community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Ecology

Question: How many species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore?

The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota.
Birds including the turkey vulture, bald eagle, hawk, and meadowlark fly around Mount Rushmore, occasionally making nesting spots in the ledges of the mountain.
Smaller birds, including songbirds, nuthatches, and woodpeckers, inhabit the surrounding pine forests.
Terrestrial mammals include the mouse, least chipmunk, red squirrel, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, beaver, badger, coyote, bighorn sheep, bobcat, elk, mule deer, yellow-bellied marmot, and American bison.
The striped chorus frog, western chorus frog, and northern leopard frog also inhabit the area.
In addition, several species of snakes inhabit the region.
Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the longnose dace and the brook trout.
Mountain goats are not indigenous to the area but can also be found here.
They are descended from goats which were a gift from Canada to Custer State Park in 1924 but later escaped.
At lower elevations, coniferous trees, mainly the Ponderosa pine, surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun.
Other trees include the bur oak, the Black Hills spruce, and the cottonwood.
Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore.
There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the snapdragon, sunflower, and violet.
Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser.
However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region.
The area receives about of precipitation on average per year, enough to support abundant animal and plant life.
Trees and other plants help to control surface runoff.
Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals.
In addition, stones like sandstone and limestone help to hold groundwater, creating aquifers.
Through the study of tree rings, it has been determined that forest fires have occurred in the Ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years based on evidence of fire scars found within tree core samples.
Large conflagrations are not common.
Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris.
The area is a climax community.
Recent pine beetle infestations have threatened the forest.
Article: Apollo 11
Section: Launch and flight to lunar orbit

Question: Which NASA Chief of Public Information provided commentary for the televised mission highlights?

Mission highlights.
Launch and flight to lunar orbit.
In addition to throngs of people crowding highways and beaches near the launch site, millions watched the event on television, with NASA Chief of Public Information Jack King providing commentary.
President Richard M. Nixon viewed the proceedings from the Oval Office of the White House.
A Saturn V launched Apollo 11 from Launch Pad 39A, part of the Launch Complex 39 site at the Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 1969 at 13:32:00 UTC (9:32:00 a.m. EDT local time).
It entered orbit twelve minutes later.
After one and a half orbits, the S-IVB third-stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the Trans-Lunar Injection (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC.
About 30 minutes later the command/service module pair separated from this last remaining Saturn V stage and docked with the Lunar Module still nestled in the Lunar Module Adaptor.
After the Lunar Module was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the third stage booster flew on a trajectory past the Moon and into heliocentric orbit.
On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit.
In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility (Mare Tranquillitatis) about southwest of the crater Sabine D (0.67408N, 23.47297E).
The landing site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated "Ranger 8" and "Surveyor 5" landers along with the "Lunar Orbiter" mapping spacecraft and unlikely to present major landing or extra-vehicular activity (EVA) challenges.
Article: United Kingdom
Section: Energy

Question: How much coal did the UK produce in 2011. Write the answer in tonnes.

In 2006, the UK was the world's ninth-largest consumer of energy and the 15th largest producer.
The UK is home to a number of large energy companies, including two of the six oil and gas "supermajors" – BP and Royal Dutch Shell – and BG Group.
In 2011, 40% of the UK's electricity was produced by gas, 30% by coal, 19% by nuclear power and 4.2% by wind, hydro, biofuels and wastes.
In 2009, the UK produced 1.5 million barrels per day (bbl/d) of oil and consumed 1.7 million bbl/d.
Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of oil since 2005. the UK had around 3.1 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves, the largest of any EU member state.
In 2009, 66.5% of the UK's oil supply was imported.
In 2009, the UK was the 13th largest producer of natural gas in the world and the largest producer in the EU.
Production is now in decline and the UK has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004.
In 2009, half of British gas was supplied from imports and this is expected to increase to at least 75% by 2015, as domestic reserves are depleted.
Coal production played a key role in the UK economy in the 19th and 20th centuries.
In the mid-1970s, 130 million tonnes of coal was being produced annually, not falling below 100 million tonnes until the early 1980s.
During the 1980s and 1990s the industry was scaled back considerably.
In 2011, the UK produced 18.3 million tonnes of coal.
In 2005 it had proven recoverable coal reserves of 171 million tons.
The UK Coal Authority has stated there is a potential to produce between 7 billion tonnes and 16 billion tonnes of coal through underground coal gasification (UCG) or 'fraking', and that, based on current UK coal consumption, such reserves could last between 200 and 400 years.
However, environmental and social concerns have been raised over chemicals getting into the water table and minor earthquakes damaging homes.
In the late 1990s, nuclear power plants contributed around 25% of total annual electricity generation in the UK, but this has gradually declined as old plants have been shut down and ageing-related problems affect plant availability.
In 2012, the UK had 16 reactors normally generating about 19% of its electricity.
All but one of the reactors will be retired by 2023.
Unlike Germany and Japan, the UK intends to build a new generation of nuclear plants from about 2018.
Article: Taco
Section: Crispy tacos

Question: What type of cheese is typically used in a taco?

