community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Rendang
Section: Types

Question: If pieces of meat are cooked in spicy coconut milk, then what is the dish called?

In Minangkabau culinary tradition, there are three recognised stages in cooking meat in spicy coconut milk.
The dish which results is categorised according to the liquid content of the cooked coconut milk, which ranges from the most wet and soupy to the most dry: Gulai — Kalio — Rendang.
The ingredients of gulai, kalio and rendang are almost identical with the exceptions that gulai usually has less red chilli pepper and more turmeric, while rendang has richer spices.
If pieces of meat are cooked in spicy coconut milk and the process stopped right when the meat is done and the coconut milk has reached its boiling point, the dish is called gulai.
If the process continues until the coconut milk is partly evaporated and the meat has begun to brown, then you have kalio.
For a traditional dry rendang, the process continues hours beyond this, until the liquid has all but completely evaporated and the color turns to a dark brown, almost black color.
Thus not only liquid content but also colour indicate which type of rendang is involved: gulai is light yellow, kalio is brown, and rendang is very dark brown.
Today one mostly only finds two simpler categories of rendang: either dry or wet.
Article: Balkan Wars
Section: Abstract

Question: How long did the Ottomans control the Balkans?

The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in south-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913.
Four Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire in the first war; one of the four, Bulgaria, was defeated in the second war.
The Ottoman Empire lost nearly all of its holdings in Europe.
Austria-Hungary, although not a combatant, was weakened as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples.
The war set the stage for the Balkan crisis of 1914 and thus was a "prelude to the First World War.
"By the early 20th century, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, but large elements of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule.
In 1912, these countries formed the Balkan League.
There were three main causes of the First Balkan War.
The Ottoman Empire was unable to reform itself, govern satisfactorily, or deal with the rising ethnic nationalism of its diverse peoples.
Secondly the Great Powers quarreled amongst themselves and failed to ensure that the Ottomans would carry out the needed reforms.
This led the Balkan states to impose their own solution.
Most important, the Balkan League had been formed, and its members were confident that it could defeat the Turks.
The Ottoman Empire lost almost all its European territories to the west of the River Maritsa, drawing present day Turkey's western border.
A large influx of Turks started to flee into the Ottoman heartland as a result of the lost lands.
By 1914, the remaining core region of the Ottoman Empire had experienced a population increase of around 2.5 million because of the flood of immigration from the Balkans.
In Turkey, it is considered a major disaster ("Balkan harbi faciası") in the nation's history.
The unexpected fall and sudden relinquishing of Turkish-dominated European territories created a psycho-traumatic event amongst the Turks that is said to have triggered the ultimate collapse of the empire itself within five years.
Nazım Pasha, the chief of staff of the Ottoman army has been held responsible of the failure and was assassinated in 1913 by Young Turks.
The First Balkan War broke out when the League attacked the Ottoman Empire on 8 October 1912 and was ended seven months later by the Treaty of London.
After five centuries, the Ottoman Empire lost virtually all of its possessions in the Balkans.
The Second Balkan War broke out on 16 June 1913.
Bulgaria was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in Macedonia, made in secret by its former allies, Serbia and Greece, and attacked them.
The Serbian and Greek armies repulsed the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked into Bulgaria, while Romania and the Ottoman Empire also attacked Bulgaria and gained (or regained) territory.
In the resulting Treaty of Bucharest, Bulgaria lost most of the territories it had gained in the First Balkan War.
Article: Vietnam
Section: Air

Question: How many airports are in Vietnam?

Vietnam operates 21 major civil airports, including three international gateways: Noi Bai in Hanoi, Da Nang International Airport in Da Nang, and Tan Son Nhat in Ho Chi Minh City.
Tan Son Nhat is the nation's largest airport, handling 75% of international passenger traffic.
According to a state-approved plan, Vietnam will have 10 international airports by 2015 – besides the aforementioned three, these include Lien Khuong International Airport, Phu Bai International Airport, Cam Ranh International Airport, Phu Quoc International Airport, Cat Bi International Airport, Cần Thơ International Airport and Long Thanh International Airport.
The planned Long Thanh International Airport will have an annual service capacity of 100 million passengers once it becomes fully operational in 2020.
Vietnam Airlines, the state-owned national airline, maintains a fleet of 69 passenger aircraft, and aims to operate 150 by 2020.
Several private airlines are also in operation in Vietnam, including Air Mekong, Jetstar Pacific Airlines, VASCO and VietJet Air.
Article: Bacteria
Section: Bacteriophages

Question: Is there only one type of bacteriophage?

