community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Attack on Pearl Harbor
Section: Niihau Incident

Question: Why were Niihau's residents unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor?

The Japanese planners had determined that some means of rescuing fliers whose aircraft were too badly damaged to return to the carriers was required.
The island of Niihau, only 30 minutes flying time from Pearl Harbor, was designated as the rescue point.
The Zero flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of Hiryu was damaged in the attack on Wheeler, and he flew to the rescue point on Niihau.
The aircraft was further damaged on landing.
Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the native Hawaiian inhabitants, who, aware of the tension between the United States and Japan, took the pilot's maps and other documents.
The island's residents had no telephones or radio and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese-American residents in an attempt to recover the documents.
During the ensuing struggles, Nishikaichi was killed and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded; one collaborator committed suicide, and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison.
The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents apparently went to the assistance of Nishikaichi was a source of concern for many, and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted.
Article: Biomolecule
Section: Saccharides

Question: What do most saccharides provide fuel for?

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with only one simple sugar.
They essentially contain an aldehyde or ketone group in their structure.
The presence of an aldehyde group in a monosaccharide is indicated by the prefix "aldo-".
Similarly, a ketone group is denoted by the prefix "keto-".
Examples of monosaccharides are the hexoses glucose, fructose, and galactose and pentoses, ribose, and deoxyribose Consumed fructose and glucose have different rates of gastric emptying, are differentially absorbed and have different metabolic fates, providing multiple opportunities for 2 different saccharides to differentially affect food intake.
Most saccharides eventually provide fuel for cellular respiration.
Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides, or two single simple sugars, form a bond with removal of water.
They can be hydrolyzed to yield their saccharin building blocks by boiling with dilute acid or reacting them with appropriate enzymes.
Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
Polysaccharides are polymerized monosaccharides, or complex carbohydrates.
They have multiple simple sugars.
Examples are starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
They are generally large and often have a complex branched connectivity.
Because of their size, polysaccharides are not water-soluble, but their many hydroxy groups become hydrated individually when exposed to water, and some polysaccharides form thick colloidal dispersions when heated in water.
Shorter polysaccharides, with 3 - 10 monomers, are called oligosaccharides.
A fluorescent indicator-displacement molecular imprinting sensor was developed for discriminating saccharides.
It successfully discriminated three brands of orange juice beverage.
The change in fluorescence intensity of the sensing films resulting is directly related to the saccharide concentration.
Article: Union Station (Washington, D.C.)
Section: Architecture

Question: How many centurions were created for Washington, D.C.'s Union Station?

Architect Daniel H. Burnham, assisted by Pierce Anderson, was inspired by a number of different architectural styles.
Classical elements included the Arch of Constantine (exterior, main façade) and the great vaulted spaces of the Baths of Diocletian (interior); prominent siting at the intersection of two of Pierre L'Enfant's avenues, with an orientation that faced the United States Capitol just five blocks away; a massive scale, including a façade stretching more than 600 feet and a waiting room ceiling 96 feet above the floor; stone inscriptions and allegorical sculpture in the Beaux-Arts style; expensive materials such as marble, gold leaf, and white granite from a previously unused quarry.
In the Attic block, above the main cornice of the central block, stand six colossal statues (modeled on the Dacian prisoners of the Arch of Constantine) created by Louis St. Gaudens.
These are entitled "The Progress of Railroading" and their iconography expresses the confident enthusiasm of the American Renaissance movement: Prometheus (for Fire), Thales (for Electricity), Themis (for Freedom and Justice), Apollo (for Imagination and Inspiration), Ceres (for Agriculture) and Archimedes (for Mechanics).
The substitution of Agriculture for Commerce in a railroad station iconography vividly conveys the power of a specifically American lobbying bloc.
St. Gaudens also created the 26 centurions for the station's main hall.
Burnham drew upon a tradition, launched with the 1837 Euston railway station in London, of treating the entrance to a major terminal as a triumphal arch.
He linked the monumental end pavilions with long arcades enclosing loggias in a long series of bays that were vaulted with the lightweight fireproof Guastavino tiles favored by American Beaux-Arts architects.
The final aspect owed much to the Court of Heroes at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, where Burnham had been coordinating architect.
The setting of Union Station’s façade at the focus of converging avenues in a park-like green setting is one of the few executed achievements of the City Beautiful movement: elite city planning that was based on the "goosefoot" ("patte d'oie") of formal garden plans made by Baroque designers such as André Le Nôtre.
The station held a full range of dining rooms and other services, including barber shops and a mortuary.
Union Station was equipped with a presidential suite which is now occupied by a restaurant.
Article: Electron
Section: Classification