A mostly California variation where the (sometimes over-sized) corn tortilla is fried or deep-fried in oil (originally, lard).
The meat can be anything, such as ground beef, steak, shredded beef, chicken or pork (carnitas).
Ground beef is generally diluted with refried bean paste and/or potato, and heavily seasoned.
Steak will usually be heavily chili-marinated, diced beef tip ("asada").
The meat is generally topped with jack and/or cheddar cheese, lettuce and tomato (and sometimes avocado and/or sour cream), with salsa on top.
Article: Hersheypark
Section: Rhineland

Question: What served as the inspiration for Rhineland's name?

Rhineland is named after its Bavarian architecture and is the first park section located within the park’s gates.
Like Tudor Square, Rhineland is not home to any attractions but does include a wide variety of gift shops as well as a Nathan’s, Famous Famiglia Pizzeria, and the Central PA's Kosher Mart.
The Kosher Mart building was, until 1992, the Rhineland entrance of the Sky Ride - a ski lift transport ride which took you to Minetown, near the Kissing Tower and Twin Turnpike (which is now the location of Great Bear).
Article: Electrochemistry
Section: Electrolysis of water

Question: How can water be converted to H2 and O2?

Water can be converted to its component elemental gasses, H2 and O2 through the application of an external voltage.
Water doesn't decompose into hydrogen and oxygen spontaneously as the Gibbs free energy for the process at standard conditions is about 474.4 kJ.
The decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen can be performed in an electrolytic cell.
In it, a pair of inert electrodes usually made of platinum immersed in water act as anode and cathode in the electrolytic process.
The electrolysis starts with the application of an external voltage between the electrodes.
This process will not occur except at extremely high voltages without an electrolyte such as sodium chloride or sulfuric acid (most used 0.1 M).
Bubbles from the gases will be seen near both electrodes.
The following half reactions describe the process mentioned above:
"Anode (oxidation)": 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e–
"Cathode (reduction)": 2 H2O(g) + 2 e– → H2(g) + 2 OH–(aq)
"Overall reaction": 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
Although strong acids may be used in the apparatus, the reaction will not net consume the acid.
While this reaction will work at any conductive electrode at a sufficiently large potential, platinum catalyzes both hydrogen and oxygen formation, allowing for relatively mild voltages (~2 V depending on the pH).
Article: Baseball
Section: No clock to kill

Question: In what year did  Nippon Professional Baseball make the games shorter?

In clock-limited sports, games often end with a team that holds the lead killing the clock rather than competing aggressively against the opposing team.
In contrast, baseball has no clock; a team cannot win without getting the last batter out and rallies are not constrained by time.
At almost any turn in any baseball game, the most advantageous strategy is some form of aggressive strategy.
In contrast, again, the clock comes into play even in the case of multi-day Test and first-class cricket: the possibility of a draw often encourages a team that is batting last and well behind to bat defensively, giving up any faint chance at a win to avoid a loss.
Baseball offers no such reward for conservative batting.
While nine innings has been the standard since the beginning of professional baseball, the duration of the average major league game has increased steadily through the years.
At the turn of the 20th century, games typically took an hour and a half to play.
In the 1920s, they averaged just less than two hours, which eventually ballooned to 2:38 in 1960.
By 1997, the average American League game lasted 2:57 (National League games were about 10 minutes shorter—pitchers at the plate making for quicker outs than designated hitters).
In 2004, Major League Baseball declared that its goal was an average game of merely 2:45.
The lengthening of games is attributed to longer breaks between half-innings for television commercials, increased offense, more pitching changes, and a slower pace of play with pitchers taking more time between each delivery, and batters stepping out of the box more frequently.
Other leagues have experienced similar issues.
In 2008, Nippon Professional Baseball took steps aimed at shortening games by 12 minutes from the preceding decade's average of 3:18.
Article: Soft Construction with Boiled Beans (Premonition of Civil War)
Section: Description

Question: When do studies date the painting back to?

