community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Central Park
Section: Geology

Question: How many types of bedrock are in Manhattan?

There are four different types of bedrock in Manhattan.
In Central Park, Manhattan schist and Hartland schist, which are both metamorphosed sedimentary rock, are exposed in various outcroppings.
The other two types, Fordham gneiss (an older deeper layer) and Inwood marble (metamorphosed limestone which overlays the gneiss), do not surface in the park.
Fordham gneiss, which consists of metamorphosed igneous rocks, was formed a billion years ago, during what is known as the Grenville orogeny that occurred during the creation of an ancient super-continent.
It is the oldest rock in the Canadian Shield, the most ancient part of the North American tectonic plate.
Manhattan schist and Hartland schist were formed in the Iapetus Ocean during the Taconic orogeny in the Paleozoic era, about 450 million years ago.
During this period the tectonic plates began to move toward each other, which resulted in the creation of the supercontinent, Pangaea.
Cameron's Line is a fault zone that traverses Central Park on an east-west axis.
Various glaciers have covered the area of Central Park in the past, with the most recent being the Wisconsin glacier which receded about 12,000 years ago.
Evidence of past glaciers are visible throughout the park in the form of "glacial erratics" (large boulders dropped by the receding glacier) and north-south glacial striations visible on stone outcroppings.
Article: Treaty of Versailles
Section: United States

Question: When was the German Peace Treaty signed?

After the Versailles conference Wilson claimed that "at last the world knows America as the savior of the world!
"The Republican Party—led by Henry Cabot Lodge—controlled the U.S. Senate after the election of 1918, but the Senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question.
It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two-thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty.
An angry bloc of 12–18 "Irreconcilables", mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats, fiercely opposed the Treaty.
One block of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty, even with reservations added by Lodge.
A second group of Democrats supported the Treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations.
The largest bloc—led by Senator Lodge— comprised a majority of the Republicans.
They wanted a treaty with reservations, especially on Article X, which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the U.S. Congress.
All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them.
However, Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills.
The closest the Treaty came to passage was on November 19, 1919, as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations, but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to permanently end the chances for ratification.
Among the American public as a whole, the Irish Catholics and the German Americans were intensely opposed to the Treaty, saying it favored the British.
After Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding continued American opposition to the League of Nations, Congress passed the Knox–Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the U.S. and the Central Powers.
It was signed into law by Harding on July 21, 1921.
The U.S.–German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on , the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Vienna on , and the US–Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Budapest on .
Article: French fries
Section: Variants

Question: What is the two-bath technique called for French Fries?

Variants of French fries include "thick-cut fries", "steak fries", "shoestring fries", "jojos", "crinkle fries", "curly fries", "hand-cut fries" and "tornado fries".
Fries cut into rough cubes instead of sticks are called "home fries".
Fries cut thickly with the skin left on are called "potato wedges", and fries without the skin are called "steak fries", essentially the American equivalent of the British "chip".
They can also be coated with breading, spices, or other ingredients, which include garlic powder, onion powder, black pepper, paprika, and salt to create "seasoned fries", cheese to create "cheese fries", or chili to create "chili fries".
Sometimes, French fries are cooked in the oven as a final step in the preparation (having been coated with oil during preparation at the factory): these are often sold frozen and are called "oven fries" or "oven chips".
Some restaurants and groceries in North America offer French fries made from sweet potatoes instead of traditional white potatoes.
In France, the thick-cut fries are called "Pommes Pont-Neuf" or simply "pommes frites", about 10 mm; thinner variants are "pommes allumettes" (matchstick potatoes), ±7 mm, and "pommes paille" (potato straws), 3–4 mm (roughly ⅜, ¼ and ⅛ inch respectively).
The two-bath technique is standard (Bocuse).
"Pommes gaufrettes" or "waffle fries" are not typical French fried potatoes, but actually crisps obtained by quarter-turning the potato before each next slide over a grater and deep-frying just once.
This results in large flat fries with two layers, each of which consists of parallel strips of potato.
In an interview, Burger King president Donald Smith said that his chain's fries are sprayed with a sugar solution shortly before being packaged and shipped to individual outlets.
The sugar caramelizes in the cooking fat, producing the golden color customers expect.
McDonald's was assumed to fry their fries for a total time of about 15 to 20 minutes, and with fries fried at least twice.
Article: How to Save a Life
Section: Personnel

Question: Who is on drums?

