community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Curling
Section: Shoes

Question: When do curlers use sliding shoes?

Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except that they have dissimilar soles; the "slider shoe" is designed for the off foot (or sliding foot) and the "non-sliding shoe" for the hack foot.
The "slider shoe" is designed to slide and typically has a Teflon sole.
It is worn by the thrower during delivery from the hack and by sweepers or the skip to glide down the ice when sweeping or otherwise traveling down the sheet quickly.
Stainless steel was once common for slider soles, and "red brick" sliders with lateral blocks of PVC on the sole are also available.
Most shoes have a full-sole sliding surface, but some shoes have a sliding surface covering only the outline of the shoe and other enhancements with the full-sole slider.
Some shoes have small disc sliders covering the front and heel portions or only the front portion of the foot, which allow more flexibility in the sliding foot for curlers playing with tuck deliveries.
When a player is not throwing, the player's slider shoe can be temporarily rendered non-slippery by using a slip-on gripper.
Ordinary athletic shoes may be converted to sliders by using a step-on or slip-on Teflon slider or by applying electrical or gaffer tape directly to the sole or over a piece of cardboard.
This arrangement often suits casual or beginning players.
The "non-sliding shoe", or "hack foot shoe," is worn by the thrower on the hack foot during delivery and is designed to grip.
It may have a normal athletic shoe sole or a special layer of rubbery material applied to the sole of a thickness to match the sliding shoe.
The toe of the hack foot shoe may also have a rubberised coating on the top surface or a flap that hangs over the toe to reduce wear on the top of the shoe as it drags on the ice behind the thrower.
Article: World War I
Section: July Crisis

Question: Who was killed, leading to the July Crisis prior to WW1?

The assassination led to a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France, and Britain which was called the July Crisis.
Believing correctly that Serbian officials (especially the officers of the Black Hand) were involved in the plot, and wanting to finally end Serbian interference in Bosnia, Austria-Hungary delivered to Serbia the July Ultimatum, a series of ten demands intentionally made unacceptable, intending to provoke a war with Serbia.
When Serbia agreed to only eight of the ten demands, Austria-Hungary declared war on 28 July 1914.
Strachan argues, "Whether an equivocal and early response by Serbia would have made any difference to Austria-Hungary's behaviour must be doubtful.
Franz Ferdinand was not the sort of personality who commanded popularity, and his demise did not cast the empire into deepest mourning".
The Russian Empire, unwilling to allow Austria-Hungary to eliminate its influence in the Balkans, and in support of its longtime Serb protégé, ordered a partial mobilisation one day later, 29 July.
Germany mobilised on 30 July, and Russia responded by declaring a full mobilisation that same day.
Germany imposed an ultimatum on Russia, through its ambassador in Berlin, to demobilise within 12 hours or face war.
Russia responded by offering to negotiate the terms of a demobilisation.
However, Germany refused to negotiate, declaring war against Russia on 1 August 1914.
Germany's war plan, the Schlieffen Plan, relied on a quick, massive invasion of France to eliminate the threat on the West, before turning east against Russia.
Simultaneously with its mobilisation against Russia, therefore, the German government issued demands that France remain neutral.
The French cabinet resisted military pressure to commence immediate mobilisation, and ordered its troops to withdraw from the border to avoid any incident.
Germany attacked Luxembourg on 2 August, and on 3 August declared war on France.
On 4 August, after Belgium refused to permit German troops to cross its borders into France, Germany declared war on Belgium as well.
Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914, following an "unsatisfactory reply" to the British ultimatum that Belgium must be kept neutral.
Article: Pablo Picasso
Section: Blue Period

Question: What is a common motif of Picasso's Blue Period?

Picasso's Blue Period (1901–1904), characterized by somber paintings rendered in shades of blue and blue-green, only occasionally warmed by other colours, began either in Spain in early 1901, or in Paris in the second half of the year.
Many paintings of gaunt mothers with children date from the Blue Period, during which Picasso divided his time between Barcelona and Paris.
In his austere use of color and sometimes doleful subject matter – prostitutes and beggars are frequent subjects – Picasso was influenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas.
Starting in autumn of 1901 he painted several posthumous portraits of Casagemas, culminating in the gloomy allegorical painting "La Vie" (1903), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art.
The same mood pervades the well-known etching "The Frugal Repast" (1904), which depicts a blind man and a sighted woman, both emaciated, seated at a nearly bare table.
Blindness is a recurrent theme in Picasso's works of this period, also represented in "The Blindman's Meal" (1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art) and in the portrait of "Celestina" (1903).
Other works include "Portrait of Soler" and "Portrait of Suzanne Bloch".
Article: Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Section: Riots

