community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Question: Disease-causing pathogens are also called what?
About the article "Pathology", section "History".

Candidate passages:
Animal pathogens are disease-causing agents of wild and domestic animal species, at times including humans. 
"Brachyspira species" include known pathogens in animals, mostly pigs but also birds, dogs, and humans while some species like "B. innocens" or "B. intermedia" are considered harmless commensals in animals."B.
hyodysenteriae" and "B. pilosicoli" are the classic Brachyspira gastrointestinal pathogens leading to diarrheal disease in growing pigs worldwide, causing the so-called swine dysentery, typhlocolitis or porcine intestinal spirochaetosis, which contributes to major "production losses" in agrobusiness."B.
intermedia" and "B. pilosicoli" can cause disease in poultry."B.
pilosicoli" can infect humans leading to human intestinal spirochaetosis, however most cases of HIS are caused by "B. aalborgi", so its clinical relevance remains unclear. 
Several species within the Corticiaceae are commercially important pathogens of crops or turf grass.
"Erythricium salmonicolor" attacks woody commercial crops (citrus, coffee, rubber, etc.)
in the tropics, causing "pink disease".
"Waitea circinata" is also a pathogen, causing diseases of cereal crops, including "sheath spot" of rice.
The same fungus also causes "brown ring patch" in turf grasses.
"Laetisaria fuciformis" is the cause of "red thread" disease in turf grass, whilst "Limonomyces roseipellis" is the cause of "pink patch" disease.  
Many fungi are parasites on plants, animals (including humans), and other fungi.
Serious pathogens of many cultivated plants causing extensive damage and losses to agriculture and forestry include the rice blast fungus "Magnaporthe oryzae", tree pathogens such as "Ophiostoma ulmi" and "Ophiostoma novo-ulmi" causing Dutch elm disease, and "Cryphonectria parasitica" responsible for chestnut blight, and plant pathogens in the genera "Fusarium", "Ustilago", "Alternaria", and "Cochliobolus".
Some carnivorous fungi, like "Paecilomyces lilacinus", are predators of nematodes, which they capture using an array of specialized structures such as constricting rings or adhesive nets.
Some fungi can cause serious diseases in humans, several of which may be fatal if untreated.
These include aspergilloses, candidoses, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mycetomas, and paracoccidioidomycosis.
Furthermore, persons with immuno-deficiencies are particularly susceptible to disease by genera such as "Aspergillus", "Candida", "Cryptoccocus", "Histoplasma", and "Pneumocystis".
Other fungi can attack eyes, nails, hair, and especially skin, the so-called dermatophytic and keratinophilic fungi, and cause local infections such as ringworm and athlete's foot.
Fungal spores are also a cause of allergies, and fungi from different taxonomic groups can evoke allergic reactions. 
Some bacteria are harmful and act either as disease-causing agents (pathogens) both in plants and animals, or may play a role in food spoilage.
Question: What is the field of genetics that compares the phylogeny of DNA?
About the article "DNA", section "History and anthropology".

Candidate passages:
A phylogeny of the Curculionoidea based on 18S ribosomal DNA and morphological data is suggested below: 
The following phylogenetic tree is from a cladistic analysis of DNA that was published in 2011. 
Most of the genera of Lamiaceae have never been sampled for DNA for molecular phylogenetic studies.
Most of those that have been are included in the following phylogenetic tree.
The phylogeny depicted below is based on seven different sources. 
The full phylogeny of this genus is unknown and research is ongoing in 2014.
The following cladogram of "Cucurbita" phylogeny is based upon a 2002 study based on mitochondrial DNA by Sanjur et al. 
The phylogeny of living bony fishes
Question: Were murals made for the film?
About the article "Fruitvale Station", section "Promotion".

