community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Physics
Section: Application and influence

Question: How do applied physics and engineering differ?

Applied physics is a general term for physics research which is intended for a particular use.
An applied physics curriculum usually contains a few classes in an applied discipline, like geology or electrical engineering.
It usually differs from engineering in that an applied physicist may not be designing something in particular, but rather is using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving a problem.
The approach is similar to that of applied mathematics.
Applied physicists can also be interested in the use of physics for scientific research.
For instance, people working on accelerator physics might seek to build better particle detectors for research in theoretical physics.
Physics is used heavily in engineering.
For example, statics, a subfield of mechanics, is used in the building of bridges and other static structures.
The understanding and use of acoustics results in sound control and better concert halls; similarly, the use of optics creates better optical devices.
An understanding of physics makes for more realistic flight simulators, video games, and movies, and is often critical in forensic investigations.
With the standard consensus that the laws of physics are universal and do not change with time, physics can be used to study things that would ordinarily be mired in uncertainty.
For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward and backward in time and so predict prior and future conditions.
It also allows for simulations in engineering which drastically speed up the development of a new technology.
But there is also considerable interdisciplinarity in the physicist's methods and so many other important fields are influenced by physics, e.g.
the fields of econophysics and sociophysics.
Article: Juice
Section: Juice bar chains

Question: Is Jamba Juice a juice bar chain?

 Boost Juice Australia
 Booster Juice
 Jamba Juice
 Orange Julius, an orange juice based drink and chain of stands
Article: Croissant
Section: Variants

Question: How are croissants served in Germany?

Uncooked croissant can also be wrapped around any praline, almond paste or chocolate before it is baked (in the last case, it becomes like "pain au chocolat", which has a different, non-crescent, shape), or sliced to admit sweet or savoury fillings.
Indeed, it may be flavoured with dried fruit such as sultanas or raisins, or other fruits such as apples.
In France and Spain, croissants are generally sold without filling and eaten without added butter, but sometimes with almond filling.
In the United States, sweet fillings or toppings are common, and warm croissants may be filled with ham and cheese or feta cheese and spinach.
In the Levant, croissants are sold plain or filled with chocolate, cheese, almonds, or zaatar.
In Germany, croissants are sometimes filled with Nutella or persipan; in Southern Germany there also is a popular variety of a croissant glazed with lye ("Laugencroissant").
In the German-speaking part of Switzerland, the croissant is typically called a "Gipfeli" [g̥ɪp͡fəli], which typically has a crisper crust and is less buttery than the French style croissant.
Article: The Act of Killing
Section: Production

Question: Who were the executive producers of "The Act of Killing"?

In 2001, while conducting interviews for their 2003 film "The Globalisation Tapes", Oppenheimer and Cynn began delving into the Indonesian killings of 1965–66.
After moving up the ranks of those involved with the killings, Oppenheimer's interviews led him to meet Anwar Congo in 2005.
The film was shot mostly in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia, between 2005 and 2011.
After seeing an early preview of "The Act of Killing", filmmakers Werner Herzog and Errol Morris signed on as executive producers.
The name "Anonymous" appears 49 times under 27 different crew positions in the credits.
These crew members still fear revenge from the death-squad killers.
Article: All I Want for Christmas Is You
Section: Background and writing

Question: What year did Carey write "All I Want for Christmas Is You"?

After a string of commercially successful albums, Carey's label Columbia Records began exercising the idea of the singer releasing a Christmas album.
They felt that up until that point, Carey had been viewed as a pop singer.
With the record, Columbia intended to broaden Carey's target market, and have her perceived more as an entertainer, not just a singer.
Having been brought up as Christian and always celebrating Christmas, she agreed to create a holiday-themed album.
With Walter Afanasieff, Carey co-wrote "All I Want for Christmas Is You" while recording the album in mid-1994.
In an interview, Carey explained the inspiration behind the song:I'm a very festive person and I love the holidays.
I've sung Christmas songs since I was a little girl.
I used to go Christmas caroling.
When it came to the album, we had to have a nice balance between standard Christian hymns and fun songs.
It was definitely a priority for me to write at least a few new songs, but for the most part people really want to hear the standards at Christmas time, no matter how good a new song is.
Ostensibly, the song was inspired by Carey's romantic sentiments toward her then-husband Tommy Mottola.
After the album's release, many promotional singles were released; while other songs were sent to Christian airplay radio stations, "All I Want for Christmas Is You" was sent to pop and Top 40 channels.
Author Chris Nickson described the song as "fun and mellow", and he felt its uptempo beat contrasted with the album's strong religious theme, broadening the album's appeal to teenage audiences.
Article: Part of Me (Katy Perry song)
Section: Reception

Question: Why did Perry chose the military plot in the song?

