community-datasets/selqa huggingface dataset:
Article: Indonesia
Section: Geography

Question: How many islands make up the country of Indonesia?

Indonesia lies between latitudes 11°S and 6°N, and longitudes 95°E and 141°E.
It consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited.
These are scattered over both sides of the equator.
The largest are Java, Sumatra, Borneo (shared with Brunei and Malaysia), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), and Sulawesi.
Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on Borneo, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor.
Indonesia shares maritime borders across narrow straits with Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Palau to the north, and with Australia to the south.
The capital, Jakarta, is on Java and is the nation's largest city, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Semarang.
At 1,919,440 square kilometers (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is the world's 15th-largest country in terms of land area and world's 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea and land area.
Its average population density is 134 people per square kilometer (347 per sq mi), 79th in the world, although Java, the world's most populous island, has a population density of 940 people per square kilometer (2,435 per sq mi).
At , Puncak Jaya in Papua is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra its largest lake, with an area of 1,145 square kilometers (442 sq mi).
The country's largest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include the Mahakam and Barito; such rivers are communication and transport links between the island's river settlements.
Indonesia's location on the edges of the Pacific, Eurasian, and Australian tectonic plates makes it the site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.
Indonesia has at least 150 active volcanoes, including Krakatoa and Tambora, both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century.
The eruption of the Toba supervolcano, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of the largest eruptions ever, and a global catastrophe.
Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 tsunami that killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra, and the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006.
However, volcanic ash is a major contributor to the high agricultural fertility that has historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.
Lying along the equator, Indonesia has a tropical climate, with two distinct monsoonal wet and dry seasons.
Average annual rainfall in the lowlands varies from , and up to in mountainous regions.
Mountainous areas – particularly in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua – receive the highest rainfall.
Humidity is generally high, averaging about 80%.
Temperatures vary little throughout the year; the average daily temperature range of Jakarta is .
Article: Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
Section: Second gunman theory

Question: What year did Pilger last say he believed there was a second gunman?

The location of Kennedy's wounds suggested that his assailant had stood behind him, but some witnesses said that Sirhan faced west as Kennedy moved through the pantry facing east.
This has led to the suggestion that a second gunman actually fired the fatal shot, a possibility supported by coroner Thomas Noguchi who stated that the fatal shot was behind Kennedy's right ear and had been fired at a distance of approximately one inch.
Other witnesses, though, said that as Sirhan approached, Kennedy was turning to his left shaking hands, facing north and so exposing his right side.
As recently as 2008, eyewitness John Pilger asserted his belief that there must have been a second gunman.
During a re-examination of the case in 1975, the Los Angeles Superior Court ordered expert examination of the possibility of a second gun having been used, and the conclusion of the experts was that there was little or no evidence to support this theory.
In 2007, analysis of an audio tape recording of the shooting made by freelance reporter Stanislaw Pruszynski appeared to indicate, according to forensic expert Philip Van Praag, that thirteen shots were fired, even though Sirhan's gun held only eight rounds.
Van Praag states that the recording also reveals at least two cases where the timing between shots was shorter than physically possible.
The presence of more than eight shots on the tape was corroborated by forensic audio specialists Wes Dooley and Paul Pegas of Audio Engineering Associates in Pasadena, California, forensic audio and ballistics expert Eddy B. Brixen in Copenhagen, Denmark, and audio specialist Phil Spencer Whitehead of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia.
Some other acoustic experts, however, have stated that no more than eight shots were recorded on the audio tape.
On February 22, 2012, Sirhan's lawyers, William Pepper and Laurie Dusek, filed a court brief in U.S. District Court in Los Angeles claiming that a second gunman fired the shots that killed Kennedy.
It was the fourth and final in a series of federal briefs filed under the writ of habeas corpus by Pepper and Dusek beginning in October 2010.
A ruling is now pending in the Sirhan federal case.
Article: Astrology
Section: Western politics and society

Question: Which country's intelligence agency did Louis de Wohl work for?