Question: How many cities did the United States have riots after Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination

Colleagues of Dr. King in the civil rights movement called for a non-violent response to the assassination, to honor his most deeply held beliefs.
James Farmer, Jr. said:The more militant Stokely Carmichael, however, called for more forceful action, saying:"White America killed Dr. King last night.
She made a whole lot easier for a whole lot of black people today.
There no longer needs to be intellectual discussions, black people know that they have to get guns.
White America will live to cry that she killed Dr. King last night.
It would have been better if she had killed Rap Brown and/or Stokely Carmichael, but when she killed Dr. King, she lost.
"Despite the urging of many leaders, the assassination led to a nationwide wave of riots in more than 100 cities.
After the assassination, the city of Memphis quickly settled the strike on favorable terms to the sanitation workers.
Article: Aurora
Section: Forms and magnetism

Question: How far away is the "auroral zone" from the magnetic pole?

Typically the aurora appears either as a diffuse glow or as "curtains" that approximately extend in the east-west direction.
At some times, they form "quiet arcs"; at others ("active aurora"), they evolve and change constantly.
Each curtain consists of many parallel rays, each lined up with the local direction of the magnetic field lines, suggesting that auroras are shaped by Earth's magnetic field.
Indeed, satellites show that electrons are guided by magnetic field lines, spiraling around them while moving toward Earth.
The similarity to curtains is often enhanced by folds called "striations".
When the field line guiding a bright auroral patch leads to a point directly above the observer, the aurora may appear as a "corona" of diverging rays, an effect of perspective.
Although it was first mentioned by Ancient Greek explorer/geographer Pytheas, Hiorter and Celsius first described in 1741 evidence for magnetic control, namely, large magnetic fluctuations occurred whenever the aurora was observed overhead.
This indicates (it was later realized) that large electric currents were associated with the aurora, flowing in the region where auroral light originated.
Kristian Birkeland (1908) deduced that the currents flowed in the east-west directions along the auroral arc, and such currents, flowing from the dayside toward (approximately) midnight were later named "auroral electrojets" (see also Birkeland currents).
Still more evidence for a magnetic connection are the statistics of auroral observations.
Elias Loomis (1860) and later in more detail Hermann Fritz (1881) and S. Tromholt (1882) established that the aurora appeared mainly in the "auroral zone", a ring-shaped region with a radius of approximately 2500 km around Earth's magnetic pole.
It was hardly ever seen near the geographic pole, which is about 2000 km away from the magnetic pole.
The instantaneous distribution of auroras ("auroral oval") is slightly different, centered about 3–5 degrees nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest toward the equator about an hour before midnight.
The aurora can be seen best at this time, called magnetic midnight, which occurs when an observer, the magnetic pole in question and the Sun are in alignment.
In the 1970s, astrophysicist Joan Feynman deduced that auroras are a product of the interaction between the Earth's magnetosphere and the magnetic field of the solar wind.
Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft.
On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms.
Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.
Dr. Vassilis Angelopoulos of the University of California, Los Angeles, the principal investigator for the THEMIS mission, claimed, "Our data show clearly and for the first time that magnetic reconnection is the trigger."
Article: Tennis
Section: Grip

Question: What is the way a racquet is held to hit shots called?

A grip is a way of holding the racquet in order to hit shots during a match.
The grip affects the angle of the racquet face when it hits the ball and influences the pace, spin, and placement of the shot.
Players use various grips during play, including the Continental (The "Handshake Grip"), Eastern (Can be either semi-eastern or full eastern.
Usually used for backhands.
), and Western (semi-western or full western, usually for forehand grips) grips.
Most players change grips during a match depending on what shot they are hitting; for example, slice shots and serves call for a Continental grip.
Article: Tunisia
Section: Education

Question: What was the adult literacy rate in 2008?

