community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Eiffel Tower
Section: Abstract

Question: How many people ascended the Eiffel Tower in 2011?

The Eiffel Tower (, ) is an iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris.
It was named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
Erected in 1889 as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair, it was initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but has become both a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world.
The tower is the tallest structure in Paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world; 6.98 million people ascended it in 2011.
The tower received its 250 millionth visitor in 2010.
The tower is tall, about the same height as an 81- building.
During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930.
Because of the addition of the antenna atop the Eiffel Tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by .
Not including broadcast antennae, it is the second-tallest structure in France, after the Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second.
The third level observatory's upper platform is above the ground, the highest accessible to the public in the European Union.
Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift (elevator) to the first and second levels.
The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level.
Although there are stairs to the third and highest level, these are usually closed to the public and it is generally only accessible by lift.
Article: Nanking Massacre
Section: Japanese war crimes on the march to Nanking

Question: In 2005 what made the judge in a Tokyo district court rule against a claim brought by families of lieutenants against a newspaper publisher for an article about the Nanking Massacre?

Approach of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Japanese war crimes on the march to Nanking.
Although the Nanking Massacre is generally described as having occurred over a six-week period after the fall of Nanking, the crimes committed by the Japanese army were not limited to that period.
Many atrocities were reported to have been committed as the Japanese army advanced from Shanghai to Nanking.
According to one Japanese journalist embedded with Imperial forces at the time, "The reason that the Army is advancing to Nanking quite rapidly is due to the tacit consent among the officers and men that they could loot and rape as they wish.
"Novelist Ishikawa Tatsuzo vividly described how the 16th Division of the Shanghai Expeditionary Force committed atrocities on the march between Shanghai and Nanking in his novel "Ikiteiru Heitai" (Living Soldiers), which was based on interviews that Tatsuzo conducted with troops in Nanking in January 1938.
Perhaps the most notorious atrocity was a killing contest between two Japanese officers as reported in the "Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun" and the English language "Japan Advertiser".
The contest— a race between the two officers (later executed for wartime atrocities) to see which of them could kill 100 people first using only a sword— was covered much like a sporting event with regular updates on the score over a series of days.
In Japan, the veracity of the newspaper article about the contest was the subject of ferocious debate for several decades starting in 1967.
In 2000, a historian concurred with certain Japanese scholars who had argued that the contest was a concocted story, with the collusion of the soldiers themselves for the purpose of raising the national fighting spirit.
In 2005, a Tokyo district judge dismissed a suit by the families of the lieutenants, stating that "the lieutenants admitted the fact that they raced to kill 100 people" and that the story cannot be proven to be clearly false.
The judge also ruled against the civil claim of the plaintiffs because the original article was more than 60 years old.
The historicity of the event remains disputed in Japan.
Article: Sound City (film)
Section: Synopsis

Question: Who recorded at Sound City Studios?

Sound City Studios was located in the San Fernando Valley, amidst rows of dilapidated warehouses.
The little-known recording studio housed a unique analog Neve recording console and had a reputation for recording drums.
Artists such as Nirvana, Kyuss, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Fleetwood Mac, Neil Young, Rick Springfield, Tom Petty and Slipknot recorded groundbreaking music at the studio.
The film tells the story of the studio from its early days in 1969 until its closing in 2011.
It then follows Dave Grohl's purchase of the studio's custom analog Neve console, which he moved to his personal studio, Studio 606.
Rupert Neve is an English engineer who founded Neve Electronics in 1961, designed and manufactured the Neve 8028, "one of four in the world", and is interviewed by Grohl in the film.
Famous musicians who recorded at Sound City reunite at Studio 606 for a jam session and to make an album of "all-new all-original songs, each one composed and recorded exclusively for the film within its own 24-hour session on that console."
It also shows album covers by some bands: Red Hot Chili Peppers's "One Hot Minute", Nirvana's "Incesticide" and "Nevermind", Rage Against The Machine's self-titled album and many others.
Article: Karate
Section: Abstract

Question: What year did karate not get the necessary two-thirds vote to be an Olympic sport?

