community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: What is Isothermal process?
About the article "Thermodynamics", section "Commonly considered thermodynamic processes".

Candidate passages:
The following is a list of the four processes that occur between the four stages of the ideal Ericsson cycle: Process 1 -> 2: Isothermal compression.
The compression space is assumed to be intercooled, so the gas undergoes isothermal compression.
The compressed air flows into a storage tank at constant pressure.
In the ideal cycle, there is no heat transfer across the tank walls.
Process 2 -> 3: Isobaric heat addition.
From the tank, the compressed air flows through the regenerator and picks up heat at a high constant-pressure on the way to the heated power-cylinder.
Process 3 -> 4: Isothermal expansion.
The power-cylinder expansion-space is heated externally, and the gas undergoes isothermal expansion.
Process 4 -> 1: Isobaric heat removal.
Before the air is released as exhaust, it is passed back through the regenerator, thus cooling the gas at a low constant pressure, and heating the regenerator for the next cycle.  
  In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (IUPAC recommended name: Gibbs energy or Gibbs function) is a thermodynamic potential which measures the "useful" or process-initiating work obtainable from an isothermal, isobaric thermodynamic system.  
The specification above is incomplete, because for any object or system the magnitude of the compressibility depends strongly on whether the process is adiabatic or isothermal.
Accordingly isothermal compressibility is defined: formula_2 where the subscript "T" indicates that the partial differential is to be taken at constant temperatureIsentropic compressibility is defined: formula_3 where "S" is entropy.
For a solid, the distinction between the two is usually negligible. 
Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a single tube technique for the amplification of DNA. 
In order to achieve a near thermodynamic reversible process so that most of the energy is saved in the system and can be retrieved, and losses are kept negligible, a near reversible isothermal process or an isentropic process is desired.
Question: Union Station was closed in 1981 for what reason?
About the article "Union Station (Washington, D.C.)", section "Restoration".

Candidate passages:
Lindenow station was opened in 1888 and closed in 1981. 
This is actually the second station in Hoofddorp; there was an earlier one nearer the town centre for the Haarlemmermeerspoorlijn (Aalsmeer - Haarlem and Hoofddorp - Leiden), which is now in residential use.
This station opened in 1912 and closed in 1935.
The current station opened on 31 May 1981.
The station was rebuilt in 1998 to its current look.
Hoofdorp has a depot/sidings further west from the station, this is the reason many sprinter trains start here.
Intercity trains terminating at Schiphol also come to this depot before returning.
The station has 2 2-track-platforms and has 6 tracks.
There are several bus stops below the station and the ZuidTangent 300 and 310 are stopping at platform level next to it. 
Cape Charles Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force General Surveillance Radar station.
It is located south of Townsend, Virginia.
It was closed in 1981. 
Allansford railway station is a closed station in the town of Allansford, on the Warrnambool railway line in Victoria, Australia.
The station was one of 35 closed to passenger traffic on 4 October 1981 as part of the "New Deal" timetable for country passengers. 
Raywood is a closed station located in the town of Raywood, on the Swan Hill railway line in Victoria, Australia.
The station was one of 35 closed to passenger traffic on 4 October 1981 as part of the "New Deal" timetable for country passengers.
Question: Which band released "Let It Be"?
About the article "Let It Be", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
"Don't Let It Get You Down" is a single by Echo & the Bunnymen which was released in November 1997.
It was the third single released after Ian McCulloch, Will Sergeant and Les Pattinson reformed the band.
It was also the third single to be released from their 1997 album, "Evergreen".
It reached number 50 on the UK Singles Chart. 
Let It Be is the twelfth and final studio album released by the English rock band the Beatles.
It was released on 8 May 1970 by the band's Apple Records label shortly after the group announced their break-up.
Most of "Let It Be" was recorded in January 1969, before the recording and release of the album "Abbey Road".
For this reason, some critics and fans, such as Mark Lewisohn, argue that "Abbey Road" should be considered the group's final album and "Let It Be" the penultimate.
"Let It Be" was originally intended to be released before "Abbey Road" during mid-1969 as Get Back, but the Beatles were unhappy with this version, which was mixed and compiled by Glyn Johns, and it was temporarily shelved.
A new version of the album was created by Phil Spector in 1970 and finally released as "Let It Be", serving as the album for the 1970 motion picture of the same name.
While three songs from the sessions were released as singles before the album's release, "Get Back"/"Don't Let Me Down" and "Let It Be", the songs were remixed by Spector for the album and "Don't Let Me Down" was not included.
Despite a mixed review from "Rolling Stone" magazine at the time of its release, the album was ranked number 86 in the magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2003.
This was, however, adjusted to #392 in the 2012 version.
"Let It Be... Naked" was released in 2003, an alternative version of the album stripping much of Phil Spector's production work and using some different versions of songs.
"Let Down" is a song by American rock band Dead by Sunrise, which consists of Linkin Park lead singer Chester Bennington, as well as the band members of Julien-K.
It is the second single of their debut album, "Out of Ashes".
It was released on iTunes on November 24, 2009. 
Let It Go is the final album released by heavy metal band, Galactic Cowboys.
It was released in 2000. 
"Whole Lotta Rosie" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC.
It is the eighth and final track on the band's fourth Australian album, "Let There Be Rock", released in Australia in March 1977, and was written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young, and Bon Scott.
It is also the eighth and final track on the international version of the album, released in June the same year.
It was also released as a single in 1978, with a live version of the "Let There Be Rock" album track "Dog Eat Dog" as the B-side, which had been recorded in concert in Glasgow on 30 April 1978.
Question: What is Nigeria's rank on the 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index?
About the article "Nigeria", section "Crime".

