community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Treaty of Versailles
Section: Negotiations

Question: Were Germany, Austra, and Hungary included in the negotiations?

Negotiations between the Allied powers started on 18 January in the "Salle de l'Horloge" at the French Foreign Ministry, on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris.
Initially, 70 delegates of 27 nations participated in the negotiations.
Having been defeated, Germany, Austria, and Hungary were excluded from the negotiations.
Russia was also excluded because it had negotiated a separate peace with Germany in 1918, in which Germany gained a large fraction of Russia's land and resources.
The treaty's terms were extremely harsh, as the negotiators at Versailles later pointed out.
At first a "Council of Ten" comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan), met officially to decide the peace terms.
It became the "Big Four" when Japan dropped out and the top person from each of the other four met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions, which were later ratified by the entire assembly.
Apart from Italian issues, the main conditions were determined at personal meetings among the by the leaders of the "Big Three" nations: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, and American President Woodrow Wilson.
The minor nations attended a weekly "Plenary Conference" that discussed issues in a general forum but made no decisions.
These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations, many of which were incorporated into the final Treaty.
Article: Beach volleyball
Section: Governing bodies

Question: Which primary international governing body oversees beach volleyball?

The primary international governing body for beach volleyball is the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB).
The regional governing bodies are:
Asia – Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC)
Africa – Confédération Africaine de Volleyball (CAV)
Europe – European Volleyball Confederation (CEV)
North and Central America – North, Central America and Caribbean Volleyball Confederation (NORCECA)
South America – Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV)
In the United States, USA Volleyball is the governing body for beach volleyball, as well as indoor volleyball.
In the 2010–11 academic year, the NCAA began sponsoring beach volleyball, which it calls "sand volleyball", as an "emerging" women's sport.
Initially, it was sponsored only for Division II, with Division I added the following academic year.
NCAA competition follows standard beach volleyball rules, with competitions involving five doubles teams from each participating school.
Article: The Scream
Section: In popular culture

Question: What act of Munch's prefigured Andy Warhol's later use of Munch's work?

In the late twentieth century, "The Scream" was imitated, parodied, and outright copies have been made following its copyright expiration, which led to it acquiring an iconic status in popular culture.
It was used on the cover of some editions of Arthur Janov's book "The Primal Scream".
In 1983–1984, pop artist Andy Warhol made a series of silk prints copying works by Munch, including "The Scream".
His stated intention was to desacralize the painting by making it into a mass-reproducible object.
Munch had already begun that process, however, by making a lithograph of the work for reproduction.
Erró's ironic and irreverent treatment of Munch's masterpiece in his acrylic paintings "The Second Scream" (1967) and "Ding Dong" (1979) is considered a characteristic of post-modern art.
Cartoonist Gary Larson included a "tribute" to "The Scream" (entitled "The Whine") in his "Wiener Dog Art" painting and cartoon compilation, in which the central figure is replaced by a howling dachshund.
"The Scream" has been used in advertising, in cartoons, such as "The Simpsons", films, and on television.
The principal alien antagonists depicted in the 2011 BBC series of "Doctor Who", named "The Silence", have an appearance partially based on "The Scream".
The Ghostface mask worn by the primary antagonists of the "Scream" series of horror movies is based on the painting, and was created by Fun World employee, Brigitte Sleiertin, as a Halloween costume, prior to being discovered by Marianne Maddalena and Wes Craven for the film.
In 2013, The Scream was one of four paintings that the Norwegian postal service chose for a series of stamps marking the 150th anniversary of Edvard Munch’s birth.
A patient resource group for trigeminal neuralgia (which has been described as the most painful condition in existence) have also adopted the image as a symbol of the condition.
Article: Squash (sport)
Section: Playing equipment

Question: How much do squash balls weigh?