The video garnered positive reviews from critics, who praised its self-empowerment theme and its different approach in comparison to Perry's previous music videos.
Bruno Nessif of E!
Online compared the video to Demi Moore's role in G.I.
Jane.
Ray Rahman from "Entertainment Weekly" echoed the similarity of the G.I.
Jane influence in the video, and called it an "intense ride".
MTV's James Montgomery praised the video and Perry's role, saying:"Over the years, Perry has been a California Gurl, a nerdy teenager, an alien and just about everything in between, but up until now, she's never really been an actual person."
He went on to praise the video stating: "Part of Me" is unlike any pop video in recent memory.
Rihanna did military chic in her "Hard" video (she even straddled a tank), and just about every one of Perry's pop contemporaries have ventured down the same path.
But they were never really in the military; they were just making it more fabulous.
Perry takes the opposite tact: She cuts off her hair, she eschews makeup, she fights, crawls, suffers.
It's a commendable level of commitment.
Your move, everybody else.
"Feminist author Naomi Wolf criticized the video as propaganda for the Marine Corps, stating "I really want to find out if she was paid by them for making it ... it is truly shameful.
I would suggest a boycott of this singer whom I really liked if you are as offended at this glorification of violence as I am."
Glenn Selig, founder of The Publicity Agency, responded to these claims on Fox News Live, stating, "In her efforts to boycott the video, Naomi Wolf has brought more attention to it, without her comments, most people would clearly have seen the military simply as a metaphor and not as an attempt by Katy Perry to glamorize the military or war."
Perry told MTV that she chose the military plot because it represented the song, saying, "It's an affirmation of strength, so I wanted to go the strongest route I ever could."
Article: The New Normal (TV series)
Section: Critical reception

Question: What did David Hinckley call the series?

"The New Normal" received a 60 out of 100 aggregate score, based on 32 critics' responses, indicating "mixed or average" reception at Metacritic.
Robert Bianco of "USA Today" called it a "surprisingly touching comedy," adding "For the most part, "Normal" plays like a lovely, small movie, mixing humorous moments with sweet, gentle grace notes.
At its best, it plays like a Woody Allen film, something you may notice most when secondary characters stop and explain themselves to the camera."
Linda Stasi of the "New York Post" thought the series was "pretty darned good," adding ""The New Normal" finds its game when it's funny without trying so hard and sweet when it should be.
At times "Normal" is so touching you might pull out a tissue, or maybe a diaper."
Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the series a B grade, saying it contains "a mixture of sarcasm and sentimentality that isn't remotely realistic, but can be funny."
David Hinckley of the "New York Daily News" called the series "a bumpy ride," adding ""The New Normal" wants what "Modern Family" is having.
But if we're going to catapult from "South Park" to a Hallmark movie, we need a smoother ride.
"On August 24, 2012, representatives from KSL-TV, the NBC affiliate in Salt Lake City, Utah, announced the station, which is owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, would not carry "The New Normal", citing content they believed to be inappropriate for broadcast during the family hour.
KUCW, the state's CW affiliate, picked up the series and aired it on Saturday nights.
The show has been criticised for perpetuating racial stereotypes and using a person born intersex as an object of derision.
Article: France
Section: Society

Question: In what way does the rest of the world see France?

According to a BBC poll in 2010, based on 29,977 responses in 28 countries, France is globally seen as a positive influence in the world's affairs: 49% have a positive view of the country's influence, whereas 19% have a negative view.
The Nation Brand Index of 2008 suggested that France has the second best international reputation, only behind Germany.
According to a poll in 2011, the French were found to have the highest level of religious tolerance and to be the country where the highest proportion of the population defines its identity primarily in term of nationality and not religion.
69% of French have a favourable view of the US, making France one of the most pro-American countries in the world.
In January 2010, the magazine International Living ranked France as "best country to live in", ahead of 193 other countries, for the fifth year running.
The French Revolution continues to permeate the country's collective memory.
The tricolour flag, the anthem "La Marseillaise", and the motto Liberté, egalité, fraternité, defined in Title 1 of the Constitution as national symbols, all emerged during the cultural ferment of the early revolution, along with Marianne, a common national personification.
In addition, Bastille Day, the national holiday, commemorates the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789.
A common and traditional symbol of the French people is the Gallic rooster.
Its origins date back to Antiquity, since the Latin word Gallus meant both "rooster" and "inhabitant of Gaul".
Then this figure gradually became the most widely shared representation of the French, used by French monarchs, then by the Revolution and under the successive republican regimes as representation of the national identity, used for some stamps and coins.
Article: World War I
Section: New states under war zone

Question: When did the Russian armies withdraw from the Caucasus front?

