community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Rendang
Section: History

Question: Where does Redang originate?

Rendang originates from the Sumatran Minangkabau region.
One of the earliest written records of rendang is from the early 16th century Hikayat Amir Hamzah.
The making of rendang spreads from Minangkabau region to Mandailing, Riau, Jambi, across the strait to Malacca and Negeri Sembilan, resulting in a variety of rendang traditions.
The popularity of rendang has spread widely from its original domain because of the "merantau" (migrating) culture of Minangkabau people.
Overseas Minangkabau leave their hometown to start a career in other Indonesian cities as well as neighboring countries, and Padang restaurants, Minangkabau eating establishments that are ubiquitous in Indonesian cities, spring up.
These Padang restaurants have introduced and popularized rendang and other Padang food dishes across Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the wider world.
Andalas University historian, Prof. Gusti Asnan suggests that rendang began to spread across the region when Minangkabau merchants and migrant workers began to trade and migrate to Malacca in the 16th century.
“Because the journey through the river waterways in Sumatra took much time, a durable preserved dry rendang is suitable for long journey.” The dried Padang rendang is a durable food, good to consume for weeks, even when left at room temperature.
Article: Bulgogi
Section: In modern culture

Question: What is Bulgogi?

"Bulgogi" is served in barbecue restaurants in Korea, and there are "bulgogi" flavoured fast-food hamburgers sold at many South Korean fast-food restaurants.
The hamburger patty is marinated in "bulgogi" sauce and served with lettuce, tomato, onion, and sometimes cheese.
It is similar to a teriyaki burger in flavour.
The October 2011 issue of Jamie magazine featured a stall selling bulgogi steak baguettes outside Arsenal FC's Emirates Stadium.
The same stall was featured in Nicholas Lander's food column in the Financial Times in October 2012.
Texas Rangers outfielder Shin-Soo Choo endorsed bulgogi in an advertisement in the March 12th, 2014 issue of The New York Times.
Article: Arepa
Section: Flour

Question: How is "Arepa" flour prepared?

"Arepa" flour is specially prepared (cooked in water, then dried) for making "arepas" and other maize dough-based dishes, such as "hallacas", "bollos", "tamales", "empanadas" and "chicha".
The most popular brand names of maize flour are Harina PAN in Venezuela and Areparina in Colombia.
"Arepa" flour is usually made from white maize, but yellow maize varieties are available.
"Arepa" flour was first developed and produced by Empresas Polar of Venezuela, owner of the PAN brand and the primary distributor in the country.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Season 3 (2010)

Question: Does Gus have Gale take over the lab?

Season 3 (2010).
On April 2, 2009, AMC announced that "Breaking Bad" was renewed for a third, 13-episode season.
It premiered on March 21, 2010, and concluded on June 13, 2010.
The complete third season was released on Region 1 DVD and Region A Blu-ray on June 7, 2011.
Walter wishes to reunite his family, but Skyler is still suspicious of Walter's second life.
Walter believes he can mend the tension between them by confessing to her that he has been producing meth.
Skyler is appalled by the confession and demands a formal divorce.
Meanwhile, Gus offers to pay Walter US$3M for three months of his service.
He even offers to provide Walter with a state-of-the-art production facility and a brilliant lab assistant, Gale (David Costabile).
Jesse is continuing to produce and sell meth by himself.
Hank is working with the DEA to investigate Jesse and is slowly gathering evidence to make an arrest.
Jesse threatens to report Walter to the police if he is arrested, but Walter offers him Gale's position at the lab.
After obtaining the position, Jesse begins stealing meth from the lab and selling it in secret on the side.
Jesse gets romantically involved with a woman he meets in his rehab group and learns her kid brother, age 11, was put up by Gus and his street dealers to kill Combo.
Jesse decides to avenge Combo.
Walter aids Jesse in escaping from Gus's wrath.
Gus begins to lose trust in Walter and asks Gale to take over the lab.
He orders his henchmen to kill Walter and Jesse.
After he is abducted by the henchmen, Walter instructs Jesse over the phone to kill Gale in order to force Gus not to kill Walter (and, by extension, Jesse) lest he eliminate his only remaining trained chemist.
Article: Sydney Opera House
Section: Stage I: Podium

Question: Which engineering firm monitored Stage I construction of the Sydney Opera House?