Cultural impact.
Western politics and society.
In the West, political leaders have sometimes consulted astrologers.
Louis de Wohl worked as an astrologer for the British intelligence agency MI5, after it was claimed that Hitler used astrology to time his actions.
The War Office was "interested to know what Hitler's own astrologers would be telling him from week to week".
In fact, de Wohl's predictions were so inaccurate that he was soon labelled a "complete charlatan" and it was later shown that Hitler considered astrology to be "complete nonsense".
After John Hinckley's attempted assassination of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, first lady Nancy Reagan commissioned astrologer Joan Quigley to act as the secret White House astrologer.
However, Quigley's role ended in 1988 when it became public through the memoirs of former chief of staff, Donald Regan.
There was a boom in interest in astrology in the late 1960s.
The sociologist Marcello Truzzi described three levels of involvement of "Astrology-believers" to account for its revived popularity in the face of scientific discrediting.
He found that most astrology-believers did not claim it was a scientific explanation with predictive power.
Instead, those superficially involved, knowing "next to nothing" about astrology's 'mechanics', read newspaper astrology columns, and could benefit from "tension-management of anxieties" and "a cognitive belief-system that transcends science".
Those at the second level usually had their horoscopes cast and sought advice and predictions.
They were much younger than those at the first level, and could benefit from knowledge of the language of astrology and the resulting ability to belong to a coherent and exclusive group.
Those at the third level were highly involved and usually cast horoscopes for themselves.
Astrology provided this small minority of astrology-believers with a ""meaningful" view of their universe and them an "understanding" of their place in it."
This third group took astrology seriously, possibly as a "sacred canopy", whereas the other two groups took it playfully and irreverently.
In 1953, sociologist Theodor W. Adorno conducted a study of the astrology column of a Los Angeles newspaper as part of a project examining mass culture in capitalist society.
Adorno believed that popular astrology, as a device, invariably led to statements which encouraged conformity, and that astrologers who went against conformity with statement discouraging performance at work etc.
would risk losing their jobs.
Adorno concluded that astrology was a large-scale manifestation of systematic irrationalism, where individuals were subtly being led to believe that the author of the column was addressing them directly through the use of flattery and vague generalisations.
Adorno drew a parallel with the phrase opium of the people, by Karl Marx, by commenting "occultism is the metaphysic of the dopes".
A 2005 Gallup poll and a 2009 survey by the Pew Research Center reported that 25% of U.S. adults believe in astrology.
Article: Rembrandt
Section: Etchings

Question: What number of landscapes set course for the graphic treatment of landscape?

Rembrandt produced etchings for most of his career, from 1626 to 1660, when he was forced to sell his printing-press and virtually abandoned etching.
Only the troubled year of 1649 produced no dated work.
He took easily to etching and, though he also learned to use a burin and partly engraved many plates, the freedom of etching technique was fundamental to his work.
He was very closely involved in the whole process of printmaking, and must have printed at least early examples of his etchings himself.
At first he used a style based on drawing, but soon moved to one based on painting, using a mass of lines and numerous bitings with the acid to achieve different strengths of line.
Towards the end of the 1630s, he reacted against this manner and moved to a simpler style, with fewer bitings.
He worked on the so-called "Hundred Guilder Print" in stages throughout the 1640s, and it was the "critical work in the middle of his career", from which his final etching style began to emerge.
Although the print only survives in two states, the first very rare, evidence of much reworking can be seen underneath the final print and many drawings survive for elements of it.
In the mature works of the 1650s, Rembrandt was more ready to improvise on the plate and large prints typically survive in several states, up to eleven, often radically changed.
He now uses hatching to create his dark areas, which often take up much of the plate.
He also experimented with the effects of printing on different kinds of paper, including Japanese paper, which he used frequently, and on vellum.
He began to use "surface tone," leaving a thin film of ink on parts of the plate instead of wiping it completely clean to print each impression.
He made more use of drypoint, exploiting, especially in landscapes, the rich fuzzy burr that this technique gives to the first few impressions.
His prints have similar subjects to his paintings, although the twenty-seven self-portraits are relatively more common, and portraits of other people less so.
There are forty-six landscapes, mostly small, which largely set the course for the graphic treatment of landscape until the end of the 19th century.
One third of his etchings are of religious subjects, many treated with a homely simplicity, whilst others are his most monumental prints.
A few erotic, or just obscene, compositions have no equivalent in his paintings.
He owned, until forced to sell it, a magnificent collection of prints by other artists, and many borrowings and influences in his work can be traced to artists as diverse as Mantegna, Raphael, Hercules Segers, and Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione.
Article: Jingle Bell Rock
Section: Helms recordings

