployment was as low as 3.7% in 2010.
Bahrain state news agency said unemployment was down from 15% in 1998 to 5.4% in 2005, however CIA World Factbook estimated unemployment in 2005 to be 15%. 
The median unemployment for the country in 2011 was 10.1%. 
In December 2011, Sunflower County's unemployment rate was 16.2%.
The Mississippi statewide rate was 9.9%, and the U.S. overall unemployment rate was 8.3%.
As of 2012 it was one of the poorest counties in the state, and one of the poorest in the United States. 
The unemployment rate in 2006 was 22.9%. 
The highest unemployment rate registered since January 2002 was April 2004 (13.1%) and the lowest was December 2011 (4.7%).
Only twice, in 2006 and 2009, did the rate rise in the previous year.
In the end of 2013, the unemployment rate fell to a record low 4.3% in December from an already low 4.6% in November.
This marks the lowest since the current version of the Brazilian unemployment rate was first reported in 2002.
A comparison with the pre-2002 unemployment rate index suggested that was the tightest labor market since at least 1980.
Question: What happened during the Battle of the Maule?
About the article "Chile", section "Early history".

Candidate passages:
The town of Maule lies near the Maule River.
The Maule commune spans an area of . 
Sir Peter Maule (d. 1254) was the eldest son of Richard Maule of Fowlis.
He married Christina de Valognes, daughter and heiress of William de Valognes around 1224, passing the baronies of Panmure and Benvie into the Maule family.
Peter Maule is thought to have built Panmure Castle around 1224.
Panmure Castle was the ancestral home of the Maule family until it was replaced by Panmure House in the 17th century, although it was destroyed by Andrew Murray during the Second War of Scottish Independence in 1336.
He left two sons, Sir William Maule, his successor, and Sir Thomas Maule, who was killed in the siege of Brechin castle in 1303, during the First War of Scottish Independence. 
 Linares, Chile, city in the Maule Region Linares Province, province in the Maule Region of Chile  
  Maule Region, one of the 15 Regions that make up the Chilean territory  Maule River, river in Central Chile, which gives name to the Maule Region  Maule, Chile, commune and town of Talca province in the Maule Region of Chile   Maule Valley, a sub-region of the Viticultural Region of Chile's Central Valley  Maule, Yvelines is a commune in the Yvelines department of France  
  Maule, France Twin town.
Carnoustie is twinned with Maule, approximately 50 km west of Paris, due to Carnoustie and the surrounding area's long association with the Maule Family.
Question: How does Season of How I Met Your Mother end?
About the article "How I Met Your Mother", section "Season 8".

Candidate passages:
  "How I Met Your Mother": "Slutty Pumpkin" (2005) - Season 1, Episode 6  "How I Met Your Mother": "Canning Randy" (2010) - Season 6, Episode 7  "How I Met Your Mother": "The Slutty Pumpkin Returns" (2011) - Season 7 - Episode 8  
  "How I Met Your Mother": "Belly Full of Turkey" (2005)  "How I Met Your Mother": "Slapsgiving" (2007)  "How I Met Your Mother": "" (2009)  "How I Met Your Mother": "Blitzgiving" (2010)  "How I Met Your Mother": "The Rebound Girl" (2011)  
" How I Met Your Mother"CaseyEpisode: " How Your Mother Met Me ". 
  "How I Met Your Mother: How Lily Stole Christmas" (2006)  "How I Met Your Mother: Little Minnesota" (2008)  "How I Met Your Mother: The Window" (2009)  "How I Met Your Mother: False Positive" (2010)  "How I Met Your Mother: Symphony of Illumination" (2011)  "How I Met Your Mother: The Over-Correction" (2012)  "How I Met Your Mother: The Final Page" (2012)  
"The End of the Aisle" is the twenty-second episode of the ninth season of the CBS sitcom "How I Met Your Mother", and the 206th episode overall.
Question: What inspired St. Peter's in Adelaide, Australia?
About the article "Notre Dame de Paris", section "Architecture".

