community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Chernobyl disaster
Section: Rivers, lakes and reservoirs

Question: What is the name of the system that radioactivity contaminated?

Residual radioactivity in the environment.
Rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located next to the Pripyat River, which feeds into the Dnieper reservoir system, one of the largest surface water systems in Europe, which at the time supplied water to Kiev's 2.4 million residents, and was still in spring flood when the accident occurred.
The radioactive contamination of aquatic systems therefore became a major problem in the immediate aftermath of the accident.
In the most affected areas of Ukraine, levels of radioactivity (particularly from radionuclides 131I, 137Cs and 90Sr) in drinking water caused concern during the weeks and months after the accident, though officially it was stated that all contaminants had settled to the bottom "in an insoluble phase" and would not dissolve for 800–1,000 years.
Guidelines for levels of radioiodine in drinking water were temporarily raised to 3,700 Bq/L, allowing most water to be reported as safe, and a year after the accident it was announced that even the water of the Chernobyl plant's cooling pond was within acceptable norms.
Despite this, two months after the disaster the Kiev water supply was abruptly switched from the Dnieper to the Desna River.
Meanwhile, massive silt traps were constructed, along with an enormous 30m-deep underground barrier to prevent groundwater from the destroyed reactor entering the Pripyat River.
Bio-accumulation of radioactivity in fish resulted in concentrations (both in western Europe and in the former Soviet Union) that in many cases were significantly above guideline maximum levels for consumption.
Guideline maximum levels for radiocaesium in fish vary from country to country but are approximately 1,000 Bq/kg in the European Union.
In the Kiev Reservoir in Ukraine, concentrations in fish were several thousand Bq/kg during the years after the accident.
In small "closed" lakes in Belarus and the Bryansk region of Russia, concentrations in a number of fish species varied from 100 to 60,000 Bq/kg during the period 1990–92.
The contamination of fish caused short-term concern in parts of the UK and Germany and in the long term (years rather than months) in the affected areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia as well as in parts of Scandinavia.
Article: How to Survive a Plague
Section: Accolades

Question: What did "How to Survive a Plague" win?

"How to Survive a Plague" received awards for best documentary of 2012 from the Gotham Independent Film Awards and from the Boston Society of Film Critics.
The Independent Spirit Awards nominated it for Best Documentary.
It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in the 85th Academy Awards.
The film also won a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Documentary.
It was nominated for a Directors Guild Award and the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival.
Critic A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" named "How to Survive a Plague" one of the best five documentaries of 2012.
Fellow "New York Times" critic Stephen Holden called the documentary the eighth best film of 2012.
It also won Documentary of the Year at Attitude magazine's Attitude Awards 2013.
Article: Dissolution of the Monasteries
Section: Health and education

Question: What did the Act of 1539 provide?

The Act of 1539 also provided for the suppression of religious hospitals; which had constituted in England a distinct class of institution, endowed for the purpose of caring for older people.
A very few of these, such as Saint Bartholomew's Hospital in London, were excepted by special royal dispensation, but most closed, their residents being discharged with small pensions.
Monasteries had also supplied free food and alms for the poor and destitute, and it has been argued that the removal of this and other charitable resources, amounting to about 5% of net monastic income, was one of the factors in the creation of the army of "sturdy beggars" that plagued late Tudor England, causing the social instability that led to the Edwardian and Elizabethan Poor Laws.
Monasteries had necessarily undertaken schooling for their novice members, which in the later medieval period had tended to extend to cover choristers and sometimes other younger scholars; and all this educational resource was lost with their dissolution.
By contrast, where monasteries had provided grammar schools for older scholars, these were commonly refounded with enhanced endowments; some by royal command in connection to the newly re-established cathedral churches, others by private initiative.
Monastic orders had maintained, for the education of their members, six colleges at the universities of Oxford or Cambridge; of which five survived as refoundations.
Hospitals too were frequently to be re-endowed by private benefactors; and many new almshouses and charities were to be founded by the Elizabethan gentry and professional classes.
Nevertheless, it has been estimated that only in 1580 did overall levels of charitable giving in England return to those before the dissolution.
On the eve of the overthrow, the various monasteries owned approximately 2,000,000 acres (just under 8 100 km²), over 16 percent of England, with tens of thousands of tenant farmers working those lands; some of whom had family ties to a particular monastery going back many generations.
Article: Industrial Revolution
Section: Food and nutrition

Question: Life expectancy in France was about 35 until what year?

Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norm for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France, until the latter part of the 19th century.
Until about 1750, in large part due to malnutrition, life expectancy in France was about 35 years, and only slightly higher in Britain.
The U.S. population of the time was adequately fed, were much taller and had life expectancy of 45–50 years.
In Britain and the Netherlands food supply had been increasing and prices falling before the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices; however, population was increasing as well, as noted by Thomas Malthus.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, advances in agriculture or technology soon led to an increase in population, which again strained food and other resources, limiting increases in per capita income.
This condition is called the Malthusian trap, and it was finally overcome by industrialization.
Transportation improvements, such as canals and improved roads, also lowered food costs.
Railroads were introduced near the end of the Industrial Revolution.
Article: International Space Station
Section: Stress

Question: Why does having people with different cultures cause a problem on the ISS?

There has been considerable evidence that psychosocial stressors are among the most important impediments to optimal crew morale and performance.
Cosmonaut Valery Ryumin, wrote in his journal during a particularly difficult period onboard the Salyut 6 space station: “All the conditions necessary for murder are met if you shut two men in a cabin measuring 18 feet by 20 and leave them together for two months.”NASA's interest in psychological stress caused by space travel, initially studied when their manned missions began, was rekindled when astronauts joined cosmonauts on the Russian space station Mir.
Common sources of stress in early American missions included maintaining high performance while under public scrutiny, as well as isolation from peers and family.
The latter is still often a cause of stress on the ISS, such as when the mother of NASA Astronaut Daniel Tani died in a car accident, and when Michael Fincke was forced to miss the birth of his second child.
A study of the longest spaceflight concluded that the first three weeks represent a critical period where attention is adversely affected because of the demand to adjust to the extreme change of environment.
While Skylab's 3 crews remained one, two, and three months respectively, long term crews on Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and the ISS last about five to six months while MIR's expeditions often lasted longer.
The ISS working environment includes further stress caused by living and working in cramped conditions with people from very different cultures who speak a different language.
First generation space stations had crews who spoke a single language, while second and third-generation stations have crew from many cultures who speak many languages.
The ISS is unique because visitors are not classed automatically into 'host' or 'guest' categories as with previous stations and spacecraft, and may not suffer from feelings of isolation in the same way.
Crew members with a military pilot background and those with an academic science background or teachers and politicians may have problems understanding each other's jargon and worldview.
Article: Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series)
Section: Cast

Question: Please list the sous chef of the first 5 seasons

Gordon Ramsay is the head chef.
The narrator is Jason Thompson.
Jean-Philippe Susilovic, a Belgian maître d' comes from Petrus, one of Ramsay's London restaurants and appeared in the first seven seasons and later returned for the 11th season.
Susilovic was also the maître d' for the first series of the original British version.
James Lukanik replaced Susilovic for the eighth-tenth seasons.
Each team also has the services of one of two sous-chefs.
The sous-chefs are Andrea "Andi" Van Willigan (from season 7 onwards) and James Avery (from season 11 onwards).
Previous sous-chefs were Mary Ann Salcedo, Gloria Felix, Season 2 winner Heather West, and Scott Leibfried.
Head Chefs
 Gordon Ramsay
Sous Chefs
;Blue Team
 Scott Leibfried (Seasons 1 – 10)
 James Avery (Seasons 11 – present)
;Red Team
 Mary-Ann Salcedo (Seasons 1 – 3)
 Gloria Felix (Seasons 4 – 5)
 Heather West (Season 6)
 Andi Van Willigan (Seasons 7 – present)
Maître d's
 Jean-Philippe Susilovic (Seasons 1 – 7, 11 – present)
 James Lukanik (Seasons 8 – 10)
Article: The New Normal (TV series)
Section: Abstract

Question: In what year did the New Normal receive a full season commission?

The New Normal (TV series)The New Normal is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from September 10, 2012 to April 2, 2013.
The series was created and principally written by Ryan Murphy and Ali Adler.
The storyline follows wealthy same-sex couple Bryan (Andrew Rannells) and David (Justin Bartha), who are living in Los Angeles.
Deciding to have a child, they choose a surrogate mother, Goldie Clemmons (Georgia King), who moves into their home with her 9-year-old daughter Shania (Bebe Wood).
The series aired Tuesdays at 9:30 pm Eastern/8:30 pm Central after the new comedy series "Go On", as part of the 2012–13 United States network television schedule.
On October 2, 2012, NBC commissioned a full season of "The New Normal".
"The New Normal" was officially canceled on May 11, 2013.
Article: The Selfish Giant (2013 film)
Section: Cast

Question: Who played Arbor?