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.
Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome.
A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of and "Clostridium botulinum", the toxin genes in an integrated phage converted a harmless ancestral bacterium into a lethal pathogen.
Bacteria resist phage infection through restriction modification systems that degrade foreign DNA, and a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference.
This CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection.
Article: Norway
Section: Kalmar Union

Question: What was the age of Magnus Erikson when he mounted the Norwegian throne under the name of King Magnus VII?

Upon the death of Haakon V, King of Norway, in 1319, Magnus Erikson, at just three years old, inherited the throne as King Magnus VII of Norway.
At the same time a movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful.
(At this time both the kings of Sweden and of Denmark were elected to the throne by their respective nobles.)
Thus, with his election to the throne of Sweden, both Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus VII.
In 1349, the Black Death radically altered Norway, killing between 50% and 60% of its population and leaving it in a period of social and economic decline.
The plague left Norway very poor.
Although the death rate was comparable with the rest of Europe, economic recovery took much longer because of the small, scattered population.
Before the plague, the population was only about 500,000 people.
After the plague, many farms lay idle while the population slowly increased.
The few surviving farms' tenants found their bargaining positions with their landlords greatly strengthened.
King Magnus VII ruled Norway until 1350, when his son, Haakon, was placed on the throne as Haakon VI.
In 1363, Haakon VI married Margaret, the daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark.
Upon the death of Haakon VI, in 1379, his son, Olaf IV, was only 10 years old.
Olaf had already been elected to the throne of Denmark on 3 May 1376.
Thus, upon Olaf's accession to the throne of Norway, Denmark and Norway entered personal union.
Olaf's mother and Haakon's widow, Queen Margaret, managed the foreign affairs of Denmark and Norway during the minority of Olaf IV.
Margaret was working toward a union of Sweden with Denmark and Norway by having Olaf elected to the Swedish throne.
She was on the verge of achieving this goal when Olaf IV suddenly died.
However, Denmark made Margaret temporary ruler upon the death of Olaf.
On 2 February 1388 Norway followed suit and crowned Margaret.
Queen Margaret knew that her power would be more secure if she were able to find a king to rule in her place.
She settled on Eric of Pomerania, grandson of her sister.
Thus at an all-Scandinavian meeting held at Kalmar, Erik of Pomerania was crowned king of all three Scandinavian countries.
Thus, royal politics resulted in personal unions between the Nordic countries, eventually bringing the thrones of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden under the control of Queen Margaret when the country entered into the Kalmar Union.
Article: Teen Wolf
Section: Sequels

Question: who directed teen wolf?

The film was followed by a cartoon spin-off in 1986, and a sequel in 1987 titled "Teen Wolf Too", with Jason Bateman starring as Todd Howard, Scott's cousin.
A second sequel starring Alyssa Milano was planned, but never filmed.
Another female version of "Teen Wolf" was in the works that later developed into 1989's "Teen Witch".
A Canadian television series similar in theme ran from 1999 to 2002 entitled "Big Wolf on Campus".
In June 2009, MTV announced that they would be adapting "Teen Wolf" into a television series "with a greater emphasis on romance, horror and werewolf mythology".
Australian director Russell Mulcahy directed the pilot film of the television series.
The first episode for the new MTV series aired on June 5, 2011.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Controversy

Question: Which Native American group were the former inhabitants of the land where Mount Rushmore stands?

Mount Rushmore is controversial among Native Americans because the United States seized the area from the Lakota tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876.
The Treaty of Fort Laramie from 1868 had previously granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in perpetuity.
Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971, naming it "Mount Crazy Horse".
Among the participants were young activists, grandparents, children and Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer, who planted a prayer staff atop the mountain.
Lame Deer said the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents' faces "which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled.
"In 2004, the first Native American superintendent of the park was appointed.
Gerard Baker has stated that he will open up more "avenues of interpretation", and that the four presidents are "only one avenue and only one focus.
"The Crazy Horse Memorial is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate the famous Native American leader and as a response to Mount Rushmore.
It is intended to be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs; the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of federal funds.
However, this memorial is likewise the subject of controversy, even within the Native American community.
Article: Chemical reaction
Section: Applications

Question: What is the importance of efficient reactions?