Candidate passages:
  St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide  
 St Peter's College, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia St. Peters Lutheran College, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia  
Sir Rupert Magarey was born James Rupert Magarey in Adelaide, South Australia, and attended Norwood Primary School and later St Peter's College, Adelaide.
He graduated MB.
BS.
from the University of Adelaide in 1938. 
  15 July - St Peter's College, Adelaide is founded by members of the Anglican Church of Australia.
28 December - Augustus Short, the first Anglican bishop of Adelaide, South Australia arrives from England.  
Jose was born in Taizhou, China, where his father, George Jose, worked as a CMS missionary.
Back in Australia, Jose attended St Peter's College in Adelaide.
Question: Which national park is the most visited in the U.S.?
About the article "Great Smoky Mountains National Park", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
The Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) is Uganda's most-visited National Park. 
Each year, about 500,000 people visit the park.
Virgin Islands National Park is spread out on of land.
It became the 29th U.S. national park in 1956, when Laurance Rockefeller visited the area and thought the land was incredibly beautiful.
The park is free to enter and the only fee is to enter Trunk Beach, which is $4 for adults.
The park covers almost 60 percent of Saint John Island and almost all of Hassel Island as well. 
Los Nevados National Natural Park () is a national park located in the Cordillera Central of the Colombian Andes.
The -high volcano Nevado del Ruiz dominates Los Nevados.
Out of the 55 protected areas in Colombia, Los Nevados National Natural Park was the third most visited in 2009, with 50,045 visitors.
The most visited was the Rosario and San Bernardo Corals National Natural Park followed by the Tayrona National Natural Park. 
South African National Parks (SANParks) is the body responsible for managing South Africa's national parks.
SANParks was formed in 1926, and currently manages 22 parks consisting of over , about 4% of the total area of South Africa.
The best known park is Kruger National Park, which is also the oldest (proclaimed in 1898), and the largest, at nearly .
The Kruger Park and Table Mountain National Park are two of South Africa's most visited tourist attractions. 
There are 10 national parks in Morocco.
Toubkal National Park, established in 1942, is the oldest and by far most visited.
Question: The wrist is not a muscle, it is what?
About the article "Badminton", section "Comparisons of technique".

Candidate passages:
It is an extensor, and an abductor of the hand at the wrist joint.
That is, it serves to manipulate the wrist so that the hand moves away from the palm and towards the thumb.
The muscle, like all extensors of the forearm, can be strengthened by exercise that resist its extension.
A wrist roller can be used and reverse wrist curls with dumbbells can be performed. 
The palmaris longus is seen as a small tendon between the flexor carpi radialis and the flexor carpi ulnaris, although it is not always present.
The muscle is absent in about 14 percent of the population, however this number varies greatly in African, Asian, and Native American populations.
Absence of this muscle does not have an effect on grip strength; however, lack of the palmaris longus muscle is disadvantageous in that its tendon cannot be harvested as a graft if necessary.
Some evolutionary scientists maintain that as it is no longer needed by humans, evolution is dispensing with the tendon.
The palmaris longus muscle can be palpated by touching the pads of the fifth finger and thumb whilst flexing the wrist.
The tendon, if present, will be visible in the midline of the anterior wrist.  
The flexor pollicis longus is a flexor of the phalanges of the thumb; when the thumb is fixed, it assists in flexing the wrist. 
Flexor digitorum profundus is a flexor of the wrist (midcarpal), metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. 
The extensor digiti minimi is a two joint muscle.
It acts as an extensor in both joints.
It extends the wrist, which means it moves the back of the hand toward the back of the forearm.
It also extends the little finger, which means it straightens the little finger from a fist.
Question: When was "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" first published?
About the article "Subatomic particle", section "Other properties".

Candidate passages:
 Isaac Newton "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica".
Description: The Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin: "mathematical principles of natural philosophy", often "Principia" or "Principia Mathematica" for short) is a three-volume work by Isaac Newton published on 5 July 1687.
Perhaps the most influential scientific book ever published, it contains the statement of Newton's laws of motion forming the foundation of classical mechanics as well as his law of universal gravitation, and derives Kepler's laws for the motion of the planets (which were first obtained empirically).
Here was born the practice, now so standard we identify it with science, of explaining nature by postulating mathematical axioms and demonstrating that their conclusion are observable phenomena.
In formulating his physical theories, Newton freely used his unpublished work on calculus.
When he submitted Principia for publication, however, Newton chose to recast the majority of his proofs as geometric arguments. 
 Newton's laws of motion – the three laws of Isaac Newton, published in "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" in 1687 Newtonian mechanics – the first formulation of classical mechanics  
 Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica – a three-volume work published by Isaac Newton in 1687, introducing his famous three laws of motion Potential energy – energy stored when doing work against a force  
Isaac Newton bought his first copy of the book "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica", establishing the theory of gravitation and laws of motion.
The Principia explains Kepler's laws of planetary motion and allows astronomers to understand the forces acting between the Sun, the planets, and their moons. 
In Newton's major work, the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica the above derivation is presented in Book I, Proposition I, Theorem I.
Having the area law derived from first principles made it possible for Newton to represent the passage of time geometrically, which greatly enhanced Newton's possibilities for computations and proofs.
Question: How is the geometry of the oceans determined?
About the article "Climate change", section "Plate tectonics".