This is a painting made with oil on canvas that is located in the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Dalí painted it in 1936, but there were studies found of it that dated back to 1934.
It is a picture of a geometric monster type creature and connected to a similar monster.
The two creatures appear to be two parts of the same creature so that it appears to be wrestling itself.
All over the background and on parts of the monster are boiled beans that look as though they are melting.
The monster stands on trees and a brown wooden box.
The background is a blue sky with clouds, that are darker in some parts and lighter in others.
Article: French fries
Section: Frozen fries

Question: Who is the the world's leading producer of frozen fries?

Spreading popularity.
Frozen fries.
The J. R. Simplot Company is credited with successfully commercializing French fries in frozen form during the 1940s.
Subsequently, in 1967, Ray Kroc of McDonald's contracted the Simplot company to supply them with frozen fries, replacing fresh-cut potatoes.
In 2004, 29% of the United States' potato crop were used to make frozen fries – 90% consumed by the food services sector and 10% by retail.
It is estimated that 80% of households in the UK buy frozen fries each year.
Canada's McCain Foods is the world's leading producer of frozen fries.
Article: Yeast
Section: Ecology

Question: What are two yeasts that have been found living between people's toes?

Yeasts are very common in the environment, and are often isolated from sugar-rich materials.
Examples include naturally occurring yeasts on the skins of fruits and berries (such as grapes, apples, or peaches), and exudates from plants (such as plant saps or cacti).
Some yeasts are found in association with soil and insects.
The ecological function and biodiversity of yeasts are relatively unknown compared to those of other microorganisms.
Yeasts, including "Candida albicans", "Rhodotorula rubra", "Torulopsis" and "Trichosporon cutaneum", have been found living in between people's toes as part of their skin flora.
Yeasts are also present in the gut flora of mammals and some insects and even deep-sea environments host an array of yeasts.
An Indian study of seven bee species and 9 plant species found 45 species from 16 genera colonise the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees.
Most were members of the "Candida" genus; the most common species in honey stomachs was "Dekkera intermedia" and in flower nectaries, "Candida blankii".
Yeast colonising nectaries of the stinking hellebore have been found to raise the temperature of the flower, which may aid in attracting pollinators by increasing the evaporation of volatile organic compounds.
A black yeast has been recorded as a partner in a complex relationship between ants, their mutualistic fungus, a fungal parasite of the fungus and a bacterium that kills the parasite.
The yeast has a negative effect on the bacteria that normally produce antibiotics to kill the parasite, so may affect the ants' health by allowing the parasite to spread.
Article: Peking duck
Section: Reheating

Question: What happens when an oven is used?

Whole Peking Ducks can be ordered as takeaways.
The ducks can be reheated at home with an oven, grill or boiling oil.
When an oven is used, the duck is heated at a temperature of 150 °C (300 °F) for 20 minutes, and then at 160 °C (325 °F) for another 10 minutes.
The grilling method involves filling the duck with boiling water before placing it on a griddle, 70 cm (28 in) above the cooking fire.
The boiling water is replaced every 3–4 minutes until the duck's skin is piping hot.
To reheat the Peking Duck with oil, the duck is sliced into thin pieces and placed in a strainer held over a wok of boiling oil.
The duck is then rinsed several times with the oil.
Article: Spain
Section: Etymology

Question: One of the possible origins of the name "Hispania" is a derivation of the the Punic "I-Shpania" which means Island of what animal?

The origins of the Roman name "Hispania", from which the modern name "España" was derived, are uncertain and are possibly unknown due to the inadequate evidence.
"Hispania" may derive from the poetic use of the term "Hesperia", reflecting the Greek perception of Italy as a "western land" or "land of the setting sun" ("Hesperia", "Ἑσπερία" in Greek) and Spain, being still further west, as "Hesperia ultima".
It may also be a derivation of the Punic "I-Shpania" (אי שפניא), meaning "island of rabbits", "land of rabbits" or "edge", a reference to Spain's location at the end of the Mediterranean; Roman coins struck in the region from the reign of Hadrian show a female figure with a coney at her feet, and Strabo called it the "land of the rabbits".
There is also the claim that "Hispania" derives from the Basque word "Ezpanna" meaning "edge" or "border", another reference to the fact that the Iberian peninsula constitutes the southwest of the European continent.
The Renaissance scholar Antonio de Nebrija proposed that the word "Hispania" evolved from the Iberian word "Hispalis", meaning "city of the western world".
Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the term "span" is the Phoenecian word "spy", meaning "to forge metals".
Therefore "i-spn-ya" would mean "the land where metals are forged".
Two 15th century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abrabanel and Shelomó ibn Verga, have given a different explanation as to how Spain derived its name.
Don Isaac Abrabanel was one of the principal persons of Spain’s Jewish community and one of the king’s trusted courtiers who witnessed the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492.
Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem.
This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had been given a kingdom in Spain.
He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, who also ruled over a kingdom in Spain.
Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España (Spain) took its name.
Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c. 350 BCE.
Article: Racquetball
Section: Game variations

Question: How many people can play racquetball at once?

