community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: The Amazing Race 21
Section: Leg 7 (Turkey → Russia)

Question: Is Leg 7 in sync?

Leg 7 (Turkey → Russia).
Airdate: November 11, 2012
 Istanbul (Istanbul Atatürk Airport) to Moscow, Russia (Sheremetyevo International Airport)
Moscow (Zurab Tsereteli Sculpture Park) 
Moscow (Moskvoretsky Bridge)
 Moscow (Russian State Library "or" Trud sports complex)
Moscow (Luzhkov Bridge – Trees of Love) 
Moscow (Bolshoi Theatre) 
The Leg's Detour options were Alphabetized and Synchronized.
In Alphabetized, teams went to the Russian State Library and were given a list of books by author, title, and year.
They had to use the paper card catalog system, in Russian, to locate four of the books on the list.
Once they thought they had the correct location in the stacks, a librarian would direct them to the proper room to allow the team to get the books.
Teams then checked their retrieved books with the head librarian to get their next clue.
In Synchronized, teams participated in a synchronized swimming routine with six other swimmers of the Russian national developmental team.
After practicing the routine, they performed it for a judge – who would either pass them and give them their next clue, or would require the teams to practice more.
In both detours, there was a time limit depending on the operating hours of each facility; if they were unable to complete either task before the facilities closed, they would incur a 4 hour penalty (with the Synchronize detour operating longer than the Alphabetize Detour).
In the Roadblock, one team member had to select one of the marked Trees of Love – trees covered in padlocks – and unlock 10 of the locks with the provided set of keys to free a banner held to the tree.
Once they freed the banner and unfolded it, they would find the next clue concealed inside.
Additional tasks
The clue from the Zurab Tsereteli Sculpture Park directed teams to obtain their next clue from Ivan the Terrible's two guards at the Moskvoretsky Most, neighboring the Kremlin.
The clue given to teams at the end of the Roadblock was a 100 ruble banknote; teams were left to figure out that their next destination was the building depicted on the reverse of the note: the Bolshoi Theatre.
Article: Czech Republic
Section: Literature

Question: Besides Czech, which other languages are present in Czech literature?

Czech literature is the literature written by Czechs, mostly in the Czech language, although other languages like Old Church Slavonic, Latin or German have been also used, especially in the past.
Non-Czech inhabitants of the Czech lands who had written in German and other languages, such as Franz Kafka, are usually excluded from the corpus of Czech literature, regardless of their own national self-identification.
Czech literature is divided into several main time periods: the Middle Ages; the Hussite period; the years of re-Catholicization and the baroque; the Enlightenment and Czech reawakening in the 19th century; the avantgarde of the interwar period; the years under Communism and the Prague Spring; and the literature of the post-Communist Czech Republic.
Czech literature and culture played a major role on at least two occasions, when Czechs lived under oppression and political activity was suppressed.
On both of these occasions, in the early 19th century and then again in the 1960s, the Czechs used their cultural and literary effort to strive for political freedom, establishing a confident, politically aware nation.
A famous antiwar comedy novel "The Good Soldier Švejk" by Jaroslav Hašek is the most translated Czech book in history.
It was depicted by Karel Steklý in two color films "The Good Soldier Schweik" in 1956 and 1957.
Article: Statue of Liberty
Section: Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications

Question: When did they change where the plaque was mounted?

There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty.
A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty, designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie ("Cie" is the French abbreviation analogous to "Co.").
A presentation tablet, also bearing Bartholdi's name, declares the statue to be a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors "the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship."
There is a tablet placed by the New York committee that commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal.
The cornerstone also bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons.
In 1903, a bronze tablet that bears the text of "The New Colossus" and commemorates Emma Lazarus was presented by friends of the poet.
Until the 1986 renovation, it was mounted inside the pedestal; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum in the base.
It is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977, celebrating the poet's life.
A group of statues stands at the western end of the island, honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty.
Two Americans—Pulitzer and Lazarus—and three Frenchmen—Bartholdi, Laboulaye, and Eiffel—are depicted.
They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.
In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The UNESCO "Statement of Significance" describes the statue as a "masterpiece of the human spirit" that "endures as a highly potent symbol—inspiring contemplation, debate and protest—of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity."
Article: Great Depression
Section: Monetarist

Question: What was the cause of the Great Depression from the viewpoint of Monetarists?