Isaac Slade - lead vocals, piano
Joe King - guitars, bass, backing vocals
Dave Welsh - guitars
Ben Wysocki - drums, percussion
Article: South Park
Section: Merchandising

Question: How much money does merchandising for South Park generate per year?

Merchandising related to the show is an industry which generates several million dollars a year.
In 1998, the top-selling specialty T-shirt in the United States was based on "South Park", and US$30 million in T-shirt sales was reached during the show's first season.
A "South Park" pinball machine was released in 1999 by Sega Pinball.
The companies Fun 4 All, Mezco Toyz, and Mirage have produced various South Park action figures, collectibles, and plush dolls.
Comedy Central entered into an agreement with Frito-Lay to sell 1.5 million bags of Cheesy Poofs, Cartman's favorite snack from the show, at Wal-Mart until the premiere of the second half of the fifteenth season on October 5, 2011.
Article: The Vampire Diaries
Section: Home media releases

Question: When was the DVD released in region 2?>

Season one was released on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 and on Blu-ray in Regions A and B.
Both United States versions include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes, deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes featurettes, webisodes, and a downloadable audiobook of L.J.
Smith's "The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening".
It was released on DVD in Region 2 on August 23, 2010.
Following that release, Region 1 began selling DVDs on August 31, 2010, and Region 3 on September 1, 2010.
In Region A, it was released on Blu-ray on August 31, 2010.
Region B's releases varied; United Kingdom on August 23, 2010, Brazil on August 26, 2010 and Australia on September 1, 2010.
"The Vampire Diaries Season 2" will be available in DVD and Blu-ray on August 30, 2011.
Region B's releases varied; United Kingdom on August 22, 2011, Brazil on August 25, 2011.
"The Vampire Diaries: Season 3" will be available on DVD and Blu-ray on September 11 and A and on September 5, 2012 for Regions 4 and B.
The Vampire Diaries: Season 4 is available on DVD and Blu-ray in A as of September 15, 2013.
Article: Badminton
Section: Mixed doubles

Question: What is the ideal position in mixed doubles?

In mixed doubles, both pairs typically try to maintain an attacking formation with the woman at the front and the man at the back.
This is because the male players are usually substantially stronger, and can therefore produce smashes that are more powerful.
As a result, mixed doubles require greater tactical awareness and subtler positional play.
Clever opponents will try to reverse the ideal position, by forcing the woman towards the back or the man towards the front.
In order to protect against this danger, mixed players must be careful and systematic in their shot selection.
At high levels of play, the formations will generally be more flexible: the top women players are capable of playing powerfully from the back-court, and will happily do so if required.
When the opportunity arises, however, the pair will switch back to the standard mixed attacking position, with the woman in front and men in the back.
Article: RNA
Section: Regulatory RNAs

Question: What is one way antisense RNA can act as a binding to an mRNA?

Several types of RNA can downregulate gene expression by being complementary to a part of an mRNA or a gene's DNA.
MicroRNAs (miRNA; 21-22 nt) are found in eukaryotes and act through RNA interference (RNAi), where an effector complex of miRNA and enzymes can cleave complementary mRNA, block the mRNA from being translated, or accelerate its degradation.
While small interfering RNAs (siRNA; 20-25 nt) are often produced by breakdown of viral RNA, there are also endogenous sources of siRNAs.
siRNAs act through RNA interference in a fashion similar to miRNAs.
Some miRNAs and siRNAs can cause genes they target to be methylated, thereby decreasing or increasing transcription of those genes.
Animals have Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA; 29-30 nt) that are active in germline cells and are thought to be a defense against transposons and play a role in gametogenesis.
Many prokaryotes have CRISPR RNAs, a regulatory system similar to RNA interference.
Antisense RNAs are widespread; most downregulate a gene, but a few are activators of transcription.
One way antisense RNA can act is by binding to an mRNA, forming double-stranded RNA that is enzymatically degraded.
There are many long noncoding RNAs that regulate genes in eukaryotes, one such RNA is Xist, which coats one X chromosome in female mammals and inactivates it.
An mRNA may contain regulatory elements itself, such as riboswitches, in the 5' untranslated region or 3' untranslated region; these cis-regulatory elements regulate the activity of that mRNA.
The untranslated regions can also contain elements that regulate other genes.
Article: Modern Family
Section: Analysis and commentary

Question: Are the writers and actors on Modern Family in agreement?