Question: In general, how do leptons differ from quarks?

In the Standard Model of particle physics, electrons belong to the group of subatomic particles called leptons, which are believed to be fundamental or elementary particles.
Electrons have the lowest mass of any charged lepton (or electrically charged particle of any type) and belong to the first-generation of fundamental particles.
The second and third generation contain charged leptons, the muon and the tau, which are identical to the electron in charge, spin and interactions, but are more massive.
Leptons differ from the other basic constituent of matter, the quarks, by their lack of strong interaction.
All members of the lepton group are fermions, because they all have half-odd integer spin; the electron has spin .
Article: Take Care (album)
Section: Critical reception

Question: What is the name of the album being reviewed?

"Take Care" received generally positive reviews from music critics.
At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 78, based on 34 reviews.
John McDonnell of "NME" dubbed it "an affecting masterpiece" and commended its "delicate, mellifluous sound and unashamedly candid, emotive lyrics."
Pitchfork Media's Ryan Dombal found Drake's "technical abilities" to be improved and stated, "Just as his thematic concerns have become richer, so has the music backing them up."
Andy Hutchins of "The Village Voice" called it "a carefully crafted bundle of contradictory sentiments from a conflicted rapper who explores his own neuroses in as compelling a manner as anyone not named Kanye West."
"Chicago Tribune" writer Greg Kot complimented the depth of Drake's "moral psychodramas" and stated, "the best of it affirms that Drake is shaping a pop persona with staying power.
"Nitsuh Abebe of "New York" wrote that the album "is full of gorgeous tones ... And the lyrics surrounding them can be rich with meaning".
Evan Rytlewski of "The A.V.
Club" found it "plenty downbeat, but gorgeous, an immersive headphone masterwork that's tender and intimate like little else in contemporary rap and R&B."
Ann Powers of NPR felt that "the artfulness of this music allows me an in to that experience.
I can make that leap and identify with Drake, or at least be intrigued by multiple characters in the little dramas he designs."
Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" called it "an album of eccentric black pop that takes" hip hop and R&B "as starting points, asks what they can do but haven’t been doing, then attempts those things.
In the future an album like this will be commonplace; today, it’s radical."
With "Take Care", he named Drake "hip-hop's current center of gravity".
In a mixed review, Kyle Anderson of "Entertainment Weekly" panned its content as "one overlong woozy monologue" and called the album a "total downer", adding that "Drake half-bakes his woozy rap-croon and glazes it with sluggish keyboard hums, ­stalling the album’s momentum".
Alex Macpherson of "The Guardian" found his singing "insipid", his rapping "inert", and his lyrics "hollow", writing that "he doesn't seem to realise that introspection is only worth a damn if you're an interesting person."
"The Globe and Mail"s Robert Everett-Green criticized Drake's lyrics as "drawling patter" and found the songs to "noodle around [...] aimlessly".
Article: Cheese
Section: Health and nutrition

Question: How much fat is in cottage cheese?

The nutritional value of cheese varies widely.
Cottage cheese may consist of 4% fat and 11% protein; some whey cheeses 15% fat and 11% protein,; and some triple-crème cheeses 36% fat and 7% protein.
In general, cheese supplies a great deal of calcium, protein, phosphorus and fat.
A serving of Cheddar cheese contains about of protein and 200 milligrams of calcium.
Nutritionally, cheese is essentially concentrated milk: it takes about of milk to provide that much protein, and to equal the calcium.
Article: Marathon
Section: After a marathon

Question: What is soaking the lower half of the body said to do?