Candidate passages:
In the 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index Canada ranked as the tenth least corrupt country in the world.  
 Transparency International 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index ranked 134  
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be.
It is a composite index – a combination of polls – drawing on corruption-related data collected by a variety of reputable institutions.
The CPI reflects the views of observers from around the world.
The Corruption Perceptions Index has received criticisms over the years.
The main one stems from the difficulty in measuring corruption, which by definition happens behind the scenes.
The Corruption Perceptions Index therefore needs to rely on third-party survey which have been criticized as potentially unreliable.
Data can vary widely depending on the public perception of a country, the completeness of the surveys and the methodology used.
The second issue is that data cannot be compared from year to year because Transparency International uses different methodologies and samples every year.
This makes it difficult to evaluate the result of new policies.
The Corruption Perceptions Index authors replied to these criticisms by reminding that the Corruption Perceptions Index is meant to measure "perception" and not "reality".
They argue that "perceptions matter in their own right, since... firms and individuals take actions based on perceptions". 
Chad is listed as a failed state by the Fund for Peace (FFP).
In 2007 Chad had the seventh highest score on the failed state index.
Since then the trend has been upwards each year.
Chad had the fourth highest score (behind Sudan) on the Failed State Index of 2012.
Corruption is rife at all levels; Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2005 named Chad (tied with Bangladesh) as the most corrupt country in the world.
Chad's ranking on the index has improved only marginally in recent years.
Since its first inclusion on the index in 2004, Chad's best score has been 2/10 for 2011.
Critics of President Déby have accused him of cronyism and tribalism. 
Corruption in Brazil is a pervasive social problem.
Brazil scored 43 on the 2012 Corruption Perceptions Index, tying with South Africa and the Republic of Macedonia and scoring more poorly than Cuba.
Corruption was cited among many issues that provoked the 2013 protests in Brazil.
Question: Name examples from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
About the article "Battle of Red Cliffs", section "Fictionalised account".

Candidate passages:
The games are sorted according to platform.
The release dates provided are for original Japanese releases.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms VII (三國志VII) is the 7th installment in Koei's famous Romance of the Three Kingdoms series. 
Romance of the Three Kingdoms VIII (三國志VIII) is the eighth installment in Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms series. 
See the following for other fictitious stories in the novel "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" which involve Zhang Liao:  List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Guan Yu's three conditions  List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Guan Yu releases Cao Cao at Huarong Trail  List of fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms#Zhang Liao's death  
  "Panoramic Prague"  "Romance of the Three Kingdoms in Korea" - November 2008
Question: What does shisk kebab translate to in the Turkish language?
About the article "Kebab", section "Shish".

