community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: David (Michelangelo)
Section: Commission

Question: During what years did Michelangelo work on David?

The history of the statue begins before Michelangelo's work on it from 1501 to 1504.
Prior to Michelangelo's involvement, the Overseers of the Office of Works of Florence Cathedral, consisting mostly of members of the influential woolen cloth guild, the Arte della Lana, had plans to commission a series of twelve large Old Testament sculptures for the buttresses of the cathedral of Santa Maria Del Fiore.
In 1410 Donatello made the first of the statues, a figure of Joshua in terracotta.
A figure of Hercules, also in terracotta, was commissioned from the Florentine sculptor Agostino di Duccio in 1463 and was made perhaps under Donatello's direction.
Eager to continue their project, in 1464, the "Operai" contracted Agostino to create a sculpture of David.
A block of marble was provided, from a quarry in Carrara, a town in the Apuan Alps in northern Tuscany.
Agostino only got as far as beginning to shape the legs, feet and the torso, roughing out some drapery and probably gouging a hole between the legs.
His association with the project ceased, for reasons unknown, with the death of Donatello in 1466, and ten years later Antonio Rossellino was commissioned to take up where Agostino had left off.
Rossellino's contract was terminated soon thereafter, and the block of marble remained neglected for twenty-five years, all the while exposed to the elements in the yard of the cathedral workshop.
This was of great concern to the "Opera" authorities, as such a large piece of marble not only was costly but also represented a large amount of labour and difficulty in its transportation to Florence.
In 1500, an inventory of the cathedral workshops described the piece as "a certain figure of marble called David, badly blocked out and supine."
A year later, documents showed that the "Operai" were determined to find an artist who could take this large piece of marble and turn it into a finished work of art.
They ordered the block of stone, which they called "The Giant", "raised on its feet" so that a master experienced in this kind of work might examine it and express an opinion.
Though Leonardo da Vinci and others were consulted, it was Michelangelo, only twenty-six years old, who convinced the "Operai" that he deserved the commission.
On 16 August 1501, Michelangelo was given the official contract to undertake this challenging new task.
He began carving the statue early in the morning on 13 September, a month after he was awarded the contract.
He would work on the massive statue for more than two years.
Article: Up Series
Section: Jackie

Question: In which part of London was Jackie Bassett's school located?

Jackie Bassett was one of three girls who were chosen from the same primary school as Lynn and Sue, in a working-class neighbourhood of London (East).
She eventually went to a comprehensive school and married at age 19.
Jackie went through several different jobs, divorced, remarried and moved to Scotland, divorced again and raised her 3 sons as a single parent.
As of 56 Up she's been on disability for 14 years, and is very close to her second mother in law who's been recently diagnosed with terminal cancer.
Her family remains close and lives near each other in Scotland.
Article: Doughnut
Section: South Africa

Question: What composition does the koeksister have?

Regional variations.
South Africa.
In South Africa, an Afrikaans variation known as the "koeksister" is popular.
Another variation, similar in name, is the Cape Malay "koesister" being soaked in a spiced syrup and coated in coconut.
It has a texture similar to more traditional doughnuts as opposed to the Afrikaans variety.
A further variation is the "vetkoek", which is also dough deep fried in oil.
It is served with mince, syrup, honey or jam.
Article: Seafood
Section: Health benefits

Question: What gland that controls growth and metabolism is iodine essential for?

Research over the past few decades has shown that the nutrients and minerals in seafood can make improvements in brain development and reproduction and has highlighted the role for seafood in the functions of the human body.
Doctors have known of strong links between fish and healthy hearts ever since they noticed that fish-eating Inuit populations in the Arctic had low levels of heart disease.
One study has suggested that adding one portion of fish a week to your diet can cut your chances of suffering a heart attack by half.
Fish is thought to protect the heart because eating less saturated fat and more Omega-3 can help to lower the amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood – two fats that, in excess, increase the risk of heart disease.
Omega-3 fats also have natural built-in anti-oxidants, which are thought to stop the thickening and damaging of artery walls.
Regularly eating fish oils is also thought to reduce the risk of arrhythmia – irregular electrical activity in the heart which increases the risk of sudden heart attacks.10-12% of the human brain is composed of lipids, including the Omega-3 fat DHA.
Recent studies suggest that older people can boost their brain power by eating more oily fish, what with regular consumers being able to remember better and think faster than those who don't consume at all.
Other research has also suggested that adding more DHA to the diet of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder can reduce their behavioural problems and improve their reading skills, while there have also been links suggested between DHA and better concentration.
Separate studies have suggested that older people who eat fish at least once a week could also have a lower chance of developing dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Including fish as a regular part of a balanced diet has been shown to help the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis – a painful condition that causes joints to swell up, reducing strength and mobility.
Studies also show that sufferers feel less stiff and sore in the morning if they keep their fish oil intake topped up.
Recent research has also found a link between Omega-3 fats and a slowing down in the wearing of cartilage that leads to osteoarthritis, opening the door for more research into whether eating more fish could help prevent the disease.
Fish is high in minerals such as zinc, iodine and selenium, which keep the body running smoothly.
Iodine is essential for the thyroid gland, which controls growth and metabolism, while selenium is used to make enzymes that protect cell walls from cancer-causing free radicals, and helps prevent DNA damage caused by radiation and some chemicals.
Fish is also a source of vitamin A, which is needed for healthy skin and eyes, and vitamin D, which is needed to help the body absorb calcium to strengthen teeth and bones.
Article: Stem cell
Section: Fetal