Standard racquets are governed by the rules of the game.
Traditionally they were made of laminated wood (typically ash), with a small strung area using natural gut strings.
After a rule change in the mid-1980s, they are now almost always made of composite materials or metals (graphite, Kevlar, titanium, boron) with synthetic strings.
Modern racquets have maximum dimensions of 686 mm (27.0 in) long and 215 mm (8.5 in) wide, with a maximum strung area of 500 square centimetres (90 sq in), the permitted maximum weight is , but most have a weight between 90 and 150 grams (3–5.3 oz.
Squash balls are between 39.5 and 40.5 mm in diameter, and have a weight of 23 to 25 grams.
They are made with two pieces of rubber compound, glued together to form a hollow sphere and buffed to a matte finish.
Different balls are provided for varying temperature and atmospheric conditions and standards of play: more experienced players use slow balls that have less bounce than those used by less experienced players (slower balls tend to "die" in court corners, rather than "standing up" to allow easier shots).
Depending on its specific rubber composition, a squash ball has the property that it bounces more at higher temperatures.
Squash balls must be hit dozens of times to warm them up at the beginning of a session; cold squash balls have very little bounce.
Small colored dots on the ball indicate its dynamic level (bounciness), and thus the standard of play for which it is suited.
The recognized speed colors indicating the degree of dynamism are:
:::::
Some ball manufacturers such as Dunlop use a different method of grading balls based on experience.
They still have the equivalent dot rating, but are named to help choose a ball that is appropriate for one's skill level.
The four different ball types are Intro (Blue dot), Progress (Red dot), Competition (single yellow dot) and Pro (double yellow dot).
The "double-yellow dot" ball, introduced in 2000, is the competition standard, replacing the earlier "yellow-dot" ball.
There is also an "orange dot" ball.
Players wear comfortable sports clothing.
In competition, men usually wear shorts and a t-shirt, tank top or a polo shirt.
Women normally wear a skirt or skort and a t-shirt or a tank top, or a sports dress.
The National Institutes of Health recommends wearing goggles with polycarbonate lenses.
Many squash venues mandate the use of eye protection and some association rules require that all juniors and doubles players must wear eye protection.
Article: We Are Young
Section: Critical reception

Question: When did the song win a Grammy?

"We Are Young" has received generally positive reviews from critics.
Jody Rosen of "Rolling Stone" called the song "rollickingly catchy," writing that "Ruess' knack for the anthemic is matched by Gen-Y humor – emo self-deprecation that leavens the bombast."
In addition, fellow "Rolling Stone" columnist Steve Knopper compared the song's crossover success to that of Foster the People's "Pumped Up Kicks" (2011), writing that the song displays a "sprightly pop-novelty feel" that is the best track on the album.
Al Shipley of "The Village Voice" agreed with this comparison, attributing the song's success to the changing music industry as a result of advertising and iTunes.
MTV News called "We Are Young" the band's "breakout anthem" and one of the year's most unlikely sensations.RJ Cubarrubia of "Billboard" commended the band for taking their "warm retro sound into soaring ballad territory," calling the track a "bold statement."
He did however, criticize the small inclusion of Janelle Monáe in the track: "Monáe's guest spot is a missed opportunity, as the budding R&B star is relegated to background harmonies instead of adding something soulful and special to an already powerful hook."
Bill Lamb of About.com praised the chorus stating : "We Are Young" carries a hook in the chorus that is likely to stop many listeners dead in their tracks the first time they hear it.
The second time around this just might have become your new favorite song.
However Luke Lewis of "NME" gave a highly negative review of the song, giving a 5 out of 10 stating: "It's not clear what compelled Janelle Monáe to work with these New York-based Panic!
at the Disco soundalikes.
They're hardly natural bedfellows, and her input is limited to a brief vocal.
It's a winning formula though – this stirring emo ballad went to Number One in the US.
This year's Owl City then, if that concept doesn't chill your blood.
"The song won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards, where it was also a nominee for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance.
Article: Biology
Section: Energy

Question: What does the survival of a living organism depend on?

The survival of a living organism depends on the continuous input of energy.
Chemical reactions that are responsible for its structure and function are tuned to extract energy from substances that act as its food and transform them to help form new cells and sustain them.
In this process, molecules of chemical substances that constitute food play two roles; first, they contain energy that can be transformed for biological chemical reactions; second, they develop new molecular structures made up of biomolecules.
The organisms responsible for the introduction of energy into an ecosystem are known as producers or autotrophs.
Nearly all of these organisms originally draw energy from the sun.
Plants and other phototrophs use solar energy via a process known as photosynthesis to convert raw materials into organic molecules, such as ATP, whose bonds can be broken to release energy.
A few ecosystems, however, depend entirely on energy extracted by chemotrophs from methane, sulfides, or other non-luminal energy sources.
Some of the captured energy is used to produce biomass to sustain life and provide energy for growth and development.
The majority of the rest of this energy is lost as heat and waste molecules.
The most important processes for converting the energy trapped in chemical substances into energy useful to sustain life are metabolism and cellular respiration.
Article: Association football
Section: International competitions

Question: How many national teams compete in the World Cup qualifying rounds?