Question: When did Bobby Helms release his last recording of Jingle Bell Rock?

"Jingle Bell Rock" has been performed by many, but Helms' version is the most known in the world.
Its title and some of its lyrics are takeoffs on the old Christmas standard, "Jingle Bells."
It makes brief references to other popular songs of the 1950s, such as "Rock Around the Clock," and mentions going to a "Jingle hop."
An electric guitar played by Hank Garland can be heard playing the first notes to the chorus from "Jingle Bells.
"Despite being titled a Jingle Bell "Rock", Helms' version of the song was performed in the crossover style known as rockabilly.
Bobby Helms' original version on Decca 9-30513 from 1957, was re-recorded by him on Kapp K-719 in 1965 and yet again in 1967 on Little Darlin' LD-0038.
In 1970, Helms recorded an entire album titled "Jingle Bell Rock" on Certron C-7013, releasing from the album the title track on Certron C-10021 with a picture sleeve.
In yet another re-recording, Helms released a version on Ashley AS-4200 (year unknown).
In 1983, Bobby Helms released his last recording of "Jingle Bell Rock" on Black Rose 82713.
Article: Periodic table
Section: Metallic character

Question: Why is there a stair-shaped line between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table?

The lower the values of ionization energy, electronegativity and electron affinity, the more metallic character the element has.
Conversely, nonmetallic character increases with higher values of these properties.
Given the periodic trends of these three properties, metallic character tends to decrease going across a period (or row) and, with some irregularities (mostly) due to poor screening of the nucleus by d and f electrons, and relativistic effects, tends to increase going down a group (or column or family).
Thus, the most metallic elements (such as caesium and francium) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements (oxygen, fluorine, chlorine) at the top right.
The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metallic character explains the stair-shaped dividing line between metals and nonmetals found on some periodic tables, and the practice of sometimes categorizing several elements adjacent to that line, or elements adjacent to those elements, as metalloids.
Article: Beach volleyball
Section: Skills

Question: Is hand setting stricter for indoor or outdoor volleyball

As in indoor volleyball, there are several basic skills competitive players need to master: serving, passing, setting, attacking, blocking, and digging.
Serving is the act of putting the ball into play by striking it with the hand or arm from behind the rear court boundary.
The skill is similar on the beach and indoors, with the exception that on the beach the wind often has a significant effect on the trajectory of the ball.
The pass is the first of a team's 3 allowed contacts, and is also very similar on the beach and indoors.
However, the standards for hand setting (handling the ball overhand using finger action with the hands separated) are stricter on the beach.
In practice, this means that players are effectively forbidden from setting the ball on serve receive; similarly, players seldom use a hand setting motion as the first (except on a hard driven attack) or last of the three allowed team contacts.
Digging is a similar skill to passing, but the term is not used to describe receiving the serve or a free ball, but rather refers to an attempt to prevent an opponent's attack hit from touching the court.
The set is the second team contact, and its purpose is to position the ball for an attack on the third hit.
A hand setting motion is often used, but bump setting, an underhand motion in which the ball bounces off the forearms, is also common.
When using the hand motion contact for the setting the ball has to come out "clean".
This means that the ball cannot spin at all in the air once it leaves the setters hands.
If a referee determines that it was not a "clean" contact then they will call a double contact and the point will be given to the other team.
After completing the contact, the setter typically turns his attention to the defense and communicates to his partner whether a blocker is up and which area of the court is open.
The second contact can also be used to attack the ball.
Attacking includes skills such as spiking—hitting the ball hard with one open hand on a downward trajectory from above the top of the net; rolling—a similar motion to spiking, but softer and with an arcing trajectory; and dinking—directing the ball very softly low over the net.
Attack hits are also frequently made with a poking motion with the knuckles or stiff straight fingers.
Blocking is an attempt to direct an attack hit by the opponents back into their court by reaching above the top of the net.
Players often decide against blocking (if the pass and set are not in a good position to produce a spike attack) and instead opt to Peel off the net and dig.
This peeling action is a skill almost exclusive to beach volleyball.
Article: Galbi
Section: History