Candidate passages:
National varieties.
In Afghanistan.
The main varieties include chapli kebab, seekh kebab, chopan kebab, lola kebab, kofta kebab, chenja kebab, juja kebab, tika kebab, shami kebab, kubida kebab and rudi kebab. 
Doner kebabs have started to gain popularity in Estonia as well.
Turkish Kebab restaurants owned by Turkish immigrants.
There are Döner kebab places in Tallinn and Tartu. 
Kebabs in India are more or less similar to most other kebab preparations along with their distinct taste which can be credited to the spices native to the Indian subcontinent.
All the varieties such as sheekh, doner (known as shawarma), shammi tikka, and other forms of roasted and grilled meats are savoured in South Asia.
Some popular kebabs are:  Kakori kebab  Shami kebab  Kalmi kebab  Kacche gosht ke chapli kebab  Tunda kebab (prepared with pumpkin)  Sambhali kebab  Galawati kebab  Boti kebab  Hara bhara kebab  Kathi kebab  Reshmi kebab  Lasoni kebab  Chicken malai kebab  Tikka kebab  Tangdi kebab ("tangdi" meaning "leg of the chicken")  Kaleji kebab  Hariali chicken kebab  Bihari kebab Soovar ki saanth (Wild boar pork belly kebabs from Rajputs of Rajasthan) Rajpooti soolah (Game meat-wild boar, deer & partridge barbecue kebabs made with a special "Kachari" (wild melon) sauce by Rajputs in Rajasthan)  
Steam kebab (Turkish Buğu kebabı) is a Turkish kebab dish which is prepared in an earthenware casserole.
The casserole's lid is sealed with dough in order to cook the meat in its own juices.
The dish is prepared with pearl onions, garlic, thyme, and other spices.
In Tekirdağ, it is served with cumin; in Izmir, it is served with mastic. 
Shish kebab ("Şiş", pronounced , meaning "skewer" is a Turkish word.)
is a dish consisting of meat threaded on a skewer and grilled.
Any kind of meat may be used; cubes of fruit or vegetables are often threaded on the spit as well.
Typical vegetables include tomato, bell pepper, onions, and mushrooms.
In the USA, the word "kebab" usually refers to shish kebab.
Question: Wake Me Up When September Ends was peformed by what artist?
About the article "Wake Me Up When September Ends", section "Music video".

Candidate passages:
7" picture disc 
  "We Belong Together" by Mariah Carey  "My Humps" by The Black Eyed Peas  "Don't Cha" by Pussycat Dolls  "Incomplete" by Backstreet Boys  "Wake Me Up When September Ends" by Green Day  
  "Wake Me Up When September Ends" – Green Day   "Hollaback Girl"  – Gwen Stefani  "We Belong Together"  – Mariah Carey  "1, 2 Step"  – Ciara  
  Green Day — "Wake Me Up When September Ends"  Madonna — "Hung Up"  Shakira (featuring Wyclef Jean) — "Hips Don't Lie"  Lucie Silvas — "Nothing Else Matters"  Julieta Venegas — "Me Voy"  
  Gorillaz — "Feel Good Inc."  Green Day — "Wake Me Up When September Ends"  Madonna — "Hung Up"  The Darkness — "One Way Ticket"  The Veronicas — "4ever"
Question: What makes a marksman a marksman?
About the article "Shooting", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
A marksman is a sharpshooter.
"Marksman" can also refer to: 
 Centurion Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Centurion chassis.
Chieftain Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Chieftain chassis.
Challenger Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Challenger 1 chassis.
G6 Marksman: a Marksman turret on a G6 chassis.
Leopard 1 Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Leopard 1 chassis.
ItPsv 90: a Marksman turret on a T-55AM chassis.
Operated by Finland.
M48 Marksman: a Marksman turret on a M48 Patton chassis.
T-55 Marksman: a Marksman turret on a T-55 chassis.
Type 59 Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Type 59 chassis.
Vickers Marksman: a Marksman turret on a Vickers Mk 3 MBT chassis.
Please note that the above mentioned versions are possible configurations as only the ItPsV 90 system is deployed. 
  Designated marksman, a designated role in the U.S. infantry squad  
  Designated marksman rifle, weapon used by a squad designated marksman in a United States Army's fireteam infantry squad  
  United States Marine Corps Squad Advanced Marksman Rifle (SAM-R) - accurized version of the M16 with a heavy barrel, issued with a scope to marksmen.
M39 Enhanced Marksman Rifle - Improved marksman version of the M14 rifle.
Question: Define particle therapy.
About the article "Radiation therapy", section "Types".

