community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Quantum
Section: Etymology and discovery

Question: What did Einstein suggest that radiation existed in?

The word "quantum" comes from the Latin "quantus", for "how much".
"Quanta", short for "quanta of electricity" (electrons) was used in a 1902 article on the photoelectric effect by Philipp Lenard, who credited Hermann von Helmholtz for using the word in the area of electricity.
However, the word quantum in general was well known before 1900.
It was often used by physicians, such as in the term quantum satis.
Both Helmholtz and Julius von Mayer were physicians as well as physicists.
Helmholtz used "quantum" with reference to heat in his article on Mayer's work, and indeed, the word "quantum" can be found in the formulation of the first law of thermodynamics by Mayer in his letter dated July 24, 1841.
Max Planck used "quanta" to mean "quanta of matter and electricity", gas, and heat.
In 1905, in response to Planck's work and the experimental work of Lenard, who explained his results by using the term "quanta of electricity", Albert Einstein suggested that radiation existed in spatially localized packets which he called "quanta of light" ("Lightquanta").
The concept of quantization of radiation was discovered in 1900 by Max Planck, who had been trying to understand the emission of radiation from heated objects, known as black-body radiation.
By assuming that energy can only be absorbed or released in tiny, differential, discrete packets he called "bundles" or "energy elements", Planck accounted for the fact that certain objects change colour when heated.
On December 14, 1900, Planck reported his revolutionary findings to the German Physical Society, and introduced the idea of quantization for the first time as a part of his research on black-body radiation.
As a result of his experiments, Planck deduced the numerical value of "h", known as the Planck constant, and could also report a more precise value for the Avogadro–Loschmidt number, the number of real molecules in a mole and the unit of electrical charge, to the German Physical Society.
After his theory was validated, Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 for his discovery.
Article: Rendang
Section: Cultural significance

Question: What does Rendang's chili represent?

Rendang is revered in Minangkabau culture as an embodiment of the philosophy of "musyawarah", discussion and consultation with elders.
It has been claimed that the four main ingredients represent Minangkabau society as a whole :
 The meat ("dagiang") symbolizes the "Niniak Mamak", the traditional clan leaders, such as the datuk, the nobles, royalty and revered elders.
 The coconut milk ("karambia") symbolizes the "Cadiak Pandai", intellectuals, teachers, poets and writers.
 The chili ("lado") symbolizes the "Alim Ulama", clerics, "ulama" and religious leaders.
The hotness of the chili symbolizes sharia.
 The spice mixture ("pemasak") symbolizes the rest of Minangkabau society.
In Minangkabau tradition, rendang is a requisite dish for special occasions in traditional Minang ceremonies, from birth ceremonies to circumcision, marriage, Qur'an recitals and religious festivals such as Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha.
Article: Korean War
Section: Armistice (July 1953 – November 1954)

Question: When did was the Armistice Agreement signed, ending the fighting in the Korean War?

Armistice (July 1953 – November 1954).
The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong (southern North Korea), then relocated at Panmunjom (bordering the Koreas).
A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation.
The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans.
In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission was set up to handle the matter.
In 1952, the US elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War.
With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel.
Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, US, and Joint UN Commands.
The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west.
The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally lay in the pre-war ROK, but now is in the DPRK.
The United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting.
The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks.
The war is considered to have ended at this point, even though there was no peace treaty.
North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War.
After the war, Operation Glory (July–November 1954) was conducted to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead.
The remains of 4,167 US Army and US Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead, and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner-of-war camps were delivered to the ROK government.
After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (The Punchbowl), on the island of Oahu, Hawaii.
Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DPMO) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names, of which 858 were correct.
From 4,167 containers of returned remains, forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals.
Of these, 2,944 were identified as American, and all but 416 were identified by name.
From 1996 to 2006, the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Controversy

Question: When was the first Native American superintendent of the park appointed?

Mount Rushmore is controversial among Native Americans because the United States seized the area from the Lakota tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876.
The Treaty of Fort Laramie from 1868 had previously granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in perpetuity.
Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971, naming it "Mount Crazy Horse".
Among the participants were young activists, grandparents, children and Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer, who planted a prayer staff atop the mountain.
Lame Deer said the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents' faces "which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled.
"In 2004, the first Native American superintendent of the park was appointed.
Gerard Baker has stated that he will open up more "avenues of interpretation", and that the four presidents are "only one avenue and only one focus.
"The Crazy Horse Memorial is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate the famous Native American leader and as a response to Mount Rushmore.
It is intended to be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs; the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of federal funds.
However, this memorial is likewise the subject of controversy, even within the Native American community.
Article: Fencing
Section: Other variants

Question: Do schools use the FIE format slightly?

