Question: What did Planck's results contradict with?
About the article "Electromagnetism", section "Photoelectric effect".

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Black-body radiation.
In the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier.
It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones.
The reason is that the electromagnetic field obeys laws of motion just like a mass on a spring, and can come to thermal equilibrium with hot atoms.
When a hot object is in equilibrium with light, the amount of light it absorbs is equal to the amount of light it emits.
If the object is black, meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it, then it emits the maximum amount of thermal light too.
The assumption that blackbody radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84).
But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature, so that "white hot" is hotter than "red hot".
Nevertheless, Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures, by using the principle of adiabatic invariance.
At each different temperature, the curve is moved over by Wien's displacement law (1893).
Wien also proposed an approximation for the spectrum of the object, which was correct at high frequencies (short wavelength) but not at low frequencies (long wavelength).
It still was not clear "why" the spectrum of a hot object had the form that it has (see diagram).
Planck hypothesized that the equations of motion for light are a set of harmonic oscillators, one for each possible frequency.
He examined how the entropy of the oscillators varied with the temperature of the body, trying to match Wien's law, and was able to derive an approximate mathematical function for black-body spectrum.
However, Planck soon realized that his solution was not unique.
There were several different solutions, each of which gave a different value for the entropy of the oscillators.
To save his theory, Planck had to resort to using the then controversial theory of statistical mechanics, which he described as "an act of despair … I was ready to sacrifice any of my previous convictions about physics."
One of his new boundary conditions wasWith this new condition, Planck had imposed the quantization of the energy of the oscillators, "a purely formal assumption … actually I did not think much about it…" in his own words, but one which would revolutionize physics.
Applying this new approach to Wien's displacement law showed that the "energy element" must be proportional to the frequency of the oscillator, the first version of what is now termed "Planck's relation": formula_9 Planck was able to calculate the value of "h" from experimental data on black-body radiation: his result, , is within 1.2% of the currently accepted value.
He was also able to make the first determination of the Boltzmann constant "k"B from the same data and theory.
Prior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable.
The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly as temperatures increase.
To make Planck's law, which correctly predicts blackbody emissions, it was necessary to multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator.
The influence of h in this complex factor would not disappear if it were set to zero or to any other value.
Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh-Jeans law could not be done by changing the values of h, of the Boltzmann constant, or of any other constant or variable in the equation.
In this case the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture.
The black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could "never" account for the observed spectrum.
These proofs are commonly known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe", a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest in 1911.
They contributed greatly (along with Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect) to convincing physicists that Planck's postulate of quantized energy levels was more than a mere mathematical formalism.
The very first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to "the theory of radiation and quanta".
Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta". 
The discovery of the ionization of gases by ultra-violet light was made by Philipp Lenard in 1900.
As the effect was produced across several centimeters of air and made very great positive and small negative ions, it was natural to interpret the phenomenon, as did J. J. Thomson, as a "Hertz effect" upon the solid or liquid particles present in the gas.
In 1902, Lenard observed that the energy of individual emitted electrons increased with the frequency (which is related to the color) of the light.
This appeared to be at odds with Maxwell's wave theory of light, which predicted that the electron energy would be proportional to the intensity of the radiation.
Lenard observed the variation in electron energy with light frequency using a powerful electric arc lamp which enabled him to investigate large changes in intensity, and that had sufficient power to enable him to investigate the variation of potential with light frequency.
His experiment directly measured potentials, not electron kinetic energy: he found the electron energy by relating it to the maximum stopping potential (voltage) in a phototube.
He found that the calculated maximum electron kinetic energy is determined by the frequency of the light.
For example, an increase in frequency results in an increase in the maximum kinetic energy calculated for an electron upon liberation – ultraviolet radiation would require a higher applied stopping potential to stop current in a phototube than blue light.
However Lenard's results were qualitative rather than quantitative because of the difficulty in performing the experiments: the experiments needed to be done on freshly cut metal so that the pure metal was observed, but it oxidised in a matter of minutes even in the partial vacuums he used.
The current emitted by the surface was determined by the light's intensity, or brightness: doubling the intensity of the light doubled the number of electrons emitted from the surface.
The researches of Langevin and those of Eugene Bloch have shown that the greater part of the Lenard effect is certainly due to this 'Hertz effect'.
The Lenard effect upon the gas itself nevertheless does exist.
Refound by J. J. Thomson and then more decisively by Frederic Palmer, Jr., it was studied and showed very different characteristics than those at first attributed to it by Lenard.
In 1905, Albert Einstein solved this apparent paradox by describing light as composed of discrete quanta, now called photons, rather than continuous waves.
Based upon Max Planck's theory of black-body radiation, Einstein theorized that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency multiplied by a constant, later called Planck's constant.
A photon above a threshold frequency has the required energy to eject a single electron, creating the observed effect.
This discovery led to the quantum revolution in physics and earned Einstein the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
By wave-particle duality the effect can be analyzed purely in terms of waves though not as conveniently.
Albert Einstein's mathematical description of how the photoelectric effect was caused by absorption of quanta of light was in one of his 1905 papers, named ""On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light"".
This paper proposed the simple description of "light quanta", or photons, and showed how they explained such phenomena as the photoelectric effect.
His simple explanation in terms of absorption of discrete quanta of light explained the features of the phenomenon and the characteristic frequency.
