community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: How is it possible to prepare instant puddings quickly?
About the article "Pudding", section "Creamy puddings".

Candidate passages:
The second and newer type of pudding consists of sugar, milk, and a thickening agent such as cornstarch, gelatin, eggs, rice or tapioca to create a sweet, creamy dessert.
These puddings are made either by simmering on top of the stove in a saucepan or double boiler or by baking in an oven, often in a bain-marie.
These puddings are easily scorched on the fire, which is why a double boiler is often used; microwave ovens are also now often used to avoid this problem and to reduce stirring.
Creamy puddings are typically served chilled, but a few, such as zabaglione and rice pudding, may be served warm.
Instant puddings do not require boiling and can therefore be prepared more quickly.
This pudding terminology is common in North America and some European countries such as the Netherlands, whilst in Britain egg-thickened puddings are considered custards and starch-thickened puddings called blancmange.
Stornoway black pudding is a world-renowned delicacy—it has been called "the best sausage made in the UK"and one of the finest blood puddings the world has to offer.
The application Protected Geographical Indicator of Origin (PGI) status characterizes the puddings as follows:  
Variant forms of puddings made with breadcrumbs boiled with milk can be found dating back to the seventeenth century.
"The Closet Opened" was posthumously published in 1699 by a servant and his son and in it Sir Kenelm Digby talks of many puddings including one that involves soaking bread in milk.
There was a whole variety of puddings that could be made using the remains of some bread and some warm milk.
A "Monmouth Pudding" is said to consist of layers of meringue, jam or seasonal fruit and bread soaked in milk, whilst "Manchester Pudding" is similar but contains egg yolks (but some have speculated that this name was just a synonym for the "Queen of Puddings").
Typical recipes for modern Queen of Puddings can be found in many post-war British cookbooks, such as those of Marguerite Patten, Delia Smith and Jane Grigson. 
Instant coffee, also called soluble coffee and coffee powder, is a beverage derived from brewed coffee beans.
Instant coffee is commercially prepared by either freeze-drying or spray drying, after which it can be rehydrated.
Instant coffee in a concentrated liquid form is also manufactured.
Examples of popular instant coffee brands are Extra, Folgers, Maxwell House, Nescafé and Starbucks VIA.
Advantages of instant coffee include speed of preparation (instant coffee dissolves instantly in hot water), lower shipping weight and volume than beans or ground coffee (to prepare the same amount of beverage), and long shelf life — though instant coffee can spoil if not kept dry. 
Instant rice, also known as minute rice, is rice that has been precooked and dehydrated so that it cooks more rapidly.
Regular rice requires 10-15 minutes to cook while instant rice needs anywhere between five and 10 minutes.
Because it has already been cooked, all that is necessary to prepare instant rice is to simply re-hydrate it with hot water.
Question: On what date was the raid on the Channel ports?
About the article "Battle of Britain", section "Bomber and Coastal Command contributions".