Other variants include chair fencing, "one-hit épée" (one of the five events which constitute modern pentathlon) and the various types of non-Olympic competitive fencing.
Chair fencing is similar to wheelchair fencing but for the able bodied.
The opponents set up opposing chairs and fence while seated; all the usual rules of fencing are applied.
An example of the latter is the American Fencing League (distinct from the United States Fencing Association): the format of competitions is different and the right of way rules are interpreted in a different way.
In a number of countries, school and university matches deviate slightly from the FIE format.
Article: The Selfish Giant (2013 film)
Section: Cast

Question: What actor played Kitten?

 Conner Chapman as Arbor
 Shaun Thomas as Swifty
 Sean Gilder as Kitten
 Lorraine Ashbourne as Mary
 Ian Burfield as Mick Brazil
 Steve Evets as Price Drop Swift
 Siobhan Finneran as Mrs. Swift
 Ralph Ineson as Johnny Jones
 Rebecca Manley as Michelle 'Shelly' Fenton
 Rhys McCoy as Daniel
 Elliott Tittensor as Martin Fenton
 Kayle Stephens as chip & pin driver
Article: Cloning
Section: Cloning unicellular organisms

Question: What kind of organisms are the most simple to clone?

Cell cloning.
Cloning unicellular organisms.
Cloning a cell means to derive a population of cells from a single cell.
In the case of unicellular organisms such as bacteria and yeast, this process is remarkably simple and essentially only requires the inoculation of the appropriate medium.
However, in the case of cell cultures from multi-cellular organisms, cell cloning is an arduous task as these cells will not readily grow in standard media.
A useful tissue culture technique used to clone distinct lineages of cell lines involves the use of cloning rings (cylinders).
According to this technique, a single-cell suspension of cells that have been exposed to a mutagenic agent or drug used to drive selection is plated at high dilution to create isolated colonies; each arising from a single and potentially clonal distinct cell.
At an early growth stage when colonies consist of only a few of cells, sterile polystyrene rings (cloning rings), which have been dipped in grease are placed over an individual colony and a small amount of trypsin is added.
Cloned cells are collected from inside the ring and transferred to a new vessel for further growth.
Article: Universal Orlando
Section: Universal Transit

Question: How do guests of the hotel reach the theme parks?

Universal Orlando's internal transportation system is often dubbed "Universal Transit."
The system consists of water taxis, buses, escalators, elevators, moving walkways, and pathways which transport guests between the parking structure, hotels, CityWalk, the theme parks, and Wet 'n Wild.
Onsite hotel guests can get to the theme parks and CityWalk by either boarding a water taxi which will take them directly to CityWalk or may use walkways.
The dock at CityWalk is located at the center of CityWalk and can be accessed by theme park visitors via the bridges connecting CityWalk to the theme parks.
Along the pathways, bicycles also transport guests for an additional cost.
For guests who prefer not to use a water taxi or walk or wish to go to Wet 'n Wild, they will find shuttle transportation also available at the onsite hotels.
These stop at five locations: Loews Portofino Bay Hotel & Spa, Hard Rock Hotel, Loews Royal Pacific Resort, Universal Orlando theme parks, and Wet 'n Wild.
The resort also features two large parking structures, for day and night guests who need to park, connected by bridge to Citywalk and the theme parks.
Article: Grand Canyon
Section: Grand Canyon tourism

Question: How many people visit the Grand Canyon national Park each year?

 tourism.
Grand Canyon National Park is one of the world’s premier natural attractions, attracting about five million visitors per year.
Overall, 83% were from the United States: California (12.2%), Arizona (8.9%), Texas (4.8%), Florida (3.4%) and New York (3.2%) represented the top domestic visitors.
Seventeen percent of visitors were from outside the United States; the most prominently represented nations were the United Kingdom (3.8%), Canada (3.5%), Japan (2.1%), Germany (1.9%) and The Netherlands (1.2%).
The South Rim is open all year round weather permitting.
The North Rim is generally open mid-May to mid-October.
Article: NASA
Section: Medicine in space

Question: Medical studies in space are carried out by who?