Candidate passages:
The school is known for its murals.
In 2006, due to structural damage, many of the murals were removed. 
The building contains 25 murals created under the Treasury Department's Section of Painting and Sculpture (an art commissioning program similar to the Federal Arts Project operated by the Works Progress Administration).
This was among the first locations for the integration of murals in federal buildings for New Deal Era federal art programs.
Visitors and federal employees at the Clinton Federal Building have expressed concerns about the appropriateness of six of these murals, including complaints that the murals stereotype Native Americans and that they contain images that are inappropriate for the workplace.
Controversy over the murals is not new: The nudity depicted in the murals led to complaints when the murals were originally created. 
There were quite a number of organisations and public bodies coming up with murals.
However, most of them are ad hoc efforts.
For example, the URA Bras Basah Murals are currently peeling off at this very second. 
Muralist Ezra Winter executed a series of murals for the building. 
__NOTOC__Frank Weston Benson made Murals as well as portraits, waterscapes, wildlife, landscapes and other works of art.
Benson was commissioned by the Library of Congress of the United States in the 1890s; he completed murals of the Four Seasons and Three Graces for the project.
Question: Where is Leonardo da Vinci's "The Vitruvian Man" drawing now stored?
About the article "Vitruvian Man", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
Toby Lester (born 2 November 1964) is an American journalist, scholar and author.
He received attention after writing two nonfiction works on the role of maps in the discovery of America and on Leonardo da Vinci's drawing of the "Vitruvian Man".  
Ape index, or ape factor, or gorilla index is a measure of the ratio of an individual's arm span relative to their height.
A typical ratio is 1, as identified by the Roman writer, architect and engineer Vitruvius prior to 15 BC.
Vitruvius noted that a "well made man" has an arm span equal to his or her height, as exemplified in Leonardo da Vinci's drawing, the "Vitruvian Man".
In rock climbing it is believed that an Ape Index greater than one, where the arm span is greater than the height, provides for a competitive advantage, and some climbers have expressed the belief that exercise can result in an improved ratio. 
Clayman is the fifth album by Swedish heavy metal band, In Flames.
The album was released by Nuclear Blast in 2000.
Most of the lyrics deal with depression and internal struggles.
The album's cover art is based on Leonardo da Vinci's drawing, the "Vitruvian Man".
The Jester Head appears in the background, both on the cover, and in the album booklet itself.
Music videos were made for "Pinball Map" (directed by music video artist Tamara Jordan) and "Only for the Weak", with Metal Hammer naming the latter its top 10 death metal song. 
The cover art, produced by Andy Votel, is loosely based on Leonardo da Vinci's drawing "Vitruvian Man".
The original art also featured Woody Allen, however his picture had to be removed due to copyright issues.
Other modifications to the album include the removal of a selection of lyrics from the track "Magic in the Air."
The lyrics were replaced by an instrumental after hip hop artist Taja Sevelle claimed they were too similar to those in her single "Love Is Contagious."
Reminiscent of Laguna Beach's renowned Pageant of the Masters, Sixth College's Spirit of the Masters is a display of famous paintings and sculptures with an animated twist.
Visitors are guided by a docent and complemented with drinks and desserts.
Previous pieces exhibited include Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man and Picasso's Ladies of Avignon.
Question: How are track and field athletes ranked in the Olympics
About the article "Track and field", section "Combined events".

Candidate passages:
The following FSU track and field athletes participated in the 2008 Olympic Games: 
Lithuania will participate in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore City, Singapore.
24 athletes received the right to participate in championships: 7 track and field athletes, 4 basketball players, 3 swimmers, 2 boxers, 2 modern pentathlon athletes, 2 judo athletes, 1 gymnast, 1 rower, 1 canoer, 1 sailer. 
Six athletes from Trinidad and Tobago competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea.
Three track and field athletes, two cyclists and one swimmer represented the Caribbean nation. 
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia with two track and field athletes and two swimmers. 
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States with eight track and field athletes.
Question: What is a check to the head in Ice Hockey?
About the article "Ice hockey", section "Head injuries".