Candidate passages:
The RAIDXpert is a remote RAID configuration tool, for changing the RAID level of the RAID setup connected via SATA 3.0 Gbit/s ports (connected to SB600, excluding extra SATA 3.0 Gbit/s ports through additional SATA chip on some motherboard implementations), including RAID 0, RAID 1, and RAID 0+1. 
On 6 August 1914 the German Zeppelin L 6 bombed the Belgian city of Liège, killing nine civilians.
This was followed by night raids on Antwerp on 25 August and 2 September.
In the first month of the war Germany formed the "Ostend Carrier Pigeon Detachment", a cover name for an aeroplane unit to be used for the bombing of the English Channel ports.
During the opening months of the war a German pilot flying a Taube regularly dropped bombs on Paris.
The first raid consisted of five small bombs and a note demanding the immediate surrender of Paris and the French nation.
Before the stabilisation of the Western Front, German aircraft made a number of raids on Paris, slightly damaging Notre Dame Cathedral.
The first German bombing raids on England were nuisance raids carried out against Channel ports.
German press reports mention a raid carried out on 27 October, but there is no British record of any incident on this date.
The first confirmed raid occurred on 21 December, when a Friedrichshafen FF.29 dropped two bombs into the sea near the Admiralty Pier in Dover.
These raids, usually carried out by one or two aircraft during daytime, continued throughout the war, with little effect. 
American privateers remained a threat to Nova Scotian ports for the rest of the war.
The following month, after a failed attempt to raid Chester, Nova Scotia, American privateers struck again in the Raid on Lunenburg in 1782. 
It contains the following components,  JMicron JMB363 PCI Express to SATA Revision 2.0 and PATA Host Controller, support IDE, RAID and AHCI.
VIA VT8237A South Bridge comprising SATA Revision 1.0 and PATA controllers, DeltaChrome GPU.
Realtek RTL8100C Ethernet 10/100 LAN controller.
Realtek ALC883 6-Channel audio.
VIA K8T890 North Bridge providing the PCI Express 16x slot.
It also has the following ports:  2x SATA Revision 2.0 3.0 Gb/s ports on JMB363.
2x SATA ports on VT8237A.
2x ATA ports on VT8237A.
1x floppy drive port.
2x DDR2 533/667/800 MHz unbuffered DIMM Slots (4GB RAM maximum).
1x PCI Express 16x slot.
2x PCI slots.
1x VGA connector.
1x parallel port.
1x serial port.
2x onboard USB2 ports.
2x connectors for a further 4 USB2 ports.  
Forth Ports operates 5 ports on the Firth of Forth and 2 ports elsewhere:
Question: What is marzipan commonly used for?
About the article "Marzipan", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
Marzipan is a confection consisting primarily of sugar or honey and almond meal, sometimes augmented with almond oil or extract.
It is often made into sweets; common uses are marzipan-filled chocolate and small marzipan imitations of fruits and vegetables.
It is also rolled into thin sheets and glazed for icing cakes, primarily birthday and wedding cakes and Christmas cakes.
This use is particularly common in England, on large fruitcakes.
Marzipan (or almond paste) may also be used as a cake ingredient, as in stollen.
In some countries, it is shaped into small figures of animals as a traditional treat for New Year's Day.
Marzipan is also used in Tortell, and in some versions of king cake eaten during the Carnival season.
Traditional Swedish Princess Cake is typically covered with a layer of marzipan that has been tinted pale green.
In the Indian state of Goa, the Goan Catholic dish "Mazpon" replaces almonds with cashew nuts.
In the Philippines, "" (Spanish for "pili marzipan") is made from pili nuts. 
In the Middle East, marzipan (known as "lozina", which is derived from the word , the Arabic word for almonds) is flavored with orange-flower water and shaped into roses and other delicate flowers before they are baked.
Marzipan can also be made from oatmeal, farina, or semolina.
In Iran, marzipan fruit is a traditional Passover treat , replacing cookies and cakes.  
J. G. Niederegger GmbH & Co. KG is a producer of marzipan and sweets.
It is based in Lübeck, Germany.
Niederegger was founded by Johann Georg Niederegger on 1 March 1806 in Lübeck and is since known for their marzipan for about 200 years.
The company is a family-owned limited private partnership.
Niederegger marzipan is classed as 100% marzipan and contains much less sugar in comparison to other marzipan makers.
In the town center of Lübeck, the always-crowded "Café Niederegger" offers a café, a shop for Niederegger sweets, and a marzipan museum on its upper floors. 
Lübeck is famous for its marzipan industry.
According to local legend, marzipan was first made in Lübeck, possibly in response either to a military siege of the city or a famine year.
The story, perhaps apocryphal, is that the town ran out of all food except stored almonds and sugar, which were used to make loaves of marzipan "bread".
Others believe that marzipan was actually invented in Persia a few hundred years before Lübeck claims to have invented it.
The best known producer is Niederegger, which tourists often visit while in Lübeck, especially at Christmas time.
The Lübeck wine trade dates back to Hanseatic times.
One Lübeck specialty is Rotspon, wine made from grapes processed and fermented in France and transported in wooden barrels to Lübeck, where it is stored, aged and bottled.
Question: The Canadian volunteer military employs how many individuals?
About the article "Canada", section "Foreign relations and military".

Candidate passages:
  Korea Medal  Canadian Volunteer Service Medal for Korea  Special Service Medal  
Like India, Pakistan has always maintained a purely volunteer military.
However, in the immediate aftermath of independence, and the 1948 war; at a time when the army was just reorganising from a colonial force to a new national army; militias raised for service from, the Frontier, Punjab and Kashmir were often raised from locals tribe; each tribe was given a quota and many of the individuals sent did not "volunteer" in the strictest sense (though many did). 
Sierra Club Canada (SCC) is a Canadian, volunteer-based environmental organization.
It is part of the environmental movement.
The roots of Sierra Club Canada go back to 1963, when environmentalists in British Columbia affiliated themselves with the Sierra Club of the United States (many of these individuals were prominent in the founding of Greenpeace).
Sierra Club Canada became a pan-Canadian organization in 1989, and was legally incorporated as a Canadian organization in 1992. 
The hospital employs 3 medical officers, 3 clinical officers, and numerous nurses.
Volunteer nurses, doctors, and students travel to Chimala each summer.
Many of these volunteers are affiliated with Harding University. 
After the Chancellery of Honours at Rideau Hall had for a number of years received complaints about the absence of a volunteer service medal for the Korean War, as had been provided for those who served in the Second World War, Queen Elizabeth II, on the advice of her Cabinet under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, in 1991 created the Canadian Volunteer Service Medal for Korea to recognize any former member, living or deceased, of the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, or Royal Canadian Air Force who had served in the theatre of the Korean War, but did not, at the time, meet the requirements for the Korea Medal.
To qualify, individuals had to have fought with an army unit on the Korean Peninsula for at least one day, served aboard ship in the Yellow Sea or Sea of Japan, flown a minimum of one sortie over Korea or Korean waters, or engaged in military operations for no less than 28 days within the qualifying area.
18,289 Canadian Volunteer Service Medals for Korea were distributed.
Question: How are Taekwondo athletes divided in the World Taekwondo Federation?
About the article "Taekwondo", section "World Taekwondo Federation".