Question: Where do extraembryonic fetal cells originate?

The primitive stem cells located in the organs of fetuses are referred to as fetal stem cells.
There are two types of fetal stem cells:
 Fetal proper stem cells come from the tissue of the fetus proper, and are generally obtained after an abortion.
These stem cells are not immortal but have a high level of division and are multipotent.
 Extraembryonic fetal stem cells come from extraembryonic membranes, and are generally not distinguished from adult stem cells.
These stem cells are acquired after birth, they are not immortal but have a high level of cell division, and are pluripotent.
Article: Forrest Gump
Section: Home media

Question: What year was Forrest Gump released on VHS tape?

"Forrest Gump" was first released on VHS tape on April 27, 1995, as a two-disc Laserdisc set on April 28, 1995, (including the "Through the Eyes of Forrest" special feature), before being released in a two-disc DVD set on August 28, 2001.
Special features included director and producer commentaries, production featurettes, and screen tests.
The film was released on Blu-ray disc in November 2009.
Article: Body of Proof
Section: Recurring cast

Question: What actor plays D.A Dan Russell?

 Jeffrey Nordling as Todd Fleming
 Joanna Cassidy as Joan Hunt
 Cliff Curtis as Derek Ames
 Nathalie Kelley as Dani Alvarez
 Jamie Bamber as Aiden Wells
 Luke Perry as CDC Officer/Health Commissioner Charlie Stafford
 Annie Wersching as Yvonne Kurtz
 Richard Burgi as District Attorney Dan Russell
 Lorraine Toussaint as Police Chief Angela Martin
 Marisa Ramirez as Officer Riley Dunn
 Micah Berkley as Officer James Wood
Article: Venezuela
Section: Demographics

Question: Is Venezuela urbanized?

Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas, which is also the largest city.
About 93% of the population lives in urban areas in northern Venezuela; 73% live less than from the coastline.
Though almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans live there.
The largest and most important city south of the Orinoco is Ciudad Guayana, which is the sixth most populous conurbation.
Other major cities include Barquisimeto, Valencia, Maracay, Maracaibo, Mérida, San Cristóbal and Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz.
Article: Six Flags
Section: Abstract

Question: Which date the Six Flags filed for bankruptcy protection?

Six Flags Entertainment Corp. is the world's largest amusement park corporation based on number of properties, and the fifth-most popular in terms of attendance.
The company maintains 18 properties throughout North America consisting of theme parks, thrill parks, water parks, and family entertainment centers.
In 2009, Six Flags properties hosted 23.9 million guests.
The company was founded in Texas and took its name from its first property, Six Flags Over Texas.
The company maintains a corporate office in Midtown Manhattan, New York City and its headquarters are in Grand Prairie, Texas.
On June 13, 2009, the corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and successfully exited the restructuring on May 3, 2010.
Article: Astronomy
Section: Astrometry and celestial mechanics

Question: What measurement charts the movement of systems across the Milky Way?

One of the oldest fields in astronomy, and in all of science, is the measurement of the positions of celestial objects.
Historically, accurate knowledge of the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets and stars has been essential in celestial navigation (the use of celestial objects to guide navigation) and in the making of calendars.
Careful measurement of the positions of the planets has led to a solid understanding of gravitational perturbations, and an ability to determine past and future positions of the planets with great accuracy, a field known as celestial mechanics.
More recently the tracking of near-Earth objects will allow for predictions of close encounters, and potential collisions, with the Earth.
The measurement of stellar parallax of nearby stars provides a fundamental baseline in the cosmic distance ladder that is used to measure the scale of the universe.
Parallax measurements of nearby stars provide an absolute baseline for the properties of more distant stars, as their properties can be compared.
Measurements of radial velocity and proper motion plot the movement of these systems through the Milky Way galaxy.
Astrometric results are the basis used to calculate the distribution of dark matter in the galaxy.
During the 1990s, the measurement of the stellar wobble of nearby stars was used to detect large extrasolar planets orbiting nearby stars.
Article: Inside Llewyn Davis
Section: Cast

Question: Who played Bob Dylan?