Candidate passages:
The Ice Hockey Federation of Israel () is recognized as the governing body for amateur ice hockey in Israel and is a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation.
It is often called the Ice Hockey Federation of Israel in order to differentiate it from the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). 
Vicky Sunohara (born May 18, 1970) is a Canadian former ice hockey player.
She was once considered to be the best female ice hockey player in the world and was described as the "Wayne Gretzky of women's hockey".
She is currently the head coach of the University of Toronto women's hockey team. 
R. H. "Bob" Peters is a former men's ice hockey coach.
He was the head coach of the Bemidji State University ice hockey team from 1967 to 2001.
With 744 wins, he ranks fifth all-time in career wins by a men's college ice hockey coach. 
  Sean Simpson (born May 4, 1960) is a Canadian ice hockey coach, a former professional ice hockey player and the head coach for Swiss national ice hockey team, lives in Risch-Rotkreuz.  
The Victorian Ice Hockey Association, currently trading as Ice Hockey Victoria is the governing body of ice hockey in Victoria, Australia.
The Victorian Ice Hockey Association is a branch of Ice Hockey Australia.
Question: What type of food is cake?
About the article "Cake", section "Abstract".

Candidate passages:
Angel Food cake, or Angel cake, is a type of sponge cake originated in the United States that first became popular in the late 19th century.
It is so named because of its airy lightness that was said to be the "food of the angels". 
Devil's food cake is a moist, airy, rich chocolate layer cake.
It is considered a counterpart to the white or yellow angel food cake.
Because of differing recipes and changing ingredient availability over the course of the twentieth century, it is difficult to precisely qualify what distinguishes Devil's food from the more standard chocolate cake, though it traditionally has more chocolate than a regular chocolate cake, making it darker.
The cake is usually paired with a rich chocolate frosting. 
A cake is a sweet, baked form of food.
Cake may also refer to: 
The food served at a wedding reception is determined by the time of the wedding and local customs.
Food may range from a single non-alcoholic drink with wedding cake to elaborate, multi-course dinners.
The type of food is chosen entirely at the discretion of the hosts.
Some receptions, especially if the family's culture or religious faith prohibits alcohol or dancing, focus on dessert.
Hosts may also choose to honor regional or local customs, such as by serving a culturally important cake like croquembouche in France rather than a white layer cake, or by adding local specialties.
For example, weddings in Pittsburgh often feature thousands of homemade cookies in addition to a wedding cake.
The wedding cake is often a multi-tiered layer cake that is elaborately decorated with white frosting.
Some couples have a smaller display cake, which is supplemented by sheet cake.
The groom's cake is a tradition observed mainly in the southern United States.
In the Colonial and Victorian eras, the white-iced bride's cake was considered "too light" for male tastes, and a second cake choice—usually a dark, liquor-soaked fruitcake—was also offered.
Today, chocolate is popular, although the groom's cake may be in any flavor and is usually shaped or decorated as something significant to the groom, such as a favorite hobby or sport.
If a full meal is served, the wedding cake is usually served after the meal.
Otherwise, the cake may be served as soon as the family has received all of the guests.
Commonly, the couple ceremonially cut the first piece of the cake, and in a nod to an ancient Roman wedding rite, may feed a bite to one another and perhaps sip a glass of wine or other drink with linked arms.
Then the cake is served to the guests.
Like being asked to pour tea at a formal tea party, being asked to serve the cake is generally considered an honor. 
A dead-cake is a type of food that is traditionally eaten at a wake to honour the deceased individual.
It is closely related to the folklore of funeral customs.
Question: When was "The Crash Reel" premiered?
About the article "Snowboarding", section "Films".