Stage I commenced on 2 March 1959 with the construction firm Civil & Civic, monitored by the engineers Ove Arup and Partners.
The government had pushed for work to begin early, fearing that funding, or public opinion, might turn against them.
However, Utzon had still not completed the final designs.
Major structural issues still remained unresolved.
By 23 January 1961, work was running 47 weeks behind, mainly because of unexpected difficulties (inclement weather, unexpected difficulty diverting stormwater, construction beginning before proper construction drawings had been prepared, changes of original contract documents).
Work on the podium was finally completed in February 1963.
The forced early start led to significant later problems, not least of which was the fact that the podium columns were not strong enough to support the roof structure, and had to be re-built.
Article: Viva la Vida
Section: Sporting usage

Question: In which year did the Boston Bruins win the Stanley Cup?

During the 2008/2009 season, the German football club Hamburger SV used "Viva la Vida" as their goal celebration song.
The song also became the anthem of Spanish football club FC Barcelona during the 2008–09 season.
It turned out to be a season of unprecedented success for the Spanish club in 2009, as they won all six competitions they could possible be involved in, which no football club has managed before in history.
The song was selected by the manager of the club, Josep Guardiola – himself a Coldplay fan – to help motivate and encourage his team.
It is often played at the Camp Nou before the start of a Barcelona match.
The song was also played during Pep Guardiola's farewell before his final match coaching Barcelona at the Nou Camp, a 4–0 victory against Espanyol on 5 May 2012.
The UEFA used "Viva la Vida" as the goal celebration song for the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final and Europa League Final.
The National Hockey League's New York Rangers play "Viva la Vida" at Madison Square Garden after victories.
The song was used by the Vancouver Canucks in a tribute video during Markus Näslund's number retirement ceremony held in Vancouver's Rogers Arena.
It was also used in Game 7 of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals when the Boston Bruins won the Stanley Cup on Vancouver Ice.
The Kansas City Chiefs play the song at the end of home games in Arrowhead Stadium.
Additionally, it is also used by the Kansas City Royals to celebrate home runs and wins at Kauffman Stadium.
This is the at-bat music of Scott Rolen, third baseman of the Cincinnati Reds.
The song was also used pre match during every 2008 Rugby League World Cup game before the two teams took to the field.
Article: Epcot
Section: World Showcase

Question: What countries were represente in the pavilions at the Epcot World Showcase?

World Showcase is a large area reminiscent of a permanent world's fair containing eleven pavilions, each themed and dedicated to represent a specific country.
The eleven pavilions surround the World Showcase Lagoon, a large man-made lake located in the center of World Showcase with a perimeter of 1.2 miles.
In clockwise order, the eleven pavilions include:
 Mexico
 Norway
 China
 Germany
 Italy
 United States
 Japan
 Morocco
 France
 United Kingdom
 Canada
Of the eleven pavilions, Norway and Morocco were not present at the park's opening, and were added later after park opening.
Each pavilion contains themed architecture, landscapes, streetscapes, attractions, shops, and restaurants representing the respective country's culture and cuisine.
In an effort to maintain the authenticity of the represented countries, the pavilions are primarily staffed by citizens of the respective countries as part of the Cultural Representative Program through J-1 visa agreements.
Some pavilions also contain themed rides, shows, and live entertainment representative of the respective country.
The only pavilion that is directly sponsored by the government of its respective country is Morocco, the remaining pavilions are primarily sponsored by private companies with affiliations to the represented countries.
Pavilions for Russia, Switzerland, Spain, Venezuela, United Arab Emirates, and Israel have occasionally been rumored as potential future pavilions but have never made it past the planning phases to date.
A small African themed refreshment shop known as The Outpost currently resides in the last remaining vacant undeveloped parcel that may potentially one day be developed into a new pavilion area.
Article: Statue of Liberty
Section: Location and visiting

Question: How can a person visiting be allowed to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown?

Access and attributes.
Location and visiting.
The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island, south of Ellis Island.
Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800.
As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line.
Land created by reclamation at Ellis is New Jersey territory.
No charge is made for entrance to Statue of Liberty National Monument, but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use, as private boats may not dock at the island.
A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, replacing Circle Line, which had operated the service since 1953.
The ferries, which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan, also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public, making a combined trip possible.
All ferry riders are subject to security screening, similar to airport procedures, prior to boarding.
Visitors intending to enter the statue's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum/pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket.
Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket, which may be reserved up to a year in advance.
A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend: ten per group, three groups per hour.
Climbers may bring only medication and cameras—lockers are provided for other items—and must undergo a second security screening.
Article: Biochemistry
Section: Proteins

Question: What are proteins?