The major international competition in football is the World Cup, organised by FIFA.
This competition takes place over every four years.
Approximately 190–200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals.
The finals tournament, which is held every four years, involves 32 national teams competing over a four-week period.
The most recent tournament, the 2010 FIFA World Cup, was held in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July, the first to be held on the African continent.
There has been a football tournament at every Summer Olympic Games since 1900, except at the 1932 games in Los Angeles.
Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) had the same status as the World Cup.
Originally, the event was for amateurs only; however, since the 1984 Summer Olympics, professional players have been permitted, albeit with certain restrictions which prevent countries from fielding their strongest sides.
The Olympic men's tournament is played at Under-23 level.
In the past the Olympics have allowed a restricted number of over-age players per team;.
A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.
After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams.
These are the European Championship (UEFA), the Copa América (CONMEBOL), African Cup of Nations (CAF), the Asian Cup (AFC), the CONCACAF Gold Cup (CONCACAF) and the OFC Nations Cup (OFC).
The FIFA Confederations Cup is contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions and the country which is hosting the Confederations Cup.
This is generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and does not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself.
The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example the UEFA Champions League in Europe and the Copa Libertadores de América in South America.
The winners of each continental competition contest the FIFA Club World Cup.
Article: Forbidden City
Section: Walls and gates

Question: How were the walls built with the intended purpose for batle?

The Forbidden City is surrounded by a high city wall and a deep by wide moat.
The walls are wide at the base, tapering to at the top.
These walls served as both defensive walls and retaining walls for the palace.
They were constructed with a rammed earth core, and surfaced with three layers of specially baked bricks on both sides, with the interstices filled with mortar.
At the four corners of the wall sit towers (E) with intricate roofs boasting 72 ridges, reproducing the Pavilion of Prince Teng and the Yellow Crane Pavilion as they appeared in Song dynasty paintings.
These towers are the most visible parts of the palace to commoners outside the walls, and much folklore is attached to them.
According to one legend, artisans could not put a corner tower back together after it was dismantled for renovations in the early Qing dynasty, and it was only rebuilt after the intervention of carpenter-immortal Lu Ban.
The wall is pierced by a gate on each side.
At the southern end is the main Meridian Gate (A).
To the north is the Gate of Divine Might (B), which faces Jingshan Park.
The east and west gates are called the "East Glorious Gate" (D) and "West Glorious Gate" (C).
All gates in the Forbidden City are decorated with a nine-by-nine array of golden door nails, except for the East Glorious Gate, which has only eight rows.
The Meridian Gate has two protruding wings forming three sides of a square (Wumen, or Meridian Gate, Square) before it.
The gate has five gateways.
The central gateway is part of the Imperial Way, a stone flagged path that forms the central axis of the Forbidden City and the ancient city of Beijing itself, and leads all the way from the Gate of China in the south to Jingshan in the north.
Only the Emperor may walk or ride on the Imperial Way, except for the Empress on the occasion of her wedding, and successful students after the Imperial Examination.
Article: Biomolecule
Section: Apoenzymes

Question: In which way is apoenzyme a protein?

An apoenzyme (or, generally, an apoprotein) is the protein without any small-molecule cofactors, substrates, or inhibitors bound.
It is often important as an inactive storage, transport, or secretory form of a protein.
This is required, for instance, to protect the secretory cell from the activity of that protein.
Apoenzymes becomes active enzymes on addition of a cofactor.
Cofactors can be either inorganic (e.g., metal ions and iron-sulfur clusters) or organic compounds, (e.g., flavin and heme).
Organic cofactors can be either prosthetic groups, which are tightly bound to an enzyme, or coenzymes, which are released from the enzyme's active site during the reaction.
Article: Moonrise Kingdom
Section: Abstract

Question: Who acquired Worldwide rights to the film?

Moonrise Kingdom is a 2012 American film directed by Wes Anderson, written by Anderson and Roman Coppola.
Described as an "eccentric pubescent love story", it features newcomers Jared Gilman and Kara Hayward in the film's main roles and an ensemble cast.
Filming took place in Rhode Island from April until June 29, 2011.
Worldwide rights to the independently-produced film were acquired by Focus Features.
The film received critical acclaim and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.
It was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.
Article: Every Breath You Take
Section: Origins and songwriting

Question: Which song influenced "Every Breath You Take" according to the "Back to Mono" book?