Chemical reactions are central to chemical engineering where they are used for the synthesis of new compounds from natural raw materials such as petroleum and mineral ores.
It is essential to make the reaction as efficient as possible, maximizing the yield and minimizing the amount of reagents, energy inputs and waste.
Catalysts are especially helpful for reducing the energy required for the reaction and increasing its reaction rate.
Some specific reactions have their niche applications.
For example, the thermite reaction is used to generate light and heat in pyrotechnics and welding.
Although it is less controllable than the more conventional oxy-fuel welding, arc welding and flash welding, it requires much less equipment and is still used to mend rails, especially in remote areas.
Article: Louisiana Purchase
Section: Treaty signing

Question: Who was US president during the Louisiana Purchase?

On Saturday, April 30, 1803, the Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barbé Marbois in Paris.
Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4.
After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, "We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.
"The United States Senate ratified the treaty with a vote of twenty-four to seven on October 20.
The Senators who voted against the treaty were: Simeon Olcott and William Plumer of New Hampshire, William Wells and Samuel White of Delaware, James Hillhouse and Uriah Tracy of Connecticut, and Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts.
On the following day, the Senate authorized President Jefferson to take possession of the territory and establish a temporary military government.
In legislation enacted on October 31, Congress made temporary provisions for local civil government to continue as it had under French and Spanish rule and authorized the President to use military forces to maintain order.
Plans were also set forth for several missions to explore and chart the territory, the most famous being the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
France turned New Orleans over on December 20, 1803 at The Cabildo.
On March 10, 1804, a formal ceremony was conducted in St. Louis to transfer ownership of the territory from France to the United States.
Effective on October 1, 1804, the purchased territory was organized into the Territory of Orleans (most of which became the state of Louisiana) and the District of Louisiana, which was temporarily under the control of the governor and judges of the Indiana Territory.
Article: Pathology
Section: Hematopathology

Question: What is required to obtain a board certified subspecialty in hematopathology?

Hematopathology is the study of diseases of blood cells (White blood cells, red blood cells, platelets) and cells/tissues/organs comprising the hematopoietic system.
The term hematopoietic system refers to tissues and organs that produce and/or primarily host hematopoietic cells and include bone marrow, lymph node, thymus, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues.
In the United States, hematopathology is a board certified subspecialty (American Board of Pathology) practiced by those physicians who have completed general pathology residency (anatomic, clinical, or combined) and an additional year of fellowship training in hematology.
The hematopathologist reviews biopsies of lymph nodes, bone marrows and other tissues involved by an infiltrate of cells of the hematopoietic system.
In addition, the hematopathologist may be in charge of flow cytometric and/or molecular hematopathology studies.
After the hematopathologist makes the diagnosis, the hematologist or hemato-oncologist can make a decision about the best course of action.
Article: Cheese
Section: World production and consumption

Question: Iceland's most common cheese is what?

Worldwide, cheese is a major agricultural product.
According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, over 20 million metric tons of cheese were produced worldwide in 2011.
This is about three kilograms for each person on Earth.
The largest producer of cheese is the United States, accounting for 26% of world production, followed by Germany and France.
In the U.S., mozzarella and cheddar are by far the top cheese types.
Only Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Australia have a cheese production that is mainly export oriented: respectively 95%, 90%, 72%, and 65% of their cheese production is exported.
Only 35% of French production is exported.
The United States, the biggest world producer of cheese, is a marginal exporter, as most of its production is for the domestic market.
Emmental (used mainly as a cooking ingredient) and Camembert are the most common cheeses in France.
In Iceland, skyr is the most common cheese.
In Greece, feta accounts for three-quarters of this consumption.
In the U.S., the consumption of cheese is quickly increasing and has nearly tripled between 1970 and 2003.
The consumption per person has reached, in 2003, .
Mozzarella is United States's favorite cheese and accounts for nearly a third of its consumption, mainly because it is one of the main ingredients of pizza.
Article: Subatomic particle
Section: Dividing an atom

Question: What is required to understand the study of subatomic particles?

The negatively-charged electron has a mass equal to of that of a hydrogen atom.
The remainder of the hydrogen atom's mass comes from the positively charged proton.
The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus.
Neutrons are neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of the proton.
Different isotopes of the same element contain the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons.
The mass number of an isotope is the total number of nucleons (neutrons and protons collectively).
Chemistry concerns itself with how electron sharing binds atoms into structures such as crystals and molecules.
Nuclear physics deals with how protons and neutrons arrange themselves in nuclei.
The study of subatomic particles, atoms and molecules, and their structure and interactions, requires quantum mechanics.
Analyzing processes that change the numbers and types of particles requires quantum field theory.
The study of subatomic particles "per se" is called particle physics.
The term "high-energy physics" is nearly synonymous to "particle physics" since creation of particles requires high energies: it occurs only as a result of cosmic rays, or in particle accelerators.
Particle phenomenology systematizes the knowledge about subatomic particles obtained from these experiments.
Article: The Selfish Giant (2013 film)
Section: Awards and reception

Question: When was the film screened at the Contemporary World Cinema section at the Toronto International Film Festival?

