community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Japan
Section: Biodiversity

Question: How many forest ecoregions does Japan have?

Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands.
They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.
Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife, including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, and the Japanese giant salamander.
A large network of national parks has been established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as thirty-seven Ramsar wetland sites.
Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value.
Article: Russia
Section: Geography

Question: Is Russia the largest country in the world?

Russia is the largest country in the world; its total area is .
There are 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia, 40 UNESCO biosphere reserves, 41 national parks and 101 nature reserves.
It lies between latitudes 41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W. Russia has a wide natural resource base, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, ores and other mineral resources.
Article: How I Met Your Mother
Section: Books

Question: "How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy" was released on what date?

 "The Bro Code", cited by Barney many times throughout the series, is a set of written rules for bros to follow, and has been published as a tie-in novel, an audiobook, an iPhone Application and an Android Application.
Barney alleges it was written by Barnabus Stinson, a contemporary of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin.
Many of the rules listed in this book also appear in the show's closing vanity cards in syndication, similar to what Chuck Lorre uses to end episodes of several of his shows, "Dharma and Greg", "The Big Bang Theory", "Two and a Half Men", and "Mike and Molly".
 "Bro on the Go", a companion to "The Bro Code", released in 2009.
 "Bro Code for Parents: What to Expect When You're Awesome", released in 2012.
 "The Playbook," based on the fifth season episode of the same name, by Barney Stinson and Matt Kuhn.
 "How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy", released in 2013.
Article: Battle of Hastings
Section: English army and Harold's preparations

Question: Who organized the English army?

The English army was organised along regional lines, with the "fyrd", or local levy, serving under a local magnate – whether an earl, bishop, or sheriff.
The "fyrd" was composed of men who owned their own land, and were equipped by their community to fulfil the king's demands for military forces.
For every five hides, or units of land nominally capable of supporting one household, one man was supposed to serve.
It appears that the hundred was the main organising unit for the "fyrd".
As a whole, England could furnish about 14,000 men for the "fyrd", when it was called out.
The "fyrd" usually served for two months, except in emergencies.
It was rare for the whole national "fyrd" to be called out; between 1046 and 1065 it was only done three times, in 1051, 1052, and 1065.
The king also had a group of personal armsmen, known as housecarls, who formed the backbone of the royal forces.
Some earls also had their own forces of housecarls.
Thegns, the local landowning elites, fought either with the royal housecarls or attached themselves to the forces of an earl or other magnate.
The "fyrd" and the housecarls both fought on foot, with the major difference between them being the housecarl's superior armour.
The English army does not appear to have had a significant number of archers.
Harold had spent mid-1066 on the south coast with a large army and fleet waiting for William to invade.
The bulk of his forces were militia who needed to harvest their crops, so on 8 September Harold dismissed the militia and the fleet.
Learning of the Norwegian invasion he rushed north, gathering forces as he went, and took the Norwegians by surprise, defeating them at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September.
Harald of Norway and Tostig were killed, and the Norwegians suffered such great losses that only 24 of the original 300 ships were required to carry away the survivors.
The English victory came at great cost, as Harold's army was left in a battered and weakened state.
Article: Archery
Section: A modern sport

Question: When did the last of the Yahi Indian tribe known as Ishi come out of hiding in California?