Candidate passages:
  "Principles Of Geometry" (2005, Tigersushi)  "Lazare" (2007, Tigersushi)  "Burn the Land and Boil the Oceans" (2012, Tigersushi)  
Discrete geometry and combinatorial geometry are branches of geometry that study combinatorial properties and constructive methods of discrete geometric objects.
Most questions in discrete geometry involve finite or discrete sets of basic geometric objects, such as points, lines, planes, circles, spheres, polygons, and so forth.
The subject focuses on the combinatorial properties of these objects, such as how they intersect one another, or how they may be arranged to cover a larger object.
Discrete geometry has large overlap with convex geometry and computational geometry, and is closely related to subjects such as finite geometry, combinatorial optimization, digital geometry, discrete differential geometry, geometric graph theory, toric geometry, and combinatorial topology. 
CR geometry is the study of the intrinsic geometry of boundaries of domains in complex manifolds. 
The function names for queries differ across geodatabases.
The following list contains commonly used functions built into PostGIS, a free geodatabase which is a PostgreSQL extension (the term 'geometry' refers to a point, line, box or other two or three dimensional shape):Function prototype: "functionName (parameter(s)) : return type " Distance(geometry, geometry) : number Equals(geometry, geometry) : boolean Disjoint(geometry, geometry) : boolean Intersects(geometry, geometry) : boolean Touches(geometry, geometry) : boolean Crosses(geometry, geometry) : boolean Overlaps(geometry, geometry) : boolean Contains(geometry, geometry) : boolean Length(geometry) : number Area(geometry) : number Centroid(geometry) : geometry  
Ordered geometry is a form of geometry featuring the concept of intermediacy (or "betweenness") but, like projective geometry, omitting the basic notion of measurement.
Ordered geometry is a fundamental geometry forming a common framework for affine, Euclidean, absolute, and hyperbolic geometry (but not for projective geometry).
Question: In what year was "Saint George" completed?
About the article "Donatello", section "Work in Florence".

Candidate passages:
Saint Conaire was a saint in the 5th century in what is now County Clare. 
The Church of St. George in Varaždin is Serbian Orthodox church in Croatia.
The church is dedicated to Saint George.
Work on church were completed in 1884. 
Saint George was a Christian martyr who lived in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.
Saint George or Saint George's may also refer to: 
St George's School is a Catholic school in Walkden.
St. George's school was opened in the year 1962 and was named after Saint George. 
In Russia, the cult of Saint George arrived in the eleventh century during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise (1010–1019).
The earliest icon of Saint George is at Staraya Ladoga, in a church dedicated to him, dating from the twelfth century.
The cult, as in Lithuania, displaced that of a pagan deity, the sun god Dazhbog, which involved shepherds bringing their flocks to pastures.
Saint George was Yaroslav's patron saint, and also that of his descendant Yuri Dolgorukiy (reigned 1149–1151 and 1155–1157), who founded what was to become the Russian capital city, Moscow, in 1156 ("Yuri" is Russian for George).
The city's coat of arms originally displayed a mounted soldier slaying a dragon.
However, it was not until 1730 that Saint George was officially adopted as Moscow's patron saint, and the mounted soldier would be interpreted as Saint George.
There are several statues of Saint George and the dragon in Moscow, all of which are recent, owing to the fact that the Russian Orthodox Church forbade sculptural representations of saints, and the Soviets discouraged religious emblems.
The arms of Moscow also appears on the coat of arms of Russia, as a small shield on the breast of the double-headed eagle.
Two of Russia's highest decorations are called the Cross of St. George and the Order of St. George.
Question: "We Are Young" was released on which day?
About the article "We Are Young", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
We Are Young Money is the first compilation album by American hip hop record label Young Money Entertainment, released on December 21, 2009. 
We Are Beautiful, We Are Doomed is the second full-length record from Cardiff-based seven-piece Los Campesinos!.
It was released in the UK on 27 October 2008 on Wichita Recordings.
The band does not consider "We Are Beautiful, We Are Doomed" to be their second album, instead considering it a mini-album or an "EEP" (Extended EP).
It came only thirty-three weeks after debut album "Hold on Now, Youngster..." and contains ten completely new tracks, none of which were released as singles.
The album was recorded over an eleven-day recording session with John Goodmanson in his Seattle studio during June 2008.
The song "Miserabilia" was named the 94th best song of 2008 by "Rolling Stone". 
We Are Machines is the second studio album by Street Drum Corps.
It was released on April 1, 2008.
The album features special guests Adrian Young, theSTART, Sporty O, Tor Kjeka, and David Adams. 
Cassette Kids are a Sydney based band formed in 2007.
They won the Unearthed Sydney 2008 Big Day Out competition and were nominated for a 2008 Unearthed J Award.
Their song "You Take It" was a Triple J's Ausmusic Month featured track and had a video made for it which has appeared on Channel V, MTV and rage.
Another song, "Acrobat", was on high rotation on Triple J.
In October 2008 they released their debut mini album "We Are".
The band have toured nationally with The Presets, as well as British pop singer Lily Allen, The Fratellis, Ben Lee, Bluejuice, The Music and New Young Pony Club.
In October 2009, Cassette Kids released the single "Lying Around" which appears on their debut album "Nothing On TV", released on 16 April 2010. 
"Kick Ass (We Are Young)" is a song by British singer-songwriter Mika and Moroccan-Swedish record producer RedOne released as a single from the soundtrack to the film "Kick-Ass".
It was released on 2 May 2010.
Question: What year was it ranked as the #2 break up song by VH1?
About the article "Every Breath You Take", section "Legacy".

