community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: What year did chicken pho appear?
About the article "Pho", section "Development".

Candidate passages:
The several regional variants of pho in Vietnam, particularly divided between "northern pho" () and "southern pho" or "Saigon pho" ("").
Northern pho tends to use somewhat wider noodles and much more green onion, and garnishes offered generally include only vinegar, fish sauce and chili sauce.
On the other hand, southern Vietnamese pho broth is slightly sweeter and has bean sprouts and a greater variety of fresh herbs.
The variations in meat, broth, and additional garnishes such as lime, bean sprouts, "ngò gai" ("Eryngium foetidum"), "húng quế" (Thai/Asian basil), and "tương đen" (bean sauce/hoisin sauce), "tương ớt" (hot chili garlic sauce, e.g., Rooster Sauce) appear to be innovations made by or introduced to the South.
Southerners eat pho for breakfast and occasionally lunch, whereas northerners eat pho at any time of day.
International variants include pho made using tofu and vegetable broth for vegetarians (""), and a larger variety of vegetables, such as carrots and broccoli.
Many pho restaurants in the United States offer oversized helpings with names such as "train pho" ('), "airplane pho" ('), or "California pho" (').
In some parts of the United States, fresh ' is not widely available.
Dried noodles called ' are often used instead.
Some restaurants may serve ' (fresh pho noodles) upon request.
Pho has been adopted by other Southeast Asian cuisines, including Hmong cuisine. 
Pho is served in a bowl with a specific cut of white rice noodles in clear beef broth, with slim cuts of beef (steak, fatty flank, lean flank, brisket).
Variations feature tendon, tripe, or meatballs in southern Vietnam.
Chicken pho is made using the same spices as beef, but the broth is made using only chicken bones and meat, as well as some internal organs of the chicken, such as the heart, the undeveloped eggs and the gizzard. 
Kanya also did star in 2 music videos, one for the thai singer WAN and another for the Thai band AM Fine.
which both was proceeded by a sequel.
Music Video's with WAN Safe Distance:AF2 (Wan: Soloist).
What the Rest:AF2 (Wan: Soloist).
Music Video's for Am Fine Band Chan Di Mai Pho Due Thoe Mai Pho Sak Thi by Am Fine.
Fear Night by Am Fine.  
In 1939, the district office was moved from Bang Khlan subdistrict to Ban Tan subdistrict.
Later the same year, the district was renamed from Bang Khlan to Pho Thale, and the subdistrict Ban Tan also to Pho Thale. 
Pho (pronounced variously as , , , or ; from , pronounced ) is a Vietnamese noodle soup consisting of broth, linguine-shaped rice noodles called "", a few herbs, and meat.
Pho is a popular street food in Vietnam and the specialty of a number of restaurant chains around the world.
It is primarily served with either beef or chicken.
The Hanoi and Saigon styles of pho differ by noodle width, sweetness of broth, and choice of herbs.
The origin of pho and its name is a subject of scholarly debate.
A related beef noodle soup, "bún bò Huế", is associated with Huế in central Vietnam.
Question: Who portrayed Julian Tatham in How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life)?
About the article "How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life)", section "Cast and characters".