Monetarists, including Milton Friedman, argue that the Great Depression was mainly caused by monetary contraction, the consequence of poor policy-making by the American Federal Reserve System and continued crisis in the banking system.
In this view, the Federal Reserve, by not acting, allowed the money supply as measured by the M2 to shrink by one-third from 1929–1933, thereby transforming a normal recession into the Great Depression.
Friedman argued that the downward turn in the economy, starting with the stock market crash, would have been just another recession.
The Federal Reserve allowed some large public bank failures – particularly that of the New York Bank of the United States – which produced panic and widespread runs on local banks, and the Federal Reserve sat idly by while banks collapsed.
He claimed that, if the Fed had provided emergency lending to these key banks, or simply bought government bonds on the open market to provide liquidity and increase the quantity of money after the key banks fell, all the rest of the banks would not have fallen after the large ones did, and the money supply would not have fallen as far and as fast as it did.
With significantly less money to go around, businessmen could not get new loans and could not even get their old loans renewed, forcing many to stop investing.
This interpretation blames the Federal Reserve for inaction, especially the New York branch.
One reason why the Federal Reserve did not act to limit the decline of the money supply was regulation.
At that time, the amount of credit the Federal Reserve could issue was limited by the Federal Reserve Act, which required 40% gold backing of Federal Reserve Notes issued.
By the late 1920s, the Federal Reserve had almost hit the limit of allowable credit that could be backed by the gold in its possession.
This credit was in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes.
A "promise of gold" is not as good as "gold in the hand", particularly when they only had enough gold to cover 40% of the Federal Reserve Notes outstanding.
During the bank panics a portion of those demand notes were redeemed for Federal Reserve gold.
Since the Federal Reserve had hit its limit on allowable credit, any reduction in gold in its vaults had to be accompanied by a greater reduction in credit.
On April 5, 1933, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 6102 making the private ownership of gold certificates, coins and bullion illegal, reducing the pressure on Federal Reserve gold.
Article: Criminal Minds
Section: Critical reception

Question: Who was confused by characters on Criminal Minds

Critical reception.
The premiere episode was met with mixed reviews, receiving a score of 42 out of 100 on aggregate review site Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average" reviews.
Dorothy Rabinowitz said, in her review for the "Wall Street Journal", that "From the evidence of the first few episodes, "Criminal Minds" may be a hit, and deservedly" and gave particular praise to both Matthew Gray Gubler and Mandy Patinkin's performance.
"The New York Times" was less than positive, saying "The problem with "Criminal Minds" is its many confusing maladies, applied to too many characters" and felt that "as a result, the cast seems like a spilled trunk of broken toys, with which the audience - and perhaps the creators - may quickly become bored.
""The Chicago Tribune" reviewer, Sid Smith, felt that the show "May well be worth a look" though he too criticized the "confusing plots and characters.
""PopMatters" panned the show, saying the show "confuses critical thinking with supernatural abilities" and criticized the "stereotypical characters".
The "Los Angeles Times" gave a similar review.
However, both reviewers praised Patinkin and Gubler's performances.
Article: Some Nights
Section: Composition

Question: What is the name of the single referred to by Jeff Bhasker when he stated  "had a Queen/Freddie Mercury vibe to it"?

The album and the band's music has received several comparisons to Queen.
"Rolling Stones"'s Jody Rosen, called the album a mix of "close harmony chorales, showy key changes, a dash of Queen here, a dollop of Les Miz there".
In an interview with "Fuse", producer Jeff Bhasker also stated that the album's lead single "We Are Young" "had a Queen/Freddie Mercury vibe to it".
Marcus Glimer of "The A.V.
Club" wrote that the album featured "more synthetic elements and drum machines" than their debut album "Aim and Ignite" and compared the beat to "All Alone" to a hip-hop track.
NPR columnist Daoud Tyler-Ameen commented that the album might be the start of a new phase of music, in which musicians would infuse the "sounds and rhythms once associated with hip-hop" with their pop music.
The album's lyrics have been called "plaintive", for dealing with themes of loneliness, self-worth, introspection, paranoia and existentialism, contrasting with the album's "anthemic" music.
Tyler-Ameen considered the album "remarkable for its sheer optimism", despite the sad and mournful lyrics, Rosen wrote that "Ruess' knack for the anthemic is matched by Gen-Y humor – emo self-deprecation that leavens the bombast".
while Marcus Gilmer praised Ruess' "prose-style lyrics", similar to his work in his previous band, The Format.
Ruess later commented on the importance of lyrics to him, saying that he took "great pride", after he finished writing them.
He also considered most lyrics written by current musicians to be "dumbed down", partially causing "rock music's current woes".
Article: Johannes Vermeer
Section: Rediscovery and legacy

Question: The 1934 Vermeer painting, who was also inlcude?