Candidate passages:
In 1999, "Every Breath You Take" was listed as one of the Top 100 Songs of the Century by BMI.
In 2003, VH1 ranked the song the #2 greatest Break-up song of all time.
And also as of 2003, Sting was still taking in an average of $2000 per day in royalties for the then 20-year-old song "Every Breath You Take.
"In October 2007, Sting was awarded a Million-Air certificate for 9 million airplays of "Every Breath You Take" at the prestigious BMI Awards show in London, with only Van Morrison's "Brown Eyed Girl" a close second at 8 million air plays.
Sting performed the song in front of an audience of 1.9 billion people at Live Aid in 1985, with Phil Collins providing additional vocals.
Sting performed it again, 20 years later, at Live 8.
  In 2004, "Rolling Stone" placed the Sinéad O'Connor single at number 162 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, which contains only two songs of the 1990s ranked higher.
In a 2006 poll for a Channel 5 program "Britain's Favourite Break-up Songs", Sinéad O'Connor's version of "Nothing Compares 2 U" was voted fifth.
VH1 Classic listed Sinead O'Connor's version as the second greatest classic love song, behind Al Green's "Let's Stay Together."
In 2002, VH1 ranked the song the 18th greatest one-hit wonder.
In 2007, VH1 ranked O'Connor's rendition number 10 of the "100 Greatest Songs of the 90s".
In 2008, VH1 ranked the song the number 1 on "Final Countdown - Top 50 Heartbreakers".
On July 4, 2009, VH1 Classic ranked #12 on "Top 20 Flashback from the 90s".
In September 2010 Pitchfork Media included the song at number 37 on their "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s".
The song was listed at number 77 on "Billboard"'s "Greatest Songs of All Time".
"TIME" magazine included "Nothing Compares 2 U" in its 2011 (unranked) list of "All-TIME 100 Songs".
On 28 May 2012 on the 'Magic' channel this song was ranked No1 of the 90's Popbox Mega Power Ballads.
In the American Dad!
episode "Finger Lenting Good", Hayley performs this song to her brother Steve to try and get him to cry, Steve calling it "the saddest song ever."
The song's music video inspired the music video for Miley Cyrus's song, Wrecking Ball.  
VH1 voted it as the 64th greatest one-hit wonder in 2002.
In 2007, the song was voted No.
90 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the 90s", and in 2010 it was number 106 on Pitchfork Media's "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s".
In 2011, VH1 ranked it as 11th on "40 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the 90s" 
"Two Princes" is a song by the New York City-based pop rock band Spin Doctors.
As a single, it reached #7 in the United States, #2 in Canada, and #3 in the United Kingdom.
It was the band's highest-charting single internationally.
The song has divided retrospective critical opinion.
It was ranked #41 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the 90s"; conversely, it was ranked #21 on "Blender" magazine's "50 Worst Songs Ever".  
"Dr. Feelgood" is Mötley Crüe's only Gold single in the U.S.
In 2009, it was ranked the 15th greatest hard rock song of all time by VH1.