Science and technology.
The adult literacy rate in 2008 was 78%.
Education is given a high priority and accounts for 6% of GNP.
A basic education for children between the ages of 6 and 16 has been compulsory since 1991.
Tunisia ranked 17th in the category of "quality of the educational system" and 21st in the category of "quality of primary education" in The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-9, released by The World Economic Forum.
While children generally acquire Tunisian Arabic at home, when they enter school at age 6, they are taught to read and write in Standard Arabic.
From the age of 8, they are taught French while English is introduced at the age of 12.
The four years of secondary education are open to all holders of Diplôme de Fin d’Etudes de l’Enseignement de Base where the students focus on entering university level or join the workforce after completion.
The Enseignement secondaire is divided into two stages: general academic and specialized.
The higher education system in Tunisia has experienced a rapid expansion and the number of students has more than tripled over the past 10 years from approximately 102,000 in 1995 to 365,000 in 2005.
The gross enrollment rate at the tertiary level in 2007 was 31 percent, with gender parity index of GER of 1.5.
Article: Great Sphinx of Giza
Section: Modern dissenting hypotheses

Question: Who did Dobrev say the Sphinx is designed to look like?

Rainer Stadelmann, former director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo, examined the distinct iconography of the "nemes" (headdress) and the now-detached beard of the Sphinx and concluded that the style is more indicative of the Pharaoh Khufu (2589–2566 BC), builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza and Khafra's father.
He supports this by suggesting that Khafra's Causeway was built to conform to a pre-existing structure, which, he concludes, given its location, could only have been the Sphinx.
Colin Reader, an English geologist who independently conducted a more recent survey of the enclosure, agrees that the various quarries on the site have been excavated around the Causeway.
Because these quarries are known to have been used by Khufu, Reader concludes that the Causeway (and the temples on either end thereof) must predate Khufu, thereby casting doubt on the conventional Egyptian chronology.
In 2004, Vassil Dobrev of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale in Cairo announced that he had uncovered new evidence that the Great Sphinx may have been the work of the little-known Pharaoh Djedefre (2528–2520 BC), Khafra's half brother and a son of Khufu.
Dobrev suggests that Djedefre built the Sphinx in the image of his father Khufu, identifying him with the sun god Ra in order to restore respect for their dynasty.
Dobrev also notes, like Stadelmann and others, that the causeway connecting Khafre's pyramid to the temples was built around the Sphinx suggesting it was already in existence at the time.
Article: Blow Me (One Last Kiss)
Section: Chart performance

Question: Whats the number of copies "Blow Me" sold?

"Blow Me (One Last Kiss)" first appeared on the Australian Singles Chart on the week ending 16 July 2012, debuting at number 1.
The song peaked at number 8 on the New Zealand Top 40 chart.
It also debuted at number 13 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart.
In Ireland, the song debuted at number 23 on the Irish Singles Chart.
In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number 3 with sales over 70,000 on the week ending 9 September 2012 behind Ne-Yo's "Let Me Love You (Until You Learn to Love Yourself)" and The Script's "Hall of Fame".
Despite of not reaching No.1 in the Singles Chart it did reach No.1 In the UK iTunes Chart, it debuted at number one in Scotland.
In the United States, the song debuted at number 58 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and peaked at number 5.
As of August 2013, Pink is placed joint-third with Lady Gaga (12) behind Rihanna (24) and Beyoncé (14) for most top ten hits for a female artist since 2000.
The song also topped the German Airplay Chart, becoming Pink's tenth consecutive single to do so and increasing her (previously broken) record for the most consecutive number 1 singles in Germany.
The song also appeared on the South African Airplay Chart, reaching a peak position of number 2.
On Billboard's Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart, it gave Pink her fourth number-one single on this chart.
It has sold 2,164,000 copies in the US as of July 2013.
Article: The Shawshank Redemption
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the name of the movie that describes the story of Andy Dufresne, a banker who spends 19 years in Shawshank State Prison for the murder of his wife and her lover despite his claims of innocence?

The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 American drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont and starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman.
Adapted from the Stephen King novella "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption", the film tells the story of Andy Dufresne, a banker who spends 19 years in Shawshank State Prison for the murder of his wife and her lover despite his claims of innocence.
During his time at the prison, he befriends a fellow inmate, Ellis Boyd "Red" Redding, and finds himself protected by the guards after the warden begins using him in his money laundering operation.
Despite a lukewarm box office reception that barely recouped its budget, the film received multiple award nominations and favorable reviews from critics for its acting and realism.
It has since enjoyed a remarkable life on cable television, VHS, DVD, and Blu-ray.
It was included in the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Movies 10th Anniversary Edition.
Article: Coffee
Section: Etymology

Question: Which Italian word is "coffee" derived from?