Question: What does Wang Galbi mean?

The ingredients (often, ribs or meats) are marinated in a sauce made primarily from soy sauce, garlic, and sugar.
However, several variations on the marinade exist, including recipes that utilize sesame oil, rice wine or hot pepper paste.
Fruit juice, lemon-lime soda and honey have become more common additions to Korean marinades in recent years, and is present in some incarnations of the dish.
When cooked on a griddle or grill, the meat is usually cut in thin slices across the bones.
This style of cut, called L.A. Galbi, permits the marinade to penetrate the meat faster.
It also allows the meat to cook more quickly, creates a more tender cut, and makes it easier to eat the finished dish with chopsticks.
The traditional cut is called Wang Galbi, literally meaning King Ribs.
In this version, the ribs are cut into 2 to 5 inch segments, and the meat is filleted in layers away from the bone to form a uniformly thin layer.
Wang Galbi is usually what is served in traditional Korean restaurants, as the traditional cut is considered more genuine.
Rarely, if ever, are L.A. Galbi served at top establishments.
Pre-cut galbi is available from many meat markets in Korea and elsewhere.
"Galbi" is generally served in restaurants known as "galbi houses", and the meat is cooked right at customers' tables on grills set in the tables (usually by the customers themselves).
It is typically served with lettuce, perilla, or other leafy vegetables used to wrap the meat, which is then dipped in "ssamjang" (쌈장), a sauce made of fermented bean paste and red pepper paste.
It is often accompanied by side dishes known as banchan.
Many Korean dishes incorporate ribs, including soups and stews.
Some restaurants serve "pork galbi", and chicken galbi is a specialty of the Chuncheon region.
"Galbitang" is a clear soup containing pieces of "galbi".
"Galbi jjigae" is a thick stew with many large pieces of galbi, usually single bone cuts, which may also contain red peppers, green peppers, kimchi, and "doenjang" (Korean bean paste).
"Galbi Jjim" is short ribs braised in a sweet soy sauce based sauce.
Article: Nucleic acid sequence
Section: Abstract

Question: From what direction (i.e. x' end to y' end) is a nucleic acid sequence conventionally defined?

A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleotides within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.
By convention, sequences are usually presented from the 5' end to the 3' end.
Because nucleic acids are normally linear (unbranched) polymers, specifying the sequence is equivalent to defining the covalent structure of the entire molecule.
For this reason, the nucleic acid sequence is also termed the primary structure.
The sequence has capacity to represent information.
Biological DNA represents the information which directs the functions of a living thing.
In that context, the term genetic sequence is often used.
Sequences can be read from the biological raw material through DNA sequencing methods.
Nucleic acids also have a secondary structure and tertiary structure.
Primary structure is sometimes mistakenly referred to as "primary sequence".
Conversely, there is no parallel concept of secondary or tertiary sequence.
Article: The Good Wife
Section: Season 2

Question: What politician is running against Glenn Childs?