Marathon participation may result in various medical, musculoskeletal, and dermatological complaints.
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common condition affecting runners during the first week following a marathon.
Various types of mild exercise or massage have been recommended to alleviate pain secondary to DOMS.
Dermatological issues frequently include "jogger's nipple", "jogger's toe", and blisters.
The immune system is reportedly suppressed for a short time.
Changes to the blood chemistry may lead physicians to mistakenly diagnose heart malfunction.
After long training runs and the marathon itself, consuming carbohydrates to replace glycogen stores and protein to aid muscle recovery is commonly recommended.
In addition, soaking the lower half of the body for approximately 20 minutes in cold or ice water may force blood through the leg muscles to speed recovery.
Article: Scuba diving
Section: Nitrogen narcosis

Question: What phrase did Cousteau use to describe it?

Nitrogen narcosis or inert gas narcosis is a reversible alteration in consciousness producing a state similar to alcohol intoxication in divers who breathe high pressure gas at depth.
The mechanism is similar to that of nitrous oxide, or "laughing gas," administered as anesthesia.
Being "narced" can impair judgment and make diving very dangerous.
Narcosis starts to affect some divers at 66 feet (20 m).
At this depth, narcosis manifests itself as a slight giddiness.
The effects increase drastically with the increase in depth.
Almost all divers are able to notice the effects by 132 feet (40 meters).
At these depths divers may feel euphoria, anxiety, loss of coordination and lack of concentration.
At extreme depths, hallucinogenic reaction and tunnel vision can occur.
Jacques Cousteau famously described it as the "rapture of the deep".
Nitrogen narcosis occurs quickly and the symptoms typically disappear during the ascent, so that divers often fail to realize they were ever affected.
It affects individual divers at varying depths and conditions, and can even vary from dive to dive under identical conditions.
However, diving with trimix or heliox dramatically reduces the effects of inert gas narcosis.
Article: DNA
Section: History and anthropology

Question: What is the study of phylogeny of DNA?

Because DNA collects mutations over time, which are then inherited, it contains historical information, and, by comparing DNA sequences, geneticists can infer the evolutionary history of organisms, their phylogeny.
This field of phylogenetics is a powerful tool in evolutionary biology.
If DNA sequences within a species are compared, population geneticists can learn the history of particular populations.
This can be used in studies ranging from ecological genetics to anthropology; For example, DNA evidence is being used to try to identify the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel.DNA has also been used to look at modern family relationships, such as establishing family relationships between the descendants of Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson.
This usage is closely related to the use of DNA in criminal investigations detailed above.
Indeed, some criminal investigations have been solved when DNA from crime scenes has matched relatives of the guilty individual.
Article: Chocolate
Section: Manufacturers

Question: Who makes the Gold Easter Bunnies?

Chocolate manufacturers produce a range of products from chocolate bars to fudge.
Large manufacturers of chocolate products include Cadbury (the world's largest confectionery manufacturer), Guylian, The Hershey Company, Lindt & Sprüngli, Mars, Incorporated, Milka, Neuhaus and Suchard.
Guylian is best known for its chocolate Sea Shells; Cadbury for its "Dairy Milk" and "Creme Egg".
The Hershey Company, largest chocolate manufacturer in North America, produces the "Hershey Bar" and "Hershey's Kisses".
Mars Incorporated, a large privately owned U.S. corporation, produces "Mars Bar", "Milky Way", "M&M's", "Twix" and "Snickers".
Lindt is known for its truffle balls and Gold Easter Bunnies.
Food conglomerates Nestlé SA and Kraft Foods both have chocolate brands.
Nestlé acquired Rowntree's in 1988 and now market chocolates under their own brand, including "Smarties" and "Kit Kat"; Kraft Foods through its 1990 acquisition of Jacobs Suchard, now own Milka and Suchard.
In February 2010, Kraft also acquired British-based Cadbury.
; Fry's, Trebor Basset, the fair-trade brand Green & Black's also belong to the group.
Article: Despicable Me
Section: Abstract

Question: What is the total count of Despicable Me movies?