In "The New York Times", Bruce Feiler called attention to how the show depicts the increasing way communications technology shapes the way people perceive others, even family members. "
is surely the first family comedy that incorporates its own hashtag of simultaneous self-analysis directly into the storyline," he writes.
"Mark Zuckerberg may be a greater influence on "Modern Family" than Norman Lear.
"The show's writers and actors agree.
"We used to talk about how cellphones killed the sitcom because no one ever goes to anyone's house anymore" for routine information, Abraham Higginbotham told Feiler.
"We embrace technology so it's part of the story."
Ty Burrell draws on Fran Lebowitz's observation that there is no institution other than media.
"I had this little flash of Phil—and me—that we are parsing our personality together externally from how people perceive us.
"James Parker said that "The American family circa 2011 is, after all, an acutely self-conscious and self-interrogating unit: How does one 'parent'?
Who does what, which 'role'?
Is Dad sufficiently dad-like and Mom enough of a mom?"
he writes.
""Modern Family" taps right into all this, the cameras that lurch through its three households producing the sensation of a wild and shaky experiment, recorded for purposes educational or scientific.
"In a 2014 article in "Slate", the site's podcast executive producer, Andy Bowers, a resident of Los Angeles's Westside, where the show films most of its exteriors, praised the series for its realistic depiction of life in that part of the city.
"f you live around here and watch the show, it's easy to forget these people are fictional.
They feel like real neighbors who inhabit the same world we do, much more so than any other TV show I've ever seen."
Many of the show's locations were familiar to him as places he regularly visited or passed.
In addition to its accurate depiction of the area's physical landscape, Bowers added, it was a realistic depiction of its social and cultural landscape:"Modern Family" has been called a culturally-defining series.
Eric Stonestreet voiced his opinion on the social implications of the show and what the support means to him.
Article: The Godfather
Section: Restoration

Question: How many discs are included in the Blu-ray disc box set?

After a restoration of the first two films, "The Godfather: The Coppola Restoration" was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on September 23, 2008 from a transfer by Robert A. Harris of Film Preserve.
Coppola's first response to the new transfer, from a question-and-answer session for "The Godfather Part III": "terrific.
"The Blu-ray Disc box set (four discs) includes high-definition extra features on the restoration and film.
They are included on Disc 5 of the DVD box set (five discs).
Other extras are held over from Paramount's 2001 DVD release, although slight differences obtain between the repurposed extras on the DVD and Blu-ray Disc sets; the HD box has more content.
Paramount lists the new (HD) extra features as:
 Godfather World
 The Masterpiece That Almost Wasn't
 ... when the shooting stopped
 Emulsional Rescue Revealing The Godfather
 "The Godfather" on the Red Carpet
 Four Short Films on "The Godfather"
* The Godfather vs.
The Godfather, Part II
* Cannoli
* Riffing on the Riffing
* Clemenza
Article: Mona Lisa
Section: Conservation

Question: How many years has the Mona Lisa survived?

The "Mona Lisa" has survived for more than 500 years, and an international commission convened in 1952 noted that "the picture is in a remarkable state of preservation."
This is partly due to the result of a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone.
A detailed analysis in 1933 by Madame de Gironde revealed that earlier restorers had "acted with a great deal of restraint."
Nevertheless, applications of varnish made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century, and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and revarnishing removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer, resulting in a washed-out appearance to the face of the figure.
Despite the treatments, the "Mona Lisa" has been well cared for throughout its history, and although the panel's warping caused the curators "some worry", the 2004–05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work.
Article: The Avengers (2012 film)
Section: Music

Question: When was it announced that the song "Live to Rise" would be included on the film's soundtrack?

In November 2011, Marvel announced that Alan Silvestri, who scored "Captain America: The First Avenger", would write and compose the score for "The Avengers".
Silvestri said, "I've worked on films where there have been a number of stars and certainly worked on films where there have been characters of equal weight in terms of their level of importance and profile in the film, but this one is somewhat extreme in that regard because each of these characters has their own world and it's a very different situation.
It's very challenging to look for a way to give everyone the weight and consideration they need, but at the same time the film is really about the coming together of these characters, which implies that there is this entity called the Avengers which really has to be representative of all of them together."
Silvestri developed the score with the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in London, England.
Whedon said, "The score is very old-fashioned, which is why was letter-perfect for this movie because he can give you the heightened emotion, the [Hans Zimmer school of 'I'm just feeling a lot right now!'
but he can also be extraordinarily cue and character specific, which I love.
"In March 2012, American alternative rock band Soundgarden announced through its Facebook page that its song "Live to Rise" would be included on the film's soundtrack.
Additionally, the Indian rock band Agnee released a music video for its single "Hello Andheron", which serves as the theme song for the film's Indian release.
The following day, Marvel revealed details for the soundtrack, which was released May 1, 2012, the same day as the score.
Article: Radiation therapy
Section: Stereotactic radiation

Question: What are the brand names for SRS or SBRT treatments?