The 1840s saw the first attempts at turning the recreation into a modern sport.
The first Grand National Archery Society meeting was held in York in 1844 and over the next decade the extravagant and festive practices of the past were gradually whittled away and the rules were standardised as the 'York Round' - a series of shoots at 60, 80, and 100 yards.
Horace A. Ford helped to improve archery standards and pioneered new archery techniques.
He won the Grand National 11 times in a row and published a highly influential guide to the sport in 1856.
Towards the end of the 19th century, the sport experienced declining participation as alternative sports such as croquet and tennis became more popular among the middle class.
By 1889, just 50 archery clubs were left in Britain, but it was still included as a sport at the 1900 Paris Olympics.
In the United States, primitive archery was revived in the early 20th century.
The last of the Yahi Indian tribe, a native known as Ishi, came out of hiding in California in 1911.
His doctor, Saxton Pope, learned many of Ishi's traditional archery skills, and popularized them.
The Pope and Young Club, founded in 1961 and named in honor of Pope and his friend, Arthur Young, became one of North America's leading bowhunting and conservation organizations.
Founded as a nonprofit scientific organization, the Club was patterned after the prestigious Boone and Crockett Club and advocated responsible bowhunting by promoting quality, fair chase hunting, and sound conservation practices.
From the 1920s, professional engineers took an interest in archery, previously the exclusive field of traditional craft experts.
They led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modern recurve and compound bow.
These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery; traditional bows are in a minority.
In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding.
Much of this expertise is available in the "Traditional Bowyer's Bibles" (see Additional reading).
Modern game archery owes much of its success to Fred Bear, an American bow hunter and bow manufacturer.
Article: The Godfather
Section: Video game

Question: What was the release date for the video game of The Godfather?

In March 2006, a video game version of "The Godfather" was released by Electronic Arts.
Before his death, Marlon Brando provided voice work for Vito; however, owing to poor sound quality from Brando's failing health, only parts of the recordings could be used.
A sound-alike's voice had to be used in the "missing parts".
James Caan, Robert Duvall, and Abe Vigoda lent their voices and likenesses as well, and several other "Godfather" cast members had their likeness in the game.
However, Al Pacino's likeness and voice (Michael Corleone) was not in the game as Al Pacino sold his likeness and voice exclusively for use in the "" video game.
Francis Ford Coppola said in April 2005 that he was not informed and did not approve of Paramount allowing the game's production, and openly criticized the move.
Article: Biochemistry
Section: Proteins

Question: What are proteins made of?

Proteins are very large molecules – macro-biopolymers – made from monomers called "amino acids".
There are 20 standard amino acids, each containing a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a side-chain (known as an "R" group).
The "R" group is what makes each amino acid different, and the properties of the side-chains greatly influence the overall three-dimensional conformation of a protein.
When amino acids combine, they form a special bond called a peptide bond through dehydration synthesis, and become a polypeptide, or protein.
In order to determine whether two proteins are related, or in other words to decide whether they are homologous or not, scientists use sequence-comparison methods.
Methods like Sequence Alignments and Structural Alignments are powerful tools that help scientists identify homologies between related molecules.
The relevance of finding homologies among proteins goes beyond forming an evolutionary pattern of protein families.
By finding how similar two protein sequences are, we acquire knowledge about their structure and therefore their function.
Article: Electromagnetism
Section: Quantities and units

Question: What is the reason for adjusting electromagnetism formulas in the cgs system?

Electromagnetic units are part of a system of electrical units based primarily upon the magnetic properties of electric currents, the fundamental SI unit being the ampere.
The units are:
ampere (electric current)
coulomb (electric charge)
farad (capacitance)
henry (inductance)
ohm (resistance)
tesla (magnetic flux density)
volt (electric potential)
watt (power)
weber (magnetic flux)
In the electromagnetic cgs system, electric current is a fundamental quantity defined via Ampère's law and takes the permeability as a dimensionless quantity (relative permeability) whose value in a vacuum is unity.
As a consequence, the square of the speed of light appears explicitly in some of the equations interrelating quantities in this system.
Formulas for physical laws of electromagnetism (such as Maxwell's equations) need to be adjusted depending on what system of units one uses.
This is because there is no one-to-one correspondence between electromagnetic units in SI and those in CGS, as is the case for mechanical units.
Furthermore, within CGS, there are several plausible choices of electromagnetic units, leading to different unit "sub-systems", including Gaussian, "ESU", "EMU", and Heaviside–Lorentz.
Among these choices, Gaussian units are the most common today, and in fact the phrase "CGS units" is often used to refer specifically to CGS-Gaussian units.
Article: National Air and Space Museum
Section: Controversies

Question: When did the Smithsonian food worker protest happen?