For two centuries after Vermeer's death, his works were appreciated by a number of connoisseurs in Holland—although attributed in many cases to better-known artists such as Metsu or Mieris—but were largely overlooked by art historians.
The Delft master's modern rediscovery began about 1860, when the German museum director Gustav Waagen saw "The Art of Painting" in the Czernin gallery in Vienna, and recognized as a Vermeer the work which was at that time attributed to Pieter de Hooch.
Research by Théophile Thoré-Bürger culminated in the publication in 1866 of his catalogue raisonné of Vermeer's works in the "Gazette des Beaux-Arts".
Thoré-Bürger's catalogue, which drew international attention to Vermeer, listed more than seventy works by Vermeer, including many he regarded as uncertain.
The accepted number of Vermeer's paintings today is thirty-four.
Upon the rediscovery of Vermeer's work, several prominent Dutch artists, including Simon Duiker, modelled their style on his work.
Other artists who were inspired by Vermeer include the Danish painter Wilhelm Hammershoi and the American Thomas Wilmer Dewing.
In the 20th century, Vermeer's admirers included Salvador Dalí, who painted his own version of "The Lacemaker" and pitted large copies of the original against a rhinoceros in some now-famous surrealist experiments.
Dali also immortalized the Dutch Master in "The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table", 1934.
Han van Meegeren was a 20th-century Dutch painter who worked in the classical tradition.
Motivated by a blend of aesthetic and financial reasons, van Meegeren became a master forger, creating and selling many new 'Vermeers' before being caught and tried.
Article: Biochemistry
Section: Abstract

Question: In what field do biochemists examine soil and fertilizer?

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life.
Over the last 40 years, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine are engaged in biochemical research.
Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is in understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of whole organisms.
Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life.
Depending on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.
Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life.
The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions.
These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids which are used to synthesize proteins.
The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism.
The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture.
In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of disease.
In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies.
In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.
Article: Rugby union
Section: Women's rugby union

Question: How many countries play rugby?

Records of women's rugby football date back to the late 19th century, with the first documented source being Emily Valentine's writings, stating that she set up a rugby team in Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, Ireland in 1887.
Although there are reports of early women's matches in New Zealand and France, one of the first notable games to prove primary evidence was the 1917 war-time encounter between Cardiff Ladies and Newport Ladies; a photo of which shows the Cardiff team before the match at the Cardiff Arms Park.
In the past 30 years the game has grown in popularity among female athletes, and, according to the IRB, is now played in over 100 countries.
The English based Women's Rugby Football Union (WRFU), responsible for women's rugby in England, Scotland Ireland and Wales, was founded in 1983, and is the oldest formally organised national governing body for women's rugby.
This was replaced in 1994 by the Rugby Football Union for Women (RFUW) in England with each of the other Home Nations governing their own countries.
The premier international competition in rugby union for women is the Women's Rugby World Cup, first held in 1991.
Since 1994 it has been held every four years.
Article: China
Section: Territorial disputes

Question: Since when has China been involved in negotiations to resolve its disputed land borders?

In addition to claiming all of Taiwan, China has been involved in a number of other international territorial disputes.
Since the 1990s, China has been involved in negotiations to resolve its disputed land borders, including a disputed border with India and an undefined border with Bhutan.
China is additionally involved in multilateral disputes over the ownership of several small islands in the East and South China Seas, such as the Senkaku Islands and the Scarborough Shoal.
Article: SeaWorld
Section: SeaWorld Orlando

Question: How many roller coasters does SeaWorld Orlando have?

 Orlando.
SeaWorld Orlando opened on December 15, 1973, and had crowds topping 5,400 on its opening day.
"One Ocean", a new Shamu show which premiered April 22, 2011, is hosted here, along with "Clyde and Seamore Take Pirate Island", an adventure with two sea lions, and "Blue Horizons", the park's dolphin show.
The park contains 3 roller coasters: Kraken, a floorless coaster based on the mythical sea creature, Manta, a coaster designed to simulate how manta rays move, and the Shamu Express, a coaster oriented to kids located in Shamu's Happy Harbor.
It is also home to the original Journey to Atlantis Water Coaster.
SeaWorld After Dark is SeaWorld Orlando's night program, featuring the fireworks show "Reflections", a sea lions show "Sea Lions Tonite" and Shamu show "Shamu Rocks".
Article: Sushi
Section: History

Question: What span was the Muromachi period?