Karate developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom.
It was brought to the Japanese mainland in the early 20th century during a time of cultural exchanges between the Japanese and the Ryukyuans.
It was systematically taught in Japan after the Taisho era.
In 1922 the Japanese Ministry of Education invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration.
In 1924 Keio University established the first university karate club in Japan and by 1932, major Japanese universities had karate clubs.
In this era of escalating Japanese militarism, the name was changed from ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand") to ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced "karate" – to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style.
After World War II, Okinawa became an important United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there.
The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increase the popularity of martial arts around the world, and in English the word "karate" began to be used in a generic way to refer to all striking-based Oriental martial arts.
Karate schools began appearing across the world, catering to those with casual interest as well as those seeking a deeper study of the art.
Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of Shotokan Dojo, opined "that the majority of followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate only for its fighting techniques ... Movies and television ... depict karate as a mysterious way of fighting capable of causing death or injury with a single blow ... the mass media present a pseudo art far from the real thing."
Shoshin Nagamine said "Karate may be considered as the conflict within oneself or as a life-long marathon which can be won only through self-discipline, hard training and one's own creative efforts.
"In 2009, in the 121st International Olympic Committee voting, karate did not receive the necessary two-thirds majority vote to become an Olympic sport.
Karate was being considered for the 2020 Olympics,—however at a meeting of the IOC's executive board, held in Russia on May 29, 2013, it was decided that karate (along with wushu and several other non-martial arts) would not be considered for inclusion in 2020 at the IOC's 125th session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in September 2013.
Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) claims there are 50 million karate practitioners worldwide, while the World Karate Federation claims there are 100 million practitioners around the world.
Article: Squash (sport)
Section: The court

Question: The middle line of the front wall is relevant when?

Basic rules and gameplay.
The court.
The squash court is a playing surface surrounded by four walls.
The court surface contains a front line separating the front and back of the court and a half court line, separating the left and right hand sides of the back portion of the court, creating three 'boxes' - the front half, the back left quarter and the back right quarter.
Both the back two boxes contain smaller service boxes.
All of the floor-markings on a squash court are only relevant during serves.
There are four walls to a squash court.
The front wall, on which three parallel lines are marked, has the largest playing surface, whilst the back wall, which typically contains the entrance to the court, has the smallest.
The out line runs along the top of the front wall, descending along the side walls to the back wall.
There are no other markings on the side or back walls.
Shots struck above or touching the out line, on any wall, are out.
The bottom line of the front wall marks the top of the 'tin', a half metre-high metal area which if struck means that the ball is out.
In this way the tin can be seen as analogous to the net in other racquet sports such as tennis.
The middle line of the front wall is the service line and is only relevant during serves.
Article: Johannes Vermeer
Section: Theories of mechanical aid

Question: Who is famous for the Hockney-Falco thesis?

Vermeer's painting techniques have long been a source of debate, given their almost photorealistic attention to detail, despite Vermeer having had no formal training, and despite only limited evidence that Vermeer had created any preparatory sketches or traces for his paintings.
In 2001, British artist David Hockney published the book "Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters", in which he argued that Vermeer - among other Renaissance artists including Hans Holbein and Diego Velázquez - used optics, and specifically some combination of curved mirrors, camera obscura and camera lucida, to achieve precise positioning in their compositions.
This became known as the Hockney–Falco thesis, named after Hockney and Charles M. Falco, another proponent of the theory.
Working independently, in 2001 British architecture professor Philip Steadman published the book "Vermeer's Camera: Uncovering the Truth behind the Masterpieces", which specifically claimed that Vermeer had used a camera obscura to create his paintings.
Noting that many of Vermeer's paintings had been painted in the same room, Steadman found six of his paintings that are precisely the right size if they had been painted from inside a camera obscura in the room's back wall.
Supporters of these theories have pointed to evidence in some of Vermeer's paintings, such as the often-discussed sparkling pearly highlights in Vermeer's paintings, which they argue are the result of the primitive lens of a camera obscura producing halation.
It was also postulated that a camera obscura was the mechanical cause of the "exaggerated" perspective seen in "Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman" (London, Royal Collection).
In 2008, American entrepreneur and inventor Tim Jenison developed the theory that Vermeer had used a camera obscura along with a "comparator mirror", which is similar in concept to a camera lucida but much simpler, and allows for easily matching color values.
He later modified the theory to simply involve a concave mirror and a comparator mirror.
He spent the next five years testing his theory by attempting to re-create "The Music Lesson" himself using these tools, a process captured in the 2013 documentary film "Tim's Vermeer".
This theory remains disputed.
Aside from the accurately observed mirror reflection above the lady at the virginals, there is no historical evidence regarding Vermeer's interest in optics.
The detailed inventory of the artist's belongings drawn up after his death does not include a camera obscura or any similar device.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Early works

Question: To whom is the picture originally attributed?

