Question: Central Park design was most heavily influenced by what innovations?
About the article "Central Park", section "1857–1900".

Candidate passages:
Though Central Park West would become an area heavily influenced by the Art Deco movement, the building was the first fully Art Deco structure on the street. 
Tom Morey (born Detroit, Michigan, August 15, 1935) also known by the moniker "Y" is a musician, engineer, and surfer responsible for several technological innovations that have heavily influenced modern developments in surfing equipment design. 
Columbus Circle, named for Christopher Columbus, is a traffic circle and heavily trafficked intersection in the New York City borough of Manhattan, located at the intersection of Eighth Avenue, Broadway, Central Park South (West 59th Street), and Central Park West, at the southwest corner of Central Park.
It is the point from which all official distances from New York City are measured.
The name is also used for the neighborhood a few blocks around the circle in each direction.
To the south of the circle lies Hell's Kitchen, also known as "Clinton", and the Theater District, and to the north is the Upper West Side.
Completed in 1905 and renovated a century later, the circle was designed by William P. Eno – a businessman who pioneered many early innovations in road safety and traffic control – as part of Frederick Law Olmsted's vision for Central Park, which included a "Grand Circle" at the Merchants' Gate, its most important Eighth Avenue entrance.
The monument at the center of Columbus Circle, created by Italian sculptor Gaetano Russo, was erected as part of New York's 1892 commemoration of the 400th anniversary of Columbus' landing in the Americas.
Constructed with funds raised by "Il Progresso", a New York City-based Italian-language newspaper, the monument consists of a marble statue of Columbus atop a granite rostral column decorated with bronze reliefs representing Columbus' ships: the "Niña", the "Pinta", and the "Santa María".
Its pedestal features an angel holding a globe.
Renovations to the circle completed in 2005 included new water fountains by WET, of Fountains of Bellagio fame; wooden benches; and plantings encircling the monument.
The inner circle measures approximately , and the outer circle is approximately .
The redesign, by the Olin Partnership of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the recipient of the 2006 American Society of Landscape Architects’ General Design Award Of Honor.
In 2007 Columbus Circle was awarded the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal.  
In 1973, Xerox PARC developed the Alto personal computer.
It had a bitmapped screen, and was the first computer to demonstrate the desktop metaphor and graphical user interface (GUI).
It was not a commercial product, but several thousand units were built and were heavily used at PARC, as well as other XEROX offices, and at several universities for many years.
The Alto greatly influenced the design of personal computers during the late 1970s and early 1980s, notably the Three Rivers PERQ, the Apple Lisa and Macintosh, and the first Sun workstations.
The GUI was first developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Larry Tesler, Dan Ingalls, David Smith and a number of other researchers.
It used windows, icons, and menus (including the first fixed drop-down menu) to support commands such as opening files, deleting files, moving files, etc.
In 1974, work began at PARC on Gypsy, the first bitmap What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get (WYSIWYG) cut & paste editor.
In 1975, Xerox engineers demonstrated a Graphical User Interface "including icons and the first use of pop-up menus".
In 1981 Xerox introduced a pioneering product, Star, incorporating many of PARC's innovations.
Although not commercially successful, Star greatly influenced future developments, for example at Apple, Microsoft and Sun Microsystems. 
Philosophy of design is the study of assumptions, foundations, and implications of design.
The field is defined by an interest in a set of problems, or an interest in central or foundational concerns in design.
In addition to these central problems for design as a whole, many philosophers of design consider these problems as they apply to particular disciplines (e.g.
philosophy of art).
Although most practitioners are philosophers, several prominent designers and artists have contributed to the field.
Graphic design has seen many changes and influences.
But foundations remain the same.
Society heavily pressures graphic design to assimilate to the era.
The history or foundation for graphic design has influence from what was depicted to the author during that time.
The foundation of letters, that can be designed specifically for communication.