Racquetball games can be played with two, three or four players, with doubles or singles matches being most common.
Two player games are called singles or "one-up" (one vs. one for the entire game), while four player games are doubles with two pairs playing against each other (two vs. two for the entire game).
Tournament competitions have divisions for singles or doubles or both.
Three-player games are most commonly called "Cut-throat" and sometimes "Ironman" (two-on-one for the entire game) where each player takes turns serving to the other two, who play as a team against the serving player.
Another three-player game is "California", "In-and-Out", or "King of the Court" where play is 1 vs. 1 with the third player remaining in the back court out of play while the other two play a rally; the rally winner then serves to the player who was sitting out, and the rally loser stays out of play.
Another three-player variation is "Sevens" in which one player plays against two players as a team, with the game being played to seven points; if the two player team gets to seven first, the game is over, but if the solo player gets to seven first then the game continues to 14; if the solo player again reaches 14 first, then the game continues to 21, where the game ends regardless of whether the solo player or the two player team reach 21 first.
Article: Up Series
Section: Creation

Question: Give the name of the first film in the series.

The first film in the series, "Seven Up!
", was directed by Paul Almond and commissioned by Granada Television as a programme in the "World in Action" series broadcast in 1964.
From "7 Plus Seven" onward the films have been directed by Michael Apted, who had been a researcher on "Seven Up!"
and chose the original children with Gordon McDougall.
The premise of the film was taken from the Jesuit motto "Give me a child until he is seven and I will give you the man", which is based on a quotation by Francis Xavier.
The 1998 programme was commissioned by BBC One, although still produced for them by Granada Television.
Article: Sien (Van Gogh series)
Section: Estrangement from family

Question: Which person introduced Van Gogh to the art of painting?

In the summer of 1881, van Gogh fell in love with his recently widowed cousin, Kee Vos Stricker.
He proposed marriage, but was rebuffed with an adamant "no, nay, never" (""nooit, neen, nimmer"").
Undeterred, he nevertheless continued to press his attentions despite the increasing dismay and disapproval of his family which eventually led to his leaving the family home for a while to study drawing at The Hague with his cousin-in-law Anton Mauve.
Mauve was a successful and noted artist, a leading member of the Hague School and a master colorist whose paintings found a ready market both home and abroad.
He had married van Gogh's cousin, Ariëtte (Jet) Carbentus, in 1874 while she was still very young and he was already established and successful, and as such was lionised by the van Gogh family.
At the time, he was busy with his massive "Fishing Boat on the Beach" that he was preparing for the next year's Salon, but he nevertheless found time for van Gogh to advise him on his drawings, inviting him to return in a few months time to review progress.
After a last, humiliating, effort to win Kee over, an episode that put an end to his religious faith for ever, Van Gogh returned to his parents' home in Etten in late 1881.
On Christmas Day that year he refused to attend church, provoking a violent quarrel with his father, a pastor, which resulted in his leaving home the very same day.
He returned to The Hague and studied further under Mauve.
Mauve helped him to establish a modest studio on the Schenkweg on the outer fringes of The Hague, lending him money to purchase furniture, and introduced him to the Pulchri Studio, The Hague's most important art society in which he himself played a major role.
He also introduced Van Gogh to painting, first in oils and then with watercolor.
Article: The Weeping Woman
Section: Dora Maar

Question: When was Dora Maar in a relationship with Picasso?

Dora Maar was Picasso's mistress from 1936 until 1944.
In the course of their relationship, Picasso painted her in a number of guises, some realistic, some benign, others tortured or threatening.
Picasso explained:""For me she's the weeping woman.
For years I've painted her in tortured forms, not through sadism, and not with pleasure, either; just obeying a vision that forced itself on me.
It was the deep reality, not the superficial one.
""""Dora, for me, was always a weeping woman... And it's important, because women are suffering machines.""