Candidate passages:
 Sarah Chalke as Polly, the single and divorced mother.
 Elizabeth Perkins as Elaine Green, Polly's mother and Natalie's grandmother.
 Rachel Eggleston as Natalie Tatham, Polly's daughter and Elaine's granddaughter.
 Brad Garrett as Max Green, Elaine's husband and Polly's step-father.
 Jon Dore as Julian Tatham, Polly's ex-husband.
 Stephanie Hunt as Jenn, Polly's co-worker and friend.
<onlyinclude></onlyinclude> 
How to Live with Your Parents (for the Rest of Your Life) is an American sitcom created by Claudia Lonow that aired on ABC from April 3 to June 26, 2013.
The series was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and stars Sarah Chalke as Polly who—along with her daughter—ends up moving into her parents' house because of the financial crisis and her divorce.
On May 10, 2013, "How to Live with Your Parents" was canceled by ABC. 
  "Canadian Idol" (2003) – Correspondent  "A Woman Hunted" (2003) – TV Host  "Canadian Idol 2" (2004) – Correspondent  "Cream of Comedy" (2005) – Host  "Naturally, Sadie" (2006) – Mr. Woodson  "The Jon Dore Television Show" (2007–2009) – Himself  "The Nice Show" (2007) – Himself  "Hooked on Speedman" (2008) – Jon  "Live at Gotham" (2008) – Himself  "Held Up" (2010) – Ray  "Comedy Central Presents" (2010) – Himself  "How I Met Your Mother" (2010) – Mugger/Zookeeper  "Conan" (2010) – Himself  "Stag" (2011) – Luke  "Funny as Hell" (2011) – Host  "Mash Up w/ TJ Miller" (2012) – Himself  "Dino Dan" (2011) – Recurring guest Uncle Jack  "How to Live with Your Parents" (2013) – Julian Tatham  
 "Happy Days" "Happy Tree Friends" "Happy Endings" "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)" "Heroes" "Hey Paula" "Hogan's Heroes" "Hollyscoop" "Hollywood Shootout" "Hollywood Squares" "Home Improvement" "Homeland" "Hope & Faith" "House" "How I Met Your Mother" "How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life)" "Howie Do It"
Question: What are known as the Royal Colleges?
About the article "Medicine", section "Specialties".

Candidate passages:
Many colleges of further education in England have a Principal in charge (e.g., Cirencester College and West Nottinghamshire College).
At Oxford University, many of the heads of colleges are known as the Principal, including Brasenose, Green Templeton, Harris Manchester, Hertford, Jesus, Lady Margaret Hall, Linacre, Mansfield, St Anne's, St Edmund Hall, St Hilda's, St Hugh's, and Somerville.
At Cambridge University, heads of Homerton College and Newnham College are known as the Principal.
At Durham University, the heads of most of the colleges are known as the Principal.
Several of the colleges of the University of London are led by a principal: King's, St George's, Royal Holloway, Queen Mary, the Royal Veterinary College, SOAS, Heythrop, the Royal Academy of Music and the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama. 
This is a list of community colleges or current baccalaureate-granting institutions who used to be known as a community colleges, junior colleges, or technical colleges in the United States.
Colleges are listed in alphabetical order by state or territory and then name: 
Throughout the years, many higher education institutions merged to form what is now known as Case Western Reserve University.
Even though the colleges do not exist individually, two alumni associations are still thriving. 
Liberal arts colleges are primarily colleges with an emphasis upon undergraduate study in the liberal arts.
The "Encyclopædia Britannica Concise" offers the following definition of the liberal arts as a, "college or university curriculum aimed at imparting general knowledge and developing general intellectual capacities, in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum."
Although the genesis for what is known today as the liberal arts college began in Europe, the term is commonly associated with the United States.
Liberal arts colleges are found in countries all over the world as well.
See the list (link) of international members of the Association of American Colleges and Universities for other institutions offering liberal arts education programs. 
The Office of Vocational Education Commission showed student attendance for the 2005 academic year as follows:Technical colleges 290,058; industrial and community colleges 137,377; business administration and tourism colleges 3,480; commercial colleges 16,266; arts and crafts colleges 2,214; polytechnic colleges 36,304; vocational colleges 89,703; agricultural and technology colleges 34,914; Golden Jubilee Royal Goldsmith College 525; industrial and ship building colleges 2,391; fishery colleges 1,510; agricultural engineering training centres 806; with a further 340,000 in private vocational schools.
Question: Which prefecture of Japan did Hoto originate from?
About the article "Udon", section "Regional varieties".