Stereotactic radiation is a specialized type of external beam radiation therapy.
It uses focused radiation beams targeting a well-defined tumor using extremely detailed imaging scans.
Radiation oncologists perform stereotactic treatments, often with the help of a neurosurgeon for tumors in the brain or spine.
There are two types of stereotactic radiation.
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is when doctors use a single or several stereotactic radiation treatments of the brain or spine.
Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) refers to one or several stereotactic radiation treatments with the body, such as the lungs.
Some doctors say an advantage to stereotactic treatments are they deliver the right amount of radiation to the cancer in a shorter amount of time than traditional treatments, which can often take six to 11 weeks.
Plus treatments are given with extreme accuracy, which should limit the effect of the radiation on healthy tissues.
One problem with stereotactic treatments is that they are only suitable for certain small tumors.
Stereotactic treatments can be confusing because many hospitals call the treatments by the name of the manufacturer rather than calling it SRS or SBRT.
Brand names for these treatments include Axesse, Cyberknife, Gamma Knife, Novalis, Primatom, Synergy, X-Knife, TomoTherapy, Trilogy and Truebeam.
This list changes as equipment manufacturers continue to develop new, specialized technologies to treat cancers.
Article: Track and field
Section: Javelin throw

Question: What part of the world has the best javelin throwers?

As an implement of war and hunting, javelin throwing began in prehistoric times.
Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon.
Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co-existing: throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance.
It was the latter type from which the modern event derives.
In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an "ankyle" (thin leather strip) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance.
The javelin throw gained much popularity in Scandinavia in the late 18th century and athletes from the region are still among the most dominant throwers in men's competitions.
The modern event features a short run up on a track and then the thrower releases the javelin before the foul line.
The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women's competition was introduced in 1932.
The first javelins were made of various types of wood, but in the 1950s, former athlete Bud Held introduced a hollow javelin, then a metal javelin, both of which increased throwers performances.
Another former athlete, Miklós Németh invented the rough-tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of stadia.
The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's downward pitching moment to allow for easier measurement.
Rough-tailed designs were banned in 1991 and all marks achieved with such javelins were removed from the record books.
The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999.
The current javelin specifications are 2.6 to 2.7 m in length and 800 grams in weight for men, and between 2.2 to 2.3 m and 600 g for women.
Article: I Want to Hold Your Hand
Section: Parodies and sampling

Question: Where can you hear "I Want to Weld Your Hand"?

 Neil Innes' The Rutles also pastiched the song as "Hold My Hand" in 1978.
 For the 2006 album "Love", George Martin and his son, Giles, melded the original studio recording with a live performance at the Hollywood Bowl, complete with screaming hordes of teenage girls.
 Beatallica, a parody of both the Beatles and Metallica, recorded a parody titled "I Want To Choke Your Band".
 In Disneyland's original "Star Tours" attraction, a maintenance droid listens to a song called "I Want to Weld Your Hand.
"
Article: Astrology
Section: Scientific analysis and criticism

Question: What two forms of confirmation bias are under study with respect to astrological belief?

Astrology has been rejected by the scientific community as having no explanatory power for describing the universe.
Scientific testing of astrology has been conducted, and no evidence has been found to support any of the premises or purported effects outlined in astrological traditions.
There is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth that does not contradict well understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.
The majority of professional astrologers rely on performing astrology-based personality tests and making relevant predictions about the remunerator's future.
Those who continue to have faith in astrology have been characterized as doing so "in spite of the fact that there is no verified scientific basis for their beliefs, and indeed that there is strong evidence to the contrary".
It has also been shown that confirmation bias is a psychological factor that contributes to belief in astrology.
Confirmation bias is a form of cognitive bias.
From the literature, Astrology believers often tend to selectively remember those predictions which have turned out to be true, and do not remember those predictions which happen to be false.
Another, separate, form of confirmation bias also plays a role, where believers often fail to distinguish between messages that demonstrate special ability and those which do not.
Thus there are two distinct forms of confirmation bias that are under study with respect to astrological belief.