The first reference to coffee in the English language is in the form "chaoua", dated to 1598.
In English and other European languages, "coffee" descends from the Italian word "caffè".
In turn, "caffè" derives from "kahve", the Ottoman Turkish word for coffee, which is itself derived from the , "qahwah".
Arab lexicographers maintain that "qahwah" originally referred to a type of wine, and gave its etymology, in turn, to the verb "qahā", signifying "to have no appetite", since this beverage was thought to dull one's hunger.
Other proposed etymologies include tracing coffee to the word "quwwa," Arabic for power, or to the region of Kaffa in Ethiopia.
For the latter etymology, some hold Arabs named it after the Kaffa region, but others with "equally little authority" say the region was named after the drink.
Article: Leonardo da Vinci
Section: Anatomy

Question: How many anatomy drawings did he have?

Leonardo's formal training in the anatomy of the human body began with his apprenticeship to Andrea del Verrocchio, who insisted that all his pupils learn anatomy.
As an artist, he quickly became master of "topographic anatomy", drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.
As a successful artist, he was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome.
From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre.
Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words towards a treatise on anatomy.
These papers were left to his heir, Francesco Melzi, for publication, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.
It was left incomplete at the time of Melzi's death more than fifty years later, with only a small amount of the material on anatomy included in Leonardo's "Treatise on painting", published in France in 1632.
During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer who made a number of drawings from them.
Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and studies muscles and sinews.
He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.
He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus "in utero".
The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published, would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.
As an artist, Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage.
He also drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.
Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans.
He also made a number of studies of horses.
Article: Quantum mechanics
Section: Step potential

Question: The potential in that case is given by what?

The potential in this case is given by:
formula_3
The solutions are superpositions of left- and right-moving waves:
formula_4
formula_5
where the wave vectors are related to the energy via
formula_6, and
formula_7
with coefficients A and B determined from the boundary conditions and by imposing a continuous derivative on the solution.
Each term of the solution can be interpreted as an incident, reflected, or transmitted component of the wave, allowing the calculation of transmission and reflection coefficients.
Notably, in contrast to classical mechanics, incident particles with energies greater than the potential step are partially reflected.
Article: Amélie
Section: Musical adaptation

Question: Who decided on making original music in the movie Amélie?

On 23 August 2013 composer Dan Messe, one of the founders and members of the band Hem, confirmed speculation that he would be writing the score for a musical adaptation of Amelie to premiere on Broadway.
He will be collaborating with Craig Lucas and Nathan Tysen.
Messe also confirmed he would be composing all original music for the show and not using the Yann Tiersen score.
Jeunet distanced himself from the musical, saying he only sold the rights to raise funds for children's charity "Mecenat Chirurgie Cardiaque" (Cardiac Surgery Patronage).
Article: Dora Maar au Chat
Section: History

Question: Who obtained the painting in the 1940s?

The canvas (50 ½ by 37 ½ inches / 128.3 cm by 95.3 cm) was one of many portraits of Dora Maar painted by Pablo Picasso over their nearly decade-long relationship.
Picasso fell in love with the 29-year old Maar at the age of 55 and soon began living with her.
This painting was done during the year 1941, when the Nazis were occupying France.
In the 1940s, the painting was obtained by Chicago collectors Leigh and Mary Block.
They sold the painting in 1963 After that, the painting was never shown until the 21st century.
During 2005 and 2006, "Dora Maar au Chat", then owned by the Gidwitz family of Chicago, was shown worldwide as part of Sotheby's exhibitions in London, Hong Kong and New York.
It came up for sale in an auction of Impressionist/Modern works held at Sotheby's on May 3, 2006 in New York and making it the second-highest price ever paid for a painting at auction.
An anonymous Russian bidder present at the New York auction won the work with a final bid of US$95,216,000, well exceeding the pre-auction US$50 million estimates.
The identity of the bidder, who spent more than US$100 million in total, and purchased an 1883 Monet seascape and a 1978 Chagall in addition to the Picasso, was a topic of much speculation.
Apparently a novice bidder, though possibly acting as an agent for a more well-known collector, the anonymous buyer may have been unknown at the start of the auction even to Sotheby's officials.
As of mid-2007, the ownership of the "Dora Maar au Chat" is still unknown to the general public, although rumors have focused on the Georgian mining magnate and current Prime Minister of Georgia Bidzina (Boris) Ivanishvili, who sold his Moscow bank a week before the auction for $550 m.