Candidate passages:
  Hoto Shrine  Ise Jinja  Kushidagu  Saga Shrine  Tōzan Shrine  Yūtoku Inari Shrine  
National Route 13 is a highway in Japan on the island of Honshū which runs from Fukushima City in Fukushima Prefecture to Akita City in Akita Prefecture. 
  Fukuoka, Gifu, a town in Gifu Prefecture, Japan  Fukuoka, Toyama, a town in Toyama Prefecture, Japan  Fukuoka 17, a World War II-era Japanese POW camp at the Mitsui Kozan Miike Kogyo-Sho coal mine and Mitsui Zinc Foundry in Shinminato, Omuta, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan  Fukuoka Domain, a Japanese domain of the Edo period, located in Hizen Province (in modern-day Fukuoka Prefecture)  Fukuoka Prefecture, one of the 47 prefectures in Japan  Fukuoka-Kitakyūshū, a metropolitan area encompassing the cities of Fukuoka and Kitakyūshū in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan  The village of Fukuoka, in Osafune, Setouchi City, Okayama Prefecture from which Fukuoka City and Fukuoka Prefecture take their names.  
The is a railway line in Shikoku, Japan, operated by Shikoku Railway Company (JR Shikoku).
It runs between Shimanto in Kōchi Prefecture and Uwajima in Ehime Prefecture.
Its name comes from the ancient provinces of (now Ehime Prefecture) and (now Kōchi Prefecture), which the line connects. 
The or Kamakura Museum or Kamakura National Treasure House is a museum located on the grounds of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Yukinoshita, Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.
The museum houses around 4800 objects from the Kamakura region including sculptures, paintings and industrial art objects.
Most of these works originate from the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, spanning from the 12th to the 16th century.
Some of the items were produced in China and imported to Japan.
Question: What is year used to generate by aquarium hobbyists?
About the article "Yeast", section "Aquarium hobby".

Candidate passages:
Yeast is often used by aquarium hobbyists to generate carbon dioxide (CO2) to nourish plants in planted aquaria.
A homemade setup is widely used as a cheap and simple alternative to pressurized CO2 systems.
While not as effective as these, the homemade setup is considerably cheaper for less-demanding hobbyists.
Several recipes for homemade CO2 are available, but they are variations of the basic recipe: Baker's yeast, with sugar, baking soda, and water, are added to a plastic bottle.
A few drops of vegetable oil at the start reduces surface tension and speeds the release of CO2.
This will produce CO2 for about two or three weeks; the use of a bubble counter determines production.
The CO2 is injected in the aquarium through a narrow hose and released through a diffuser that helps dissolve the gas in the water.
The CO2 is used by plants in the photosynthesis process.
One of the easiest and most sought-after devices used to generate DOGs by hobbyists is the 1980s vintage Sony XVT-500 video superimposer.
This device can luma-key a signal, capture a still frame into memory and then overlay the keyed graphic in one of eight colors onto any CVBS signal.
Another method commonly used by hobbyists and even low-budgeted TV stations in former times was Amiga computers with genlock interfaces. 
The checker barb has commercial importance in the aquarium trade industry; this peaceful fish is sometimes used in community tanks by fish keeping hobbyists.
The checker barb is a schooling fish that is well suited to a community aquarium.
It requires warm (75-77° F), soft to medium-hard water.
It occupies the medium to lower levels of the aquarium and is an omnivore, doing well on processed foods.
The checker barb is a prolific egg-scatterer that lends itself well to the novice breeder. 
"Caulerpa" is common in the aquarium hobby as a nitrate absorber because of its rapid growth under relatively adverse conditions.
It may also be used in refugiums for a long term nitrite absorber.
Many introductions of invasive "Caulerpa" to the wild are thought to have occurred via aquarium dumping although there is no proof that this is so.
For this reason, some aquarium hobbyists have begun using Chaetomorpha or an Algae scrubber instead. 
Live sand, a term used in aquarism, is natural reef coral sand populated with millions of beneficial bacteria and organisms which aid in the dissolving of organic wastes like ammonia, nitrites and nitrates produced by larger organisms in saltwater aquariums.
Live sand can be purchased from Aquarium stores, but most hobbyists make their own by seeding dead sand with live sand from other aquarium systems.
Question: What property of polysaccharides decreases their solubility in water?
About the article "Biomolecule", section "Saccharides".