In the late spring of 1918, three new states were formed in the South Caucasus: the First Republic of Armenia, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Georgia, which declared their independence from the Russian Empire.
Two other minor entities were established, the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and South West Caucasian Republic (the former was liquidated by Azerbaijan in the autumn of 1918 and the latter by a joint Armenian-British task force in early 1919).
With the withdrawal of the Russian armies from the Caucasus front in the winter of 1917–18, the three major republics braced for an imminent Ottoman advance, which commenced in the early months of 1918.
Solidarity was briefly maintained when the Transcaucasian Federative Republic was created in the spring of 1918, but this collapsed in May, when the Georgians asked and received protection from Germany and the Azerbaijanis concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that was more akin to a military alliance.
Armenia was left to fend for itself and struggled for five months against the threat of a full-fledged occupation by the Ottoman Turks.
Article: Wide Awake (Katy Perry song)
Section: Lyric video

Question: On what date was the lyric video released?

A lyric video of the track was released on May 20, 2012, when Perry was set to premiere the song at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards.
The video implemented the use of the Facebook timeline and displayed a range of posts about the release of the album "Teenage Dream", the seven singles from "California Gurls" to "Part of Me", and the various achievements for the singles and the album.
The lyric video received positive reviews from critics with many praising Perry's different approach to lyric videos on YouTube.
Contessa Gayles from AOL Music commented that the video "is practically a music video in itself".
Jenna Rubenstein from MTV Buzzworthty stated, "it's a clever and emotional way to recall her past successes and offer fans some closure on this chapter of the Katy Perry journey."
Article: Bacteria
Section: DNA transfer

Question: What are some possible ways bacteria can spread between cells?

Some bacteria also transfer genetic material between cells.
This can occur in three main ways.
First, bacteria can take up exogenous DNA from their environment, in a process called transformation.
Genes can also be transferred by the process of transduction, when the integration of a bacteriophage introduces foreign DNA into the chromosome.
The third method of gene transfer is conjugation, whereby DNA is transferred through direct cell contact.
Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to be a consequence of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than a bacterial adaptation.
Conjugation, in the much-studied E. coli system is determined by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for transferring copies of the plasmid from one bacterial host to another.
It is seldom that a conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfers part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium.
Plasmid-mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.
Transformation, unlike transduction or conjugation, depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process, and thus transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer.
In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state termed competence (see Natural competence).
In "Bacillus subtilis" about 40 genes are required for the development of competence.
The length of DNA transferred during "B. subtilis" transformation can be between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome.
Transformation appears to be common among bacterial species, and thus far at least 60 species are known to have the natural ability to become competent for transformation.
The development of competence in nature is usually associated with stressful environmental conditions, and seems to be an adaptation for facilitating repair of DNA damage in recipient cells.
In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance.
In such cases, gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions.
Gene transfer is particularly important in antibiotic resistance as it allows the rapid transfer of resistance genes between different pathogens.
Article: The Holocaust
Section: Homosexuals

Question: How many homosexuals were sent to concentration camps?

Between 5,000 and 15,000 homosexuals of German nationality are estimated to have been sent to concentration camps.
James D. Steakley writes that what mattered in Germany was criminal intent or character, rather than criminal acts, and the ""gesundes Volksempfinden"" ("healthy sensibility of the people") became the leading normative legal principle.
In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion.
Homosexuality was declared contrary to "wholesome popular sentiment," and homosexuals were consequently regarded as "defilers of German blood."
The Gestapo raided gay bars, tracked individuals using the address books of those they arrested, used the subscription lists of gay magazines to find others, and encouraged people to report suspected homosexual behavior and to scrutinize the behavior of their neighbors.
Tens of thousands were convicted between 1933 and 1944 and sent to camps for "rehabilitation", where they were identified by yellow armbands and later pink triangles worn on the left side of the jacket and the right trouser leg, which singled them out for sexual abuse.
Hundreds were castrated by court order.
They were humiliated, tortured, used in hormone experiments conducted by SS doctors, and killed.
Steakley writes that the full extent of gay suffering was slow to emerge after the war.
Many victims kept their stories to themselves because homosexuality remained criminalized in postwar Germany.
Around two percent of German homosexuals were persecuted by Nazis.
Article: The Big Bang Theory
Section: DVD/Blu-ray releases

Question: What season had a gag reel?