The idea of light quanta began with Max Planck's published law of black-body radiation (""On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum"") by assuming that Hertzian oscillators could only exist at energies "E" proportional to the frequency "f" of the oscillator by "E" = "hf", where "h" is Planck's constant.
By assuming that light actually consisted of discrete energy packets, Einstein wrote an equation for the photoelectric effect that agreed with experimental results.
It explained why the energy of photoelectrons was dependent only on the "frequency" of the incident light and not on its "intensity": a low-intensity, high-frequency source could supply a few high energy photons, whereas a high-intensity, low-frequency source would supply no photons of sufficient individual energy to dislodge any electrons.
This was an enormous theoretical leap, but the concept was strongly resisted at first because it contradicted the wave theory of light that followed naturally from James Clerk Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic behavior, and more generally, the assumption of infinite divisibility of energy in physical systems.
Even after experiments showed that Einstein's equations for the photoelectric effect were accurate, resistance to the idea of photons continued, since it appeared to contradict Maxwell's equations, which were well-understood and verified.
Einstein's work predicted that the energy of individual ejected electrons increases linearly with the frequency of the light.
Perhaps surprisingly, the precise relationship had not at that time been tested.
By 1905 it was known that the energy of photoelectrons increases with increasing "frequency" of incident light and is independent of the "intensity" of the light.
However, the manner of the increase was not experimentally determined until 1914 when Robert Andrews Millikan showed that Einstein's prediction was correct.
The photoelectric effect helped to propel the then-emerging concept of wave–particle duality in the nature of light.
Light simultaneously possesses the characteristics of both waves and particles, each being manifested according to the circumstances.
The effect was impossible to understand in terms of the classical wave description of light, as the energy of the emitted electrons did not depend on the intensity of the incident radiation.
Classical theory predicted that the electrons would 'gather up' energy over a period of time, and then be emitted. 
Yet while Planck had solved the ultraviolet catastrophe by using atoms and a quantized electromagnetic field, most physicists immediately agreed that Planck's "light quanta" were unavoidable flaws in his model.
A more complete derivation of black body radiation would produce a fully continuous, fully wave-like electromagnetic field with no quantization.
However, in 1905 Albert Einstein took Planck's black body model in itself and saw a wonderful solution to another outstanding problem of the day: the photoelectric effect, the phenomenon where electrons are emitted from atoms when they absorb energy from light.
Ever since the discovery of electrons eight years previously, electrons had been "the" thing to study in physics laboratories worldwide.
In 1902 Philipp Lenard discovered that (within the range of the experimental parameters he was using) the energy of these ejected electrons did "not" depend on the intensity of the incoming light, but on its "frequency".
So if one shines a little low-frequency light upon a metal, a few low energy electrons are ejected.
If one now shines a very intense beam of low-frequency light upon the same metal, a whole slew of electrons are ejected; however they possess the same low energy, there are merely "more of them".
In order to get high energy electrons, one must illuminate the metal with high-frequency light.
The more light there is, the more electrons are ejected.
Like blackbody radiation, this was at odds with a theory invoking continuous transfer of energy between radiation and matter.
However, it can still be explained using a fully classical description of light, as long as matter is quantum mechanical in nature.
If one used Planck's energy quanta, and demanded that electromagnetic radiation at a given frequency could only transfer energy to matter in integer multiples of an energy quantum hν, then the photoelectric effect could be explained very simply.
Low-frequency light only ejects low-energy electrons because each electron is excited by the absorption of a single photon.
Increasing the intensity of the low-frequency light (increasing the number of photons) only increases the number of excited electrons, not their energy, because the energy of each photon remains low.
Only by increasing the frequency of the light, and thus increasing the energy of the photons, can one eject electrons with higher energy.
Thus, using Planck's constant "h" to determine the energy of the photons based upon their frequency, the energy of ejected electrons should also increase linearly with frequency; the gradient of the line being Planck's constant.
These results were not confirmed until 1915, when Robert Andrews Millikan, who had previously determined the charge of the electron, produced experimental results in perfect accord with Einstein's predictions.
While the energy of ejected electrons reflected Planck's constant, the existence of photons was not explicitly proven until the discovery of the photon antibunching effect, of which a modern experiment can be performed in undergraduate-level labs.
This phenomenon could only be explained via photons, and not through any semi-classical theory (which could alternatively explain the photoelectric effect).
When Einstein received his Nobel Prize in 1921, it was not for his more difficult and mathematically laborious special and general relativity, but for the simple, yet totally revolutionary, suggestion of quantized light.
Einstein's "light quanta" would not be called photons until 1925, but even in 1905 they represented the quintessential example of wave–particle duality.
Electromagnetic radiation propagates following linear wave equations, but can only be emitted or absorbed as discrete elements, thus acting as a wave and a particle simultaneously. 
In an interview in May 2008he stated that the possible existence of intelligent extraterrestrials did not contradict church teachingand ruling out the existence of aliens would be like "putting limits" on God's creative freedom.
He has speculated that such alien life forms could even be “free from Original Sin … in full friendship with their creator.” Funes' statements have clearly similar points to what the Vatican's Corrado Balducci also previously has expressed. 
Results from the XENON Dark Matter Search Experiment seem to contradict DAMA/Nal's results.