It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival where it won the Europa Cinemas award.
It was also nominated for the 2013 Lux Prize.
The film was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.
It won Best Film at the 24th Stockholm International Film Festival in November 2013.
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars.
The film was nominated for the 2014 Bafta for Best British Film.
Article: Archery
Section: Mounted archery

Question: Whose threat was partly responsible for the Chinese expansion into the Ordos region?

Central Asian tribesmen (after the domestication of the horse) and American Plains Indians (after gaining access to horses) became extremely adept at archery on horseback.
Lightly armoured, but highly mobile archers were excellently suited to warfare in the Central Asian steppes, and they formed a large part of armies that repeatedly conquered large areas of Eurasia.
Shorter bows are more suited to use on horseback, and the composite bow enabled mounted archers to use powerful weapons.
Empires throughout the Eurasian landmass often strongly associated their respective "barbarian" counterparts with the usage of the bow and arrow, to the point where powerful states like the Han Dynasty referred to their neighbours, the Xiong-nu, as "Those Who Draw the Bow" For example, Xiong-nu mounted bowmen made them more than a match for the Han military, and their threat was at least partially responsible for Chinese expansion into the Ordos region, to create a stronger, more powerful buffer zone against them.
It is possible that "barbarian" peoples were responsible for introducing archery or certain types of bows to their "civilized" counterparts—the Xiong-nu and the Han being one example.
Similarly, short bows seem to have been introduced to Japan by northeast Asian groups.
Article: Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Section: Abstract

Question: What was the name of the play Lincoln was attending when he got shot?

United States President Abraham Lincoln was shot on Good Friday, April 14, 1865, while attending the play "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theatre as the American Civil War was drawing to a close.
The assassination occurred five days after the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, General Robert E. Lee, surrendered to Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant and the Union Army of the Potomac, ending the American Civil War.
Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated, though an unsuccessful attempt had been made on Andrew Jackson 30 years before in 1835.
The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the well-known stage actor John Wilkes Booth, as part of a larger conspiracy in a bid to revive the Confederate cause.
Booth's co-conspirators were Lewis Powell and David Herold, who were assigned to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward, and George Atzerodt who was to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson.
By simultaneously eliminating the top three people in the administration, Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to sever the continuity of the United States government.
Lincoln was shot while watching the play "Our American Cousin" with his wife Mary Todd Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C..
He died early the next morning.
The rest of the conspirators' plot failed; Powell only managed to wound Seward, while Atzerodt, Johnson's would-be assassin, lost his nerve and fled to Washington.
Article: Chasing Cars
Section: Abstract

Question: By November 2011, how many copies of "Chasing Cars" had been sold in the US?

"Chasing Cars" is the second single from Snow Patrol's fourth album, "Eyes Open."
It was recorded in 2005 and released on 6 June 2006 in the US and 24 July 2006 in the UK as the album's second single.
The song gained significant popularity in the US after being featured in the second season finale of the popular medical drama "Grey's Anatomy.
"It became notable as one of the songs that revealed the impact of legal downloads on single sales in the UK, selling consistently for years after its release.
The song is Snow Patrol's biggest-selling single to date, ending 2006 as the UK's 14th best-selling single of the year and that year had the distinction of being the last song performed live on the BBC's "Top of the Pops".
In 2007, on the strength of downloads, it was the UK's 34th best-selling single of 2007.
The song peaked at number 6 in the UK Singles Chart, and number 5 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.
At the 2007 Grammy Awards, "Chasing Cars" was nominated for Best Rock Song, and at the 2007 Brit Awards, the song was nominated for Best British Single.
In 2009, the PPL announced "Chasing Cars" was the most widely played song of the decade in the UK.
As of 26 August 2013, the song has spent 111 weeks on the official UK Top 75 Singles Chart and 154 on the Top 100 and has sold over 1,000,000 copies in the UK by October 2013.
It also sold 3,131,000 copies in the US by November 2011, making it one of the top 10 best-selling songs by a British artist in the digital era.
In a 2009 Channel 4 poll it was voted the number one "song of the noughties".