Leonardo's early works begin with the "Baptism of Christ" painted in conjunction with Verrocchio.
Two other paintings appear to date from his time at the workshop, both of which are Annunciations.
One is small, long and high.
It is a "predella" to go at the base of a larger composition, in this case a painting by Lorenzo di Credi from which it has become separated.
The other is a much larger work, long.
In both these Annunciations, Leonardo used a formal arrangement, such as in Fra Angelico's two well-known pictures of the same subject, of the Virgin Mary sitting or kneeling to the right of the picture, approached from the left by an angel in profile, with a rich flowing garment, raised wings and bearing a lily.
Although previously attributed to Ghirlandaio, the larger work is now generally attributed to Leonardo.
In the smaller picture Mary averts her eyes and folds her hands in a gesture that symbolised submission to God's will.
In the larger picture, however, Mary is not submissive.
The girl, interrupted in her reading by this unexpected messenger, puts a finger in her bible to mark the place and raises her hand in a formal gesture of greeting or surprise.
This calm young woman appears to accept her role as the Mother of God, not with resignation but with confidence.
In this painting the young Leonardo presents the humanist face of the Virgin Mary, recognising humanity's role in God's incarnation.
Article: Gangnam Style
Section: Production

Question: How long has Hwang Min-woo been alive?

The music video is directed by Cho Soo-hyun, who also directed the MV for Psy's follow-up single "Gentleman" and the MV for "This Love" by Shinhwa.
It shows Psy performing a comical horse-riding dance and appearing in unexpected locations around the Gangnam District, such as an outdoor yoga session and a hot tub.
He wears several distinctive suits and black sunglasses with a mindset of "dress classy and dance cheesy".
It features a "skewering the Gangnam image" by the "non-Gangnam Psy"; this parody would be recognizable to viewers familiar with Korean culture.
Although there are more than ten different locations featured, only two of the scenes are actually filmed in the Gangnam district.
The sauna scene, elevator scene and bathroom scene were filmed elsewhere in the greater Seoul region, and some shots were filmed in World Trade Center Seoul and the Songdo International Business District, which includes Songdo Central Park and International Business District Station.
The video was shot over 48 hours in July 2012.
In K-pop, it is routine to have cameos by celebrities in a music video, such as in the dance scenes in the elevator and the parking garage.
The guests in the music video include:
 4Minute member Hyuna, who dances in the subway car and attracts Psy's attention.
 Big Bang members Daesung and Seungri, who play two old men playing a board game in the park; they dive from the park bench after the explosion.
 Hwang Min-woo, a 7-year-old boy who dances at the beginning of the video.
During an interview with CNN, Psy stated that "the night before the music video shoot, I was watching "Korea's Got Talent" and saw him dance to Michael Jackson.
His moves were ridiculous.
So we called him up and asked him to be in the music video, which was shooting the very next day, and he came and it all worked out."
He has been praised for his eye-catching dance moves that have received a lot of attention from viewers.
 Comedian/television personality Korea's Nation emcee Yoo Jae-suk, who engages in a dance duel with Psy.
 Comedian/television personality Noh Hongchul, who does his trademark pelvis-thrusting dance in an elevator while Psy raps underneath him.
The music was composed by Psy and Yoo Gun-hyung, a producer in South Korea who has also collaborated with Psy in the past.
Yoo also arranged the song while Psy was responsible for the lyrics.
Article: Shrek
Section: Development

Question: Shrek Art Director Douglas Rogers visited what place for inspiration for Shrek's swamp?

