community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Gravitational wave
Section: Sources of gravitational waves

Question: Which way must a dumbbell fall to radiate gravitational waves?

In general terms, gravitational waves are radiated by objects whose motion involves acceleration, provided that the motion is not perfectly spherically symmetric (like an expanding or contracting sphere) or cylindrically symmetric (like a spinning disk or sphere).
A simple example of this principle is provided by the spinning dumbbell.
If the dumbbell spins like wheels on an axle, it will not radiate gravitational waves; if it tumbles end over end like two planets orbiting each other, it will radiate gravitational waves.
The heavier the dumbbell, and the faster it tumbles, the greater is the gravitational radiation it will give off.
If we imagine an extreme case in which the two weights of the dumbbell are massive stars like neutron stars or black holes, orbiting each other quickly, then significant amounts of gravitational radiation would be given off.
Some more detailed examples:
Two objects orbiting each other in a quasi-Keplerian planar orbit (basically, as a planet would orbit the Sun) will radiate.
 A spinning non-axisymmetric planetoid — say with a large bump or dimple on the equator — will radiate.
 A supernova will radiate except in the unlikely event that the explosion is perfectly symmetric.
 An isolated non-spinning solid object moving at a constant velocity will not radiate.
This can be regarded as a consequence of the principle of conservation of linear momentum.
 A spinning disk will not radiate.
This can be regarded as a consequence of the principle of conservation of angular momentum.
However, it "will" show gravitomagnetic effects.
 A spherically pulsating spherical star (non-zero monopole moment or mass, but zero quadrupole moment) will not radiate, in agreement with Birkhoff's theorem.
More technically, the third time derivative of the quadrupole moment (or the "l"-th time derivative of the "l"-th multipole moment) of an isolated system's stress–energy tensor must be nonzero in order for it to emit gravitational radiation.
This is analogous to the changing dipole moment of charge or current necessary for electromagnetic radiation.
Article: Nanking Massacre
Section: Japanese war crimes on the march to Nanking

Question: Why did the judge rule against the civil claim?

Approach of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Japanese war crimes on the march to Nanking.
Although the Nanking Massacre is generally described as having occurred over a six-week period after the fall of Nanking, the crimes committed by the Japanese army were not limited to that period.
Many atrocities were reported to have been committed as the Japanese army advanced from Shanghai to Nanking.
According to one Japanese journalist embedded with Imperial forces at the time, "The reason that the Army is advancing to Nanking quite rapidly is due to the tacit consent among the officers and men that they could loot and rape as they wish.
"Novelist Ishikawa Tatsuzo vividly described how the 16th Division of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force committed atrocities on the march between Shanghai and Nanking in his novel "Ikiteiru Heitai" (Living Soldiers), which was based on interviews that Tatsuzo conducted with troops in Nanking in January 1938.
Perhaps the most notorious atrocity was a killing contest between two Japanese officers as reported in the "Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun" and the English language "Japan Advertiser".
The contest— a race between the two officers (later executed for wartime atrocities) to see which of them could kill 100 people first using only a sword— was covered much like a sporting event with regular updates on the score over a series of days.
In Japan, the veracity of the newspaper article about the contest was the subject of ferocious debate for several decades starting in 1967.
In 2000, a historian concurred with certain Japanese scholars who had argued that the contest was a concocted story, with the collusion of the soldiers themselves for the purpose of raising the national fighting spirit.
In 2005, a Tokyo district judge dismissed a suit by the families of the lieutenants, stating that "the lieutenants admitted the fact that they raced to kill 100 people" and that the story cannot be proven to be clearly false.
The judge also ruled against the civil claim of the plaintiffs because the original article was more than 60 years old.
The historicity of the event remains disputed in Japan.
Article: Breaking Bad
Section: Casting

Question: In which show did Vince Gilligan and Bryan Cranston work on before Cranston was cast as Walter White?