Season 2 begins where season 1 left off with Will and Alicia discussing how to have an affair without the media finding out.
Before the plan is conceived, however, Eli Gold takes possession of Alicia's phone and deletes a pivotal voicemail.
Alicia, now under the impression that Will doesn't have a plan, suppresses her feelings for Will, and the workplace environment becomes awkward when they are in vicinity of each other.
With Alicia as a 2nd year associate after being chosen over Cary Agos, who has now been hired as a states attorney leading to Lockhart & Gardner, they often find themselves battling each other in court.
Peter, now released from prison and cleared of charges, begins his campaign to run as States Attorney against current States Attorney Glenn Childs.
A new main partner, Derrick Bond, joins the firm Lockhart & Gardner—now known as Lockhart/Gardner & Bond.
However, a feud between Diane and Will occurs when Will begins siding with Derrick Bond's suggestions.
Diane requests Kalinda to check into Will's and Derrick's past.
She discovers that they had a connection in Will's old law firm in Baltimore.
At the same time, a new investigator joins the law firm—Blake Calamar.
Brought in by Derrick Bond, he is determined to uncover Kalinda's past.
When Will discovers that Bond has also been deceiving him, Will and Diane work together to remove Bond as a main partner, but wait until Bond brings in a "super PAC" (political action committee) client worth $100 million a year.
Blake eventually uncovers that Kalinda had changed her name from "Leela" and that Leela slept with Peter Florrick when she used to work for him in the state's attorney's office.
Alicia finds out about the affair on the night that Peter wins the election for state's attorney.
Alicia separated from Peter, gains a stronger attraction to Will, and begins to have sexual relations with him.
Article: Glee (TV series)
Section: Promotion

Question: What show did the cast of Glee also perform on in December 2010?

Prior to the second episode's premiere, "Glee"'s cast went on tour at several Hot Topic stores across the nation.
The cast sang the U.S. national anthem at the third game of the 2009 World Series.
Macy's invited them to perform at the 2009 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, but host broadcaster NBC declined because "Glee" aired on a rival network.
Murphy commented on the cast's exclusion: "I completely understand NBC's position, and look forward to seeing a Jay Leno float.
"The show's success sent the cast on a concert tour, Glee Live!
In Concert!
after the first season's wrapup.
They visited Phoenix, Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York.
The cast also recorded a cover of Wham!
's "Last Christmas", which was released as a single in late 2009 but didn't appear in the show until "A Very Glee Christmas" on December 10, 2010.
Morrison, Lynch, Michele, Monteith, and Colfer reprised their roles as Will, Sue, Rachel, Finn, and Kurt respectively for a cameo appearance in an episode of "The Cleveland Show" that aired January 16, 2011.
Michele, Monteith, and Riley appeared as campers in the twenty-second season premiere of "The Simpsons".
Lynch, Colfer, Monteith, and Riley appeared at the 2010 MTV VMAs on September 12, 2010.
When Agron, Michele, and Monteith posed for a set of risqué photos for the November 2010 edition of "GQ" magazine, Parents Television Council (PTC) criticized the show; PTC president Tim Winter commented that "Glee" has many young fans, and that "by authorizing this kind of near-pornographic display, the creators of the program have established their intentions on the show’s direction.
And it isn't good for families.
"The promotional posters for the first season have the show's stars using their right hands to make an "L" to fill in the "L" of the word "Glee".
The second season's promotional posters have the stars throwing slushies at the camera in pairs.
The third season's promotional posters have the stars getting dodgeballs thrown at them by Sue Sylvester.
While the cast concert tour, Glee Live!
In Concert!, began on May 15, 2010, and presented concerts in four cities in the US that month, the second edition, with an almost-entirely new set list, toured for four weeks in the US and Canada from May 21 through June 18, 2011, and followed with twelve days in England and Ireland, from June 22 through July 3, 2011.
The cast also performed on the seventh season of "The X Factor" on December 5, 2010.