Scientific research.
Medicine in space.
A variety of large-scale medical studies are being conducted in space by the National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI).
Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity Study, in which astronauts (including former ISS Commanders Leroy Chiao and Gennady Padalka) perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space.
Usually there is no physician on board the International Space Station, and diagnosis of medical conditions is challenging.
Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including decompression sickness, barotrauma, immunodeficiencies, loss of bone and muscle, orthostatic intolerance due to volume loss, sleep disturbances, and radiation injury.
Ultrasound offers a unique opportunity to monitor these conditions in space.
This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic sports injuries as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in populations such as medical and high school students.
It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.
Article: Bacon
Section: Reception

Question: Who is Walmart's spokesperson?

Bacon has received mixed reviews from the public.
On one hand, bacon has received a positive reception by the public.
"Bacon Today" states that bacon has a very valuable amount of protein that is "valuable to maintaining our energy levels and a fully functioning, healthy body, with a minimum of those nasty, waist, thigh and butt expanding, fat building carbohydrates."
"Everything Tastes Better with Bacon", a book by Sara Perry, is a cookbook that compliments bacon's many uses in cooking.
On the other hand, as with most meat products, producers of bacon have received heavy criticism for how their pigs are treated.
Many petitions and protests have occurred trying to raise awareness and change how producers treat their pigs.
Many of these protests have turned out successful: for example, following NBC News's report of an undercover investigation of an abusive pig farm, Tyson Foods terminated their contract with the pig farm.
Similar to NBC's investigation, The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) investigated Seaboard Foods, one of the pig breeding facilities that supply Walmart.
According to HSUS, the pigs were treated poorly and abused.
Walmart spokesperson Diana Gee said, ""As soon as we were made aware of the allegations, we immediately reached out to Seaboard to begin investigating the issue ...
Pending our review, we will take any action necessary.""
Petitions also exist that oppose poor treatment of pigs, many of which state that the current treatment of pigs in factories is cruel and unethical.
Article: American Dad!
Section: DVD releases

Question: Information about an episode from another volume was contained on which dvd blurb?

 The "Volume One" release was retitled "Season One" for the Region 2 and 4 releases, however the subsequent releases retained the "Volume" titles.
 On the packaging for the "Season 1" release on Region 2 DVD, there was no mention of audio commentaries or some of the bonus features, leading many to mistakenly believe they had been omitted from the release.
 The Region 2 and 4 DVDs do not have censored audio tracks on any episodes; however, "Volume 3" has so-called "uncensored tracks" on the set (probably an error from the transfer because the tracks are already automatically uncensored on the set).
 The Volume 4 DVD release blurb contained information on the episode "Phantom of the Telethon", which was instead featured on Volume 5.
 On Volume 6, despite claims of being uncensored, the bleeps from "Home Adrone", "My Morning Straitjacket", and "G-String Circus" are not removed.
Article: Argentina
Section: Independence and civil wars

Question: Who was the first Supreme Director of Argentina?

Beginning a process from which Argentina was to emerge as successor state to the Viceroyalty, the 1810 May Revolution replaced the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the First Junta, a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals.
In the first clashes of the Independence War the Junta crushed a royalist counter-revolution in Córdoba, but failed to overcome those of the Banda Oriental, Upper Peru and Paraguay, which later became independent states.
Revolutionaries split into two antagonist groups: the Centralists and the Federalists—a move that would define Argentina's first decades of independence.
The Assembly of the Year XIII appointed Gervasio Antonio de Posadas as Argentina's first Supreme Director.
In 1816 the Congress of Tucumán formalized the Declaration of Independence.
One year later General Martín Miguel de Güemes stopped royalists on the North, and General José de San Martín took an army across the Andes and secured the independence of Chile; then he led the fight to the Spanish stronghold of Lima and proclaimed the independence of Peru.
In 1819 Buenos Aires enacted a centralist constitution that was soon abrogated by federalists.
The 1820 Battle of Cepeda, fought between the Centralists and the Federalists, resulted in the end of the Supreme Director rule.
In 1826 Buenos Aires enacted another centralist constitution, with Bernardino Rivadavia being appointed as the first president of the country.
However, the interior provinces soon rose against him, forced his resignation and discarded the constitution.
Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war; the latter prevailed and formed the Argentine Confederation in 1831, led by Juan Manuel de Rosas.
During his regime he faced a French blockade (1838–1840), the War of the Confederation (1836–1839), and a combined Anglo-French blockade (1845–1850), but remained undefeated and prevented further loss of national territory.
His trade restriction policies, however, angered the interior provinces and in 1852 Justo José de Urquiza, another powerful caudillo, beat him out of power.
As new president of the Confederation, Urquiza enacted the liberal and federal 1853 Constitution.
Buenos Aires seceded but was forced back into the Confederation after being defeated in the 1859 Battle of Cepeda.
Article: Modern Family
Section: Filming