Candidate passages:
Northern Comfort premiered at Reel Fest.
Reel Fest 2 was May 28 to June 2, 2010. 
Transcribed from the ending credits. 
The Crash Reel is a documentary film directed by Lucy Walker which premiered as the Opening Night Gala film on 19 January 2013 at the Sundance Film Festival.
Lucy first met Kevin Pearce while mentoring at a retreat intended to inspire Nike's action sports athletes to use their platform for social change at the invitation of David Mayer de Rothschild who had created the event.
Lucy was immediately struck by Kevin and wanted to make a documentary film about him, and the result is "The Crash Reel", which premiered at Sundance on January 18, 2013 as the Opening Night Gala film in the Documentary Premieres section (out of competition).
The film is described as a jaw-dropping story of one unforgettable athlete, Kevin Pearce; one eye-popping sport, snowboarding; and one explosive issue, traumatic brain injury.
Through 20 years of sports and verite footage, "The Crash Reel" chronicles the epic rivalry between Kevin and Shaun White which culminates in Kevin's life-changing crash and a comeback story with a difference.
The film also showcases the Pearce family, including Kevin's father glass-blower Simon Pearce and Kevin's brother David C. Pearce who describes his struggle to accept his Down Syndrome.
The film also premiered at the X Games on January 23, 2013 in Aspen as the first ever movie to play as a featured part of the event. 
An early cut of A Man Among Giants premiered June 4, 2008 at The Hoboken International Film Festival.
The completed cut premiered at Reel Fest in July 2009. 
"Suwanna of Siam" was an 8-reel silent film.
It premiered on June 22, 1923 at the Nakhon Si Thammarat Theatre, and then opened the next day at the Phatthanakon Cinematograph, the Hong Kong Cinema Hall and the Victoria Theater.
A newspaper account of the opening reads:
Question: When was Starships performed on American Idol
About the article "Starships (song)", section "Live performances".

Candidate passages:
On February 26, 2012, Minaj performed the single live for the first time along with "Moment 4 Life", "Turn Me On" and "Super Bass" at the 2012 NBA All-Star Game.
Minaj also performed the single on the eleventh season of "American Idol" results show on March 29, 2012, and on "Today" on April 6.
Minaj performed the song in a mash-up with "Right by My Side" at "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" on May 10, 2012.
Minaj also performed the single on her Pink Friday Tour.
The song was also the encore song of Minaj's .
The single was released on May 10, 2012, to digital music stores in the US and other countries.
It debuted on "American Idol" when he performed in the result show the same day. 
The song received its most attention in the US in 2007, when "American Idol" runner-up Blake Lewis performed it during the top three.
It has been a staple of other "Idol" productions as well, notably appearing on "New Zealand Idol" and "Australian Idol".
This song was featured in the films "The Rules of Attraction" and "Agent Cody Banks", in the episode "The Indicator" of "Alias" and also on October 19, 2008, the song was featured in an episode of "Entourage".
An a cappella version of this song is performed by Darren Criss and the Beelzebubs (playing the Dalton Academy Warblers) in the "Glee" episode "Silly Love Songs". 
David Hernandez was once part of a singing group called Vinyl Four which consisted of four singers prior to his appearance on "American Idol".
The group performed on the cruise ships.
Hernandez also has performed with the Latin/R&B bands Tribe 7 and Straight up.
Prior to his participation on "American Idol", Hernandez has performed at Urban Network Events, "Arizona Idol" and at a Martin Luther King Jr. Day parade.
He was a finalist in "Arizona Idol" (the winner of the competition secures a chance to audition for FOX's "American Idol").
After failing to take first place, he traveled to San Diego to audition successfully for the seventh season of "American Idol". 
NZ Idol, more commonly known as New Zealand Idol, was the New Zealand version of the Idol series originated as the hit British TV series "Pop Idol".
New Zealand first saw the "Idol" format when TV2 aired "American Idol 2", which garned impressive ratings.
After "Australian Idol" also received good ratings in New Zealand, TVNZ decided to order the first season of NZ Idol, which was broadcast on TV2.
After the third season in 2006, TVNZ made a decision not to fund or broadcast a fourth season, thus placing "New Zealand Idol" on indefinite hiatus, with no plans to run a fourth season.NZ Idol was produced by South Pacific Pictures in association with Grundy Television and developed by Fremantle Media.
Question: When did he join the art gallery?
About the article "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon", section "Rivalry with Matisse".