 Conner Chapman as Arbor
 Shaun Thomas as Swifty
 Sean Gilder as Kitten
 Lorraine Ashbourne as Mary
 Ian Burfield as Mick Brazil
 Steve Evets as Price Drop Swift
 Siobhan Finneran as Mrs. Swift
 Ralph Ineson as Johnny Jones
 Rebecca Manley as Michelle 'Shelly' Fenton
 Rhys McCoy as Daniel
 Elliott Tittensor as Martin Fenton
 Kayle Stephens as chip & pin driver
Article: Cereal
Section: Period

Question: What two hand tools are commonly used in developing countries for harvesting cereal crops.

Once the cereal plants have grown their seeds, they have completed their life cycle.
The plants die and become brown and dry.
As soon as the parent plants and their seed kernels are reasonably dry, harvest can begin.
In developed countries, cereal crops are universally machine-harvested, typically using a combine harvester, which cuts, threshes, and winnows the grain during a single pass across the field.
In developing countries, a variety of harvesting methods are in use, depending on the cost of labor, from combines to hand tools such as the scythe or cradle.
If a crop is harvested during wet weather, the grain may not dry adequately in the field to prevent spoilage during its storage.
In this case, the grain is sent to a dehydrating facility, where artificial heat dries it.
In North America, farmers commonly deliver their newly harvested grain to a grain elevator, a large storage facility that consolidates the crops of many farmers.
The farmer may sell the grain at the time of delivery or maintain ownership of a share of grain in the pool for later sale.
Storage facilities should be protected from small grain pests, rodents and birds.
Article: England
Section: Law

Question: Which court is highest for determining cases in England and wales?

The English law legal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis of common law legal systems used in most Commonwealth countries and the United States (except Louisiana).
Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of the Courts of England and Wales continued, under the Treaty of Union, as a separate legal system from the one used in Scotland.
The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent—"stare decisis"—to the facts before them.
The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice for civil cases, and the Crown Court for criminal cases.
The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in England and Wales.
It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over the judicial functions of the House of Lords.
A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions.
Crime increased between 1981 and 1995, but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.
The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it the highest incarceration rate in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.
Her Majesty's Prison Service, reporting to the Ministry of Justice, manages most prisons, housing over 85,000 convicts.
Article: American Dad!
Section: Closing theme

Question: During the end credits of American Dad's first season, what was it that could be seen?

The final frame of the introduction was changed for seasons beyond the first season.
At the end of the credits in the first season, all that could be seen was a big "American Dad!"
logo in front of the American flag.
In all subsequent scenes, this logo was shrunk to fit the names to the series creators on the same screen.
Following each episode's ending credits is a live action video of a security guard representing the Underdog Productions logo.
In the logo, the security guard always breaks the fourth wall, waving and typically stating "Bye, have a beautiful time", into the camcorder.
There are, however, different versions of this logo where his comments are different from the above.
Article: Greece
Section: Hellenistic and Roman periods (323 BC–4th century AD)

Question: When was Macedonia annexed as a province by Rome?

Hellenistic and Roman periods (323 BC–4th century AD).
After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon by 276 BC, as well as hegemony over most of the Greek city-states.
From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon.
Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signaled the end of Antigonid power in Greece.
In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.
The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea.
Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: "Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit" ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive").
Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.
Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking, though none were from Greece.
Greece itself had a tendency to cling on to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century, with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.
Article: Epcot
Section: Corporate sponsorships

Question: When did General Electric pull out of Horizons?

Each pavilion was initially sponsored by a corporation which helped fund its construction and maintenance in return for the corporation's logos and some marketing elements appearing throughout the pavilion.
For example, Universe of Energy was sponsored by Exxon from 1982 to 2004, and The Land was sponsored by Kraft from 1982 to 1993, then Nestlé from 1993 to 2009.
Each pavilion contains a private "VIP area" for its sponsor with offices, lounges, and reception areas hidden away from regular park guests.
While some pavilions still retain active sponsorships, in recent years several pavilions have lost sponsorships due to lack of interest from partner companies in renewing expiring agreements.
After General Electric left Horizons in 1993, it closed for a couple of years, then reopened temporarily while neighboring attractions Universe of Energy and World of Motion were renovated.
Horizons closed permanently on January 9, 1999 and was demolished in the summer of 2000 to make room for the opening of Mission: SPACE on October 9, 2003.
Metlife sponsored Wonders of Life from 1989 to 2001, until that area was closed.
However, the Wonders Of Life pavilion is still mostly intact and is used for both the Flower and Garden Festival and the Food and Wine Festival.
Current active sponsorships include the following:
Test Track opened in the former World of Motion pavilion and is currently sponsored by Chevrolet
 is currently sponsored by Hewlett-Packard
Spaceship Earth is currently sponsored by Siemens which also sponsors the park's nighttime show .
Living with the Land is currently sponsored by Chiquita.
Individual small attractions and exhibits within the Innoventions pavilions are sponsored by various companies including IBM, Liberty Mutual, Coca-Cola, Velcro, and others.
Article: Shooting
Section: Practical uses