The original type of sushi, known today as "nare-zushi" (,) was first made in Southeast Asia, possibly along what is now known as the Mekong River.
The term "sushi" comes from an archaic grammatical form no longer used in other contexts; literally, "sushi" means "sour-tasting", a reflection of its historic fermented origins.
The oldest form of sushi in Japan, "narezushi", still very closely resembles this process, wherein fish is fermented via being wrapped in soured fermenting rice.
The fish proteins break down via fermentation into their constituent amino acids.
The fermenting rice and fish results in a sour taste and also one of the five basic tastes, called "umami" in Japanese.
Contemporary Japanese sushi has little resemblance to the traditional lacto-fermented rice dish.
Originally, when the fermented fish was taken out of the rice, only the fish was consumed while the fermented rice was discarded.
The strong-tasting and smelling "funazushi", a kind of "narezushi" made near Lake Biwa in Japan, resembles the traditional fermented dish.
Beginning in the Muromachi period (1336–1573) of Japan, vinegar was added to the mixture for better taste and preservation.
The vinegar accentuated the rice's sourness and was known to increase its shelf life, allowing the fermentation process to be shortened and eventually abandoned.
In the following centuries, sushi in Osaka evolved into "oshi-zushi".
The seafood and rice were pressed using wooden (usually bamboo) molds.
By the mid 18th century, this form of sushi had reached Edo (contemporary Tokyo).
The contemporary version, internationally known as "sushi", was created by Hanaya Yohei (1799–1858) at the end of the Edo period in Edo.
Sushi invented by Hanaya was an early form of fast food that was not fermented (therefore prepared quickly) and could be conveniently eaten with one's hands.
Originally, this sushi was known as "Edomae zushi" because it used freshly caught fish in the "Edo-mae" (Edo Bay or Tokyo Bay).
Though the fish used in modern sushi no longer usually comes from Tokyo Bay, it is still formally known as "Edomae nigirizushi".
The "Oxford English Dictionary" notes the earliest written mention of sushi in English in an 1893 book, "A Japanese Interior", where it mentions sushi as ""a roll of cold rice with fish, sea-weed, or some other flavoring"".
However, there is also mention of sushi in a Japanese-English dictionary from 1873, and an 1879 article on Japanese cookery in the journal "Notes and Queries".
Article: Sausage
Section: North Africa

Question: What kind of meat is used to make Merguez?

North Africa.
Merguez is a red, spicy sausage from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, North Africa.
It is also popular in France, Israel and the German state of Saarland, where it is often grilled on a Schwenker.
Merguez is made with lamb, beef, or a mixture of both.
It can be flavored with a wide range of spices, such as sumac for tartness, and paprika, Cayenne pepper, or harissa, a hot chili paste that gives it a red color.
It is stuffed into a lamb casing, rather than a pork casing.
It is traditionally made fresh and eaten grilled or with couscous.
Sun-dried merguez is used to add flavor to tagines.
It is also eaten in sandwiches.
Article: Claude Monet
Section: Death

Question: What year did Claude Monet die and what was the cause?

Monet died of lung cancer on 5 December 1926 at the age of 86 and is buried in the Giverny church cemetery.
Monet had insisted that the occasion be simple; thus only about fifty people attended the ceremony.
His home, garden, and waterlily pond were bequeathed by his son Michel, his only heir, to the French Academy of Fine Arts (part of the Institut de France) in 1966.
Through the "Fondation Claude Monet", the house and gardens were opened for visits in 1980, following restoration.
In addition to souvenirs of Monet and other objects of his life, the house contains his collection of Japanese woodcut prints.
The house and garden, along with the "Museum of Impressionism Giverny," are major attractions in Giverny, which hosts tourists from all over the world.
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: Walks

Question: How many men fell to their death on the niagara falls walk?

Other daredevils have made crossing the gorge their goal, starting with the successful passage by Jean François "Blondin" Gravelet, who crossed Niagara Gorge in 1859.
Between 1859 and 1896 there was a wire-walking craze, and there were frequent feats over the river below the falls.
One inexperienced walker was able to slide down his safety rope.
Only one man fell to his death, at night and under mysterious circumstances, at the anchoring place for his wire.
These tightrope walkers drew huge crowds to witness their exploits.
Their wires ran across the gorge, near the current Rainbow Bridge, not over the waterfall itself.
Among the many was Ontario's William Hunt, who billed himself as "The Great Farini" and competed with Blondin in performing outrageous stunts over the gorge.
On three separate occasions Blondin carried his manager, Harry Colcord, on his back—on the final time being watched by the Prince of Wales.
In 1876 23-year-old Italian Maria Spelterini was the only woman ever to cross the Niagara Gorge on a tightrope, making four separate crossings over a period of 18 days.
On July 12 she crossed wearing peach baskets strapped to her feet, on July 19 blind-folded, on July 22 with her ankles and wrists manacled and finally on July 26.
Never performing again at Niagara, her personal life remains a mystery and the date and place of her death are unknown.
Tightrope crossings of the falls ended—by law—in 1896, when James Hardy crossed.
On June 15, 2012, high wire artist Nik Wallenda became the first person to walk across the falls in 116 years, after receiving special permission from both governments.
The full length of his tightrope was .
Wallenda crossed near the brink of the Horseshoe Falls, unlike previous walkers who had crossed farther downstream.
According to Wallenda, it was the longest unsupported tightrope walk in history.
He carried his passport on the trip and was required to present it upon arrival on the Canadian side of the falls.