"Breaking Bad" creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in an episode of the science fiction television series "The X-Files", on which Gilligan worked as a writer.
Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage.
Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that "Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick.
And it is a trick.
I have no idea how he does it."
AMC officials, who were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series "Malcolm in the Middle", approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.
When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing his "X-Files" episode.
Cranston contributed a great deal to the Walter White persona.
When Gilligan left much of Walter's past unexplained during the development of the series, the actor wrote his own backstory for the character.
At the start of the show, Cranston gained 10 pounds to reflect the character's personal decline and had the natural red highlights of his hair dyed a regular brown.
He collaborated with costume designer Kathleen Detoro on a wardrobe of mostly neutral green and brown colors to make the character bland and unremarkable, and worked with makeup artist Frieda Valenzuela to create a mustache he described as "impotent" and like a "dead caterpillar".
Cranston repeatedly identified elements within certain scripts where he disagreed with how the character was handled, and went so far as to call Gilligan directly when he could not work out disagreements with the episode's screenwriters.
Cranston has said he was inspired partially by his elderly father for how Walter carries himself physically, which he described as "a little hunched over, never erect, if the weight of the world is on this man's shoulders".
In contrast to his character, Cranston has been described as extremely playful on set, with Aaron Paul describing him as "a kid trapped in a man's body".
Gilligan originally intended for Aaron Paul's character, Jesse Pinkman, to be killed at the end of "Breaking Bad" 's first season in a botched drug deal as a plot device to plague Walter White with guilt.
However, Gilligan said by the second episode of the season, he was so impressed with Paul's performance that "it became pretty clear early on that would be a huge, colossal mistake, to kill off Jesse".
Article: Hersheypark
Section: Minetown

Question: Where is alcohol served in the park?

Minetown was modeled to resemble a mining town, just as its name says.
The section was officially opened in 1990 with the additions of Convoy, Red Baron, Flying Falcon and Dinosaur-Go-Round.
All except Dinosaur-Go-Round are still in the area; Dinosaur-Go-Round was moved to Founder’s Circle for the 2007 season so the Frog Hoppers could be moved to its location to make room for the Boardwalk.
The section features many classic Hersheypark attractions, including the Sunoco Twin Turnpike, Coal Cracker log flume, Kissing Tower and Great Bear.
It is also home to the Minetown Arcade, Minetown Restaurant, Hersheypark Amphitheater, Hersheypark Aquatheater and the Hersheypark entrance to ZooAmerica.
The Minetown Restaurant is a cafeteria style place, and is the only area in the park where alcohol is served.
Article: Field hockey
Section: Free hits

Question: When does a person recieve free hits?

Free hits are awarded when offences are committed outside the scoring circles (the term 'free hit' is standard usage but the ball need not be hit).
The ball may be hit, pushed or lifted in any direction by the team offended against.
The ball can be lifted from a free hit but not by hitting, you must flick or scoop to lift from a free hit.
(In previous rules versions hits in the area outside the circle in open play have been permitted but lifting one direction from a free hit prohibited).
Opponents must move from the ball when a free hit is awarded.
A free hit must be taken from within playing distance of the place of the offence for which it was awarded and the ball must be stationary when the free-hit is taken.
As mentioned above, a 15 m hit is awarded if an attacking player commits a foul forward of that line, or if the ball passes over the back line off an attacker.
These free hits are taken in line with where the foul was committed (taking a line parallel with the sideline between where the offence was committed, or the ball went out of play).
When an attacking free hit is awarded within 5 m of the circle everyone including the person taking the penalty must be five metres from the circle and everyone apart from the person taking the free hit must be five metres away from the ball.
When taking an attacking free hit the ball may not be hit straight into the circle if you are within your attacking 23 metre area (25 yard area).
It must travel 5 metres before going in.
Article: Bacteria
Section: DNA transfer

Question: Gene transfer is important for what reasons?