Despicable Me is a 2010 American computer-animated 3D comedy film from Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment that was released on July 9, 2010 in the United States.
It is Illumination Entertainment's first film.
It was directed by Pierre Coffin and Chris Renaud, based on an original story by Sergio Pablos.
The film stars the voice of Steve Carell as Gru, a super-villain who adopts three girls (voiced by Miranda Cosgrove, Dana Gaier, and Elsie Fisher) from an orphanage; and the voice of Jason Segel as Vector, a rival of Gru who steals the Great Pyramid of Giza.
When Gru learns of Vector's heist, he plans an even greater heist: to shrink and steal the Earth's moon.
It was entirely animated by the French animation studio Mac Guff, which was later acquired by Illumination Entertainment.
The film earned positive reviews from critics, and grossed over $543 million worldwide, against a budget of $69 million.
It launched a franchise with a series of films, including a sequel in 2013, followed by a 2015 spin-off film featuring Gru's Minions as the main characters, and "Despicable Me 3" in 2017.
Article: Karate
Section: Kata

Question: What does Kata mean?

Kata (型:かた) means literally "shape" or "model."
Kata is a formalized sequence of movements which represent various offensive and defensive postures.
These postures are based on idealized combat applications.
The applications applied in a demonstration with real opponents is referred to as a Bunkai.
The Bunkai shows how every stance and movement is used.
Bunkai is a useful tool to understand a kata.
To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent performance of specific required kata for that level.
The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used.
Requirements for examinations vary among schools.
Article: Chemistry
Section: Atom

Question: What is the basis of chemistry?

The atom is the basic unit of chemistry.
It consists of a dense core called the atomic nucleus surrounded by a space called the electron cloud.
The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons (together called nucleons), while the electron cloud consists of negatively-charged electrons which orbit the nucleus.
In a neutral atom, the negatively-charged electrons balance out the positive charge of the protons.
The nucleus is dense; the mass of a nucleon is 1,836 times that of an electron, yet the radius of an atom is about 10,000 times that of its nucleus.
The atom is also the smallest entity that can be envisaged to retain the chemical properties of the element, such as electronegativity, ionization potential, preferred oxidation state(s), coordination number, and preferred types of bonds to form (e.g., metallic, ionic, covalent).
Article: Hey Jude
Section: Critical reception

Question: Which Grammys was Hey Jude nominated for in 1969?

Upon the release of the "Hey Jude" single, "Time" contrasted it with its B-side "Revolution."
"Time" wrote, "The other side of the new disk urges activism of a different sort" due to McCartney "liltingly exhorta friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love."
Robert Christgau of "The Village Voice" called it "one of his truest and most forthright love songs" and was critical of its omission from "The Beatles".
Music analyst Alan Pollack praised "Hey Jude," saying, "it's such a good illustration of two compositional lessons—how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast."
He also said it is unusual for a long song because it uses a "binary form that combines a fully developed, hymn-like song together with an extended, mantra-like jam on a simple chord progression."
Pollack described the song's long coda and fadeout as "an astonishingly transcendental effect," while Unterberger observed, "What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic".
John Lennon said "Hey Jude" was "one of his [Paul's masterpieces.
""Hey Jude" was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal categories but failed to win any of them.
It did win the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for "A-Side With the Highest Sales".
In the 1968 "NME" Readers' Poll, "Hey Jude" was named the best single of the year.
In 2001, "Hey Jude" was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame.
In 2004 and later in 2010, "Rolling Stone" ranked the song at number eight on "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time," making it the highest ranked Beatles song on the list.
Also in 2010, "Rolling Stone" ranked the song at number seven on the Beatles' 100 Greatest Songs.
It came in third on Channel 4's list of 100 Greatest Singles.
The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranked "Hey Jude" the 11th-best jukebox single of all time.
It was also voted the greatest song of all time by "Mojo" readers.
Article: Chocolate
Section: Manufacturers

Question: When did Kraft acquire Cadbury?