 Oscar Isaac as Llewyn Davis
 Carey Mulligan as Jean Berkey
 John Goodman as Roland Turner
 Garrett Hedlund as Johnny Five
 Justin Timberlake as Jim Berkey
 F. Murray Abraham as Bud Grossman
 Stark Sands as Troy Nelson
 Jeanine Serralles as Joy
 Adam Driver as Al Cody
 Ethan Phillips as Mitch Gorfein
 Alex Karpovsky as Marty Green
 Max Casella as Pappi Corsicato
 Chris Eldridge as Mike Timlin
 Benjamin Pike as young Bob Dylan
Article: Swans Reflecting Elephants
Section: Abstract

Question: What year did Salvador Dali paint "Swans Reflecting Elephants"?

Swans Reflecting Elephants (1937) is a painting by the Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí.
This painting is from Dalí's Paranoiac-critical period.
Painted using oil on canvas, it contains one of Dalí's famous double images.
The double images were a major part of Dalí's "paranoia-critical method," which he put forward in his 1935 essay "The Conquest of the Irrational."
He explained his process as a "spontaneous method of irrational understanding based upon the interpretative critical association of delirious phenomena."
Dalí used this method to bring forth the hallucinatory forms, double images and visual illusions that filled his paintings during the Thirties.
As with earlier "Metamorphosis of Narcissus", "Swans Reflecting Elephants" uses the reflection in a lake to create the double image seen in the painting.
In "Metamorphosis", the reflection of Narcissus is used to mirror the shape of the hand on the right of the picture.
Here, the three swans in front of bleak, leafless trees are reflected in the lake so that the swans' heads become the elephants' heads and the trees become the bodies of the elephants.
In the background of the painting is a Catalonian landscape depicted in fiery fall colors, the brushwork creating swirls in the cliffs that surround the lake, to contrast with the stillness of the water
Article: 2003 invasion of Iraq
Section: Bush declares "End of major combat operations" (May 2003)

Question: When did Bush declare the operations at an end?

Bush declares "End of major combat operations" (May 2003).
On 1 May 2003, Bush landed on the aircraft carrier USS "Abraham Lincoln", in a Lockheed S-3 Viking, where he gave a speech announcing the end of major combat operations in the Iraq war.
Bush's landing was criticized by opponents as an unnecessarily theatrical and expensive stunt.
Clearly visible in the background was a banner stating "Mission Accomplished."
The banner, made by White House staff and supplied by request of the United States Navy, was criticized as premature.
The White House subsequently released a statement that the sign and Bush's visit referred to the initial invasion of Iraq and disputing the charge of theatrics.
The speech itself noted: "We have difficult work to do in Iraq.
We are bringing order to parts of that country that remain dangerous."
Post-invasion Iraq was marked by a long and violent conflict between U.S.-led forces and Iraqi insurgents.
Article: Denmark
Section: Painting and photography

Question: What was the Danish Golden Age's art inspired by?

While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands, the 15th- and 16th-century church frescos, which can be seen in many of the country's older churches, are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters.
The Danish Golden Age, which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism.
Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg was not only a productive artist in his own right but taught at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where his students included notable painters such as Wilhelm Bendz, Christen Købke, Martinus Rørbye, Constantin Hansen, and Wilhelm Marstrand.
The sculpture of Bertel Thorvaldsen was also significant during this period.
In 1871, Holger Drachmann and Karl Madsen visited Skagen in the far north of Jutland where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia's most successful artists' colonies specializing in Naturalism and Realism rather than in the traditional approach favoured by the Academy.
Hosted by Michael and his wife Anna, they were soon joined by P.S.
Krøyer, Carl Locher and Laurits Tuxen.
All participated in painting the natural surroundings and local people.
Similar trends developed on Funen with the "Fynboerne" who included Johannes Larsen, Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen, and on the island of Bornholm with the Bornholm school of painters including Niels Lergaard, Kræsten Iversen and Oluf Høst.
Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the art in 1839 to the success of a considerable number of Danes in the world of photography today.
Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century while both artistic and press photographers made internationally recognised contributions.
Today Danish photographers such as Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol are active both at home and abroad, participating in key exhibitions around the world.
Collections of modern art enjoy unusually attractive settings at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art north of Copenhagen and at the North Jutland Art Museum in Aalborg.
Notable artists include the Neo-Expressionist Per Kirkeby, Tal R with his wild and colorful paintings, Olafur Eliasson's space exhibitions and Jeppe Hein's installations.
Article: Notre Dame de Paris
Section: Organ

Question: How much time did it take to restore the organ?