Candidate passages:
Lithium sulfate is soluble in water, though it does not follow the usual trend of solubility versus temperature — its solubility in water decreases with increasing temperature, as its dissolution is an exothermic process.
This property is shared with few inorganic compounds, such as the lanthanoid sulfates.
Lithium sulfate crystals, being piezoelectric, are also used in ultrasound-type non-destructive testing because they are very efficient sound generators.
However, they do suffer in this application because of their water solubility. 
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran is "inversely soluble" in water.
That is, its solubility decreases with increasing temperature, which is a rare property.
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran behaves like tetrahydrofuran as a Lewis base in organometallic reactions. 
Cerium(III) sulfate, also called cerous sulfate, is an inorganic compound.
It is one of the few salts where its solubility in water decreases with rising temperature.  
Hydrogen bonding significantly influences the properties of primary and secondary amines.
Thus the boiling point of amines is higher than those of the corresponding phosphines, but generally lower than those of the corresponding alcohols.
For example, methylamine and ethylamine are gases under standard conditions, whereas the corresponding methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohols are liquids.
Gaseous amines possess a characteristic ammonia smell, liquid amines have a distinctive "fishy" smell.
Also reflecting their ability to form hydrogen bonds, most aliphatic amines display some solubility in water.
Solubility decreases with the increase in the number of carbon atoms.
Aliphatic amines display significant solubility in organic solvents, especially polar organic solvents.
Primary amines react with ketones such as acetone.
The aromatic amines, such as aniline, have their lone pair electrons conjugated into the benzene ring, thus their tendency to engage in hydrogen bonding is diminished.
Their boiling points are high and their solubility in water is low. 
Solubility is sensitive to changes in temperature.
For example, sugar is more soluble in hot water than cool water.
It occurs because solubility constants, like other types of equilibrium constants, are functions of temperature.
In accordance with Le Chatelier's Principle, when the dissolution process is endothermic (heat is absorbed), solubility increases with rising temperature, but when the process is exothermic (heat is released) solubility decreases with rising temperature.
The temperature effect is the basis for the process of recrystallization, which can be used to purify a chemical compound.
Sodium sulfate shows increasing solubility with temperature below about 32.4 °C, but a decreasing solubility at higher temperature.
This is because the solid phase is the decahydrate, Na2SO4.10H2O, below the transition temperature but a different hydrate above that temperature.
Question: How is stem cell function regulated?
About the article "Stem cell", section "Properties".

Candidate passages:
The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possess two properties:
"Self-renewal": the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state.
"Potency": the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types.
In the strictest sense, this requires stem cells to be either totipotent or pluripotent—to be able to give rise to any mature cell type, although multipotent or unipotent progenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells.
Apart from this it is said that stem cell function is regulated in a feed back mechanism.
PTEN is an essential gene for regulating key biological events that are related to normal development including stem cell self-renewal and proliferation, cell differentiation and migration, organ size control, and hormone-regulated organogenesis. 
Stem cells.hTERT in stem cells.hTERT is often up-regulated in cells that divide rapidly, including both embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
It elongates the telomeres of stem cells, which, as a consequence, increases the lifespan of the stem cells by allowing for indefinite division without shortening of telomeres.
Therefore, it is responsible for the self-renewal properties of stem cells.
Telomerase are found specifically to target shorter telomere over longer telomere, due to various regulatory mechanisms inside the cells that reduce the affinity of telomerase to longer telomeres.
This preferential affinity maintains a balance within the cell such that the telomeres are of sufficient length for their function and yet, at the same time, not contribute to aberrant telomere elongation High expression of hTERT is also often used as a landmark for pluripotency and multipotency state of embryonic and adult stem cells.
Over-expression of hTERT was found to immortalize certain cell types as well as impart different interesting properties to different stem cells. 
The goal of stem cell engineering is to be able to control the differentiation and self-renewal of pluripotency stem cells for cell therapy.
Differentiation in stem cells is dependent on many factors, including soluble and biochemical factors, fluid shear stress, cell-ECM interactions, cell-cell interactions, as well as embryoid body formation and organization.
Bio-MEMS have been used to research how to optimize the culture and growth conditions of stem cells by controlling these factors.
Assaying stem cells and their differentiated progeny is done with microarrays for studying how transcription factors and miRNAs determine cell fate, how epigenetic modifications between stem cells and their daughter cells affect phenotypes, as well as measuring and sorting stem cells by their protein expression. 
Stem cell proteomics is an omics that analyzes the proteomes of stem cells.
Comparing different stem cell proteomes can reveal proteins that are important for stem cell differentiation.
Question: Where is the home of the belly dance?
About the article "Egypt", section "Dance in Egypt".