Controversy erupted in March 1994 over a proposed commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Japan.
The centerpiece of the exhibit was the "Enola Gay", the B-29 bomber that dropped the A-bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
Veterans' groups, led by the Air Force Association and The Retired Officers Association, argued strongly that the exhibit's inclusion of Japanese accounts and photographs of victims politicized the exhibit and insulted U.S. airmen.
Also disputed was the predicted number of U.S. casualties that would have resulted from an invasion of Japan, had that been necessary, after the museum director, Martin O. Harwit, unilaterally reduced the figure by 75% on January 9, 1995, at the height of the dispute.
On January 18 the American Legion called for a congressional investigation of the matter, and on January 24, 1995, 81 members of Congress called for Harwit's resignation.
Harwit was forced to resign on May 2.
Although the exhibit was "radically reduced" and criticized by the "New York Times" as "the most diminished display in Smithsonian history," the Air and Space Museum placed the forward fuselage of the "Enola Gay" and other items on display as part of a non-political historical exhibition.
Within a year, it had drawn more than a million visitors, making it the most popular special exhibition in the history of the NASM, and when the exhibition closed in May 1998, it had drawn nearly four million visitors.
On October 8, 2011, the museum was temporarily closed after demonstrators associated with the Occupy D.C. demonstration attempted to enter the museum.
Some protesters were pepper sprayed by museum security after a guard was pinned against a wall.
One woman was arrested.
On December 5, 2013, Smithsonian food workers protested about a living wage.
A journalist was detained for filming.
Article: Gilmore Girls
Section: DVD releases

Question: What regions are all seven seasons of "Gilmore Girls" available on DVD?

"Warner Bros. Home Entertainment" has released all seven seasons of "Gilmore Girls" on DVD in region 1, 2, 4.
All seasons are available for digital download on the iTunes Store, Amazon.com and other digital sales websites.
Seasons 4 through 7 are also available in HD on iTunes Store.
Article: Notre Dame de Paris
Section: Organ

Question: The organ at Notre Dame de Paris has how many pipes?

Though several organs were installed in the cathedral over time, the earliest ones were inadequate for the building.
The first noteworthy organ was finished in the 18th century by the noted builder François-Henri Clicquot.
Some of Clicquot's original pipework in the pedal division continues to sound from the organ today.
The organ was almost completely rebuilt and expanded in the 19th century by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll.
The position of titular organist ("head" or "chief" organist) at Notre-Dame is considered one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the post of titular organist of Saint Sulpice in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll's largest instrument.
The organ has 7,374 pipes, with ca 900 classified as historical.
It has 110 real stops, five 56-key manuals and a 32-key pedalboard.
In December 1992, a two-year restoration of the organ was completed that fully computerized the organ under three LANs (Local Area Networks).
The restoration also included a number of additions, notably two further horizontal reed stops "en chamade" in the Cavaille-Coll style.
The Notre-Dame organ is therefore unique in France in having five fully independent reed stops "en chamade".
Article: Field hockey
Section: Penalty corner

Question: A short corner starts with how many defenders, including the keeper?