Chocolate manufacturers produce a range of products from chocolate bars to fudge.
Large manufacturers of chocolate products include Cadbury (the world's largest confectionery manufacturer), Guylian, The Hershey Company, Lindt & Sprüngli, Mars, Incorporated, Milka, Neuhaus and Suchard.
Guylian is best known for its chocolate Sea Shells; Cadbury for its "Dairy Milk" and "Creme Egg".
The Hershey Company, largest chocolate manufacturer in North America, produces the "Hershey Bar" and "Hershey's Kisses".
Mars Incorporated, a large privately owned U.S. corporation, produces "Mars Bar", "Milky Way", "M&M's", "Twix" and "Snickers".
Lindt is known for its truffle balls and Gold Easter Bunnies.
Food conglomerates Nestlé SA and Kraft Foods both have chocolate brands.
Nestlé acquired Rowntree's in 1988 and now market chocolates under their own brand, including "Smarties" and "Kit Kat"; Kraft Foods through its 1990 acquisition of Jacobs Suchard, now own Milka and Suchard.
In February 2010, Kraft also acquired British-based Cadbury.
; Fry's, Trebor Basset, the fair-trade brand Green & Black's also belong to the group.
Article: Albert Einstein
Section: Modern quantum theory

Question: In 1917, Einstein's research was peaking in what area?

Einstein was displeased with quantum theory and mechanics (the very theory he helped create), despite its acceptance by other physicists, stating that God "is not playing at dice."
Einstein continued to maintain his disbelief in the theory, and attempted unsuccessfully to disprove it until he died at the age of 76.
In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in "Physikalische Zeitschrift" that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser.
This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be consistent with Planck's distribution law if the emission of light into a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission of light into an empty mode.
This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws.
Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie's work, and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first.
In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave a wave equation for de Broglie waves, which Einstein suggested was the Hamilton–Jacobi equation of mechanics.
This paper would inspire Schrödinger's work of 1926.
Article: Yogurt
Section: Non-dairy yogurt substitutes

Question: What do lactobacillus strains produce from plant-derived feed stock?

Various manufacturers have endeavoured to produce plant-based substitutes for yogurt, using soy milk, nut milks such as almond milk, and coconut milk, for consumers who are unable to tolerate dairy products in any form.
Although "Lactobacillus" strains exist that can produce lactic acid from plant-derived feed stock ("e.g."
sauerkraut), since plants do not produce lactose, it is not possible to produce genuine yogurt from plant sources with the same bacteria cultures used to convert milk into yogurt.
Article: Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas
Section: "Meet Me in St. Louis"

Question: What city was the song written in?

The song was written while Martin was vacationing in a house in the neighborhood of Southside in Birmingham, Alabama, that his father Hugh Martin designed for his mother as a honeymoon cottage.
Located at 1919 South 15th Avenue, (just down the street from his birthplace at 1900 South 14th Avenue) the house became the home of Martin and his family in 1923.
The song first appeared in a scene in "Meet Me in St. Louis", in which a family is distraught by the father's plans to move to New York City for a job promotion, leaving behind their beloved home in St. Louis, Missouri, just before the long-anticipated 1904 World's Fair begins.
In a scene set on Christmas Eve, Judy Garland's character, Esther, sings the song to cheer up her despondent five-year-old sister, Tootie, played by Margaret O'Brien.
Article: French fries
Section: Tornado fries

Question: Where do Tornado fries get their name?

Tornado fries are made by skewering the whole potato, and then cutting with a specialized spiral slicer.
The potato is spread evenly along the skewer and deep fried.
The cooking process fuses the potato to the skewer and holds it in place.
It is then sprinkled with dry seasonings or served with dipping sauce.
Tornado fries gets their name from the tornado-like shape that the potato has on the skewer.