Candidate passages:
The United Taekwondo Association (UTA) is an a member group of the British Taekwondo Control Board (BTCB) who in turn are a member of the World Taekwondo Federation.
The BTCB are members of the British Olympic Association (BOA), the European Taekwondo Union (ETU) and British Taekwondo Council (BTC).
The United Taekwondo Association follows the tenets of Taekwondo, these being:  Etiquette  Modesty  Perseverance  Self Control  Indomitable Spirit All UTA Taekwondo Students are required to follow the Taekwondo Oath:  To Observance the tenets of Taekwondo  To have respect for instructors and fellow students  To never misuse the artof taekwondo  To be a champion of freedom and justice  To help build a more peaceful world  
The Asian Taekwondo Union is the official governing body for all Taekwondo matters in Asia as a regional organisation of the World Taekwondo Federation. 
Macho Hungan, the nation's lone representative in taekwondo, was given a wild card berth by the World Taekwondo Federation. 
British Taekwondo® (official title "British Taekwondo Control Board (WTF) Ltd"; BTCB) is a member of the World Taekwondo Federation.
British Taekwondo is also a member of the British Olympic Association (BOA) and the European Taekwondo Union (ETU).
It was established in 1982 and is the National Governing Body for World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) Taekwondo in the United Kingdom.
Its functions include responsibility for the selection of National Teams to compete at International and Olympic level. 
The World Taekwondo Championship is held every two years by the World Taekwondo Federation.
Question: What age group is England's Department of Education responsible for?
About the article "England", section "Education".

Candidate passages:
The Department for Education (DfE) is a department of the UK government responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including child protection and education.
A Department for Education previously existed between 1992, when the Department of Education and Science was renamed, and 1995 when it was merged with the Department for Employment to become the Department for Education and Employment. 
The Nebraska Department of Education is the U.S. State of Nebraska's state education agency responsible for administering public education funding from the U.S. Department of Education and the Nebraska State Legislature.
It is headquartered in Lincoln. 
The Nova Scotia Department of Education and Early Childhood Development is a department of the Government of Nova Scotia responsible for overseeing education institutions in the province.
Karen Casey is the current Minister of Education. 
The Department of Education, Training and Employment is a department of the Queensland Government which is responsible for education and employment.
The Minister for Education, Training and Employment, John-Paul Langbroek is responsible for the department.
The department's offices are located at 30 Mary Street, Brisbane. 
The Department of Education, Western Australia is the government body responsible for education in Western Australia.
Its head office is in East Perth.
Question: How many people could the colosseum seat?
About the article "Colosseum", section "Interior seating".

Candidate passages:
"The Collectors' Colosseum" is probably the first compilation album by Colosseum, released in England in 1971. 
This German record label (based in Nuremberg) is Varèse Sarabande's European equivalent which markets most Varèse titles overseas and has done so since the inception of the 47000 CD series.
The initial Varèse CDs sold in Europe were either imported from Varèse or pressed by Colosseum using JVC disc technology.
Varèse pressed CDs featured a solid black design while the Colosseum pressings had the same designs printed in outline red.
Thus each label could print titles independently and many Varèse titles that went out-of-print in the US were sometimes available from Colosseum.
After 1989, Colosseum made several CD pressings that were exclusive to Europe and, because of their connection to Varèse, were given a VSD catalogue number.
Presently, Colosseum has expanded their output with their own series of releases apart from the Varèse line with CVS replacing VSD on specific European pressings of new Varèse titles.
Some VSD listings are occasionally visible on certain reissues and exclusive digital downloads.
The label is also the exclusive distributor of Varèse Club titles in Europe and occasionally has titles available long after they sell out in America. 
Colosseum is the annual Inter-Collegiate technical festival of the college held after Odyssey. 
The Colosseum is an elliptical amphitheater in Rome, Italy.
Colosseum or coliseum may also refer to: 
  "Robbery" (1967)  "The Other People" (1969)  "Where's Jack?"
(1969) "The Italian Job" (1969)  "Colosseum and Juicy Lucy" (1970)  "Perfect Friday" (1970)
Question: How many regions is Lebanon divided into?
About the article "Lebanon", section "Geography".