Some bacteria also transfer genetic material between cells.
This can occur in three main ways.
First, bacteria can take up exogenous DNA from their environment, in a process called transformation.
Genes can also be transferred by the process of transduction, when the integration of a bacteriophage introduces foreign DNA into the chromosome.
The third method of gene transfer is conjugation, whereby DNA is transferred through direct cell contact.
Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation.
Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring copies of the plasmid from one bacterial host to another.
It is seldom that a conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfers part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium.
Plasmid-mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.
Transformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer.
In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state termed competence (see Natural competence).
In "Bacillus subtilis" about 40 genes are required for the development of competence.
The length of DNA transferred during "B. subtilis" transformation can be between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome.
Transformation appears to be common among bacterial species, and thus far at least 60 species are known to have the natural ability to become competent for transformation.
The development of competence in nature is usually associated with stressful environmental conditions, and seems to be an adaptation for facilitating repair of DNA damage in recipient cells.
In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance.
In such cases, gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions.
Gene transfer is particularly important in antibiotic resistance as it allows the rapid transfer of resistance genes between different pathogens.
Article: Steak
Section: Skirt steak

Question: From what part of a cow is a skirt steak cut?

A skirt steak is a part of the plate (situated at the cow's abdomen), the steak is long, thick and tender and it is usually priced by its flavour rather than the tenderness because its flavour is better than its tenderness.
Skirt steaks are not to be confused with flank steaks because they are near the sirloin and shank.
Skirt steaks are used in many international cuisines: Mexican cuisine use this steak for fajitas and arrachera.
In the United Kingdom it is often used as filling for Cornish pasties as well as vegetables such as carrot and potato.
In Chinese cuisine it is used for stir-fries, in Spanish cuisine the steak is made for churrasco and Italian cuisine use skirt steak for making bolognese sauce as well as with tomatoes.
Article: Yeast
Section: Food spoilage

Question: What is wine's major spoilage yeast?

Yeasts are able to grow in foods with a low pH (5.0 or lower) and in the presence of sugars, organic acids, and other easily metabolized carbon sources.
During their growth, yeasts metabolize some food components and produce metabolic end products.
This causes the physical, chemical, and sensible properties of a food to change, and the food is spoiled.
The growth of yeast within food products is often seen on their surfaces, as in cheeses or meats, or by the fermentation of sugars in beverages, such as juices, and semiliquid products, such as syrups and jams.
The yeast of the "Zygosaccharomyces" genus have had a long history as spoilage yeasts within the food industry.
This is mainly because these species can grow in the presence of high sucrose,ethanol, acetic acid, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and sulphur dioxide concentrations, representing some of the commonly used food preservation methods.
Methylene blue is used to test for the presence of live yeast cells.
In oenology, the major spoilage yeast is "Dekkera bruxellensis ".
Article: Bacon
Section: Reception

Question: The spokesperson of Walmart is what person?

Bacon has received mixed reviews from the public.
On one hand, bacon has received a positive reception by the public.
"Bacon Today" states that bacon has a very valuable amount of protein that is "valuable to maintaining our energy levels and a fully functioning, healthy body, with a minimum of those nasty, waist, thigh and butt expanding, fat building carbohydrates."
"Everything Tastes Better with Bacon", a book by Sara Perry, is a cookbook that compliments bacon's many uses in cooking.
On the other hand, as with most meat products, producers of bacon have received heavy criticism for how their pigs are treated.
Many petitions and protests have occurred trying to raise awareness and change how producers treat their pigs.
Many of these protests have turned out successful: for example, following NBC News's report of an undercover investigation of an abusive pig farm, Tyson Foods terminated their contract with the pig farm.
Similar to NBC's investigation, The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) investigated Seaboard Foods, one of the pig breeding facilities that supply Walmart.
According to HSUS, the pigs were treated poorly and abused.
Walmart spokesperson Diana Gee said, ""As soon as we were made aware of the allegations, we immediately reached out to Seaboard to begin investigating the issue ...
Pending our review, we will take any action necessary.""
Petitions also exist that oppose poor treatment of pigs, many of which state that the current treatment of pigs in factories is cruel and unethical.
Article: Luge
Section: Artificial tracks

Question: When steering the luge, which muscles are used by artificial lugers?