The short or penalty corner is awarded: 
 for an offence by a defender in the circle which does not prevent the probable scoring of a goal
 for an intentional offence in the circle by a defender against an opponent who does not have possession of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball
 for an intentional offence by a defender outside the circle but within the 23-metre area they are defending
 for intentionally playing the ball over the back-line by a defender
 when the ball becomes lodged in a player's clothing or equipment while in the circle they are defending
Short corners begin with five defenders (usually including the keeper) positioned behind the back line and at least 5 m from the 'insert' position of the ball.
All other players in the defending team must be beyond the centre line, that is not in their 'own' half of the pitch, until the ball is in play.
Attacking players begin the play standing outside the scoring circle, except for one attacker who starts the corner by playing the ball from a mark 10 m either side of the goal (the circle has a 14.63 m radius).
This player puts the ball into play by pushing or hitting the ball to the other attackers outside the circle; the ball must pass outside the circle and then put back into the circle before the attackers may make a shot at the goal from which a goal can be scored.
FIH rules do not forbid a shot at goal before the ball leaves the circle after being 'inserted', nor is a shot at the goal from outside the circle prohibited, but a goal cannot be scored at all if the ball has not gone out of the circle and cannot be scored from a shot from outside the circle if it is not again played by an attacking player before it enters the goal.
For safety reasons, the first shot of a penalty corner must not exceed 460 mm high (the height of the "backboard" of the goal) at the point it crosses the goal line if it is hit.
However, if the ball is deemed to be below backboard height, the ball can be subsequently deflected above this height by another player (defender or attacker), providing that this deflection does not lead to danger.
Note that the "Slap" stroke (a sweeping motion towards the ball, where the stick is kept on or close to the ground when striking the ball) is classed as a hit, and so the first shot at goal must be below backboard height for this type of shot also.
If the first shot at goal in a short corner situation is a push, flick or scoop, in particular the "drag flick" (which has become popular at international and national league standards), the shot is permitted to rise above the height of the backboard, as long as the shot is not deemed dangerous to any opponent.
This form of shooting was developed because it is not height restricted in the same way as the first hit shot at the goal and players with good technique are able to drag-flick with as much power as many others can hit a ball.
Article: Space Race
Section: Rocket teams assembled

Question: What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?

The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation.
On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems.
The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev.
He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia.
After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun.
His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer."
In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.
After almost a year in the area around Peenemünde, Soviet officials moved most of the captured German rocket specialists to Gorodomlya Island on Lake Seliger, about northwest of Moscow.
They were not allowed to participate in Soviet missile design, but were used as problem-solving consultants to the Soviet engineers.
They helped in the following areas: the creation of a Soviet version of the A-4; work on "organizational schemes"; research in improving the A-4 main engine; development of a 100-ton engine; assistance in the "layout" of plant production rooms; and preparation of rocket assembly using German components.
With their help, particularly Helmut Groettrup's group, Korolev reverse-engineered the A-4 and built his own version of the rocket, the R-1, in 1948.
Later, he developed his own distinct designs, though many of these designs were influenced by the Groettrup Group's G4-R10 design from 1949.
The Germans were eventually repatriated in 1951–53.
In America, Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945.
They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation.
These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949.
The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950.
From here, Von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions.
It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets.
Article: World War II
Section: Mediterranean (1940–41)

Question: Who won WWII?

Mediterranean (1940–41).
Italy began operations in the Mediterranean, initiating a siege of Malta in June, conquering British Somaliland in August, and making an incursion into British-held Egypt in September 1940.
In October 1940, Italy started the Greco-Italian War due to Mussolini's jealousy of Hitler's success but within days was repulsed and pushed back into Albania, where a stalemate soon occurred.
The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece.
Hitler decided to take action against Greece when the weather improved to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans, to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean, and to secure his hold on Romanian oil.
In December 1940, British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa.
The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner.
The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto, and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan.
The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy.
Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February, and by the end of March they had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces who had been weakened to support Greece.
In under a month, Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk.
The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June, but failed on both occasions.
By late March 1941, following Bulgaria's signing of the Tripartite Pact, the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece.
Plans were changed, however, due to developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia.
The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March, only to be overthrown two days later by a British-encouraged coup.
Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it.
On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece, making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month.
The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May.
Although the Axis victory was swift, bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, which continued until the end of the war.
The Allies did have some successes during this time.
In the Middle East, Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled Syria, then, with the assistance of the Free French, invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences.
Article: Atomic number
Section: Moseley's 1913 experiment

Question: How many members must the lanthanide series have?

The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913.
Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of "Z".
To do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminum ("Z" = 13) to gold ("Z" = 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube.
The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression.
This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i.e.
the element number "Z".
Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members—no fewer and no more—which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time.