Question: When did the UK make it illegal to shoot pigeons?

Shooting is used for hunting upland game birds such as grouse or pheasant, rabbits, culling, deer hunting, or other wild game animals, or shooting pest animals.
Clay pigeon shooting is meant to simulate shooting live pigeons released from traps, after doing so was banned in the United Kingdom in 1921.
Sometimes "shooting" refers to the hunting activity itself.
Shooting is also used in warfare, self-defense, crime, and law enforcement.
Duels were sometimes held using guns.
Shooting without a target has applications such as celebratory gunfire, 21-gun salute, or firing starting pistols, incapable of releasing bullets.
Article: The Dark Knight Rises
Section: Shooting in Aurora, Colorado

Question: When did the Aurora shooting take place?

On July 20, 2012, during a midnight showing of the film at the Century 16 cinema in Aurora, Colorado, a gunman wearing a gas mask opened fire inside the theater, killing 12 people and injuring 58 others.
Police responding to the shooting apprehended a suspect, later identified as 24-year-old James Eagan Holmes, shortly after arriving on the scene.
At the time of his arrest, Holmes allegedly identified himself as the Joker to police.
Warner Bros. stated that it was deeply saddened by the shooting, and announced the cancellation of the Paris, Mexico, and Japan premieres of "The Dark Knight Rises", and suspended the marketing campaign for the film in Finland.
Several broadcast networks also suspended television ads for the film in the United States because of the tragedy.
The trailer for "Gangster Squad", another Warner Bros. movie which was included in the screening of "The Dark Knight Rises", has been removed as it contains a scene which shows gangsters shooting submachine guns at moviegoers through the screen, similar to the shooting in Aurora.
Director Christopher Nolan released a public statement calling the shooting "unbearably savage".
Other stars of the film released statements expressing their condolences, with star Christian Bale paying a personal visit to the survivors and the memorial in Aurora.
Article: France
Section: Society

Question: What percentage of French people view the US favorably?

According to a BBC poll in 2010, based on 29,977 responses in 28 countries, France is globally seen as a positive influence in the world's affairs: 49% have a positive view of the country's influence, whereas 19% have a negative view.
The Nation Brand Index of 2008 suggested that France has the second best international reputation, only behind Germany.
According to a poll in 2011, the French were found to have the highest level of religious tolerance and to be the country where the highest proportion of the population defines its identity primarily in term of nationality and not religion.
69% of French have a favourable view of the US, making France one of the most pro-American countries in the world.
In January 2010, the magazine International Living ranked France as "best country to live in", ahead of 193 other countries, for the fifth year running.
The French Revolution continues to permeate the country's collective memory.
The tricolour flag, the anthem "La Marseillaise", and the motto Liberté, egalité, fraternité, defined in Title 1 of the Constitution as national symbols, all emerged during the cultural ferment of the early revolution, along with Marianne, a common national personification.
In addition, Bastille Day, the national holiday, commemorates the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789.
A common and traditional symbol of the French people is the Gallic rooster.
Its origins date back to Antiquity, since the Latin word Gallus meant both "rooster" and "inhabitant of Gaul".
Then this figure gradually became the most widely shared representation of the French, used by French monarchs, then by the Revolution and under the successive republican regimes as representation of the national identity, used for some stamps and coins.
Article: Great Wall of China
Section: Condition

Question: Why did a section of the wall collapse in August 2012 in Hebei?

While some portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many locations the Wall is in disrepair.
Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads.
Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism.
Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction.
More than of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion from sandstorms.
In places, the height of the wall has been reduced from more than to less than .
The square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared completely.
Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud, rather than brick and stone, and thus are more susceptible to erosion.
In August 2012, a section of the wall in north China's Hebei province collapsed after days of continuous heavy rains.