 Despite the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth seasons receiving Blu-ray releases in conjunction with their DVD releases, the first and second seasons were only available on DVD upon their time of release.
Warner Bros. has since released the first two seasons on Blu-ray/DVD combo packs with UltraViolet downloads on July 10, 2012.
All of the episodes from seasons 1 & 2 on Blu-ray received newly remastered surround-sound audio, with the first season sporting a never-before-seen gag reel, which was not included during the initial first season DVD release.
Article: Seafood
Section: Health benefits

Question: How do seniors benefit from eating oily fish?

Research over the past few decades has shown that the nutrients and minerals in seafood can make improvements in brain development and reproduction and has highlighted the role for seafood in the functions of the human body.
Doctors have known of strong links between fish and healthy hearts ever since they noticed that fish-eating Inuit populations in the Arctic had low levels of heart disease.
One study has suggested that adding one portion of fish a week to your diet can cut your chances of suffering a heart attack by half.
Fish is thought to protect the heart because eating less saturated fat and more Omega-3 can help to lower the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood – two fats that, in excess, increase the risk of heart disease.
Omega-3 fats also have natural built-in anti-oxidants, which are thought to stop the thickening and damaging of artery walls.
Regularly eating fish oils is also thought to reduce the risk of arrhythmia – irregular electrical activity in the heart which increases the risk of sudden heart attacks.10-12% of the human brain is composed of lipids, including the Omega-3 fat DHA.
Recent studies suggest that older people can boost their brain power by eating more oily fish, what with regular consumers being able to remember better and think faster than those who don't consume at all.
Other research has also suggested that adding more DHA to the diet of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder can reduce their behavioural problems and improve their reading skills, while there have also been links suggested between DHA and better concentration.
Separate studies have suggested that older people who eat fish at least once a week could also have a lower chance of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Including fish as a regular part of a balanced diet has been shown to help the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis – a painful condition that causes joints to swell up, reducing strength and mobility.
Studies also show that sufferers feel less stiff and sore in the morning if they keep their fish oil intake topped up.
Recent research has also found a link between Omega-3 fats and a slowing down in the wearing of cartilage that leads to osteoarthritis, opening the door for more research into whether eating more fish could help prevent the disease.
Fish is high in minerals such as zinc, iodine and selenium, which keep the body running smoothly.
Iodine is essential for the thyroid gland, which controls growth and metabolism, while selenium is used to make enzymes that protect cell walls from cancer-causing free radicals, and helps prevent DNA damage caused by radiation and some chemicals.
Fish is also a source of vitamin A, which is needed for healthy skin and eyes, and vitamin D, which is needed to help the body absorb calcium to strengthen teeth and bones.
Article: Chocolate
Section: Manufacturers

Question: What is the company that creates Gold Easter Bunnies?

Chocolate manufacturers produce a range of products from chocolate bars to fudge.
Large manufacturers of chocolate products include Cadbury (the world's largest confectionery manufacturer), Guylian, The Hershey Company, Lindt & Sprüngli, Mars, Incorporated, Milka, Neuhaus and Suchard.
Guylian is best known for its chocolate Sea Shells; Cadbury for its "Dairy Milk" and "Creme Egg".
The Hershey Company, largest chocolate manufacturer in North America, produces the "Hershey Bar" and "Hershey's Kisses".
Mars Incorporated, a large privately owned U.S. corporation, produces "Mars Bar", "Milky Way", "M&M's", "Twix" and "Snickers".
Lindt is known for its truffle balls and Gold Easter Bunnies.
Food conglomerates Nestlé SA and Kraft Foods both have chocolate brands.
Nestlé acquired Rowntree's in 1988 and now market chocolates under their own brand, including "Smarties" and "Kit Kat"; Kraft Foods through its 1990 acquisition of Jacobs Suchard, now own Milka and Suchard.
In February 2010, Kraft also acquired British-based Cadbury.
; Fry's, Trebor Basset, the fair-trade brand Green & Black's also belong to the group.