Question: Who directed the most "Modern Family" episodes?

Principal photography takes place in Los Angeles.
Many of the exteriors used are on the city's Westside.
The Dunphys' house is in the Cheviot Hills neighborhood.
, Palisades Charter High School is used for the exteriors of Luke and Manny's school.
Lloyd and Levitan, whose credits both include "Frasier", "Wings", and "Just Shoot Me", are executive producers of the series, serving as showrunner and head writer under their Lloyd-Levitan Productions label in affiliation with Twentieth Century Fox Television.
The other producers on the writing team are Paul Corrigan, Sameer Gardezi, Joe Lawson, Dan O'Shannon, Brad Walsh, Caroline Williams, Bill Wrubel, Danny Zuker, and Jeff Morton.
The first team of directors included Jason Winer, Michael Spiller, Randall Einhorn, and Chris Koch.
Winer has directed nineteen episodes of the series, making him the most prolific director of the series.
Article: Sien (Van Gogh series)
Section: Estrangement from family

Question: Who introduced Van Gogh to painting?

In the summer of 1881, van Gogh fell in love with his recently widowed cousin, Kee Vos Stricker.
He proposed marriage, but was rebuffed with an adamant "no, nay, never" (""nooit, neen, nimmer"").
Undeterred, he nevertheless continued to press his attentions despite the increasing dismay and disapproval of his family which eventually led to his leaving the family home for a while to study drawing at The Hague with his cousin-in-law Anton Mauve.
Mauve was a successful and noted artist, a leading member of the Hague School and a master colorist whose paintings found a ready market both home and abroad.
He had married van Gogh's cousin, Ariëtte (Jet) Carbentus, in 1874 while she was still very young and he was already established and successful, and as such was lionised by the van Gogh family.
At the time, he was busy with his massive "Fishing Boat on the Beach" that he was preparing for the next year's Salon, but he nevertheless found time for van Gogh to advise him on his drawings, inviting him to return in a few months time to review progress.
After a last, humiliating, effort to win Kee over, an episode that put an end to his religious faith for ever, Van Gogh returned to his parents' home in Etten in late 1881.
On Christmas Day that year he refused to attend church, provoking a violent quarrel with his father, a pastor, which resulted in his leaving home the very same day.
He returned to The Hague and studied further under Mauve.
Mauve helped him to establish a modest studio on the Schenkweg on the outer fringes of The Hague, lending him money to purchase furniture, and introduced him to the Pulchri Studio, The Hague's most important art society in which he himself played a major role.
He also introduced Van Gogh to painting, first in oils and then with watercolor.
Article: Diving
Section: Canada

Question: What ages are included in the Open group of diving?

Most provincial level competitions consist of events for 6 age groups (Groups A, B, C, D, E, and Open) for both genders on each of the three board levels.
These age groups roughly correspond to those standardized by FINA, with the addition of a youngest age group for divers 9 and younger, Group E, which does not compete nationally and does not have a tower event (although divers of this age may choose to compete in Group D).
The age group Open is so called because divers of any age, including those over 18, may compete in these events, so long as their dives meet a minimum standard of difficulty.
Although Canada is internationally a fairly strong country in diving, the vast majority of Canadian high schools and universities do not have diving teams, and many Canadian divers accept athletic scholarships from American colleges.
Adult divers who are not competitive at an elite level may compete in masters diving.
Typically, masters are either adults who never practiced the sport as children or teenagers, or former elite athletes who have retired but still seek a way to be involved in the sport.
Many diving clubs have masters teams in addition to their primary competitive ones, and while some masters dive only for fun and fitness, there are also masters competitions, which range from the local to world championship level.