Artificial luge tracks have specially-designed and -constructed banked curves plus walled-in straights.
Most tracks are artificially refrigerated, but artificial tracks without artificial cooling also exist (for example, in St. Moritz).
Tracks tend to be very smooth.
The athletes ride in a flat, aerodynamic position on the sled, keeping their heads low to minimize air resistance.
They steer the sled mainly with their calves by applying pressure on the runners--right calf to turn left, left calf to turn right.
It takes a precise mix of shifting body weight, applying pressure with calves and rolling the shoulders.
There are also handles for minor adjustments.
A successful luger maintains complete concentration and relaxation on the sled while traveling at high speeds.
Most lugers "visualize" the course in their minds before sliding.
Fastest times result from following the perfect "line" down the track.
Any slight error, such as a brush of the wall, costs time.
Track conditions are also important.
Softer ice tends to slow speeds, while harder ice tends to lead to faster times.
Lugers race at speeds averaging 120–145 km/h (75–90 mph) around high banked curves while experiencing a centripetal acceleration of up to 5g.
Men's Singles have their start locations near where the bobsled and skeleton competitors start at most tracks, while both the Doubles and Women's Singles competition have their starthouse located further down the track.
Artificial track luge is the fastest and most agile sledding sport.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Anatomy

Question: When did Da Vinci make art with Marcantonio Della Torre?

Leonardo's formal training in the anatomy of the human body began with his apprenticeship to Andrea del Verrocchio, who insisted that all his pupils learn anatomy.
As an artist, he quickly became master of "topographic anatomy", drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.
As a successful artist, he was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome.
From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre.
Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words towards a treatise on anatomy.
These papers were left to his heir, Francesco Melzi, for publication, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.
It was left incomplete at the time of Melzi's death more than fifty years later, with only a small amount of the material on anatomy included in Leonardo's "Treatise on painting", published in France in 1632.
During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer who made a number of drawings from them.
Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and studies muscles and sinews.
He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.
He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus "in utero".
The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published, would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.
As an artist, Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage.
He also drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.
Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans.
He also made a number of studies of horses.
Article: Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Section: Criticism of Secret Service

Question: What organization concluded that the Secret Service was deficient in the performance of its duties during the Kennedy assassination?

Sgt.
Davis, of the Dallas Police Department, believed he had prepared stringent security precautions, in an attempt to prevent demonstrations like those marking the Adlai Stevenson visit from happening again.
The previous month, Stevenson, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, was assaulted by an anti-UN demonstrator.
But Winston Lawson of the Secret Service, who was in charge of the planning, told the Dallas Police not to assign its usual squad of experienced homicide detectives to follow immediately behind the President's car.
This police protection was routine for both visiting presidents and for motorcades of other visiting dignitaries.
Police Chief Jesse Curry later testified that had his men been in place, they might have been able to stop the assassin before he fired a second shot, because they carried submachine guns and rifles.
An investigation by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA) in 1979 concluded that "the Secret Service was deficient in the performance of its duties."
The HSCA stated:
That President Kennedy had not received adequate protection in Dallas.
That the Secret Service possessed information that was not properly analyzed, investigated, or used by the Secret Service in connection with the President's trip to Dallas.
That the Secret Service agents in the motorcade were inadequately prepared to protect the President from a sniper.
The HSCA specifically noted:No actions were taken by the agent in the right front seat of the Presidential limousine [ Roy Kellerman ] to cover the President with his body, although it would have been consistent with Secret Service procedure for him to have done so.
The primary function of the agent was to remain at all times in close proximity to the President in the event of such emergencies.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Early works

Question: The work was originally attributed to who?

Leonardo's early works begin with the "Baptism of Christ" painted in conjunction with Verrocchio.
Two other paintings appear to date from his time at the workshop, both of which are Annunciations.
One is small, long and high.
It is a "predella" to go at the base of a larger composition, in this case a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated.
The other is a much larger work, long.
In both these Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, such as in Fra Angelico's two well-known pictures of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily.
Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.
In the smaller picture Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will.
In the larger picture, however, Mary is not submissive.
The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.
This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence.
In this painting the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.