The lyrics are the words of a sinister, controlling character, who is watching "every breath you take; every move you make".
Sting later said he was disconcerted by how many people think the song is more positive than it is.
He insists it's about the obsession with a lost lover, and the jealousy and surveillance that follow.
"One couple told me 'Oh we love that song; it was the main song played at our wedding!'
I thought, 'Well, good luck.'"
When asked why he appears angry in the music video Sting told BBC Radio 2, "I think the song is very, very sinister and ugly and people have actually misinterpreted it as being a gentle little love song, when it's quite the opposite.
"According to the "Back to Mono" box-set book, "Every Breath You Take" is influenced by a Gene Pitney song titled "Every Breath I Take".
The song's structure is a variation on the Classical rondo form with its AABACABA structure, a form rarely found in modern popular music.
The demo of the song was recorded in an eight track suite in North London's Utopia studios and featured Sting singing over a Hammond organ.
While recording, Summers came up with a guitar part inspired by Béla Bartók that would later become a trademark lick, and played it straight through in one take.
He was asked to put guitar onto a simple backing track of bass, drums, and a single vocal, with Sting offering no directive beyond "make it your own.
"The recording process was fraught with difficulties as personal tensions between the band members, particularly Sting and Stewart Copeland, came to the fore.
Producer Hugh Padgham claimed that by the time of the recording sessions, Sting and Copeland "hated each other", with verbal and physical fights in the studio common.
The tensions almost led to the recording sessions being cancelled until a meeting involving the band and the group's manager, Miles Copeland (Stewart's brother), resulted in an agreement to continue.
The drum track was largely created through separate overdubs of each percussive instrument, with the main backbeat created by simultaneously playing a snare and a gong drum.
Keyboard parts were added from Roland guitar synthesisers, a Prophet-5 and an Oberheim synthesiser.
The single-note piano in the middle eight was recommended by Padgham, inspired by similar work that he had done with the group XTC.
Article: Italy
Section: Architecture

Question: What are some of the Western architectural structures in Italy?

Italy has a very broad and diverse architectural style, which cannot be simply classified by period, but also by region, because of Italy's division into several regional states until 1861.
This has created a highly diverse and eclectic range in architectural designs.
Italy is known for its considerable architectural achievements, such as the construction of arches, domes and similar structures during ancient Rome, the founding of the Renaissance architectural movement in the late-14th to 16th centuries, and being the homeland of Palladianism, a style of construction which inspired movements such as that of Neoclassical architecture, and influenced the designs which noblemen built their country houses all over the world, notably in the UK, Australia and the US during the late 17th to early 20th centuries.
Several of the finest works in Western architecture, such as the Colosseum, the Milan Cathedral and Florence cathedral, the Leaning Tower of Pisa and the building designs of Venice are found in Italy.
Italian architecture has also widely influenced the architecture of the world.
British architect Inigo Jones, inspired by the designs of Italian buildings and cities, brought back the ideas of Italian Renaissance architecture to 17th-century England, being inspired by Andrea Palladio.
Additionally, Italianate architecture, popular abroad since the 19th century, was used to describe foreign architecture which was built in an Italian style, especially modelled on Renaissance architecture.
Article: Niagara Falls
Section: Geology

Question: Which direction has the Niagra Falls moved over the past 10,900 years?

The features that became Niagara Falls were created by the Wisconsin glaciation about 10,000 years ago.
The same forces also created the North American Great Lakes and the Niagara River.
All were dug by a continental ice sheet that drove through the area, deepening some river channels to form lakes, and damming others with debris.
Scientists argue that there is an old valley, buried by glacial drift, at the approximate location of the present Welland Canal.
When the ice melted, the upper Great Lakes emptied into the Niagara river, which followed the rearranged topography across the Niagara Escarpment.
In time, the river cut a gorge through the north facing cliff, or cuesta.
Because of the interactions of three major rock formations, the rocky bed did not erode evenly.
The top rock formation was composed of erosion-resistant limestone and Lockport dolostone.
That hard layer of stone eroded more slowly than the underlying materials.
The aerial photo on the right clearly shows the hard caprock, the Lockport Formation (Middle Silurian), which underlies the rapids above the falls, and approximately the upper third of the high gorge wall.
Immediately below the hard-rock formation, comprising about two thirds of the cliff, lay the weaker, softer, sloping Rochester Formation (Lower Silurian).
This formation was composed mainly of shale, though it has some thin limestone layers.
It also contains ancient fossils.
In time, the river eroded the soft layer that supported the hard layers, undercutting the hard caprock, which gave way in great chunks.
This process repeated countless times, eventually carving out the falls.
Submerged in the river in the lower valley, hidden from view, is the Queenston Formation (Upper Ordovician), which is composed of shales and fine sandstones.
All three formations were laid down in an ancient sea, their differences of character deriving from changing conditions within that sea.
About 10,900 years ago, the Niagara Falls was located between present-day Queenston, Ontario, and Lewiston, New York, but erosion of their crest has caused the waterfalls to retreat approximately southward.
The Horseshoe Falls, which are approximately wide, have also changed their shape through the process of erosion; evolving from a small arch, to a horseshoe bend, to the present day gigantic inverted V. Just upstream from the falls' current location, Goat Island splits the course of the Niagara River, resulting in the separation of the Canadian Horseshoe Falls to the west from the American and Bridal Veil Falls to the east.
Engineering has slowed erosion and recession.