Though several organs were installed in the cathedral over time, the earliest ones were inadequate for the building.
The first noteworthy organ was finished in the 18th century by the noted builder François-Henri Clicquot.
Some of Clicquot's original pipework in the pedal division continues to sound from the organ today.
The organ was almost completely rebuilt and expanded in the 19th century by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll.
The position of titular organist ("head" or "chief" organist) at Notre-Dame is considered one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the post of titular organist of Saint Sulpice in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll's largest instrument.
The organ has 7,374 pipes, with ca 900 classified as historical.
It has 110 real stops, five 56-key manuals and a 32-key pedalboard.
In December 1992, a two-year restoration of the organ was completed that fully computerized the organ under three LANs (Local Area Networks).
The restoration also included a number of additions, notably two further horizontal reed stops "en chamade" in the Cavaille-Coll style.
The Notre-Dame organ is therefore unique in France in having five fully independent reed stops "en chamade".
Article: Henri Matisse
Section: The war years

Question: When did Henri Matisse separate from his wife?

He and his wife of 41 years separated in 1939.
In 1941, he underwent surgery in which a colostomy was performed.
Afterwards he started using a wheelchair, and until his death he was cared for by a Russian woman, Lydia Delektorskaya, formerly one of his models.
With the aid of assistants he set about creating cut paper collages, often on a large scale, called "gouaches découpés".
His Blue Nudes series feature prime examples of this technique he called "painting with scissors"; they demonstrate the ability to bring his eye for colour and geometry to a new medium of utter simplicity, but with playful and delightful power.
In the 1940s he also worked as a graphic artist and produced black-and-white illustrations for several books and over one hundred original lithographs at the Mourlot Studios in Paris.
In 1941, a nursing student named Monique Bourgeois responded to an ad placed by Matisse for a nurse.
A platonic friendship developed between Matisse and Bourgeois.
He discovered that she was an amateur artist, and taught her about perspective.
After Bourgeois left the position, Matisse sometimes contacted her to request that she model for him.
Bourgeois became a Dominican nun in 1946.
Matisse was much admired and repeatedly referred to by the Greek Nobelist poet Odysseas Elytis.
Elytis was introduced to Matisse through their common friend Tériade, during the work on the "Cutouts".
Matisse had painted the wall of the dining room of Tériade's residence, the "Villa Natacha" in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, which Elytis also mentioned in his poems.
Matisse, thoroughly unpolitical, was shocked when he heard that his daughter Marguerite, who had been active in the Résistance during the war, was tortured (almost to death) in a Rennes prison and sentenced to the Ravensbrück concentration camp.
(Marguerite avoided further imprisonment by escaping from the Ravensbrück-bound train, which was halted during an Allied air strike; she survived in the woods until rescued by fellow resisters.
)Matisse's student Rudolf Levy was killed in the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1944.
In 1947 he published "Jazz", a limited-edition artist's book of about one hundred prints of colourful paper cut collages, accompanied by his written thoughts.
Tériade, a noted twentieth-century art publisher, arranged to have Matisse's cutouts rendered as pochoir (stencil) prints.
Article: The Lion King
Section: Box office

Question: Which movie made the most money worldwide in 1994?

Box office.
"The Lion King" earned $422,783,777 in North America and an $564,700,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $987,483,777.
It is the ninteenth highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing animated film of all time worldwide and the second highest-grossing film of Walt Disney Animation Studios (behind "Frozen)".
It is also the highest-grossing motion picture of 1994 worldwide.
After its initial run, having earned $768.6 million, it ranked as the second-highest grossing film of all time worldwide, behind "Jurassic Park" .
It held the record for the highest-grossing animated feature film (in North America, outside North America, and worldwide) until it was surpassed by the computer animated "Finding Nemo" (2003), "Shrek 2" (2004), "" (2009), "Toy Story 3" (2010), and "Frozen" (2013).
During its 3D re-release, "The Lion King" surpassed all the afomentioned films but "Toy Story 3" to rank as the second-highest-grossing animated film worldwide, and the highest-grossing hand-drawn animation.
It is also the biggest animated movie of the last 50 years in terms of estimated attendance.
Article: Mount Rushmore
Section: Controversy

Question: What tribe did the United Stated seize the area Mount Rushmore is in from?

Mount Rushmore is controversial among Native Americans because the United States seized the area from the Lakota tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876.
The Treaty of Fort Laramie from 1868 had previously granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in perpetuity.
Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971, naming it "Mount Crazy Horse".
Among the participants were young activists, grandparents, children and Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer, who planted a prayer staff atop the mountain.
Lame Deer said the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents' faces "which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled.
"In 2004, the first Native American superintendent of the park was appointed.
Gerard Baker has stated that he will open up more "avenues of interpretation", and that the four presidents are "only one avenue and only one focus.
"The Crazy Horse Memorial is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate the famous Native American leader and as a response to Mount Rushmore.
It is intended to be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs; the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of federal funds.
However, this memorial is likewise the subject of controversy, even within the Native American community.