Candidate passages:
Energetic particle beams consisting of protons, neutrons, or positive ions (also called particle microbeams) may also be used for cancer treatment in particle therapy. 
Ion beams are also used in particle therapy, most often in the treatment of cancer. 
Particle therapy is a form of external beam radiotherapy using beams of energetic protons, neutrons, or positive ions for cancer treatment.
The most common type of particle therapy as of 2012 is proton therapy.
Although a photon, used in x-ray or gamma ray therapy, can also be considered a particle, photon therapy is not considered here.
Additionally, electron therapy is generally put into its own category.
Because of this, particle therapy is sometimes referred to, more correctly, as hadron therapy (that is, therapy with particles that are made of quarks).
Neutron capture therapy might be considered a type of particle therapy, but it is not discussed here, as the damage it does to tumors is mostly from energetic ions produced by the secondary nuclear reaction after the neutrons in the external beam are absorbed into boron-10 (or occasionally some other nuclide), and not due primarily to the neutrons themselves.
It is therefore a type of secondary particle therapy.
Muon therapy, a rare type of particle therapy not within the categories above, has occasionally been attempted. 
In particle therapy (proton therapy being one example), energetic ionizing particles (protons or carbon ions) are directed at the target tumor.
The dose increases while the particle penetrates the tissue, up to a maximum (the Bragg peak) that occurs near the end of the particle's range, and it then drops to (almost) zero.
The advantage of this energy deposition profile is that less energy is deposited into the healthy tissue surrounding the target tissue. 
In physics, chirality may be found in the spin of a particle, which may be used to define a handedness (aka chirality) for that particle.
A symmetry transformation between the two is called parity.
Invariance under parity by a Dirac fermion is called chiral symmetry.
Question: http://www.ronswansongrill.com is the website of which Parks and Recreation character?
About the article "Parks and Recreation", section "Websites".