Proteins are very large molecules – macro-biopolymers – made from monomers called "amino acids".
There are 20 standard amino acids, each containing a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side-chain (known as an "R" group).
The "R" group is what makes each amino acid different, and the properties of the side-chains greatly influence the overall three-dimensional conformation of a protein.
When amino acids combine, they form a special bond called a peptide bond through dehydration synthesis, and become a polypeptide, or protein.
In order to determine whether two proteins are related, or in other words to decide whether they are homologous or not, scientists use sequence-comparison methods.
Methods like Sequence Alignments and Structural Alignments are powerful tools that help scientists identify homologies between related molecules.
The relevance of finding homologies among proteins goes beyond forming an evolutionary pattern of protein families.
By finding how similar two protein sequences are, we acquire knowledge about their structure and therefore their function.
Article: Malaysia
Section: Fine arts

Question: The government took takes to define the literature of different languages, in what year?

Traditional Malaysian art was mainly centred around the areas of carving, weaving, and silversmithing.
Traditional art ranges from handwoven baskets from rural areas to the silverwork of the Malay courts.
Common artworks included ornamental kris, beetle nut sets, and woven batik and songket fabrics.
Indigenous East Malaysians are known for their wooden masks.
Each ethnic group have distinct performing arts, with little overlap between them.
However, Malay art does show some North Indian influence due to the historical influence of India.
Traditional Malay music and performing arts appear to have originated in the Kelantan-Pattani region with influences from India, China, Thailand and Indonesia.
The music is based around percussion instruments, the most important of which is the gendang (drum).
There are at least 14 types of traditional drums.
Drums and other traditional percussion instruments and are often made from natural materials.
Music is traditionally used for storytelling, celebrating life-cycle events, and occasions such as a harvest.
It was once used as a form of long-distance communication.
In East Malaysia, gong-based musical ensembles such as agung and kulintang are commonly used in ceremonies such as funerals and weddings.
These ensembles are also common in neighbouring regions such as in Mindanao in the Philippines, Kalimantan in Indonesia, and Brunei.
Malaysia has a strong oral tradition that has existed since before the arrival of writing, and continues today.
Each of the Malay Sultanates created their own literary tradition, influenced by pre-existing oral stories and by the stories that came with Islam.
The first Malay literature was in the Arabic script.
The earliest known Malay writing is on the Terengganu stone, made in 1303.
Chinese and Indian literature became common as the numbers of speakers increased in Malaysia, and locally produced works based in languages from those areas began to be produced in the 19th century.
English has also become a common literary language.
In 1971, the government took the step of defining the literature of different languages.
Literature written in Malay was called "the national literature of Malaysia", literature in other "bumiputera" languages was called "regional literature", while literature in other languages was called "sectional literature".
Malay poetry is highly developed, and uses many forms.
The "Hikayat" form is popular, and the "pantun" has spread from Malay to other languages.
Article: Chemical reaction
Section: Precipitation

Question: What  is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction?

Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction.
It usually takes place when the concentration of dissolved ions exceeds the solubility limit and forms an insoluble salt.
This process can be assisted by adding a precipitating agent or by removal of the solvent.
Rapid precipitation results in an amorphous or microcrystalline residue and slow process can yield single crystals.
The latter can also be obtained by recrystallization from microcrystalline salts.
Article: Napoleonic Wars
Section: Financing the war

Question: What did Britain expand with its economic power?

A key element in British success was its ability to mobilize the nation's industrial and financial resources and apply them to defeating France.
With a population of 16 million Britain was barely half the size of France with 30 million.
In terms of soldiers the French advantage was offset by British subsidies that paid for a large proportion of the Austrian and Russian soldiers, peaking at about 450,000 men in 1813.
By the terms of the Anglo-Russian agreement of 1803, Britain paid a subsidy of ₤1.5 million pounds for every 100,000 Russian soldiers in the field.
Most important, the British national output remained strong and the well-organized business sector channeled products into what the military needed.
Britain used its economic power to expand the Royal Navy, doubling the number of frigates and increasing the number of large ships of the line by 50%, while increasing the roster of sailors from 15,000 to 133,000 in eight years after the war began in 1793.
France, meanwhile, saw its navy shrink by more than half.
The system of smuggling finished products into the continent undermined French efforts to ruin the British economy by cutting off markets.
Subsidies to Russia and Austria kept them in the war.
The British budget in 1814 reached £66,000,000, including £10 million for the Royal Navy, £40 million for the army, £10 million for the allies, and £38 million as interest on the national debt.
The national debt soared to £679 million, more than double the GDP.
It was willingly supported by hundreds of thousands of investors and tax payers, despite the higher taxes on land and a new income tax.
The whole cost of the war came to £831 million.
By contrast the French financial system was inadequate and Napoleon's forces had to rely in part on requisitions from conquered lands.
Article: Pablo Picasso
Section: Blue Period