At the time DreamWorks was founded, producer John H. Williams got hold of the book from his children, and when he brought it to DreamWorks, it caught Jeffrey Katzenberg's attention and the studio decided to make it into a movie.
Recounting the inspiration of making the film, Williams said: After buying the rights to the film, Katzenberg quickly put the film in active development in November 1995.
Steven Spielberg had thought about making a traditionally animated film of the book before, when he bought the rights to the book in 1991, before the founding of DreamWorks, where Bill Murray would play Shrek and Steve Martin would play Donkey.
In the beginning of production, co-director Andrew Adamson refused to be intimidated by Katzenberg, and had an argument with him how much should the film appeal to adults.
Katzenberg wanted both audiences, but he found some of Adamson's ideas about adding sexual jokes and Guns N' Roses music to the soundtrack a bit too outrageous.
Andrew Adamson and Kelly Asbury joined in 1997 to co-direct the film.
However, Asbury left a year later for work on the 2002 film "", and was replaced with story artist Vicky Jenson.
Both Adamson and Jenson decided to work on the film in half, so the crew could at least know who to go to with specific detail questions about the film's sequences; "We both ended up doing a lot of everything", Adamson said.
"We're both kinda control freaks, and we both wanted to do everything.
"Some early sketches of Shrek's house were done in 1996 through 1997 using Photoshop, with the sketches showing Shrek first living in a garbage dump near a human village called Wart Creek.
It was also thought one time that he lived with his parents and kept rotting fish in his bedroom.
Donkey was modeled after "Pericles" (born 1994; also known as "Perry"), a real miniature donkey from Barron Park, Palo Alto, California.
Raman Hui, supervising animator of "Shrek", stated that Fiona "wasn't based on any real person."
and he did many different sketches for Princess Fiona and had done over 100 sculptures of Fiona before the directors picked the final design.
In early development, the Art Directors visited Hearst Castle, Stratford upon Avon and Dordogne for inspiration.
Art Director Douglas Rogers visited a magnolia plantation in Charleston, South Carolina for inspiration for Shrek's swamp.
Planned characters not used in the film include Goldilocks and Sleeping Beauty.
Article: United Kingdom
Section: Abstract

Question: When did the UN Security Council have its first session?

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain , is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe.
The country includes the island of Great Britain (a term sometimes loosely applied to the whole state), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands.
Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another state: the Republic of Ireland.
Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea in the east, the English Channel in the south and the Irish Sea in the west.
The UK's form of government is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system, and its capital city is London.
The current British monarch—since 6 February 1952—is Queen Elizabeth II.
The United Kingdom consists of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
The latter three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capital cities, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively.
Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man are Crown dependencies and are not part of the UK.
The United Kingdom has fourteen British Overseas Territories.
These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land mass and was the largest empire in history.
British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies.
The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and eighth-largest by purchasing power parity.
It was the world's first industrialised country and the world's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
The UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally.
It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth in the world.
The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946.
It has been a member of the European Union (EU) and its predecessor the European Economic Community (EEC) since 1973; it is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Council of Europe, the G7, the G8, the G20, NATO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Article: Manhattan Project
Section: Soviet spies

Question: What was the name of the head of the Counter Intelligence Branch of the Western Defense Command?

The prospect of sabotage was always present, and sometimes suspected when there were equipment failures.
While there were some problems believed to be the result of careless or disgruntled employees, there were no confirmed instances of Axis-instigated sabotage.
However, on 10 March 1945, a Japanese fire balloon struck a power line, and the resulting power surge caused the three reactors at Hanford to be temporarily shut down.
With so many people involved, security was a difficult task.
A special Counter Intelligence Corps detachment was formed to handle the project's security issues.
By 1943, it was clear that the Soviet Union was attempting to penetrate the project.
Lieutenant Colonel Boris T. Pash, the head of the Counter Intelligence Branch of the Western Defense Command, investigated suspected Soviet espionage at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley.
Oppenheimer informed Pash that he had been approached by a fellow professor at Berkeley, Haakon Chevalier, about passing information to the Soviet Union.
The most successful Soviet spy was Klaus Fuchs, a member of the British Mission who played an important part at Los Alamos.
The 1950 revelation of Fuchs' espionage activities damaged the United States' nuclear cooperation with Britain and Canada.
Subsequently, other instances of espionage were uncovered, leading to the arrest of Harry Gold, David Greenglass and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.
Other spies like George Koval and Theodore Hall remained unknown for decades.
The value of the espionage is difficult to quantify, as the principal constraint on the Soviet atomic bomb project was a shortage of uranium ore.
The consensus is that espionage saved the Soviets one or two years of effort.
Article: Tokyo Disneyland
Section: History

Question: What year did construction of Disneyland Tokyo begin?

In April 1979, the first basic contract for the construction of Disneyland in Tokyo was signed.
Japanese engineers and architects flocked to California to tour Disneyland and prepare to construct the new operating dreamland in Tokyo.
Just one year later, construction of the park began and was covered by hundreds of media reporters as an indication of the high expectations for the park in the future.
Though successful in the building process, the final cost of Disneyland Tokyo almost doubled the estimated budget costing 180 billion yen rather than the projected 100 billion yen.
Despite this discrepancy, Disneyland Tokyo has been a constant source of pride since opening day over 30 years ago.