Candidate passages:
http://www.pawneeindiana.com/  — Fictional city of Pawnee website.
http://www.hoosiermate.com/  — Dating website featured in the third season episode "Soulmates.
"
http://www.scarecrowboat.com/  — Website for Andy's band Mouse Rat (formerly Scarecrow Boat), Pawnee, Indiana's #1 band.
http://www.entertainment720.com/  — Website for Tom and Jean-Ralphio's failed business venture, Entertainment 7wenty.
http://www.awesomesaucewedding.com/  — Andy and April's wedding site.
http://www.knope2012.com/  — Knope 2012 campaign site.
http://www.snakeholelounge.com/  — Website for the Snakehole Lounge, "Pawnee's sickest nightclub.
"
https://www.twitter.com/munchmeat2015  — Twitter account featured in "The Debate.
"
http://annsolo.tumblr.com  — Ann's personal blog (Tumblr), seen in the fifth season episode "Ann's Decision.
"
http://www.rentaswag.com   — Tom's high-end clothes rental for teens, tweens and everything in betweens
http://www.ronswansongrill.com   — Ron Swanson's grilling webpage
In the U.S. state of Georgia, the Cobb County Parks, Recreation and Cultural Affairs Department is the unit of Cobb county government which handles county parks, recreation facilities, and cultural affairs programs. 
Parks and Recreation Section.
The Parks and Recreation Section is responsible for the operation of West Virginia's network of state parks, as well as recreation facilities located in some state forests and wildlife management areas. 
Gleniffer Reservoir Provincial Recreation Area is a popular recreational area with a beach, various fishing areas, boating, camping and resorts.
In the summer of 2009, Tourism, Parks and Recreation http://www.tpr.alberta.ca consolidated six provincial recreation areas at Dickson Dam and around Gleniffer Lake (Dickson Dam - Cottonwood Provincial Recreation Area, Dickson Dam - Dickson Point Provincial Recreation Area, Dickson Dam - North Dyke Provincial Recreation Area, Dickson Dam - South Dyke Provincial Recreation Area, Dickson Dam - North Valley Provincial Recreation Area, Dickson Dam - South Valley Provincial Recreation Area) into one provincial recreation area renamed Gleniffer Reservoir Provincial Recreation Area.
Motorboating, waterskiing, swimming, and sailboarding are allowed.
There are rainbow trout in a trout pond.
Pike, Walleye, Rockies, and Brown Trout are also found nearby.
Gleniffer Reservoir Provincial Recreation Area has trout ponds including one at at Dickson Point which is popular for ice fishing. 
In the NBC series "Parks and Recreation", character Donna Meagle is said to be Ginuwine's cousin.
Question: What is wave-particle duality?
About the article "Subatomic particle", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
  AdS/CFT correspondence, (anti de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence), sometimes called the Maldacena duality  Dual resonance model  Duality (electricity and magnetism)  Englert–Greenberger duality relation  Holographic duality  Kramers–Wannier duality  List of dualities (physics)  Mirror symmetry  Montonen–Olive duality  Mysterious duality  String duality is a class of symmetries  * S-duality  * T-duality * U-duality  Wave–particle duality  
Relational quantum mechanics is developed which regards the detection event as establishing a relationship between the quantized field and the detector.
The inherent ambiguity associated with applying Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and thus wave–particle duality is subsequently avoided. 
Although it is difficult to draw a line separating wave–particle duality from the rest of quantum mechanics, it is nevertheless possible to list some applications of this basic idea.
Wave–particle duality is exploited in electron microscopy, where the small wavelengths associated with the electron can be used to view objects much smaller than what is visible using visible light.
Similarly, neutron diffraction uses neutrons with a wavelength of about 0.1 nm, the typical spacing of atoms in a solid, to determine the structure of solids.  
Wave–particle duality is an ongoing conundrum in modern physics.
Most physicists accept wave-particle duality as the best explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena; however, it is not without controversy.
Alternative views are also presented here.
These views are not generally accepted by mainstream physics, but serve as a basis for valuable discussion within the community. 
Particle radiation is the radiation of energy by means of fast-moving subatomic particles.
Particle radiation is referred to as a particle beam if the particles are all moving in the same direction, similar to a light beam.
Due to the wave-particle duality, all moving particles also have wave character.
Higher energy particles more easily exhibit particle characteristics, while lower energy particles more easily exhibit wave characteristics.
Question: Ecology is the study of what?
About the article "Biology", section "Ecological and environmental".

Candidate passages:
  Benthic ecology – study of sea-floor organisms, and their interaction with each other and with the environment  Desert ecology –  Forest ecology –  Grassland ecology –  Marine ecology – and aquatic ecology, where the dominant environmental milieu is water;  Urban ecology – the study of ecosystems in urban areas.  
The study of phage ecology reflects established scientific disciplines in ecological studies in scope, the most obvious being general ecology.
Accordingly, phage ecology is treated under the following heads "organismal" ecology, population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology.
Phage ecology also may be considered (though mostly less well formally explored) from perspectives of phage behavioral ecology, evolutionary ecology, functional ecology, landscape ecology, mathematical ecology, molecular ecology, physiological ecology (or ecophysiology), and spatial ecology.
Phage ecology additionally draws (extensively) from microbiology, particularly in terms of environmental microbiology, but also from an enormous catalog (90 years) of study of phage and phage-bacterial interactions in terms of their physiology and, especially, their molecular biology. 
 Entropy (ecology), a measure of biodiversity in the study of biological ecology  
This is a list of ecology topics.
It relates to the science of ecology which is the study of the interactions between various species and their natural environment. 
The Institute for Social Ecology (ISE) is an educational institution in Plainfield, Vermont dedicated to the study of social ecology, an anti-capitalist and anti-authoritarian strain of ecology that is a form of libertarian socialism.