Candidate passages:
Moffitt died at his home in Christchurch on Tuesday, 11 April 2006.
While Moffitt's work was admired by his peers, it was only shortly before his death when he began to received substantial national attention.
Moffitt's work is held in an extensive number of collections, including the Auckland Art Gallery, Anderson Park, The Dowse Art Museum, Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Forrester Gallery, Eastern Southland Art Gallery, Hawke's Bay Museum and Art Gallery, Hocken Library, James Wallace Charitable Arts Trust, Lincoln University, Manawatu Art Gallery, Christchurch Art Gallery, Rotorua Museum of Art and History, Sarjeant Gallery, Suter Art Gallery, and Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 
Kruger's first dealer was Gagosian Gallery, with which she did two shows in Los Angeles in the early 1980s.
In 1988, she was the first woman to join the prominent contemporary art gallery of Mary Boone and has had eight solo shows there since.
Kruger is also represented by Rhona Hoffman Gallery, Chicago; Yvon Lambert, Paris; and Sprüth Magers Berlin London and L&M Arts in Los Angeles.
In late 2011, her 1985 photo of a ventriloquist's dummy, "Untitled (When I Hear the Word Culture I Take Out My Checkbook)" (alluding to the phrase "when I hear the word culture, I reach for my gun" in Hanns Johst's play "Schlageter"), was sold at Christie's for a record $902,500. 
Nine of his works are in the Tate collection, and 14 in the collection of the British Council.
He works are also in the collections of the Arts Council, the National Galleries of Scotland, the National Museum & Gallery of Wales, Kelvingrove Art Gallery & Museum, Glasgow, Southampton City Art Gallery, York City Art Gallery, the Ferens Art Gallery, Hull, the Government Art Collection, the Towner Gallery, Eastbourne, Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, the Usher Gallery, Rugby Art Gallery and Museum, Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery, Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal, the Whitworth Art Gallery and Leeds City Art Gallery. 
In 1985 he was invited to have his first one-man show at the Disney Gallery (Burbank, California).
He continued his commercial work alongside his Gallery work until 1991 when he joined Cottage Gallery in Carmel, California.
He joined several more galleries shortly thereafter including: Waterhouse Gallery, Santa Barbara, California (1992); Joan Baker’s Garden Gallery, Half Moon Bay, California (1992); and The Sunbird Gallery, Los Altos California (1994). 
Morris is represented by Leo Castelli Gallery, Sonnabend Gallery, New York, and Sprüth Magers, Berlin/London.
As a conceptual artist, Morris at times contractually removed from circulation.
When a collector, the architect Philip Johnson, did not pay Morris for a work he had ostensibly purchased, the artist drew up a certificate of deauthorization that officially withdrew all aesthetic content from his piece, making it nonexistent as art.
Question: Is the TV Show The Bachelor scripted?
About the article "The Bachelor (U.S. TV series)", section "Questions of authenticity".

Candidate passages:
Canoga Park is a scripted Playboy TV comedy show based around the fictional Adult movie studio, "American Insertions". 
  "The Divide"  
On the Spot is a short series which aired during 2003 on the WB Television Network.
The show was a mixture of scripted sketches and improvisational comedy.  
The Bachelor is an American reality television dating game show debuting in 2002 on ABC.
For all seasons, the show is hosted by Chris Harrison.
There are two related series: "The Bachelorette" and "Bachelor Pad". 
Layla Flaherty (born 1983 in Galway, Ireland) is a model and actress recognised for her role in the ‘scripted-reality’ TV show "Desperate Scousewives", which was broadcast on E4 in 2011.
Question: Who created the "Sunday In The Park With George" musical?
About the article "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte", section "In popular culture".

Candidate passages:
  The episode title "Finishing the Hat" is the title of a song from the Stephen Sondheim musical, "Sunday in the Park with George".  
"Sunday in the Park with Jorge" is the 240th episode of NBC's legal drama "Law & Order", and the 11th episode of the 11th season.
The title is a play on words on the Stephen Sondheim musical "Sunday in the Park with George". 
The episode title "Color and Light" comes from the Stephen Sondheim musical, "Sunday in the Park with George". 
The episode title, "Children and Art" is taken from a song from the Stephen Sondheim musical, "Sunday in the Park with George". 
 The episode title, "Gossip" is a song taken from the Stephen Sondheim musical, "Sunday in the Park with George".