Candidate passages:
Ghana is divided into 10 administrative regions, sub-divided into 275 districts: 
Ghana is divided into ten regions. 
The state of Indiana is divided into several regions. 
The ecoregion is divided into two sub-regions. 
Jonava is divided into 13 city regions:
Question: What was the release date for the first two season of Big Bang Theory on Blu-Ray/DVD combo packs?
About the article "The Big Bang Theory", section "DVD/Blu-ray releases".

Candidate passages:
 Despite the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth seasons receiving Blu-ray releases in conjunction with their DVD releases, the first and second seasons were only available on DVD upon their time of release.
Warner Bros. has since released the first two seasons on Blu-ray/DVD combo packs with UltraViolet downloads on July 10, 2012.
All of the episodes from seasons 1 & 2 on Blu-ray received newly remastered surround-sound audio, with the first season sporting a never-before-seen gag reel, which was not included during the initial first season DVD release.
The second season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" was originally aired on CBS from September 22, 2008 to May 11, 2009 over 23 episodes.
The Complete Season DVD was released September 15, 2009, and a Blu-ray version was reissued on July 10, 2012 with remastered surround sound audio, whereas the DVD version only had stereo.
Season two starts immediately after the end of season one with Leonard and Penny's date. 
"The Smurfs 2" was released on DVD, Blu-ray Disc and Blu-ray 3D on December 3, 2013.
The 3D and Blu-ray combo packs also included a hand-drawn/computer-animated short film "". 
"Despicable Me 2" was released in Digital HD on November 26, 2013, and on DVD and Blu-ray on December 10, 2013.
The DVD and Blu-ray combo pack features three "mini movies" titled "Puppy", "Panic in the Mailroom", and "Training Wheels".
A Walmart exclusive Blu-ray/DVD combo pack included two limited edition Minion toys.
In its first week of home entertainment release, 4.5 million physical and digital units had been sold, earning $80 million and breaking several records.
The film had the highest first-week sales for a digital title ever and became the best selling animated Blu-ray title in its first week, surpassing its predecessor, which previously held the record. 
The first season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" was originally aired on CBS from September 24, 2007 to May 19, 2008, over 17 episodes.
An unaired pilot also exists.
The Season 1 DVD came without a gag reel and is, so far, the only "Big Bang Theory" DVD set not to have one.
The reissued Blu-ray, was released July 10, 2012, and includes a gag reel that is exclusive to the set.
The episodes on Blu-ray are all in remastered surround sound, whereas the DVD version had stereo.
Question: The first commercial scanning election microscope was developed in what year?
About the article "Microscope", section "Electron microscopy".

Candidate passages:
The 1980s saw the development of the first scanning probe microscopes.
The first was the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981, developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.
This was closely followed in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the atomic force microscope. 
In the early 1900s a significant alternative to light microscopy was developed, using electrons rather than light to generate the image.
Ernst Ruska started development of the first electron microscope in 1931 which was the transmission electron microscope (TEM).
The transmission electron microscope works on the same principle as an optical microscope but uses electrons in the place of light and electromagnets in the place of glass lenses.
Use of electrons instead of light allows a much higher resolution.
Development of the transmission electron microscope was quickly followed in 1935 by the development of the scanning electron microscope by Max Knoll.
Electron microscopes quickly became popular following the Second World War.
Ernst Ruska, working at Siemens developed the first commercial transmission electron microscope and major scientific conferences on electron microscopy started being held in the 1950s.
In 1965 the first commercial scanning electron microscope was developed by Professor Sir Charles Oatley and his postgraduate student Gary Stewart and marketed by the Cambridge Instrument Company as the "Stereoscan".
The first scanning acoustic microscope was developed in 1974 by R. A. Lemons and C. F. Quate at the Microwave Laboratory of Stanford University.
Since then, many improvements to such systems have been made to enhance resolution and accuracy. 
The scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, was developed in 1981 by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.
Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christoph Gerber invented the first atomic force microscope in 1986.
The first commercially available atomic force microscope was introduced in 1989.IBM researcher Don Eigler was the first to manipulate atoms using a scanning tunneling microscope in 1989.
He used 35 Xenon atoms to spell out the IBM logo.
He shared the 2010 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience for this work. 
The company was founded in 1949 as the Japan Electron Optics Laboratory Company, Limited in Mitaka, Tokyo, in 1949, and produced its first commercial model transmission electron microscope the year later, although a prototype microscope had been sold to Mitsubishi prior to the founding of the company.
Overseas sales began in 1956 with the sale of a system to France.
In 1961, the company was renamed JEOL, Limited, with the first overseas subsidiary JEOL Company (USA) Inc., established in 1962 and headquartered in Peabody, MA.
In 1963, JEOL produced their first mass spectrometer, followed by the company's first scanning electron microscope in 1966.