Question: What is the recurring theme in the Blue Period

Picasso's Blue Period (1901–1904), characterized by somber paintings rendered in shades of blue and blue-green, only occasionally warmed by other colours, began either in Spain in early 1901, or in Paris in the second half of the year.
Many paintings of gaunt mothers with children date from the Blue Period, during which Picasso divided his time between Barcelona and Paris.
In his austere use of color and sometimes doleful subject matter – prostitutes and beggars are frequent subjects – Picasso was influenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas.
Starting in autumn of 1901 he painted several posthumous portraits of Casagemas, culminating in the gloomy allegorical painting "La Vie" (1903), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art.
The same mood pervades the well-known etching "The Frugal Repast" (1904), which depicts a blind man and a sighted woman, both emaciated, seated at a nearly bare table.
Blindness is a recurrent theme in Picasso's works of this period, also represented in "The Blindman's Meal" (1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art) and in the portrait of "Celestina" (1903).
Other works include "Portrait of Soler" and "Portrait of Suzanne Bloch".
Article: Ski jumping
Section: Abstract

Question: What type of points is technique rewarded with?

Ski jumping is a sport in which skiers go down a take-off ramp, jump, and attempt to fly as far as possible.
Judges award points for technique (often referred to as style points).
The skis used for ski jumping are wide and long ().
Ski jumping is predominantly a winter sport, performed on snow, and is part of the Winter Olympic Games, but can also be performed in summer on artificial surfaces – porcelain or frost rail track on the inrun, plastic on the landing hill.
Ski jumping belongs to the Nordic type of competitive skiing.
Article: Denmark
Section: Education

Question: What is Denmark's ranking for mean years of schooling?

The Danish education system provides access to primary school, secondary school and higher education.
All college and university education in Denmark is free of charges; there are no tuition fees to enroll in courses.
Students in secondary school or higher and aged 18 or above may apply for state educational support grants, known as "Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU)" which provides fixed financial support, disbursed monthly.
The Education Index lists Denmark 16th in 2011 based on mean years of schooling (of adults) and expected years of schooling (of children).
Primary school is known as the folkeskole.
Attendance at primary school is not compulsory, but most Danish children go to primary school for 10 years, from the age of 6 to 16.
Whilst attending a primary school is not compulsory, receiving education at primary school-level is and must be provided for nine years.
There are no final exams, but pupils in primary schools can choose to go to a test when finishing ninth grade.
The test is obligatory if further education is to be attended.
Pupils can alternatively attend a private independent school (), or a private school () – schools that are not under the administration of the municipalities, such as Christian schools or Waldorf schools.
Following graduation from primary school, there are several educational opportunities; the Gymnasium (STX) attaches importance in teaching a mix of humanities and science, Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX) focuses on scientific subjects and the Higher Commercial Examination Programme emphasizes on subjects in economics.
Higher Preparatory Examination (HF) is similar to "Gymnasium (STX)", but is one year shorter.
For specific professions, there is the vocational education, training young people for work in specific trades by a combination of teaching and apprenticeship.
Danish universities and other higher education institutions offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark.
Many programmes may be taught in the English language, the academic lingua franca, in bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, Ph.D.s and student exchange programmes.
Article: Electrochemistry
Section: First law

Question: What law describes the proportionality of the amount of a given substance to the amount of electricity passing through it?

Faraday concluded after several experiments on electrical current in non-spontaneous process, the mass of the products yielded on the electrodes was proportional to the value of current supplied to the cell, the length of time the current existed, and the molar mass of the substance analyzed.
In other words, the amount of a substance deposited on each electrode of an electrolytic cell is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the cell.
Below is a simplified equation of Faraday's first law:
formula_7
Where
"m" is the mass of the substance produced at the electrode (in grams),
"Q" is the total electric charge that passed through the solution (in coulombs),
"n" is the valence number of the substance as an ion in solution (electrons per ion),
"M" is the molar mass of the substance (in grams per mole).
Article: Notre Dame de Paris
Section: Architecture

Question: Why did Notre Dame de Paris have Gargoyles?

Notre-Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress (arched exterior supports).
The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir and nave but after the construction began, the thinner walls (popularized in the Gothic style) grew ever higher and stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward.
In response, the cathedral's architects built supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued the pattern.
Many small individually crafted statues were placed around the outside to serve as column supports and water spouts.
Among these are the famous gargoyles, designed for water run-off, and chimeras.
The statues were originally colored as was most of the exterior.
The paint has worn off, but the gray stone was once covered with vivid colors.
The cathedral was essentially complete by 1345.
The cathedral has a narrow climb of 387 steps at the top of several spiral staircases; along the climb it is possible to view its most famous bell and its gargoyles in close quarters, as well as having a spectacular view across Paris when reaching the top.
The design of St. Peter's Anglican Cathedral in Adelaide, Australia was inspired by Notre-Dame de Paris.