Candidate passages:
Gothic belly dance, also known as Gothic fusion belly dance, dark fusion belly dance and Gothic tribal fusion, is a recently founded dance art movement, distilled from the influences of Middle Eastern dance, tribal fusion, Goth subculture, and Neopaganism.
Originating from The Arizona Center night clubs in 1992, it is practiced by amateur and professional dancers of the United States and Europe, and it is growing elsewhere with the spread of other tribal belly dance formats.
[http://www.gothla.co.uk] 
Today, Egypt is often considered the home of belly dance.
Egyptian belly dance has two main styles - raqs baladi and raqs sharqi.
There are also numerous folkloric and character dances that may be part of an Egyptian-style belly dancer's repertoire, as well as the modern shaabi street dance which shares some elements with raqs baladi.
Samia Gamal was the most famous dancer in Egypt.
Types of Fire Fan Performance.
Belly Dance.
Fire fans are often used in belly dance, especially in tribal fusion belly dance styles.
Belly dancers typically move fire fans more slowly and in combination with the layered hip and arm dance movements distinctive to the art of belly dance. 
 in Asia.
Asia now has belly dancing competitions, like the Asia Global Belly Dance Competition. 
Talisman Dance Company (sometimes called Talisman) is an American professional belly-dance troupe, based in San Diego, California.
Formed in 2006, it specializes in the Raqs Sharqi (cabaret) and fusion styles of belly dance.
The company is often accompanied by the San Diego-based Middle-Eastern group Midnight Debke.
Question: What facility in Toulouse, France is involved in monitoring the International Space Station?
About the article "International Space Station", section "Mission controls".

Candidate passages:
Columbus, the primary research facility for European payloads aboard the ISS, provides a generic laboratory as well as facilities specifically designed for biology, biomedical research and fluid physics.
Several mounting locations are affixed to the exterior of the module, which provide power and data to external experiments such as the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF), Solar Monitoring Observatory, Materials International Space Station Experiment, and Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space.
A number of expansions are planned for the module to study quantum physics and cosmology.
ESA's development of technologies on all the main areas of life support has been ongoing for more than 20 years and are/have been used in modules such as Columbus and the ATV.
The German Aerospace Center DLR manages ground control operations for Columbus and the ATV is controlled from the French CNES Toulouse Space Center. 
Toulouse-Saint-Agne is a railway station in Toulouse, Midi-Pyrénées, France.
The station is located on the Toulouse-Bayonne and Toulouse-Saint-Agne–Auch railway.
The station is served by TER (local) services operated by the SNCF.  
There is the following consortium in Toulouse: 
Toulouse-Matabiau is the main railway station in Toulouse, southern France.
It is located in the city centre and connected to the Toulouse Metro.
The station is situated on the Bordeaux–Sète railway, Toulouse–Bayonne railway, Brive-Toulouse (via Capdenac) railway and Toulouse-Auch railway.
Direct trains run to most parts of France. 
  Advanced Dosimetric Telescope on EuTEF (DOSTEL)  ALTEINO long term monitoring of cosmic rays on the International Space Station (ALTCRISS)  Biodosimetry in astronauts  MATROSHKA-1  Measuring radiation hazards in space (MATROSHKA-2a)  Study of the depth dose distribution inside a human phantom using the MATROSHKA facility on board the Russian Segment of the International Space Station (MATROSHKA-2B)